tntlieCftpofBdtigork 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
LEMPRIERE'S 
 
 I 
 
 UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE LIVES, 
 CHARACTERS, AND LABOURS 
 
 OF 
 
 EMINENT PERSONS, 
 
 IN ALL AGES AND COUNTRIES. 
 
 TOGETHER "WITH 
 
 SELECTIONS OF FOREIGN BIOGRAPHY FROM WATKINs's DlCTIONARr, 
 RECENTLY PUBLISHED, AND ABOUT EIGHT HUN- 
 DRED ORIGINAL ARTICLES 
 
 OP 
 
 AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 BY ELEAZAR LORD. 
 
 IN TWO VOLS. 
 
 YOL. II. 
 
 NEW-YORK : 
 
 R. LOCKWOOD, 154 BROADWAY. 
 
 J. & J. Harper, Printers. 
 
 1825. 
 
Southern District of JVew-Vor/c, ss. 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the sixteenth day of October, in the forty-ninth year of 
 the Independence of the United States of America, R. LOCKWOOD, of the said district, 
 hath deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in 
 the words following, to wit — 
 
 "Lempricre's Universal Biography; containing a critical and historical account of the lives, 
 characters, and labours of eminent persons, in all ages and coimtries. Together with 
 selections of foreign Biography from Watkins's Dictionary, recently published, and about 
 eight hundred original articles of American IJiography. By Eleazar Lord." 
 
 In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled "An Act for the 
 encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the 
 authors and proprietors oi such copies, duiing the times therein mentioned." And also to 
 an Act, entitled " An Act, supplementary to an Act, entitled An x\ct for the encoiu-agement 
 of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and 
 proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits 
 thereof to the arts of designins:, enffraving, and etching historical and other prints." 
 
 JAJNIES DILL, 
 Clerk of the Sovthem District of Nexo-Ym^k. 
 
THE 
 
 ■ ( ■ 
 
 coi 
 
 UNIVERSAL 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 HAB 
 
 H. 
 
 AANSBERGEN, John Van, a painter 
 of Utrecht, who died 1705, aged 63. The 
 figures which he introduced into his land- 
 scapes were much admired. He was pupil 
 to Cornelius Poelemberg. 
 
 Haas, William, a printer and type-foun- 
 der, born at Basil, and eminent for his in- 
 genious inventions. He was in the first 
 part of life engaged in the military affairs of 
 his country, and he established a school in 
 which a new system of artillery was prac- 
 tised and recommended with great success. 
 He afterwards devoted his time to printing, 
 and was the first who engraved a French 
 type in the style of Baskerville. He in- 
 vented a new printing-press, and introduced 
 a new method of printing geographical 
 charts with moveable characters. He died 
 at St. Urban monastery in Lucerne, June, 
 1800, aged 59. Many of his papers are 
 preserved in the economical society of 
 Basil. 
 
 Habakkuk, the eighth of the minor pro- 
 phets, supposed to be of the tribe of Simeon. 
 He prophesied in the reign of Jehoiakim, 
 and chose to remain among the ruins of his 
 desolated country, rather than follow his 
 people into captivity. His style is highly 
 poetical, beautiful, and sublime. 
 
 Habert, Francis, a native of Berry, one 
 of the most ancient poets of France. He 
 wrote some fables, besides Les Trois Nou- 
 velles Deesses, &c. and died about 1569. 
 
 Habert de Cerisi, Germain, an eccle- 
 siastic of Bayeux, who wrote some poems. 
 He defended the Cid of Corneille against 
 the censures of Richelieu and of the aca- 
 demy, and died at Paris 1655. 
 
 Habert, Henry Lewis, a member of 
 the French academy, the friend of Gasscn- 
 di, and the publisher of his works, with an 
 elegant Latin preface. He wrote some 
 epigrams and other poetical pieces, and 
 <lied 1679. 
 
 Habicot, Nicolas, a surgeon, born at 
 
 HAC 
 
 Bonay, in Gatinois. He was eminent in 
 his profession, and wrote a treatise on the 
 plague. He died 1624. 
 
 Habington, William, an English writer, 
 born at Hendlip, Worcestershire, 1605. 
 As a catholic, he was educated at St. 
 Omer's and Paris, but he refused to em- 
 brace the order of the Jesuits, and return- 
 ed to England. He died 30th Nov. 1654. 
 He wrote the Queen of Arragon, — Obser- 
 vations on the History of Edward IV. — and 
 some poems. 
 
 Hachette, Jane, a heroine of Beauvais 
 in Picardy, who successfully headed a body 
 of women in an assault against the Bour- 
 guignons who besieged her native place, 
 1472. In commemoration of her intrepid 
 conduct, an annual procession takes place 
 at Beauvais on the lOth July, in which the 
 women march at the head of the men. 
 
 Hackaert, John, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Amsterdam, 1635. The mountainous 
 scenery in his landscapes is much admired. 
 
 Hacket, William, a fanatic in the reign 
 of Elizabeth. After being a gentleman's 
 servant, he married a rich widow, and when 
 reduced to indigence by debauchery and 
 extravagance, he became a highwayman, 
 and then all at once aspired to the name of 
 prophet. He was joined in his imposture 
 by Coppinger and Arthington, men of some 
 learning, and after imposing upon the cre- 
 dulity of the people of York and Lincoln, 
 he came to London, as inspired by the 
 Holy Ghost. He proclaimed that Jesus 
 was come to judge the world, and his asso- 
 ciates announced him by the words of " be- 
 hold the king of the earth." The cabals 
 which he raised called for the interference 
 of government. He was tried and execu- 
 ted, 28th July, 1592. His blasphemies on 
 the scattbld were most horrid, and evinced 
 not only a mad enthusiast, but a most dia- 
 bolical heart. Of his associates Coppinger 
 
 3 
 
 •4 X 
 
 -•£ 
 
HAD 
 
 HAl 
 
 died in prison, and Arthington upon his 
 recantation was pardoned. 
 
 IIacket, John, an English prelate, born 
 in London, 1st Sept. 15'J2. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster school and Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, where he became fel- 
 low and tutor. His great merit recom- 
 mended him to bishop Andrews, and to 
 Williams, bishop of Lincoln, to whom he 
 became chaplain, and afterwards to James 
 L He took his degree of D.D. 1628, and 
 was promoted to a prebend in Lincoln, and 
 the rcctorv of Cheam in Surrey, and St. 
 Andrews, Holborn. The troubles of ihe 
 times not only prevented his farther advance- 
 ment, but subjected him to persecution, 
 though he concealed himself in retirement 
 at Cheam. At the restoration he refused 
 the bishopric of Gloucester, btjt soon after 
 accepted that of Lichfield and Coventry. 
 ^Vith great munificence he began the re- 
 pairs of his cathedral, which had been 
 nearly demolished by the civil wars, and 
 after eight years labour, and the expense of 
 20,000/. nearly all his own, he completed 
 the building in a splendid and most elegant 
 manner. He was equally liberal in his be- 
 nefactions to Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 and other foundations. He died at Lich- 
 field, Oct. 21, 1670, and was buried in his 
 cathedral. He was twice married, and 
 had children by both his wives. His son, 
 Sir Andrew, master in chancery, erected 
 a monument over him. He wrote " Loy- 
 ola," a comedy, twice acted before James 
 I. besides sermons, and a life of his great 
 patron bishop W'illiams, &e. He was high- 
 ly respected for learning, for piety, and 
 every exemplary virtue. 
 
 Hackspan, Theodore, a Lutheran minis- 
 ter, first professor at Altorf, well skilled in 
 oriental literature. His books on theolo- 
 gical subjects were much esteemed in Ger- 
 many. He died 1659. 
 
 Haddick, N. count of, an Austrian ge- 
 neral during the seven years war. He also 
 distinguished himself against the Turks in 
 1789, and died the next year, aged SO. 
 
 Haddock, Sir Richard, a valiant admiral 
 who distinguished himself on various occa- 
 sions under Charles H. and his successors, 
 and died, very old, 1714. 
 
 Haddon, Walter, an eminent English 
 scholar, bom in Buckinghamshire, 1516, 
 and educated at Eton school and King's 
 college, Cambridge. He took his doctor's 
 degree in civil law, of which he became 
 professor. In Edward's reign he was a 
 zealous promoter of the reformation, and 
 for his services he was made master of Tri- 
 nity-hall, Cambridge, in the room of Gar- 
 diner, and afterwards, though not qualified, 
 made president of Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, but in Mary's reign he resigned his 
 honours to avoid the disgrace of expulsion, 
 and lived in conrealmrnt. The accession 
 A 
 
 of Elizabeth restored him to public notice ; 
 he was made master of the court of re- 
 quests, judge of the prerogative court, and 
 one of the commissioners who visited 
 Cambridge. In 1566 he was employed at 
 Bruges to settle the commercial inter- 
 course between England and the Nether- 
 lands. He died January, 1571-2, and was 
 buried in Christ church, London. The 
 chief writings of this pious, learned, and 
 polite character were " Lueubrationes," 
 containing Latin orations, letters, &.c. — a 
 defence of queen Elizabeth against Osorio, 
 &c. — poems. He assisted also Sir John 
 Cheke in the compilation of the ecclesiasti- 
 cal law, called Reformatio Legum Eccle- 
 siastic. 4to. 
 
 Hadrian. Vid. Adrian. 
 
 Haen, Antony de, privy counsellor and 
 physician to the empress Maria Theresa, 
 was author of "ratio medendi," 17 vols. 
 8vo. and a treatise on magic. He died 
 177G. 
 
 Haerlem, Theodore Van, a Dutch 
 painter, born at Haerlem. His Christ and 
 his Apostles in the church of Utrecht are 
 much admired. He died 1470, aged 60. 
 
 Hagedorx, a German poet of the ISth 
 century. His works, which are chiefly in 
 imitation of Fontaine, display genius, viva- 
 city, and great delicacy. 
 
 Hagen, John Van, a landscape painter, 
 born in Cleves. His pieces were much ad- 
 mired. He died at the end of the 17th 
 century. 
 
 Haggai, the tenth of the minor pro- 
 phets, lived in the reign of Darius Hystas- 
 pes. He was of the sacerdotal race, and 
 according to Epiphanius was buried among 
 the priests of Jerusalem. 
 
 Haguenier, John, a French poet, born 
 in Burgundy. He died 1738. His pieces 
 are on light subjects, but possess great wit 
 and elegance. 
 
 Haguenot, Henry, author of a treatise 
 de morbis externis capitis, 12mo. — otia 
 physiologica — memoirs addressed to the 
 academy of sciences, &c. — was a physician 
 of Montpellier, who died 1776. 
 
 Hahn, Simon Frederick, author of the 
 " history of the empire," and of " collectio 
 monumentorum veter. et recent." 2 vols. 
 8vo. — was a very extraordinary character. 
 At the age of 10 he knev/ several lan- 
 guages, and at 24 he was professor of his- 
 tory at Helmstadt. He was historiogTa- 
 pher to the elector of Hanover, and died 
 1729, aged 37. 
 
 Haillan, Bernard de Girard, lord of, a 
 French historian, born at Bourdeaux about 
 1535. He first appeared before the public 
 as a poet, in his piece called " the union of 
 the princes," and afterwards as the trans- 
 lator of Eutropius, of Tully's offices, and 
 iT^mylius Probus. In 1 574 he was named 
 historiographer of France, in consequence 
 
IIAI 
 
 HAL 
 
 of his valuable book on the stale ami suc- 
 cess of the aflhirs of France. In' 1576 ap- 
 peared his hijitory from Fharaniond to the 
 death of Charles Nil. the fust history of 
 France written in French. He did not 
 contirnie this popular work beyond that 
 time, though he promised it to Henry IV. 
 as he considered himself too near tl;c pe- 
 riods of which he was to treat, afraid that 
 the sober trutlis of history miglit give 
 oficnce. A eontinualion was added by tiie 
 booksellers as far as 1627. He died at 
 Paris, Nov. 23, IGIO. He was originally 
 a calvinist, but it is said lie changed his 
 religious opinions to please the court, 
 where he was flattered and admired. 
 Though accurate and impartial as a histo- 
 rian, he seems fond of displaying his title 
 to the approbation of his country, by the 
 style of his dedications and of his prefaces. 
 He was at one time secretary to the em- 
 bassy in England in 1556 and 1557. 
 
 Haines, Joseph, better known by the 
 name of count Haines, was a comedian of 
 wit and great facetiousness. He was ob- 
 scurely born, but the liberal subscription of 
 a few friends enabled him to enter at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, where his talents 
 and manners gained him the friendship of 
 Sir Joseph Williamson, afterwards secre- 
 tary of state, and minister at Ryswick con- 
 gress. He attended his friend as Latin 
 secretary, but he betrayed his state secrets 
 with which he was confidentially intrusted, 
 and thus incapable of this office, he was 
 recommended to Cambridge, which all at 
 once he quitted to join a company of strol- 
 ling players at Stirbridge fair. He gradu- 
 ally rose to some consequence, and was 
 engaged at Drury-Iane, where his educa- 
 tion, his wit, and his agreeable conversa- 
 tion made him the friend and the associate 
 of the great and the opulent. He went 
 afterwards as companion to the English 
 ambassador to France, and on his return 
 again appeared on the stage. He died^of 
 a fever, after a few days' illness, in Hart- 
 street, Long-acre, and was buried in St. 
 Paul's churchyard, Covent-garden. 
 
 Hakem, the third of the Fatimite ca- 
 liphs, was a violent persecutor of the 
 Christians and Jews. He pretended to be 
 the visible image of God. He was assas- 
 sinated by the intrigues of his sister, 1021. 
 
 Hakewell, George, an able divine, born 
 1579, at Exeter, son of a merchant. He 
 entered at St. Alban's hall, and was elected 
 fellow of Exeter college, Oxford. He was 
 in 1616 made archdeacon of Surrey, and 
 as chaplain to Charles prince of Wales, he 
 might have risen to higher honours in the 
 church, had he not w ritten to oppose the 
 union of his master with the infanta of 
 Spain. The king resented the remarks of 
 the chaplain, and he Avas for some time 
 imprisoned, and dismissed from about the 
 
 prince's person. He was aflerwaj'ds 
 chosen rector ol Exeter college, but the 
 rage of civil war drove him to Lis rectory 
 of Heanton near Barnstaple, where he 
 died, 1649. Of his works the best known 
 is his " apology or declaration of the 
 power and providence of God in the go- 
 vernment of the world, proving that it doth 
 not decay," ilcc. in four books, 1627, with 
 two additional books in an edition, folio, 
 1635. 
 
 Hakewell, John, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was mayor of Exeter, 1632. Ano- 
 ther brother, William, was of Exeter col- 
 lege, and afterwards of Lincoln's inn, and 
 as he espoused warmly the party of the 
 puritans, he published among other things, 
 " the liberty of the subject against the 
 power of impositions," &.c. 4to. 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard, a native of Eyton, 
 Herefordshire, educated at Westminster 
 school and Christ-church, Oxford. He 
 took orders, and obtained the living of 
 Wetheringset in Suflblk, and a prebend in 
 Bristol cathedral, and afterwards at West- 
 minster. He died 23d Nov. 1616, aged 
 61. He was not only an able divine but a 
 learned cosmographer ; and his collection 
 of voyages in 3 vols, folio, is deservedly- 
 admired as a valuable performance, in 
 honour of his services to geography, a 
 promontory on the coast of Greenland was 
 called by his name, by captain Hudson, in 
 1608. His son was a student of Trinity- 
 college, Cambridge. 
 
 Halde, John Laptist du, a learned Je- 
 suit, born at Paris, 1674. He is the author 
 of a valuable work, "grande description 
 de la Chine et de la Tartaric," 4 vols, folio ; 
 compiled from the curious and interesting 
 observations of the missionaries of his 
 fraternity. He collected also after father 
 Gobien, " lettres edifiantes," in 18 vols, 
 besides Latin poems and orations. He died 
 1743. 
 
 Hale, Sir Matthew, a learned lawyer, 
 born at Aldersly in Gloucestershire, 1st 
 Nov. 1600. He was educated at Woot- 
 ton-under-Edge, under the puritanical 
 vicar of the parish, and in 16"i6 entered at 
 Magdalen-hall, Oxford, and three years 
 after began to study the law at Lincoln's 
 inn. Panting after distinction he now bid 
 adieu to the follies and levities of youth, 
 and of idle company, and devoting daily 
 16 hours to study, he enriched the resour- 
 ces of his mind with all the treasures of 
 law, of philosophy, of science, and of 
 divinity. When called to the bar, the 
 integrity of his conduct recommended him 
 to the public notice, not less than his supe- 
 rior abilities ; and in those times of civil 
 discord, he became the friend of royalists 
 and of repulilicans by not mixing with 
 faction. His extensive knowledge of the 
 law was called into action in the defence 
 
UAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 of Straftbrd, of Laud, and even of Charles 
 himself ; but though the advocate of royal- 
 tv, be refused not to take the covenant, 
 and to appear as one of the commissioners 
 who treated with the king's officers about 
 the reduction of Oxford. Though the 
 death of Charles shocked his feelings, he, 
 however, yielded to the strong invitations 
 of Cromwell, who knew his merits, and 
 he accepted under him the olfice of one of 
 the judges of the Common-bench, Scru- 
 ples, however, soon arose, and after going 
 two or three circuits, he refused to act as 
 judge on the crown side ; and when on the 
 death of the protector, higher powers 
 were oli'ered him under his son Richard, he 
 boldly rejected the new dignity, and refused 
 to wear mourning. At the restoration he 
 was marked out for the highest distinc- 
 tion as chief baron of the exchequer ; and 
 Clarendon in investing him with his office, 
 declared that he knew no one more honest 
 or more fit to preside in that court. For 
 eleven years he endeared himself to the 
 nation as an impartial judge, generous, 
 diligent, and humane ; and in 1671, he 
 was promoted to the office of chief justice 
 of England, where he displayed the same 
 integrity, the same zeal, and the same un- 
 biassed patient attention. Four years 
 after, a sudden inllammation in the midriff 
 produced an asthma and a rapid dropsy, 
 which proved fatal 25th Dec. 1676. He 
 was twice married, and by his first first 
 ■wife had ten children. He left his valuable 
 MSS. to Lincoln's inn society. This great 
 man, eminent not less for his learning, 
 piety, and private virtues, than for his up- 
 rightness as a judge, wrote several valuable 
 works on subjects of law, philosophy, and 
 divinity ; the best known of which are, the 
 primitive originization of mankind con- 
 sidered and explained according to the 
 light of nature, &.c. folio — the history of 
 the pleas of the crown, folio — the original 
 institution, power, and jurisdiction of par- 
 liaments — contemplations moral and di- 
 vine, 3 vols. 8vo. — judgment of the nature 
 of true religion, its corruption, &c. — diffi- 
 ciles nugPD, iie. — essay on the gravitation, 
 ^c. Of' fluid bodies, &c. 
 
 Hales, John, called the ever-memora- 
 ble, was born at Baih, 1584, and educated 
 at Corpus Christi college, Oxford. In 
 1605 he was chosen fellow of Merton ; in 
 1612, made Greek professor of the univer- 
 sity, and the next year admitted fellow of 
 Eton college. In 1618, he went as chap- 
 lain with Sir Dudley Carlcton, the English 
 ambassador to the Hague, and was present 
 at the synod of Dort, of the proceedings 
 of which he wrote to his patron an impar- 
 tial account, published in his golden re- 
 mains. In 1638, he was by the fnendship 
 of Laud, made canon of Windsor, but the 
 disorders of the times did not permit him 
 r, 
 
 to enjoy long these honours, and when he 
 refused to take the engagement, he was 
 stripped of his Eton fellowship, and of his 
 other pi'eferments, and reduced to the 
 greatest distress, which he bore with Chris- 
 tian fortitude. He died 19th May, 1656, 
 and was buried in Eton college church- 
 yard. This worthy man, so much admired 
 for his wit, his learning, and his polite- 
 ness, wrote several works which appeared 
 after his death in 3 vols. l2mo. or 8vo. 
 
 Hales, Stephen, a native of Kent, edu- 
 cated at Benet's college, Cambridge, where 
 he became fellow, 1703. He early devoted 
 the great powers of his mind to botany, 
 and experimental philosophy, and was the 
 ingenious inventor of a machine which 
 displayed the various motions of the hea- 
 vens similar to a modern orrery. His 
 learning and virtues recommended him to 
 the great and the powerful ; he enjoyed the 
 esteem of Frederic prince of Wales, and 
 was almoner to the princess, but satisfied 
 with the rectory of Teddington near Hamp- 
 ton Court, he disregarded the higher pre- 
 ferments which the partiality and influence 
 of friends might have procured. He died 
 aftera few days' illness, 4th Jan, 1761, aged 
 84, universally respected. He published 
 in 1741, his invention of ventilators; and 
 wrote besides four volumes of statistical 
 essays, &c. and contributed some valuable 
 papers to the philosophical transactions. 
 
 Hali-Beigh, a native of Poland. His 
 original name was Bobowski. He was, 
 when very young, sold by the Tartars to 
 the Turks, and educated in their religion. 
 He was acquainted with 17 languages, and 
 became dragoman or interpreter to the 
 grand signior. He translated the English 
 catechism into the Turkish language, and 
 also the Bible. His chief work is a trea- 
 tise on the liturgy of the Turks, their pil- 
 grimages to Mecca, &c, published in Latin 
 "by Thomas Smith, Oxford, 1691. He had 
 formed the design of returning to the Chris- 
 tian faith, when he died 1675. 
 
 Halket, Lady Anna, was born in Lon- 
 don, 1622, and married 1656 Sir James 
 Halket, by whom she had four children. 
 Her father Robert Murray was preceptor 
 to Charles I, before he ascended the throne. 
 She died 1699, and from her MSS. was se- 
 lected a volume of meditations, printed at 
 Edinburgh, 1701. 
 
 Hall, Joseph, an eminent divine, born 
 July 1st, 1574, at Bristow park, Leicester- 
 shire. He entered at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow, and 
 he distinguished himself in the university 
 by his wit and learning. His "Virgide- 
 miarum" or satires, in six books, appeared 
 in 1597, and were again edited at Oxford, 
 1753. The friendship of Sir Robert Drury 
 gave him the li\ing of Hawstead, Suffolk, 
 where he married, but in consequence of 
 
HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 some disi)ule with his patron he resigned 
 it, and was soon after presented by lord 
 Denny to the donative of Waltham Holy 
 Cross, Essex. Though he remained in 
 possession of this preferment 22 years, his 
 income was increased by a prebend in Wol- 
 verhampton collegiate cliurch ; and in 
 1616 by the deanery of Worcester. His 
 learning had recommended him to prince 
 Henry, to whom he was some time tutor, 
 and to the king ; and his abilities appeared 
 so respectable, that he was one of the di- 
 vines sent 1618 to the synod at Dort, 
 from which, however, he soon returned in 
 consequence of ill health, though not 
 without the respect and gratitude of that 
 dignified assembly. In 1624, he refused 
 the see of Gloucester, but three years 
 after he accepted that of Exeter, and in 
 Nov. 1641, he was translated to Norwich. 
 The following December, however, he was 
 sent to the Tower by the parliament, with 
 the rest of the bishops who protested 
 against the exclusion of the spiritual peers 
 from the upper house ; and though released 
 six months after by giving 5,000/. bail, he 
 was still exposed to the persecution which 
 in those turbulent times attended the 
 clei^y. Stripped of his dignities, and with 
 all his revenues sequestered, he retired 
 with difficulty to the obscurity of a little 
 farm which he rented at Heigham near 
 Norwich, where the last nine years of his 
 life were spent. He died 8th Sept. 1656, 
 aged 82 : and as he said in his will that 
 ** God's house was not a fit repository for 
 dead bodies," he ordered himself to be 
 buried in the churchyard of his parish. 
 To wit, learning, and judgment, this pre- 
 late joined the virtues of private life. He 
 was pious, unaffected, and moderate in his 
 religious opinions ; and while he wrote 
 against popery, he was equally severe 
 against those who separate from the church 
 from motives of party or innovation. Be- 
 sides his satires, he wrote — Meditations, — 
 Miscellaneous Letters, — Mundus idem et 
 alter, a satirical piece, &c. His works, 
 says Bayle, abound with fine thoughts, 
 excellent morality, and a great deal of 
 piety ; so that he is not improperly called 
 the English Seneca. They were in 5 vols, 
 folio. His meditations on the histories of 
 the Old and New Testament, have been 
 modernized by Mr. Glasse of Hanwell, 
 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Hall, John, an English lawyer, and 
 poet, born at Durham, Aug. 1627, and 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 which he left to study the law at Gray's 
 inn. He was called to the bar, but his 
 celebrity as a political writer recommended 
 him to the parliament, and he was sent to 
 Cromwell to Scotland, but he fell a sacri- 
 fice to his licentious intemperance, and 
 
 died at Durham, 
 
 1st Aug. 1656. 
 
 During 
 
 his short life he gave strong proofs of hi-i 
 genius and abilities by the publication of 
 " Horse vaciva;, or essays,"— a translation 
 of Longinus, — some poems, &.c. 
 
 Hall, Henry, an English divine, bom 
 in London, 1716. He wa.^ educated at 
 Eton and King's college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow 1738. In 1748 
 he was appointed librarian at Lambeth by 
 Potter, and he was continued in his office 
 by the next primate, Herring, who re- 
 warded his merit by the rectory of Harble- 
 down, the vicarage of Heme, and the sine- 
 cure of Orpington. In 1756 he exchanged 
 Heme for East Peckham, and at the death 
 of his patron in 1757, he resigned the place 
 of librarian, and being appointed treasurer 
 of Wells cathedral, he retired to Harblc- 
 down, where he died a Bachelor, 2d Nov. 
 1763, after a short illness. This respecta- 
 ble man, beloved as a pastor for his benevo- 
 lence, meekness, and exemplary conduct, 
 published some occasional sermons, &c. 
 
 Hall, John, a surgeon of Maidstone, 
 Kent, who flourished in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth. He published a compendium of 
 anatomy, and other surgical works, besides 
 hymns with musical notes, 1565. 
 
 Hall, Jacob, a rope-dancer in the age 
 of Charles II. so graceful in bis person, and 
 so pleasing in his address, that he capti- 
 vated several of the ladies of that licentious 
 period, and especially the dutchess of Cleve- 
 land, who granted him a pension. 
 
 Hall, Richard, an English popish priest, 
 who left England under Elizabeth to avoid 
 the penal laws against his religion. He 
 became divinity professor at Douay, and 
 canon of St. Omer's, and wrote several 
 theological books, especially the history of 
 the troubles of his times, and died 1604. 
 
 Hall, Lyman, whose name is affixed to 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was born in Connecticut, in 1731, and re- 
 ,ceived a classical education. Having stu- 
 died medicine he removed to Georgia in 
 1752, and established himself as a physi- 
 cian at Sudbury. At the beginning of the 
 revolutionary struggle he entered with 
 warmth into the defence of the colonial 
 rights, and was a member of the republican 
 conventions of Georgia in 1774 and 1775, 
 and in the latter year was appointed by the 
 parish of St. John's a representative in 
 the general congress, and was elected again 
 in July of that year by the whole province, 
 on its accession to the confederation. He 
 was an active and useful member of that 
 body, and advocated the declaration of in- 
 dependence. In 1 780 he again held a seat in 
 congress, and the following year was cho- 
 sen governor of Georgia. He died about 
 the 60th year of his age. He possessed u 
 strong and discriminating mind, a sound 
 judgment, a happy talent for conciliating 
 esteem and confidence, and did much by bis 
 
UAL 
 
 liAL 
 
 mild uud persuasive manners to unite tLe 
 ••itizens of Georgia in the defence of their 
 liberties. tCj^ L. 
 
 Halle, Peter, a French civilian and 
 poet, born at Bayeux, in Normandy, 8th 
 Sept. 1611. He was educated at Bayeux 
 and Caen, and by his merit was raised to 
 the office of rhetorical professor in the lat- 
 ter university. His eloquence in the de- 
 livery of an oration so pleased Seguer, 
 the chancellor, that he presented him with 
 a doctor's cap 1640, and carried him with 
 him to Paris. Here his abilities were dis- 
 played to such advantage that he was 
 offered the headship of five colleges, and 
 was at last appointed poet to the king, and 
 in 1646 reader of the Greek and Latin 
 tongues in the roial college. In 1655 he 
 began as professor of canon law to raise 
 the character of that much neglected sci- 
 ence, and by his " canonical institutions," 
 published 1685, and other treatises on law, 
 acquired a high reputation for learning, 
 application, and judgment. He published 
 also 1655, a collection of Latin poems, and 
 died Dec. 27, 1689. 
 
 Halle, Antony, a good Latin poet, pro- 
 fessor of eloquence at Caen. He publish- 
 ed a Latin grammar — some treatises — 
 poetry, &c. and died at Paris, 1675, aged 83. 
 
 Halle, Claude-Guy, director of the 
 Paris academy of painting, was distinguish- 
 ed as a painter, and by his genius adorned 
 several of the churches of the French capi- 
 tal, especially Notre Dame. Ho died high- 
 ly respected 1736, aged 85. His son Noel 
 ivas member of the academy of painting, 
 and obtained the order of St. Michael for 
 his services in reforming and improving the 
 academy of painting at Rome. He died 
 1718, aged 70. 
 
 Haller, Albert, an eminent Swiss phy- 
 sician, professor of medicine, chymistry, 
 &c. at Gottingen. Scarce inferior to Boer- 
 faaave, his abilities adorned the university 
 and raised it to celebrity. Besides medical 
 tracts, such as disputationes anatomicae, 8 
 vols. 4to. — disputationes de morbis, 7 vols. 
 4to. — elementa physiologiae, 8 vols. 4to. 
 &c. he wrote moral essays, religious pieces, 
 and a few odes much admired in Germany 
 for poetry, elegance, and sublimity. In 
 1760 he retired to his native city Berne, 
 where, after enjoying the respect of his 
 country as a senator and magistrate, he 
 died 12th December, 1777, aged 75. His 
 son, who died 1785, was equally eminent 
 as a man of merit, and wrote biographic 
 literaire de la Suisse. 
 
 Halley, Edmund, a celebrated English 
 philosopher, born 29th Oct. 1556, in St. 
 Leonard's parish, Shoreditch. He was 
 educated at St. Paul's school under Gale, 
 and in 1673 became a commoner of Queen's 
 college, Oxford, where he early devoted 
 himself to those astronomical and geomc- 
 
 iricai studies which have reudered his 
 name immortal. His first attempt was to 
 correct the errors of Tycho Brahe, and to 
 ascertain the place of the fixed stars ; but 
 finding that those of the northern hemis- 
 phere already engaged the attention of 
 Flamstead and Hevelius, he set out un- 
 der the protection of Charles II. and of the 
 East India Company to St. Helena, where 
 he formed a catalogue of those bodies which 
 never appear above the horizon of Green- 
 wich or Dantzick. After 2 years' residence 
 there, he returned in 1678 to England, and 
 his planisphere was so well received by the 
 learned, that he was honoured with the 
 degree of M.A. at Oxford by royal manda- 
 mus, and was admitted fellow of the Royal 
 Society. In 1697 he visited Hevelius at 
 Dantzick, at the request of the Royal So- 
 ciety, to adjust the dispute between that 
 great philosopher and Hooke, in England, 
 concerning the preference of plain or glass 
 lights in astroscopical instruments. On 
 his return he went upon a tour in company 
 with his school-fellow the learned Nel- 
 son, and in his way to Paris he first ob- 
 served that remarkable comet which at 
 that time soon ^engaged the attention of 
 the philosophers of Europe. After finish- 
 ing his observations on this wandering 
 body in the Paris observatory, with the 
 kind assistance of the great Cassini, he 
 passed to Lyons, and thence to Italy, 
 where, upon his return to England in 1681, 
 he left his friend Nelson. He now settled 
 at Islington, after his marriage with the 
 daughter of Mr. Tooke, the auditor of the 
 exchequer, and devoted himself ardently to 
 his favourite pursuits. In 1683 appeared 
 his theory of the variation of the magneti- 
 cal compass, and by his aquaintance with 
 the great Newton, whom he visited at 
 Cambridge to consult him on philosophical 
 subjects, he had the opportunity of recom- 
 mending, by an elegant copy of verses, the 
 principia of the illustrious astronomer, 
 which were then first presented to the 
 world. In 1698 he obtained from king 
 William the appointment of a vessel to 
 enable him to improve and to mature his 
 philosophical observations on the variations 
 of the needle, and after proceeding as far 
 as the line, he returned home with the in- 
 tention of pursuing his discoveries in another 
 voyage. The next year with bold zeal in 
 the cause of science, he crossed the Atlan- 
 tic ocean, and penetrated towards the south 
 pole till the ice stopped his progress, and 
 returning to England in 1700, he published 
 the following year his general chart, show- 
 ing the variations of the compass in those 
 seas frequented by European navigators. 
 In a third voyage he examined the course 
 of the tides in the various parts of the Eng- 
 lish channel, and accurately ascertained 
 the longitude and latitude of each headlandv 
 
HAL 
 
 HAM 
 
 -which he published in an elegant chart in 
 17U2. At the request of the emperor of 
 Germany he was sent by queen Anne to 
 examine the coast of Dalmatia, where two 
 convenient harbours were to be formed 
 under his auspices for the reception of 
 the coinmerce of the Mediterranean.— 
 Though the dc'sign failed througli the 
 jealousy of the Dutch, Hallcy was ho- 
 nourably treated by the enip. ror, who 
 presented him with a golden ring from 
 his own finger, as a mark of respect. On 
 his return to England in 1703, he was ap- 
 pointed Savilian professor of geometry at 
 Oxford, and honoured with the degree of 
 LL.D. In 1713 he was appointed secre- 
 tary to the Royal Society, which he resign- 
 ed in 1719, when he succeeded Flamstead 
 in the Greenwich observatory, and in re- 
 ward of his services he received, by the in- 
 tei'cession of queen Caroline, the allow- 
 ance of half pay as a captain of the navy. 
 This great and good man, who had done so 
 much for science and philosophy, was in 
 1737 attacked by a paralytic stroke, which 
 gradua'Iy weakened his constitution, 
 though it did not totally extinguish the 
 powers of his mind. He expired easily 
 and without a groan, as he sat in his chair, 
 14th Jan. 1741-2, in his S6th year. Be- 
 sides the works already mentioned, astro- 
 nomical tables, and several valuable papers 
 in the philosophical transactions, Dr. Hal- 
 ley, at the request of his friend Aldrich, 
 edited and translated the works of Apol- 
 lonius. 
 
 Hallifax, George Saville, marquis of. 
 Vid. Saville. 
 
 Hallifax, Samuel, an English bishop, 
 eldest son of an apothecary at Chesterfield. 
 He was educated at Jesus college, Cam- 
 bridge, and afterwards removed to Trinity 
 hall, where he took the degree of LL.D. 
 1764. As professor of civil law in the uni- 
 versity, he gained great reputation by his 
 ** analysis of the civil law." In 1776 he 
 was created D.D. by mandate, and became 
 afterwards chaplain to the king, rector of 
 Worsop, Notts, master of the faculties in 
 Doctors' Commons, and master of his col- 
 lege, which he resigned in 1781, when 
 made bishop of Gloucester. In 1787 he 
 was translated to St. Asaph, and diel 1790, 
 aged 60. He was a man of great erudition, 
 commanding eloquence, and of amiable 
 manners. His sermons at Warburton's 
 lectures were much admired, and also his 
 judicious analysis of Butler's ^Analogy. He 
 was for some years Arabic professor at 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Hals, Francis, a portrait painter of 
 Mechlin, much admired, and considered 
 inferior only to Vandyck. He died 1666, 
 aged 82. 
 
 Hals, Dirk, brother to the above, was 
 HJlso a painter, whose irenius led him to the 
 
 Vol-. IT. 'i 
 
 humorous representations of festive and 
 low scenes. He died 1656, aged 67. 
 
 Hamberger, (i(!orge Albert, an emi- 
 nent mathematician of Franconia, author 
 of some valuable works on optics, hydrau 
 lies, and other philosophical subjects. He 
 died at Jena, 1720. 
 
 Hamberger, George Christopher, a 
 learned German, of the university of Got 
 tingen. Besides other voluminous works 
 he published Orpheus, with the assistance 
 of Gesner. He died 1773, aged 47. 
 
 Hamel, John Baptist du, a French di- 
 vine, born 1614, at Vire, in Normandy, and 
 educated at Caen and Paris. At 18 he 
 published a tract on trigonometry with 
 Theodosius's three books on spherics, and 
 the next year he was admitted into the 
 congi-j^ation of the oratory, where he con- 
 tinued 10 years, till he became curate of 
 Nueilli on the Marne. In 1666 he was 
 appointed secretary to the newly established 
 academy of sciences, and he afterwards 
 accompanied Colbert de Croissy, the 
 French ambassador, at Aix la Chapelle and 
 in England, where he gained the friendship 
 of Boyle, Ray, and Willis. He returned 
 to France through Holland, and in 1678 
 published his " philosophia vetus et nova," 
 a valuable work, reprinted in 6 vols. 1681. 
 In 1698 appeared his "Regiae scientiaruni 
 academiae historia," 4to. in four books, to 
 which two were afterwards added. He 
 also published, 1706, Biblia sacra vulgatae 
 editionis cum selectis notis, &c. besides 
 other theological works. He died 6th 
 Aug. 1706, of old age. To the character 
 of a scholar he united that of a pious and 
 worthy man, esteemed not only by the 
 great and powerful, but by the poor, espe- 
 cially at Neuilli, where his annual visit, 
 after he had quitted the cure, was regarded 
 as a day of festivity. 
 
 Hamel, du Monceau, Henry Lewis du, 
 a native of Paris, inspector of the marine, 
 ' and eminent for his knowledge of me- 
 chanics, agriculture, and commerce. He 
 wrote treatises on trees, naval architec- 
 ture, agriculture and other subjects, and 
 died 1732, aged 82. 
 
 Hamilcar Barcas, the father of Han- 
 nibal, was distinguished as a general in 
 Spain, where he founded Barcelona. He 
 fell in battle B.C. 237. 
 
 Hamilton, Patrick, a Scott^h divine, re- 
 lated to James V. by whom he was made 
 abbot of Feme. His further advancement 
 in the church was prevented by his adhe- 
 rence to the tenets of Luther, which so 
 offended the catholic clergy, that at the 
 suggestion of cardinal Beatoun, archbishop 
 of St. Andrews, he was tried as a heretic, 
 and condemned to the flames. He en- 
 dured the cruel sentence with the most 
 astonishing fortitude, 1527, aged only 23. 
 His oonfe!=!=ion of faith was published bv 
 
 9 
 
11AM 
 
 HAM 
 
 Jolin Frith. He was not only pious, Liut 
 learned and polite. 
 
 Hamilton, Antony, count, a native of 
 Ireland, of Scotch extraction. He follow- 
 ed the fate of the second Charley, and re- 
 turned at the restoration, but was banished 
 at the revolution. His genius, vivacity, 
 and wit rendered him the companion of the 
 2,"reat, and the ornament of every society, 
 flis work-s consisted of poems, — fairy tales, 
 — and " Memoirs of the Count de Grani- 
 uiont," which develope the licentious cha- 
 racters of the court of Ciiarles II. He 
 died at St. Germain's 1720, aged 74. 
 
 Hamilton, James, first duke of, son of 
 •lames, marquis of Hamilton, was educated 
 at Oxford, and succeeded to his father's 
 titles, 1G25. With a mind ardent after ad- 
 ventures he went in 1631 with an army to 
 ihe assistance of Gustavus Adolphus of 
 Sweden, and returned the following year. 
 Distinguished at the English court by the 
 favour and good opinion of the monarch, 
 he was named a commissioner to settle the 
 fiisputes which the presbyterians excited in 
 Scotland on the subject of episcopacy, and 
 for his services he was created duke of 
 Hamilton and earl of Cambridge. Af- 
 ter seeing the ruin of his master's armies 
 in England, he still maintained his cause in 
 the north, but the superior power of Crom 
 well prevailed against him, and he was un- 
 Ibrtunately defeated at Preston. Though 
 promised that his life would be spared, the 
 perfidious conqueror still treated liim as an 
 enemy, and caused him to be tried and to 
 be beheaded, 1649, in his 43d year. 
 
 Hamilton, William, duke of, born in 
 1616, was secretary of state for Scotland, 
 aud exerted himself zealously in the royal 
 cause. He died 1652 of the wounds which 
 he had received at the battle of W^orcester, 
 aged 36. 
 
 Hamilton, George, earl of Orkney, was 
 lifth son of lord Selkirk. He distinguish- 
 ed himself at the battle of the Boyne, and 
 on other occasions, for which he was rais- 
 ed to the peerage by William HI. His 
 valour was equally displayed under Marl- 
 borough at Blenheim and Malplaquet. He 
 died 1737. 
 
 Hamilton, William, a poet, born at 
 Bangor, who died 1754, aged 50. His 
 works were printed at Edinburgh, 12mo. 
 1760. 
 
 Hamilton, Sir W^illiam, a Scotchman of 
 J lie noble family of that name, after re- 
 ceiving a liberal education improved his 
 narrow circumstances by his marriage with 
 ."v lady of fortune 1755. He was sent as 
 ambassador to the Neapolitan court in 
 1764, and continued in that capacity till 
 ihe year 1800, during which time he de- 
 voted himself ardently to the cultivation 
 of science, and to the improvement of the 
 fine arts. With the eye of a philosopher, 
 and the taste of a man of aenius, he visit- 
 in 
 
 ed and examined the wonders of Etna ana 
 Vesuvius, and not only collected from 
 their volcanic eruptions the most valuable 
 curiosities, but composed an interesting and 
 admirid performance. He also publisbed 
 Campi Phlegraei, 2 vols, folio, a curious and 
 splendid work, and encouraged and contri- 
 buted to the compilation of the Antiquites 
 Etrusques, Grecques, et Romaines, edited 
 from his cabinet by D'Hanearville. The 
 philosophical transactions were also en- 
 riched by his learned commentaries, and 
 the British Museum can boast of his valu- 
 able presents of antiquities and other cu- 
 rious donations. This active antiquarian, 
 whose researches were so much applauded 
 by all men of science, was honoured with 
 the ribbon of the order of the Bath, while 
 at Naples, and he received from the Sici- 
 lian king and his court every mark of at- 
 tention and respect. Some years after the 
 death of his first wife he married Miss 
 Hart, who survived him. He died in Lon- 
 don, May, 1803. 
 
 Hamilton, Andrew, a native of Scot- 
 land, was appointed by William Penn de- 
 puty governor of Pennsylvania in 1701» 
 He had previously been for several years 
 governor of New- Jersey, of which colony 
 he was one of the proprietors, and where 
 he was succeeded by Andrew Bowne. He 
 died December, 1 702. liCP L. 
 
 Hamilton, John, was appointed a mem- 
 ber of the council of New-Jersey in 1713, 
 and succeeded Mr. Anderson as command- 
 er-in-chief of the province as senior 
 member in March, 1736. He continued 
 at the head of the administration until 
 1 738, and died in 1746. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Hamilton, James, governor of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was a native of Philadelphia, and 
 succeeded governor Thomas in 1748. He 
 resigned in October, 1754, and was again 
 appointed in 1759, and continued in the 
 office till 1763, when John Penn arrived as 
 governor. In 1771 the administration 
 again devolved on him a short time. He 
 held several other offices of distinction in 
 the province, and enjoyed the esteem and 
 confidence of the people. He died in New- 
 York, while that city was occupied by the 
 British, August 14th, 1783, aged 73. 
 
 rt3=»L. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, first secretary of 
 the treasury of the United States, and a ge- 
 neral in the American army, was a native 
 of the Island of St. Croix, and born in 
 1 757. At the age of sixteen he accom- 
 panied his mother, who was an American, 
 to New- York, and entered King's college, 
 where he remained about three years, and 
 gave at that early period proofs of his ex- 
 traordinary talents, by the publication of 
 several papers vindicating the rights of the 
 colonies, which exhibited such strength and 
 sagacity, that they were ascribed to the 
 pen of Mr. Jay, He entered the Ameri- 
 
lUV 
 
 IJAM 
 
 <;aQ army at the age of eis^htcen, as an 
 officer of artillery, and soonattrHtted the 
 notice of Washini;ton, who in 1777 selected 
 him as an aid with the rank of lieutenant, 
 colonel. In the campaign of 1781 he 
 commanded a battulion, and at the taking 
 of York led the American detachment 
 which stormed and took tiu' Britisli works. 
 After the capture of Cornwallis, he retired 
 from the service, and engaged in the study 
 of the law. He entered on the profession 
 in New- York, and soon rose to distinction 
 in it. In 1787 he was appointed a member 
 from New-York of the federal congress 
 which formed the constitution of the United 
 States, and in 1789, when the government 
 was organized, was placed by Washington 
 at the head of the treasury ; where he 
 rendered the most important services to 
 his country by the measures he devised to 
 procure a revenue and impart credit and 
 prosperity to the nation. He had charge 
 of the troops employed in 1794 to suppress 
 the insurrt;ction in Pennsylvania. Soon 
 afterwards he retired from office that he 
 might procure a more ample provision for 
 his family by his profession. In 1798 
 when the provisional army was raised, at 
 the instance of Washington, he was ap- 
 pointed the second in command. On the 
 disbanding of the army he returned to 
 New- York, where he continued employed 
 in his profession till the 11th of June, 1804, 
 when he fell in a duel with colonel Burr, 
 vice president of the United States, and 
 en the following day expired, universally 
 lamented, second to none of his survivors 
 in energy of understanding, extent of legal 
 and political knowledge, lofty eloquence, 
 integrity, and promise of usefulness to his 
 country. He was the author of the letters 
 of Phocion, written after the peace, in fa- 
 vour of the loyalist, and also of nearly all 
 the numbers of the Federalist, a series of 
 essays designed to explain and advocate 
 the principles of the constitution of the 
 United States. flZT^ L. 
 
 Hamilton, Paul, secretary of the United 
 States navy department, was a South 
 Carolinian, and at the period of the Revo- 
 lution rendered important services to the 
 country by his zeal and firmness in the 
 popular cause. He was appointed in 1799 
 comptroller of South Carolina, a station 
 for which his methodical mind, quick dis- 
 cernment, and accurate knowledge of ac- 
 counts eminently fitted him. He held the 
 office five years, and rendered himself 
 highly useful by the improvements he in- 
 troduced into the system of finance. In 
 1804 he succeeded Mr. Richardson as go- 
 vernor of the state, and was succeeded in 
 1806 by Mr. Pinckney. In 1809 he was ap- 
 pointed secretary of the navy, and held 
 the office till January, 1812, when he re- 
 signed. He maintained in the public sta- 
 
 tions which he occupied, a character of uii- 
 inipcachcd int».grity, and was generous 
 and amiable in jirivate life, lie died ht 
 Ueaufort, June .iO, 1H16. rCj"^ L. 
 
 Hamilton, Hugh, a learned prelate, was 
 born in Ireland in 1729. lie rcreived bi;^ 
 education in Trinity college, Dublin, where, 
 in 1751, he obtained a fellowship. In 17jP 
 appeared his treatise " De Sectionibus 
 Conicis ;" and the next year he was elect- 
 ed Erasmus Smith's professor of natural 
 philosophy. In 1764 he accepted a college 
 living, and thereby vacated his fellowship. 
 After this he obtained the rectory of St. 
 Anne's, Dublin ; but relinquished it on be- 
 ing promoted to the deanery of Armagh. 
 In 1796 he was consecrated bishop of Clon- 
 fert ; from whence, in 1799, he was trans- 
 lated to Ossory, where he died Dec. 1, 
 1805. His works and life were publish- 
 ed in 1809, in 2 vols. 8vo.— IF. B. 
 
 Hamilton, William, a historical paint- 
 er, was born in 1750. He went to Italy 
 when very young, and was there placetJ 
 under the instruction of Zucchi, the painter 
 of arabesque ornaments at Rome. On 
 his return to England he became a pupil at 
 the Royal Academy, and afterwards ac- 
 quired considerable employment. In 1789 
 he was admitted a royal academician. 
 He died Dec. 2, 1801.— fF. B. 
 
 Hamlet, prince of Denmark, is immor- 
 talized in English literature by the pen of 
 Shakspeare, who drew his materials from 
 the relation of Saxo Grammaticus the Da- 
 nish historian. 
 
 Hammond, Henry, an English divine 
 born at Chertsy, Surrey, 18th Aug. 1605. 
 He was educated at Eton, and Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, of which he became fel- 
 low 1625. In 1633 he was presented to 
 the living of Penhurst, Kent, by Robert 
 earl of Leicester, who accidentally heard 
 him in the pulpit, and thus nobly rewarded 
 his eloquence and piety. He continued in 
 this peaceful retirement, the zealous minis- 
 ter of his parish, till 1643, when his zea! 
 in the royal cause rendered him obnoxious 
 to the parliament, and lOOZ. were set upon 
 his head. He fled in disguise to Oxford, 
 and in 1644, at the request of his friend 
 Dr. Potter of Queen's college, he publish- 
 ed his '* practical catechism," which gave 
 offisnce to those who in the business of sal- 
 vation regarded faith alone w ithout works. 
 He however defended himself against the 
 attacks not only of Cheynell, but of 52 
 ministers in the province of London, and 
 he continued to serve the cause of religion 
 by other valuable tracts. At the treaty of 
 Uxbridge he was appointed on the part of 
 Chai-les I. and he displayed to great ad- 
 vantage his learning and eloquence in a 
 dispute with Richard Vines, a presbyteriau 
 minister delegated by the parliament to 
 meet him. To the archdeaconry of Chi= 
 
 11 
 
HAM 
 
 llA^ 
 
 eliester to uliicb Puppa had presented 
 bim ill 1644, the king in 1645 added a 
 canonry of Christ church, and soon after 
 he was chosen public orator to the univer- 
 sity. He afterwards attended the king as 
 chaplain during his confinement at Wo- 
 burii, Cavcrsham, Hampton Court, and the 
 Isle of Wight, till he was dismissed in 1647 
 by the parliament, and permitted to return 
 to Oxford. He was in 164b stripped of his 
 honours, and with Dr. Sheldon, confined a 
 prisoner in Oxford by the parliamentary de- 
 legates, and ten weeks after conveyed to the 
 house of Sir Philip Warwick at Clapham, 
 Bedfordshire. W hen liberated in 1649, he 
 retired to the seat of Sir John Packwood 
 "Wcstwood, Worcestershire, where the 
 second Charles saw and commended his 
 loyalty, and his firm adherence to the re- 
 ligion of his country. In 1653 he publish- 
 ed his " paraphrase and annotations on 
 the New Testament," which he had begun 
 during his confinement at Oxford, a work 
 of great merit, and general utility. He 
 began afterwards a " paraphrase and com- 
 mentary on all the books of the Old Testa- 
 ment," but his infirmities prevented his 
 completing more than the Psalms, and the 
 3d part of Proverbs. He fell a martyr to 
 the stone, accompanied by those other 
 dreadful maladies the gout, the colic, and 
 cramp, 25th April, 1660, at a time when 
 the king, restored to the throne of his an- 
 cestors, was meditating to reward his meri- 
 torious services by raitiing him to the 
 bishopric of Worcester. His works are 
 collected into 4 vols, folio. 
 
 Hammond, Anthony, an English poet, 
 whose family had long been settled at 
 Somersham-place, Huntingdonshire. He 
 was born 1663, and was educated at St. 
 John's, Cambridge. He became commis- 
 sioner to the navy, and was so eloquent in 
 parliament that Bolingbroke called him the 
 silver-tongued Hammond. Distinguished 
 as a wit, and as a man of fashion, he was 
 equally known as a poet and an author. He 
 wrote the life of his friend Moyle, besides 
 poems. He died about 1730. 
 
 Hammond, James, second son of the 
 above, is distinguished as a poet. He was 
 born in 1710, and educated at Westminster 
 school, but he did not it seems enter at the 
 university. He was early made equerry 
 to the prince of Wales, and thus moving in 
 the sphere of fashion he became the friend 
 of Lyttk ton, Cohham, and Chesterfield. 
 His income was increased in 1733 to 400/. 
 a year by the liberality of a dying relation, 
 and in 1741 he was elected member for 
 Truro, yet in the midst of pleasures and 
 business he did not forget the calls of the 
 muse, but often withdrew from festive 
 scenes to the tranquillity of retirement and 
 the meditations of literary life. His " love 
 elegies" are elegant and valuable sped- 
 J2 
 
 mens of his poetical po%vcrs, and also bi» 
 prologues, &c. He died at Stowe, the seat 
 of his friend Cobham, June, 1742. His 
 cruel mistress survived himf'till 1779^ 
 and died unmarried, bed-chamber woman 
 to the queen. Ttie elegies appeared after 
 his death, recommended, says Dr. Maty, 
 by the elegant pen of lord Chesterfield. 
 
 Hamon, John, a French physician of 
 Cherbourg. Hj wrote on religious sub- 
 jects and in a style much admired, and de- 
 serving the high commendation of Boileau. 
 He died 1687, aged 69. 
 
 Hampden, John, the illustrious patriot, 
 was born of a very ancient family in Buck- 
 inghamshire, and educated at Magdalen 
 college, Oxford. From the university he 
 went to' the inns of court in London, and 
 was afterwards chosen in parliament. In 
 1636 he had the boldness alone and un- 
 supported to resist the royal authority in 
 levying ship money, and though he lost 
 his cause he gained more admirers by the 
 firmness and modesty of his conduct than 
 the king obtained advantage by the suc- 
 cessful issue of the trial. Thus proclaimed 
 by the public voice a patriot, Hampden was 
 now regarded as the leader of the popular 
 party in the House of Common? against 
 the king, and when the civil war broke out, 
 he took up arms to defend what he con- 
 sidered as the rights of the people. In the 
 field he showed himself courageous, intre- 
 pid, and active, but his career of glory was 
 cut short by a fatal wound which he re- 
 ceived in Chalgrove field, Oxfordshire, 
 when fighting against prince Rupert 18th 
 June, 1643. The bone of his shoulder was 
 shattered by two bullets, and after suffering 
 great pain from the wound, he expired six 
 days after, to the universal regret of his 
 party. This very extraordinary character, 
 who, in every contest in the parliament and 
 in the field, evinced such steadiness and 
 perseverance in what he regarded as the 
 cause of his country, is described by Cla- 
 rendon as a great rather than a good man, 
 and the noble historian applies to him what 
 was applied to Cinna, that he had a head to 
 contrive, a tongue to persuade, and a hand 
 to execute any mischief. 
 
 Hamsa, a Mahometan doctor, known 
 for his extravagant attempts to eradicate 
 the tenets of Mahomet, and to establish a 
 new religion of his own. His book in op- 
 position to the Alcoran was translated into 
 French, and is called " evidences of the 
 mysteries of the unity." It is written with 
 great purity and elegance. He flourished 
 about 1020. 
 
 Hancock, Thomas, merchant of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, and a benefactor of Har- 
 vard college, was born in Lexington in 
 1703, and died in Boston in 1764. He be- 
 queathed 1000/. to Harvard college for es- 
 tablisliing a professorship of Hebrew and 
 
IIAN 
 
 HA^ 
 
 other oriental languages, 1000/. to the so- 
 ciety for propagating the gospel among the 
 Indians of North America, and 600/. to 
 the town ol" Boston lor the purpose of 
 erecting an insane hospital. He was 
 greatly respected for uprightness and hu- 
 manity , and was liighly useful in many 
 offices to which his fellow-citizens advanced 
 him, and as a member of his majesty's 
 council. sCJ^ L- 
 
 Hancock, John, LL.D. governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and a nephew of the preceding, 
 from whom he inherited great wealth, was 
 a native of Braintree, and born in 1737. 
 He \vas graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1754, and became a merchant. He 
 was elected a member of the assembly in 
 1766, and soon distinguished himself by a 
 talent for business, and a zealous opposi- 
 tion to the oppressive acts of the British. 
 In 1774 he was president of the provincial 
 congress, and the year after elected a mem- 
 ber of the general congress which met at 
 Philadelphia. He was chosen president 
 of that body, and in that capacity signed 
 the declaration of independence in 1776. 
 His health declining in 1777 he left that 
 appouitment, and in 1780 was i;lected the 
 first governor of Massachusetts under the 
 new constitution ; and held that office 
 during the four succeeding years, and 
 again from 17S7 till 1793, when he died in 
 the fifty-sixth year of his age. Governor 
 Hancock possessed talents that alwaj^s 
 adorned the several exalted stations to 
 which he was elevated. He was one of 
 the first and most conspicuous actors in 
 the great drama of the Revolution, and 
 gained by his zealous devotion to his 
 country a rank among the most distinguish- 
 ed of her benefactors. The charges against 
 his talents and patriotism which were 
 thrown out in the heat of party conten- 
 tions, and which have gained a place in 
 some of the histories of those times, im- 
 partiality never ad nitted, and had they been 
 true, gratitude for the eminent services 
 he rendered would not be forward to perpe- 
 tuate them. In private life he was charac- 
 terized by affability, urbanity, and distin- 
 guished liberality to the poor. \CJ^ L. 
 
 Handel, George Frederic, a celebrated 
 musician born at Halle, Upper Saxony, 
 24th Feb. 1684. His father who was a 
 surgeon intended him for the profession of 
 the law, and that he might check his 
 strong inclinations for music he prevented 
 his access to all musical instruments. The 
 son, however, in spite of his father's prohi- 
 bitions, obtained a small claviehord, with 
 which he amused himself every evening, at 
 the top of the house, after the family had 
 retired to rest. His accidental visit with 
 his father to the court of the duke of Saxe 
 Weisenfels, where his brother-in-law was 
 valet of the household, enabled him at last 
 
 to follow the bent of hi» genius. He playeii 
 the church organ after the morning service, 
 with such effect that the duke, who nap- 
 pened to be present, sensible of his pro- 
 mising powers, expostulated with his 
 father, and obtained from him the permis- 
 sion of his being inslrut.led in music. 
 Under the care ol Zackaw, at Halle, joung 
 Handel began to display that musical genius 
 which marked him lor immortality. At 
 the age of nine he composed the church 
 service for voices and instruments, and 
 after equalling hi inaster at Halle be pass- 
 ed to Berlin, where the king ol Prussia 
 witnessed and rewarded his astonisning 
 powers. From Berlin he went to Ham- 
 burgh, where he was greatly noticed, but 
 the honours which he received, excited 
 the envy of other musicians, and one of 
 them, as he was returning from the orches- 
 tra, made a violent push at hiin with a 
 sword. The wound would have proved 
 fatal had not Apollo, says hio historian, 
 interposed, and by means of a mu.«ic book 
 which he accidentally carried in his bosom, 
 Handel was not mortally stabbed to the 
 heart. It was at Hainl)urgb, wher.', at the 
 age of 14, he produced Almeria, his first 
 opera, with such ffect that it was repeated 
 thirty successive nights ; and ;ifter staying 
 here about fie years he visited Florr-nce. 
 Here his Rodrigo was produced with uni- 
 versal applause ; but not attached to any 
 particular place, and too independent in 
 spirit to be gained by the most liberal pro- 
 mises of patronage, he next went to Vienna, 
 where his Agrippina, finished in three 
 weeks, was performed for 27 successive 
 nights. Afterwards he again visited Italy, 
 and then returned to his native country, 
 and from thence he passed through Hano- 
 ver to England in 1710. His fame procured 
 him here friends and admirers, he was dat- 
 tered by the queen and nobility, and his 
 Rinaldo, which he produced here, showed 
 how- well he was entitled to the public 
 favour. After visiting the elector of Ha- 
 nover he again returned to England, and 
 that he might be induced to devote his ser- 
 vices to the musical entertainment of the 
 nation, not only a pension of 200/. a year 
 was settled on him, but he was appointed 
 composer to the Ilayniarket theatre. On 
 the accession of George I. his pension was 
 doubled by the mona.-ch, who forgot the 
 offence which Handel had offered him by 
 not settling at Hanover ; but after presiding- 
 nine years at the musical academy of the 
 Haymarket, supported by the nobility, he 
 found that his quarrels with the Italian 
 singers who per'^ormed under him, render- 
 ed him unpopular, and by degrees his 
 audience sunk away from him. Though 
 he attempted to recover his popularity by 
 visiting Italy, and introducing new singers, 
 he found still that his opponents were too 
 
 l.S 
 
HAN 
 
 HAN 
 
 powcrful ; but after some time malice and 
 jealousy ceased, and his merits were again 
 permitted to shine in full splendour. In 
 1742, on his return from Dublin to Lonuon, 
 he wai> invited to Covent garden, and here 
 his oratorios were continued with increasing 
 popularity till within eight days of his 
 death. He expired the 14th April, 1759, 
 and was buried in Westminster abbey, 
 •where a handsome monument, at his ex- 
 pense, was erected to his memory. His 
 works, which are truly valuable, have been 
 well edited by Dr. Arnold. 
 
 Hangest, Jerome de, a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, who distinguished himself by his 
 writings against Luther. He died at Mans 
 1538. 
 
 Hanifah, a Saint among the Mussul- 
 mans, regarded as the head of the most an- 
 cient of all their sects. The other sects 
 are those of Schiasi, of Malik, and of Ham- 
 bel. He died at Babylon. 
 
 Ha.vkins, Martin, was born at Breslaw 
 1633, where he became professor of history, 
 politics, and eloquence. His works evince 
 the scholar and the critic. The best known 
 of these is his book, " De Romanarum Re- 
 rum Scriptoribus," to which was added de 
 Byzantin. Rcrum Scriptor. Graecis. He 
 died 1709. 
 
 Hanmer, Meredith, D. D. a native of 
 Flintshire, who became treasurer of Trinity 
 church, Dublin, and died there of the 
 plague 1604. He translated into English 
 the ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Eu- 
 sebius, and Evagrius. 
 
 Hanmer, Sir Thomas, a statesman born 
 1676, and educated ut Westminster school, 
 and Christ Church, Oxford. He was for 
 thirty years member of parliament as repre- 
 sentative of either Suffolk, Flintshire, or 
 Thetford, and in I7l3, he was chosen 
 speaker, an office which he adorned by dig- 
 nity of deportment, commandin? elo- 
 quence, and great impartiality. He retired 
 from public life and devoted himself to lite- 
 rary pursuits. He published an edition of 
 Shaksptiure, in an .'''jgart and magnificent 
 style, which he presented to the university 
 of Oxford in six vols. 4to. He died at his 
 seat, Sutfolk, 5th April, 1746. 
 
 Hanmer, Jonathan, a nonconformist di- 
 vine, born at Barnstaple, and educated at 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge, where he 
 took his degree of M. A. He was ordained 
 Iiy bishop Field, and was made rector of 
 Bishop's Tawton, and lecturer of Barnsta- 
 ple, from which he was ejected 1662. He 
 is the author of a view of ecclesiastical an- 
 tiquity, — of a discourse on confirmation, — 
 and other works. He died 1687. 
 
 Hannecken, Mennon, a historian and 
 divine, born at Blaxan, Oldenbourg. He 
 was professor of morals, theology, &c. at 
 Marpurg, and died at Lubeck 1671, aged 
 7<y. He wrote a H'^brew grammar, — an 
 U 
 
 exposition of St Paul's epistle to the £phe« 
 sians, &c. 
 
 Hannecken, Philip Lewis, eldest son of 
 the preceding, was professor of eloquence 
 and Hebrew at Giessen, and died at Wit- 
 tember^, 1706. His works were chiefly on 
 theological controversy. 
 
 Hanneman, John, a painter at the 
 Hague, known for historical pieces, and 
 portraits, and as an excellent copyist of 
 Vandyck. He was patronised by Mary 
 princess of Orange, daughter of Charles I. 
 and died 1680, aged 69. 
 
 Hannibal, a celebrated Carthaginian. 
 At the age of nine he swore to his father 
 eternal enmity to Rome, and through life 
 he evinced how much he adhered to the so- 
 lemnity of an oath. After taking Saguntum, 
 and thus beginning the second Punic war, 
 he crossed the Alps, and defeated the Ro- 
 mans at the great battles of Trebia, the 
 Thrasymene lake, and Cannae, with such 
 terrible carnage, that during sixteen years, 
 no general had the boldness to face him in 
 the field. • By invading Africa, the Romans 
 forced the victorious Hannibal to come to 
 the defence of his country, and at the bat- 
 tle of Zama he was defeated by Scipio. 
 He afterwards led a wandering life at the 
 courts of Antiochus and Prusias in Asia, 
 and at last destroyed himself by poison 
 when he was going to be betrayed into the 
 hands of the Romans, B. C. 182. 
 
 Hannibalianus, Flavins Claudius, ne- 
 phew of Constantine, was murdered by 
 Constantius, A. D, 338. 
 
 Hanno, a Carthaginian general, who 
 made some curious discoveries in Africa, 
 of which he wrote an account still extant. 
 
 Hannsachs, a German poet born at Nu- 
 remberg. His works are swelled to fire 
 folio vols, but possess little to recommend 
 them either in elegance or genius. He 
 died 1576. 
 
 Hanriot, Francis, a native of Nanterre, 
 who during the revolution obtained the 
 confidence of Marat and Robespierre, by 
 the atrocity of his character, and the active 
 part which he performed in the murder of 
 the priests at the Carmes in September, 
 1792. By surrounding the convention 
 with armed men, he obtained the decree of 
 accusation against the Girondists, but 
 though thus triumphant, the fall of Robes- 
 pierre was but the forerunner of his own. 
 He was guillotined 28th July, 1794, aged 
 33, execrated for his cruelty, rapine, and 
 insolence. 
 
 Hanson, John, president of the Ameri- 
 can congress, was a delegate from Mary- 
 land, and one of the most distinguished 
 members of that body for many years. He 
 was elected president in November, 1781, 
 and discharged the duties of the station 
 with great ability and dignity till 1783, 
 when he was succeeded by Mr. Mifflin, 
 
IIAK 
 
 and died on the 13th of November of that 
 year in Prince George county. iL^p" L. 
 
 Manwat, Jonas, a benevolent character, 
 born at Portsmouth 1712. lie wua early 
 engaged with a merchant at Lisbon, and 
 afterwards was connected with a house at 
 Petersburg, in th<' business of which he 
 travelled into Persia. On his return to 
 Loudon, in the retirement of private life 
 he employed his large and honourably ac- 
 quired opulence to the purposes of bene- 
 volence and humanity, and to his liberality 
 and public spirit, among other institu- 
 tions, the Marine Society, and the Mag- 
 dalen Charity owe their origin. His 
 services in the cause of philanthropy 
 were such that several British merchants 
 applied to lord Bute to distinguish him by 
 some marks of publ'c esteem, and he was 
 accordingly m.ade commissioner of the 
 navy, and wh'^n after 20 years he resigned 
 the office he was honourably permitted to 
 retain the salary. His exertions to relieve 
 the distresses of the chimney-sweepers, 
 deserve also the highest praise, and to his 
 humane intentions the establishment of 
 Sunday schools is in some degree to be at- 
 tributed. At his death, which happened 
 1786, a public subscription of several 
 thousands was contributed to erect a mo- 
 nument to the memory of a man, who 
 above all others had shone as a pattern of 
 benevolence, virtue, and philanthropy. His 
 publications are said to have amounted to 
 nearly 70, the best known of which are an 
 account of his travels through Russia, 
 Persia, Germany, and Hodand, &c. pub- 
 lished 1753, 2 vols. 4to. and Domestic Hap- 
 piness promoted. He is said to be the 
 first who used an umbrella in the streets 
 of London. 
 
 Harcourt, Harriet Eusebia, a lady 
 born at Richmond, Yorkshire. She tra- 
 velled with her father over Europe, and at 
 his death at Constantinople in 1733, she 
 returned to England, and as she inherited 
 a large property she began to establish a 
 female monastery on her Yorkshire estate, 
 and another in the Western Isles of Scot- 
 land. These institutions which were com- 
 posed chiefly of foreign females, restrained 
 by neither vows nor austere forms, were 
 dissolved at the death of their patroness, 
 which happened 1745, in her 39th year. 
 
 Hardenburgh, Jacobus R., D.D. first 
 president of Queen's College in New- 
 Jersey, was a native of America, and 
 without the aid of a collegiate education 
 became eminent and useful, by the superi- 
 ority of his mental powers, and diligence 
 in cultivating them. He was settled over 
 the Reformed Dutch Church at New Bruns- 
 wick, New-Jersey, and on the establish- 
 ment of the college there in 1770, was 
 elected its first president, and continued in 
 Hie office till his death in 1790, in his 53d 
 
 lUil 
 
 year. He was highly respected for Ula 
 learning and piety. gj^f L. 
 
 Haudek, John Jame.«, a native of Basil, 
 who studied mcdicmc ai Rome, and in 
 France. On his return to Basil he became 
 professor of rhetoric and afterwards of 
 medicine and anatomy, and was three 
 times rector of the university. He was 
 highly esteemed for his learning and abili- 
 ties, and besides the honours bestowed by 
 several princes, he was raised to the dignity 
 of a Count by the emperor LeopoId.He wrote 
 prodromus physiologicus, &.c. — apiarum — 
 examen anatomicum cochlea; terr' sitrisjiic. 
 and died 1711, aged 55.— His brother 
 James-was professor of oriental langi ages 
 at Leyden, and a learned divine. Before 
 lie took possession of his professional chair 
 he travelled through Europe, and died at 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Hardest, Geoffrey, an Augustine 
 monk, confessor to Henry IL and professor 
 at Oxford. He died in London i360, 
 author of son-- lectures on the Old and 
 New Testament, — history of his order,— 
 tract on evangelical poverty, &.c. 
 
 Hardime, Peter, a painter of Antwerp, 
 who died 174S, aged 70. His four designs 
 representing the four seasons with appro- 
 priate fruiis are much pdmired in the mo- 
 nastery of the Bernardines at Antwerp. 
 His brother Simon excelled as a flower 
 painter, and died at London, 1737. 
 
 Harding, John, author of an English 
 chronicle, died 1461. 
 
 Harding, Thomas, an English divine, 
 born .'t Comb-Martin, Devonshire, 1512. 
 He was educated at Winchester and New 
 college, Oxford, where he became fellow 
 1 536. He was made Hebrew professor of 
 the university by Henry VIIL and when 
 chaplain to the duke of Suffolk, he was 
 concerned in the education of his daughter 
 the lady Jane Grey. From a protestant 
 under Edward, he became a strong catholic 
 underMary, and at the accession of Eliza- 
 beth, he lost his preferment and retired to 
 Louvain, where he became, says Wood, the 
 target of popery. He entered the lists of 
 controversy with bishop Jewel, against 
 whom, during 13 years, he wrote seven 
 pieces in support of the catholic faith. He 
 died about 1570. 
 
 Hardinge, Nicolas, an eminent English 
 scholar, born at Canhury near Kingston, 
 Surrey, and educated at Eton and King's 
 college, Cambridge. He was clerk to the 
 House of Commons, and afterwards mem- 
 ber for Eye, and secretary to the treasury. 
 He died 9th April, 1758, leaving by his 
 wife, lord Camden's sister, the present 
 eminent counsel, G. Hardinge, &c. Hig 
 Latin poems were much admired, and two 
 of them are preserved in the the Musas 
 Anglicanae. He wrote besides " Denhill 
 Iliad," a poem, and other things. To an 
 extensive knowledge of history, law, and 
 
 15 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 the English constitution, he united a cor- 
 rect taste formed by an intimate acquaint- 
 ance with classical literature. His valu- 
 luable library was sold by auction 1759. 
 
 Hardinge, George, son of the preced- 
 ing, was born in 1744. He received his 
 education at Eton, and went from thence to 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, where he had 
 Dr., afterwards bishop, Watson for his tu- 
 tor. In 1769, he was created M. A. by 
 mandate, and the same year was called to 
 the bar by the society of the Middle Tem- 
 ple. By the influence of his i.iaternal uncle, 
 lord Camden, he obtained a sUk gown, and 
 in 1782 %vas appointed solicitor-general to 
 the queen. He also became counsel for 
 the East India Con.jvany, and bad a seat 
 in parliament. In 1787, be was made se- 
 nior justice of the counties of Brecon, Gla- 
 morgan, and hadnor, and two years after- 
 •wariis, attorney-genera! to her late majes- 
 ty, who honoured him wHh her confidence 
 and conversation. He died at Presteigne, 
 on the circuit, April 26, 1816. Mr. Jus- 
 tice Hardinge was a man of learning, a 
 good lawyer, and of infinite pleasantry. 
 Besides several speeches in parliament, and 
 at the bar, which have been printed, he 
 TATOte — 1. "A Series of Letters to Burke 
 on the impeachment of Hastings, ' 8vo. 2. 
 The Essence of Ma'one , or the beauties of 
 that fascinating writer, 8vo.. an ironical at- 
 tack on Malone's life of Dryden. 3. Ano- 
 ther Essence of Malone, Svo. 4. " The 
 Filial Tribute" on the death of hi'* Mother, 
 12mo. 5. Three Sermons by a Layman. 
 
 6. An Essay on the Character of Jonathan. 
 
 7. The Russian Chiefs, an ode. His mis- 
 cellaneous works and correspondence have 
 been published by Mr. Nichols, with the 
 life of the author. — H . B. 
 
 Hardion, James, member of the acade- 
 my of inscriptions, was born at Tours. He 
 died at Pari^, 1766, aged 80. He publish- 
 ed " Universal History," 18 vols. — a trea- 
 tise on French poetry and rhetoric, 3 vols, 
 and other works. 
 
 Hardouin, John, a French Jesuit, born 
 at Quimper, in Brittany, 1647. He distin- 
 guished himself for his criticism and exten- 
 sive erudition, as well as by the singularity 
 of his opinions. He published, in 1684, 
 " nummi antiqui populorum et urbium illus- 
 trati," and afterwards was engaged in the 
 edition of the classics, for the use of the 
 Dauphin, especially Pliny, 5 vols. 4to. He 
 next attempted religious subjects, and in 
 1693, came out, in 2 vols. 4to. his " Cliro- 
 nologia; prolusio, &c." in which he main- 
 tains that the many authors which the mo- 
 derns regard as ancient, are only impo- 
 sitions upon the credulity of the world by 
 the artifice of the monks of the 13th centu- 
 ry. Homer, therefore, and a long list of 
 literary heroes are hurled down from theii^ 
 height of antiquity, and Cicero alone, with 
 16 
 
 Pliny's natural history, and Virgil's Geov- 
 gics, and Horace's satires and epistles, are 
 permitted to retain the reverence paid to 
 them through successive ages. His learn- 
 ing was thus lost in wild reveries, and while 
 he wished to p 'ove that the JEnezs of Vir- ' 
 gil is no other than Jesus Christ, and the 
 Lalage of Horace the Christian religion, he 
 imposed upon his own understanding, and 
 gave way to the greatest absurdities, which 
 public authority at last was called upon to 
 repress. His opinions were ably opposed 
 by La Croze, by Le Clerc, and others , but 
 though he pretended to mnke a recantation 
 of his errors, he yet continued to maintain 
 them. With the approbation of some of 
 the French clergy, by whom he was assign- 
 ed a pension, he prepared a new edition of 
 the councils, in 12 vols, folio, which, how- 
 ever, was prohibited by the parliament. 
 This extraordinary character died at Paris, 
 3d Sept. 1729, aged 83, and after his death 
 appeared some of his posthumous works. 
 De Boze wrote his epitaph, and after men- 
 tioning his learning, he concludes by de- 
 scribing him as a man, " qui Scepticum 
 pie egit, credulitate puer, audacia juvenis, 
 deliriis senex." 
 
 Hardttin, Alexander Xavier, a native of 
 Arras, secretary to the academy of his 
 country. He was also an advocate and a 
 poet, but he is better known as a gramma- 
 rian. He died 178S, aged 70. He wrote 
 dissertations on yowels and consonants, 
 and other works. 
 
 Hardwicke, Philip York earl of, an emi- 
 nent English lawyer, born at Dover, 1st 
 December, 1690, and educated under Mr. 
 Samuel Morland of Bethnal Green. He 
 studied law in the Middle Temple, and 
 was called to the bar in 1714, and in 1718 
 was chosen member for Lewes. His great 
 abilities, and the friendship of Parker the 
 chancellor, raised him, in 1720, to the office 
 of solicitor-general, and in four years after 
 he was appointed attorney-general. In 
 the trials of Layer, of Kelley, and others, 
 he di.>*played great eloquence, extensive 
 knowledge of law, and honourable candour 
 and lenity. Upright in his conduct, and 
 biassed by no influence of favour or of 
 party, he acted up to the impartial dictates 
 of his conscience, and in some cases even 
 voted against those friends to whose favour 
 or kindness he owed his elevation. In 1733, 
 he was made chief justice of the King's 
 bench, with a double salary of 4000/. and 
 soon after a baron of the realm, and on the 
 death of lord Talbot, he was appointed 
 lord chancellor, February 1736-7. In 1754 
 he was raised to the dignity of an earl, and 
 two years after he resigned the high office 
 which for twenty years he had supported 
 with honour, with impartiality, and with 
 general approbation. During these times 
 of public dancrerand official embarrassment 
 
IIAK 
 
 llAK 
 
 only three of his decrees were questioned, 
 and on examination ihey were attirmed by 
 the lords. To his great knowledge of law, 
 he joined a high respect for the constitu- 
 tion of his country, and while he was eager 
 to despatch the often protracted business of 
 chancery, he applied his conmiamling ta- 
 lents to the reli<;f and the comforts of the 
 subject, in the planning and im|)ruving the 
 bills introduced to the legislature. This 
 excellent character, pious as a Christian, 
 eloquent as an orator, dignilied as a judge, 
 well informed as a politician, as much be- 
 loved in private as he was honourably re- 
 spected in public life, died 6th March, 1764, 
 at his house in Grosvenor-square. He was 
 buried at Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, near 
 his wife, daughter of Charles Cocks, bro- 
 ther of lord Somers. His son and succes- 
 sor in the title distinguished himself while 
 at Cambridge as the author ot Athenian 
 letters, in which he was assisted by his bro- 
 ther Charles. He also published sir Dud- 
 ley Carleton's correspondence while ambas- 
 sador from the first James to the States 
 Greneral, and some other state papers. He 
 died 1760, aged 70. 
 
 Hardt, Alexander, a French dramatic 
 writer, whose plays it is said amounted to 
 six hundred, of which, however, only 41, 
 in six volumes, 8vo. were printed. With 
 great facility of composition he often wrote 
 2000 lines in 24 hours, and completed his 
 play in three days. He was the first French 
 dramatist paid for his pieces. He died at 
 Paris 1630. 
 
 Hardy, Sir Charles, was appointed go- 
 vernor of New- York in 1755, and conti- 
 nued two years in office. He was descended 
 from a distingui.shed naval commander 
 under Queen Anne ; was an admiral in the 
 British navy, and was appointed comman- 
 der-in-chief of the grand western squadron 
 in 1779, in which year he died at Spit- 
 bead. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Hardt, Josiah, governor of New-Jersey, 
 was appointed in 1761, and succeeded by 
 Franklin the following year. He was pre- 
 viously an eminent merchant of London, 
 and brother of Sir Charles. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Hare, Francis, an English prelate bred 
 at Eton and King's college, Cambridge, of 
 which he was fellow. He became tutor to 
 lord Blandford, son of the illustrious Marl- 
 borough, and by his friendship rose to the 
 office of chaplain general to the army, and 
 afterwards of dean of Worcester, and 
 bishop of Chichester, with the deanery of 
 St. Paul's till his death, 1740. He has been 
 accused by some of skepticism, but falsely, 
 though he treats in a manner more ludi- 
 crous than dignified the study of Scrip- 
 ture, in his " difficulties and discourage- 
 ments, &c." He opposed Hoadly in the 
 Bangorian controversy, and published other 
 works, besides Terence with notes in 4to. — 
 Vol. 11. 3 
 
 the psulma in the Hebrew in the original 
 metre, a work censured by some learned 
 men, and especially by Lowth in his lec- 
 tures. 
 
 Hariot, Thomas, an English mathema- 
 tician, born at Oxford 15GU. He was edu- 
 cated at St. Mary hall then;, when- he took 
 the degree of B.A. He went over to Ame- 
 rica with Sir Walter Raleigh, whom he in- 
 structed in mathematics, and at his return 
 he gave to the public an account of Virgi- 
 nia, reprinted in Hackluyt's voyages. He 
 was afterwards patronised by Henry, earl 
 of Northumberland, who liberally allowed 
 him an annual pension of 120/. and who, 
 when confined in the tower, forgot the hor- 
 rors of imprisonment and persecution, in 
 his interesting conversation. He lived for 
 some time at Sion college, and died at Lon- 
 don, July 21st, 1621, of a cancer on his lip. 
 His " ephemeris chryrometrica" is preserv- 
 ed in Sion college in MS. and from his 
 " artis analyticue praxis," published after 
 his death, it is said Des Cartes drew many 
 of his improvements in algebra. Wood has 
 impeached his character as to his religious 
 principles ; but while he describes him as 
 a deist, others regard his attachment to the 
 doctrines of the church, and his veneration 
 for the holy Scriptures as incontrovertible. 
 
 Hariri, an Arabian author, born at Bar- 
 sa, in the kingdom of Babylon. He wrote 
 Almakamah, or 50 assemblies, that is, con- 
 ferences, &c. published by Golius in Arabic 
 and Latin, Leyden, 1666, six of which were 
 translated into English by Chappelow, Ara- 
 bic professor at Cambridge 1767. He died 
 1122. 
 
 Harlat, Aehille de, a learned president 
 of the parliament of Paris, after De Thou. 
 During the commotions of the league he 
 maintained with firmness and dignity his 
 attachment to the king, and without yield- 
 ing to the intrigues of the factious and the 
 disloyal, he supported with increasing re- 
 putation the upright conduct of the magis- 
 trate. He died universally respected, at 
 Paris, 23d Oct. 1616, aged 80. 
 
 Harlat de Sancy, Nicholas de, counsel- 
 lor of the parliament of Paris, and after- 
 wards ambassador of France in England ; 
 was very zealous in the service of Henry 
 III. On the accession of Henry IV. he 
 changed his religion to please his master, 
 to whom he endeared himself by his atten- 
 tion and his obsequiousness. He died 13th 
 Oct. 1629, aged 84. 
 
 Harlat, Francis de, archbishop of 
 Rouen, and afterwards of Paris, was the 
 favourite of Anne of Austria, and after- 
 wards of Lewis XIV. though little entitled 
 by his private maimers, say some histo- 
 rians, to the notice of the great. He died 
 6th August, 1695, aged 70. His life has 
 been written by Le Gcndre. 
 
 Harlat, Achifb de, first president of the 
 
 1< 
 
HAR 
 
 ilAK 
 
 parliament of Paris, was an upright magis- 
 trate, and a respectable subject. In his con- 
 versation he was particularly jocose, and 
 often forgot the dignity of his rank or situa- 
 tion to indulge his inclination for a witty 
 or severe allusion. He died 23d July, 1712, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Harlet, Robert, carl of Oxford, was 
 eldest son of sir Edward Harley, and was 
 born in Bow-street, Covent-garden, 5th 
 Dec. 1661. He was educated at the pri- 
 vate but respectable school of Mr. Birch at 
 Shilton near Burford, Oxon, and there he 
 laid the foundation of that extensive know- 
 ledge, and that general information which 
 raised him to the highest honours. At the 
 revolution he levied a troop of horse in fa- 
 vour of William, and soon after was chosen 
 member for Tregony, in Cornwall, and then 
 for Radnor, which he represented till he 
 obtained a seat in the upper house. In Feb. 
 1701-2 he was chosen speaker of the house 
 of commons, and continued in that high 
 office that and two successive parliaments. 
 In 1704 he became one of the privy coun- 
 sellors, and the same year was made secre- 
 tary of state. In 1706 he was one of the 
 commissioners to settle the union with 
 Scotland, and in 1710, he was raised to the 
 office of one of the commissioners of the 
 treasury, and of chancellor of the exche- 
 quer. In March, that year, his life was 
 attempted by the marquis oi^ Guiscard, a 
 French papist, who, when examined before 
 the privy council, stabbed him with a pen- 
 knife, for which offence he was sent to 
 Newgate, where he died soon after. The 
 danger thus incurred increased the popu- 
 larity of the secretary, who, after some 
 weeks' confinement, was, on his appear- 
 ance in the house, handsomely congratu- 
 lated by the speaker. In 1711, he was 
 raised to the peerage by the queen, and the 
 same year appointed lord high treasurer of 
 Great Britain, an office which he resigned 
 1714, four days before the queen's death. 
 In 1715 he was impeached by the commons 
 of high crimes and misdemeanours, and 
 after two years' confinement he was tried 
 and acquiUed by his peers, July 1st, 1717. 
 lie died ?lst May, 1724, aged 63. Though 
 abused and vilified by his rival in power, 
 Bolingbroke, not only in the senate but in 
 a letter to sir William Windham, he pos- 
 sessed great talents, and was not devoid of 
 those amiable virtues which attend and sup- 
 port the good man, and which have been 
 deservedly illustrated by the immortal 
 pen of his contemporary. Pope. As a pa- 
 tron of learning the public respect his cha- 
 racter, and the valuable collection which 
 he made of MSS. and of rare and curious 
 books, after being augmented by his son, 
 now adorns the shelves of the British mu- 
 seum. 
 
 Harlow, George Henry, a painter, was 
 18 
 
 born in the parish of St. James, Westmj»' 
 ster, in 1787. He was a posthumous 
 child, but his mother took great care of his 
 education, and allowed him to follow the 
 bent of his inclination for the arts which 
 he studied, first under Drummond, and 
 next under Sir Thomas Lawrence, after 
 which he went to Italy. Previous, how- 
 ever, to bis going abroad he painted some 
 historical pictures of great merit, particu- 
 larly one of Henry VIII., queen Catherine, 
 and cardinal Wolsey. During his resi- 
 dence at Rome, in 1818, he made a copj' 
 of Raphael's Transfiguration, and executed 
 a composition of his own which was ex- 
 hibited by Canova, and afterwards at the 
 academy of St. Luke's. This promising 
 artist died soon after his return to England, 
 Jan. 28th, 1819.— W^. B. 
 
 Harmer, Thomas, a dissenting minister 
 of Waterfield in Suffolk, born at Norwich. 
 He is author of " observations on passages 
 of Scripture," 4 vols. 8vo. a valuable work 
 often edited. He wrote also notes on So- 
 lomon's song, and other works, showing 
 in the most respectable light his extensive 
 learning and his perfect acquaintance 
 with oriental literature. He died 1788, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Harmodius, Vid. Aristogiton. 
 
 Haro, Don Louis de, nephew and heir 
 of Olivarez, the famous Spanish minister, 
 was equally celebrated as the favourite of 
 Philip IV. He was not only prime minis- 
 ter, but a negotiator, and had a long con- 
 ference with Mazarin to settle the peace 
 with the Low Countries and with France, 
 in 1659. He was as respectable in private 
 life, as he was distinguished in the cabinet. 
 He died l7th Nov. 1661, aged 63. 
 
 Harold I. king of England, was son of 
 Canute. The interference of Alnot, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, who considered him 
 as illegitimate, and who would consecrate 
 none but the son of queen Emma, proved 
 the source of civil discord. Harold, how- 
 ever, possessed power and influence, and, 
 by seizing the throne, he became master of 
 his half-brother Alfred, whom he confined 
 in a monastery, after putting out his eyes. 
 He died the 5th year of his reign, in 1039, 
 and without issue. 
 
 Harold II. son of earl Godwin, took 
 possession of the English crown on the 
 death of Edward the Confessor. His claims 
 to the sovereignty were opposed by his 
 brother, but after defeating him in the 
 north with great slaughter, he found that 
 another competitor, William of Normandy, 
 had invaded the kingdom. He marched 
 bravely to repel this formidable invasion, 
 and fell, nobly fighting at the head of his 
 troops, 14th Oct. 1066, the first year of 
 his reign. Though Harold must be consi- 
 dered in some degree as a usurper, yet his 
 bravery, his wisdom, and Iiis virtues, exhi- 
 
HAB 
 
 1 lAU 
 
 >it bira to tlie view of history in tke most 
 amiable Hglit. Had he defeated the Nor- 
 mans in the field of Hastings, he mip;ht 
 have adorned his reign by the arts of peace, 
 and, endeared to his people by the intrepi- 
 dity with which he exposed his life in the 
 defence of his native country, he might 
 have given birth to a new era of national 
 pro.sperity, political justice, and honoura- 
 ble industry, and prevented that tyranny, 
 and that devastation, which ever attends the 
 steps of a foreign, arrogant, and suspicious 
 usurper. 
 
 Harpalus, a Grecian astronomer, inven- 
 tor of the cycle, afterwards improved by 
 Meton, B. C. 480. 
 
 Harpalus, an officer intrusted by Alex- 
 ander with the treasures of Babylon. The 
 trust was too tempting for the avidity of 
 Harpalus, who plundered the treasury and 
 fled away. 
 
 Harpe, John Francis de la, a French 
 writer of great eminence. He was of 
 Swiss parentage, and was born at Paris 
 20th Nov. 173'J, and educated in the col- 
 lege of Harcourt. He began early the 
 profession of writer, and his earl of War- 
 wick, a tragedy, in 1764, procured him 
 great applause and some money. He pub- 
 lished various other dramatic pieces, be- 
 sides poems rewarded with prizes from 
 difierent learned bodies, elegies of Fene- 
 lon, Catinat, Charles V. &c. highly and de- 
 servedly admired. His chief work is a 
 complete course of literature, 12 vols. 8vo. 
 As a critic, his powers were advantageously 
 displayed in his lectures at the Lyceum, 
 and his abilities, his taste, and genius as a 
 poet, a philosopher, and as a man, are suf- 
 ficiently displayed in his writings. During 
 the revolution he, like other literary cha- 
 racters, supported the principles of repub- 
 licanism ; but when he saw terror prevail, 
 and religion degraded, his sentiments were 
 seriously changed. Though condemned to 
 be deported, he escaped from his persecu- 
 tors, and died at Paris, 1803. His other 
 works are very numerous. 
 
 Harpocratiov, Valerius, a rhetorician 
 of Alexandria, A. D. 180, author of a lexi- 
 con on the 10 orators of Greece, published 
 by Aldus 1603, and by Gronovius 1696. 
 
 Harpsfield, Nicholas, an English 
 divine, archdeacon of Canterbury. His 
 attachment to the popish religion under 
 Elizabeth, exposed him to persecution ; he 
 was imprisoned for some years, and died 
 1572. He wrote a history of Wickliflit's 
 heresy — an ecclesiastical history of Eng- 
 land, &c. 
 
 Harringt.ov, sir John, an English poet, 
 born at Helston, near Bath. As his father 
 was imprisoned for holding conference 
 with Elizabeth, in Mary's reign, the prin- 
 cess stood godmother to his son in proof of 
 her patronage, and bis learning and ac- 
 
 quirements proved him nut unworthy of 
 royal favour. He was educated at Eton 
 and Cambridge, where he took hie degrees 
 in arts, and before he was 30 he published 
 a translation of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. 
 He was knighted on the field by the earl of 
 Ebsex, and under James he was created a 
 knight of the Bath. He drew upon him- 
 self the attack of the clergy by writing, for 
 the use of prince Henry, a tract againht 
 married bishops. His works were publish- 
 ed by the Rev. 11. Harrington, under the 
 title of '* Nuga; antiqua;," and contain a 
 miscellaneous collection of curious piece^ 
 in verse and prose. He had Conned the 
 plan for a history of his own times, which 
 he did not execute. He died 1612, aged 
 51. 
 
 Harrington, John lord, eldest son of 
 lord and lady Harrington, to whose care 
 James I. intrusted the education of his 
 daughter Elizabeth, afterwards the wife of 
 Frederic king of Bohemia, was early dis- 
 tinguished by his talents and his genius, 
 and by his intimacy and correspondence 
 with Henry prince of Wales. When at 
 Rome he, as well as his tutor, Tovcy, was 
 strongly solicited by the Jesuits to aban- 
 don his religion, but when entreaties were 
 unavailing, it is said that the holy fathers 
 artfully administered poison to them, in 
 consequence of which the tutor soon after 
 died, though the pupil's stronger constitu- 
 tion struggled longer against the delete- 
 rious effects. This promising youth, how- 
 ever, died some time after his return to 
 England, 1613, aged 22. His Latin letters 
 to the prince are extant. 
 
 Harrington, James, an eminent politi- 
 cal writer, born January, 1611, at Upton, 
 Northamptonshire. He was educated at 
 Trinity college, Oxford, where he had 
 Chillingworth for his tutor, and after three 
 years' residence, on his father's death, 
 1622, he set out upon his travels. In 
 Holland he served for some time in lord 
 Craven's regiment, and afterwards travelled 
 through Flanders, Germany, France, and 
 Italy. His time, meanwhile, was usefully 
 employed in making deep and important 
 observations on the mannersand the govern- 
 ment of the nations which he visited, and 
 while he refused to pay homage to the pope 
 of Rome by kissing his toe, he cultivated 
 the friendship of men of letters, and, in 
 considering their various advantages in the 
 cultivation of science, he regarded Venice 
 by her situation and constitution superior 
 to the rest of the world. After his return 
 to England, Harrington sided with the 
 parliament, but he never could obtain a 
 seat in the house. His independent spirit, 
 however, was admired and respected, and 
 when the commissioners removed the cap- 
 tive king from Newcastle nearer London^ 
 he was selected to attend upon his pei'son. 
 
 19 
 
HAR 
 
 HAB 
 
 The unfortunate monarch was pleased with buried in St. Margaret's church, near the 
 
 his conversation ; he parted with him at 
 Hurst castle, with bitter concern, by the 
 rude interference of the republicans, and 
 when led to the scaffold he again distin- 
 guished his favourite, and rewarded him on 
 that awful occasion with a token of his es- 
 teem. The death of Charles deeply affect- 
 ed Harrington, but while his friends attri- 
 buted his retirement to melancholy or dis- 
 content, he silenced their repi oaches by 
 producing his celebrated work, " Oceana," 
 which at first was regarded as a severe sa- 
 tire on Cromwell's usurpation, but was af- 
 terwards permitted to appear dedicated to 
 
 remains of Raleigh. There were not want- 
 ing some who attributed his disorder to 
 political causes, and who considered his 
 delirium as occasioned by the malice of his 
 enemies, who dreaded the satire of his pen. 
 His works were collected by Toland, 1700, 
 in 1 vol. folio, but Dr. Birch's edition of 
 1737 is more full and correct. Besides his 
 Oceana, which, as mentioned already, con- 
 tained the visionary plan of a pure and in- 
 dependent republic, he attempted poetry, 
 but with no creditable success. 
 
 Harrington, Henry, a descendant of 
 sir John Harrington, was born at Kelston, 
 
 the protector, by the interference of lady the family seat, in Somersetshire, Sept. 29, 
 
 Claypole, his favourite daughter. The work 
 was read, but not approved, by Cromwell, 
 who disdained to resign the power acquired 
 by his sword to the visionary dreams of 
 new politicians. Harrington in the mean 
 time found his labours attacked by various 
 pamphlets, which he boldly answered, and 
 to prove the practicability of his republican 
 plan he establisbed a society at Miles's 
 coffee-house, Palace-yard, where the public 
 regulations he proposed were fully debated 
 before crowded audiences. Principles 
 which favoured the establishment of a re- 
 publican government upon a broad basis 
 could not be agreeable to the royalists, and 
 therefore, at the restoration, Harrington 
 was regarded as a secret enemy, and though 
 living in retirement he was, in December, 
 1661, seized by order of the king, and com- 
 mitted to the tower, as guilty of treasona- 
 ble practices. These accusations, though 
 
 1729. He had a private education, after 
 which he went to Queen's college, Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees in arts, and en- 
 tered upon the study of physic. He pro- 
 ceeded to his doctor's degree in that facul- 
 ty in 1762, and about the same time set- 
 tled at Wells , from whence he removed 
 to Bath, where he continued to practise 
 with reputation, till his death, Jan. 15, 
 1816. Dr. Harrington was an excellent 
 classical scholar, a good poet, and de- 
 votedly attached to music. He composed 
 several admirable catches, and other pieces 
 of a higher description in his favourite 
 science. His other publications are — 1. 
 An Ode to Harmony. 2. An Ode to Dis- 
 cord. 3. The Witch of Wokey ; a ballad 
 in the old English style. 4. The Geome- 
 trical Analogy of the Doctrine of the Tri- 
 nity. He was the father of the corpora- 
 tion of Bath, in which city he founded a 
 
 supported by the authority of chancellor musical club, called the Harmonic Society. 
 
 Hyde, may be considered as founded on 
 imaginary grounds, while the criminality 
 of Harrington may be viewed in his severe 
 reflections against the royal family. With 
 unfeeling bitterness he not only decried the 
 character of Mary, queen of Scots, and 
 treated her son James as a worthless im- 
 
 ■li . B. 
 
 Harris, Walter, an English physician, 
 in the reign of W^illiam HI. He wrote 
 some well-esteemed books on the diseases 
 of children. 
 
 Harris, Robert, a native of Broad Cam- 
 den, Gloucestershire, educated at Oxford. 
 
 postor, but he loaded the memory of Charles During the rebellion he opposed the king, 
 with every foul epithet; and, forgetful of ' 
 his former attachment, he described him as 
 a tyrant at last cut oil" by God's avenging 
 band. After some time he was removed 
 from the tower to St. Nicolas's island, op- 
 posite Plymouth, and afterwards to Ply- 
 mouth, where, by the advice of his physi- 
 cian, Dunstan, he mixed improperly too 
 much guaiacum with his coffee, for the 
 cure of the scurvy, and brought on a gra- 
 dual delirium. As his relations had given 
 bail for his appearance he was liberated 
 from confinement, and as he had some in- 
 tervals of reason, he was permitted to retire 
 to Scotland, where he married the daughter 
 of sir Marmaduke Dorrell, of Bucks, a lady 
 to whom he had formerly paid his address- 
 es, and with whom he spent the remain- 
 der of his life. He died of the palsy, at 
 Westminster, 11th Sept. 1677, and was 
 «?0 
 
 and was made by the parliament rector of 
 Petersfield, and president of Trinity college, 
 Oxford, where he died 1658, aged 80. He 
 wrote sermons— remedium contra avaritiam 
 — tractatus de novi testat. foedere — episto- 
 lae apologeticae, &c. 
 
 Harris, William, a dissenting minister, 
 who resided at Honiton, where he died 4th 
 Feb. 1770. He was an able scholar, and 
 was honoured, in 1765, by the Glasgow 
 university, with the degree of D.D. He 
 wrote, though not very accurately, an ac- 
 count of the lives of James I. Charles I. 
 Oliver Cromwell, and Hugh Peters, in 5 
 vols. 8vo. He prepared also materials for 
 an account of James H. which he did not 
 complete. 
 
 Harris, John, secretary to the royal 
 society, translated Pardie's elements of 
 geometry, and died 1730. He was an able 
 
HAK 
 
 HAR 
 
 mathematician, and a good divine, and first 
 projected the plan of a Cyclopaedia, or dic- 
 tionary of sciences, which appeared in 2 
 vols, folio, 1710, the title of Lexicon 
 Technicum, to which a supplement was 
 added in 1736. The works of Chambers, 
 and the improvements of Dr. Rees and 
 others have superseded this now obsolete 
 performance. 
 
 Harris, William, author of sermons on 
 the principal representations of the Mes- 
 siah in the Old Testament, — of funeral dis- 
 courses and other religious tracts, was for 
 40 years mini.ster of a dissenting congre- 
 gation at Crutchedfriars, and died 1740, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Harris, James, Esq. an eminent scho- 
 lar, son of a sister of Shaftesburj-, the 
 author of the characteristics. He was 
 born in the Close, Sarum, 1709, and after 
 an education at the grammar-school there, 
 he entered at VVadham college, Oxford, 
 but took no degree. He was member for 
 Christ-church in several parliaments, and 
 in 1763 was made one of the lords of the 
 admiralty, and soon after removed to the 
 treasury, and in 1774, he was appointed 
 secretary, and comptroller to the queen, 
 which office he retained during life. He 
 died after a long illness 21st Dec. 1780. 
 His works are three treatises concerning 
 art, music, painting, and poetry ; and Hap- 
 piness, 8vo. 1745, — Hermes, or a philoso- 
 phical inquiry concerning universal gram- 
 mar, 1751, 8vo. an able composition, com- 
 mended by many, and particularly by 
 Lowth, philosophical arrangements, and 
 philosophical inquiries, 2 vols. 8vo. publish- 
 ed after his death. His works have been 
 edited by his son lord Malmesbury, with an 
 elegantly written account of his life. 
 
 Harris, James, earl of Malmesbury, 
 was the son of the author of " Hermes," 
 and born at Salisbury, April 9th, 1746. 
 He was educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford, where he was created doctor of civil 
 law in 1793. He began his diplomatic 
 career at the court of Spain, and in 1772, 
 went as envoy to Berlin. In 1776 he was 
 appointed minister at Petersburg, and in 
 1779 received the order of the Bath. In 
 1784 he was sworn a member of the privy 
 council, and the same year went as am- 
 bassador extraordinary and minister pleni- 
 potentiary to the Hague. In 1788, he was 
 created baron Malmesbury, and in 1795 he 
 conclu'led the marriage of the prince of 
 VVaies and the princess of Brunswick, 
 whom he accompanied to England. The 
 year following he was appointed to nego- 
 tiate with the ministers of the French re- 
 public at Lisle, but without effect. He 
 was raised to the earldom in 1800, and in 
 1807, was made lord lieutenant of Hamp- 
 shire, and governor of the Isle of Wight. 
 He died Nov. 21st, 1820. His lordship 
 
 published — 1. Introduction to the History 
 of the Dutch Republic, 8vo. 2. The works 
 of James Harris, Esq., with Memoirs of his 
 Life, 2 vols. 4to.— ^f•. B. 
 
 Harrison, William, an ingenious youth, 
 fellow of New college, Oxford. He was 
 tutor to one of the duke of Queensbury's 
 sons, and was recommended by his wit, 
 genius, and learning, to dean Swift, who 
 procured for him from St. John, the res- 
 pectable office of secretary to the English 
 ambassador at the Hague, lord Raliy, and 
 afterwards lord Stafford. Under the ex- 
 pectation of higher appointments, he was 
 unfortunately carried off' by a short illness, 
 in London, i4th Feb. 1712-13. He wrote 
 some elegant poetical pieces, many of 
 which are preserved in Nichols's and 
 Dodsley's collections. Not only Swift, 
 but Young, Tickell, and others, have 
 spoken with great respect and affection of 
 the amiable character which he supported. 
 Harrison, William, an English writer, 
 author of the pilgrim, or the happy convert, 
 a pastoral tragedy, 1709. 
 
 Harrison, John, an eminent and well- 
 known mechanic, born at Foulby near Pon- 
 tefract, 1693. His father was a carpenter, 
 and he was brought up to his business, but 
 he was doomed to extend his reputation 
 beyond the limits of an obscure village. He 
 had early a strong propensity to wheel ma- 
 chinery, and as his father was occasionally 
 employed in repairing clocks, he improved 
 in his knowledge of the power of move- 
 ments. In 1700, his father removed to 
 Barrow, Lincolnshire, and there he obtain- 
 ed from a neighbouring clergyman a MS. 
 copy of Saunderson's lectures, which he 
 transcribed, and from which he drew a 
 hitherto unknown fund of knowledge. He 
 made sojne ingenious experiments, and in 
 1726, produced two clocks, chiefly of 
 wood, with the compound pendulum, 
 which were so accurately constructed that 
 they varied scarce a second in one month. 
 He visited London 1735, and by the kind- 
 ness of Dr. Halley was recommended to 
 that ingenious artist, G. Graham, who 
 admired and encouraged his great talents, 
 and advised him to complete his machines 
 to present to tha board of longitude. In 
 1735, his first machine was approved by 
 the board, and he was sent to Lisbon to 
 try its accuracy and its properties. Thus 
 patronised he produced another more 
 simple machine in 1739, and again a third, 
 in 1749, but while he considered his labours 
 as arrived to the highest degree of perfec- 
 tion, he discovered that greater accuracy- 
 might still be obtained, and a fourth time his 
 machine, six inches in diameter, and in the 
 shape of a watch, was constructed. The 
 correctness of this machine was ascertained 
 by the author's son in a voyage to Jamaica, 
 and in another to Barbadoes, and as his 
 
 ?1 
 
BAE 
 
 HAS 
 
 discovery came within the meaning of the 
 act of the 12th of Anne, he claimed, and 
 obtained, though with some trouble, the 
 liberal reward of 20,000/. from parliament. 
 These four curious machines were depo- 
 sited in the observatory at Greenwich, 
 where it is said they are now buried in 
 oblivion. A time-piece on tne same prin- 
 ciples, was constructed by Mr. Kendal, for 
 Cook's voyage, and was found extremely 
 accurate. The last timepiece made by 
 this ingeiiious :irtist erred only four seconds 
 and a half in ten weeks. After a life thus 
 devoted to the service of the public, ihis 
 worthy character died 1776, of the gout, at 
 his house. Red-lion square, aged 80. 
 Though ingenious as a mechanic, he was 
 very incorrect as a writer, and never could 
 express himself in a clear and simple 
 style. He was al>o an excellent muj-ician, 
 and he is said to have constructed a curious 
 monochord. 
 
 Harrison, John, colonel in the parlia- 
 ment army, was son of a butcher, and one 
 of the judges of the unfortunate Charles. 
 He was employed to lull into security the 
 unsuspecting Fairfax, and was with him on 
 his knees in the hypocritical semblance of 
 prayer, till the execution was over. He 
 was tried and executed for his perfidy after 
 the restoration. 
 
 Harrison, Robert Hanson, sustained 
 the oflBces of chief justice of the general 
 court of Maryland, and govtrnor ot the 
 state. In 1789, he was appointed one of 
 the judges of the supreme court of the 
 United States, but declined accepting the 
 office, which was afterwards conferred on 
 Mr. Iredel. He was a man of distinguish- 
 ed merit, and possessed the unbounded 
 confidence of his f;;llow-citizens. He ex- 
 erted himself in the prosecution of the 
 revolutionary war, with g«'eat ardour, and 
 in his station as judge and governor dis- 
 played very superior talents. He died at 
 his residence on the Potomark, in Charles 
 count}, April 2d, 1790, aged 45. ICF" L. 
 
 Hart, John, one of the signers of the 
 declaration of American Independence, 
 was born in the township of Hopewell, 
 HuntCidon county, New-Jersey, in the 
 year 1708. He had no more than a good 
 English education, and was a respectable 
 farmer who lived and died in the same 
 township in which he was born. He was 
 for a number of years prior to the revolu- 
 tionary war, a member of the colonial 
 legislature of New-Jersey, and was greatly 
 respected for his good sense, patriotism, 
 integrity, and moral excellence. These 
 characteristics led his fellow-citizens to 
 make choice of him as a delegate to the 
 national congress, where he had the honour 
 to'be one of the illustrious band who de- 
 clared the country independent. He re- 
 tained his seat in congress until his death. 
 
 whieli oecurred in 1779. His strong mind 
 and pure character gave him much in- 
 fluence, and rendered him a very usefol 
 and important actor in the interesting 
 scenes of that day. Idp' L. 
 
 Harte, Walter, a native of Marlborough^ 
 Wilts, known as a poet and historian. His 
 poetical pieces called Amaranth, were pub- 
 lished in Svo. besides a history of Gusta> 
 vus Adolpnus, 2 vola. 4to. and essays on 
 husbandry, 8vo. He died 1773. 
 
 Hartley, David, an English physician, 
 son of a clergyman, born about 1704, and 
 educated at Jesus college, Cambridge, of 
 which he was a fellow. He practised phy- 
 sic at Newark, afterwards at St. Edmunds- 
 bury, and then in London, and lastly at 
 Bath, where he died, 30th Sept. 1757. 
 His chief work is observations on man, 
 his frame, his duty, and his expectations, 
 2 parts, 1749, 2 vols. Svo. besides some 
 letters in the philosophical transactions. . 
 He also wrote about Mrs. Stevens's quack 
 medicines as a solvent for the stone, which 
 procured her from parliament 5000/. The 
 doctor died of the stone at last, though it 
 is said he had taken to remove it above 
 2U0lbs. weight of soap. 
 
 Hartman, John Adolphus, a native of 
 Munster, who from a Jesuit became a Cal- 
 vinist, and was appointed professor of phi- 
 losophy- and poetry at Castel, and after- 
 wards historical professor at Marpurg, 
 where he died, 1744, aged 64. He wrote 
 Historia Haessiaca, 3 vols. — vita pontific. 
 Roman. &c. — Harangues, &c. 
 
 Hartsoeker, Nicolas, a native of Gon- 
 da, son of the minister of the place. He 
 laboriously devoted himself to mathematics 
 and natural philosophy, and became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Heidelberg, and 
 mathematician to the elector palatine. He 
 wrote, besides some small pieces, a course 
 of natural philosophy in 4to. and died 
 1725, aged 69. 
 
 Hartungus, John, a native of Millin- 
 berg, professor of Greek at Heidelberg, 
 where he was educated. He for some 
 time bore arms against the Turks, and died 
 1579. He wrote some notes on the three 
 first books of the Odyssey, besides a Latin 
 translation of Apollonius. 
 
 Harvard, John, minister and founder 
 of Harvard college, came to Massachusetts 
 in 1636-7, and after preaching a short time 
 at Charlestown, died in 1638. He left a 
 beque<;t of near 800 pounds to the school 
 at Cambridge, which the next year was 
 constituted a college, and called by his 
 name in commemoration of his liberality. 
 
 iCF-L. 
 
 Harvey, William, an English physician, 
 celebrated as the first discoverer of the 
 circulation of the blood. He was born at 
 Folkstone, 2d April, 1578, and educated at 
 Canterbury school and Cains college. Cam- 
 
UAK 
 
 UAb? 
 
 bridge. At the age of 19 he travelled 
 through France and Germany, to tadua, 
 where he studied medicine under some 
 eminent masters, and where he took the 
 degree of M.D. in 1602. On his return to 
 England he was incorporated to his doctor's 
 degree at Cambridge, and then came to 
 settle in London, where he married. In 
 1604, he was admitted candidate of the 
 college of physicians, three years after 
 fellow, and in 1615, lecturer of anatomy 
 and surgery. In 1616, he laid open his dis- 
 covery of the circulation of the blood, in 
 his lectures, the MS. of which is preserved 
 in Sir Hans Sloane's papers. It was pub- 
 lished in 1628, and dedicated to Charles I. 
 after the ingenious author had in his lec- 
 tures for nine years coniirmed and illus- 
 trated it, by reasons and arguments the 
 most convincing and satisfactory. This 
 curious and important discovery produced 
 an astonishing revolution in the practice of 
 physic, and it is not to be wondered that so 
 many laid claims to the honours and cele- 
 brity which belonged to Harvey alone. 
 Not only father Paul vindicated the merit 
 of the discovery, but Hippocrates was 
 asserted by his editor Vanderhindcn, to be 
 the original author of this newiy revived 
 opinion. In 1632, Harvey was made phy- 
 sician to the king, and he shared his dan- 
 gers at the battle of Edge-hill, and in con- 
 sequence of his loyalty, he was incorpo- 
 rated M.D. at Oxford, and in 1645, made 
 Tvarden of Merton college, which the fol- 
 lowing year he resigned, on the surrender 
 of the city to the parliament. In 1651, he 
 published his " exercitationes de genera- 
 tione animalium, &.e." which might have 
 been rendered more valuable by some im- 
 portant additions and anatomical observa- 
 tions, had not the papers of the author 
 been profanely plundered and destroyed in 
 London by the republicans during the civil 
 wars. In 1654 he was chosen president of 
 the college of physicians, but his infirmi- 
 ties were so great that he recommended 
 Dr. Prujeau for his successor. As he had 
 no family he honourably made the college 
 his heirs, and after he had built theui a 
 combination room, a library, and a mu- 
 seum, he presented them with the deeds of 
 his estates, and founded the commemora- 
 tion which annually on the iSth Oct. re- 
 cords the liberality of its benefactors, and 
 the meritorious services of its founder. 
 This great man died 3d June, 1657, and 
 Tvas buried at Hempsted, Herts. Under 
 his picture in the college, on a brass plate, 
 is a long but nervous inscription which 
 commemorates his services and his 
 virtues. His works were edited by Dr. 
 Lawrence, with a life prefixed, in 2 vols. 
 4to. 1766. 
 
 Harvey, Gideon, an English physician, 
 horn in Surrey. After stadyinsc the lan- 
 
 guages in the Low Countries he was ma* 
 mitted of Exeter college, Oxford, 1655, 
 and then he applied to physic at Leyden 
 under some eminent masters. He was 
 physician to Charles 11. in his exile, and 
 also to the English armj in Flan ers. ^le 
 afterwards travelled through Germany, 
 Italy, and Switzerland, and on his return 
 to England was made physician in ordinary 
 to the king, and also to the Tower. He 
 died 1700, but he derived little idu»e, and 
 less profit from his publications. He was 
 perpetually at war with the college of phy- 
 sicians, whom he attempted to ridicule in 
 a piece, 1683. 
 
 Harvey, Sir John, governor of V^irginia, 
 was sent out to that colony as a eommis^ 
 sioner in 1623. He was a member of the 
 provisional government in 1625, and as- 
 sumed the administration in 1629. He was 
 one of the most rapacious, tyrannical, and 
 unpopular of the royal governors, and 
 was suspended by the assembly in 1635, 
 and impeached, but restor d by the king 
 the next year, and continued in the office 
 till 163J. ICT' L. 
 
 Harwood, Edward, a dissenting minis- 
 ter, born in Lancashire. He died 1794, 
 aged 65. He wrote various works, but 
 he is best known as the author of a *' view 
 of the various editions of the Greek and 
 Roman classics," which has passed through 
 several editions, and has appeared in 
 almost every European language. After 
 presiding over a congregation at Bristol he 
 came to London, where he lived by 
 correcting the press, by teaching the clas- 
 sics, and by his various publications. It is 
 said that he refu^ed very liberal patronage 
 to join the church of England. 
 
 Hase, Theodore, professor of Hebrew at 
 Bremen, his native town, died 1731. He 
 was a tnan of extensive learning, and 
 published some valuable " dissertations,''' 
 &c. 
 
 Hase, James, brother of the preceding, 
 was also a man of classical knowledge, 
 and author of some elegant tracts. He 
 died 1723. 
 
 Hasselquist, Frederic, a learned bota- 
 nist, born 1722, at Tournalla in East 
 Gotha. The early death of his father left 
 him in indigent circumstances, but he 
 maintained himself at the university of 
 Upsal bv intruding some of his fellow- 
 pupils, and he displayed so much diligence 
 in the study of physic that he received a 
 royal stipend. He published an '* essay 
 on the virtue of plants," and was encou- 
 raged by his friend and master Linnaeus te 
 undertake a voyage to Palestine to examine 
 its natural history. He was conveyed by 
 the Levant company to Smyrna, and for 
 two years was engaged in making a most 
 valuable collection of curiosities. When 
 on his return in 17.52 he was overpowerpfi 
 
 93 
 
H^S 
 
 MAt 
 
 by the heat of the climate and by fatigue, 
 and died near Smyrna. His curiosities 
 were seized by his creditors, but the 
 queen of Sweden discharged his debts, 
 and Linnaeus arranged the publication of 
 his papers. 
 
 Hasted, Edward, a topographer and an- 
 tiquary, was born at Hawley, the seat of 
 his family, in Kent, in 1732. He devoted 
 the greatest part of his life to the labour of 
 compiling a History of his Native Country, 
 which was published in 4 vols, folio 1799. 
 Having reduced himself to narrow circum- 
 stances, he was presented by lord Radnor 
 to the mastership of the hospital at Cor- 
 sham, in Wiltshire, where he died in 1812. 
 — W.B. 
 
 Hastings, Elizabeth, daughter of Theo- 
 philus earl of Huntingdon, was celebrated 
 for her personal accomplishments, but more 
 for her private and public acts of charity 
 which were never exceeded by any female 
 in the kingdom. The distresses of the 
 poor and unfortunate in every place and 
 situation were her peculiar care, and a 
 splendid fortune was appropriated solely to 
 their relief far and near. This virtuous 
 and amiable character is well depictured un- 
 der the name of Aspasia by Congreve in the 
 49th number of the Tatler. She died 1740, 
 most universally and deservedly lamented. 
 Hastings, Warren, was born in 1733, 
 at or near Daylesford, in Worcestershire, 
 the manor of which had been in his family 
 for many generations, though at the time 
 of his birth it had gone into other hands. 
 His father was a clergyman in low circum- 
 stances. However, the son obtained a 
 good education at Westminster school, 
 from whence he was sent to India, as a 
 writer in the company's service in 1750. 
 On his arrival in the east, he applied with 
 diligence to the duties of his station, and 
 at his leisure studied the oriental lan- 
 guages. After fourteen years residence in 
 Bengal he returned to England, but in 
 1769, he went out as second in council at 
 Madras, where he remained about two years, 
 and then removed to the presidency of 
 Calcutta. This was a critical period, and 
 the state of Hindostan soon became peri- 
 lous from-the increasing power of Hyder 
 AH, the sovereign of Mysore, and the 
 intrigues of the French, who were taking 
 advantage of the rupture between Great 
 Britain and her colonies. In this exigency 
 the governor general had to depend solely 
 upon his own exertions ; and he succeeded 
 beyond all expectation, in saving British 
 India from a combination of enemies. 
 Notwithstanding this, party spirit at home 
 turned the merit of Mr. Hastings into a 
 crime, and charges were brought against 
 him in parliament. He returned in 1786, 
 and an impeachment followed, which, in 
 r^ll its stages, lasted nine rears, and ended 
 24 
 
 in his acquittal. After this he led a retired 
 life on the wreck of his fortune, and an 
 annuity from the company. He lived, 
 however, to sec his plans for the security 
 of India publicly applauded ; but he re- 
 ceived no other compensation for the in- 
 jury he had >ustained, than that of being 
 sworn a member of the privy-council. He 
 died Aug. •22d, 1818. Mr. Hastings was a 
 man of mild and unassuming manners, au 
 elegant scholar, and a good poet. He 
 wrote — 1. A Narrative of tht Insurrection 
 at Benares, 4to. 2. Memoirs relative to 
 the State of India, 8vo. 3. A Treatise on 
 the Means of guarding Houses against 
 Fire, 8vo. 4. Fugitive Poetry.— W^. B. 
 
 Hatsell, John, clerk of the house of 
 commons, was educated at Queen's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, after which he became a 
 member and senior bencher of the Middle- 
 temple. He entered early as an assistant- 
 clerk of the house of commons under Mr. 
 Dyson, and in 1768, became chief clerk. 
 He retired from that situation with the 
 thanks of the house, in 1797, and died at 
 Marden Park, in Surrey, Oct. loth, 1820. 
 His remains were buried in the Temple- 
 church. Mr. Hatsell published the prece- 
 dents of the house of commons. — W. B. 
 
 Hatton, Sir Christopher, chancellor un- 
 der Elizabeth, was a man of learning and 
 great integrity, but it is remarkable that 
 though placed in so high a situation he had 
 not been bred to the law. His decisions, 
 however, were never impeached, as he was 
 guided by justice and impartiality. It was 
 by his advice that the unfortunate Mary 
 submitted to her fatal trial. He was born 
 at Holdenby in Northamptonshire, from an 
 ancient Cheshire family, and died 1591. 
 
 Havercamp, Sigebert, an eminent cri- 
 tic, professor of history, eloquence, and 
 Greek at Leyden. His editions of Jose- 
 phus, Sallust, Eutropius, Tertullian, &c. 
 are considered by learned men as very 
 valuable. He died at Leyden 1742, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Havers, Clopton, an English physician, 
 who published in 1691, a curious treatise 
 on the bones. He died in the beginning of 
 the iSth century. 
 
 Haustead, Peter, a comic writer, author 
 of " the rival friends," act'd before Charles 
 I. and his court at Cambridge. He was in 
 orders, and published some sermons in 
 London, 1646. 
 
 Haute-feuille, John, an ingenious me- 
 chanic, son of a baker, was born at Orleans 
 1647. He was the inventor of the steel 
 springs in jiendulum watches, afterwards 
 improved by Huygens. He was an eccle- 
 siastic and held some preferment. He 
 also wrote some curious pamphlets on 
 clocks, &c. and died 1724. 
 
 Hauteroche, Noel le Breton de, a 
 French dramatic poet, and actor, who died 
 
IIAW 
 
 HAW 
 
 at Paris 1707, aged 90. His pieces arc nu- 
 merous and possess some merit. 
 
 Hautetkrre, Anthony Dadine de, pro- 
 fessor of law at Toulouse, was a native of 
 Cabors, and died 1682, aged 80. lie wrote 
 Gesta regum ct ducum Aquitaniae, two 
 vols. 4to. — a treatise on monastic life, &c. 
 — and various other works which display- 
 great erudition and a deep knowledge of 
 jurisprudence. 
 
 Hawes, Stephen, a native of Suffolk, 
 educated at Oxford, and made groom of the 
 privy chamber to Henry VH. He was well 
 skilled in French and Italian poetry, and 
 wrote the temple of glass, copied from 
 Chaucer's house of fame, — the pastime of 
 pleasure, completed 1506, and eleven years 
 after printed in 4to. by Wynkyn de Worde 
 with wooden plates. 
 
 Hawes, William, a physician, was born 
 at Islington, Nov. 28th, 1786. He was 
 brought up to the profession of an apothe- 
 cary, which business he carried on in the 
 Strand till 1730, when, having taken his 
 degree, he commenced practice as a physi- 
 cian. Long before this he had acquired 
 deserved popularity, by his zealous exer- 
 tions in establishing the Royal Humane 
 Society ; to which institution he may be 
 said to have devoted his whole life. He 
 died at Islington, Dec. 5th, 1808. Dr. 
 Hawes published — 1. "An Account of 
 Dr. Goldsmith's last Illness," Bvo., which 
 he attributed to an improper use of James's 
 powder. 2. An Address on Premature 
 Death and Premature Interment. 3. An 
 Examination of the Rev. John Wesley's 
 Primitive Physic. 4. An Address to the 
 Legislature on the Humane Society. 5. 
 An Address to the Kmg and Parliament, 
 with Observations on the general Bills 
 of Mortality. 6. Transactions of the 
 Royal Humane Society. — W. B. 
 
 Haweis, Thomas, an English divine, 
 was born at Truro, in Cornwall, about 
 1736. He served his time to an apothecary, 
 but afterwai'ds went to Cambridge, where 
 he took the degree of bachelor of laws. 
 On entering into orders he became assist- 
 ant to Mr. Madan at the Lock chapel, on 
 whose recommendation he accepted the 
 presentation to the rectory of All-Saints, 
 Aldwinkle, in Northamptonshire, upon an 
 implied promise of resignation ; but when 
 the time expired, he refused to give up the 
 living, which occasioned much censure on 
 the Calvinistic methodists. At last the 
 countess of Huntingdon compromised the 
 affair, and her chaplain held the living to 
 his death. That lady also intrusted him 
 with the management of her chapels and 
 the seminary which she had founded for 
 the education of young students in divinity. 
 When the missionary society was formed 
 he also took the lead in its direction, and 
 obtained a doctor's degree from Scotland. 
 
 Vol,. II. 4 
 
 He died in 1S20. Ilin principal worls an- 
 — 1. A volume of Sermons. 2. A Com- 
 mfMifary on tlic liihlo, 2 vols, folio. 3. 
 History of the Chunli, 3 vol.i. 8vo. 4. 
 Life of the Rev. William Roinuine, 8vo. 5. 
 State of Evangelical Religion throughout 
 the World, 8vo.— fr. ii. 
 
 Hawke, Edward lord, son of a barrister, 
 entered early in the naval service to whiph 
 he was to add .so much glory. In 1734 he 
 was made captain of the Wolf, and he soon 
 distinguished himself under the English ad- 
 mirals Matthews, Lestock, and llowley, 
 oft' Toulon, and took a Spanish ship of su- 
 perior force, the Pader of 60 guns. In 
 1747, he was made rear admiral of the 
 white, and that year he defeated a French 
 fleet, and took two ships of 74 guns, one of 
 70, two of 64, and one of 50, for which he 
 was honoured with the ribbon of the Bath. 
 In 1748, he was made vice-admiral of the 
 blue, and two years after of the white, and 
 in 1757, he assisted on the expedition 
 against Rochefort. In 1759, he was sent 
 off* Brest, from which the French fleet es- 
 caped, but he pursued them and attacked 
 them off'Belleisle, and totally defeated them, 
 for which he received a pension of 2000/. 
 from the king. In 1765 he was appointed 
 vice admiral of Great-Britain, and first 
 lord of the admiralty, and in 1776 raised to 
 the peerage. This heroic commander, who 
 ranks so high in the annals of hw country, 
 died at his house at Shepperton, Middle- 
 sex, Oct. 14th, 1781. 
 
 Hawkesworth, John, an eminent 
 English writer. lie was born 1715 at 
 Bromley, in Kent, and bound to the busi- 
 ness of a watchmaker, which he early 
 abandoned for public life, and literary pur- 
 suits. His wife it is said kept a boarding 
 school at Bromley, and by the means of a 
 lady of some influence and consequence in 
 Indian affairs, he became known to the 
 commercial world, and was elected a di- 
 rector of the East India Company. His 
 " Adventurer," was so popular a perform- 
 ance, that archbishop Herring conferred 
 upon him, though a dissenter, the Lambeth 
 degree of LL.D, He was appointed to 
 digest the narrative of the South Sea expe- 
 ditions, a labour for which, say some cri- 
 tics, he was not adequate, as his talents 
 tended more to influence the passions ia 
 animated descriptions, than interest the 
 heart in the cold detail of a journal. 
 Though he received the high sum of 
 6000/. for his trouble, it is asserted that he 
 died of chagrin for the unfavourable re- 
 ception of his narrative, though some say 
 he died of high living. He died 16th Nov. 
 1773, aged 58, and in Bromley church, 
 Kent, where he was buried, is an elegant 
 monument which records his services, in 
 appropriate language borrowed from the 
 last Adventurer. 
 
 25 
 
HAW 
 
 HAY 
 
 Hawkiks, Sir John, an English admiral, 
 born at Plymouth. He was for seven years 
 in the merchants' service, and signalized 
 himself under Elizabeth, especially against 
 the invincible armada, when he was rear- 
 admiral, Jand in several expeditions to the 
 West Indies, where he died 1595. 
 
 Hawkins, Sir John, a native of London, 
 who acquired some eminence in the law a3 
 an attorney, and became known as the 
 friend and companion of Dr. Johnson. He 
 commenced author by publishing in 1760, 
 an edition of Walton's angler, besides va- 
 rious communications to the gentleman's 
 magazine, and other periodical works, and 
 in 17G1 he was made justice of peace for 
 Middlesex, and in 1772, knighted for dis- 
 persing some rioters in Moorficlds. The 
 greatest of his ivorks is his History of 
 Music, in five vols. 4to. which contains very 
 useful and curious particulars. His Life 
 of Johnson is not a very creditable per- 
 formance, as it was hastily finished to gra- 
 tify the wishes of the bookseller.s. Sir 
 John died 1789, aged 70. 
 
 Hawkins, William, governor of Georgia, 
 was elected in 1811, and died at Sparta, 
 May 17th, 1819. iC3^ L. 
 
 Hawks:\ioor, Nicolas, an architect, pu- 
 pil to Sir Christopher Wren. Though he 
 possessed genius he did not much improve 
 on the principles of his illustrious master, 
 but frequently deviated from them. He 
 was clerk of the works at Greenwich, 
 under "William and his two successors, and 
 had other places of trust and emolument, 
 he was also employed as surveyor of the 
 new churches built by queen Anne's act. 
 Among others the church of St. George's, 
 Bloomsbury, is particularly censured, as it 
 '^ exhibits an irregularly absurd steeple, with 
 the statue of George L elevated to the top, 
 with the lion and unicorn as supporters. 
 He planned several private mansions, and 
 gave the design of the Radcliffc library at 
 Oxford. He died 1736. 
 
 Hawkwood, Sir John, an English gene- 
 ral in the service of Edward HL He was 
 born at Sible Hedingham in Essex, where 
 his father was a tanner, and he was for 
 some time apprentice to a tailor, but he 
 soon, says Fuller, turned his nc^odle into a 
 sword, and his thimble into a shield, at the 
 sound of Edward's wars. He signalized 
 himself so much under the king and the 
 black prince, that from a private soldier he 
 became a captain, and was knighted ; but 
 at the peace of Bretigni in 1360, he found 
 himself too poor to maintain his dignity, 
 and therefore he associated with others 
 into a corps called " les tard venus," whose 
 employment was to gain support by plunder 
 as a marauding party. With these despe- 
 rate followers, whose numbers daily in- 
 creased. Sir John penetrated into Italy, and 
 pnrichcd himself by the plunder of the 
 56 
 
 clergy-. In 1364, he entered into the ser- 
 vice of the Pisan republic, in which he be- 
 haved with great bravery. In 1387 he armed 
 in defence of the Florentines, and his msis- 
 terly retreat from the superior forces of his 
 able antagonist Venni, and a difficult and 
 dangerous country, is celebrated as exhibit- 
 ing the most heroic courage, with cool- 
 ness, judgment, and perseverance. Though 
 at the peace of 1391, the Florentines dis- 
 banded all their forces, yet they retained 
 still Hawkwood at the head of 1000 men. 
 He died in Florence 1393, 6th March, at 
 an advanced age, and his funeral was cele- 
 brated with unusual magnificence, and his 
 remains deposited in the church of St. 
 Reparata. A cenotaph was erected in the 
 church of his native town, which still per- 
 petuates his memory, as an able and heroic 
 general, whose character, if taxed with 
 ferocity or with the unprincipled passions 
 of a lawless freebooter, must be defended 
 by the barbarity of the times, which re- 
 garded valour, however disgraced by blood- 
 shed and rapine, as one of the noblest 
 virtues of man. Asa proof of his charity 
 it may be mentioned, that he founded an 
 English hospital at Rome for the entertain- 
 ment of poor travellers. 
 
 Hawley, Gideon, missionary to the In- 
 dians, was a native of Connecticut, and 
 was graduated at Yale College in 1749. He 
 entered on his labours among the Indians 
 at Stockbridge in February, 1752. The 
 next year he visited the Iroquois on the 
 Susquehannah, and meeting a favourable 
 reception, devoted himself to their instruc- 
 tion till intercepted by the French war in 
 1756. He afterwards served as chaplain 
 in an expedition against Crown Point, and 
 in 1758, was settled as teacher of the In- 
 dians at Marshpee, Massachusetts, where 
 he spent the remainder of his life. He was 
 happily adapted for the employment to 
 which he devoted himself, and highly use- 
 ful to the Indians. He died October 3d, 
 1807, in the eighty-first year of his age. 
 
 rCj='L. 
 
 Hat, James, came to England with the 
 first James, and was the first Scotchman 
 raised to the English peerage, successively 
 by the titles of lord Hay, viscount Doncas- 
 ter, and earl Carlisle. He was employed 
 by his master in various embassies, and 
 went to France to negotiate a marriage 
 between the prince of Wales and Henriet- 
 ta Maria of France. He died 1636. 
 
 Hat, William, an English writer, born 
 at Glenburne, Sussex, about 1700, and edu- 
 cated at Headley school. In 1734, on lord 
 Hardwicke's promotion, he was elected 
 member for Seaford, which he represented 
 till his death. He espoused the cause of 
 Sir Robert Walpole, whom he defended in 
 some pamphlets, and by whom he was re-* 
 warded with the place of commissioner of 
 
IIAV 
 
 1IA\ 
 
 the victualling office. lie died 19ih Juuc, 
 1755. He wrote " rcligio philosophi,'' 
 &c. — a translation of Hawkins Browne's 
 de immortalitate animx, — The epigrams of 
 Martial modernized, &c. besides an essay 
 pn deformity, in which he descanted with 
 humour and liveliness on his own personal 
 imperfection, observing that of the 558 
 members of the commons' house, he was 
 the only man of bodily deformity. His son 
 was equally deformed, and was cruelly put 
 to death by Cossim Ali Kawn, at Patna, 
 1762. Hay's works were published by his 
 daughter, 2 vols. 4to. 1794. 
 
 Haydn, Joseph, a musical composer, 
 was born of low parentage, at Rhorau, in 
 Austria, in 1733. At an early age he was 
 received into the choir of the cathedral at 
 Vienna, where he was not only taught to 
 sing, but to play on the harpsichord and 
 violin. On the breaking of his voice he 
 was dismissed from the cathedral, after 
 which he subsisted by teaching music and 
 composition. In 1761, he entered into the 
 service of the prince Esterhazy, as the di- 
 rector of his music. In 1791, he came to 
 England, and while here was created 
 doctor in music at Oxford, and published 
 several of his works. In 1796 he returned 
 to Germany, after which he composed his 
 sublime oratorio of the " Creation," and 
 the "Seasons." He died in 1809. His 
 works are very numerous, and highly va- 
 lued.— fT. B. 
 
 Hater du Perron, Peter le, a native 
 ofAlencon, born 1603. He distinguished 
 himself by his poems, odes, songs, and son- 
 nets, which possess merit. 
 
 Hater, John Nicholas Hubert, a French 
 ecclesiastic, born at Sare-Louis, 15th June, 
 1708. He displayed his Zealand learning 
 by his able works — on the immortality of 
 the soul, three vols. l2mo. on the exist- 
 ence of God. He died at Paris 16th July, 
 1780. 
 
 Hates, Charles, an ingenious author. 
 He was of such a timid and modest dispo- 
 sition, that he prefixed his name to none of 
 his many valuable publications, except to 
 his treatise on fluxions, in folio, 1704. He 
 was many years deputy-governor to the 
 Royal African company, and on its dissolu- 
 tion in 1752, he retired to solitude and 
 study at Down in Kent. He died 18th 
 Dee. 1760, at Gray's Inn, where two years 
 before he had taken chambers, in his 82d 
 year. His works were "the moon, a phi- 
 losophical dialogue," — a new and easy 
 method to find the longitude, and other 
 works. 
 
 Hatlet, William, a poet and miscella- 
 neous writer, was born, Nov. 9th, 1745, at 
 Chichester, of which cathedral his grand- 
 father was dean. He received his educa- 
 tion, first at the school of Kingston-upon- 
 Thames, and next at Eton, from whence 
 
 hcieuioved to Trinity college, (;diubridg(;. 
 On lelving the university, he retired to his 
 estate of Eartham in Sussex, wlierc he 
 resided till the loss of his son, about 1800, 
 so atilicted him that he removed to Felp- 
 ham. He died Nov.l2th,182U. His principal 
 poems are — 1. An Essay on Puinting. 2. 
 An Essay on History. 3. An Essay on 
 Epic Poetry. 4. The Triumphs of Tem- 
 per. An edition of these, with other 
 poems and plays, was printed in 6 vols. 
 8vo. His principal prose works are — "An 
 Essay on Old Maids," 3 vols, and the 
 " Lives of Milton, Cowper, and Komney 
 the Painter."— ir. B. 
 
 Hatmon, a native of the Tyrolese in the 
 15th century, remarkable for his gigantic 
 stature, said to have been 16 feet in height, 
 with proportionable strength. His tomb is 
 to be seen at Inspruck. 
 
 Haynes, Hopton, assay master of the 
 mint, and tally writer of the exchequer, was 
 a man of great integrity, and distinguished 
 as the author of " the Scripture account of 
 the attributes and worship of God, and of 
 the character and offices of Jesus Christ," 
 published after his death. He died 19th 
 Nov. 1749. 
 
 Haynes, Samuel, son to the above, was 
 tutor to lord Salisbury, who rewarded his 
 services with the living of Hatfield, and af- 
 terwards that of Clothall. He was also 
 canon of Windsor. He died 9th June, 
 1752. He published in 1740 " a collection 
 of state papers," in folio. 
 
 Hatnes, John, governor of Massachu- 
 setts and Connecticut, was a native of Es- 
 sex, England, and came to Boston in 1633. 
 Two years after he was chosen governor of 
 Massachusetts. In 1636 he, with Mr. 
 Hooker and several others, removed to 
 Hartford, Connecticut, and in April, 1639, 
 he was elected the first governor of the co- 
 lony, and held the office every second year 
 from that time until his death, in 1654. He 
 was well qualified for that station by an 
 excellent understanding, prudence, public 
 spirit, and piety ; and rendered essential 
 service to the colony by his wealth as well 
 as talents. lO^ L. 
 
 Hatwood, Sir John, an English histo- 
 rian, doctor of laws in the university of 
 Cambridge. He is the author of " the lives 
 of the three Normans, kings of England, 
 William I. and II. and Henrj- 1." dedicated 
 to Charles prince of Wales, of the first part 
 of " the life and reign of Henry IV." dedi- 
 cated to Robert earl of Essex, for which he 
 suffered imprisonment, on account of some 
 oftensive passages about hereditary right, 
 of " the life and reign of Edward VI. with 
 the beginning of Elizabeth's," and of other 
 works, especially on divinity and pious 
 subjects. He was made historiographer of 
 Chelsea college, 1610, and knighted by 
 James 1619. He died 27th June, 1627, 
 
 27 
 
IIK-V 
 
 IlLA 
 
 Haywood, Elizabeth. Vid. Heuvood. 
 
 Hazael, servant of Bcnhadad, king of 
 Syria, was sent by his master in his illness 
 <o inquire of Elisha the prophet, concern- 
 ing the issue of his complaint. On his re- 
 turn he murdered his master, and ascended 
 Lis throne, B.C. SS9. 
 
 Head, Richard, author of " the English 
 Rogue" — " the art of wheedling" — " the 
 humours of Dublin," comedies, and other 
 dramatic pieces ; w:is a native of Ireland, 
 and after being at the university of Oxford, 
 became a bookseller in London. . He was 
 drowned when going to the Isle of Wight, 
 1678. 
 
 Headlet, Henry, a native of Norwich, 
 educated there under Dr. Parr, after whic^ 
 be went to Trinity college, Oxford, where 
 he took his bachelor's degree in arts. He 
 married early, and fell a victim soon after 
 to a rapid consumption, 178S, aged only 23. 
 He possessed genius and talents, which he 
 displayed in his volume of poems. He 
 wrote some of the papers of the Olla Po- 
 drida ; and besides various communications 
 to the Gentleman's and European maga- 
 zines under the signature of T. C. O. he 
 published select beauties of ancient English 
 poetry, with curious and interesting re- 
 marks, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Hearne, Thomas, a learned English an- 
 tiquary. He was born 1680 at White Wal- 
 tham, Berks, where his father was parish 
 clerk, and as he displayed early proofs of 
 genius and application, he was noticed by 
 Mr. Cherry of Shottesbrooke, and by the 
 ad\ice of Mr. Dodwell, then resident there, 
 he was taken into his patron's family, and 
 liberally and honourably treated as one of 
 his sons. After a previous good education, 
 he entered at Edmund-hall, Oxford, under 
 Dr. Mill, the editor of the Greek Testament, 
 and soon distinguished himself as an accu- 
 rate collator of SiSS. and as an indefatig-able 
 antiquarian. In 1699 some of his friends 
 wished to send him as missionary to Mary- 
 land, but he preferred the learned retire- 
 ment of Oxford and the valuable stores of 
 the Bodleian, to difficulties and fame abroad; 
 and after being for some years one of the 
 librarians of that noble collection, he was 
 appointed in 1715 archetypographus of the 
 university, and squire beadle of the civil 
 law. These offices, however, he soon after 
 resigned, as he refused to take the oaths ; 
 and though preferment was oflTered to him, 
 he declined it from the same delicate scru- 
 ples of conscience. He died at Oxford, 
 10th June, 1735, aged 55, and was buried 
 in St. Peter's churchyard, where his epi- 
 taph by himself says, " he studied and pre- 
 served antiquities." By a life of economy 
 he saved about 1300/. which were found 
 among his papers, and distributed among 
 his poor relations. With the most indefa- 
 tigable application, but often without tastft 
 
 and judgment, he sent a great number of 
 publications to the press, not less than 38. 
 The majority of these were editions of dif- 
 ferent authors ; but they generally appear- 
 ed accompanied with long laboured pre- 
 faces and miscellaneous observations, often 
 not relevant to the subject. Among the 
 best known of his works are, " Reliquae 
 Bodlciana;," — " Ductor Historicus," — "Le- 
 land's Itinerary," 9 vols. — " the history of 
 Glastonbury," — " Spelman's Alfred," — 
 " Camden's Annales," &c. He wrote be- 
 sides indexes to several works, as Claren- 
 don's history, &.c. 
 
 Heath, James, an English historian, 
 born 1629 in London, and educated at 
 Westminster school, and Christ-church, 
 Oxford, of which he was a student. He 
 was ejected in 1648 for his loyalty, and 
 by his imprudence, and a foolish marriage, 
 he soon reduced his patrimony, so that he 
 maintained himself by correcting the press, 
 and by his pen. He died of a dropsy and 
 consumption, Aug. 1664, leaving several 
 children to the parish. He is author of a 
 brief chronicle of the late intestine war in 
 the three kingdoms, 1661, 8vo. afterwards 
 improved and republished, and again con- 
 tinued to 1675 by Phillips, Milton's nephew, 
 — of a new book of loyal martyrs, &.c. — of 
 the glories of Charles II. 's restoration, — of 
 a brief and exact survey of the Netherlands. 
 
 Heath, Benjamin, town clerk of Exeter, 
 is known as an able scholar. He published 
 an essay to prove the divine existence and 
 attributes, 1740 — the case of the county of 
 Devon, with respect to the duty on cider 
 and perry — a revisal of Shakspeare's text, 
 1765 — and notae, sive lectiones ad tragico- 
 rum Graecorum vetenim, iEschyli, &c. 4to. 
 1752, a work which displays great critical 
 knowledge. He was created LL.D. at Ox- 
 ford, 31st March, 1762. The time of his 
 death is not mentioned. His brother Tho- 
 mas, alderman of Exeter, -vvrote an essay 
 towards a new version of Job, 1755. 
 
 Heath, Nicholas, archbishop of York, 
 and chancellor of England in Mary's reign, 
 was born in London, and educated at 
 Christ college, Cambridge. He was de- 
 prived of his offices for refusing to take the 
 oath of supremacy, and died at Cobham, 
 1560. 
 
 Heath, Thomas, brother of the arch- 
 bishop, was a Jesuit, sent 1)}' his order as 
 missionary to England in 1568. As he was 
 disguised as a puritan, he was permitted to 
 preach in Rochester cathedral, but whilst 
 inveighing against the liturgy, he dropped 
 by accident a letter from his pocket, which 
 being carried to the bishop, proved him to 
 be a Jesuit, and occasioned his imprison- 
 ment and his exposure on the pillory. He 
 died soon after in confinement. 
 
 Heath, William, major general in the 
 armv of the American revolution, was born 
 
HEB 
 
 HEC 
 
 at Roxburj, Massachusetts, March 2d, 
 1737, and was bred a fanner. He early 
 displayed a predilection for the profession 
 of arms, and made himself acquainted with 
 military tactics. The provincial congress 
 soon after its organization, appointed him 
 one of the committee of safety, and in 
 February, 1775, one of their generals of 
 militia ; in which capacity he served till the 
 organization of the continental army under 
 general Washington, when he received the 
 commission of brigadier general. After 
 the removal of the army to New- York, he 
 was advanced to the rank of major general, 
 and took command of the troops stationed 
 near King's-bridge ; and after the retreat 
 from New-York, was stationed for some 
 time on the North river. In 1777 he was 
 removed to the chief command at Boston, 
 at which place the captured army of Bur- 
 goyne was stationed. He remained there 
 till June, 1779, when he returned to the 
 main army, and was invested with the 
 chief command of the troops on the east 
 side of the Hudson ; and in the autumn of 
 that year, was intrusted with the chief 
 command of all the troops and posts on 
 that river. In the plan of the campaign of 
 1781, the command of the right wing of the 
 army was assigned to him ; and he was left 
 in charge of the troops on the Hudson du- 
 ring the expedition against Cornwallis. He 
 continued with the army in that station till 
 it was disbanded in 1783. The evening of 
 his life he spent at his seat in Roxbury, en- 
 joying the high respect of his fellow-citi- 
 zens. That the part he acted during the 
 war was less brilliant than that of many 
 other officers, seems to have arisen from his 
 being stationed at a distance from the field 
 of almost all the important operations. 
 
 Heathcote, Ralph, D.D. at Cambridge, 
 was author of sylva — a sketch of Boling- 
 broke's philosophy — a tract against the 
 Hutchinsonians, and other works. He died 
 1795, aged 74. 
 
 Hedenstreit, John Ernest, an eminent 
 physician, born at Nevenhoff, 1702. He 
 was educated at Jena, and afterwards re- 
 moved to Leipsic, where he spent much of 
 his time, and died 1756. He wrote various 
 tracts, and among them — Cai*men de usu 
 partium — de homine sano, &c. — oratio de 
 antiquitatibus Romanis, &c. His bro- 
 ther, John Christian, was an able divine, 
 and a very learned Hebraist. Both bro- 
 thers arc mentioned with great praise by 
 Ernesti. 
 
 Heber, son of Selah and father of 
 Pheleg, died at the age of 464, B.C. 817. 
 From him the Jews derive their name of 
 Hebrews. 
 
 Hkrf.rden, William, a physician, was 
 born in London in 1710. He received his 
 cdncalion at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 
 where he took his degrees in arts, and ob- 
 tain' d a fellowship. In 1739 he proceed- 
 ed to his degrees in physic, and practised 
 with reputation in the university about ten 
 years, during which time he read a course 
 of lectures in his college. In 1746 he be- 
 came a fellow of the colbtge of phvsicians 
 and, in 1749, a member of the Koyal Socie- 
 ty. He now settled in London, and, in 
 1766, recommended to the collcm; the plan 
 of the " Medical Transactions," to which 
 he was a contributor, as he also was to the 
 Philosophical Transactions. In 1778 the 
 Royal Society of Medicine at Paris chose 
 him an associate. He died May 17, 1801. 
 He published " Antitherica ; an Essay on 
 Mithridatium et Theriaca," 8vo. ; and 
 after his death appeared " Gulielmi Heber- 
 den Commentarii de Morborum Historia 
 et Curatione." He was one of the writers 
 of the Athenian Letters, and communicated 
 notes to Gray's Hudibras. — W. B. 
 
 Hebert, James Rene, a native of Alen- 
 con, whom the French revolution raised to 
 consequence. As the writer of the Perc 
 Duchesne, an abusive paper, he acquired 
 popularity among the terrorists, and by 
 bitterly inveighing against the unfortunate 
 queen, he maintained the character of bru- 
 tality, violence, and cruelty, which had en- 
 couraged and defended the horrors of the 
 10th of August, and the murders of Sep- 
 tember. By attempting to oppose the 
 power of the commune of Paris to the au- 
 thority of the convention, he drew upon 
 himself the vengeance of Robespierre, and 
 was guillotined 24th March, 1794. This 
 worthless character, who had organized the 
 feasts of reason in contempt of religion and 
 of another life, died like a coward. 
 
 Hecat,i:us, a historian of Abdera, at 
 the court of. the Pfolemies. He wrote 
 commentaries on Hesiod, Homer, &c. be- 
 sides a valuable history of the Jews. 
 
 Hecht, Christian, a native of Halle, mi- 
 nister of Essen, East Friezland, died 174S, 
 aged 52. He wrote commentaria philolo- 
 gico-critico-cxegitica — and antiquitas Ha- 
 ra;orum inter Judges in Polonia, besides 
 some German tracts. 
 
 Heck, Nicholas, a Dutch painter, born 
 1580, v/ell acquainted with the powerful 
 ellects of the chiaro obscuro. His land- 
 scapes and historical pieces are much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Heck, Martin Heimskirk, son of the 
 preceding, was eminent for the beauty and 
 correctness of his landscapes. 
 
 Heck, John Van, a painter of Oudcnard, 
 who studied at Rome, and became known 
 for the delicacy and correctness of his {low- 
 ers, and his Roman landscapes. He died 
 ixbout 1 6S9, aged 64. 
 
 Heckewelder, John, many years em- 
 jiloyed by the Moravian brethren as a mis- 
 sionary to the Delaware Indians, was a 
 
IIED 
 
 Ulil 
 
 native of England. From bis secluded 
 situation little was known of him until 
 through the agency of Doctor Wistar he 
 ivas brought into notice, and elected a 
 member of the American Philosophical So- 
 ciety. He was appointed one of its lite- 
 rary and historical committee, and com- 
 municated a history of the manners and 
 customs of the Indian nations who once 
 inhabited Pennsylvania. It was published 
 at Philadelphia, Svo. 1S19, and is the most 
 valuable work extant on the subject. He 
 also published in 1820 a narrative of the 
 Moravian mission among the Delawares, 
 &c. from 1740 to 1808, and furnished seve- 
 ral communications for Barton's medical 
 and physical journal. He died at Bethle- 
 hem, January 31, 1823, in the 79th year of 
 his age. |t3* L. 
 
 Hecquet, Philip, a French physician, 
 born at Abbeville. He practised there, 
 and at Port-royal, and afterwards at Paris, 
 where he died in the Carmelites' convent, 
 11th April, 1737, aged 76. He was a great 
 friend to bleeding and to the good effects 
 of warm water ; and this opinion has tend- 
 ed to immortalize him in the pages of Gil 
 Bias, under the name of doctor Sangrado. 
 He was a man of great abstemiousness, 
 and exemplary piety, and published some 
 medical works, especially on the indecency 
 of men midwives — and in favour of mo- 
 thers suckling their own children — on 
 digestion — on the plague, &c. Le Fevre 
 de St. Marc has written a prolix account 
 of his life. 
 
 Hedelin, Francis, an advocate, after- 
 wards abbe of Aubignac and Meimac, was 
 born at Paris. The favour of Richelieu, 
 two of whose nephews he educated, raised 
 him to consequence, so that he aspired to 
 the name of scholar, poet, antiquarian, and 
 preacher. He was of such a haughty tem- 
 per, that he was embroiled in various quar- 
 rels, especially with Corneille, Menage, 
 Mad. Scuderi, &.c. He died at Nemours, 
 1676, aged 72. His chief works are, 
 " Pratique du Theatre," a book of no great 
 merit, but censorious, and such as to have 
 passed to a fourth edition — " Zenobia," a 
 tragedy in prose, and a very dull perform- 
 ance, according to the prince of Conde's 
 remark, and other works of little conse- 
 quence. 
 
 Hedericus or Hederich, Benjamin, 
 author of the well-known Greek lexicon, 
 first published at Leipsic in Svo. 1722, and 
 republished in England by Young and 
 Patrick, was born at Grossen-hayn in Mis- 
 nia, 1675. Uc published besides an edi- 
 tion of Empedocles de sphaera, and " noti- 
 tiS. auctorum." Ernesti, who improved 
 his lexicon, 1767, speaks of him as not a 
 profound Greek scholar. He died 1748. 
 
 Hedlinger, John Charles, a Swiss en- 
 graver, whose medals are much admired. 
 ?0 
 
 He was member of various learned acade- 
 mies, and died 1771, aged 80. 
 
 Heede, William and Vigor Van, two 
 brothers, painters, born at Furnes. They 
 painted historical pieces with great success. 
 William, whose works are most esteem- 
 ed, died 1728, aged 68 ; and the other 1708, 
 aged 49, 
 
 Heem, John David de, a painter of 
 Utrecht, whose fruits and flowers were 
 greatly admired. He died 1674, aged 74. 
 His son Cornelius rivalled him in the 
 beauty and correctness of his pieces. 
 
 Heemskere, James, a Dutch admiral, 
 born at Amsterdam. He was sent in 1596 
 under Barentein, to discover a northeast 
 passage to Asia, and brought back his ships 
 safe, after the death of the commander of 
 the squadron. He was in 1607 sent as 
 vice-admiral against the Spaniards, but 
 fell in the battle, after defeating a supe- 
 rior force in the Mediterranean, and cap- 
 turing the enemy's admiral John Alvarez 
 Davila. 
 
 Heemskirk, Martin. Vid. Hemskirk. 
 
 Heere, Lucas de, an admired painter of 
 Ghent, whose historical pieces are said to 
 be in a very superior style. He died 1584, 
 aged 50. His father was a good statuary, 
 and his mother excelled as a painter. 
 
 Hegesippus, a Jew who became a Chris- 
 tian at Rome, 157, and wrote a history of 
 the church to his own times, some frag- 
 ments of which are preserved. He died 
 181. — Another of the same name wrote an 
 account of the destruction of Jerusalem. 
 
 Heidegger, John Henry, a protestant 
 divine, born at Ursevellon, near Zurich. 
 He was professor at Heidelberg, after- 
 wards at Steinfurt, and then at Zurich, 
 where he died 1698, aged 65. He published 
 " Exercitationes selectae de historid sacrd 
 Patriarcharum" — " do ratione studiorum" 
 — " tumulus Tridentini concilii" — " histo* 
 ria papatus," &c. 
 
 Heidegger, John James, a native of 
 Zurich, son of a clergyman. He married 
 in Switzerland, but in consequence of an 
 intrigue left the country, and when fifty 
 years old, came to England on a negotia- 
 tion for the Swiss. His embassy failed, 
 and with it his resources, so that he en- 
 gaged as a private soldier in the guards for 
 protection and support. His conduct and 
 address, however, were such, that he soon 
 gained the attention of his superiors, and 
 obtained the appellation of the Swiss count. 
 By means of his friends, who were nume- 
 rous in the fashionable world, he raised a 
 subscription in 1709 to furnish the opera 
 of Thoniyris, which was performed at the 
 Haymarket, and with such success that 
 he not only gained 500 guineas, but re- 
 commended himself to the public notice 
 by his taste and judgment in the ma- 
 nagement and decorations of the theatre. 
 
IIEI 
 
 IIEI 
 
 George II. who was fond of operas, patro- 
 nised him, and he soon obtained the ma- 
 nagement of the opera house in the Hay- 
 market, and presided over the mascjue- 
 rades, and was made master of the revels. 
 Thus patronised by the king, flattered by 
 the nobility, and courted by all, he con- 
 tributed to the amusement of the public, as 
 the arbiter elegantiarum, but while he thus 
 raised an annual income of 5000^. he did 
 not accumulate property, but expended his 
 money in the luxuries of his table, and in 
 honourable acts of extensive charity. His 
 memory was so retentive that he jonce 
 walked from Charing-cross to Temple-bar, 
 and back again, and at his return wrote 
 down every sign on either side of the 
 Strand. When discoursing on the most 
 ingenious nation in Europe, he claimed the 
 merit himself, and said, I was born a 
 Swiss, and came to England without a far- 
 thing, where I have found means to gain 
 5000/. a year, and to spend it. Now I defy 
 the most able Englishman to go to Switzer- 
 land and either to gain that income, or to 
 spend it there. He died 4th February, 
 1749, aged 90, and was buried at Rich- 
 mond, Surrey. He left a natural daughter, 
 married in 1750 to captain, afterwards ad- 
 miral, Denis. 
 
 Heil, Daniel Van, a painter of Brussels, 
 born 1604. His houses on fire are much 
 admired. 
 
 Heil, John Baptist, brother to Daniel, 
 was born at Brussels, 1609, and became 
 eminent as a historical and portrait painter. 
 
 Heil, Leonard Van, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was also born at Brussels, and 
 evinced a superior genius in the painting of 
 flowers and insects. 
 
 Hein, Peter, a Dutchman, who from 
 obscurity rose to the command of the fleets 
 of his country. He defeated the Spaniards 
 on the coast of Brazil, 1626, and was 
 killed off Dunkirk in a battle against the 
 French, 1629. The state of Holland ho- 
 noured his memory with great respect, 
 and condoled with his mother, who coolly 
 observed, I always said that Peter was an 
 unlucky dog, and would come to an untime- 
 ly end. 
 
 Heineccius, John Gottlieb, a German 
 lawyer, born at Eisemberg, 1681. He was 
 counsellor and professor of philosophy, and 
 afterwards of law at Halle, from whence he 
 removed to Franeker in 1724, and three 
 years after, at the request of the king of 
 Prussia to Frankfort on Oder. In 1733 he 
 resumed his former engagements at Halle, 
 where he died 1741. His works are nume- 
 rous and respectable, on jurisprudence, 
 logic, and morality. They were collected 
 at Geneva in 8 vols. 4to. 1744. 
 
 Heinecken, Christian Henry, a re- 
 markable child, born at Lubeck, 6th Feb. 
 1721, and died there 27th June, 1725. At 
 
 10 months' old he could talk, and before he 
 was 12 months he knew the principal facts 
 mentioned in the five books of Moses, and 
 in another month he gained a complete 
 knowledge of the rest of the Old Testa- 
 ment, and in an additional month of the New. 
 His mental powers continued to increase 
 so that at the age of four ht- could prove 
 the doctrines of divinity from th»; Bible 
 was accpiainted with ecclesiastical history, 
 and could repeat 80 psalms, 200 hymns 
 &c. and understood and spoke perfectly the 
 German, Latin, French, and Low Dutch. 
 These astonishing abilities were just shown 
 to the admiration of the world, and then 
 snatched away. Martini of Lubeck has 
 published a dissertation on him. 
 
 Heinsius, Daniel, an eminent scholar 
 born at Ghent, May, 1580. After studying 
 at the Hague, in Zealand, and at Franeker, 
 where he displayed great abilities, he came 
 to Leyden, and at the age of 18 he was 
 seated in the chair of Greek professor, and 
 afterwards succeeded his friend and in- 
 strueter, Joseph Scaliger, in the professor- 
 ship of politics and history. He died 
 25th February, 1655. He was distin- 
 guished as a man of extensive learning, 
 and great application, and possessed of a 
 correct taste and sound judgment. He not 
 only enriched by his labours Silius Italicus, 
 Theocritus, Hesiod, Seneca, Homer, Theo- 
 phrastus, Hesychius, Livy, Ovid, Terence, 
 Horace, See. but he wrote also some prose 
 works abounding with wit, and chaste 
 satire. He was honoured and respected 
 not only by the learned but even by princes, 
 and especially Gustavus Adolphus of Swe- 
 den, the republic of Venice, and Pope 
 Urban VIII. 
 
 Heinsius, Nicholas, son of the prece- 
 ding, was born at Leyden, 1620. He was 
 eminent as a poet and critic, and deserved 
 the flattering appellation of the " swan of 
 Holland." Though employed in the affairs 
 of the state, he devoted much of his time 
 to the muses, and edited several classical 
 authors, Virgil, Ovid, Valerius Flaccus, 
 Claudian, &c. His poems were often re- 
 printed, but the best edition is that of Am- 
 sterdam, 1666. He died at the Hague, 
 1681, respected at home and abroad. 
 
 Heinsius, N. grand pensionary of Hol- 
 land, died at the Hague, 3d Aug. 1720, 
 aged 87. He was in the service of William 
 prince of Orange, and distinguished himself 
 as a negotiator in France, against the de- 
 struction of whose power he afterwards 
 directed all the energies of his country. 
 During the 30 years in which he was grand 
 pensionary, he displayed great vigour of 
 mind, but in his views of humbling the 
 pride of Lewis XIV. he brought great diffi- 
 culties and immense debts upon Holland, 
 so that the people saw his retirement from 
 power with pleasure and exultation. 
 
 31 
 
HEL 
 
 carum, 
 lished " 
 
 Heiss, N. a German author, who pub- 
 lished an indifferent history of the German 
 empire in 1684, in 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Heister, Lawrence, a native of Frank- 
 fort on the Maine, professor of medicine 
 at Altorf, and afterwards at Ilelmstadt, 
 where he died 1758, aged 73. He was 
 the learned author of " Compendium ana- 
 tomicum" — *' institutiones chirurgicae." — 
 *' de medicanu Otis German, indigenis suf- 
 fic." — " com;)en Hum institutionum medi- 
 " &.C. His son Elias Frederick pub- 
 Apologia pro Medicis Atheismo 
 accusatis," and died at Leyden, 1740. 
 
 Hele, Thomas, a native of Gloucester- 
 shire, who served in the army, especially 
 in Jamaica, and at the peace of 1763, tra- 
 velled through Italy, and in 1770 settled at 
 Paris. He became so well acquainted with 
 the French language that he wrote some 
 plays, which were received with great ap- 
 plause on the Paris theatres, and highly 
 admired. His comedies, it is said, are full 
 of plot, lively, and interesting, and the 
 dialogue is pleasing, and expressed with 
 neatness and elegance. He died of a con- 
 sumptive disorder at Paris, Dec. 1780, 
 aged about 40. His "Jugement de Mi- 
 das," and his " Amant Jaloux," are par- 
 ticularly esteemed by French writers. 
 
 Helena, St. wife of Constantius Chlo- 
 rus, and mother of the great Constantine, 
 was born of obscure parents in Bithynia. 
 When divorced by the marriage of her 
 husband with Maximilian's daughter, she 
 retired with resignation from the court, 
 but the elevation of her son to the throne 
 restored her to tae dignity of her rank, 
 which she adorned by devotion and Chris- 
 tian charity. She was the founder of va- 
 rious churches, and in her travels into the 
 Holy Land she is said to have discovered 
 the true cross. She died in the arms of 
 her son, 328, aged 80. 
 
 Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in Thes- 
 saly, in the fourth century, was the author 
 of the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea, 
 condemned by a synod of bishops. 
 
 Heliogabalus, M. Aurel. Antonin. 
 succeeded to the Roman empire after the 
 death of Macrinus, though only 14. Though 
 popular in the beginning of his reign, he 
 became cruel, vindictive, and licentious, 
 and was assassinated A.D. 222. 
 
 Hellenicus, a Greek historian, who 
 died B.C. 411. 
 
 Hellot, John, author of I'art de la 
 teinture des laines et elosses de laine, 
 12mo. and other works of merit on philo- 
 sophical and chymical subjects, was mem- 
 ber of the Paris academy of sciences and 
 of the London Royal Society. He also 
 conducted for some time the Gazette of 
 France, and was distinguished as an able 
 chymist. He died at Paris, 15th Feb. 
 1766, aged 80. 
 32 
 
 Helmbreker, Theodore, a painter, born 
 at Haerlem, 1624. He was pupil to Peter 
 Gribber, and studied in Italy, and after be- 
 ing some time resident at Haerlem he re- 
 turned to Rome, where he died 1694. His 
 pieces, especially in history and landscape 
 are much admired. 
 
 Helmont, Matthew Van, a painter of 
 Antwerp, happy in the representation of 
 shops, chymical laboratories, markets, &c. 
 He died 1726. 
 
 Helmont, John Baptist Van, a learned 
 scholar and physician, born at Brussels, 
 1577. He studied at Louvain, but after 
 refusing to devote himself to divinity, he 
 turned his attention to medicine, and took 
 his degrees in that science. His applica- 
 tion to chymical experiments, and to the 
 investigation of the power of herbs and 
 plants led him to superior practice, and so 
 extraordinary were some of his cures con- 
 sidered, that he was brought before the in- 
 quisition as a magician, who removed hu- 
 man diseases by more than human art. 
 He succeeded, however, in clearing him- 
 self from the imputation, and retired to the 
 greater freedom of Holland, where he 
 died Dec. 30, 1644. He was, says Lobko- 
 witz, his biographer, pious, learned, fa- 
 mous, a sworn enemy of Galen and Aris- 
 totle. The sick never languished long 
 under his hands, being always killed or 
 cured in two or three days. He was sent 
 chiefly to those who were given up by 
 other physicians, to whose great gi'ief and 
 indignation the patients were often unex- 
 pectedly restoredto health. His works, chief- 
 ly again?st the Peripatetics and Galenists, 
 were published in folio by his son, who ac- 
 quired some fame as a physician, and was 
 falsely called in his epitaph, " nil patre in- 
 ferior." He died 1699, aged 81, 
 
 Heloise, the mistress of Abelard, is 
 celebrated for her beauty and her misfor- 
 tunes. She died 1163. Vid. Abelard. 
 
 Helsham, Richard, M. D. professor of 
 physic and natural philosophy in Dublin 
 college. He was author of £3 very popular 
 lectures on natural philosophy published 
 after his death by Dr. Robinson, and fre- 
 quently reprinted. 
 
 Helse, Bartholomew Van der, a painter 
 of Haerlem, who died 1670, aged 57. His 
 representation of the train bands of Am- 
 sterdam was much admired by sir Godfrey 
 Knellcr, and is preserved in the town house 
 of tbe capital. 
 
 Helvetius, Adrian, a Dutch physician, 
 born 1656. He Vvas by accident at Paris 
 when a violent dysentery prevailed there, 
 and his remedies proved so successful that 
 LoAvis XIV. presented him with 1000 louis 
 d'ors for the discovery of his potent medi- 
 cine. He declared it to be ipecacuanha. 
 He afterwards settled at Paris, and was 
 made physician to the duke of Orleans, 
 and inspector general of the military hos- 
 
ULL 
 
 HEM 
 
 jutals. He died 1721. lie- left some 
 works, the best known of winch is a trea- 
 tise on the most frequent maladies, &c. 2 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 HelvEtics, John Claude, son of the 
 preceding, died 1755, aged 70. He was first 
 physician to the French queen, counsellor 
 of state, and member of several learned 
 academics. He cured Louis XV . of a dan- 
 gerous disorder, and gained the conddcnce 
 and good opinion not only of the court but 
 of tlie poor, by his skill, attention, and 
 great liumanily. Hv. published " L'idee 
 generale de I'economie animale," 1722, 
 8vo. — "Principia Physico-medica, in tiro- 
 num medicinae gratiam conscripta," 2 vols. 
 Svo. 
 
 Helvetius, Claude Adrian, son of John, 
 was born at Paris 1715, and educated with 
 great attention under father Poree. He 
 had a strong desire to appear as an author, 
 but his (irist production " do I'esprit," in 1 
 vol. 4to. and afterwards in three, 8vo. 1758, 
 exposed him to the censure of the parlia- 
 ment, who condemned his publication as 
 calculated more for the encouragement of 
 vice than an incitement to virtue. Thus 
 disgraced, he came to England in 1764, and 
 the next year visited Prussia, where the 
 kins: honourably received him. On his re- 
 turn to France, he retired in privacy to his 
 estate at '.ore, in the bosom of his family. 
 As he was rich, he showed himself charita- 
 ble to the poor, and benevolent to all. He 
 died of an attack of the gout, Dec. 1771. 
 Besides his atheistical book " de I'Esprit," 
 he published *' le Bonheur," a poem in six 
 cantos, written in an aflected style, — " de 
 PHorume," 2 vols. Svo. a work as danger- 
 ous as unphilosophical, and as impious as 
 the first — and the " Child of nature im- 
 proved by Chance," a licentious romance. 
 As Helvetius was a man of mild manners, 
 and of a benevolent disposition, it may sur- 
 prise us, that books so little calculated to 
 improve humanity should proceed from 
 his pen. 
 
 Helvicus, Christopher, professor of 
 Greek and eastern languages, and of divi- 
 nity, at Giessen university, was born 1581, 
 at Sprendlingen near Frankfort. He was 
 educated at Marpurg, and early displayed 
 a poetical genius, and at 20 was capable of 
 teaching Hebrew and Greek, two languages 
 which he spoke with great fluency. He 
 died in the flower of his age, 1617, and his 
 immature death was deplored with feeling 
 and sorrow by all the German poets of 
 the Augsburg persuasion. Besides poet- 
 ry, he published Latin, Greek, Hebrew, 
 Chaldce, and Syriac grammars — a Hebrew 
 and Latin lexicon — and some 
 cal tables. 
 
 Heltot, Peter, an ecclesiastic of Eng- 
 lish extraction. He was of the order of Pic- 
 pus near Paris, which was a branch of the 
 
 Vol. it, n 
 
 chronologi- 
 
 Franciscaus, and aflcr 23 years' lubaui, 
 he published in « vols. 4lo. a history of 
 the monastic orders, religious and milita- 
 ry, &.C. a work lull of learned research 
 and general information. He died 171C, 
 aged 56. 
 
 Hemelar, John, a learned man, born 
 at the Hague, of so amiable a character for 
 probity and disinterestedness as to deserve 
 to be compared, says Gronovius, with the 
 Roman Atticus. He resided six years at 
 Rome, and preferred to the oHice of libra- 
 rian of the V atican a canonry in the cathe- 
 dral of Antwerp. He devoted himself 
 much to polite literature and the science of 
 medals, and he lived in friendly intimacy 
 with Grotius, Lipsius, and other eminent 
 men. He published valuable commentaries 
 on the medals of the Roman emperors from 
 Julius Caesar to Justinian, from the cabinet 
 of Arschot and Rocoxius. Besides this 
 work, which is now rare, though three times 
 printed ; he wrote poems and orations, and 
 died 1640. 
 
 Hemmf.rlix, or Malleolus, Felix, Q 
 canon of Zurich in 1428. He is author of 
 " Opuscula varia, scilicet de nobilitate et 
 rusticitate dialogus," &.c. — " varia; oblec- 
 tationis opuscula," &c. comprised in a folio 
 volume, and full of coarse humour. 
 
 Hemmingford, Walter de, a canon of 
 Gisborough abbey, in Yorkshire, author 
 of a history of England, from 1066 to 
 1303. The work is respectable for accu- 
 racy and exactness. He died at Gisbo- 
 rough 1347. 
 
 Hemskirk, or Heemskirk, Martin, a 
 peasant's son, born in a village of that 
 name in Holland, 1498, and distinguished 
 as a painter. After studying three years at 
 Rome, he settled at Haerlem, where he 
 died 1574, ag^'d 76. His pieces were ad- 
 mired by Michael Angelo, by Vasari and 
 others, but though he possessed great me- 
 rit, his figures show that he did not under- 
 stand the chiaro obscuro, 
 
 Hemskirk, Egbert, a Dutch painter, 
 known for his success in delineating droll 
 subjects and grotesque figures. 
 
 Hemskirk, Egbert, called the younger, 
 son of the preceding, united to great abili- 
 ties, a lively imagination and a humorous 
 taste. Some of his pieces in which he 
 represents devils and w itches Are admired. 
 He died 1704, aged 59. 
 
 Hemsterhuis, or IIemsterhusius^ Ti- 
 berius, a learned critic, born at Groningeu, 
 1st Feb. 1685, son of a physician. He stu- 
 died at Groningen and Leyden, and at the 
 age of 19 was appointed professor of ma- 
 thematics and philosophy at Amsterdam. 
 In 1717 he removed to Franeker, where he 
 succeeded Lambert Bos as Greek professor, 
 and in 1740 he was appointed to the chairs 
 of Greek and of history at Leyden, where 
 he died 1766. He publi«hed the three la5i 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 books ol J. Pollux's onomasticon 1706, for 
 which he was complimented by Bentley, 
 select colloquies of Lucian, and his Timon, 
 1703 — The Plutus of Aristophanes, with 
 the scholia, 1744 — part of an edition of 
 Lucian — notes and emendations on Xcno- 
 phon Ephesius, and other equally learned 
 works. He is praised by Ruhnkenius as a 
 critic of very superior powers. 
 
 Hemsterhusius, Francis, son of a phy- 
 sician of Groningen, and grandson of Ti- 
 berius, was in the service of the United 
 States, and died 1790. He was an able 
 author, and wrote oeuvres philosophiques, 
 translated into French, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1793, 
 and other works. 
 
 Henault, John d', a French poet, son 
 of a Paris baker. He travelled into Hol- 
 land and England, and was patronised by 
 the superintendent Fouquet, by whose 
 means he obtained the receivership of taxes 
 at Fores, and other employments. He 
 became a man of celebrity by his poetical 
 pieces, and proud of his distinction he af- 
 fected the debauchee and the impious 
 atheist as the friend of Spinoza, but after 
 a life of dissipation and profaneness, the 
 approach of death seemed so terrible that 
 he became a coward, and renounced with 
 sorrow and deep contrition the follies and 
 wickedness of his prosperous days. He 
 died 1682. His best pieces are said to be 
 his sonnet on the miscarriage of Mad. de 
 Guerehi, aud his satirical poem on Colbert, 
 in consequence of the fall of his patron. 
 He printed at Paris, his " oeuvres diverses" 
 in 12mo. 1670. He translated the three 
 first books of Lucretius, but by the advice 
 of his confessor he destroyed them. Only 
 100 lines, copied by his friends, were pre- 
 served, which are much admired by Voltaire. 
 
 Henault, Charles John Francis, a cele- 
 brated historian, born at Paris, 8th Feb. 
 1685. He early discovered a sprightly and 
 benevolent disposition, hut after being two 
 years at the congregation of the oratory, 
 he quitted it for the more gay society of the 
 wits of the age. The dispute between 
 Rousseau and de la Motte, however, gave 
 him a disgust for the fallacious intimacies 
 of the learned and the great ; and devoting 
 himself more particularly to his own im- 
 provement, he obtained the prize of elo« 
 quence in the French academy, 1707, and 
 another the following year. In 1713 he 
 produced on the stage a tragedy, under the 
 disguised name of Fuselier, but though it 
 was received with indifference by the pub- 
 lic, he regarded it as a valuable composi- 
 tion, and as such permitted Horace Wal- 
 pole, with whom he became acquainted in 
 1768, to print it at Strawberry-hill. 
 Though unsuccessful as a poet, he rose to 
 honour as a politician. He became coun- 
 sellor of parliament 1706, president of the 
 first chamber of inquest 1710. and in 1718 
 -1 
 
 he accompanied the French ambassaUoir 
 Morville to Holland, where his abilities 
 were respected by the Dutch, and particu- 
 larly by the pensionary Heinsius. In the 
 midst of his political occupations, Henault 
 paid deep and lasting attention to history, 
 and at last published his history, the result 
 of 40 years' laborious n ading and study 
 under the modest name of " an Essay," in 
 1744. It met with astonishing success, 
 and not only became popular in France in 
 nine editions, but was translated into Eng- 
 lish, German, Italian, and even Chinese. 
 This valuable work raised him to the honour 
 of a seat in the academy of belles lettres at 
 Paris, and other learned societies, and he 
 was afterwards appointed superintendent 
 of the queen's house. He was now courted 
 by the wit and fashion of the court, and his 
 house was the receptacle of whatever was 
 innocently gay, pleasing, and agreeable. For 
 the entertainment of the queen and her 
 court, he wrote three lively comedies, one 
 of %vbich, "' le Reveil d'Epimenides," who is 
 said to have slept 27 years, proved particu- 
 larly agreeable, and he produced, at the 
 queen's request, a fourth piece, called 
 Hebe. This most respectable character 
 died 24th Dec. 1771, aged 86. In the 
 midst of prosperity, he practised benevo- 
 lence and charity ; he was pious and re- 
 signed under afflictions, grateful to provi- 
 dence for the blessings which he enjoyed, 
 and his manners and devotion were truly 
 exemplary. His wife, to whom he was 
 married 14 years, died 1728, leaving no 
 issue. He adopted as his own children, his 
 sister's three sons and two daughters, and 
 had the happiness to see them form re- 
 spectable connexions. 
 
 Henderson, Alexander, a Scotchman, 
 who acquired some celebrity at the head of 
 the Presbyterian party. He was one of the 
 divines sent to meet Charles I. at Newcas- 
 tle, 1646, but though he possessed elo- 
 quence and abilities, it is said, that in dis- 
 puting with the monarch about episcopacy, 
 he found his arguments too futile to resist 
 the superior reasons of his unfortunate 
 master. This it is said had such effect 
 upon his spirits, that he died soon after, 
 and in his last moments, expressed great 
 contrition for the severity and rancour with 
 which he had opposed the king's measures 
 in Scotland. 
 
 Henderson, John, an English actor of 
 eminence, born in London. He at first 
 learnt painting under Fournier, an able 
 artist, but he quitted him to work in the 
 shop of a silversmith, and after his death 
 he appeared on the stage at Bath, 1772, in 
 the character of Hamlet, under the as- 
 sumed name of Courtney. The opinion 
 which he had formed of his theatrical 
 powers, was gi-eeted by the applauses of 
 crowded audiences, and after acquiring c- 
 
ilEN 
 
 l\LS 
 
 Tebrity in provincial companies, he, (or the 
 first time, presented himself before a Lon- 
 don audience, at the Hay Market, under 
 Coleman, as Shy lock. The approbation 
 with which he was received excited him to 
 greater exertions, and he soon became the 
 popular representative of Falstaff, Richard 
 III. Pierre, and otht-r ditiicult characters at 
 Drury Lane. He died suddenly 25th Nov. 
 1785, of a spasmodic aHl'ction in the brain, 
 aged 3S. His life has been published by 
 Ireland. 
 
 Henderson, Jolin, an extraordinary 
 character, born at Bellej;rance in Ireland 
 1757. He was educated in the principles 
 of bis father, who was an itinerant preacher 
 of V\'es!ey's persuasion, and wiio for some 
 time ^^'ttled near Bristol as a schoolmaster, 
 and under him he made such astonishing 
 progress, that he taught Latin in Kings- 
 wood school at the age of eiglit, and 
 Greek in lady Huntingdon's college in 
 Wales, when he was no more than 12. 
 These extraordinary powers were seen and 
 encouraged by dean Tucker, who sent him 
 to Pembroke college, Oxford, where he staid 
 long enough to take his first degree, but 
 was not admitted to orders, though his 
 friends wished to see his oratorical abili- 
 ties exerted in the pulpit. These brilliant 
 parts were unfortunately clouded by great 
 and often offensive singularities. In his 
 person, he affected great negligence, his 
 long unpowdered hair gave him an air of 
 religious melancholy, he never woi'e a 
 neck-cloth, his buckles on his shoes were 
 of the most diminutive size, and the rest 
 of his dress exhibited him particularly hos- 
 tile to the reigning fashions of the times. 
 Though eagerly courted in the university 
 for his great fund of knowledge, and the 
 the inexhaustible resources of his mental 
 powers, he at length rendered himself dis- 
 agreeable by the lateness to which he pro- 
 tracted his visits. Seldom in bed before 
 the dawn of day, he rose late in the after- 
 noon, as if setting at defiance the power*: of 
 nature, he would often go half naked to 
 the pump, and desire the college servants 
 to pump over him for several minutes, and 
 then in that condition he retired to his bed. 
 Those who frequented his company have 
 often been astonished at the vastness of 
 his powers, which adorned with all the 
 flowers of oratory and elegant language 
 the most abstruse and barren subjects. 
 Though well skilled in general knowledge, 
 he was particularly attached to physiogno- 
 my, alchymy, and the occult arts, and in 
 some instances he has been known to pros- 
 titute his great talents in diving into fu- 
 turity, and anticipating the mournful acci- 
 dents of life. This eccentric genius died 
 in Pembroke college 2d Nov. 1788, and was 
 carried by his father to Bristol to be there 
 interred. 
 
 Ht.s'GisT, a Saxon chief who came tn 
 England at the request of king Vortigern, 
 whom he assisted in npelling" the Picts. 
 The British monarch married Howena, 
 the daughter of his ally, and Hcngist, in 
 reward for his services, obtained the king- 
 dom uf Kent, and died IH'J. 
 
 Heni.ey, Anthony, an Ijigli>h senator, 
 born of a respeclaitl.; family in Hampshire. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and early dis- 
 tinguished himself for his cla.saical taste. 
 In London he gained the friendship and 
 familiarity of the great, and as the asHO- 
 ciate of Dorset and Sund>rland he figured 
 in the circles of fashion, and passed at 
 Will's and Tom's as a man of wit and 
 facetiousncss. As his affections were be- 
 nevolent and his heart generous, he wa? 
 addressed by the .poets and writers of the 
 age as a patron and a guide, and the com- 
 mand of an independent fortune of up- 
 wards of 3000/. a year was in the midst of 
 mirth and gallantry liberally applied to 
 the remuneratic II of the flattering muse. 
 In 16!,'8, soon after his marriage with the 
 daughter of the Hon. Peregrine Bertie, he 
 was elected member for Andover, and in 
 succeeding parliaments for Weyuiouth. 
 He was in his political career a firm ami 
 eloquent whig, and he drew upon himself 
 the persecution of the tories by moving the 
 house to address the queen to confer some 
 ecclesiastical dignity on Mr. Ben. Hoadly, 
 whose attachment to the revolution was 
 then publicly known. As a writer he dis- 
 tinguished himself by various anonymous 
 publications, and in the Tatler and Medley 
 appeared many of his pieces, remarkable 
 for their wit, ease, and fluency, and for 
 that genius and vivacity with which he as- 
 sumed the character and language of mas- 
 ters and servants, peasants and tradesmen, 
 parents and children. He was very fond 
 of music, and in his summer recreations he 
 had a private theatre at SouthAvick, where 
 Betterton, Booth, Mrs. Barry, and other 
 great performers were generally invited to 
 exhibit and join their abilities to his exer- 
 tions, for the amusement of his friends. 
 He died 1711, universally lamented. His 
 second son became Lord Nortbington, and 
 chancellor of England. 
 
 Henlet, John, well known by the ap- 
 pellation of " orator Henley," was born at 
 Melton Mowbray, 3d Aug. 1692, where 
 his father was vicar, and after receiving in- 
 struction in the grammar-school of his na- 
 tive town, and that of Oakham, Rutland, 
 he entered at the age of 17 at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. ^Vhen he had taken 
 his bachelor's degree he was invited by 
 the trustees of Melton school to take care 
 of that foundation, and he raised it from a 
 languishing to a flourishing state. He 
 now courted the public approbation by the 
 appearance of his Esther, a poem, and 
 
 o - 
 03 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 when he bad entered into orders he left 
 the country for fame and preferment in 
 the capital. Followed as a preacher deter- 
 mined to create public notice, he introduced 
 regular action into the pulpit, and courted 
 popularity a thousand ways, but when dis- 
 appointed of the preferment he expected, 
 he formed a plan for lectures and orations. 
 Every Sunday he discoursed on theologi- 
 cal subjects, while Wednesday was reserved 
 for political subjects, into which he poured 
 much of the gall of satire against the 
 great, the powerful, and the learned. To 
 this acrimonious spirit he indeed owes the 
 distinguished place which he holds in Pope's 
 Dunciad, as " the zar»y of his age." Ad- 
 mission was procured to his oratoi iai thea- 
 tre by the payment of a shilling, and as the 
 lowest of the people formed the ino>t nu- 
 merous part of his audience, the daily ad- 
 vertiser generally announced the topics 
 which were to be discussed on each day, 
 by this artful and commanding preacher at 
 his oratory near Lincoln's Inn Field's. He 
 died 14th Oct. 1756. He published an ac- 
 count of himself and his adventures, and 
 it is easily discovered that to personal 
 vanity he added effrontery, and obtained 
 popularity by bold invectives and satirical 
 censoriousness. The medals which he 
 struck for admission to his lectures repre- 
 sented a star rising in the meridian with 
 "Inveniam viam aut faciam." Hogarth 
 has immortalized his name by introducing 
 him into two of his humorous pieces, in one 
 of which he is christening a child, and in 
 the other he appears on a scaflbld with a 
 monkey by his side with the motto " amen," 
 and with other appropriate figures. Hen- 
 ley it is said gained 100/. a year by editing 
 a periodical paper called the Hip Doctor, 
 which was a farrago of nonsense. On 
 one occasion he filled his oratory with 
 shoemakers, by announcing to them he 
 would teach a new and short way of making 
 shoes, which was by cutting off the tops of 
 boots. 
 
 Henley, Samuel, a divine, who, previous 
 to the American war, was professor of mo- 
 ral philosophy in the college of Williams- 
 burgh, in Virginia. On leaving that country 
 he became an usher in Harrow school, 
 and afterwards rector of Rendlesham, in 
 Suffolk. In 1805 he was appointed prin- 
 cipal of the East India college, at Hert- 
 ford ; on which occasion he obtained the 
 degree of doctor in divinity. He died at 
 Rendlesham in 1816. Dr. Henley publish- 
 ed — 1. Three Sermons preached in Ameri- 
 ca. 2. Dissertation concerning the con- 
 troverted Passages in St. Peter and St. 
 Jude, on the Angels that sinned, Svo. 3. 
 Observations on the Fourth Eclogue, the 
 Allegory in the Third Georgic, and the De- 
 sign of the vEneid of Virgil, Svo. 4. 
 Essav toward a new Edition of the Ele- 
 
 gies of Tibullus, with a Translation and 
 Notes, Svo. He has also some papers in 
 the Archaeologia ; and was the editor of 
 " The History of the Caliph Vathek."— 
 W. B. 
 
 Henninges, Jerome, a German histo- 
 rian in the 16th century. He devoted him- 
 self much to genealogical history, and his 
 *' Theatrum Genealogicum," 6 vols, folio, 
 1593, is a valuable work, containing the ac- 
 count of several of the chief families of 
 Germany, &c. 
 
 Hennuter, John, bishop of Lisieux, is 
 justly Celebrated for his great humanity at 
 the dreadful massacre of St Bartiiolomew. 
 He boldy opposed the king's orders to as- 
 sassinate the protestanto, and instead of 
 violating their persons, he openly protect- 
 ed them ; yet for this opposition to 
 tyranny, he was never censured by the 
 monarch ; so great was the respect paid to 
 his persevering virtue and dignity. He 
 died 1577, universally lamenti d and re- 
 vered for his mildness, humanity, and 
 piety. 
 
 Henrion, Nicholas, a native of Troyes, 
 in Champagne, member of the academy of 
 inscriptions. He was engaged in compo- 
 sing a work on the weights and measures 
 of the ancients, of which his death in 
 1720, at the age of 50 prevented the com- 
 pletion. With an extravagant imagina- 
 tion he described Adam as 132 feet 9 
 inches high, and Eve 118 feet 9 inches, 
 but gradually reduced the size of his gigan- 
 tic heroes, and made Abraham 27 feet, 
 Moses 13, Hercules 10, and Alexander 
 only 6. 
 
 Henry I. surnamed the Fowler, emperor 
 of Germany, was son of Otho duke of 
 Saxony, and elected to the throne 919. 
 He was a brave and politic prince, he ex- 
 erted his influence among the princes of 
 Germany to restore union ; and to render 
 the country more powerful, he built and 
 fortified towns to withstand the attacks of 
 the barbarians. He confirmed his regula- 
 tions by the establishment of wise and 
 salutary laws, and the introduction of the 
 patrician order for the distinction and en- 
 couragement of merit. In war he was suc- 
 cessful against the duke of Bavaria, he 
 conquered the Bohemians, Sclavonians, and 
 Danes ; and invaded the kingdom of Lor- 
 raine, and defeated the Hungarians at the 
 famous battle of Mersburg. He died 2d 
 July, 936, aged 60, and was succeeded by 
 his son Otho. 
 
 Henry II. emperor of Germany, sur- 
 named the Lame, was grandson of the 
 preceding, and ascended the imperial 
 throne 1002. After defeating the duke of Ba- 
 varia, he re-established Benedict V III. in the 
 holy see, and was crowned by him at Rome 
 1014, with great solemnity. He also drove 
 the Greeks and Saracens from Calabria, 
 
HEN 
 
 HEX 
 
 aiid after restoring tranquillity over Italy 
 and Germany, and every where leaving 
 marks of his great generosity, and exten- 
 sive benevolence, he died 13th July, 1034, 
 aged 47. 
 
 Henrt III. emperor of Germany, suc- 
 ceeded his fatbtr Conrad in lU3ii. Alter 
 making war in Poland, Hungary, and Bo- 
 hemia, lie passed into Italy, ami expelled 
 from the papal thione Benedict IX. Sylves- 
 ter III. and Gregory VI. and in their room 
 elected Clement II. by whom he was 
 crowned. He died at Botleld in Saxony, 
 5tli Oct. 106G, agtd 39, and was buried at 
 Spires. 
 
 HENhY IV. the aged or great, emperor 
 of Cieiuiany after liis father Henry III. 
 though only six years old, was governed 
 during his minority by the wisdom of his 
 mother Agnes. When grown up to man- 
 hood, Henry displayed ability in opposing 
 the insurgents of Germany and Saiouy, 
 but when he supplicated the interference of 
 pope Gregory V II. to restore order by his 
 spiritual authority among his rebellious 
 subjects, he found himself accused of 
 simony, and other crimes before the holy 
 pontifl'. The charge was not unfounded. 
 Henry had not scrupled to sell the highest 
 dignities of the German church, and the 
 pope, proud of his power as umpire, 
 abolished by his decrees the investitures 
 that had already taken place. Henry in 
 revenge assembled a council at Worms, 
 1076, and not only deposed the pope, but 
 ordered his person to be seized. Clement 
 in consequence of this hurled his anathe- 
 mas against Henry, and so formidable was 
 the spiritual power that the princes of Ger- 
 many prepared to execute the decree, when 
 Henry, afraid of the influence of his ene- 
 mies, repaired to the residence of the 
 pope, and for three days of mortification 
 and penance, solicited his forgiveness. 
 This humility was superciliously contemn- 
 ed ; but while Henry meditated vengeance, 
 the pope appointed Rodolphus duke of 
 Swabia, emperor in his place. Henry de- 
 feated and slew his antagonist at the bat- 
 tle of Volchneim, and then formally depo- 
 sing the pope, elevated in his room Guibert 
 archbishop of Ravenna, and supported him 
 by besieging and reducing Rome under his 
 power by force of arms. In the midst of 
 his triumphs Henry found himself attacked 
 by his children, his son Conrad revolted 
 and obtained the crown of Italy, and Henry 
 the other son, supported by Pascal II. and 
 by the German rebels, placed the imperial 
 crown on his head 1106. While Henry 
 wished to effect a reconciliation with these 
 unnatural children, he found himself aban- 
 doned by his former friends, and rudely 
 treated in his person by his son, and he re- 
 tired to Cologne, and then to Liege, where 
 his misfortunes raised him a few adherents. 
 
 His forces were however soon defeated, 
 and the unfortunate monarch, indigent 
 and persecuted, applied to the bi?*hop of 
 Spires for a lay prebend, which was re- 
 fused. Thus a wanderer, without re- 
 sources, and without friends, he at la.^l en- 
 treated his ungrati (ul son to permit bim to 
 hide his mifforturies in the obscurity of 
 Lit ge, where he ^oun alter died 7lh Aug. 
 llUb, aged o6. He was a brave prince, 
 and was present in 66 battles, but the 
 gieatt r j art of hi- mi>('orlnn( s i.rose Irom 
 the blind conlidence which he placed on 
 worlhlt ^> miiiister> and favourites. 
 
 Henry V. or the youn^, uas born 1081, 
 and deposed his lather, Henry I\ . 1106. 
 Though he had opposed his father he pur- 
 sued the same measures, and obliged the 
 pope, Pascal II. to re.'^tore to bim tht pow- 
 er of ecclesiastical investitures, of which 
 Henry IV. had been deprived by Gregory 
 V II. The papal power, however, was too 
 great to be successfully resisted, and Hen- 
 ry, already excommunicated, sul)mitted to 
 the pleasure of the new pope, Gelasius II. 
 though he had violently opposed his elec- 
 tion. Henry died at I trecht, 23d May, 
 1125, aged 44, leaving behind him the 
 odious character of an unnatural son, an 
 impious hypocrite, an insidious neighbour, 
 and an oppressive master. 
 
 Henry VI. surnamed the severe, suc- 
 ceeded his father Frederic Barbarossa on 
 the throne of Germany 1190. He behaved 
 with great cruelty towards the family of 
 his wife Constance, daughter of Roger 
 king of Naples, and had the meanness to 
 detain Richard I. of England, who, when 
 shipwrecked on the coast of Dalmatia, had 
 been seized by Leopold duke of Austria, 
 and sold into the power of the emperor. 
 With the large sums of money obtained for 
 the ransom of his illustrious captive, Hen- 
 ry made war against Sicily, where his arms 
 plundered and desolated the country. He 
 was at last poisoned by his wife Constance, 
 28th Sept. 1197, aged 32. 
 
 Henry VII. son of Henry count of Lux- 
 emburg, was elected emperor 1308, and 
 was the first thus raised to the imperial 
 dignity by the suffrages of the six electors. 
 He visited Italy, where the factions of the 
 Guelphs and Gibelins had every where 
 spread devastation and misfortune, and in 
 the midst of these public disorders he was 
 obliged to enter Rome sword in hand. He 
 was crowned by the pope in the church of the 
 Lateran, and died the next year, 25tb Aug. 
 1313, aged 51, as he was preparing to sub- 
 due Italy by the power of his arms. 
 
 Henrt, Ra«pon, Margrave of Thurin- 
 gia, was, upon the deposition of Frederic 
 II. by Innocent IV. raised to the imperial 
 throne, 1246, but he dird the following 
 vear of a wound received in battle, or a*: 
 
 37 
 
HEN 
 
 heN 
 
 some say of a broken heart, because de- 
 feated by his competitor. 
 
 Henry I. king of France, succeeded his 
 brother Robert 1031. He was engaged in a 
 civil war through the intrigues of his mother 
 Constance, who wished to place her second 
 son, Robert, on the throne, but by the as- 
 sistance of Robert duke of Normandy, the 
 father of William the Conqueror, be de- 
 feated his enemies. He was afterwards 
 reconciled to his brother, and j^ranted him 
 the dukedom of Burgundy. He died at 
 Vitr.N en Brie, 4th Au;^ 1060, aged oj, in 
 constquince of taking an in.proper medi- 
 cine, highly respected as a good warrior, 
 and a benevolent man. 
 
 Henrt n. succeeded bis father Francis 
 I. as king of France 1547, and continuing 
 the war which then raged between bis 
 country and the Engli.-.b, at length obtained 
 an honourable peace, and the cession of 
 Boulogne for a stipulated sum of money, 
 1550. The following year he engaged in 
 a league with the elector of Saxony, and 
 the Margrave of Brandenburg, against 
 Charles V. and he had the good fortune of 
 reducing Metz, Toul, and Verdun. When 
 however his antagonist had reconciled him- 
 self to his German adversaries, Henry was 
 alone left to maintain the war ; but th-ugh 
 in want of money he ably supported the 
 glory of his arms, by the brave defence of 
 Metz against an army of 100,000 men. 
 The theatre of the war was removed to the 
 Netherlands, and at last a truce was agreed 
 upon for five years between the belligerent 
 powers, but on the abdication of Charles 
 V. his son Philip renewed the war with un- 
 usual vigour, ."supported by the English 
 forces, and his army entering, Picardy 
 under the command of the brave duke of 
 Savoy, defeated the French at the famous 
 battle of St. Quentin, 1557. This fatal 
 day was in some degree retrieved by the 
 capture of Calais from the English, and the 
 reduction of home other places, and at last 
 peace was restored between the contend- 
 ing powers, but on terms not sufficiently 
 advantageous to France. More fully to 
 effect a reconciliation, Henry gave his 
 daughter to the king of Spain, and his sis- 
 ter to the duke of Savoy, but the rejoicings 
 which acco/npanied this union proved fa- 
 tal to the monarch. Henry was acciden- 
 tally wounded in a tournament by the 
 count of Montgomery, and died in conse- 
 quence of it, 10th July, 1559, aged 41. 
 
 Henry III. king of France, was the 
 third son of Henry H. and was born 19th 
 Sept. 1551. He was carefully educated 
 under the eye of his mother Catherine de 
 Medicis, and, when duke of Anjou, he was 
 elected king of Poland, on the death of 
 Sigismund Augustus, 1 573, and he quitted 
 this dignity three months after to succeed 
 his brother Chaxles IX. on the French 
 
 throne. In 1575 he gained the battle of 
 Dormans, and made a peace at Blois with 
 the Huguenots, to whom he granted reli- 
 gious toleration and various privileges. 
 These concessions displeased the catholics, 
 and were at last revoked in 1585, and from 
 this measure arose those civil dissensions 
 which almost ruined the kingdom. France 
 was then torn by the three parties of the 
 three Henries, one of winch, the royalists, 
 was headed by the king, the other, called 
 the league, by Henry duke of Gui.^e, and the 
 third, called the Huguenots, by Henry 
 king of Navarre, presumptive heir to the 
 French throne. After some time Henry 
 was reconciled to the Guise?, and support- 
 ed by the pope he directed all the powers 
 of bis kingdom against the king of Navarre 
 and the protestants. The battle of Coutras, 
 however, 1587, checked the hoper of the ca- 
 tholics, but the victorious king of Navarre 
 found, in offering honourable terms of peace, 
 that his enemies, though defeated, were not 
 subdued, and, though Henry might be desi- 
 rous of accommodation, his new friend, the 
 duke of Guise, was too proud and too am- 
 bitious to consent. These jarring interests 
 soon proved the views of party, the French 
 king wishing to repress the power of Guise, 
 in vain attempted to prevent his entrance 
 into Paris, and when he summoned the 
 states general to assist him with their 
 counsel at Blois he found his powerful rival 
 there ready to dispute his authority. Though 
 a reconciliation was hastily effected be- 
 tween two men who in reality meditated 
 each other's downfal, soon after Henry- 
 caused Guise to be assassinated, and for 
 this perfidious deed found himself abhorred 
 by his subjects, deposed by the ecclesias- 
 tics of the assembled Sorbonne, and ex- 
 communicated by the pope. Thus exposed 
 to universal detestation, Henry could no 
 longer find support among his subjects, he 
 applied to the new head of the league for 
 reconciliation, and to the pope for pardon, 
 but when abandoned by all he implored 
 the protection of the king of Navarre. The 
 king of Navarre marched to his assistance, 
 and, forgetting their former animosi- 
 ties, the two monarchs employed all their 
 resources to destroy the power of the 
 league. Their united efforts might have 
 proved successful, when Henry was stabbed 
 in the belly by James Clement, a fanatical 
 priest, and died of the wound on the mor- 
 row, 2d Aug. 1589, aged 39. Though de- 
 bauched, cruel, and revengeful, Henry pos- 
 sessed great courage, and often distinguish- 
 ed himself in the field. In his person the 
 house of Valois, which had reigned over 
 France 261 years, became extinct. It was 
 in his reign that the military order of the 
 holy ghost was established. 
 
 Henry IV. deservedly surnamed the 
 great, king of France and Navarre, was 
 
HEN 
 
 HHN 
 
 I)orn 13th Dec. 1553, at Pau, the capital of 
 Bearne. His father was Anthony of Bour- 
 bon, and his mother, Jane d'Albret, daugh- 
 ter of the king of Navarre. He received 
 an excellent education, and early imbibed 
 the precepts of the heroes ol ancient times, 
 and chielly amused himself with the lives 
 of Plutarch. As he had been brought up 
 in the principles of th(; Calvinists, he was 
 declared head of the protestants at Ko- 
 chelle, 1569, and he engaged warmly in the 
 civil wars which at tliat time liistracted 
 France. He distinguished himself at the 
 battles of Jarnac, and of Moncontour, and 
 after the peace of St. Germain, he visited 
 the court of France, and two years after, 
 1572, married Margaret de Valois, sister 
 of Charles IX. During the rejoicings 
 which took place on this occasion, the infa- 
 mous massacre of St. Bartholomew was 
 perpetrated, and Henry, oppresssd by the 
 violence of the times, was obliged to re- 
 nounce his religion rather than perish by 
 the hands of an assassin. He at last es- 
 caped from his persecutors, 1576, and 
 placed himself at the head of the Hugue- 
 nots, and displayed bis valour and the 
 great resources of his mind at the siege of 
 Cabors, and at the battle of Coutras. He 
 had succeeded, in 1572, to the kingdom of 
 Navarre, and as the descendant of Lewis 
 IX. he succeeded to the throne of France 
 on the death of Henry III. 1589. His ele- 
 vation gave otTence to the heads of the op- 
 posite factions, who suspected the sinceri- 
 ty of Henry's religious principles, but he 
 confirmed his power by the victories of 
 Arque and of Ivri, and at last, to silence all 
 opposition, he pronounced his abjuration, 
 and his adherence to the catholic tenets at 
 St. Denis, before his coronation, and on 
 the following year, 1594, Paris opened her 
 gates to her heroic conqueror. By con- 
 sulting the chief men of the nation, at 
 Rouen, Henry was enabled to secure the 
 good will and the affection of his subjects, 
 and in making peace with the Spaniards, 
 1598, he restored tranquillity to the nation. 
 Though now in his conduct and in his go- 
 vernment entitled to the attachment of his 
 people, Henry unfortunately found that 
 the spirit of faction was not extinguished ; 
 by promulgating an edict of toleration at 
 Nat«tes he offended the bigoted catholics, 
 and many secret measures were planned to 
 sacrifice his life, by th offended Jei uits. 
 Barriers first attempted to destroy him, 
 Chatel afterwards wounded him in the 
 mouth, 1595, and two others meditated 
 his destruction, but the bloody deed was 
 perpetrated by Ravaillac, 14th May, 1610, 
 who stabbed him to the heart in his coach 
 in the streets of Paris. The civil dissen- 
 sions which prevailed in the reign of Hen- 
 ry, did not permit his prejudiced subjects 
 to appreciate his great qualities, but no 
 
 sooner had he perished by the dagger oi' 
 the assassin, than his merits were fully ac- 
 knowledged by all parties. The wisdom 
 of his measures, the mildness of his go- 
 vernment, and his love for bis people, and 
 for the happiness of Franee, have been re- 
 echoed from every corner of the kingdom, 
 and bis name is still revered bj the riHlion 
 not only a.-, a great, but a benevolent king, 
 truly the father of his people. 
 
 Henry 1. king of England, and duke- of 
 Normandy, was the third son of \\ nliam 
 the Conqueror, and succeeded to the erown 
 on the death of William Rufus, IIUU, du- 
 ring the absence of his el er brother Ro- 
 bert in Italy. This u9urpation displeased 
 the absent prince, who returned to Eng- 
 land to claim his kingdom sword in hand, 
 but Henry had the art to prevad on Robert 
 to resign his pretensions for a stipulated 
 sum of money. Jealousy thus excited be- 
 tween the brothers, and checked for a time, 
 again was kindled into a war, but Robert 
 was defeated in Normandy, and dragged a 
 prisoner to England, where the last years 
 of his life were past in close confinemt nt in 
 Cardiff castle. In his government Henry 
 was wise and moderate, though he exer- 
 cised absolute power. He opposed the en- 
 croachments of the church of Rome ; he 
 not only patronised learning, and restored 
 the university of Cambridge, but deserved 
 the name of Beau Clerc from his intimate 
 acquaintance with literature. He was se- 
 vere against robbers, but he had the good 
 sense to abolish the curfew bell so galling 
 to the English, and he established a uni- 
 versal standard of weights and measures. 
 While he watched over the prerogative of 
 the crown he had respect for the liberties 
 of the people, and from the charters which 
 he granted ^niay be derived the freedom of 
 which the nation is now so deservedly 
 proud. Henry died in Normandy, 1185, 
 aged 68, and was buried in Reading abbey. 
 As his only son had been drowned in cross- 
 ing from Normandy, he left bis possessions 
 to his daughter Matilda, but Stephen 
 usurped the crown at his death. 
 
 Henry II. king of England, son of Geof- 
 frey Plantagenet, duke of Anjou, by Matil- 
 da, daughter of Henry I. was born 1132. 
 In 1150 he was made duke of Normandy, 
 and the next year married Eleanor, the 
 heiress of Poitou and Guienne, and in 
 1153, on the death of Eustace, Stephen's 
 son, he was acknowledged successor to the 
 English throne, which he ascended the 
 next year. To his extensive possessions 
 in France he added Br ttany by conquest, 
 and he afterwards conquered Ireland, 
 which since that time has formed part of 
 the British dominions. Though wise iu 
 his government, Henry had to struggle 
 with the clergy, whose ambition it was his 
 wish to repress. The murder of Thorans 
 
 ^9 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 a Becket, the primate, which was falsely 
 attributed to the king, tended, however, to 
 increase rather than diminish the power of 
 the church, and the monarch could recon- 
 cile himself to the ofllnded pope only by 
 solemnly exculpating himself on oath of the 
 alleged crime, and by submitting patiently 
 with every mark of penanc? and contrition 
 to the discipline inflicted on him b} the: 
 monks of Canterbury. Though respected 
 at home and abroad, and successful in his 
 expeditions against France and again^.t 
 ScotI rid, Henry did not, however, find that 
 happiness at thu close of life which he might 
 deserve. His children, excited by the arts 
 of the French king, rebelled against him, 
 and their ingrat.tude proved so grievous 
 that it is said he died of a broken heart, 
 when he found his favourite son, John, in 
 the number of his enemies. He expired 
 at Chinon, in Touraine, 6th July, 1189. 
 The reign of Henry was marked by the 
 striking character of firmness, wisdom, va- 
 lour, genius, and popularity. He reformed 
 abuses, corrected the laws, repressed the 
 power of the barons, and advanced the in- 
 terests and the consequence of the people. 
 Unfortunately, however, these high quali- 
 ties were obscured by excessive pride, 
 boundless ambition, and an unceasing pro- 
 pensity to sensual pleasures, which not only 
 revolted the affections of his queen from 
 him, but tended to embitter the close of his 
 life. 
 
 Henry III. was son and successor of 
 John on the English throne, 1216. He lost 
 by his ill conduct the provinces of Nor- 
 mandy, Anjou, Poitou, Maine, and Tou- 
 raine, which were conquered by the king of 
 France, and after a disgraceful campaign 
 he retired to England, where the barons, 
 headed by Montfort, made war against him, 
 and took him prisoner at the hattle of 
 Lewes. The valour of his son Edward 
 again set him at liberty, at the battle of 
 Evesham, but Henry was not become wiser 
 by adNcrsity, and instead of devoting him- 
 self to the prudent and impartial govern- 
 ment of his people, he gave loose to every 
 base and intemperate pleasure ; and while 
 he could levy money to satisfy his favour- 
 ites and parasites, he permitted the pope to 
 plunder the clergy, and to impoverish the 
 kingdom. This worthless monarch, to 
 ■whose weakness indeed the people of Eng- 
 land may be said to owe the establishment 
 of their democratic government, died after 
 a long reign of 56 years, 15th Nov. 1272, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Henry IV. king of England, son of John 
 of Gaunt duke of Lancaster, the third son 
 of EdAvard III. ascended the throne after 
 the deposition of Richard II. 1399. This 
 usurpation excited the civil wars between 
 the two roses, or the houses of York and 
 Lancaster. Heury, after a useful, ra- 
 40 
 
 ther than a splendid reign, died 20tb 
 March, 1413, aged 46, and was succeeded 
 by his son. 
 
 Henry V. son and successor of Henry 
 IV. was remarkable in his youth for his de- 
 bauchery, and the wildness of his conduct. 
 Better reflection, however, produced the 
 happiest reformation, and when raised to 
 the throne, he bid adieu to the companions 
 of his licentious hours, and displayed the 
 great and virtuous monarch. He formed 
 the resolution of conquering France, and 
 after taking Harfleur, and ravaging Nor- 
 mandy, he fought the celebrated battle of 
 Agincourt, in which his 15,000 men ob- 
 tained the victory over 52,000 French men. 
 Three years after, he again visited France, 
 and every where proved victorious, so that 
 he was received at Paris as the future mas- 
 ter of the kingdom. He married Catharine 
 of France, and was declared heir to the 
 kingdom after the death of Charles VI. the 
 reigning monarch : but whilst these suc- 
 cesses promised stability and security to 
 his power, the sudden attack of a fistula, 
 at that time considered as incurable, proved 
 fatal. Henry died at Vincennes 31st 
 Auj^ust, 1422, aged 36, highly respected 
 for valour, prudence, benevolence, and the 
 regular observance of every religious and 
 moral duty. 
 
 Henry VI. son of Henry V. was only 10 
 months old when he succeeded his father 
 on the English throne. The death of his 
 grandfather, Charles VI., soon after left 
 him also the title of sovereign of France ; 
 but a rival arose in the duke of Orleans to 
 dispute his title under the name of Charles 
 VII. Though the young king was crowned 
 with every appearance of popularity at 
 Paris, and though his cause was ably sup- 
 ported by the valour of his uncle, the duke 
 of Bedford, yet the English affairs began to 
 decline at the appearance of Joan of Arc. 
 This famous heroine relieved Orleans, 
 which the English were besieging, and in- 
 spiring courage in her countrymen, and 
 superstitious terror in her enemies, she re- 
 covered, with astonishing rapidity, the vast 
 territories which had cost so much English 
 blood to acquire. The death of Bedford 
 hastened also the downfal of the English 
 power in France, and Henry, when come 
 to years of manhood, did not display those 
 powers of mind, and that decision of cha- 
 racter so necessary in times of da ger and 
 civil war. Though his wife, Margaret of 
 Anjou, possessed great talents, and even 
 the valour which distinguished the heroes 
 of those days, he was nevertheless unsuc- 
 cessful in the battles between the two roses. 
 He was taken prisoner and led about as a 
 captive ; but though he recovered his liber- 
 ty by the fall of Richard duke of York, his 
 opponent, it was only to be exposed to fresl^ 
 insults. The fallen duke's son, Edward. 
 
HExN 
 
 llKiN 
 
 kid cluiru to the crown, and had abilities 
 and troops to support those pretensions, 
 and after various battles he at last prevailed 
 in tiie fight ol" St. Alban's, and was pro- 
 claimed king. Henry, who had remained 
 a passive spectator of the ambition and of 
 the courage of his wife, and of the slaugh- 
 ter of his people, was sent to the tower, 
 where he was soon after murdered, as it 
 is supposed by the duke of Clloueester, after- 
 wards Kichard III. 1471. There was such 
 mildness and moderation in the character 
 of the unfortunate Henry, that in private 
 life he would have been a most amiable 
 man. 
 
 Henry VII. son of Edmund, carl of 
 Richmond, and of Margaret, of the house 
 of Lancaster, was enabled, by the assist- 
 ance of the duke of Brittany, and of Charles 
 VIII. of France, to invade England, and to 
 defeat the usurper, Richard III. The bat- 
 tle of Bosworth field, and the death of Ri- 
 chard, 14S5, left Henry in peaceful pos- 
 session of the throne. He was crowned 
 on the field of battle, and devoted himself 
 to improve and to protect those dominions 
 which his valour had acquired, and his pru- 
 dence merited. His tranquillity, however, 
 was disturbed by the arts of two impostors, 
 one of whom, Lambert Simnel, son of a 
 baker, assumed, at the instigation of the 
 lady Margaret, sister of Edward IV. the 
 title of Richard the duke of York, who had 
 been murdered in the tower by the duke of 
 Gloucester. The imposition for a while 
 succeeded, but Henry at last obtained pos- 
 session of the person of his ignoble rival, 
 whom in derision he made a scullion in his 
 kitchen. The other impostor was Perkin 
 Warbeck, the son of a Jew, who personated 
 young Edward V., and after he had for 
 some time alarmed the kingdom, he was 
 taken and executed at Tyburn. The reign 
 of Henry formed a new era in the English 
 history. The happiness of his people was 
 the guide of his conduct, and though he 
 loved money, it is certain that no monarch 
 ever contributed more to the establishment 
 of commerce, to the encouragement of in- 
 dustry, and to the protection of arts. He 
 had discovered how dangerous the over- 
 grown power of the nobles is to the mon- 
 arch, and to the people, and wise laws 
 therefore were enacted to curb their am- 
 bition, and to treat them as subjects and no 
 longer as petty sovereigns. This great 
 and good king died 22d April, 1509, 
 aged 52. He had married Elizabeth, the 
 daughter of Edward IV. and he thus uni- 
 ted the claims of the two rival houses, 
 ■which had so long deluged England in 
 blood. 
 
 Henry VIII. son and successor to Henry 
 VII. ascended the throne 1509, at the age 
 of IS. The salutary instructions which he 
 had imbibed under his father, for a while 
 
 Vol. II. 6 
 
 guided the young monarch, whose reign 
 was wise, popular, and useful. Arbitrary 
 in his conduct, and capricious in his opi- 
 nions, Henry .soon, however, showed him- 
 self a tyrant. He was pcr-iuadcd by the em- 
 peror Muxiniiliuii, ;uid by pope Julius II. 
 to make war agiiinst Fnincc, and his inva- 
 sion of that kingdom was attended with 
 success ; but pleu'surc, and not military 
 glory, was the ambition of the monarch, 
 and at the persuasion of his favourite, car- 
 dinal \V olsey, ho soon made peace to be 
 enabled to dissipate in licentious enjoy- 
 ments the money which he had acquired 
 by conquest and by treaty. When the re- 
 formation was begun in Germany by the 
 preaching of Luther, Henry, who was well 
 skilled in school divinity, defended the 
 papal power against the reformer, and with 
 such effect, that the pope in flattery called 
 him defender of the faith. His attachment 
 to Rome soon after vanished, when the 
 pope refused to grant him a divorce, and 
 empower him to marry Anne Boleyn, of 
 whom he was enamoured. Unable to pre- 
 vail with the pope to separate him from his 
 queen, with whom he had lived eighteen 
 years, but with whom he now scrupled to 
 cohabit because she had been his brother's 
 wife, he declared war against the church of 
 Rome. He not only proclaimed himself 
 head of the church, but he abolished all the 
 monasteries over the kingdom, and seized 
 the ecclesiastical funds, which were lavish- 
 ed wantonly on his favourites and parasites. 
 Thus married to Anne Bolejn, he soon 
 changed his aftections to another object, 
 and conducting the ill-fated queen to a 
 scaffold, he took for his third wife Jane 
 Seymour, who the next year died in child- 
 bed. His fourth wife was Anne of Cleves, 
 whom he divorced as he found her more 
 corpulent and less agreeable than he expect- 
 ed ; and for his fifth he took Catherine 
 Howard, who soon after expired on the 
 scaffold on a charge of adultery. He af- 
 terwards married Catherine Parr, widow of 
 lord Latimer, who survived him, and after 
 a reign of turbulence, violence, and oppres- 
 sion, he expired 2Sth January, 1517, aged 
 57. Though Henry was the unworthy in- 
 strument of the introduction of the refor- 
 mation into England, he must be detested 
 in his character as a capricious, unfeeling, 
 and licentious tyrant ; of whom it was 
 truly said, that he never spared a man in 
 his anger, nor a woman in his lust. During 
 his reign, Fisher, sir Thomas More, Crom- 
 well, and other illustrious characters were 
 sacrificed to the passions of the monarch, 
 and no minister could ever be either so vir- 
 tuous or so favoured as to escape the re- 
 sentment of a changeful despotic master. 
 Out of the dissolved monasteries Henry 
 founded six new bishoprics, Oxford, Peter- 
 borough, Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, an*^ 
 
 41 
 
HEN HEN 
 
 Westminster, Ibe last of which has since grammar-school. In 1748 he was inviteii 
 
 been iacorporatcd with that of London. to Carlisle by the presbyterians there, and 
 
 Henry, prince of Wales, eldest son of was ordained their minister, and after 12 
 
 James I. was a most promising and amia- years' residence among them, he removed 
 
 ble youth. He died 1612, aged 18, uni- to Berwick-on-Tweed, where he" married 
 
 Tersally lamented by the nation, who view- the daughter of Mr. Balderston, a surgeon, 
 
 ed in him their future friend and common In 1768 he was appointed minister of the 
 
 benefactor. Ncw-Gray-friars at Edinburgh ; and two 
 
 Henry, of Huntingdon, an ancient his- years after the degree of D.D. was ho- 
 
 torian, whose history of England to the nourably conferred upon him by the uni- 
 
 year 1154, was published by Saville, 1576. versity ; and in 1776 he became colleague 
 
 He was archdeacon of Huntingdon and minister in the old church, where he 
 
 canon of Lincoln, in the 12th century, and continued till his death, November, 1790. 
 
 Wrote besides a Latin treatise on the Con- Dr. Henry is author of a history of Eng- 
 
 tempt of the World, &c. land, on a new plan, which he first con- 
 
 Henry, Philip, an English noncon- ceived in 1763, but did not produce before 
 
 formist divine, called by some of his party, the public till 1771. He arranges his ma- 
 
 " the good and the heavenly," was born at terials under seven interesting heads, civil 
 
 W^hitehall, 1631, and educated at West- and military history, the history of reli- 
 
 minstcr school, under Busby. In 1643 he gion, the history of the constitution and 
 
 was admitted a student of Christ church, laws, the history of learning and learned 
 
 and after taking his master's degree he men, the history of arts, that of commerce, 
 
 went into Flintshire, as tutor to the sons money, &c. — and lastly, that of manners 
 
 of judge Puleston, where he was ordained and customs. This laborious work, of 
 
 according to the forms of the presbytery, which the second 4to. volume appeared in 
 
 and where he married the heiress of Dan. 1774, the third 1777, the fourth 1781, the 
 
 Matthews, of Broad-oak, Shropshire, and fifth 1785, and the sixth, which is posthu- 
 
 thus acquired independence and ease. At mous, 1793, has merited the public appro- 
 
 the restoration he refused to conform, and bation by the large editions which have 
 
 therefore was ejected. For the last twen- been printed in a 4to. and 8vo. form. The 
 
 ty-eight years of his life, he resided at Scotch critics indeed at first censured the 
 
 Broad-oak, and there behaved with great work, but the English regarded it with 
 
 moderation, benevolence, and in an exem- more propitious omens, and the author for 
 
 plary manner ; but still adhered to the dis- 1000/. conveyed his property in his vo- 
 
 senting principles by preaching to some lumes to Messrs. Cadell and Strahan, and 
 
 few in a barn. reflected with satisfaction that his history 
 
 Henry, Matthew, an eminent dissenting produced him altogether no less than 3300^ 
 
 divine, son of the above, was born 1662. Dr. Henry in his private character was an 
 
 He was carefully instructed under the amiable man, fond of society, and in his 
 
 watchful eye of his father, and early ini- clerical conduct he was exemplary and 
 
 tiated in classical literature ; but though he devout. 
 
 entered at Gray's inn, and there for some Henry, David, a respectable printer, 
 time studied the law with zeal and assi- born in December, 1710. He is particu- 
 duity, he had a strong predilection for di- larly known as the conductor of the gen- 
 vinity, and after his return into the country tleman's magazine for above fifty years, 
 began to preach. He was invited to a con- in the management of which he succeeded 
 gregation at Chester, where he was or- the original proprietor. Cave, whose sister 
 dained, and where he lived twenty-five he married 1736. Besides valuable corn- 
 years. He was afterwards prevailed upon munications to his magazine, he published 
 to remove to Hackney, near London. He a System of Husbandry, 1772 — an Account 
 died of an apoplectic fit at Nantwich, 1714, of the Voyages round the World, four vols, 
 and was buried in Trinity church, Chester. 8vo. 1774, and other smaller works. He 
 His great worth was ascertained by the died 5th June, 1792. 
 various funeral sermons which his death Henry, Patrick, governor of Virginia, 
 occasioned. As a writer his labours are was born 29th May, 1736, in Hanover 
 highly valued, as the author of some ser- county of that state. His education was 
 mons, and other theological pieces, and obtained at a common school, and he rose 
 practical divinity, but especially his Exposi- to distinction by the superiority of his en- 
 tions of the Bible, in 5 vols, folio, a valua- dowments. After spending some time in 
 ble and most excellent performance. agriculture and merchandise, he studied 
 
 Henry, Robert, a Scotch divine, born law, and soon rose to eminence in the pro- 
 February 18, 1718, at Muir-town, St. Ni- fession, rather by his resistless eloquence 
 nian's, where his father was a farmer, than the extent of his legal knowledge. 
 After being at the school of St. Ninian, In 1765 he was elected a member of the 
 and of Stirling, he completed his studies at house of burgesses, and by some resolu- 
 Edinburgh, and became master of Annan tions he introduced in reference to th« 
 42 
 
IIKK 
 
 IILK 
 
 slamp act, obtained the honour oi" being the 
 first in commencing the opposition to the 
 measures of the British government, which 
 terminated in the revolution. In 1774 he 
 ivas elected a member of the continental 
 congress, and again the following year, 
 and distinguished himself in those bodies 
 by his eloquence and zeal in the cause of 
 liberty. On the retreat of lord Dunmore 
 in 1776, he was appointed the first repub- 
 lican governor of Virginia, and was after- 
 wards repeatedly re-elected to the office. 
 In 178S he was chosen a member of the 
 convention of Virginia appointed to con- 
 sider the constitution of the United States, 
 and exerted himself strenuously to prevent 
 its being accepted. In 1795 he was nomi- 
 nated by Washington secretary of state, 
 and by Adams, in 1799, envoy to France, 
 but he declined the employments. His 
 death took place on the 6th June, 1799. 
 Governor Henry was plain in his person, 
 simple in his manners, and of amia- 
 ble dispositions. His knowledge seems 
 not to have been extensive either of law or 
 politics, but the powers of his understand- 
 ing and imagination were mastei'ly, and 
 the attractions of his eloquence irresisti- 
 ble. |C3^ L. 
 
 Henrt, John, governor of Maryland, 
 was one of the delegates from that state to 
 congress in 1778, and for several succeed- 
 ing years. In 1789 he was elected a sena- 
 tor of the United States. He was elected 
 governor in 1797, and died at Easton, De- 
 cember, 1798. i[CP L. 
 
 Heraclitus, a philosopher of Ephesus, 
 500 years B.C. called the mourner, from 
 his weeping at the follies of mankind. He 
 died aged 60. 
 
 Heraclius, son of Heraclius governor 
 of Africa, dethroned Phocas, and ascended 
 the throne of Constantinople, 610. He de- 
 feated Chosroes, the Persian king, who had 
 laid waste Palestine, and he recovered the 
 Cross, which he carried back to Jerusa- 
 lem on his shoulders. In his reign there 
 were severe theological disputes, and the 
 Saracens began their hostilities against the 
 Roman power in the east. He died 641, 
 and was succeeded by his sons Heraclius, 
 Constantine, and Heracleonas. Heraclius 
 was poisoned a few months after by his 
 mother-in-law Martina. 
 
 Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, dis- 
 graced himself by his licentiousness and 
 hypocrisy. He was greatly displeased with 
 Henry II. of England, because, in conse- 
 quence of his determination to do penance 
 for Becket's murder, he did not undertake 
 a crusade to Jerusalem. 
 
 Heraldus, Desiderius, or Herault, a 
 counsellor of the parliament of Paris, au- 
 thor of several learned work?, among which 
 were " Adversaria," 1599 ; besides notes 
 on Teitullian's Apology, on Minutius Fe- 
 
 lix, Arnobiu.«, Martial, Le. lie diod Jiitir, 
 1649. His soil was minister of the AVal- 
 loon chjirch in London, and fled during the 
 civil wars to France, as a royalist ; at the 
 restoration he obtained a canonry in Can- 
 terbury cathedral. He published some 
 sermons. 
 
 Heruelot, Bartholomew, a well-known 
 French orientalist, born at PariH, 1 Uh De- 
 cember, 16"25. He applied himself assidu- 
 ously to the oriental languages, especially 
 Hebrew, and after visiting Home and Italy 
 for eighteen months, he settled at Paris, 
 where he became interpreter for Eastern 
 languages. He again went to Rome in 
 1666, and was received every where with 
 uncommon respect, not only by the learned, 
 but by the duke of Tuscany, who liberally 
 entertained him in his palace, and present- 
 ed him with some valuable oriental manu- 
 scripts. The homage paid to his abilities 
 abroad, rendered him more respected at 
 home. Colbert recalled him to patronise 
 him, and he quitted Florence, to the great 
 regret of the duke. While in Italy, he 
 began his Bibliotheque Orientale, contain- 
 ing whatever related to the knowledge of 
 the Eastern world, and he completed it in 
 France. It was originally written in Arabic, 
 but he translated it into French. He died 
 8th December, 1695, before the printing 
 of his work was finished, which was not 
 indeed published before 1697, in a large 
 folio. This learned man, respectable in 
 the possession of all the virtues of private 
 life, wrote also a Turkish, Arabian, Per- 
 sian, and Latin dictionary, &c. which have 
 never been published. The best edition of 
 his Bibliotheque, is in six vols. Svo. Paris, 
 1782. 
 
 Herbert, Mary, sister of Sir Philip 
 Sidney, and countess of Pembroke, is 
 known as the translator of Annius, a tra- 
 gedy, from the French, in 12mo. 1595, and 
 of the Psalms of David. She died at her 
 house, Aldersgate-street, London, 25th 
 Sept. 1621 ; and this epitaph was placed 
 on her grave by the pen of Ben Jonson : 
 
 XJnderneatU this sable hearse 
 Lies the subject of all verse, 
 Sidney''s sister, Pembroke's mother. 
 Death ! e're thou killcst s^ich another, 
 Fair, and good, and learned as she, 
 Time shall throw a dart at thee. 
 
 Herbert, Edward, lord Herbert of 
 Cherbury, Shropshire, was born at Mont- 
 gomery castle, in Wales, 1581. He was 
 educated at University college, Oxford, and 
 after travelling abroad, he was made a 
 knight banneret, and counsellor to the 
 king, and was afterwards sent as ambassa- 
 dor to Lewis XIII. of France, to interfere 
 for the protestants of that kingdom. 
 Though for a while die^graced, in conse- 
 quence of a quaiTcl with De Luines, the 
 
 43 
 
II EH 
 
 II£R 
 
 Fycneh ministcv, he was restored to fa- 
 vour, and made an Irish peer in 1625, 
 and a peer of England, 1631. During 
 the civil wars he forgot the kindness 
 of his master, and sided with the par- 
 liament. He died at his house Queen- 
 street, London, 20th Aug. 1648, and was 
 bui'ied in St. Giles's church, in the fields. 
 He wrote various books, the best known of 
 which are, de ^ eritate, in which he sup- 
 ports the tenets of the deists, a work re- 
 futed by Gassendi — the History of the 
 Life and Reign of Henry Mil. a perform- 
 ance of merit — dc Religione Gentilium — 
 memoirs, kc. 
 
 Herbert, George, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Montgomery castle, 3d 
 April, 1593, and educated at Westminster 
 school, and Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 of which he became fellow. He was in 
 1619 chosen orator of the university, in 
 which office he continued eight years, and 
 when he was disappointed in court favours 
 lie took orders, and obtained a prebend in 
 Lincoln cathedral, and Bemerton rectory 
 in Wilts. He died about 1635, and left 
 behind him an excellent character, not only 
 as an excellent divine, but as an elegant 
 jioet. His poems, consisting of the Tem- 
 ple — Priest to the Temple, &c. were pub- 
 lished together in 12mo. and though now 
 little read, were once highly esteemed. 
 
 Herbert, William, earl of Pembroke, 
 was born at Wilton house, and educated at 
 New college, Oxford, and in 1601 succeed- 
 ed to his paternal titles and estates. He 
 was in 1626 elected chancellor of Oxford, 
 and made steward of the royal household, 
 and he died suddeidy four years after. His 
 poems were published in 8vo. 1660, 
 
 Herbert, Thomas, a native of York, 
 related to the Pembroke family. He was 
 educated at Jesus college, Oxford, from 
 which he removed to Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, and then went abroad. After four 
 years' absence he returned, and in 1634 
 published his interesting travels in Asia 
 and Africa, in folio. During the civil 
 wars he joined the parliament, but after- 
 wards deserted a cause which he began to 
 regard as violent and unconstitutional, 
 and he was reconciled to his royal master, 
 whom he attended in his captivity. He 
 was at the restoration created a baronet. 
 He died at York, 1st March, 1682. He 
 wrote besides Threnodia Carolina, or the 
 Historical Account of the two last Years 
 of the Life of Charles I. 8vo. Several of 
 his MSS. are preserved at Oxford, and at 
 York. 
 
 Herein, Augustus Francis Julian, an 
 oriental scholar, was born in France in 
 1783. He composed an Arabic grammar, 
 printed at Paris in 1803; also a treatise on 
 Ancient Music, and an accoimt of Hafiz, 
 44 
 
 the Persian poet, with specimens of his 
 works. He died in 1806.— If'. B. 
 
 Herbinius, John, a native of Bitchsen, 
 in Silesia, who was deputed by the protes- 
 tants of Poland to those of Germany. His 
 observations in his travels on cataracts and 
 water-falls, were published in 1678 in 4to. 
 called de Admirandis Mundi Cataractis, &c. 
 He wrote also Terrae Motus Examen — de 
 Statu Ecclesiarum Augustanae Confessionis 
 in Polonia, 4to. &c. He died 1676, aged 44. 
 
 Herder, John Gottfried, a German 
 writer, was born in Prussia in 1741. He 
 was educated for the church ; and in 1774 
 became first preacher to the court of Saxe 
 Weimar, ecclesiastical counsellor, and vice 
 president of the consistory. He died in 
 1803. His best works are— 1. Three 
 Fragments on the new German Literature. 
 
 2. On the Wntings of Thomas Abbt. 
 
 3. On the Origin of Language. After 
 gaining a reputation by these productions, 
 he published '* Outlines of a Philosophy of 
 the History of INIan," of which an English 
 translation appeared in 1800. Its obscu- 
 rity, however, is an antidote to its infidel 
 tendency. — W. B. 
 
 Hereras, Ferdinand de, a poet of Se- 
 ville, who published some elegant lyric and 
 heroic poetry, 1582. He wrote also in 
 prose the Life of Sir Thomas More — an 
 Account of the War in Cyprus — and the 
 Battle of Lepanto, &c. 
 
 Herissant, Lewis Anthony Prosper, 
 son of a printer, was born at Paris, and 
 died there lOth Aug. 1709, aged 24. He 
 was eminent as a poet, and as a physician, 
 and wrote I'Eloge de Gonthier d'Andernach 
 crowned by the faculty of medicine — 
 I'Eloge de Ducange — poem on Printing — 
 Bibliotheque physique de la France — Ca- 
 talogue raisonne des Plantes. 
 
 Heritier, Nicolas 1', a French poet, 
 nephew to du Vair keeper of the seals. He 
 became by purchase treasurer of the French 
 guards, and afterwards historiographer of 
 France. He wrote two tragedies, Hercule 
 Furieus, and Clovis, and other fugitive 
 pieces, and died 1680. 
 
 Heritier, Marie Jeanne 1', de Villan- 
 don, daughter of the preceding, was born 
 at Paris 1664. She was member of the 
 academy of Jeux Floraux, and of the Ri- 
 covrati at Padua, and deserved the distinc- 
 tion which she received for her genius and 
 abilities. Her works are both prose and 
 verse. She wrote la Tour Tenebreuse, a 
 tale — les Caprices du Destin, a novel — 
 I'Avare Puni, in verse, and other poems, 
 besides a translation of 16 of Ovid's 
 epistles. She died at Paris 1734. 
 
 Heritier de Brutelle, Charles 
 Lewis 1', a native of Paris, eminent for his 
 botanical knowledge. He published in 
 London the Flora of Peru, from the valua- 
 ble collection of plants, &c. brought from 
 
ni:ii 
 
 IIKK 
 
 Peru and Chili by Dombey, in 1731, and on 
 his return to Paris, he printed another 
 work called Flore de la Place Vendoine. 
 This learned and ingenious man was assas- 
 sinated on his return from the National 
 Institute at Paris, 10th Aug. 1801, and his 
 murderers were never discovered. He 
 was then 56 years old. He wrote besides 
 Stirpes Novai, folio 17S4 — Cornus Sistens, 
 folio 17S9 — Sertum Anglicum, ti.c. 
 
 Herlicius, David, a (jerman astrologer, 
 born 1557. He acquired celebrity and 
 money by his almanacs, and pretended 
 prophecies. 
 
 Herman, Paul, a botanist of Halle in 
 Saxony, who was physician to the Dutch 
 settlements at Ceylon, and afterwards be- 
 came botanical professor at Ley den, where 
 he died 1695. He wrote a catalogue of the 
 plants in the public garden of Leyden, 8vo. 
 — Cynosura Materiae medicae, 2 vols. 4to. 
 — Lugduno-Batavi Flores — Paradisus Ba- 
 tavus. — Museum Zeylanicum, 1717. 
 
 Hermann, James, a mathematician of 
 Basle. He was for three years mathema- 
 tical professor at Padua, and afterwards 
 assisted the Czar Peter in the establish- 
 ment of his academy, and then was ap- 
 pointed morality professor at Basle, where 
 he died 1733, aged 55. He wrote several 
 works on mathematics : — Responsio ad 
 Considerationes de Princip. Calculi Differ- 
 ent. — de Phoronomia — de Nova Accelera- 
 tionis Lege, &c. — Disquis. de Vibratio- 
 nibus Chordarum tensarum — Solutio Pro- 
 blematis de Trajeetor. cuvar. 
 
 Hermant, Godefroi, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, born at Beauvais 1617, and patro- 
 nised by the bishop of that see. He be- 
 came rector of the university of Paris 1646, 
 and died 1690. He possessed learning and 
 application. His works are chiefly on theo- 
 logical subjects, besides the live« of St. 
 Athanasius, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, &c. 
 
 Hermas, Pastor, or shepherd, one of the 
 fathers, supposed to have died at Rome, 81 
 A. D. and to be the person mentioned in 
 the epistle to the Romans. His " Shep- 
 herd," was translated into English by arch- 
 bishop Wake. 
 
 Hermes, Trismegistus, an Egyptian 
 priest, who instructed his countrymen in 
 hieroglyphics, &c. He flourished A. M. 
 2076. 
 
 Hermias, a heretic of Galatia in the se- 
 cond century. He considered the soul as 
 formed of fire and spirit, and asserted the 
 materiality of God, and the eternity of the 
 world. 
 
 Hermillt, Vaquette d', author of the 
 history of Majorca and Minorca, and of a 
 translation of Fen-ara's history of Spain, 
 and of father Feijo's Critical Theatre, was 
 a native of Amiens, and died at Paris 1778, 
 a^ed 71. 
 
 JjEji,Moe>E.NES, a rhetorician of Tarsus 
 
 in the second century, whose works aic 
 edited, Geneva, 1614, Hvo. 
 
 Hekmogknes, a heretic of Africa in the 
 second century. He was of the Stoic ,ert, 
 and regarded idea as the uiother of all the 
 elements. 
 
 Herod the Great, was born at Ascalon iti 
 Judaa, and made tetrarch or king by An- 
 thony. He died three years after"the birth 
 of our Saviour, aged 70. 
 
 Herod Antipas, son and successor of 
 the great Herod, repudiated his wife to mar- 
 ry Herodias, his brother Philip's wile, and 
 put John the Baptist to death. It was be- 
 fore him that our Saviour was made to ap- 
 pear by Pilate. 
 
 Herodian, a Greek historian, A.D. 247. 
 His History of Rome in eight books, was 
 elegantly translated by Poiitian. 
 
 Herodotus, a historian of Halicar- 
 nassus, called the father of histoi^. Ho 
 wrote an account, in nine books, of the 
 wars of Persia against Greece, till the reign 
 of Xerxes, and received the universal ap- 
 plause of the Greeks at the Olympic games. 
 He tiourished 444 B. C. The best edition 
 is Wesseling's 1763. 
 
 Herophilus, a physician of Chalce- 
 don, 570 B.C. He was an able anatomist, 
 and is said to have discovered the lacteal 
 vessels. 
 
 Herrera ToRDEsiLLAs, Antonio de, a 
 celebrated Spanish historian. He was at 
 first secretary to Vespasian Gonzaga, vice- 
 roy of Naples, and afterwards historiogra- 
 pher of India, with a pension, in which ho- 
 nourable ottice, he published his general 
 history of India, from 1492 to 1554, in 4 
 vols, folio. He died 1625, aged 60; and a 
 little before his death, he had been made by 
 Philip IV. secretary of state. His Indian 
 history is a most valuable performance, 
 very accurate, though the style is now and 
 then too inflated. He wrote also a His- 
 tory of Spain, three vols, folio, not equally- 
 esteemed. 
 
 Herring, Thomas, archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was born 1693, at Walsoken, Nor- 
 folk, where his father %vas rector. He was 
 educated at Wisbech school, and in I7l0, 
 entered at Jesus college, Cambridge. He 
 was elected fellow of CorpusChristi in 1716, 
 and became tutor there, and when in or- 
 ders, minister of Great Shelford, &;c. In 
 1722, he was made chaplain to Fleetwood, 
 bishop of Ely, and four years after, chosen 
 preacher at Lincoln's Inn, about which time 
 he took his degree of D.D. and was nomi- 
 nated chaplain to the king. In 1731, he was 
 made dean of Rochester, in 1737 conse- 
 crated bishop of Bangor, and in 1743, 
 translated to York. At the breaking out 
 of the rebellion, the archbishop exerteit 
 himself actively to rouse the people in his 
 county and around him to a sense of their 
 dutv, and by his eloquent appeal, procuretl 
 
 4r, 
 
HER 
 
 HER 
 
 a subscription of 40,000i. for the defence 
 of the country, which was immediately se- 
 conded by the kingdom. These high ser- 
 vices were rewarded by his elevation to the 
 see of Canterbury, on the death of Potter 
 1747. A violent fever in 1753, shattered 
 his constitution so much, that he afterwards 
 retired to the privacy of Croydon, Avhere 
 he saw none but his immediate friends. 
 He died after a languishing illness of four 
 years, 13th March, 1757, and was privately 
 buried in Croydon church, according to his 
 desire. Herring was as amiable in private 
 as he was respected in public life. He libe- 
 rally expended 6000/. in the repairs of 
 Lambeth and Croydon palaces and gardens, 
 and was a noble contribulor to several cha- 
 rities. In 1763, his sermons on public oc- 
 casions, were published, and a volume of 
 his letters has been presented to the world 
 by the Rev. Mr. Duncombe. 
 
 Hersciiel, Sir William, an eminent as- 
 tronomer, was born at Hanover, November 
 loth, 173S. He entered the Hanoverian 
 regiment of guards as a musician at the age 
 of 14, and about 1757 proceeded with a de- 
 tachment of the regiment to England, 
 where he employed himself for many years 
 as a performer and teacher of music. 
 About 1770, he commenced the study of 
 Astronomy, and on March 13th, 1781, dis- 
 covered the planet Georgium Sidus. He 
 soon after received a pension from his ma- 
 jesty which enabled him to give up his 
 professional engagements and devote his 
 attention exclusively to astronomical in- 
 vestigations. In 1787 he completed his 
 great telescope of forty feet, with which he 
 discovered in 1789 the sixth and seventh 
 satellites of Saturn. His discoveries were 
 communicated as they arose, to the Royal 
 Society, and form an important part in the 
 published transactions of that body from 
 1782 to 1818. He died August 23d, 1822, 
 in his 84th year. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Hersent, Charles, or Hersan, a French 
 olivine, kno%vn by his severe satire against 
 Richelieu, whom he accused in his book 
 called, "Optati Galli de cavendo Schis- 
 niate," of intentions of separating the Gal- 
 lican church, like the English, from the see 
 of Rome. The book was answered by 
 three or four writers at the suggestion of 
 the cardinal, but the writer escaped his 
 pursuit by flying to Rome, where he drew 
 the vengeance of the inquisition upon him, 
 by his opinions on the doctrine of grace. 
 He was excommunicated for contumacy, 
 and returned to France, where he died 
 1660. He wrote besides a paraphrase on 
 Solomon's Song, &c. 
 
 Hersey, Ezekiel, physician of Hingham, 
 Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1728, and at his death in 1770, 
 left a bequest to that institution, of 1000 
 pounds sterling for the establishment of a 
 46 
 
 professorship of anatomy and surgery. His 
 widow also presented the college the same 
 sum for that purpose. His brother Abner 
 Hersey, physician of Barnstable, likewise 
 bequeathed to that institution the sum of 
 500/. towards founding a professorship of 
 the theory and practice of physic. He also 
 gave 500/., the interest of which he directed 
 to be expended in the gratuitous distribu- 
 tion of religious books in the towns on 
 Cape Cod. ICHP L. 
 
 IIertzberg, Ewald Fredericbon, a na- 
 tive of Pomerania, raised by his abilities 
 to a high situation in the office of secretary 
 of foreign affairs at Berlin, and afterwards 
 employed as ambassador at Vienna. His 
 knowledge of political affairs was eminently 
 displayed in his essay on the Population of 
 the Marche of Brandenburgh, which was 
 in 1752, rewarded with the prize of the 
 Berlin academy of sciences, and in conse- 
 quence of his experience in diplomatic 
 affairs, and his deep acquaintance with the 
 interests of states, every paper of impor- 
 tance, and every memorial of communica- 
 tion with foreign powers was submitted to 
 his enlightened mind. He was thus raised 
 to the highest offices in the kingdom, and 
 ennobled. He died 1795, aged 70. 
 
 Hervet, James, an eminent divine, born 
 at Hardingstone, Northamptonshire, and 
 educated at Northampton grammar-school, 
 and Lincoln college, Oxford. In 1736, he 
 served the curacy of Weston Favel for his 
 father, and afterwards removed to Bidde- 
 ford, and in 1750, succeeded on his father's 
 death to the livings of W^eston and CoUing- 
 tree. In the discharge of his pastoral du- 
 ties, he was zealously active and vigilant, in 
 his conduct exemplary, and in his manners 
 pious, humane, and charitable. His heart 
 was so warmly actuated by benevolent mo- 
 tives, that he expressed a wish to die " even 
 with the world," and therefore his income 
 and the profits which he derived from his 
 popular and valuable publications were 
 carefully devoted to the comfort and sup- 
 port of the poor and wretched in his neigh- 
 bourhood. This good and benevolent cha- 
 racter, whose constitution was undermined 
 by a slow consumption, died on Christmas- 
 day 1758, aged 44. As a scholar, his 
 abilities were respectable, he was well 
 skilled in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and 
 in his compositions he aimed not so much 
 to be polished and sublime, as to be plain 
 and useful. His Meditations among the 
 Tombs, and Reflections in a Flower Gar- 
 den, were first published in 1746, and as 
 they were well received by the public, he 
 added another volume, andTheron and As- 
 pasio, or Dialogues and Letters on the 
 most important subjects, 3 vols. 8vo. ap- 
 peared 1755, a work strongly supporting 
 the doctrines of Calvin. — He wrote besides 
 sermons — Letters to J. Weslev — Letters 
 
IIES IICV 
 
 to lady Frances Shirley— an edition of author of a valuable Lexicon of Greek 
 Jenks' Meditationis, &c. His works have words, published 2 vols, folio, 1766. 
 been edited in 7 vols. 8vo. 1796, with his Uetzkr, Lewis, a (i«rinan socinian. 
 life prefixed. His translation of the Bibb; into (German, 
 
 Hervey, Augustus John, earl of Bristol, printed at Worms, in folio, 15'2'J, was sup- 
 was early engaged in the navy, and in 1744 pressed, and few copies can now be found, 
 married Miss Chudleigh, afterwaids better lie died 1540. 
 
 known as dutchess of Kingston. He was Hevelius, John, or Hevdke, a cele- 
 in 1747 made post captain, and served with brated astronomer, born at Dunizic 28th 
 credit in the Mediterranean. He was in Jan. IGII. As his parents wen; rc><pecta- 
 1763 groom of the royal bed-chamber, and ble in rank and fortune, he received a very 
 in 1771 was made a lord of the admiralty, liberal education, but his attention was 
 and three years after succeeded to his bro- paiticularly bestowed upon natural pliiloso- 
 ther's title and estates. In 1768 his wife phy, and under the care of Crugerus, his 
 had her marriage annulled in the Com- friend and preceptor, he made a most rapid 
 mons, but the proceedings were reversed progress in mathematics. He spent four 
 by the House of Lords 1775, and she was years in travelling over Holland, England, 
 declared guilty of bigamy. The earl died France, and Germany, and at his return 
 1779, and was succeeded by the bishop of home he was engaged in civil affairs, till 
 Derry his brother. Crugerus, who knew his abilities, prevailed 
 
 Herwart, or Hervart, John Frederic, upon him to devote himself fully to astro- 
 of Augsburg, chancellor of Bavaria, at the nomy, as a science by which he might ob- 
 beginning of the 17th century, was author tain distinction and fame. The more con- 
 of some curious and extravagant publica- veniently to pursue this study he built an 
 lions. He wrote Chronologia Nova et observatory at the top. of bis house, and as 
 Vera, two parts, 4to. 1622 and 26. — Admi- he had learned to work in wood and metals, 
 randa Ethicae Theologicae Mysteria Propa- he constructed his own mathematical in- 
 lata, de Antiquissima Veterum Nationum struments. His observations were first 
 Superstitione, qua Lapis Magnes pro Deo directed towards the moon, and, in 1647, 
 habitus, colebatur," &c. he published at Dantzic his Selenographia, 
 
 Heshusius, Tillemannus, a German di- sive Lunae Descriptio, &c. in which he gave 
 vine, born at Wesel, dutchy of Cleves, 1526. an accurate account of its appearance and 
 He taught theology in various parts of spots, and also of the phases of the other 
 Germany, but was every where disliked, planets. Flattered with the applause of 
 in consequence of his turbulent and rest- the learned on his labours, he continued 
 less spirit. He died 1588. He wrote his astronomical observations, and publish- 
 Commentaries on the Psalms — on Isaiah ed various tracts on the heavenly bodies. 
 — on St. Paul's epistles — a Treatise on In 1668 appeared his " Cometographia," a 
 Justification and the Lord's supper, &c. book which he made known in England by 
 
 Hesiod, a celebrated Greek poet of As- sending a copy of it to Hooke, of the Lon- 
 cra in Boeotia, wrote the Works and the don Royal Society. This literary inter- 
 Days, a poem on agriculture — Theogony, course, however, was not productive of 
 an interesting account of ancient mytholo- great service to science, but rather of abu- 
 gy — the shield of Hercules, a fragment, sive language, and while Hevilius asserted 
 He lived, according to the best account, in that distance and altitudes could be taken 
 Homer's age, B. C. 907. with plain sights nearer than a minute, 
 
 Hesse, William, prince of, was illus- Hooke denied it, and thus each defended, 
 trious for the patronage which he extended with unpardonable acrimony, his position, 
 to learning, and for the judgment and sue- and the goodness of his particular teles- 
 cess with which he cultivated literature, cope. In 1673 the first part of his " Ma- 
 He built an observatory at Cassel, and was china Coelestis" appeared, which, as it sup- 
 assisted in his observations on the heaven- ported his former assertions, was attacked 
 ly bodies by Juste Byrge and Christopher by Hooke with such virulence that, in 1679, 
 Rothman. He died 1597. His observa- Dr. Halley, at the request of the Royal So- 
 tions. were published at Leyden, 1618. ciety, examined the instruments of both 
 
 Hessels, John, or Hesselius, theologi- the disputants, and made a favourable re- 
 cal professor at Louvain, was born 1522. port of both, though later experiments have 
 He distinguished himself at the council of given the preference to Hooke. The sc- 
 Trent, by his eloquence and erudition, cond port of the Machina Coelestis was 
 and by a perfect knowledge of the works published in 1679, in which year he suffered 
 of Austin and Jerome. He died of an apo- a most irreparable loss by the destruction 
 plexy, 1566, and was buried in St. Peter's of his house, of his instruments, and astro- 
 church, Louvain, where he was a canon, nomical apparatus, &c. by fire. This learn- 
 He wrote various controversial works ed man died on his birth-day, 1687. To 
 against the protestants. the reputation of a great astronomer he ad- 
 
 Hestchius, a fframmarian of Alexandria, ded the character of an upright magistrate, 
 
 47 
 
HEW 
 
 llEV 
 
 as he was raised by the voice of his fellou- 
 citizens to the oflfice o{ burgomaster of 
 Dantzic, which he discharged with fidelity 
 and applause. Many of the letters which 
 he received from learned men, and also 
 from princes and potentates, were published 
 after his death, 16S2, all expressive of the 
 high respect in which he was held in the 
 republic of letters. 
 
 Hevin, Prudent, an able surgeon, author 
 of Pathologia Chirurgica, 2 vols, 8vo. — 
 Memoir on Strange Substances in the (Eso- 
 phagus, &,c. died at Paris, 1789, aged 74. 
 
 Hedrnius, John, a physician, born at 
 Utrecht, 1543. After studying in foreign 
 universities he became medical professor 
 at Leyden, where he died of the stone, 
 1601. He is said to have been the first 
 who lectured at Leyden on human bodies. 
 He published Hippocrates in Greek and 
 Latin, and wrote several works, the best 
 known of which is his treatise on the dis- 
 orders of the Head. His works were pub- 
 lished, folio, Leyden, 1658. His son Otto 
 became eminent as a medical man. 
 
 Heusch, William de, a landscape paint- 
 er of Utrecht, who studied under John 
 Both, at Rome, and died at the end of the 
 17th century. His nephew Jacob was 
 equally eminent, and died 1701, aged 44. 
 Another of the same family, of the name of 
 Abraham, was also eminent as a painter of 
 insects, flowers, and plants. 
 
 Heusinger, John Michael, a Saxon di- 
 vine, born at Sunderhausen, Thuringia, 
 Sept. 1690. He studied at Gotha, Halle, 
 and Jena, and, in 1715, he settled at Gies- 
 sen, where he took pupils. In 1722 he 
 went to Laubach, and, in 1730, was made 
 professor at Gotha, and, in 1738, he re- 
 moved to the same but more lucrative situ- 
 ation at Eisnach, where he married, and 
 where he died, March, 1751. He is emi- 
 nent for his piety, good temper, and sound 
 judgment; and of his learning the bestproofs 
 are, his valuable editions of some of the 
 classics, and various philological treatises. 
 HEtTsiNGER, James Frederic, nephew to 
 the preceding, was born 1719, at Usingen, 
 in Wetteravia, and educated at Gotha un- 
 der his uncle. After teaching philology for 
 some time at Jena, he removed, in 1750, 
 to Wolfenbuttel, as second master of the 
 school there, in which he succeeded as head 
 master, 1759. He supported the character 
 of an able preceptor, an acute critic, and a 
 polite scholar, and died 1778, well known 
 by some learned observations on the Ajax 
 and Electra of Sophocles, and other tracts. 
 Hewes, Joseph, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was a delegate from North Carolina to the 
 first continental congress which convened 
 at Philadelphia, and continued a member 
 until his death, which took place during 
 the session of that body, November lOth, 
 1779. He possessed a strong mind, and 
 4? 
 
 great decision of character, and devoted 
 himself with eminent zeal and industry to 
 the duties of his station until his health 
 sunk under his too intense application. His 
 private life was amiable, as his public services 
 were honourable and useful. ^dp" L. 
 
 Hewson, William, an able anatomist, 
 assistant, and alterwards partner, to Dr, 
 William Hunter. An unfortunate dispute 
 separated these able men, and Hewson 
 read anatomical lectures in his own house. 
 He died 1774, aged 35. He wrote Inqui- 
 ries into the Properties of the Blood, and 
 the Lymphatic System, two vols. 8vo. — 
 He maintained, also, for some tiuie, a lite- 
 rary dispute with Dr. Abraham Monro, 
 about the discovery of the Lymphatics in 
 the vessels of oviparous animals. 
 
 Hexham, John of, an English Benedic- 
 tine, whose historical works in the 12th 
 century possess great merit. 
 
 Hey, John, a learned divine, was born 
 in 1734, and educated at Catherine-hall, 
 Cambridge, from whence he removed in 
 1758 to a fellowship in Sidney college, 
 where he proceeded through all the degrees 
 to that of doctor in divinity, in 1780, when 
 he became the first professor of divinity on 
 the Norrisian foundation, which chair he 
 resigned in 1795. He was for many years 
 rector of Passenham, in Northamptonshire, 
 and of Calverton, in Buckinghamshire, but 
 resigned both, in 1814, to settle in London, 
 where he died in 1815. His works are, 1. 
 Redemption, a Seatonian prize poem. 2, 
 Lectures on Divinity, 4 vols. 8vo. 3. Seven 
 Sermons on several Occasions, 8vo. 4. Dis- 
 courses on the malevolent Sentiments, 8vo. 
 5. Observations on the Writings of St. 
 Paul.— W^ 5. 
 
 Heyden, John Van der, a landscape 
 painter, born at Gorcum, in Holland. He 
 died 1712, aged 75. His pieces, repre- 
 senting buildings, &c. are much admired. 
 
 Heylin, Peter, a native of Burford, Ox- 
 fordshire, born 29th November, 1600. He 
 was educated at Hart-hall, and afterwards 
 elected fellow of Magdalen college, where 
 he read lectures on cosmography. He 
 published, in 1621, his Microcosmus, or 
 description of the world, which became 
 very popular, and procured him great cele- 
 brity. In 1629 he was made chaplain to 
 the king, by the recommendation of Laud, 
 and of lord Danby, and, in 1631, he was 
 promoted to the rectory of Hemmingford, 
 a prebend of Westminster, and the living 
 of Houghton, Durham. In 1633 he took 
 his degree of D.D. and, in 1687, he was 
 made rector of Islip, Oxfordshire, which 
 the next year he exchanged for South- 
 W^ariiborough, Hants ; but, while he ex- 
 pected higher preferments, he found his 
 hopes shattered by the violence of civil war, 
 and he was, therefore, not only stripped of 
 his benefices and property, but declared a 
 delinquent by parliameTrt. He fled from 
 
IlEY 
 
 lilt' 
 
 tliC fufy of Lis persecutors, and concealed 
 himself for some time at Winchester, then 
 at Minster-Lovel, Oxfordshire, ajid after- 
 ivards at Abingdon, where he devoted him- 
 self to literature. At the restoration he 
 ■was reinstated in all his ecclesiastical ho- 
 nours, but uhilc he expected in higher dig- 
 nities the reward of his faithful services 
 iu lavour of royaltv, he sunk under a se- 
 vere disease, Sth May, 1662, and was bu- 
 ried in Westminster abbi^y. This able and 
 indefatigable writer, whom W^ood declares 
 to have been endowed with singular gifts, 
 of a sharp and pregnant wit, solid and clear 
 judgment, published, besides, a history of 
 the reformation in England — history of 
 the Presbyterians, folio — Life of archbi- 
 shop Laud, folio, iic. His description of 
 the world, from a small 8vo. origi.ially, 
 was swelled, in subsequent editions, under 
 the name of Cosmography, to a large folio. 
 Heywood, John, an English poet and 
 jester, born in London, and educated at 
 Oxford. He was one of the first who 
 wrote English plays, but the brilliancy of 
 his wit, and the liveliness of his disposition, 
 rendered him better known to his cotempo- 
 raries than the effusions of his pen. He 
 was particularly noticed by sir Thomas 
 More, and by Henry VIIL and he was 
 equally the favourite of queen Mary, whom 
 it is said he entertained and amused even 
 upon her death-bed. As he was a bigoted 
 papist, he lefl England on the accession of 
 Elizabeth, and retired to Mechlin, where 
 he died, 1565. Besides his plays, he wrote 
 500 epigrams, the Spider and Fly, a para- 
 ble, in 77 chapters, at the beginning of each 
 of which appears the figure of the author, 
 near a window hung with cobwebs, flies, 
 and spiders. He had two sons, the eldest 
 of whom was Ellis, fellow of All-Souls, 
 Oxford, 1457, and so perfect as an Italian 
 linguist, that he wrote a book called " II 
 Moro." He became a Jesuit at Louvain, 
 where he died 1572. 
 
 Heywood, Jasper, youngest son of John, 
 was born in London, 1535, and educated 
 at Merton-college, Oxford, of which he was 
 fellow, and from which he was expelled for 
 immorality, 1558. He was next fellow of 
 All-Souls, but soon after left England, and, 
 in 1562, became a Jesuit, at Rome. He 
 was provincial of the Jesuits in England, 
 and died at Naples, 1597. He wrote, be- 
 sides three tragedies of Seneca translated, 
 various poems — and the " Paradise of 
 Dainty Devices," 1573, 4to. 
 
 Heywood, Thomas, an actor and writer 
 of plays, under Elizabeth and her two suc- 
 cessors. Out of the 220 plays which it is 
 said he wrote, only 24 remain, but of no 
 great reputation. The time of his death is 
 unknown. He was a good linguist, if wo 
 arc to judge from his translations from Lu- 
 cian, Erasmus, &c. 
 
 Vol. n. 7 
 
 Hetwood, Oliver, a native of Bolton, 
 Lancashire, educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. Ho was ejected, 'in 1662, 
 from his living of Coley, Yorkshire, for non- 
 conformity, and he afterwards continued 
 to preach privately, for which he was ex- 
 communicated, lie died 1702, ageil 73. 
 He wrote Heart's Treasure, 12mo. 1(107 — 
 Closet Prayer, 12mo. — Mcetncss for Hea- 
 ven — Life of Angier, Svo. 4ic. 
 
 Heywood, Eliza, a voluminous female 
 writer, born in London. Her abilities were 
 displayed in novel-writing, but her " Court 
 of Arimania" and " New Utopia" do not 
 show her in a favourable light as a moralist, 
 and in consequence of the licentious ten- 
 dency of her works, though some say from 
 personal motives. Pope gave her a distin- 
 guished place in the Dunciad. Her other 
 works were more in favour of virtue, and 
 deserve commendation, especially the Fe- 
 male Spectator, 4 vols. — Epistle for the 
 Ladies, 2 vols. — Betsey Thoughtless, 4 vols. 
 — Husband and wife, &c. She attempted 
 dramatic poetry, but without success, and 
 her appearance on the stage was equally 
 unfavourable. Though thus licentious in 
 some of her writings, she has never been 
 accused of immorality in her conduct, but 
 she is described as modest, affable, and 
 virtuous, and of a very lively disposition, 
 and unusual gayety of spirits. 
 
 Heywood, Nathaniel, a native of Bol- 
 ton, Lancashire, deprived of his living for 
 nonconformity in 1662. He published 
 some sermons, and died 1677. 
 
 Hiacoomes, the first Indian convert to 
 Christianity in New-England, and minis- 
 ter at Martha's Vineyard, embraced the 
 truth of the gospel under the instruction of 
 the Rev. Thomas Mayhew, and soon learn- 
 ing to read, began in 1645 to preach. In 
 1770 he was ordained pastor of an Indian 
 church on that island, and continued to la- 
 bour with exemplary piety and encouraging 
 success till his death about the year 1790. 
 
 !Cr- L. 
 
 Hicetas, a philosopher of Syracuse, 340 
 B.C. He supposed that the sun and the 
 stars were fixed, and he gave to the earth 
 a circular motion. 
 
 HicKES, George, an eminent English 
 divine, born 20th June, 1642, at Newsham, 
 Yorkshire, and educated at North AUerton 
 school, and in 1659 admitted at St. John's 
 college, Oxford. He afterwards removed 
 to Magdalen college, and Magdalen hall, 
 and in 1664 was chosen fellow of Lincoln 
 college, where he became an able and ac- 
 tive tutor for seven years. In 1673 he ac- 
 companied his friend and pupil, Sir George 
 ^Vheelcr on his travels, but left him in 
 France, as he was obliged to return to Ox- 
 ford to take his degree of B.D. At Paris 
 he became acquainted with Henry Justell 
 a man of consequence and information; 
 
 49 
 
HIC 
 
 m^ 
 
 ■jvlio intrusted him with some MSS. to pre- 
 sent to the university of Oxford. In 1676 
 he was made chaplain to the duke of 
 Lauderdale, whom he accompanied the 
 next year to Scotland, where his grace was 
 high commissioner for the king. He was 
 honoured, at the request of Dr. Sharp, 
 archbishop of St. Andrew's, with the de- 
 gree of D.D. from that university, which 
 was confirmed at Oxford in Dec. 1679. 
 After obtaining various pieces of prefer- 
 ment, he was made dean of Worcester 
 1683, and the next year the vacant bishop- 
 ric of Bristol was marked for him, but the 
 king's deatli prevented his elevation, as his 
 zeal against popery was far from recom- 
 mending him to the favour of the succes- 
 sor on the throne, James II. He after- 
 wards accepted from the bishop of Wor- 
 cester the rectory of All-church near that 
 city, but at the revolution he was ejected 
 from all his ecclesiastical honours, as he 
 refused to take the oaths of allegiance. 
 When Talbot, afterwards bishop of Oxford 
 and of Durham, was nominated in the 
 gazette, dean in his room, he boldly claim- 
 ed his right, and affixed a paper to that 
 purpose on the entrance into the choir of 
 the cathedral. This step of course ex- 
 posed him to the resentment of govern- 
 ment, and therefore to avoid persecution 
 he left the kuigdom, till some years after, 
 in 1699, the chancellor, lord Somers, out 
 of respect for his great abilities obtained 
 an act of council to stop all proceedings 
 against him. After his deprivation, Hickes 
 was sent by his fellow-sufferers to James 
 into France, and in 1694 he was on his re- 
 turn, witb the approbation of the exiled 
 monarch, consecrated suffragan bishop of 
 Thetford, by the bishops of Norwich, Ely, 
 and Peterborough. Though some have 
 accused him of a wish to take the oaths of 
 allegiance, to preserve his preferments, his 
 known integrity and undaunted firmness 
 forbid the belief of it. After being grie- 
 vously afflicted with the stone, he died 
 15th Dec. 1715, in his 74th year. Dr. 
 Hickes was a man of very extensive eru- 
 dition, well acquainted wil^ the fathers, 
 and with the doctrines of the primitive 
 church, but it is to be lamtu •! that his 
 great powers were engaged chiefly only in 
 controversial pamphlets, which are forgot- 
 ten as soon as read. His principal works 
 are on the old northern languages, and 
 their antiquities, besides some sermons 
 and treatises, &c. amounting to 26 in num- 
 ber. 
 
 Hickes, John, brother to the preceding, 
 was ejected from the living of Stoke in 
 Devonshire 1662, for refusing to take the 
 oaths. He joined in 1685, the duke of 
 Monmouth's rebellion, and for this disloyal 
 act he was seized and executed. 
 
 Hickman, Henry, fellow of Magdalen 
 50 
 
 college, Oxford, was ejected in 1662, for 
 nonconformity. He died about 1688, 
 minister of the English congregation at 
 Leyden in Holland. Besides other works 
 he attacked Heylin's quinquarticular his- 
 tory, &c. 
 
 HiERO I. king of Syracuse, after Gelon 
 his brother, B.C. 478. He is immortalized 
 by the pen of Pindar for his victories at the 
 Olympic games. 
 
 HiERO II. king of Syracuse, B.C. 268, 
 was the enemy, but afterwards the friend, 
 of the Romans. 
 
 HiEROCLES, an enemy and persecutor of 
 the Christians in the fourth century. He 
 not only exercised cruelty, but wrote some 
 books against the Christians, mentioned by 
 Lactantius and Eusebius. 
 
 HiEROCLES, a platonic philosopher of 
 Alexandria in the 5th century, author of 
 seven books on Providence, &c. 
 
 HiFFERMAN, Paul, an author, born in 
 the county of Dublin 1719, and educated 
 for a popish priest at Dublin and in France. 
 He however preferred the study of physic, 
 and for some time practised in Dublin, but 
 his indolence was such that he relinquished 
 the profession for the laborious life of an 
 author, and came to London 1753. He 
 recommended himself by some of his 
 pieces to the learned and witty of the times, 
 and by the effusions of his pen and the 
 contributions of his friends, he contrived to 
 live. Though acquainted with Foote, Grar- 
 rick, Goldsmith, Murphy, Bickerstaff, and 
 others, he yet seldom appeared decently 
 respectable. His resources indeed were 
 not always very honourable, and so great 
 were his eccentricities, that he never would 
 mention where his lodgings were. He 
 died June, 1777, and it was then discovered 
 that he lodged in one of the obscure courts 
 near St. Martin's lane. Dr. Hifferman, as 
 he was called, wrote the " Ticklers," a set 
 of political papers in Dublin 1750 — "the 
 Tuner," another political paper, London 
 1753 — Miscellanies in pros" and verse — 
 the earl of Warwick, a tragedy from La 
 Harpe — and other trifles neither elegant 
 nor popular. 
 
 lIiGDEN, Ralph, an early English chroni- 
 cler, who died 1363. He is author of 
 Radulphi Higdeni Polychronici Libri VIII. 
 &c. the best edition of which is that of 
 1642. It extends from Adam to 1357, 
 and though only the last is original, the 
 whole is respectably written and often 
 quoted. 
 
 HiGGiNS, or HiGiNS, John, an English 
 divine educated at Oxford, and engaged in 
 the instruction of youth at Wiiisham and 
 Ilminster in Somersetshire. He published 
 " Flosculi of Terence" — Holcot's diction- 
 ary — and other school-books, besides con- 
 troversial tracts concerning Christ's de- 
 scent into Hell, and an edition in 1587, of 
 
IIIU 
 
 mii 
 
 ilic Mirror lor Magistrates. He ilicU it in 
 supposed after 1604. 
 
 HiGGONS, Sir Thomas, an English wri- 
 ter, born at Westbur<2;h, Shropshire, where 
 his father was rector, und admitted at St. 
 Alban's hall, Oxford, where however he 
 took no degree. He married the much de- 
 fained widow of Robert earl of Essex, at 
 whose funeral he pronounced an oration 
 1656, afterwards published. He next mar- 
 ried the sister of John Grcrnvill earl of 
 Balii, and in 1658 and lu61 was member 
 for Malmsbury and Windsor, and such 
 were his services to the crown considered, 
 ihat he received a pension of 500/, a year, 
 besides handsome presents and the honour 
 of knighthood. In 1669 he was sent as 
 envoy to invest the duke of Saxony with 
 ihe order of the garter, and four years 
 after he was ambassador to Vienna where 
 he remained three years. He died of an 
 apoplexy in the court of King's Bench, 
 where he was summoned as a witness, 24th 
 Nov. 1691, and was buried in Winchester 
 cathedral near his first wife. He wrote a 
 panegyric to the king 1660 — the History of 
 Isoof Bassa 1684 — the Venetian triumph 
 translated into English, besides his oration 
 on his wife, which did as much honour to 
 his sensibility, his affection, and the good- 
 ness of his heart, as it rescued from in- 
 famy, the character of an injured and inno- 
 cent wife. That oration was seen and 
 highly approved by Mr. Granger. 
 
 HiGGONS, Bevil, younger son of the pre- 
 ceding by his second wife, entered 1686 at 
 the age of 16 at St. John's college, Oxford, 
 and afterwards removed to Cambridge, and 
 then to the Middle Temple. He wrote 
 the Generous Conqueror, or the Timely 
 Discovery, a tragedy, acted at Drury-lane, 
 and published 1702 — a poem on the Peace 
 of Utrecht. — Remarks on Burnet's History 
 of his own Times — a View of English 
 History, with reflections political, &,c. to 
 the revolution of 1688. He was a firm 
 adherent to the house of Stuart, and he ac- 
 t^ompanied James II. in his exile, and died 
 in France J 735. 
 
 HiGHMORE, Joseph, an eminent painter, 
 born 13th June, 1692 in the parish of St. 
 James, Garlirk-hithe, London. He early 
 showed a strong inclination for painting, 
 but his father bound him as clerk to an at- 
 torney, and for a while he was withdrawn 
 from his favourite pursuits. Nature how- 
 ever prevailed over parental authority, and 
 young Ilighmore, guided by his own ge- 
 nius and instructed by such rules as he 
 found in books, gradually distinguished 
 himself, and became a professed artist in 
 1715 at the expiration of his clerkship. 
 In 1716 he married the daughter of Mr. 
 Hiller, and as his reputation increased, he 
 removed from the city in 1724 to a house in 
 
 His engagements now 
 
 Lincoln's inn fields. 
 
 grew upon hmi ; he was employed in drjiw- 
 ing the knights of th<; Bath, on the revival 
 of the order, and ufierwards h(; painted the 
 portrait of the duke of Cumberland, and 
 some time after of the prince and princess 
 of Wales, and of the chief nobility. In 
 1732 he visited Holland, and examined the 
 valuable picture gallery of Dusscldorfl', and 
 in 1734 he made another excursion to Paris, 
 where he saw, by the favour of cardinal 
 de Polignac, the famous groupe of the court 
 of Lycomedes, which was afterwards de- 
 stroyed by the Russians at Cliarlottenburgh 
 in Prussia. In 1744 he painted a set of 
 paintings on the history of Pamela, just 
 published, and thus became acquainted with 
 the excellent author Samuel Richardson. 
 In 1753, at the institution of the academy 
 of painting, he was appointed one of the 
 professors, and he deserved the honour 
 not only as an artist, but as an elegant wri- 
 ter. He published " an Examination of 
 Reubens' two paintings in the banqueting 
 house," in 4to — Practice of Perspective on 
 the principles of Dr. Brook Taylor, &.c. 
 1763, — essays moral, religious, &c. with a 
 translation of Browne's Latin poem on the 
 immortaiiy of the soul, 1766, 12mo — Ob- 
 servations on Dod well's Christianity not 
 founded on argument, &c. His paintings 
 during a practice of 46 years are nume- 
 rous, the best known of which are Hagar 
 and Ishmael, now in the Foundling Hos- 
 pital, the good Samaritan, the finding of 
 Moses, the Harlowe family from Clarissa, 
 the Graces unveiling Nature, on memory 
 from Reubens, &c. On the marriage of 
 his daughter in 1761 to Mr. Duncombe he 
 retired from business, and after selling his 
 collection of pictures, he went to settle 
 with his son-in-law at Canterbury. Here 
 he spent his life in ease and literary em- 
 ployments, and often contributed to the 
 Gentleman's Magazine. An even tem- 
 per, and a most benevolent disposition lent 
 their aid to support a constitution natu- 
 rally strong and vigorous, and he lived to 
 his S8th year. He decayed gradually, and 
 as if falling asleep gently expired 3d March, 
 1780. He was buried in the south aisle of 
 Canterbury cathedral. Besides his daugh- 
 ter, he had one only son, Antony, of his 
 own profession. 
 
 HiGHMORE, Nathaiiacl, an eminent ana- 
 tomist, born at Fording-bridge, Hants. He 
 is the first Englishman who wrote a sys- 
 tematica! treatise on the structure of the 
 human body, and he was indefatigable in 
 the pursuit and improvement of anatomical 
 science. He died 21st March, 1684, aged 
 71. His works are " Corporis Humani 
 Disquisitio Anatomica," folio, lOol — the 
 History of Generation — de Passione Hys- 
 terica, 8vo. loGO, 
 
 HiLARiON, a native of Gaza, who after 
 seeing the auchorite of St. Anlhonv in 
 
PIIL 
 
 HIL 
 
 Egypt, laid the foundation of a similar order 
 of monastic life in Palestine. He died in 
 Cyprus 371, aged SO. 
 
 HiLARius, a Romish saint, bishop of 
 Aries. He died 449, aged 48. He wrote 
 Homilies — the life of St. Honoratus, his 
 predecessor in the see of Aries, and other 
 smaller works. 
 
 HiLARiusE, Joseph, a native of Enzes- 
 field, educated among the Jesuits, and made 
 teacher of grammar and rhetoric at Vienna, 
 ivhere he was appointed pra;fectus rei num- 
 maria;. He renounced the order of the 
 Jesuits 1770, and became director of the 
 imperial cabinet of medals, &c. and dean 
 of philosophy. As a medalist and antiqua- 
 rian he was particularly eminent. He died 
 1798, aged 61. 
 
 Hilary, St. a native of Poictiers in 
 France, who was late in life converted to 
 Christianity, and was in 355 made bishop 
 of his native town. He ably defended 
 Athanasius at the council of Beziers against 
 Saturninus, and for his zeal was banished 
 by the emperor Constantius into Phrygia. 
 He died 367. His works have been edited 
 Paris, 1693. 
 
 HiLDEBERT, bishop of Mans, and then 
 archbishop of Tours, was born at Lavardin. 
 Though according to Bayle, he is accused 
 by Yvo, bishop of Chartres, with licentious- 
 ness and intemperance before he was ad- 
 mitted into the church, yet he became one 
 of its brightest ornaments for piety, learn- 
 ing, and holiness. He was very severe 
 against the vices and the corruptions of the 
 court of Rome, in a letter which he pub- 
 lished in lively, elegant, and animated lan- 
 guage. He also wrote a Description of 
 Home in Latin verse. He died before the 
 middle of the 12th century. 
 
 HiLDESLET, Mark, an English bishop, 
 born at Marston, Kent, 1699, and educated 
 at the Charter house, London, and Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became 
 fellow, 1723. In 1731 he obtained the 
 college living of Hitchin, and four years 
 after that of Holwell in Bedfordshire, 
 where he zealously devoted himself to the 
 spiritual care and instruction of his parish- 
 ioners. On the death of that amiable pre- 
 late Dr. Wilson, bishop of Sodor and Man, 
 the duke of Athol fixed upon Hildesley as 
 a successor, and for piety, goodness, and 
 exemplary morals, a better choice could not 
 be made. The new prelate took leave of 
 his Hitchin congregation with aflfectionate 
 tenderness, and when he revisited them 
 afterwards with friendly humility, he was 
 greeted with respect and homage by crowd- 
 ed multitudes. In his diocess he was ena- 
 bled to see the completion of his worthy 
 predecessor's translation of the Bible into 
 the Manx language, in 1755. He died of a 
 paralytic stroke, Dec. 7th, 1772, and was 
 buried near bishop Wilsoiis 
 
 Hill, Joseph, an English divine, born ai 
 I/eeds, 1624, and educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, and Magdalen, of which 
 he became a fellow. As he was strongly 
 attached to the doctrines of the puritans, 
 he was ejected at the restoration for non- 
 conformity, and went over to Holland. He 
 was in 1667 pastor of the English church 
 at Middleburg, and at last settled at Rot- 
 terdam, where he died 1707. He is chiefly 
 known for his edition of Scnri v tius's 
 Greek Lexicon improved with SOOO new 
 words, 1676. He wrote also dissertations 
 on the antiquity of temples and churches. 
 
 Hill, William, an English scholar, fel- 
 low of Merton college, Oxford, and after- 
 wards master of a school in Dublin, where 
 he died 1667. He prepared an edition of 
 Dionysius Periegetis, with learned and cri- 
 tical annotations, which was published 
 1688, in London. 
 
 Hill, Aaron, a poet, born 10th Feb. 
 1685, in Beaufort buildings, London, of a 
 respectable Wiltshire family. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster school, but the ruin 
 of his father by mismanagement, left him 
 in 1669 in distressful circumstances, but 
 the next year he determined to go to Con- 
 stantinople, to see his relation lord Paget 
 the English ambassador there. The visit 
 was not unwelcome to lord Paget; by his 
 friendship young Hill was enabled to tra- 
 vel over Egypt and part of the east, and on 
 his return to England with him he was pre- 
 sented to many of the courts on the conti- 
 nent. Some time after he accompanied 
 Sir William Wentworth in the tour of Eu^ 
 rope, and was absent for 3 years. On his 
 return he claimed the public notice by the 
 publication of his " Camillus," a poem on 
 lord Peterborough the general in Spain ; 
 and about that time, 1709, being made ma- 
 nager of Drury-lane theatre, he wrote his 
 first tragedy, " Elfrid, or the Fair Incon- 
 stant," finished at the request of Booth in 
 little more than a week. In 1710 he was 
 master of the Opera house. Hay-market, 
 and wrote the opera of " Rinaldo," the first 
 piece set to music by Handel in England. 
 A quarrel, however, with the lord cham- 
 berlain, put a speedy end to his theatrical 
 career, and in 1716, as appears from his 
 letter preserved in the Harleian MSS. he 
 undertook to extract from the beech nut, 
 an oil as sweet as that of olives ; but 
 though he obtained a patent, and promised 
 an annual million to the nation, his pros- 
 pects vanished, and his hopes were disap- 
 pointed. He therefore again wrote for the 
 stage " the Fatal Vision, or the Fall of 
 Siam," and in 1718 published "the Northern 
 Star" a poem on the Czar Peter, which was 
 some time after handsomely rewarded with 
 a gold medal from the empress Catharine. 
 In 1728 he engaged in a contract to supply 
 the navy with timber from Scotland, but h'.« 
 
I III. 
 
 mh 
 
 schemes, like the former, proved abortive, 
 and after travelling into the north of Scot- 
 land, he retired to York, where he publish- 
 ed ** the Progress of Wit," against Pope's 
 Dunciad. In 1731 he had the mislortunc 
 to lose his wife, after a happy union of 20 
 years, and the birth of nine cliildren. He 
 survived her till 1750, and expired 8th Feb. 
 in the very minute, it is said, of the earth- 
 quake, and was interred in VNestminster 
 abbey by the side of bis beloved wife. Four 
 volumes of his poems have appeared since 
 his death, in which is Merope, a tragedy 
 borrowed from V oltaire, and introduced at 
 Drury-lane, by Garrick. Though possessed 
 of good natural talents, he never rose to 
 great celebrity as a writer. His thoughts 
 were always expressed with afl'ectation, and 
 by attempting too much, he never effected 
 any thing with complete success. He is 
 now known as a writer cotemporary with 
 Pope, but his poetical effusions have sunk 
 into oblivion. 
 
 Hill, Sir John, an indefatigable English 
 •writer, born 1716, son of a clergyman at 
 Spalding or Peterborough. He was bred 
 an apothecary, and for some time practised 
 in St. Martins' lane, Westminster, but an 
 early marriage accompanied with no for- 
 tune obliged him to apply to other resources 
 besides the medical profession. As he 
 knew something of botany, he turned his 
 thoughts to that science, but though patro- 
 nised by the duke of Richmond and lord 
 Petre, he found the success of his project 
 inadequate to his expectations, and indeed 
 to his indefatigable exertions. He next 
 applied to the stage, but after some exhibi- 
 tions at the Hay-market and Co vent-gar- 
 den, he was convinced that nature had not 
 formed him for a theatrical hero. By the 
 friendship of Folkes, and Baker, respecta- 
 ble members of the Royal Society, he was 
 introduced to the notice of literary men, 
 and in 1746 he published by subscription a 
 translation of Theophrastus's treatise " on 
 gems," which increased his fame, his friends, 
 and his resources. Flushed with his lite- 
 rary labours, he began to compile a general 
 natural history in 3 vols, folio, ami next 
 undertook with G. L. Scott, a supplement 
 to Chambers's Dictionary. Besides these, 
 his attention was engaged in the publica- 
 tion of the " British Magazine," and of 
 " the Inspector," a periodical pamphlet, 
 ■which he rendered palatable to the public 
 by the little anecdotes, the private scandal, 
 and the public intrigues, with which his 
 attendance at different places of general 
 amusement made him acquainted. Success 
 now rendered him vain, and with the di- 
 ploma degree of M.D. from the university 
 of St. Andrews, he assumed the character, 
 the language, the dress, and the equipage 
 of a man of fashion. As his publications 
 nere numerous, he acquired a large and 
 
 regular income, but the freedom with whick 
 he treated public and private ebaracters 
 often exposed him to personal violence, so 
 that in one instance he was caned at Kane- 
 lagh by an Irish gentleman who considered 
 himself as ridiculed by him. Thus by de- 
 grees he exposed himself to the contempt 
 of the world, and by u paper war with 
 Woodward, with Fielding, and others, he 
 rendered himself obnoxious to the malevo- 
 K nee of all, and sunk in the general esti- 
 mation. From a writer he became an em- 
 pyric, and by the preparation of the essence 
 of water-dock ; of tincture of valerian ; of 
 the pectoral balsam of honey, and other 
 simple medicines, he again procured a 
 comfortable income. The patronage of the 
 earl of Bute also was extended to him, and 
 with his approbation he undertook that 
 pompous and voluminous work, called " a 
 System of Botany," and by presenting a 
 copy of it and of some of his other works 
 to the king of Sweden, he was in return 
 invested with one of the orders of knjoht- 
 hood, and assumed the title of Sir John. 
 This extraordinary character died Nov. 
 1775, of the gout in his stomach. He pos- 
 sessed great natural talents, but the rapi- 
 dity with which he wrote, and the wish of 
 obtaining popularity, prevented that elegant 
 polish, and highly finished diction, which 
 entitle the labours of genius and perseve- 
 rance to more than temporary fame. It is 
 said, though scarcely credible, that from the 
 variety of subjects which his prolific pen 
 treated, he gained an income of 1500/. a 
 year, an enormous sum for compositions 
 which were mostly compilations, and de- 
 pended chiefly on the fashions, the preju- 
 dices, or the frailties of the times. His no- 
 vels, as filled with persona! abuse on the 
 well-known characters of those times, pos- 
 sess little merit ; his three dramatic pieces, 
 Orpheus, the Critical Minute, and the 
 Route, rise not above mediocrity, but his 
 " Essays," and some of his philosophical 
 treatises, are entitled to greater praise. By 
 his dispute with Garrick he drew upon him- 
 self the severe reflections of that keen sati-^ 
 rist, and of other poets. In an epigram 
 Garrick says of him, 
 
 For physic and farces his equal there scarce is, 
 His farces are physic, his physic a farce w. 
 
 Hill, Robert, an extraordinary charac- 
 ter, born nth Jan. 1699, at Miswell near 
 Tring, Herts, by profession a tailor and stay- 
 maker. In the midst of his obscurity and 
 poverty, he aspired after fame, and by great 
 labour and perseverance, he made himself a 
 perfect master of several languages by books 
 only. He became known to the public by 
 means of Mr. Spence, who in 1757, pub- 
 lished a comparison between him and Mag- 
 liabecchi, and endeavoured to raise a sub- 
 scription in bis favour. He was serer* 
 
 53 
 
iilN 
 
 HIR 
 
 years in acquiring a knowledge of Latin, 
 and 14 in learning Greek, but he made 
 himself master of Hebrew in a little time. 
 He wrote Remarks on Berkeley's Essay on 
 Spirit — the Character of a Jew — a Criti- 
 cism on Job. He died after a continement 
 of 18 months to his bed, July, 1777, at 
 Buckingham. 
 
 Hill, Thomas Ford, an English anti- 
 quary and philologist, who died 1795. 
 
 Hill, George, a learned ui\ine of the 
 church of Scotland, was born at St. An- 
 drews, in 1749. He was educated at the 
 university of his native place, where he 
 first obtained the Greek professorship in 
 the college of St. Salvador, and afterwards 
 that of divinity. He next became princi- 
 pal of St. Mary's-college, chaplain to the 
 king foi Scotland, and fellow of the Royal 
 Society of Edinburgh. Dr. Hill died in 
 1820. He published — 1. A volume of Ser- 
 mons. 2. Theological Institutes, 8vo. 
 3. Lectures upon the Old Testament, 8vo. 
 — W. B. 
 
 HiLLEL, the elder, a Jewish doctor of 
 the Mischna, born about 30 years B.C. 
 He was president of the Sanhedrim at 
 Jerusalem, an oflace which remained in his 
 family for six generations. He defended 
 the oral traditions of the Jews, and re- 
 duced them into six treatises. 
 
 HiLLEL, the prince, gTeat-grandson of 
 Judas Hakkadosh, was one of the writers 
 of the Gemara. He flourished in the 
 middle of the fourth century. 
 
 HiLLiARD, Nicholas, a native of Exeter, 
 goldsmith, carver, and portrait painter to 
 queen Elizabeth. He drew the queen's 
 whole length sitting on her throne, and ac- 
 quired also much celebrity by a highly 
 finished portrait, in water colours, of Mary 
 queen of Scots, in her l8th year. His 
 pieces were so much admired, that Donne 
 said in his " Storm," a hand, an eye, by 
 Hilliard drawn, is worth a history. He 
 died 1619, aged 72. 
 
 HiMERius, a Greek grammarian, born 
 at Prusias in Bithynia, in the age of Con- 
 stantius and Julian. He kept a school at 
 Athens, and was a violent opponent of the 
 Christians. 
 
 Hinckley, John, a native of Warwick- 
 shire, educated at St. Alban's-hall, Oxford, 
 Avhere he took the degree of D.D. 1679. 
 He was vicar of Coleshill, Berks, and rec- 
 tor of Drayton, Leicestershire, by the 
 patronage of his friends the Purefoy family, 
 and afterwards became rector of North- 
 field, Worcestershire. He died April 13th, 
 1691. He published some assize sermons, 
 preached at Reading and Abingdon — a 
 Persuasive to Conformity, in a Letter to 
 his Dissenting Brethren — Fasciculus Lite- 
 rarum, or Letters on several Occasions, 
 «vo. 1680, &c. 
 
 lIiNCMAH or HiNCMAuus, arcUbishop of 
 54 
 
 Kheims, 685, was a zealous supporter of 
 the Grallican church, but too severe against 
 a monk called Godescalcus. He was 
 driven from his bishopric by the incursions 
 of the Normans, and died at Epernay, 
 882. His works were published 1645, by 
 Sirmond, in 2 vols. He wrote on theology 
 and history with great spirit, though ia 
 barbarous language. 
 
 HiPPAkCHiA, a woman who lived for 
 some time with Alexander the Great, and 
 afterwards married the stoic Crates. She 
 was eminent as a philosopher, and wrote 
 some treatises. 
 
 HippARCHUS, son of Pisistratus, was 
 slain by Harmodius and Aristogiton, B.C. 
 528 ; and the tyranny of his family was 
 soon after abolished at Athens by the 
 banishment of his brother Hippias. 
 
 HippARCHUs, an astronomer of Nicaea 
 in Bithynia, celebrated for the catalogue of 
 stars which he made, preserved in Ptole- 
 my's Almagest. He died about 125 B.C. 
 
 Hippocrates, a native of Cos, celebra- 
 ted for his knowledge of medicine, of which 
 he is properly called the father. He died 
 about 361 B.C. His works have been 
 edited Vienna, 2 vols, folio, 1740. The 
 modern inhabitants of Cos show still with 
 pride the spot where he once resided. 
 
 HiPPONAX, a Greek satirist, kno^vn par- 
 ticularly for the severity of the lampoon 
 with which he lashed two brothers, sculp- 
 tors, who had ridiculed his deformities, and 
 with such effect, that they hanged them- 
 selves. He flourished 540 B.C. 
 
 Hiram, king of Tyre in the reign of Da- 
 vid and Solomon. As he was at peace 
 with the Jewish nation, he supplied Solo- 
 mon with timber, gold, and other orna- 
 ments, which he wanted for the completion 
 of the temple. He died lOOO B.C. in the 
 60tb year of his reign. It is said that the 
 letters which passed between him and Solo- 
 mon are extant. — The architect who 
 superintended the building of Solomon's 
 temple at the request of the Tyrian king, 
 was also of the name of Hiram, and a 
 native of Tyre. 
 
 Hire, Laurence de la, a French painter, 
 born at Paris, 1606. His landscapes were 
 much admired, though he was deficient in 
 the rules of perspective. He died 1656. 
 
 Hire, Philip d*' la, a painter, sod of the 
 preceding, born at Paris, 1677. He imita- 
 ted the manner of Wafteau, and was ad- 
 mired for his landscapes and portraits. He 
 died 1719. 
 
 Hire, Philip de la, a celebrated French 
 mathematician, born at Paris, l8th March, 
 1640. His father, Laurence, who as men- 
 tioned was a painter, educated him in the 
 principles of his art, but his deep applica- 
 tion to mathematics and geometry marked 
 him early for astronomical fame. After 
 his father's death; he resided four years in 
 
HOA 
 
 HO A 
 
 Italy for the benefit of his health, and soon 
 after his return to Paris he was elected 
 member of the academy of sciences 1678. 
 He was employed with Picard and Cassini, 
 under the librral patronage of Colbert, to 
 make observations for the improvement of 
 the map of France ; and for this important 
 purpose he visited with the eye of a philo- 
 sopher, Bretagnc, Guiennc, Calais, Dun- 
 kirk, and Provence, in 1679, and the three 
 following years. He was sifter Colbert's 
 death engaged in taking levels for the 
 grand aqueducts projected by the munifi- 
 cence of Lewis XIV. but besides these 
 public employments, and the labours which 
 devolved upon him as professor of the 
 royal college, and of the academy of archi- 
 tecture, he devoted himself to other scien- 
 tific pursuits. While the day was employed 
 in study, the night was frequently passed 
 in astronomical observations, and painting 
 occasionally amused a vacant hour. This 
 great and good man died April 2lst, 1718, 
 aged 78. He was twice married, and was 
 father of eight children. Fontenelle wrote 
 an eulogium upon him. His works are 
 numerous, the most valuable of which are 
 Nouvelle Mfthodc en Geometrie, &c. 4to. 
 — De la Cycloide, 12mo. — Nouveaux Ele- 
 mens des Sections Coniques, &c. — La 
 Gnomonique, l2mo. — Sectiones Conica;, 
 in IX. libros, &c. folio, a most valuable 
 work — Tabulae Astronomi ae, 4to. — Vete- 
 rum Mathematicorum Opera, Gr. and Lat. 
 folio, 1693. Besides several pieces in the 
 Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences. 
 
 HiscAM, or His JAM, 15th caliph of the 
 Ommiades, and fourth son of Abdalmelech 
 succeeded his brother Jezid II. 723. He 
 conquered Khacam of Turkestan, and 
 made war against Leo the Isaurian. He 
 was always attended with 600 camels to 
 caiTy his splendid wardrobe. He died 
 743. 
 
 HoADLY, Benjamin, a learned prelate, 
 born Nov. 14th, 1676, at Westerham in 
 Kent. His father was for some time master 
 of Norwich grammar-school. Young 
 Hoadly entered at Catherine-hall, Cam- 
 bridge, 1692, and became afterwards a 
 fellow of the society. In 1706, he began 
 his literary career by an attack on Atter- 
 bury's sermon at Mr. Bennet's funeral, and 
 two years after he attacked another sermon 
 of the same author, on the Power of Cha- 
 lity to cover Sin. His " Measures of 
 Obedience," on the doctrine of non-resist- 
 ance, so pleased the Commons in 1709, 
 that they petitioned the queen to reward 
 his services in the cause of civil and reli- 
 gious liberty, by some honorary prefer- 
 ment. He was, however, neglected, 
 though made rector of Streatham, Sun-ey, 
 by Mrs. Howland, till the reign of George I. 
 when he was, in 1715, raised to the see of 
 
 Bangor. Party disputes, however, and tin 
 fear of his personal enemies, detained him 
 in the metropolis, so that he never visited 
 his bishopric. At this time his ser- 
 mon on the words, " my kingdom is not of 
 this world," produced a violent dispute for 
 many years, known by ibe name of the 
 Bangorian controversy, wliich, though at 
 first it attacked the temporal power only of 
 the clergy, t-oon extended to the rij^hts of 
 princes. In this controversy he bad for 
 opponents. Dr. Snape, and the still more 
 formidable William Law, who in some 
 points triumphed in the general opinion 
 over him. He afterwards opposed Hare 
 on the nature of prayer, and asserted that 
 a calm, dispassionate, and rational address 
 was the most acceptable to heaven, while 
 his opponent recommended a warm, en- 
 thusiastic zeal. From Bangor he was 
 translated to Hereford, and afterwards to 
 Salisbury, and lastly to Winchester, where 
 he continued 26 years. He died 17th 
 April, 1761, aged 85, and was buried in 
 Winchester cathedral, where a neat monu- 
 ment, with a Latin inscription, drawn by 
 himself, records the events of his life. He 
 was twice married, and by his firsf wife 
 had two sons, Benjamin and John, the last 
 of whom survived him. As a writer he 
 possessed great abilities ; he was a keen 
 disputant, but his style was inelegant, and 
 his periods, as Pope observes, " were of a 
 mile.' In his religious opinions he was a 
 great latitudinarian, so that it has been 
 wondered on what principles he continued 
 through life to profess conformity, as on 
 several occasions he seemed far from strict- 
 ly adhering to the tenets of the Anglican 
 church, and regarded reason more as the 
 guide of the Christian than the pure pre- 
 cepts of the gospel. His writings, which 
 are numerous, are enumerated in the Bio- 
 graphia Britannica, on the authority of his 
 son. They have appeared in 4 vols, folio. 
 Akenside, among other poets, has paid a 
 handsome tribute to his memory. 
 
 HoADLT, John, D.D. a prelate of Ire- 
 land, was a younger brother of the bishop 
 of Winchester, and born near London, 
 1678. He was chaplain to Bishop Burnet, 
 and received some valuable pre'ermcnts 
 in the church from him, and from the 
 lord chancellor. King. In 1727 he 
 was made bishop of Leighlin and Femes 
 in Ireland, in 1730 he became archbishop 
 of Dublin, and in 1742, archbishop of Ar- 
 magh, primate and metropolitan. He died 
 in 1746. He published some scrmom? 
 and controversial tracts. luZP' L. 
 
 HoADLT, Benjamin, M.D. eldest son of 
 the bishop Winchester, was born lOth Feb. 
 1705-6, in Broad-street, and educated at 
 Newcome's school. Hackney. He entered 
 
HOA 
 
 Uw>B 
 
 At Beiiet-college, Cambridge, 1722, under 
 Herring, afterwards primate. He studied 
 jnathematics under the blind professor 
 Saunderson, and then took his degree in 
 medicine. When the king visited Cam- 
 bridge in 1728, Hoadly's name was on the 
 list of those who were to be presented to 
 the degree of M.D. but it is supposed that 
 he was omitted by the iliiberality of Dr. 
 Snape, who hated his father, and he was 
 admitted about a month after by manda- 
 mus. He was made registerer of Here- • 
 ford by his father, and ippointed pliysician 
 to the king's household in 1742, and to the 
 prince of Wales, 1746. He died lOth 
 Aug. 1757, at Chelsea. He was twice 
 married, but his only child, by his first wife, 
 died ail infant. He distinguished himself 
 as the author of three letters on the Or- 
 gans of Respiration, read at the college pf 
 physicians, 1740 — Oratio Anniversaria, 
 &c. 1742 — Observations on Electrical 
 Experiments, 1756, 4to. and the Suspicious 
 Husb md, a comedy of great merit and 
 popularity. 
 
 HoADLY, John, LL.D. youngest son of 
 bishop Hoadly, was born in Broad-street, 
 8th Oct. 1711, and educated at Hackney- 
 school, where he acted with great applause 
 Phocyas in the Siege of Damascus. He 
 entered in 1730 at Corpus Christi, Cam- 
 bridge, and soon after at the Temple, but 
 he abandoned the profession of the law, 
 and took the degree of LL.B. in 1735, 
 and the same year was appointed chancel- 
 lor of Winchester by his father, and ad- 
 mitted into orders. He was then made 
 chaplain to the prince of Wales' household, 
 and held the same office with the princess 
 dowager, 1751. Preferments crowded 
 afterwards thick upon him, the mo.^t valu- 
 able of which were a prebend of Winches- 
 ter, the rectory of St. Mary, near South- 
 ampton 1743, that of Overton 1746, and 
 the mastership of St. Cross in 1760. He 
 received the degree of doctor from Lam- 
 beth, and it was the first honour of that 
 nature conferred by Herring the primate. 
 He died 16th May, 1776, and with him the 
 name of Hoadly became extinct. He 
 "wrote five dramas, the Contract, a comedy 
 • — Love's Revenge and Phoebe, two pasto- 
 rals — Jeptha, and the farce of Truth, two 
 oratorios, — besides some other dramatic 
 works, U^ft in MSS. among which was a 
 tragedy on lord Cromwell. He also wrote 
 some poems, preserved in Dodsley's collec- 
 tion, and at all times showed himself so 
 fond of a theatrical life, that he seldom 
 had any friends in his house, whom he did 
 not solicit to undertake a character in some 
 interlude at his own private theatre. He 
 published also his father's works in 3 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Hoar, Leonard, M.D. president of Har- 
 vard college, Massachusetts, was graduated 
 56 
 
 at that seminary in 1650, and three years 
 after obtained the degree of doctor of 
 medicine at Cambridge, England ; but de- 
 voting himself to the ministry, he was 
 settled at Wensted, from which in 1662 
 he was ejected for nonconformity. In 
 1672, he returned to New-England, and 
 was elected president of Harvard college, 
 and continued in the office till 1675, when 
 he resigned. His death took place the 
 same year. He was respectable in learn- 
 ing, and exemplary in piety, but had not 
 the talents for government which his station 
 in the college required. fCj^ L. 
 
 HoBART, Noah, minister of Fairfield, 
 Connecticut, was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1724, and ten years after was 
 ordained at Fairfield, where he remained 
 till his death in 1773. He possessed a 
 mind of great acuteness, and distinguished 
 himself among his cotemporaries by the 
 extent of his learning, and by sevei'al able 
 publications in defence of the doctrines 
 and rites of the congregational churches, 
 in controversy with writers in favour of 
 episcopacy. ?C3^ L- 
 
 HoBART, John Sloss, judge of the dis- 
 trict court of New- York, and estimable 
 for talents and integrity, died on the 4th 
 February, 1805. After having held several 
 important stations in that state during the 
 war of the revolution, he was at its close 
 appointed a judge of the supreme court, 
 and in 1793, elected a senator of the 
 United States. ICP L. 
 
 HoBBES, Thomas, an eminent philoso- 
 pher, born 5th April, 1588, at Malmsbury, 
 Wilts, where his father was minister. He 
 entered at Magdalen hall, Oxford, in 1603, 
 and five years after he went to reside in 
 the family of the earl of Devonshire as tutor 
 to his son, with whom he made the tour of 
 Europe. By the friendship and kindness 
 of this illustrious family, he was introduced 
 to persons of rank and literary fame , he 
 was noticed by the great lord Bacon, by 
 lord Herbert of Cherbury ; and Ben Jon- 
 son, with fond partiality, revised his trans- 
 lation of Thucydides, which he published 
 to warn his countrymen against the dan- 
 gers of civil dissensions. In 1626 he lost 
 his patron the earl of Devonshire, and two 
 years after his pupil, and so severely did 
 he feel the affliction, that to disperse his 
 grief, he travelled with sir G. Clifton's son 
 over the continent. His abilities and his 
 character were so well known that lady 
 Devonshire insisted on his superintending 
 the education of the young earl, and in the 
 confidence of this illustrious family, he vi- 
 sited again the continent with his pupil, 
 and at Paris was introduced to the society 
 of Mersennc, and other learned men, and 
 at Pisa he had frequent intercourse with 
 the celebrated Galileo. On his retui-n to 
 England, be published his book called de 
 
Jjoii 
 
 iiuc 
 
 (Jive, und bfc afterwards made his political 
 and moral opinions public in his Leviathan, 
 but the tumults of civil war were too vio- 
 lent for him, so that he retired to Paris, to 
 live in the society of the learned. His in- 
 timacy with Des Cartes w as interrupted by 
 a controversial dispute, but Uassendi re- 
 mained his friend to the latest period of 
 life. In his controversy with Cavendish 
 about the quadrature of the circle, Hobbes 
 showed such abilities that he was recom- 
 mended to instruct the prince of Wales, 
 afterwards the second Charles, in mathe- 
 matical knowledge, and so zealous and so 
 important were his services considered, that 
 at the restoration the monarch treated his 
 preceptor with marked respect. The public 
 opinion, however, soon after represented 
 Hobbes as a dangerous man ; and when 
 the House of Commons censured his trea- 
 tise de Cive, and his Leviathan, as intend- 
 ed to subvert religion and civil government, 
 Charles reluctantly withdrew his patronage 
 from him. In his old age he was visited not 
 only by men of eminence and dignity in fo- 
 reign countries, but by princes and ambas- 
 sadors, who were anxious to pay respect to 
 a man whose writings and opinions were 
 so celebrated in Europe. He was attacked 
 by a suppression of urine in November, 
 1679, while at Chatsworth, the seat of his 
 patron the earl of Devonshire, and soon 
 after a stroke of the palsy came to increase 
 his suflerings, under which he sunk the 4th 
 of December following, aged 92. In 
 his character Hobbes exhibited the pro- 
 found reasoner, the erudite philosopher, 
 and the refined writer. His abilities were 
 of a superior order, and therefore it is to 
 be lamented that such powers of mind 
 should be directed to unworthy purposes. 
 While in the family of the earl of Devon- 
 shire, where he lived the best part of his 
 life, as in his own house, he frequently at- 
 tended the chapel, and received the sacra- 
 ment, yet he occasionally turned his back 
 upon the preacher, observing that he could 
 teach him nothing but what he knew be- 
 fore. That presumption which trusts to it- 
 self, without the assistance of a superin- 
 tending Providence, is not only irreligious, 
 but dangerous to society ; and w hile Hobbes 
 aftected at one time to respect the institu- 
 tions of his country, he would at another 
 disregard as futile and incongruous those 
 laws which bind man to man as dependent 
 on the will of an overruling Providence. 
 His purpose was to strike at the root of all 
 religion, natural and revealed, and while he 
 pretended to represent the Scriptures as de- 
 rived from mere human tradition, he endea- 
 voured to destroy God's moral government 
 of the world, and to reduce man to the de- 
 graded state of animal nature, which views 
 a rival and a foe in every face, and elevates 
 force and cunning into the room of bene- 
 Vor.. IL 8 
 
 ^olenct;, inid the mildest and mo^i humane 
 \irtucs of the heart. The principles of 
 Hobbes were confuted by mriny able and 
 learned opponents, espcciallv by Hrirring- 
 ton, Tenison, l-'ilmer, Parker, Henry 
 Moore, Cumberland, Cuduorlh, and others. 
 His other works were, a treulise on Human 
 Nature — de Coq)ore Politico, or the Ele- 
 ments of Law — de Mirubililius Pcrci or 
 the Wonders of the Peak, a poem — Horner 
 translated into English verse — Letter on 
 Liberty and Necessity — Elements of Philo- 
 sophy — six Lessons to the Professors of 
 Mathematics — Marks of absurd Geometry, 
 &c. — One of his maxims was, that bad 
 means might be applied to procure a good 
 end ; for, says he, if I were cast into a 
 deep pit, and the devil should put down his 
 cloven foot, I would readily lay hold of it 
 to get out. In spite of all his philosophy, 
 it is said, that he was childishly afraid of 
 apparitions, and that he would never re- 
 main alone in a house if he possibly could 
 prevent it. 
 
 HoBBBiMA, Minderhout, a painter born 
 at Antwerp 1611. He studied nature, and 
 his landscapes had peculiar beauty and 
 grace. They are now very scarce. 
 
 HocHE, Lazarus, a native of Versailles, 
 son of a hostler, made upon tlie early 
 death of his father, a chorister in the 
 church of St. Germain-en-laye, by the 
 kindness of the rector. He was afterwards 
 a helper in the royal stables, and at the 
 age of 16 he enlisted in the army, and be- 
 came a corporal. The revolution came to 
 raise him from obscurity ; he was by cou- 
 rage and coolness distinguished in several 
 engagements, and soon rose to the highest 
 rank in the army. Though imprisoned for 
 some time under the tyranny of Robes- 
 pierre, he was restored to liberty, and pas- 
 sed a glorious campaign against the Aus- 
 trians in Alsace, and afterwards went to 
 La Vendee, and to Quiberon, where he be- 
 haved with great cruelty towards the emi- 
 grants, and put to death the heroic Cha- 
 rette. He was intrusted with the com- 
 mand of the troops which were to invade 
 Ireland at the end of 1795, but the expe- 
 dition failed, after attempting to land in 
 Bantry bay, and Hoche, though for a while 
 regarded with coolness, was sent to the 
 armies of the Sambre and !Meusc. In this 
 new scene he displayed great bravery and 
 address against the Austrian s on the I^hine, 
 but died suddenly at Wetzlar in 1797, 
 aged 30, in consequence of a cold caught 
 in the midst of his military exertions. His 
 life has been published by Rousselin, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 HociisTETTER, Andrew Adam, a pro- 
 testant divine, born at Tubingen 1668, 
 where he became professor of eloquence, 
 philosophy, and divinity, and at last rector 
 of the uuiversjitv. He died there, April 
 
 57 
 
HOD 
 
 HOf 
 
 1717. His chief works arc, Collegium 
 Pufl'erulorfianum, — de Festo Expiationis et 
 Hirco Azftzcl, — de Conradino, ultimo ex 
 Suevis ducc, de Rebus Elbigciisibus. 
 
 Hodges, Nathani*;!, an English physi- 
 tian, son of the dean of Hereford. He 
 ■was educated at Westminster school, and 
 entered as student at Christ church 1643. 
 In 1659 he took the degree of M.D. and 
 settled in London, where he remained 
 during the prevalence of the plague, and 
 thus acquired an extensive practice and a 
 great reputation. Misfortunes, however, 
 succeeded prosperity, and he was thrown 
 for debt into Ludgate prison, where he 
 died 16S4. He was buried in St. Stephen's 
 church, AValbrook. He wrote Vindicios 
 Medicines et Medieorum, 1660, — Loimo- 
 logia, or a Latin account of the plague of 
 London 1665, printed 1672, and translated 
 into English by Dr. John Quincy, 1720. 
 This accovmt is considered as very valua- 
 lle from the diligence and accuracy of the 
 author. 
 
 HoDY, Humphrey, au English divine, 
 born 1st January, 1659, at Odcombe, So- 
 mersetshire, where his father was rector. 
 He entered at "NVadham college, Oxford, 
 1676, of which he became fellow eight 
 years after. At the age of twenty-one he 
 jvablished his Dissertation against Aristeas' 
 History of the seventy-two Interpreters, 
 which was received with general applause 
 by the learned world, though Vossius alone, 
 who had embraced a difllcrent opinion, 
 loaded it with abuse, and ridiculed the au- 
 thor, contemptuously calling him Juvenis 
 Oxoniensis. To this attack from Vossius, 
 inserted in an appendix to his Pompo- 
 nius Mela, Hody did not deign to give au 
 answer till more than 20 years after. In 
 1704, therefore, he published his book, 
 *' de Bibliorum Textibus Originalibus," 
 &:c. in which he refuted the objections of 
 "N'ossius, and proves that the Septuagint 
 was translated not by order of the Ptole- 
 mies, though in their reign, but by the Hel- 
 lenist Jews, for the use of their country- 
 men. In 16S9 he published his Prolego- 
 mena to Malcla's Chronicon, and the next 
 year he was made chaplain to bishop Stil- 
 lingfleet. In consequence of the depriva- 
 tion of the bishop for refusing allegiance 
 to king "William, he was engaged in a con- 
 troversy with hi- friend Dodwell. The 
 spirit and abilities which he displayed in 
 this war of pamphlets, so pleased Tillotson, 
 that he made him his domestic chaplain 
 1C94. He was equally patronised by the 
 next primate Tenison, at whose request he 
 wrote Animadversions on Collier's Pam- 
 phlets, who had with two others pro- 
 nounced absolution in a solemn manner, 
 on Perkins and Friend when executed for 
 the assassination plot. In 1698 he was 
 made regius profe'ssor of Greek at Oxford, 
 5S 
 
 and 1704, was nominated archdeacon of 
 Oxford. He died 20th January, 1706, and 
 was buried in the chapel of Wadham col- 
 lege, to which he was agreat benefactor by 
 the foundation of ten scholarships of 10/. 
 each for the cultivation of Hebrew and 
 Greek. He left a MS. account of the 
 learned Greeks who had fled into Italy by 
 the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, 
 which appeared in 1742 under the care of 
 Dr. S. Jebb. He had published in 1701 
 a History of English Councils and Convo- 
 cations, and of the English clergy's sitting 
 in Parliament. 
 
 Hoe, Matthias de Hoenegg, a German 
 divine, born at Vienna, Feb. 24, 1580. He 
 was preacher to the elector of Saxony at 
 Dresden, where he died 4th March, 1645. 
 He was an able and a zealous Lutheran, 
 and he wrote with great spirit against both 
 Calvinists and papists. His writings are 
 chiefly controversial. 
 
 HoECK, John Van, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp 1600. He studied under Rubens 
 and visited Rome, where the pope and 
 cardinals highly favoured him. He was 
 afterwards patronised at Vienna by the em- 
 peror Ferdinand II. His potraits and his- 
 torical pieces are much admired. He died 
 1650. 
 
 HoECK, Robert Van, a painter of Ant- 
 werp, who died in the middle of the 
 seventeenth century. His best perform- 
 ances are military pieces, in which his 
 figures appear with great judgment and ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 HoEL, Gerard, a painter, born at Bom- 
 mel 1648. He was director of the aca- 
 demy of painting at Utrecht, and distin- 
 guished himself by the superior interest of 
 his historical pieces and of his landscapes, 
 some of which are preserved in the house of 
 lord Albermarle, and in the palace of Stra- 
 genberg. He died 1733. 
 
 HoELTZLiNus, Jeremias, a philologer, 
 born at Nuremberg. He settled at Leyden, 
 and published there a very learned edition 
 of ApoUonius Rhodius 1641, the year of 
 his death. Ruhnkenms, hoivever, cen- 
 sures him as an editor. 
 
 HoESCHELius, David, a learned Ger- 
 man, born at Augsburg, 1556. After 
 teaching long in the college there, he was 
 appointed principal of the society, and 
 also librarian. He was a judicious and 
 indefatigable collector of MSS. and he 
 evinced his learning by his publication of 
 some of the fathers, of Origen, Basil, Phi- 
 lo Judaeus, &.c. — besides Appian, Proco- 
 pius, Anna Comnena, &c. He died at 
 Augsburg 1617, universally lamented. 
 As a proof of his attention and discipline 
 at the head of his college, it is mentioned 
 that he furnished to the bar 1000 of his pu- 
 pils, and 2000 to the church. 
 
 HoFiMAN, MauricBj a physician, born 
 
IIOF 
 
 llOCr 
 
 l^irstenwalcle Brandenburg 20th Fycpt.lG21. 
 His fondness for literature, and his inde- 
 fatigable application surmounted all the 
 opposition which his parents made au,!iinst 
 his studious pursuits, and in 1637 he was 
 permitted by his father to improve himself 
 in the college of Cologne. The death 6f 
 Iiis father now left him his own master, 
 and he came to Altdorf the next year, 
 where his mother's brother was professor 
 of physic, and after profiting by his advice 
 and instruction he went to Paduu, where 
 by the dissection of a turkey-cock he disco- 
 vered the pancreatic duct, from which his 
 friend Versungus ascertained the same ves- 
 sel in the human body. Hoffman after 
 three years' residence at Padua, returned 
 to Altdorf, where he began to practise as 
 physician. In 1648 he was made profes- 
 sor of anatomy and surgery, the next year 
 of physic, and 1653 of botany, and di- 
 rector of the physic garden. His abilities 
 and reputation were such that many of 
 the German princes appointed him their 
 physician. He died of an apoplexy 1698, 
 aged 76. He had 18 children by three 
 wives. He wrote Altdorfii Deliciaj Hor- 
 tcnses, 4to. — Appendix ad Catalogum 
 Plantarum Hortens. 4to. — Deliciae Syl- 
 vestres, 4to — Florilegium Altdorsinum, 
 4to. 
 
 Hoffman, John Maurice, son of the 
 preceding by his first wife, was born 1656 
 at Altdorf. After studying at Hertzpruck, 
 Altdorf, and Frankfort on the Oder, he 
 went to Padua for two years, and then 
 making the tour of Italy he returned home 
 and took the degree of M.D. In 1677 he 
 was made professor extraordinary in phy- 
 sic, and increased so much in reputation 
 that the margrave of Anspach in 1695 ap- 
 pointed him his physician. He travelled 
 with his illustrious patron into Italy, and 
 after his death in 1703 he held the same 
 honourable rank with his successor, at 
 whose strong invitations he removed to 
 Anspach 1713, and died 1727. He had 
 succeeded his father as botanic professor 
 and director of the physic garden at Alt- 
 dorf 1698. He had five children by his 
 wife. He published some valuable botani- 
 cal works, and de Differentiis Alimentorum, 
 4to. 1677. 
 
 Hoffman, Frederic, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born at Hall near Magdcburgh 1660, 
 where he became professor of physic 1693, 
 and where he continued till his death 1742. 
 He visited Holland and England, where he 
 became acquainted with the learned men of 
 the times, especially Paul Herman, and Ro- 
 bert Boyle. He took no fees, but was sup- 
 ported by an annual stipend. His works in 
 six large folios, Geneva, 1748-54, contain 
 much valuable matter, with some frivolous 
 and puerile conjectures. 
 
 Hoffman, Daniel, a Lutheran divine* 
 
 professor iU I Iclmstadt, at Ihn tiid of (hi^ 
 16th century. He engaged in the popular 
 and theological controversies of the time«, 
 and opposed lieza on the subject of the 
 Eucharist. Me was ernsurcil by an as- 
 sembly of divines 1593, and threatened 
 with excommunication if he did not hu!)- 
 scribe to tlu; oj)iiiioiis of his |ierse(ijlora 
 against whom he puijlished u iaboiireii 
 apology. 
 
 Hoffman, Gasper, a professor of physio 
 at Altdorf, born at (iotha 1572. He died 
 1649, leaving behind him some valuable 
 medical works. 
 
 Hoffman, John James, a laborious com- 
 piler, born at Basle. Few particulars arc 
 known of this indefatigable man. Ho pub- 
 lished at Geneva 1677, in 2 vols, folio, his 
 great work, " Lexicon Universah;, Histori- 
 co-geographico-poetico-philosophico-politi- 
 co-philologicum," to which he was induced 
 by success to add a supplement. The Ley- 
 den booksellers in 1698, having been fa- 
 voured with all the improvements and cor- 
 rections of the author, published the work 
 in 4 vols, folio, with a new preface by the 
 author. He died, Greek professor at Basle, 
 1706, aged 71. 
 
 Hogarth, William, a celebrated painter, 
 born in the parish of St. Martin Lud- 
 gate, London, 1697. His father, who was 
 a schoolmaster, and occasionally a cor- 
 rector of the press, bound him appren- 
 tice to an engi'aver of arms on plate, but 
 his genius led him to cultivate painting. 
 The first piece by which he dislingiushed 
 himself was a representation of Wanstead 
 assembly, about 1720, and he Avas now en- 
 gaged on his own account in engraving 
 arms and shop bills, and in designing plates 
 for booksellers. His cuts for Hudibras, 
 for Apuleius' Golden Ass, and other works, 
 arc still preserved as curiosities, but his 
 powers were exerted with singular effect, 
 not only in portrait painting, but in whim- 
 sical and humorous representations. By 
 degrees he thus rose from obscurity to 
 fame, and in 1730 married Sir James 
 Thornhill's daughter. Though the match 
 was -altogether against the knight's consent, 
 yet they were reconciled, and the father- 
 in-law afterwards had reason to be proud 
 of the connexion which his daughter had 
 formed. During his residence at South 
 Lambeth, soon after his marriage, he con- 
 tributed largely to the embellishment of 
 Vauxhall gardens, and for his pieces the 
 proprietor, Tyer?, complimented him with 
 a golden ticket of admission, with this 
 honourable motto, " Inperpetuani bencficii 
 memoriam." In 1733 his Harlot's Pro- 
 gress recommended him powerfully to th(; 
 public notice, and thus by the most striking 
 scene in conveying a simple girl thr^gh 
 all the horrors and vicissitudes of the 
 wrctchednec^s of a prostitute to a prcmii- 
 
 59 
 
flUlx 
 
 IIOL 
 
 f lire dcaLli, lio exhibited a lesson to the un- 
 derstanding, and most sensibly touched the 
 heart. Thus successful in a new mode of 
 conveying moral instruction, he devoted 
 himself to the delineation of other equally 
 interesting and appropriate characters, and 
 to the accuracy of his figures must be ad- 
 ded the faithful representation of the dress, 
 the manners, and the particularities of the 
 age. The Midnight Conversation, the 
 Rake's Progress, the Marriage a-la-mode, 
 the Happy Marriage, and other works, suc- 
 ceeded each other, and ensured to the artist 
 the high and undisputed character of great 
 genius, strong originality, and successful 
 delineation. After the peace of Aix-la- 
 Chapellc, he visited France, and while 
 taking a drawing of the gates of Calais, he 
 was arrested as a spy, but soon liberated, 
 a circumstance which he has beautifully re- 
 corded in his '' O the roast beef of Old 
 England," 1749. In 1753 he appeared be- 
 fore the public as an author, and in his 
 Analysis of beauty, he made many sensible 
 and original remarks on his profession. He 
 first asserted that a curve is the line of 
 beauty, and that round swelling figures are 
 most pleasing to the eye, and the opinion 
 has been supported by other eminent wri- 
 ters, as the language of truth and nature. 
 In his conduct Hogarth was a very absent 
 man. One of his letters to Dr. Hoadly 
 was directed *' to the Doctor at Chelsea," 
 and it reached his friend to be preserved 
 as a monument of his singularity. When 
 he set up his carriage he paid a visit to 
 Beckford the lord mayor, and being let out 
 by a different door from the mansion-house, 
 he hastened to his apartments in Leices- 
 ter-square through a violent shower of 
 rain, and never recollected that he had left 
 his coach behind, till his wife inquired for 
 it. Though he possessed in an incredible 
 degree the powers of bringing his rivals or 
 enemies to ridicule or infamy, yet Hogarth 
 never used the dangerous talent in a vin- 
 dictive degree, though perhaps his represen- 
 tation of Churchill as a canonical bear, and 
 his portrait of Wilkes may be said not 
 highly to reflect on his judgment or good 
 sense. He expired at his house Leicester- 
 square, 25th Oct. 1764, in consequence of 
 aneurism, and was buried in Chiswick 
 churchyard, where an inscription by his 
 friend Garrick marks his grave. Great as 
 an artist, Hogarth was respectable as a pri- 
 vate man ; he was liberal, generous, and 
 hospitable ; and had education, and an 
 earlier acquaintance with the polite world 
 Forn away some of the asperities of his 
 character^he mighthave been regarded as an 
 amiable man. A very entertaining ac- 
 count of the life and labours of Hogarth 
 has appeared by the pen of John Ireland, 
 called " Hogarth illustrated," 1792, and 
 '' Graphic Illustrations," &c. an additional 
 fiO 
 
 work has been published by Samuel Ire- 
 land. 
 
 HoHRNLOHE, Princc de, general of ar- 
 tillery in the imperial army, distinguished 
 himself against the Turks in Transylvania 
 in 1788, and against the French in the bat- 
 tles of Famars and Mermal in 1792. He 
 was intrusted with the command of the 
 army on the Rhine, and died whilst in that 
 office, Aug. 1796. 
 
 HoLBACH, Paul Thierri, baron de, an 
 eminent mineralogist, born in the Palati- 
 nate, and for his learning made member of 
 the academies of Manheim, Paris, Peters- 
 burg, Berlin, &c. He wrote L'Art de la 
 Verrerie de Neri — Mineralogie de Walle- 
 rius, 2 vols. — Elemens de la Morale Uni- 
 verselle, ou Catechisme de la Nature — In- 
 troduction a la Mineralogia, &c. and died 
 at Paris 1789, aged 66. 
 
 Holbein, John, better known by the 
 German name of Hans, a celebrated paint- 
 er born at Basil, Switzerland, 1498, or 
 three years earlier according to Charles 
 Patin. He studied under his father who 
 was a painter, but soon eclipsed him. He 
 painted our Saviour's passion in the town- 
 house of Basil, and in the fish-market, a 
 dance of peasants, and death's dance. 
 These pieces gained him much celebrity, 
 and also the friendship of the great Eras- 
 mus, who pitied and in vain endeavoured 
 to reform his roughness of manners, and 
 his culpable partiality for low company and 
 for drinking. He was invited by an Eng- 
 lish nobleman who saw him at Basil to visit 
 England, and at last in his eagerness after 
 fame, and in his wish to avoid the ill hu- 
 mour of a termagant wife, and by the ad- 
 vice of Erasmus, he began to travel to- 
 wards England, and almost begged bis way 
 on his journey. He was received with 
 great friendship by the lord chancellor, Sir 
 Thomas More, in whose house he resided 
 nearly three years, while employing his 
 pencil in drawing the portrait of his patron 
 and of his friends. When asked the name 
 of the nobleman who had accidentally pro-^' 
 mised him protection in England, he said 
 he had forgotten it, but added that he re- 
 membered his features, and immediately 
 drew a likeness so correct, and so accurate, 
 that the noble stranger became known to 
 the chancellor and his friends. Some 
 time after Sir Thomas exhibited the pro- 
 ductions of Holbein accidentally to Henry 
 Vlll. who was so pleased with them that 
 he took the illustrious painter under his 
 immediate patronage, and sent him to draw 
 the picture of the dutchess Dowager of 
 Milan, whom he designed for his fourth 
 wife after the death of Jane Seymour. 
 He Avas afterwards employed to draw^ the 
 portrait of Anne of Cleves, which proved 
 too flattering to engage the fastidious affec- 
 tions of Henry. I4()lbein nfler giving the 
 
UOL 
 
 IIOL 
 
 •world a great number of valuable portraits 
 of the personages of the court, and of va- 
 rious noblemen, unfortunately died of the 
 plague at his lodgings in Whitehall 1554. 
 This excellent artist, says Du Fresnoy, 
 " was wonderfully knowing and had cer- 
 tainly been of the first form of painters, had 
 he travelled into Italy, since nothing can 
 be laid to his charge but only that he had a 
 Gothic gusto." He performed indeed bet- 
 ter than Raphael, and with some of his 
 portraits, none of Titian's could come into 
 competition. Henry VIII. was so sensible 
 of his merit that in defending him from 
 the vengeance of an offended nobleman, 
 he said to his persecutor, I can when I 
 please, make seven lords of seven plough- 
 men, but I cannot make one Holbein even 
 of seven lords. 
 
 HoLBERG, Louis dc, a Danish writer, 
 "born at Bergen, Norway, 1685. He rose 
 from obscurity by his application and dili- 
 gence, and after travelling over Europe sup- 
 ported merely by his own personal exer- 
 tions, he returned to Copenhagen, where 
 he became assessor of the consistory court. 
 He gained great celebrity by his works, 
 which were a valuable histoi'y of Den- 
 mark, 3 vols. 4to. — some comedies, — 2 
 vols, of Moral Thoughts, — the Danish 
 Spectator, — and a satirical romance, like 
 Gulliver's Travels. By economy and by 
 his literary labours he acquired a hand- 
 some fortune, and was a great benefactor 
 to the university of Zealand, and also gave 
 16,000 crowns to portion a number of Da- 
 nish young women. He died 1754. 
 
 HoLCROFT, Thomas, a miscellaneous 
 •writer, was born in Orange-court, Leices- 
 ter-fields, Dec. 22, 1744. His father was a 
 shoemaker in low circumstances, and the 
 son, early in life, was employed in the sta- 
 bles of the honourable Mr. Vernon. He 
 also worked at his father's business, but 
 left it, and tried his fortune on the stage 
 without success. He then turned drama- 
 tic writer, in which he had better luck ; 
 and some of his plays were very popular at 
 the time. Besides these productions, he 
 wrote several novels, and translated a num- 
 ber of books from the French and German 
 languages. At the commencement of the 
 revolution he espoused the cause of the re- 
 publicans, and was committed for high 
 treason ; but when Hardy, Tooke, and 
 Thelwall were acquitted, he was discharged 
 without trial. His last speculation was a 
 publication of his travels in Germany and 
 France, in two vols. 4to. He died in 1S09. 
 —W. B. 
 
 HoLDEN, Henry, an English divine, of 
 great erudition, and strict integrity. He 
 was a Roman catholic, and settled at Paris, 
 where he died 1662. His works are, Ana- 
 lysis Fidei, reprinted by Barbou 1766 — 
 Marginal Notes on tho New Testament, 2 
 
 vols. l2mo, lono— n Letter concerning 
 White's Treatise dc Medio Animarum Sta- 
 tu, 4to. 1601. 
 
 HoLDEM, Samuel, a benefactor of the 
 colonists of New- England, was iin English- 
 man, and died in London in 1710. His 
 donations, and those of his family, to reli- 
 gious and useful objects, in America, 
 amounted to about 10,000 pounds New- 
 England currency. Holden chapel, of 
 Harvard college, erected by their donation, 
 derived from them its name. itU^ L. 
 
 Holder, William, an English divine, 
 born in Nottinghamshire, and educated at 
 Pembroke-hall, Cambridge. In 1642 he 
 was made rector of Blechingdon, Oxford- 
 shire, and, in 1660, he took the degree of 
 D.D. He was afterwards canon of Ely 
 and St. Paul's, fellow of the Royal Society, 
 subdean of the Royal Chapel, and subal- 
 moner to the king. He died at Amen Cor- 
 ner, London, 24th Jan. 1696-7, and was 
 buried in St. Paul's. He was well skilled 
 in music, and wrote a treatise on the prin- 
 ciples of harmony, and also a discourse 
 concerning time, with application to the 
 natural day, lunar month, and solar year. 
 He gained some credit by teaching Pop- 
 ham, a man of some distinction, who was 
 deaf and dumb, to speak, but as the pupil 
 forgot what he had been taught, and again 
 recovered it by the instruction of Dr. Wal- 
 lis, of Oxford, a controversy on the sub- 
 ject, between these two learned men, arose, 
 and was conducted, in some pamphlets, 
 with more acrimony than moderation. 
 
 HoLDSwoRTH, Edward, an elegant scho- 
 lar, educated at Winchester school, and 
 admitted of Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 1705. After being some time tutor, he re- 
 fused, when elected fellow in 1715, to take 
 the oath of allegiance to the Hanoverian 
 succession, and returning from Oxford, 
 spent the rest of his days in travelling with 
 pupils of distinction. He died of a fever, 
 at lord Digby's, at Coleshill, Warwickshire, 
 30th Dec. 1747. He was author of that 
 elegant poem " Muscipula," translated by 
 Dr. J. Hoadly in Dodsley's Miscellanies, 
 and wrote, also, a dissertation on the Phar- 
 salia and Philippi mentioned in the 
 Georgics, besides remarks on Virgil, pub- 
 lished by Mr. Spence, 1768. He under- 
 stood Virgil, says Mr. Spence, " better than 
 any man I ever knew." 
 
 Hole, Richard, a native of Exeter, edu- 
 cated there and at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 where he took the degree of LL.B. 1771. 
 In 1792 he succeeded to the living of Far- 
 ringdon, Devonshire, on the presentation 
 of the bishop of Exeter, besides which he 
 afterwards obtained Inwardleigh vicarage. 
 He published Ossian in a poetical dress — 
 Ode to Imagination — Homer's hymn to 
 Ceres, translated 17S1 — Arthur, an Epifr 
 Romance, with notes — Remarks on the 
 
 Bl 
 
IIOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 Arabian Nights Entertainments, &c. 1797, 
 12mo. — besides odes in the Devonshire 
 collection of poems, and Essays in the Ex- 
 eter society publications, &c. He died 
 1803. 
 
 HoLiNGSHED, Raphael, an English chro- 
 nicler, descended from a family which lived 
 at Bosely, Cheshire. Few particulars are 
 known respecting him, but he appears be- 
 fore the public as authoi of " Ciironicles," 
 first published 1577, 2 vols, folio, and in 
 1587 in three. The second edition con- 
 tained some passages ofiensive to Elizabeth, 
 and therefore they were cancelled in the 
 second and third vol. though afterwards 
 printed separately. In these chronicles, 
 which gave an interesting account of Eng- 
 land, of Ireland, and of Scotland, Hollings- 
 hed had for coadjutors. Hooker. Harrison, 
 Stanihurst, Boteville, and others, who at 
 that time were respectable writers, and like 
 himself, well versed in antiquarian history. 
 The work was afterwards continued by 
 Stow, Thin, Fleming, and others, from 
 1577 to 1586. The time of bis death is 
 uncertain, but, from his will, prefixed by 
 Hearne to Camden's Annals, he died be- 
 tween 1578 and 1582. 
 
 HoLL, Francis Xaviei', a Jesuit, born at 
 Schawndorf. He was professor of belles 
 lettres, and of ecclesiastical law, in several 
 of the German universities, and died at 
 Heidelburg, 6th March, 1784, aged 64. 
 He wrote Statistica Ecclesiae Germaniae, 
 8vo. a useful work. 
 
 Holland, Philemon, a native of Chelms- 
 ford, educated at Cambridge, under Dr. 
 Whitgift. He was elected master of Coven- 
 try free-school, but besides the duties of 
 this station, he practised physic, and with 
 some degree of success and celebrity. He 
 was a good scholar, and increased his re- 
 putation by his translations of Livy, of Xe- 
 nophon's Cyropaedia, of Pliny's Natural 
 History, and of Camden's Britannia. He 
 died at Coventry 1636, aged 85. 
 
 Hollar, or Hollard, Wentzel, or 
 Wencelaus, an eminent engraver, born at 
 Prague, Bohemia, 1607. He was intended 
 for the law, but the ruin of his family by 
 the sacking of Prague, in 1619, rendered 
 his subsistence precarious, and he left home 
 in 1627, determined to support himself by 
 his own exertions. In several towns of 
 Germany he devoted himself attentively to 
 drawing and design, and in taking geome- 
 trical and perspective views of fortresses 
 and buildings, so that he acquired early 
 eminence, and at the age of 18 was known 
 as an able artist. He chiefly employed his 
 powers in copying heads and portraits from 
 the best painters, and in delineating with 
 great beauty and accuracy small and deli- 
 cate views of some of the cities on the banks 
 of the Rhine. His reputation, acknow- 
 fed»ed by his countrymen, became known 
 65 
 
 to lord Arundel, the English ambassador at 
 the court of Ferdinand II. who, in 1636, 
 noticed him by every mark of kindness, 
 and took him in his retinue. Hollar ac- 
 companied his noble patron to England, 
 and soon engaged in the service of the 
 print-sellers. His first work in England 
 was a view of Greenwich, published 1637. 
 His abilities were afterwards engaged in 
 taking different views, and, in 1640, he was 
 introduced to the royal family, to instruct 
 the prince of Wales in the art of designing. 
 That same year appeared his " Ornatus 
 Muliebris Anglicanus," representing the 
 dress of English women of various ranks, a 
 work greatly esteemed among connois- 
 seurs. The breaking out of the civil wars 
 proved unfortunate to his labours, and after 
 his patron, lord Arundel, had returned to 
 the continent, he grew obnoxious to the 
 parliament as the friend of the royal fami- 
 ly, and chiefly for employing his graver to 
 preserve the portraits of so many of the 
 loyalists. He was taken prisoner at the 
 surrender of Basm-house, 1645, but after- 
 wards escaped and went over to Antwerp, 
 where lord Arundel had fixed his residence. 
 In this retirement he employed himself in 
 etching the portraits of some of the great 
 men of the times, but without the wish or 
 the means of improving his fortune. In 
 1652 he was persuaded to return to Eng- 
 land, where, with fresh assiduity, he de- 
 voted himself to labour, and with such 
 perseverance, that he never would be in- 
 terrupted till his hour-glass was exhausted. 
 It is said that he suffered greatly in his 
 property by the fire and the plague of Lon- 
 don, 1665. About 1669 he was sent by 
 the king to take a view of the garrison, 
 tOAvn, and neighbouring landscapes of Tan- 
 gier, on the coast of Africa, and after his 
 return he, in 1672, went into the northern 
 counties to draw representations of the 
 principal cities, churches, &c. of that part 
 of the kingdom. This illustrious artist, 
 whose labours were so numerous and so 
 varied, was never free from the persecu- 
 tions of creditors, so that after exerting 
 himself to give celebrity to others, he found 
 that independence could never be in his 
 power, either for want of economy, or more 
 probably the illiberality of his employers. 
 He had, it is said, in his 70th year, an exe* 
 cution in his house in Gardiner's lane, 
 Westminster, and begged only the liberty 
 of dying on his bed, without being conveyed 
 to any prison but the grave. He died 2Stli 
 March, 1677, and was buried in the new 
 chapel yard, St. Margaret's, Westminster. 
 It is impossible to enumerate all his works 
 in etching, which embrace not only the no- 
 ble collection of his friend lord Arundel, 
 and the choicest pieces of Titian, Durer, 
 Holbein, \ andyck, Breughel, Teniers, and 
 many others, but also the heads of the most 
 
IIOL 
 
 ilOL 
 
 eminent men in church and &tatc, in the 
 army, in literature, and every department 
 of science and of fame, besides landscapes, 
 views, &c. of the most capital places of Eu- 
 rope. He was very exact in affixing his 
 cipher and the date to his pieces, which 
 has proved of great service in ascertaining 
 historical facts. 
 
 HoLLis, Thomas Pelham, succeeded his 
 father as baron Pelham, and, in 1711, his 
 uncle John, as duke of Newcastle. His at- 
 tachment to the house of Hanover was re- 
 warded by vai-ious honours and high offices. 
 He retired from administration soon after 
 the accession of George HI. and was suc- 
 ceeded by lord Bute. He died 17th Nov. 
 1768, aged 75. 
 
 HoLLis, Denzil, lord, one of the five 
 members whom Charles I. went to the 
 house of commons personally to accuse and 
 to arrest. This weakness on the part of the 
 king greatly increased his popularity, but 
 he was not successful in his opposition to 
 the independents, and to the ambitious 
 views of Cromwell. Though he favoured 
 the cause of the presbyterians, he was 
 deemed worthy to be noticed by the second 
 Chai'les, and to be raised to the peerage. 
 He died 1680, aged 83. 
 
 HoLLis, Thomas, a munificent benefactor 
 of Harvard college, Massachusetts, who 
 founded the professorship of theology and 
 mathematics in that institution, and also 
 presented to it a philosophical apparatus 
 and many valuable books. He was born 
 in England, in 1659, and di(id in 1731, high- 
 ly respected as a merchant, and esteemed 
 as a Christian. His nephew, Thomas Hol- 
 lis, who died in 1774, presented to the li- 
 brary of that college benefactions amount- 
 ing to about 1400 pounds sterling. 
 
 HoLLis, Thopias, an English gentleman, 
 born in London,'l4th April, 17^0. At the age 
 of 14 he was sent to Amsterdam, to acquire 
 the French and Dutch languages, and after 
 15 months' residence he returned to Eng- 
 land, and, after his father's death, in 1735, 
 he was placed by his guardian, under the 
 tuition of professor Ward. In 1740 he en- 
 tered at Lincoln's Inn, and became a law 
 student, but he never made the law his pro- 
 fession. In 1743 he travelled with his 
 friend Mr. Brand through Holland, the Ne- 
 therlands, part of France, of Switzerland, 
 and Italy, and again, in 1750, he made ano- 
 ther tour, and visited the chief places in 
 the north of Germany, with the rest of Ita- 
 ly, Sicily, Malta, and France, of which tra- 
 vels the journal is said to be extant in MS. 
 He attempted, at his return, to get into 
 .parliament, but his views were disappoint- 
 ed, and he went to reside on his estate of 
 Corscombe, Dorsetshire. He was, in his 
 principles, a dissenter, and a warm advo- 
 cate for the liberty of the subject, so that 
 
 he not only made a collection of books and 
 medals to illustrate and uphold his favour- 
 ite system, but he presented, anonymously, 
 as an Englishman, two large and choice 
 collections of books to the public library of 
 Bern, as a lover of liberty, of his country, 
 and of its excellent constitution, us estab- 
 lished at the revolution. His liberality was 
 extended to other countries, to Genoa, Ve- 
 nice, Sweden, Leydcn, Russia,kc. as well as 
 to his own countrymen. He died suddenly, 
 of an apoplexy, on new-year's day, 1774. 
 He is described, by his cotemporaries, as 
 a man of large fortune, above half of 
 which he devoted to charitable purposes. 
 His property he left to his friend Brand, 
 who consequently took the name of HoUis, 
 and was as zealous a friend of liberty as 
 his departed benefactor. Mr. Hollis, to 
 spread more widely his principles, publish- 
 ed, at his own expense, new editions of 
 Toland's life of Milton, of Algernon Syd- 
 ney's discourses on government, and medi- 
 tated an edition of Andrew Marvell's works. 
 "WTien his house in London was on fire, in 
 1761, he calmly walked out, only taking 
 under his arm an original picture of Mil- 
 ton. 
 
 Holmes, George, born at Skipton in 
 Craven, Yorkshire, was clerk to the keep- 
 ers of the records in the tower for neajrly 
 60 years. His abilities were employed by 
 lord Halifax to methodize the valuable re- 
 cords deposited in the tower, and he re- 
 ceived for his trouble an annual salary of 
 200/. He was also barrack-master of the 
 tower. He died 16th Feb. 1748-9, aged 
 87. His son and only child died long be- 
 fore him, aged 25. Mr. Holmes republished 
 the 17 first volumes of Rymer's Foedera. 
 His valuable collection of books, prints, 
 coins, medals, &c. were sold by auction, 
 1749. His portrait was engraved by the 
 society of antiquaries, with every mark of 
 respect and commendation bestowed on 
 his indefatigable labouis. His widow re- 
 ceived 200/. for his papers, w hich were de- 
 posited as a sacred pledge in the tower. 
 
 Holmes, Dr. Nathaniel, a leaiiied He- 
 braist, author of the Resurrection Reveal- 
 ed, fol. 1654, in defence of the Millennium. 
 He was ejected from the living of St. Mary 
 Staining, London, in 1662, for nonconfor- 
 mity, and died 1678. 
 
 Holmes, Robert, a native of Hampshire, 
 educated at Winchester school, and New 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degrees. 
 He devoted himself early to biblical criti- 
 cism, and in the beginning of the French 
 revolution went to Paris, to examine the 
 manuscripts and versions of the Scriptures 
 preserved in the public libraries of France. 
 His services to sacred literature were ho- 
 nourably rewarded, and he became succes- 
 sively canon of Salisbury, of Christ-church, 
 and then dean of Winchester, which last 
 
 63 
 
HaL 
 
 HOL 
 
 preferment he enjoyed not two years. He 
 died at Oxford, l2th Nov. 1805, aged 56. 
 He published the Bampton Lectures in 
 1782— Divinity Tracts, 8vo. 1788— Alfred, 
 an ode, with six sonnets, 1778 — An Ode 
 for the duke of Portland's Installation, 
 1793 — a Latin Letter to the Bishop of 
 Durham respecting his Collation of the Sep- 
 tuagint, fol. — The Prophecy of Daniel ac- 
 cording to Theodotiaii, and the LXX, 4to. 
 — besides single sermons on the resurrec- 
 tion, and another preached before the house 
 of commons, &c. Dr. Holmes took his 
 degree of D.D. in 1786, and in 1790 he 
 succeeded Thomas Warton as poetry pro- 
 fessor. Of his Collation of the Septuagint 
 jVISS. 5 vols, in folio, have appeared, and 
 reflect highly on his industry, great perse- 
 verance, and solid judgment. 
 
 HoLSTEiN, Cornelius, a painter of Haer- 
 lem, brought up by his father, who was of 
 the same profession. The ceiling of the 
 treasury at Amsterdam, and other pieces, 
 are proofs of his superior abilities. He died 
 about the end of the l7th century. 
 
 HoLSTENius, or HoLSTEiN, Lucas, a 
 German divine, born at Hamburgh, 1596, 
 and converted from protestantism to the 
 catholic religion by the Jesuit Sirmond. 
 He studied at home and Paris, and went 
 afterwards to Rome, where he was patro- 
 nised by cardinal Barberiui, and Urban 
 VIIL and his two successors. He was 
 made a canon of St. Peter's, and librarian 
 of the Vatican, and in 1665 went as am- 
 bassador from the pope to Christina, 
 queen of Sweden, whose profession of 
 catholic faith he received at Inspruck. He 
 died at Rome 1661, aged 65. Though 
 very learned he published only a disserta- 
 tion on the life and writings of Porphyry, 
 besides some notes on the Argonautica of 
 Apollonius — on the Fragments of Demophi- 
 lus, &c. 
 
 Holt, Sir John, lord chief justice of the 
 king's bench, was born at Thames, Oxford- 
 shire, 1642. He was educated at Abing- 
 don school, where his father was recorder, 
 and afterwards entered as gentleman com- 
 moner of Oriel college, Oxford. In 1658 
 he entered at Gray's Inn, and when called 
 to the bar, he distinguished himself as an 
 able counsellor. In the reign of James II. 
 he was elected recorder of London, from 
 which, 18 months after, he was removed 
 for opposing the abolition of the test act. 
 In 1686 he was made sergeant at law, and 
 at the revolution he was elected to the con- 
 vention parliament, and soon after his ser- 
 vices in the cause of loyalty were rewarded 
 ■^vith the first seat in the court of king's 
 bench, and a place in the privy council. 
 In 1700 he declined succeeding lord Somers 
 as chancellor, and remained in the king's 
 bench, where he presided with firmness, 
 patience, and dignity, and maintained the 
 04 
 
 "honour of his situation even in oppositiou 
 to the two houses of parliament. Impar- 
 tial and unbiassed as a judge, he watched 
 with jealous care over the privileges of the 
 people, and deserved by his uprightness 
 and integrity the high character of Verus, 
 applied to him in the 14th number of the 
 Tatler. While in office he was solicited to 
 support with his officers a party of the mili- 
 tary, which were sent to disperse a riot, 
 occasioned in Holborn by the frequent and 
 violent practice of decoying young men for 
 the plantations. Suppose, said the judge 
 to the messenger, that the populace should 
 not disperse at your appearance, what are 
 you to do then ? Sir, replied the officer, 
 we have orders to fire on them. Have you, 
 sir, said the judge, then take notice of this, 
 if there be one man killed, and you are 
 tried before me, I will take care that you, 
 and every soldier of your party, shall be 
 hanged. Sir, added he, go back to those 
 who sent you, and tell them that no officer 
 of mine shall attend soldiers, and let them 
 know, at the same time, that the laws of 
 this kingdom are not to be executed by the 
 sword ; these matters belong to the civil 
 power, and you have nothing to do with 
 them. The chief justice immediately, with 
 his tipstaves and a few constables, repaired 
 to the spot, and after addressing the popu- 
 lace, and promising the punishment of 
 those who had excited the public indigna- 
 tion, he dispersed the mob quietly. This 
 great and upright judge died after a linger- 
 ing illness, March 1709, leaving no issue. 
 He published 1708 a Report of Cases in 
 Pleas of the Crown in the reign of Charles 
 II. &c. 
 
 Holt, John, a miscellaneous writer, was 
 born at Mottram, in Cheshire, in 1742. He 
 was schoolmaster and parish clerk at Wal- 
 ton, near Liverpool ; where also he en- 
 gaged in agricultural pursuits, and died in 
 1801. His works are — 1. Characters of 
 the Kings and Queens of England, 3 vols. 
 12mo. — 2. An Essay on the Curl in Pota- 
 toes. — 3. Agricultural Report for Lan- 
 cashire, 8vo. At the time of his death he was 
 employed in a History of Liverpool. — W. B. 
 
 HoLWELL, John Zephaniah, an English- 
 man, governor of Bengal, and one of those 
 unfortunate men confined in the black hole 
 of Calcutta, 1756, of which he published 
 an interesting narrative. He wrote also 
 several pieces on East India aifairs, and 
 died 1798. 
 
 HoLYDA, Barten, an English divine, 
 born at Oxford, 1593, son of a tailor. He 
 was educated at Christ-church, where he 
 was student, and in 1615 he took orders. 
 In 1618 he went as chaplain with Sir Fran- 
 cis Stewart to Spain, and on his return was 
 made chaplain to the king, and archdeacon 
 of Oxford, In 1642 he was made D.D. 
 and duiins: the civil wars he remained con • 
 
IIOM 
 
 MOM 
 
 tealcd in the neighbotirbood of OxJlbrd, but 
 afterwards he submitted to the parliament, 
 and under their regulations took the living 
 of Chilton, Berkshire. At the restoration 
 he came to settle at Iblcy, Berks, and was 
 restored to his former preferments. He 
 died at Ilsley, 2d Oct. 1661. It is said his 
 temporizing manners prevented his eleva- 
 tion to a bishopric. He published twenty 
 sermons, besides some poems, and " the 
 Survey of the World," a poem in lU books, 
 1661, and also a Translation of Juvenal 
 and Persius, not very poetical, says Dry- 
 den, but very faithful, and accompanied 
 with valuable notes. 
 
 HoLTOAKE, Francis, a learned scholar, 
 born at Nether Whitacre, Warwickshire, 
 about 1567. He studied at Oxford, and in 
 1604 became rector of Southam, Warwick- 
 shire. He suffered greatly during the civil 
 wars, for his attachment to the royal cause, 
 and died 1653, and was buried at Warwick. 
 He published an etymological dictionary of 
 Latin words, first printed 1606, 4to. and 
 edited the fourth time 1633. 
 
 HoLTOAKE, Thomas, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Southam, 1616, and 
 educated at Queen's college, Oxford. He 
 was captain in the king's army, and for his 
 services was made D.D. For some time 
 he practised physic, and then took orders, 
 and had some valuable livings. He died 
 1675, leaving a dictionary English and La- 
 tin, and Latin and English, published 1677, 
 and borrowed from his father's labours. 
 
 HoLYOKE, Edward, president of Harvard 
 college, was a native of Boston, Massachu- 
 setts, and graduated at the seminary, over 
 which he afterwards presided in 1705. Af- 
 ter having been employed as a tutor in the 
 institution for some time, he was in 1716 
 settled in the ministry at Marblehead, 
 where he continued to labour with reputa- 
 tion, till in 1737 he was elected president 
 of Harvard college. He remained in that 
 office, for which he was happily fitted by 
 his learning and the dignity of his manners, 
 till his death in 1769. fC?' L. 
 
 HoLTwooD, John, called also Sacrobos- 
 00, of Halifax, a mathematician, born at 
 Halifax, Yorkshire, though said by some to 
 be an Irishman, and by others a Scotchman. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and then went 
 to Paris, where he died 1256. He wrote 
 De Sphaira Mundi — de Anni Ratione — de 
 Algorismo. 
 
 HoMBERG, W^illiam, an eminent chymist, 
 born at Batavia, in Java, 3d Jan. 1652, 
 where his father was arsenal governor. 
 Returning with his father to Europe, he 
 entered into the army, and afterwards 
 studied at the universities of Jena and 
 Leipsic, but the sciences had greater attrac- 
 tion for him than the law, for which he 
 was intended. Botany, chyraistry, and 
 medicine Avere his favourite pursuits, and 
 
 Vol. II. 9 
 
 he was encouraged in his designs by t!n 
 friendship of Otto de (Jucricke. To im- 
 prove himself he travelled to Italy, Hun- 
 gary, Bohemia, Sweden, and France, and 
 under the patronage of Colbert, deter- 
 mined to settle at Paris, where he re- 
 nounced the protestant for the eulliolic re- 
 ligion in 16S2. The death of Colbert al- 
 tered his resolution, and he retired to 
 Rome, where he began to practise physic. 
 In 1690 he again returned to Paris, and 
 had the good fortune to be appointed 
 chymist, and then physician to the duke of 
 Orleans, the regent. He died of a dysen- 
 tery, Sept. 1715, at Paris, seven years 
 after he had married the daughter of the 
 physician Dodart. The writings of Hom- 
 berg are chiefly preserved in the memoirs 
 of the academy. He is known for his suc- 
 cessful experiments, and for his discoveries 
 in chymistry, especially that of the Bologna 
 stone, and its phosphoric appearances after 
 calcination. He was a frequent corres- 
 pondent on scientific subjects with Boyle, 
 and other learned men. 
 
 Home, David, a Scotch divine, educated 
 in France. He was employed by James I. 
 to reconcile the differences between Tile- 
 nus and Du Moulin, on the subject of Jus- 
 tification, and thus to introduce an amity 
 of sentiments on religion throughout 
 Europe. The time of his death is not re- 
 corded. He wrote Apologia Basilica, sen 
 Machiavelli Ingenium examinatum, 4to. — 
 L'Assassinat du Roi, ou Maximes du Vieil 
 de la Montagne practiquees par le defunt 
 Henri le Grand, 1617 — and some pieces in 
 the Deliciae poetarum Scotorum. 
 
 Home, Henry, lord Kaimes, a learned 
 Scotch judge, known also as an elegant 
 writer. After being long eminent as a law- 
 yer, he was in 1752 raised to a seat among 
 the lords of session, and while he faithfully- 
 discharged his duty to the public, he de- 
 voted usefully his time to literature. He 
 died 26th Dec. 17S2, after having been 
 several years senior lord of session. His 
 writings are, essays on several subjects, 
 concerning British Antiquities, &c. 1746 — 
 Essays on the Principles of Morality and 
 Natural Religion, 1751, 8vo.— Historical 
 Law, 1759— The Principles of Equity, fol. 
 1760— Elements of Criticism, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 1762, a valuable book often re-edited — The 
 Gentleman Farmer, 1777 — Loose Hints 
 upon Education, 1781— The History of 
 Man, or Sketches, 4 vols. Svo. 1782. 
 
 Home, John, a Scotch writer, was born 
 in Roxburghshire, in 1724. He was edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh for the church ; but, in 
 the rebellion of 1745, he entered into the 
 royal army, and was taken prisoner at the 
 battle of Falkirk. He contrived, however, 
 to make his escape, and in 1750 was ordain- 
 ed as minister of Athelstaneford, in East 
 Lothian. His tragedy of *' Douglas" was 
 
HON 
 
 HON 
 
 performed at Edinburgh in 1756, wbich 
 gave such offence to the presbytery, that the 
 author, to avoid ecclesiastical censure, re- 
 signed his living. In 1763 he was appoint- 
 ed a commissioner for sick and wounded 
 seamen, and the exchange of prisoners. 
 He was also named a conservator of the 
 Scotch privileges at Campvere, in Zealand. 
 In 1778 he obtained a captain's commission 
 in the duke of Buccleugh's fencibles. He 
 died Sept. 4, 1808. Besides the play of 
 Douglas he wrote four others, which are 
 sunk in oblivion ; as also is the last work 
 which he published, " The History of the 
 Rebellion," 4to.— TF. B. 
 
 Homer, the father of poetry, is supposed 
 to have flourished about 907, B.C. His 
 history is so obscurely known, that not 
 Jess than seven cities disputed the honour 
 of giving him birth. Besides his two im- 
 mortal works, the Iliad and the Odyssey, 
 he wrote Batrachomyomachia, or the battle 
 of the frogs and the mice, and Hymns to 
 to the Gods. 
 
 HoMMEL, Charles Frederick, a writer of 
 Leipsic, who died 17S1, aged 59. He 
 wrote, De Legum Civilium et Naturalium 
 Natural — Oblectamenta Juris Feudalis, sive 
 Grammaticae Observationes Jus Rei Clien- 
 telaris, et Antiquitates Germanicas varie 
 illustrantes — Literatura Juris — Jurispru- 
 dentia Numismatibus illustrata, &c. — Cor- 
 pus Juris Civilis cum notis Variorum, &c. 
 
 HoMMOND, Charles Francis 1', a native 
 of Chaulness, near Noyon, who devoted his 
 life to the instruction of youth at Paris, 
 and in the provinces. He died at Paris, 
 31st December, 1794, aged 66. He wrote, 
 De Viris Illustribus Urbis Roma; — Epitome 
 Historiae Sacrse — a Grammar, &c. 
 
 HoNDEKOETER, GiUcs, a painter, born 
 at Utrecht, 1593. His landscapes and 
 flowers were much admired. 
 
 HoNDEKOETER, Gysbrccht, son of Gil- 
 les, was born 1613, and excelled in the live- 
 ly and natural representation of fowls. 
 
 HoNDEKOETER, Melchior, a painter, 
 son of Gysbrecht, born at Utrecht. He 
 died 1695, aged 59. His landscapes intro- 
 duced especially in the back of his pictures, 
 possess great elegance and beauty. 
 
 HoNDius, Abraham, a painter, born at 
 Rotterdam. He died 1693, aged 53. His 
 best piece is the burning of Troy, in which 
 he has introduced a great variety of figures, 
 with boldness and exquisite judgment. 
 
 HoNDius, .Jesse, a native of Wackerne 
 in Flanders, who died 1614, aged 48. He 
 was eminent as an engraver on copper and 
 ivory, in which he was self-taught, and as a 
 letter-founder. In 1607 he published De- 
 scriptio Geographica Orbis Tcrrarum, 
 folio, besides, Theatrum Artis Scribendi — 
 Gerhard) Mcrcatoris Atlas — and Italiae Ho- 
 diernse Descriptio. He cnnstnictpd two 
 
 globes in London, remarkable for beautj 
 and size, and settled in Amsterdam. 
 
 Hone, George Paul, a lawyer, born at 
 Nuremberg 1662. He was counsellor to 
 the duke of Meimingen, and bailiff of Co- 
 burg, where he died 1747. He wrote Iter 
 Juridicum per Belgium, &c. — Lexicon To- 
 pographicum Franconiae — History of the 
 Dutchy of Saxe-Coburg, &.c. 
 
 HoNESTis, Petrus de, or Petrus Damiani, 
 an Italian, born at Ravenna 1006. His 
 great piety recommended him to pope Ste- 
 phen, by whom he was made bishop of 
 Ostia, and a cardinal, and in 1059 he was 
 employed by pope Nicolas II. to reduce the 
 church of Milan to the observation of celi- 
 bacy, which he effected with difficulty. In 
 1061, he abdicated his bishopric and retired 
 to a cell, but the next year the pope called 
 him away, and sent him as his ambassador 
 to France. In 1072 he reconciled the see 
 of Ravenna to the pope, and died the same 
 year, aged 66. His works are numerous, 
 chiefly consisting of epistles addressed to 
 the clergy, little esteemed now. 
 
 HoNORius, second son of the great The- 
 odosius, was emperor of the west, while 
 his brother Arcadius sat on the throne of 
 Constantinople. He disregarded the ra- 
 vages of Alaric the Goth in the indolence 
 of his palace at Ravenna, where he died 
 423, aged 39. 
 
 HoNORius I. pope, after Boniface V. 
 626, died 12th Oct. 638. He presided over 
 the church with great zeal and wisdom, 
 though he is blamed for yielding to the 
 artful insinuations of Sergius, patriarch of 
 Constantinople, on some controversial 
 points. 
 
 HoNORius II. Lambert, bishop of Ostia, 
 was made pope 1124, after the death of Cal- 
 lixtus II. though at the same time, and in 
 the same church, another party elected 
 Theobald, under the name of Celestinus. 
 The influence of Honorius, however, pre- 
 vailed, and Celestinus yielded to his rival, 
 who died 14th Feb. 1130. 
 
 Honorius III. Censio Savelli, was elect- 
 ed after Innocent III. He confirmed the 
 order of St. Dominic, and that of the 
 Carmes, and preached without eflect a cru- 
 sade to the Holy Land. He died l8th 
 March, 1227. A work called, Conjura- 
 tior;»s, &.c. has appeared under his name. 
 
 Honorius IV., James Savelli, was 
 elected pope, 2d April, 1285, and died 3d 
 April, 1287. He ably defended the rights 
 of the Roman church, and supported the 
 crusades. 
 
 IloNTAN, Baron de, a native of Gascony, 
 in the 17th century, known by his travels 
 in North America, which he published in a 
 barbarous style, and filled with disguised 
 facts, and many improbabilities. He was 
 originally a soldier in Canada, and after ri- 
 sing to tlie rank of an officer, he was broke 
 
lioo 
 
 J loo 
 
 for quarrelling with the governor. of New- 
 foundland, and then went to settle in Den- 
 mark. An edition of his travela is from 
 Amsterdam, 2 vols. 12mo. 1705. 
 
 HoNTHEiM, John Nicholas de, author of 
 Historia Trevisensis Diplomat\ca et Prag- 
 matica, 5 vols, folio — De pra^senti Statu 
 Ecclesia;, 5 vols. 4to. a work which exci^ 
 ted some controversy, was sufl'ragan to th\ 
 archbishop of Treves, and died 171)0, aged 
 90. 
 
 HoNTHORST, Herard, a painter of 
 Utrecht, who studied under Bloemart. His 
 night pieces are much admired, especially 
 his Christ brought before Pilate, in which 
 the light from the torches is made to illu- 
 minate the whole piece with astonishing 
 effect. He died 1 060, aged G8. His brother 
 William was equally eminent as a histo- 
 rical and portrait painter, and died 1683. 
 
 HooFT, Petrus Cornelius Van, a poet 
 ■and historian, born at Amsterdam 1581. 
 He was made knight of St. Michael by 
 Lewis Xin. and died after a short illness, 
 as he was going to attend the funeral of 
 Fred. Henry prince of Orange, 1647. He 
 wrote epigrams, comedies, and other 
 poems — A History of the Low Countries 
 from Charles V.'s Abdication, to 1598, 2 
 vols, folio — A Latin History of Henry IV. 
 of France. — A Dutch translation of Taci- 
 tus, highly esteemed, as the author read 
 the original fifty-two times, to under- 
 stand more perfectly his meaning. 
 
 HooGEVEEN, Henry, a Dutch philolo- 
 ger, born at Leyden, Jan. 1712. Though 
 his parents were poor, yet his education 
 was liberal, and at the age of 15, he began 
 to teach others to support himself, and his 
 parents. In 1732, he was elected under- 
 master of the school of Gorcum, and nine 
 months after went to settle at Woerden, 
 where he married. In 1738, the year he 
 lost his wife, by whom he had three sons 
 and two daughters, he removed to the 
 school of Culemburg, where he took a 
 second wife. In 1745, he was invited to 
 Breda, but for a while the fears of invasion, 
 and of a French army, disturbed his resi- 
 dence, though at last he lived there 16 
 years, and in 1761 he removed to Dort, 
 and three years after to Delft, where he 
 died Nov. 1st, 1794. His works were, an 
 edition of Vigerus de Idiotismis Linguae 
 Graecae — An inaugural speech at Culem- 
 burg — An elegiac poem and other poetical 
 pieces — and Doctrina Particularum Lin- 
 guae Graecae, 2 vols. 4to. 1769, a work of 
 great learning, and universally applauded, 
 besides a posthumous work, Dictionarium 
 Analogicum Graecum, printed at Cam- 
 bridge, with an account of his life, by his 
 son, his successor at the school of Delft. 
 
 HooGESTRAETEN, TheodoreVan, a paint- 
 er of Antwerp. His landscapes were much 
 admired. He died 1640, aged 44. Hi* 
 
 s>ou, Samuel, was equally eminent for his 
 skill, not only in landscapes but in portmits. 
 He died 1678, aged 51. 
 
 HooGESTRAETEN, Jamcs, a Dominican, 
 and inquisitor general, is known by the vi- 
 rulence with which he wrote against Lu- 
 ther, Erasmus, Kcuchlin, and others. He 
 died at Cologne, 1527. 
 
 HooGSTRATEN, David Van, professor of 
 belles lettres at Amsterdam, was born at 
 Rotterdam 1658. In a thick fog, Nov. 
 13th, 1724, he lost his way, and fell into u 
 canal, and in consequence of the accident, 
 he died eight days after. He wrote Latin 
 poems — Flemish poems — Notes on Cor. 
 Nepos, and Terence — a Flemish and Latin 
 Dictionary, &c. 
 
 HooGUE, Romain de, a Dutch engraver 
 and designer. His principal works are, 
 Plates for the New and Old Testament, 
 published by Basnage, folio, 1704 — Plates 
 for the Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Amster- 
 dam, folio — Plates to Fontaine's Fables, 2 
 vols. 8vo. 1685 — to Boccace — to the tades 
 of the Queen of Navarre, &c. His pieces 
 are greatly esteemed, and bear a high price. 
 
 HooKE, Robert, was born l8th July, 
 1635, at Freshwater, in the Isle of Wight, 
 where his father was minister. He was 
 intended for the church, but the weakness 
 of his constitution prevented it, and after 
 being for some time left to his own amuse- 
 ment, he was placed under the care of Sir 
 Peter Lely, but the smell of oil colours in- 
 creased those violent headachs to which he 
 was liable, and rendered his improvement 
 as a painter impossible. He next was ta- 
 ken into the house of Dr. Busby, and there 
 gradually acquired a perfect knowledge of 
 the learned languages. About 1653, he 
 went to Christ Church, and soon after his 
 introduction to the philosophical society at 
 Oxford enabled him to display and to 'cul- 
 tivate his mechanical abilities. He assisted 
 Willis and Boyle in their chymical experi' 
 ments, and improved himself in astronomy 
 under Seth Ward, and soon became emi- 
 nent for his inventions and improvements 
 in mechanics, and in astronomical instru- 
 ments. In 1662 he was unanimously ap- 
 pointed curator of the experiments of the 
 Royal Society ; and when the charter of in- 
 stitution was granted to that learned body, 
 his name was inserted among the council. 
 He was, in 1664, made professor of mecha- 
 nics to the Royal Society by Cutler, and the 
 next year he was elected to the geometrical 
 chair in Gresham college. Upon the des- 
 truction of London by fire, he produced an 
 ingenious plan for the rebuilding of the 
 city, but though it was not adopted, he 
 was so far complimented by the lord mayor 
 and corporation as to be appointed one of 
 the surveyors. In 1668 he was engaged iii 
 a warm dispute Avith Hevelius of Dantzic- 
 Avith respect to the dioptric tdescopes^, 
 
 €7 
 
1100 
 
 1100 
 
 ivhich be regarded as superior to those 
 Tvith plain sights ; but though he was 
 blamed for his assertions, it is now proved 
 (hat his opinion was the more correct. In 
 1671 he attacked Newton's theory of light 
 and colours, and with some degree of suc- 
 cess ; but wlien in 16S6 he laid claim to the 
 discovery of the force and the action of 
 gravity in preference to the great philoso- 
 pher, his pretensions were regarded with 
 indifference, and considered as the effects 
 of arrogance and ambition. He was in 
 1691, created M.D. by Tillotson ; but the 
 wishes of his friends that he might be ena- 
 bled to complete a description of the va- 
 rious instruments which his ingenuity had 
 discovered, proved unavailing, as a gradual 
 decay rendered him unfit for laborious exer- 
 tion. He died at his lodgings, Gresham 
 college, 3d March, 1702, and was buried 
 in St. Helen's church, Bishopsgate-street. 
 Though possessed of such mental powers, 
 Hooke was in his temper penurious and 
 mistrustful, unsociable and suspicious, and 
 in his person he was uncomely and vulgar, 
 short of stature, and of a pale and meagre 
 aspect. In his religious character, however, 
 he was very devout and humble, and no- 
 thing fortunate or pleasing ever happened 
 to him without drawing from him ejacula- 
 tions of gratitude and thanks to the divi- 
 nity, as his diary every where mentions. 
 He wrote Micrographia, or Philosophical 
 Descriptions of Minute Bodies made by- 
 magnifying glasses, with Observations and 
 Inquiries, folio, 1666. His posthumous 
 works appeared 1705, folio, under the care 
 nf R. Walker, secretary to the Royal 
 Society, to whom the MSS. had been 
 referred. 
 
 Hooke, Nathanael, an English historian, 
 of whom few particulars are known. He 
 ivas one of the many who suffered in the 
 South Sea scheme, but he afterwards was 
 patronised by the dutchess of Marlborough, 
 who gave him 5000/. to assist her in the 
 arrangement and digestion of her papers, 
 for a history of her conduct at court till 
 the year I7l0. The work was finished 
 1742, 8vo. but the historian quarrelled 
 with th? dutchess, and was dismissed. As 
 he was a mystic and quietist, and strongly 
 attached to the tenets of Fenelon, he was 
 the fiiend of the catholics, and it is said 
 that he introduced one of his priests to 
 Pope's bed-side to receive the confession of 
 the dying poet, a circumstance which highly 
 offended Bolingbroke. Hooke is particu- 
 larly known as the historian of Rome, in 4 
 vols. 4to. from the foundation of the city 
 to the end of the republic. The first vo- 
 lume appeared in 1733, the second 1745, the 
 third 1764, and the fourth 1771. He wrote 
 besides Observations on the Roman Senate, 
 and a translation of Ramsav's Travels of 
 ^vrus. He died 1764. 
 68 
 
 Hooker, John, an eminent antiquai*3V 
 born at Exeter 1524, and educated at Ox- 
 ford. He travelled into Germany, and on 
 his return settled at Exeter, which he re- 
 presented in parliament 1571. He died 
 1601. He was author of a Description of 
 Exeter, and of some part of HoUingshed's 
 Chronicle. 
 
 Hooker, Richard, nephew to the pre- 
 ceding, was a celebrated divine, born at 
 Heavitree, near Exeter, 1553. His great 
 abilities were early observed by the school- 
 master under whom he studied at Exeter, 
 and by the kindness of his uncle he was in- 
 troduced to bishop Jewell, who with un- 
 common liberality sent him as clerk to Cor- 
 pus Christi, Oxford, and settled a pension 
 upon him. The death of his patron for a 
 while obscured his prospects, but he found 
 a friend in Dr. Cole, the president of his 
 college, and in Sandys, bishop of London ; 
 and in 1577, his merits recommended him 
 to a fellowship in his college. He took 
 orders in 1581, and soon after formed an 
 imprudent marriage with a woman, who, 
 without personal accomplishments, and 
 without fortune, rendered his life, by her 
 peevish manners, painful and uncomforta- 
 ble. In 1584 he obtained the living of 
 Drayton Beauchamp, Bucks, where the 
 following year two of his pupils, Sandys, 
 the son of his patron, and Cranmer, the 
 nephew of the great Cranmer, visited him 
 with marks of sincere respect, and heart- 
 felt commiseration. Sandys reported to 
 his father the indigent circumstances of his 
 learned tutor, and the bishop, in return for 
 the attention paid to his son, procured for 
 this neglected man the mastership of the 
 Temple, 1585. In this new situation 
 Hooker had to struggle with Travers, the 
 afternoon lecturer, who;through disappoint- 
 ment so far forgot his duty, as to attack 
 his coadjutor in the pulpit, and it was plea- 
 santly observed by some of the congrega- 
 tion, that the forenoon sermon spake Can- 
 terbury, and the afternoon, Geneva, allu- 
 ding to the principles to which the two 
 rivals were attached. After defending 
 himself with vigour and dignity against his 
 opponent, Hooker obtained permission 
 from Whitgift to exchange his preferment, 
 and in 1591, he removed to the rectory of 
 Boscomb, Wiltshire, to which was added 
 the prebend of Nether-haven in Sarum 
 church. In 1595 he was presented by the 
 queen to Bishop's Bourne rectory in Kent, 
 and here he passed the rest of his life, and 
 completed his great work. Ecclesiastical 
 Polity, which he had begun at Boscomb. 
 In crossing between London and Graves- 
 end by water, he unfortunately caught 
 cold, which brought on a severe illness, 
 which proved fatal, 2d Nov. 1600, in his 
 47th year. The fame of Hooker rests upon 
 that incomparable work the EcclesiasticaX 
 
1100 
 
 HOC) 
 
 Polity, in eight books, a work admired noi 
 only in England, but on the continent. It 
 18 said that the pope, Clement V III. who 
 declared that he knew no English writer 
 who deserved the name of author, no sooner 
 heard the contents of this immortal work, 
 than he exclaimed, there is no learning 
 that this man hath not searched into. His 
 books witt grt reverence by age, for there 
 is in them such seeds of eternity, that tiiey 
 will continue till the last fire shall devour 
 all learning. Besides bis answer to Tra- 
 vers's Supplication, Hooker published some 
 sermons. His works have been edited 
 folio and also in an 8vo. form at Oxford. 
 
 Hooker, Thomas, first minister of Hart- 
 ford, Connecticut, was born at Marshfield, 
 England, in 1686, and educated at Ema- 
 nuel college, Cambridge, of which he was 
 afterwards elected a fellow. He was 
 in 1626 chosen lecturer at Chelmsford, but 
 was soon silenced for nonconformity. In 
 1633 he came to New-England, and after 
 preaching some time at Cambridge, in 
 June 1636, removed with several others, 
 and commenced the settlement of Hart- 
 ford, where he continued in the ministry 
 till his death in 1647. He was eminent for 
 talents and learning, of great dignity and 
 energy as a preacher, and one of the best 
 and most useful of the founders of the 
 colonies. Several valuable volumes were 
 selected from his manuscripts and publish- 
 ed after bis death. ICJ^ L. 
 
 HooLE, Charles, a native of Wakefield, 
 Yorkshire, educated at Lincoln college, 
 Oxford. He was elected master of Rother- 
 am school, but during the civil wars he 
 came to London, and acquired some cele- 
 brity as a public teacher. His services to 
 literature and to education, were acknow- 
 ledged by the gratitude of bishop Saunder- 
 son, who gave him the rectory of Stock in 
 Essex, and a prebend in Lincoln cathedral. 
 Besides a translation of Terence's plays, 
 he published a good edition of the Greek 
 testament, and wrote also various useful 
 school-books. He died 1666. 
 
 HooLE, John, a native of London, son 
 of a watch-maker, whose mechanical genius 
 was much admired in the construction of 
 the machinery of the scenes in Covent- 
 garden. The son received a good educa- 
 tion under Mr. Bennet, known to the pub- 
 lic by his edition of Ascham's works ; but 
 when admitted clerk at the India house, at 
 the age of 18, he devoted much of his 
 time to literary pursuits, and to the study 
 of modern languages, especially Italian. 
 Besides three tragedies, Cyrus, acted at 
 Covent-garden 176«^, Timanthes, acted 
 1769, and Cleonice, acted 1775, he pub- 
 lished spirited and much admired transla- 
 tions, in English metre, of Ariosto's Or- 
 lando Furioso, and Tasso's Jerusalem. He 
 wrote besides some original poems, and 
 
 published ihe life of Mr. Scott of Am well- 
 This ingenious poet died 1803, aged 76. 
 
 Hooper, George, an English prelate, 
 born at Grimley, Worcestershire, about 
 1640, and educated at Wcstnunster-school, 
 from whence he went to Christ church as 
 student, 1656. Highly distinguished as a 
 scholar, he, in 1672, was made chaplain to 
 Morley, bishop of Winchester, and soon 
 after to Sheldon, the primate, who gave 
 him the rectory of Lambeth, and the pre- 
 centorship of Exeter. In 1677 he became 
 D.D. and the same year was made almoner 
 to the princess of Orange, whom he at- 
 tended in Holland. He refused in 1680 
 the divinity professorship at Oxford, and 
 in 1691, was made dean of Canterburj-. 
 In 1701 he was offered the primacy of Ire- 
 land by lord Rochester, the viceroy ; and 
 soon after Anne's accession, he was nomi- 
 nated bishop of St. Asaph, and half a year 
 after, removed to Bath and Wells, where 
 he continued to preside for 24 years. He 
 died at Barkley, Somersetshire, 1727, and 
 was buried in the cathedral of Well?. 
 Besides three sermons, he puldished various 
 tracts on theological and other subjects, — 
 a Latin tract on Divorce, — an Inquiry into 
 the State of the Ancient Measures, the 
 Attic, Roman, and especially the Jewish, 
 with an Appendix concerning our old Eng- 
 lish Money and Measures of Content, 
 1721. A beautiful edition of his works 
 appeared at Oxford, in 1757, folio. 
 
 Hooper, or Hoper, John, an English 
 bishop and martyr, born in Somersetshire, 
 and educated at Oxford. He was for some 
 time of the fraternity of the Cistercian 
 monks, but disliking their principles he 
 returned to Oxford, and became a convert 
 to the tenets of Luther. Upon the enact- 
 ing of the statute of the six articles, he 
 fled for safety, and after various escapes in 
 France, in England, and in Ireland, he 
 settled in Switzerland, and married, and 
 then devoted himself to the study of He- 
 brew. On the death of Henry VlII. he 
 returned to London, where he became a 
 popular preacher, and distinguished him- 
 self as the accuser of Bonner. By the 
 interest of his friend lord ^V'arwick, he 
 was nominated bishop of Gloucester 1550, 
 and he was consecrated, though he refused 
 to wear the canonical habit- as approach- 
 ing too near to popish forms, and two 
 years after he obtained besides the see of 
 Worcester in commendam. This worthy 
 prelate, under the bloody reign of Mary, 
 was marked for destruction. Neither his 
 popularity as a preacher, his hospitality and 
 benevolence as a prelate, nor his exemplary 
 manners as a man, could save him from 
 the flames. He was condemned to be 
 burned, and he suffered the execution of 
 the sentence at Gloucester, with becoming: 
 
HOO 
 
 HOP 
 
 tbrtitude 1555, in his 60th year. His 
 writings, and especially his letters preserv- 
 ed in Fox's monuments of the church, are 
 excellent specimens of his learning, and of 
 his mental abilities. 
 
 Hoofer, William, a member of congress 
 from North Carolina, and one of those 
 who signed the declaration of American 
 Independence, was a native of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, where he was born, June 
 17th, 1742. He was the son of a respec- 
 table minister of the episcopal church in 
 that town ; received the early part of his 
 education under the direction of John 
 Lovel, a teacher of great celebrity in his 
 day ; and completed his academical course 
 in Harvard university, in which he was 
 honourably distinguished, and graduated 
 in 1760. He studied law under the care 
 of James Otis, Esq. a celebrated patriot 
 and orator of Boston. In 1764, attracted 
 by some particular friends who sustained 
 an influential character in North Carolina, 
 he removed from Boston to that province, 
 and commenced the practice of the law, in 
 which he was highly successful. AVhen the 
 contest between Great Britain and the 
 colonies came on, he took the side of liberty 
 and independence. He was early elected 
 a member of the legislature of North Caro- 
 lina, and in that body, as well as by seve- 
 ral popular publications, he plead with 
 much zeal, eloquence, and effect, the cause 
 of his country. In 1775, he was delegated 
 by the legislature of the province to the 
 American congress ; was present at the 
 declaration of independence, and had the 
 honour of signing that instrument. He 
 continued to occupy a seat in congress, 
 until 1777, when his private affairs com- 
 pelled him to resign. He, however, con- 
 tinued to fill various public stations in his 
 adopted state, until 17S7, when he finally 
 retired from all public employment, and 
 died in 1790, in the forty-ninth year of his 
 age. He was a man of superior talents, 
 of truly impressive eloquence, and of great 
 activity, probity, public spirit, and genuine 
 patriotism. fCP" L. 
 
 HooRN'BECK, John, a Dutch divine, born 
 at Haerlem, 1617. After studying in his 
 native city, and at Leyden and Utrecht, 
 he entered into the ministry at Cologne, 
 1652, and eleven years after returned to 
 Holland. In 1644 he was raised to the 
 chair of divinity professor at Utrecht, and 
 appointed minister in ordinary in the 
 church there, and after filling those two 
 important oflices with great ability and 
 universal approbation, he was invited to 
 similar employments at Leyden, 1654. He 
 died 1666, aged 49. His works are various, 
 on polemical, practical, historical, and 
 other subjects ; and throughout life he dis- 
 played, says Bayle, the complete model of 
 a good pastor, and divinity professor. 
 70 
 
 He married 1650, at Utrecht, and left twi? 
 sons. 
 
 Hopkins, Ezekiel, b learned prelate, 
 born at Sandford, Devonshire, where his 
 father was curate. He was chorister of 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, and at the 
 age of sixteen was made usher of the col- 
 lege school, and some time after its chap- 
 lain. He became a popular preacher 
 among the Presbyterians and Independents, 
 and therefore the bishop of London refused 
 to admit him to one of the city churches, 
 in consequence of which he vvent to settle 
 at Exeter. Here he was seen and ad- 
 mired by lord Robartes, afterwards earl of 
 Truro, who gave him his daughter Aramin- 
 ta in marriage, and when lord lieutenant of 
 Ireland, presented him to the deanery of 
 Raphoe. The earl besides so strongly re- 
 commended him to lord Berkeley, the next 
 viceroy, that he was in 1671 made bishop 
 of Raphoe, and in 1681, translated to 
 Londonderry. He left his diocess in 1688, 
 when persecuted by lord Tyrconnel, and 
 came to England, where he was elected 
 minister of Aldermanbury, 1689, where he 
 died 19th June, 1690. He was an able 
 and interesting writer. He published five 
 sermons, besides an Exposition of the 
 ten Commandments, and an Exposition of 
 the Lord's prayer. 
 
 Hopkins, Charles, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Exeter, and educated at Dub- 
 lin, and afterwards at Cambridge. Du- 
 ring the Irish rebellion of 1688, he was a 
 zealous partisan in favour of William, and 
 at the end of the troubles he returned to 
 England, and became the associate of men 
 of wit and fashion. In 1694 he published 
 some epistolary poems and translations, 
 and in 1695, produced " Pyrrhus," a tra- 
 gedy, with an epilogue by Congreve. He 
 was also the friend of Dryden, and by his 
 " Art of Love," gained the acquaintance of 
 the earl of Dorset ; but his intemperance 
 and debauchery soon proved fatal. He 
 died 1699, in con-equenre of his excesses, 
 aired 36. He wrote besides a translation 
 of Ovid's History of Love, 2 tragedies, 
 Boadicea, and the Female Warrior, &c. 
 
 Hopkins, John, another son of the 
 bishop, born January 1st, 1675. He had 
 poetical powers, and published 1698, the 
 Triumphs of Peace, or the Glories of Nas- 
 sau — the Victory of Death, — and also 
 Amasia, or the Works of the Muses, a col- 
 lection of Poems, 3 vols. 1700. The par- 
 ticulars of his life are unknown, but it is 
 supposed that like his brother, he was an 
 unfortunate man. 
 
 Hopkins, Edward, governor of Connec- 
 ticut, was born at Shrewsbury, England, ia 
 1600, and became a merchant in London. 
 In 1637, he came to New-England, and 
 settled at Hartford, where he was soon elect- 
 ed governor, and held the office a number of 
 
HOP 
 
 HOP 
 
 ^ears. He afterwards returnetl to Eng- 
 land, and became warden of the fleet, 
 commissioner of the admiralty, and a mem- 
 ber of parliament. He died in 1G57. He 
 was characterized by uprightness, prudence, 
 and piety. He left the sum of 1500 
 pounds for the encouragement of learning 
 in New-England, 1000 of which was ap- 
 propriated to the support of grammar- 
 schools in New-Haven, and Hartford, and 
 the remainder to Harvard college. 
 
 Hopkins, Stephen, LL.D. one of the 
 signers of the declaration of American 
 independence, was born in Scituate, 
 Rhode-Island, in March, 1707. He was 
 descended from worthy ancestors, who 
 were among the earliest settlers of Provi- 
 dence plantations. He possessed talents 
 of a superior order, and having cultivated 
 them with great assiduity, sustained a high 
 rank among the political and literary cha- 
 racters of New-England. He was called 
 into public life at a very early age, and in 
 the various otRces of legislator, chief jus- 
 tice, and governor of the colony, member 
 of congress, and chancellor of the college, 
 conducted with great dignity and ability. 
 He was also extensively engaged in trade, 
 navigation and manufactures, and was dis- 
 tingui?>hed for his enterprise and public 
 spirit. In 1757, he was a delegate to the 
 congre!<s which assembled at Albany, and 
 one of the committee, which, on that oc- 
 casion, drew up a plan of union for the 
 colonies. In 1755, he was elected gover- 
 nor, and continued to sustain the office with 
 the exception of four years, until 1768. 
 On the approach of the revolution, he was 
 called to exhibit his wisdom and patriotism 
 on a more important theatre. No indi- 
 vidual in the colony enjoyed more entirely 
 the confidence of his fellow-citizens. In 
 1773, he was a delegate to the assembly 
 from Providence, and a member of the 
 committee of correspondence then appoint- 
 ed. In 1774, he was elected a delegate to 
 congress, and remained in that office until 
 after the establishment of independence. 
 For several years before his death he suf- 
 fered a paralytic affection, the effiicts of 
 which are apparent in the signature of his 
 name to the declaration of independence. 
 He died July 20th, 1785, aged 79. He was 
 the author of " the Rights of the Colonies 
 Examined," which was published by order 
 of the general assembly of Rhode-Island. 
 
 ICF L. 
 Hopkins, Samuel, D.D. minister of 
 Newport, Rhode-Island, was born at Water- 
 bury, Connecticut, in 1721, and graduated 
 at Yale-college, in 1741. Having studied 
 theology with Mr. Edwards, of Northamp- 
 ton, he was in 1743, settled in Great Har- 
 rington, Massachusetts, where he continued 
 till 1769, when he was dismissed, and soon 
 
 after resettled at Newport, Rhode-Island. 
 He continued there until his death, in 1803, 
 eminently disliiiguiHhcd for piety and de- 
 votedness to the labours of hia office. He 
 possessed a vigorous mind, and a love of 
 searching for the reasons of mysterious 
 events in the divine government, ilmt led 
 him to the adoption of some peculiar opi- 
 nions, such as that sin is necessary to the 
 divine glory — that submission to (lod in- 
 cludes a willingness to suller the punish- 
 ment of sin in the future world, if necessary 
 to His glory. It is from his name, that the 
 term Hopkinsianism is derived. His chief 
 publication was a system of Theology in 
 2 vols. 8vo. ft:jP L. 
 
 HoPKiNsON, Francis, a poet, and judge 
 of the United States district court, for 
 Pennsylvania, was born in that state, in 
 1738. At the commencement of the revo- 
 lution he resided in New-Jersey, and was 
 sent by that state to congress, in 1776, and 
 signed the declaration of independence. 
 After the peace, he held a place for some 
 time in the loan-office, and was afterwards 
 a judge of the adn»iralty for Pennsylvania; 
 but in 1790, was advanced from that sta- 
 tion to a seat on the bench of the district 
 court of the United States. He died on 
 the 9th May, of the following year. He 
 was distinguished for vivacity and wit, and 
 published, during the revolution, several 
 poetical pieces which were highly popular. 
 The chief among them was " The Battle 
 of the Kegs." His writings were publish- 
 ed in 1792, in three volumes, octavo. 
 
 iCP L. 
 HoPTON, Arthur, an able mathematician, 
 son of Sir Arthur Hopton. He was born in 
 Somersetshire, and educated as a gentle- 
 man commoner at Lincoln college, Oxford, 
 where he took his first degree, and then re- 
 moved to the Temple, London. Though 
 he died at the early age of 26, 1614, he 
 wrote some valuable treatises on the Geo- 
 detical Staflf for Surveying, 4to. — the To- 
 pographical Glass, with the uses of that 
 Instrument, the Theodolite, Plain Table, 
 and Circumferenter, 4to. — a Concordance 
 of Years according to the English Account, 
 8vo. — Prognostications from 1607, to 1614, 
 &c. He was the intimate friend of the 
 great Selden. 
 
 Hopton, Ralph, lord, an English noble- 
 man, who distinguished himself by his 
 valour in the Low Countries, and after- 
 wards in the king's service during the civil 
 wars. His troops were under the best dis- 
 cipline, and with them he defeated Sir W. 
 Waller, at Stratton, 1643 ; but though vic- 
 torious he was obliged to retreat before the 
 superior numbers of general Fairfax. He 
 died at Bruges, 1652. 
 
 Hopton, Susanna, a lady of Staffiard- 
 shire, born of respectable parents. Though 
 beguiled to conform to the tenets of the 
 
 71 
 
HOR 
 
 HOR 
 
 church of Rome by the arts of Turburvillc, 
 a priest, sne afterwards was reconciled to 
 the protestant faith, and died at Hereford, 
 1709, aged 82, after surviving several years 
 her husband Richard Hopton, one of the 
 Welch judges. She wrote Daily Devotions, 
 Hexameron, or Meditations on the six 
 Days of the Creation, — and also corrected 
 the devotions in the ancient way of Offices, 
 published by her friend Dr. Hickes. 
 
 HoRAPOLLO, or HoRUS Apollo, an 
 Egyptian grammarian in the age of Theo- 
 dosius. His two books on Egyptian hiero- 
 glyphics have been edited by Pauw. 
 
 HoRATii, three brothers at Rome, who 
 fought against the three Curiatii of Alba, 
 B.C. 667, and conquered. 
 
 HoRATius, Codes, a Roman, celebrated 
 for the valour with which he defended a 
 bridge over the Tiber against the army of 
 Porsenna. After the cutting down of the 
 bridge he swam across the river with his 
 armour. 
 
 HoRATius, Q. Flaccus, a celebrated Ro- 
 man poet, whose great abilities recom- 
 mended him to the notice of Mecaenas, and 
 of Augustus, with whom he lived in habits 
 of intimacy and conviviality. He died 
 eight years before Christ. His odes in 
 four books, his episodes, satires, epistles, 
 and Art of Poetry, are well known. 
 
 HoRMAN, William, a native of Salisbury, 
 educated at Winchester school and New- 
 college, where he became fellow. He was 
 in 1485 made master of Eton school, and 
 also fellow, and afterwards vice-provost of 
 the college. He died 1535. He was a 
 good botanist as well as an able divine, 
 and published Herbarum Sjnonyma — and 
 also Indices to the writers de Re Rustic^. 
 HoRMiSDAS, a pope and saint of the 
 Romish calendar, elected to the papal chair 
 514. He assembled a council to condemn 
 the tenets of the Eutychians, and died 523. 
 Several of his letters are extant. 
 
 HoRMisDAS n. king of Persia, succeeded 
 his father, the great Chosroes, 578. His 
 subjects revolted against him at the insti- 
 gation of Varanes, his general, whom he 
 offended by sending him a female dress be- 
 cause he had been defeated by the Romans. 
 Hormisdas was deprived of his sight by the 
 successful rebel, and died 590. 
 
 HoRNE, George, a venerable prelate, 
 born November 1, 1730, at Otham, near 
 Maidstone, where bis father was rector. 
 After being educated by his father, he was 
 two years at Maidstone school, and at the 
 age of fifteen he was elected to a scholar- 
 ship of University college, Oxford. On 
 taking his bachelor's degree he removed to 
 Magdalen college, where he was elected 
 Kentish fellow. Here he devoted himself 
 with unusual attention to Hebrew and sa- 
 cred literature, and while he warmly em- 
 braced the principles of Hutchinson, and 
 the philosophy of nature, as he regarded 
 72 
 
 them deducible from the truths of Scripture, 
 he laid the foundation for controversy and 
 metaphysical disputations. In 1753 he 
 took orders, and soon distinguished himself 
 as an able and eloquent preacher. In 1768 
 he was elected president of his college, and 
 soon after took the degree of D.D. and 
 was made chaplain to the king, and in 1770 
 he was made vice-chancellor, and for four 
 years supported that office with great digni- 
 ty. In 1781 he was made dean of Canterbury 
 by lord North, and in 1789 succeeded 
 Bagot in the see of Norwich. His eleva- 
 tion, unhappily for the church and for pos- 
 terity, was of short duration. His health 
 had gradually been declining, and a para- 
 lytic stroke on his journey to Bath gave 
 such a shock to his constitution, that he 
 never recovered, and died soon after, l7th 
 January, 1792, aged 62. He was buried 
 at Eltham, in Kent. Though censured by 
 some writers for his philosophical senti- 
 ments as the friend of Hutchinson and the 
 opponent of Newton, bishop Home must 
 rank very high as a sincere and exemplary 
 Christian, as a good scholar, an able divine, 
 and a most benevolent and amiable man. 
 By his wife, daughter of Mr. Burton, of 
 Eltham, he had five daughters. His works, 
 which are very valuable, and display the 
 man of information, judgment, and erudi- 
 tion, were the Theology and Philosophy of 
 Cicero's Somnium Scipionis, explained, &c. 
 8vo. — a fair and impartial State of the 
 Case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. 
 Hutchinson, 8vo. — Spicilegium Shuckfordi- 
 anum, or a Nosegay for the critics, 12rao. 
 — Christ and the Holy Ghost, Supporters 
 of the Spiritual Life — and two seimons be- 
 fore the university, an Apology for certain 
 Gentlemen in Oxford, aspersed in a late 
 pamphlet, 8vo. — a View of Mr. Kennicott's 
 Method of Co/recting the Hebrew Text, 
 8vo. — Considerations on the Projected Re- 
 formation of the Church of England, to 
 lord North — Considerations of the life and 
 death of St. John the Baptist, 8vo. in ser- 
 mons preached annually at Magdalen 
 college, 8vo. — Commentary on the Book of 
 Psalms, &c. 4to. 2 vols. — Letter to Adam 
 Smith, LL.D. on the life, death, and Phi- 
 losophy of David Hume, 12mo. — Dis- 
 courses on several subjects and occasions, 
 2 vols. 8vo. — Letters on Infidelity, 12mo. 
 — Letters to Dr. Priestley, 8vo. — Observa- 
 tions on the Case of Protestant dissenters, 
 8vo. — some volumes of sermons — Charge 
 intended to be delivered to the Norwich 
 Clergy at the Primary Visitation, 4to. 
 1791 — Papers signed Z in the Ollapodrida, 
 by Mr. Munro, &c. His life has been 
 written with pleasing minuteness by his 
 early friend Mr, Jones. 
 
 HoRNECK, Anthony, a divine born at 
 Baccharack, in the lower Palatinate, 1641, 
 and educated in divinity at Heidelberg, un- 
 der Spanheim. At the age of nineteen he 
 
liOK 
 
 1 1 OR 
 
 vamc over to England, and enleied at 
 Queen's college, 1663, where the same year 
 he was incorporated M.A. from the uni- 
 versity of Wiltemberg. He was made 
 chaplain of his college and vicar of All 
 Saints, Oxford, and two years after he 
 went as tutor to the eldest son of the duke 
 of Albermarle, by whom he was made rector 
 of Doulton, in Devonshire, and prebendary 
 of Exeter. After a visit of two years in 
 Germany he was in 1671 made preacher of 
 the Savoy, and aderwards he was very dis- 
 interestedly recommended by IlusscI, lord 
 Orford, to the queen, and had the promise 
 of a Westminster prebend, which he ob- 
 tained 1693. He took the degree of D.D. 
 1681, at Cambridge, and became after- 
 wards chaplain to William and Mary, and 
 in 1694 obtained a prebend in the church 
 of Wells. He died of the stone, January, 
 1696, in his 56th year, and was buried in 
 Westminster abbey. Bishop Kidder, who 
 wrote his life, describes him as a man of 
 very extensive learning, well skilled in the 
 learned languages, especially Hebrew, and 
 in his duties of pastor unusually exemplary, 
 so that he knew him sacrifice his hopes of 
 preferment to the conscientious discharge 
 of his duty. He published some sermons, 
 and various other works, chiefly on theolo- 
 gical subjects, much admired. 
 
 Horner, Francis, barrister-at-law, was 
 born at Edinburgh in 1778, and educated 
 first at the High-school, and next at the 
 university of his native city, where he con- 
 tracted an intimacy with lord Henry Petty, 
 now marquis of Lansdovvn. After studying 
 the law and becoming an advocate, Mr. 
 Horner repaired to London, and in 1806 
 was returned to parliament, though he did 
 not distinguish himself as a senator till 
 1810, when he became chairman of the 
 " Bullion Committe," to which subject he 
 paid uncommon attention, and illustrated 
 it in a very luminous report. His applica- 
 tion to business, however, proved too much 
 for his constitution, and he was obliged to 
 seek the climate of Italy, where he died at 
 Pisa, Feb. 8, 1817. He was one of the 
 first writers in the Edinburgh Review. — 
 W. B. 
 
 HoRNius, George, historical professor at 
 Leydcn, where he died 1670, was born in 
 the Palatinate. The loss of some property, 
 it is said, in his old age, disordered his 
 senses. He wrote Historia Ecclesiastica 
 ad ann. 1666 — de Originibus Americanis — 
 Geographia vetus et nova — Orbis Politicus, 
 Historia Philosophiae, 4to. 
 
 HoRREBow, Peter, professor of astrono- 
 my, mathematics, and philosophy at Co- 
 penhagen, and particularly known as the 
 first who discovered the aberration of the 
 light of the fixed stars. He published 
 Copernicus Triumphant, and died 1764, 
 aged 85. 
 
 Vol. II. 10 
 
 lloRKox, .Jeremiah, an English astiono- 
 mor, bom at Toxtcth, Lancashire, about 
 1619. lie finished liis education at Ema- 
 nuel college, Cambridge, and devoted him- 
 self most assiduously tu the «tudv of astro- 
 nomy. He settled at llool.-, near Liver- 
 pool, and had the good fortune of being the 
 first person who observed a transit of Ve- 
 inis over the sun's disc, '21tli Nov. 1639. 
 He was assisted in his astronomical obser- 
 vations and inquiries by his friend (>rab- 
 tree, of Brougliton, near Manchester, and 
 he derived much information from the 
 writings of Tycho Brahc, Kepler, and 
 others. This able and ingenious man was 
 cut ofl" by a sudden death, in the midst of 
 his observations, 3d Jan. 1640-1, and the 
 value of the few things which he wrote, 
 proves the irreparable loss which science 
 sufiered in his death. His *' Venus in Solo 
 visa," was preserved in MS. and published 
 by Hevelius at Dantzic, 1662. He had 
 undertaken some other works which he 
 left incomplete. His " Opera Posthuma," 
 appeared under the care of Dr. Wallis, 
 1673, but several of his papers were de- 
 stroyed while in the hands of private per- 
 sons, at the great fire of London, and 
 from others Shakerly formed his "British 
 Tables." 
 
 HoRSLET, John, author of Britannia 
 Romana, was a native of Northumberland. 
 He was educated at Newcastle, and then 
 passed to Scotland, where he took the de- 
 gree of M.A. and then settled at Morpeth, 
 as teacher of a dissenting congregation. 
 He died 12th Dec. 1731, a short time be- 
 fore the publication of the book on which 
 his literary fame depends. His Britannia, 
 divided into three books, is a most valuable 
 composition, and gives a veiy accurate 
 account of the ditFerent stations of the Ro- 
 man legions and governments in the island, 
 of the inscriptions and sculptures still pre- 
 served, and of the geographical divisions 
 and names, with other particulars of the 
 country. He was a fellow of the Royal 
 Society, and some of his letters to R. Gale 
 are preserved in Hutchinson. His ac- 
 curacy and learning are as much admired 
 as the excellence of the plan of his great 
 work. 
 
 HoRSLET, Samuel, a learned prelate, 
 born in St. Martin's in the fields, where his 
 father was clerk in orders, and educated 
 at Trinity hall, Cambridge. He took his 
 degree of LL.B. in 1758, and 10 years 
 after attended lord Aylesford at Christ- 
 church, Oxford, where he proceeded to the 
 degree of LL.D. In 1778 he succeeded on 
 the death of his father to the living of 
 Thorlcy, Herts, in the gift of the bishop of 
 London, to whom he was chaplain, and he 
 held also the rectory of St. Mary, Newing- 
 ton, which he exchanged for that of South 
 Weald, Essex, in 1782. He was for some 
 
 73 
 
IIOR 
 
 iroR 
 
 years an active member of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and also their secretary, but after 
 contributing much to their transactions, he 
 retired in consequence of the dissensions 
 which prevailed in that learned body, and 
 in which he took a zealous part. When 
 archdeacon of St. Alban's, he directed his 
 attention to the tenets of Dr. Priestley, and 
 in his charge, and in some pamphlets, he 
 displayed so much ability, and refuted in 
 so dexterous a manner, and with such un- 
 answerable arguments, this bold champion 
 of materialism and philosophical necessity, 
 as to gain the respect and the admiration 
 of every friend of true Christianity. He 
 was afterwards presented to Aklbury rec- 
 tory, in Surrey, by lord Aylcsford, and 
 Thurlow, the chancellor, was so pleased 
 with his zeal and conduct in his late con- 
 troversy, that he gave him a prebend of 
 Gloucester, and in 1788 procured his ele- 
 vation to the see of St. David's. .In his 
 dioccss the new prelate gained deserved 
 popularity by increasing the stipend of 
 curates, and promoting their comforts ; 
 and in 1793 he was translated to Rochester 
 with the deanery of Westminster, and in 
 1802 passed to the see of St. Asaph. He 
 died after a few days' illness, 4th October, 
 1806, at Brighton, where he had gone to 
 pay a visit to his venerable patron Thur- 
 low, whom on his arrival he found dead. 
 His remains were interred in Newington 
 church. He was twice married, and had 
 one son by his first wife, and a daughter 
 who died young, and by his second he had 
 no family. Besides single sermons preach- 
 ed on public occasions, and controversial 
 tracts in defence of the church establish- 
 ment, and of the true principles of Chris- 
 tianity, the bishop published editions of 
 the Inclinations of Apollonius — of sir Isaac 
 Newton's works, 5 vols. 4to. — treatises on 
 Virgil's two Seasons of Honey — on the 
 Properties of the Greek and Latin Lan- 
 guages — critical Disquisition on the l8th 
 Chapter of Isaiah, &c. As a speaker in 
 the senate the bishop was eloquent, clear, 
 and argumentative, and on all important 
 national discussions, and especially when 
 the hierarchical establishment of the coun- 
 try was mentioned, he generally delivered 
 liis sentiments, and was listened to with 
 deference and admiration. Against the 
 French revolution he pointed all the vehe- 
 mence of his oratorical powers, and he 
 foresaw the calamities to which this coun- 
 try would be exposed if it did not resist the 
 attempt of innovators and of anarchists. 
 As a preacher Dr. Horsley was impressive, 
 and though he was in his manner rather 
 dictatorial, yet his delivery was pleasing 
 and his anunciation distinct. His mind, it 
 may be said, grasped all the learning of 
 the ancient and the modern world, his 
 heart was warm and generous, his feeling:s 
 74 
 
 no'ule and patriotic, and his head capable 
 and willing to serve the cause of virtue, 
 morality, and religion. Though ridiculed 
 by some for the zeal with which he opposed 
 the revolutionary principles of France, he 
 indignantly spurned at popularity which 
 was to be purchased by bending to the 
 vitiated politics of the time, and in support- 
 ing the cause of order and decency with 
 consistency and spirit, he ably defended 
 the measures of government, and gained 
 the approbation of every man of sound 
 sense and true piety in the kingdom. In 
 his private character he was highly re- 
 spectable, though irascible he was benevo- 
 lent and humane, and his deeds of cha- 
 rity have often proved burdensome to his 
 income, and distressed him in his pecu- 
 niary affairs. With his intimate friends 
 he was a pleasant, entertaining^ and agree- 
 able companion, and in upholding the 
 character of the Christian he showed 
 that he was not insensible to the inno- 
 cent pleasures, and the recreations of the 
 man. 
 
 HoRSTius, James, a physician, born at 
 Torgau, 1537, created M.D. in the uni- 
 versity of Frankfort on the Order 1582. 
 After practising at Sagan Sudinitz, and 
 Iglaw, he was elected medical professor of 
 the university of Helmstadt in 1584. He 
 long supported the character of a popular 
 and able physician, and died 1600. By his 
 first wife, whom he married 1562, he had 
 10 children. She died 1535, and two years 
 after he married another. He was a man 
 of piety, and called down the blessings of 
 heaven upon his various prescriptions, a 
 religious custom which he recommended 
 to his medical brethren with little effect. 
 With all his learning, he was imposed upon 
 by the golden tooth of a child in Silesia, 
 about which he wrote a dissertation before 
 the deception was divulged. He wrote 
 besides Compendium Medicarum Institu- 
 tionum, — Herbarium, — De Noctambulis, — 
 Epistolae Piiilosophicae et Mcdicinales, — 
 Commentary on Hippocrates's Book on the 
 Heart, — Disputationes Catholicae, &.c. 
 
 HoRSTius, Gregory, nephew of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Torgau, 1578, and was 
 made M.A. at Wittemberg, and M.D. at 
 Basil. He was professor of physic in se- 
 veral places, but lastly at Ulm in Germany, 
 where he died of the gout, Aug. 1636. His 
 abilities were such that he obtained the 
 title of the .T^sculapius of Germany. He 
 wrote de Tuendu Sanitate — de Causis Si- 
 militudinis ct Dissimilitudinis in Fcetu, &c. 
 — de NaturA Amoris, &c. By his first 
 wife, who died 1634, after a union of 19 
 years, he left two daughters and four sons, 
 three of whom were physicians, and two, 
 John Daniel and Gregory, authors of Me- 
 dical Tracts, &c. His second wife he mar- 
 ried onlv 13 months before his death. 
 
HOS 
 
 llOS 
 
 UoRTE, John, an English divine, lie 
 was educated for the ministry among the 
 dissenters under Thomas Kowe, where he 
 had Dr. U'atts among his fellow-students ; 
 but after ofliciating for some time at Marsh- 
 field in Gloucestershire, he conformed to 
 the church and was regularly ordained. 
 He preached a visitation sermon at Ayles- 
 bury, in 1703, and was made by the lord 
 lieutenant of Ireland, to whom he was 
 chaplain, bij.hop of Leighlin and Femes. 
 He was afterwards translated to Kilraore, 
 and in 1742 to Tuam, where he died 1751. 
 Bcoides a charge to the clergy of Tuam in 
 1742, he wrote a volume of sermons of 
 great merit, 1738, Dublin, 8vo. and London, 
 1757. 
 
 HoRTENSius, Quintus, a Roman orator 
 of great abilities and equal celebrity. He 
 died very rich B.C. 49, and his daughter 
 Hortensia it is said inherited all his orato- 
 rical powers. 
 
 HoRTENSius, Lambert, aphilologer, poet, 
 and historian, who it is said assumed that 
 name because his father was a gardener. 
 He was born at Montfort, Utrecht, and 
 studied at Louvain, and was for many yeai's 
 I'ector of the grammar school of Naarden, 
 where he died 1577, aged 76. He wrote, 
 besides satires and other poems, seven 
 books, De Bello Germanico, under Charles 
 V. — de Tumultu Anabaptist. — Commenta- 
 ries on the six first books of the iEneid — 
 Notes on four Comedies of Aristophanes. 
 
 HoRTENSius, Martin, an astronomer, 
 born at Delft. He died 1639, aged 34. He 
 wrote de Mercurio sub sole viso, et Venere 
 Invisd. — de Utilitate et Dignitate Mathe- 
 seos — de Oculo, ejusque Praestantia. 
 
 HosEA, the first of the minor prophets, 
 flourished from A.M. 3194 to 3219, under 
 the reign of the second Jeroboam, and of 
 Uzziah. 
 
 Hosius, Stanislaus, a cardinal, born of 
 poor parents at Cracow in Poland. By his 
 abilities he gradually rose to distinction 
 and became secretary to the king of Poland, 
 bishop of Culm, of Warmia, and at last a 
 cardinal. He was employed by Pius IV. to 
 procure the continuance of the council of 
 Trent, in which he presided %vith great elo- 
 quence and dignity. He died 1579, aged 
 76. He left by his will a library to Cra- 
 cow. His works in 2 vols, folio, were po- 
 pular, and in them he showed himself an 
 able and zealous advocate of the see of 
 Rome. 
 
 HosKiNs, John, an English portrait paint- 
 er, who died 1664. He was eminent in his 
 profession and took the portraits of the 
 second Charles, his queen and family. He 
 had the Coopers, Alexander, and Samuel, 
 for his pupils. 
 
 HospiNiAN, Rodolphus, a Swiss writer, 
 born at Altdorf near Zurich 1547. He stu- 
 <lied at Zurich, and after vi^itina: the itni- 
 
 versiiies ol Marpurg, and Heidelberg, lie 
 was admitted into the ministry 1568, and 
 the next year married. In 1571 he wa.s 
 made provisor of the abbey Hchool of Zu- 
 rich, and in consequence of his services as 
 a writer he wa.> made in 1588, archdeacon 
 of the Caroline church, and in 15'j4 minis- 
 ter of the abbey church. After l.cin^ blnid 
 in consequence of a cataract for about a 
 year, he recovered his sight by couching, 
 1G13. For the last three years of Lis life 
 he grew childish. He died 1626, aged 79. 
 His abilities were so universally uckiiow- 
 ledgcd that he was considered as the only 
 scholar capable of refuting Baronius's An- 
 nals. He undertook a very celebrated and 
 important work, " a History of the Errors 
 of Popery," which he published at vaiious 
 times in diflerent portions, and with uni- 
 versal applause. These and other works 
 were republished together at Geneva, 1681, 
 in seven thin vols, folio. By his first wife, 
 who died 1612, he had 14 children. He 
 afterwai'ds took a second wife. 
 
 Hospital, Michael de 1', chancellor of 
 France, son of a physician, was born at 
 Aigueperse, Auvergnr, 1505. After study- 
 ing at the most celebrated universities of 
 France and Italy, he was raised to distinc 
 tion for his abilities, and successively be- 
 came auditor of the Rota at Rome, coun- 
 sellor of the parliament at Paris, ambassa- 
 dor to the council of Trent, and superin- 
 tendent of the French provinces. In this 
 last and difticult office he laboured earnestly 
 to restore the ruined finances of his coun- 
 try, but while he raised again the national 
 afi'airs to prosperity, he paid no regard to 
 his own domestic concerns, so that after 
 continuing six years at the head of a de- 
 partment where he might have appropriated 
 millions to his use, he was found incapable 
 of portioning out his daughter, and was 
 therefore indebted on that occasion to the 
 king's liberality. On the death of Henry 
 II. he was introduced into the council of 
 state, and in the midst of turbulence and 
 faction he was raised to the high office of 
 chancellor of the kingdom, to which his 
 firmness, his integrity, and his virtues en- 
 titled him. He proved himself a deter- 
 mined friend in the cause of toleration, 
 and in consequence of the mildness of his 
 conduct he was suspected of favouring the 
 cause of the protestants, so that the seals 
 were taken from him by the influence of 
 Catharine de Medicis, and on the fatal 
 night of St. Bartholomew he was marked 
 for the general slaughter. A party of horse 
 advanced against him, but while with un- 
 concern he would not even shut his castle 
 gates, or fly for safety, an order was sent, 
 at the moment, from the king to spare his 
 life. This great man and upright magis- 
 trate died 1573, aged 68. His features are 
 said to have resembled those of Aristotle, 
 
 4 .-y 
 
HOT 
 
 HOT 
 
 He iviotc Latin poems, publislied Amster- 
 dam, 1732, 8vo. — Speeches, &c. — Memoirs 
 eontaining treaties of peace, &c. He left 
 only one daughter. 
 
 Hospital, William Francis Antony, 
 Marquis de 1', an eminent French mathe- 
 matician, born 1661. He was for some 
 time in the army, but he left the military 
 profession in consequence of his being very 
 short sighted, and then applied himself 
 with redoubled ardour to his favourite ma- 
 thematical pursuits. At the age of 32 he 
 gave a public solution of some difficult pro- 
 blems, proposed to mathematicians in the 
 city of Leipsic. In 1693 he Mas made ho- 
 norary member of the academy of sciences 
 at Paris, and distinguished himself by his 
 Tvork on Newton's Calculations, called 
 *' L'Analyse des Infiniments Petits." He 
 wrote also Les Sections Coniques — les 
 Lieus Geometriques — la Construction des 
 Equations — une Theorie des Courbes Me- 
 chaniques, &c. This amiable man died of 
 a fever, 2d Feb. 1704, aged 49. 
 
 HosscH, Sidronius, a Flemish Jesuit, 
 who died 1653, aged 57. He wrote some 
 elegant Latin poems, published together, 
 Antwerp, 1656. 
 
 HosTE, Paul !', a French Jesuit, professor 
 of mathematics at Toulon, where he died 
 1700, aged 48. He was author ofTraite 
 des Evolutions Navales, fol. 1727, — Traite 
 des Mathematiques les plus necessaires k 
 un Officier, 3 vols. 12mo. translated into 
 English by W. Webster. Another mathe- 
 matician of that name was author of trea- 
 tises on the Artificial Sphere, — Practical 
 Geometry, — Description and Use of Geo- 
 metrical Instruments, &c. and died 1634. 
 
 HosTUS, Matthew, a German antiquary, 
 who died 1587, aged 78. He was author 
 of treatises de Numeratione EmendatJi, 
 Graecis et Latin. Usitat^, — do Re Nu- 
 merariA, Gr. Rom. Hebr. &.c. — Monoma- 
 chia Davidis et Goliae, — de Multiplici Assis 
 Usu, — de Sex Hydriarum Capacitate, — 
 Inquisitio in Fabricationem Arcae Nose,. 
 &c. 
 
 HoTMAV, Francis, a French civilian, born 
 at Paris, 1524. He studied the civil law at 
 Orleans, and at the age of 18 he became a 
 doctor in that faculty, but the chicanery of 
 the law disgusted him, and he applied him- 
 self to polite literature, and began to read 
 lectures in the public school at Paris. By 
 embracing the precepts of Luther, he dis- 
 obliged his father and retired to Geneva, 
 and afterwards was made professor of belles 
 lettres at Bern. He afterwards was invi- 
 ted to Strasburg to fill the chair of civil 
 law, and so high was his reputation that he 
 received very liberal offers from Prussia, 
 Hesse, Saxony, and the queen of England, 
 to settle in their dominions. He next was 
 professor at Bourges, by the invitation of 
 Margaret of France ; but after escaping 
 76 
 
 with difficulty from the massacre of 157?, 
 he left France, determined never to return, 
 and went to Geneva, and Basil, where he 
 read lectures on civil law. He died at Ba- 
 sil of the dropsy, 1590. During the six 
 years of illness which preceded his death he 
 revised his works which were edited, 3 vols, 
 folio, 1599. His writings were chiefly on 
 civil law, on the government of France, on 
 Roman Antiquities, besides a treatise de 
 Consolatione. He has been admired for 
 his piety and firmness, though some have 
 accused him of avarice. He, like the rest 
 of his learned contemporaries, lost much of 
 his time and money in searching for the 
 philosopher's stone. 
 
 HoTTiNGER, John Henry, a learned 
 Orientalist born at Zurich, 1620. He dis- 
 played such abilities in his younger years 
 that his education was considered as a ge- 
 neral concern, and therefore he was sent at 
 the public expense to visit foreign countries, 
 for the improvement of his mind. He stu- 
 died at Geneva under Spanheim, at Gro- 
 ningen under Gomarus and Alting, and at 
 Leyden under Golius, and after visiting 
 England he returned to Zurich, where he 
 was honourably appointed in 1643 to the 
 chair of divinity, and of the oriental lan- 
 guages. In 1655 he took the degree of 
 D.D. at Basil, and by the permission of 
 the magistrates of Zurich, he answered the 
 invitation of the elector iPalatine, to assist 
 him for three years in restoring to its an- 
 cient fame the university of Heidelberg, 
 Thus honoured with the friendship and con- 
 fidence of the elector, he engaged in the 
 important work, and afterwards accompa- 
 nied his patron to Frankfort, where he had 
 a conference with Job Ludoffthe celebrated 
 Orientalist, and concerted with him mea- 
 sures for sending missionaries to explore the 
 state of Ethiopia,and the progress of Chris- 
 tianity in those remote countries. In 1661 
 he was recalled back to Zurich, and he 
 obeyed the summons of his fellow-citizens, 
 honoured with the title of ecclesiastical 
 counsellor to the elector. The breaking 
 out of a war in 1664, called his abilities into 
 action, and he was sent as a negotiator to 
 Holland ; but while many universities soli- 
 cited the honour of granting him a profes- 
 sor's chair, his countrymen refused to' per- 
 mit him to quit Switzerland. The entrea- 
 ties of the Dutch at last, however, prevail- 
 ed, but while Hottinger was preparing for 
 this honourable appointment, he unfortu- 
 nately was drowned in the river which 
 passes through Zurich, 5th June, 1667. He 
 had indeed escaped to land, with two 
 friends %vho were in the boat when it sunk 
 under him, but seeing his wife and three 
 children and servant in danger, he attempt- 
 ed their rescue, but perished in the stream. 
 His wife, one of his friends, and the ser- 
 vant »verc saved, but the children perished 
 
HOU 
 
 11(>L 
 
 ■with hira. Four sons and two daughters 
 survived him. It has been properly a mat- 
 ter of surprise that among his many avoca- 
 tions as public professor in various situa- 
 tions, and as the active correspondent of 
 the learned of Europe, he could possibly 
 find time to write so much. His works 
 best known are Exercitationes Anti-mori- 
 nianse de Pentateucho Samaritano, 1644, 
 4to. against Morin a contemporary critic — 
 Thesaurus Philologicus, scu Clavis Scrip- 
 turae, 1649, 4to. — Historia Orientalis qua; 
 ex variis Orientalium Monumcntis collecta 
 agit, &c. 1651, 4to. — Promptuarium, sive 
 Bibliotheca Orientalis, &c. 165S, 4to. — 
 Etymologicum Orientale sive Lexicon Har- 
 monicum Heptaglotton, &c. 1661, 4to. the 
 seven languages were Hebrew, Chaldee, Sy- 
 riac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethiopic and Rab- 
 binical, with which the author was most 
 perfectly acquainted. Other works less 
 important were published by Hottinger, 
 mentioned in Bibliotheca Tigurina, and in 
 Heidegger's life of him 1667. One of his 
 sons, John James, was divinity professo r 
 at Zurich, and died 1735, aged 33, author 
 of some theological works. 
 
 HoTZE, an Austrian general, born in Zu- 
 rich. He served with great credit under 
 Wurmser at the taking of the Weissemburg 
 lines, and distinguished himself at the bat- 
 tles of Neumarck, and of Wurtzburg, for 
 which he was made knight of the order of 
 Maria Theresa. He commanded in 1799 
 the left wing of the Archduke Charles's 
 army, and was killed some time after near 
 Kaltenbrunn. 
 
 HouARD DE LA MoTHE, Authony, a 
 native of Dieppe, who died at Abbeville 
 1803, aged 78. He was well skilled in law 
 antiquity, and was member of the academy 
 of inscriptions, and of the national institute, 
 and wrote Anciennes Loix des Francois, 
 conserv6es dans les Coutumes Angloises, 2 
 vols. 4to. — Traite sur les Coutumes Anglo- 
 Normandes, &c. 4 vols. 4to. — He had 17 
 children by his wife, with whom he lived 
 happy 54 years. 
 
 HouBiGouT, Charles Francis, a papist of 
 the congregation of the Oratory, was born 
 at Paris 1686. As he was deaf he had re- 
 course for consolation to study, and so 
 great was his progress and his fame, that 
 he was honoured with the most flattering 
 marks of approbation not only by his coun- 
 trymen, but by Pope Benedict XIV. This 
 worthy man, who added to his extensive 
 learning the most amiable character of pri- 
 vate life, died 1783, aged 'JS. His works 
 best known are an edition of the Hebrew 
 Bible with a Latin version and notes, Paris 
 1753, 4 vols, folio, a most valuable work — 
 a Latin Translation of the Psalter from the 
 Hebrew, 1746, 12mo.— another of the Old 
 Testament, 8 vols. 8vo. — Kacines He- 
 braiques, Svo. — Examen du Psautier des 
 
 Capuchins, 12mo. — Sherlock's Sermons 
 translated. — Le.ilie's Work against the 
 Deists and Jews translated, &c. 
 
 HouHRAKEN, Ariiold, a Dutch painter, 
 born 1660 at Dordt. He studied literature 
 as w(dl as painting, and wrutc the livfM of 
 tlie Flemisli painters, printed 3 vol.f. folio, 
 1754. His son Jacob was cmment as an 
 engraver. 
 
 HouciiARD, John Nicholas, a French 
 general, born at Forbach. He raised him- 
 self to the highest ranks of the army, and 
 after serving under Custines with credit, 
 he accused him of losing Mayence by his 
 misconduct. The accusation was believed, 
 Custines was disgraced, and Houchard 
 placed at the head of the army, displayed 
 his abilities in the victories of Dunkirk, of 
 Hondscoot, of Furnes, Menin, &c. His 
 services, however, did not protect him, as 
 he was treated by Hoche as he had treated 
 Custines, and being arrested at Lisle on a 
 charge of treason, he was hurried to Paris 
 and guillotined 15th Nov. 1793. 
 
 HouDARD DE LA MoTTE, Anthony, a 
 French writer. Vid. Motte. 
 
 HouDRT, Vincent, a Jesuit, born at 
 Tours, 22d Jan. 1631. He was eloquent 
 as a preacher, and possessed some merit as 
 a writer. He published la Bibliotbeque 
 des Predicateurs, 22 vols. 4to. — la Morale, 
 8 vols. &c. He died at Paris, 29th March, 
 1730, expressing sorrow in his last mo- 
 ments that he v/as not permitted to reach 
 his lOOdth year. 
 
 HovEDEN, Roger de, an English histo- 
 rian in the age of Henry II. born at York. 
 Like the clergy of his times he united the 
 professions of divine and lawyer, and was, 
 as it i? supposed engaged, in the family of 
 the king ; but the time of neither his birth 
 nor his death can be ascertained. He 
 wrote annals which began 731, where Bede 
 left off, and continued to the third year of 
 king John. These annals were first pub- 
 lished 1595, and reprinted at Frankfort, 
 folio, 1601. He is deservedly praised by 
 Leland, and by Saville his editor, for fideli- 
 ty. According to Vossius he wrote a His- 
 tory of Northumbrian kings, and a Life of 
 Becket. 
 
 Hough, John, bishop of Worcester, is 
 celebrated for his opposition when pre- 
 sident of Magdalen college, Oxford, to the 
 arbitrary proceedings of James II. He was 
 born in "Middlesex, 1650, and after receiv- 
 ing his education at Birmingham, entered 
 at Magdalen college, 1G69, where he be- 
 came fellow. At the breaking of the popish 
 plot he was improperly suspected, and his 
 papers were examined, but he did not lose 
 his popularity, and he attended his patron, 
 the duke of Ormond, to Ireland, and at his 
 return in 1685 he obtained a prebend at 
 Worcester. In 1687 he was elected presi- 
 dent of his college bv the fellows, who thus 
 ' ^ 77 
 
uuu 
 
 HOW 
 
 rejected the arbitrary mandamus of James 
 in favour of Anthony Farmer, but he was 
 soon after expelled by the king's commis- 
 sioners, and Parker, bishop of Oxford, 
 placed in his room. During this struggle 
 with the court and with a popish party. 
 Hough behaved with great spirit, but be- 
 coming moderation and dignity, and at the 
 approach of VViliiam of Orange the college 
 was restored to its rights, and the presi- 
 dent to his office. In 1690 William nomi- 
 nated this faithful champion of protes- 
 tantism to the see of Oxford, and in 1699 
 he was translated to Lichfield. On Teni- 
 son's death he through modesty declined 
 the primacy, but two years after, 1717, ac- 
 cepted the see of Worcester, where he con- 
 tinued upwards of 26 years. He was a 
 liberal benefactor, and repaired with be- 
 coming magnificence the palaces of the 
 sees to which he was promoted, at the ex- 
 pense, it is said, of not less than 7000/. 
 This worthy and venerable prelate died 
 8th March, 1743, in his 93d year, and the 
 53d of bis episcopate. 
 
 HouLiERES, Antoniette de la Garde des, 
 widow of William de Lason, was born at 
 Paris, 1638. She was the pupil of Henault, 
 and she imitated him not only as a writer 
 of poetry but as a skeptic and atheist. She 
 was member of the academy of Ricovrati 
 of Padua, and of Aries, and died at Paris, 
 1694. She was flattered for the versatility 
 of her muse at the court of Lewis XIV. 
 and her odes, epigrams, tragedies, but 
 especially her pastorals, possess great 
 spirit and equal beauty. Her daughter, 
 who bore her name, was also a poetess, 
 and was not devoid of abilities, since she 
 obtained the prize of the French academy, 
 against Fontenelle as her competitor. She 
 died at Paris, 171S. The works of these 
 two poetical ladies were published 1747, 2 
 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Houseman, Cornelius, a painter of Ant- 
 werp, born 1648. He settled at Mechlin, 
 and died 1727. His landscapes, exhibiting 
 animals and trees in rich variety, are much 
 admired. 
 
 Houseman, James, a painter of Ant- 
 werp, born 1656. His portraits and histo- 
 rical pieces were in high repute. He was 
 in England where he completed that beau- 
 tiful work, the altar piece of St. James's 
 Chapel. He died 1696. 
 
 HoussAYE. Vid. Amelot. 
 
 Houston, William, an English physi- 
 cian. He was a surgeon in the West In- 
 dies, and took the degree of M.D. at Ley- 
 den, under Boerhaave. He was assisted 
 at Leyden by Van Swieten in making some 
 curious experiments on brutes, which were 
 published in the philosophical transactions, 
 vol. 39. He was fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and died 1733, in the West Indies. 
 His MS. catalogue of plants was published 
 78 
 
 by Sir J. Banks. Another tract of his is 
 inserted in the philosophical transactions, 
 37th vol. 
 
 Houston, John, governor of Georgia, 
 was early distinguished among the friends 
 of the revolution in that state, and was one 
 of the four individuals who called the first 
 meeting of the friends of liberty at Savan- 
 nah, in 1774, which approved and resolved 
 to support the measures adopted in Massa- 
 chusetts. In 1775 he was elected one of 
 tlie delegates of Georgia in Congress. la 
 1777 he was elected a member of the coun- 
 cil, and in January, 1778, governor of the 
 state. He was afterwards several years a 
 member of Congress, and was one of the 
 convention which framed the national con- 
 stitution. He was also first judge of the 
 supreme court of Georgia, and died at 
 Savannah, August, 1796. fCJ^ L. 
 
 HouTEviLLE, Claude Francis, member 
 of the congregation of the Oratory, was 
 born at Paris, and died there 1742, aged 
 54. He was secretary to the French acade- 
 my, and also to cardinal Dubois, who great- 
 ly esteemed his character and abilities. His 
 chief work is, the Truth of the Christian 
 Religion proved by Facts, 3 vols. 4to. and 
 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 How, William, a physician and botanist. 
 He was born in London, and after being at 
 Merchant-tailors' school, he was elected 
 to St. John's college, Oxford, where he 
 took his degrees in arts. He was captain 
 of a troop of horse in the royal army, but 
 when the king's affairs were ruined, he 
 came to London, where he practised physic, 
 and died 1656, aged 37. He wrote Phy- 
 tologia Britannica Natales exhibens Indige- 
 narum stirpium sponte emergentium, 12mo. 
 and he edited also Lobel's Illustrations of 
 Plants. 
 
 Howard, Thomas, earl of Surrey, and 
 duke of Norfolk, distinguished himself by 
 his bravery in the service of his country. 
 He assisted his brother Sir Edward in his 
 attack against Sir Andrew Barton, a Scotch 
 pirate, who in 1511 spread terror and de- 
 vastation on the English coast, and after 
 killing the leader, and capturing the ships, 
 he embarked for Guienne with the marquis 
 of Dorset, and ably contributed in the con- 
 quest of Navarre by the arms of Ferdinand. 
 Raised to the honour of high admiral after 
 his brother's death, he next displayed his 
 valour in the field, and ensured the defeat 
 of the Scotch in the battle of Floddenfield, 
 which proved fatal to James IV. He after- 
 wards went to Ireland as viceroy, and after 
 an absence of two years, during which he 
 suppressed a rebellion, he returned to lead 
 a fleet against the French. These high 
 services were rewarded by the king, who 
 created him earl of Surrey, and restored 
 his father to the dukedom of Norfolk, but 
 popularity was transitory under a capri- 
 
J low 
 
 now 
 
 f'ious government, and the English admi* 
 ral was accused of treason. He saw his 
 sonheheaded upon the false accusation, and 
 escaped the siunc fatal blow oidy by the 
 previous death of the king. He died 1554, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Howard, Edward, a brave English ad- 
 miral, younger brother to the preceding. 
 He was knighted about 145i4 for his ser- 
 vices, and afterwards was placed at the head 
 of a fleet to attack and destroy the French 
 ships which infested the English coast. Hi; 
 had the good fortune to defeat the enemy's 
 fleet off Brest, but the following year 1514, 
 he was killed in boarding the Fregant the 
 French admiral's ship, and his body was 
 immediately committed to the deep. 
 
 Howard, Henry, earl of Surrey, son of 
 Thomas Duke of Norfolk above mentioned, 
 was born about 1520. He celebrated with 
 all the powers of poetry, the personal 
 charms of his mistress the celebrated Geral- 
 dinc supposed by lord Orford, to be the lady 
 Elizabeth Fitzgerald, second daughter of 
 lord Kildare, who afterwards married Clin- 
 ton, earl of Lincoln, and with such devo- 
 tion did he profess his attachment, that he 
 travelled over Europe in the true spirit of 
 chivalry, and challenged every knight, who 
 might be inclined to dispute her superior 
 beauty. His valour was also displayed 
 and with the greatest effect at the famous 
 battle of Floddcnfield, but all his virtues 
 and services were of no avail against the 
 gloomy suspicions of Henry *V HI. The 
 capricious monarch, either jealous of How- 
 ard's prowess and popularity, or pretend- 
 ing that he aspired to the crown, by solici- 
 ting the hand of the princess Mary, 
 arraigned him as guilty of treason, and 
 caused him to be beheaded on Tower-hill 
 1547. As a poet this unfortunate nobleman 
 is very respectable, the harmony of his 
 numbers, and the purity of bis language 
 have been deservedly commended by Pope, 
 Warton, and others ; and he had the singu- 
 lar merit of being the first of the English 
 nobility who courted the muses. His 
 sonnets, &c. have been published in Ander- 
 son's collection. 
 
 Howard, Sir Robert, youngest son of 
 Thomas, earl of Berkshire, was eminent 
 for his learning. He was educated at Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, and after the resto- 
 ration, was elected member for Stockbridge, 
 and afterwards for Castle Rising, and was 
 made auditor of the Exchequer. Though 
 the favourite of the second Charles, he 
 showed himself a violent enemy to James H. 
 and a firm supporter of the revolution. He 
 died about 1700. He was author of the 
 History of the reigns of Edward, and 
 Richard H. &c. 8vo. — a letter to Johnson, 
 — Virgil's fourth ^.neid translated — Histo- 
 ry of Religion, 8vo.— Statins' Aehilleis 
 translated, — various poems and plays, &c. 
 
 Howard, ClinrloM, carl of Nottingham, 
 son of lord William Howard, was born 
 li}36. He early devoted himself to a mi- 
 litary life, and sr-rv.-d ui.d.r hi» father, and 
 afterwards iMcaiiic geiuiul of horhe, and 
 distinguished himself ugainsi the earls of 
 Noflbuinberland and W<!^tri)orelarid and 
 their rebel forces. In 15t<;» lie < seorted in 
 an English fleet Anne of Austria, daiij,hter 
 of Maximilian, Irom Zealand to Spain 
 where she was married to king Fhilip. ||c 
 succeeded his father in the title of I'fiing- 
 ham in 1572, and soon aft(;r commanded 
 the English fleet, which witli sucli perse- 
 vering bravery attacked and completely 
 defeated the Spanish armada. For these 
 services he was raised to the earldom of 
 Nottingham by the queen ; but in the next 
 reign, though for a while ambassador at 
 the court of Spain, he was dismissed from 
 his oflijees, and suececd(:d by the greater fa- 
 vourite; \ illiers duke of Buckingham. He 
 died 1624. 
 
 Howard, John, a celebrated philanthro- 
 pist, born at Hackney 1726. When very 
 young he lost his father who was a carpet 
 warehouse keeper in Long lane. Smith- 
 field, in consequence of which his guardians 
 bound him apprentice to a grocer ; but as 
 his constitution v/as delicate, and his pro- 
 perty above mediocrity, he purchased his 
 indentures, and travelled over France and 
 Italy. On his return to London he lodged 
 for some time at the house of Mrs.Lardeau, 
 a widow, at Sioke Newington, and so 
 great was the attention of this lady to him 
 during a severe illness that gratitude pro- 
 duced affection, so that he married her 
 though much older than himself. Three 
 years after, 1755, he had the misfortune to 
 lose her, and this melancholy event he de- 
 plored w'ith all the sincerity of fondness 
 and undiminished affection. The next 
 year he set out for Lisbon to view the 
 dreadful consequences of the earthquake, 
 but the frigate in which he had set out was 
 captured by a French privateer, and the se- 
 verities of confinement which he endured 
 in France exerted that sympathy for suffer- 
 ing captives which have rendered his name 
 so illustrious. After his release he visited 
 Italy, and on his return he settled near Ly- 
 mington, where in 1758, he married, but 
 in 1765, he lost his wife in child-bed. Af- 
 terwards he purchased an estate at Car- 
 dington near Bedford, and there employed 
 himself in acts of benevolence among the 
 poor and industrious cottagers who sur- 
 rounded him. In 1773 he served the office 
 of sheriff", and this as he says brought the 
 distress of prisoners more immediately 
 under his notice, and led him to the humane 
 design of visiting the jails of England to 
 aiiminister relief and to suggest improve- 
 ment. In 1774, he stood candidate to re- 
 present Bedford, but notwithstanding his 
 
 79 
 
HUB 
 
 HUJD 
 
 very numerous, amounting to nearly 50. 
 They are chiefly on temporary and politi- 
 cal subjects. The best known of these 
 are his letters, which, as they contain an 
 interesting account of the public aflairs 
 of the time, have gone through eleven edi- 
 tions. 
 
 HowEL, Richard, governor of New- 
 Jersey, was a native of Delaware. He en- 
 tered at an early age in the practice of law, 
 but in 171^6 was appointed to the colonelcy 
 of a Jersey regiment, which he held till 
 1779, when he returned to his profession. 
 In 17S8 he was appointed clerk of the su- 
 preme court, and remained in the oflice 
 till elected governor of the state in 1793. 
 After having held that station for eight 
 years, and discharged its duties with reputa- 
 tion, he died April 28, 1802. KJ^ L. 
 
 HoziEK, Peter d', an eminent genealo- 
 gist, born at Marseilles 1592. He was ho- 
 noured with the confidence of Lewis XIII. 
 and XI\ . and for his abilities was reward- 
 ed with the appointment of judge of arms, 
 certifier of titles, and counsellor of state. 
 He died at Paris 1660. He was author of 
 a history of Britany, folio, and of some 
 valuable genealogical tables. 
 
 HuARTE, John, a native of French Na- 
 varre in the 17th century. He is the au- 
 thor of a curious and interesting book in 
 Spanish, called, an Examination of such 
 Geniuses as are fit for acquiring the 
 Sciences, &c. with directions to discover 
 the properties of each genius, &c. The 
 work has been translated into Latin, Ita- 
 lian, French, and other languages, and 
 also, into English, under the title of Trial 
 of Wits. Though commended, however, 
 by many, Bayle censures him, and among 
 other things, for publishing as genuine, the 
 pretended Letter of Lentulus, from Jerusa- 
 lem to the Roman senate, iu which he de- 
 scribes the Saviour, his very hair, beard 
 shape, and stature, &.c. 
 
 Hubbard, William, historian of New- 
 England, was born in 1621, and was gra- 
 duated with the first class at Harvard col- 
 lege in 1642. He settled in the ministry 
 at Ipswich, Massachusetts, and remained 
 there greatly beloved for his amiableness, 
 and respected for his learning, till his 
 death in 1704. He wrote a history of 
 New-England, for which he received the 
 thanks of the general court of Massachu- 
 setts, and the gift of fifty pounds. It is 
 preserved in manuscript, and was not long 
 since printed. iCP* L. 
 
 HuBER, Samuel, a native of Berne, di- 
 vinity professor at AVittemberg 1592. He 
 opposed predestination, and wrote an able 
 explanation of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh 
 chapters of the Roninns. 
 
 HuBEH, Ulric, a Dutch lawyer and phi- 
 lologer, born at Dorkuin 1635. He was 
 prolessor of law and history at Franeker, 
 
 BO 
 
 and afterwards at Lewarde, and died 1694. 
 His publications are seven Dissertations, 
 De genuina yEtate Assyriorum et Medo- 
 rum — Treatises de Jure Civitatis — Speci- 
 men Philosophic — Institutiones Historise 
 Civilis, &.C. — He was succeeded in his pro- 
 fessorship by his son Zacharias, who died 
 1732, aged 33. After publishing a disser- 
 tation, De vero sensu atque Interpretatione 
 Legis IX. D. De Lege Pompeia, &.c. 
 
 HuBER, Mary, a female writer. She 
 was born at Geneva, and died at Lyons 
 1753, aged 43. She wrote an Abridgment 
 of the Spectator — Letters on religion es- 
 sential to Man — The System of Ancient 
 and Modern Theologians, on the State of 
 the Soul after Death. — She was a protes- 
 tant, and some of her works were violently 
 attacked by the catholic divines. 
 
 HuBER, John Rudolph, a painter of Ba- 
 sil, who died 1743, aged 80. He painted 
 3065 portraits, besides historical pieces, 
 and transfused the graces of the Italian 
 school into his works. 
 
 Hubert, Matthew, a priest of the ora- 
 tory of Paris. He was distinguished as an 
 eloquent preacher, and inferior only to 
 Bourdaloue. He died 22d March, 1717, 
 aged 77. His sermons, which had pleased 
 the congregations of the capital and of the 
 provinces, were published 1725 in 6 vols. 
 l2mo. and are highly esteemed. 
 
 Hubner, John, a native of Lusatia or 
 Torgau, in Saxony, who wrote some po- 
 pular works in history and geography, in 
 the form of question and answer. He was 
 professor of geography at Leipsic, and 
 rector of the school of Hamburgh, where 
 he died 1731, aged 63. The chief of his 
 works which have been translated into va- 
 rious languages, are Genealogical Tables 
 — Bibliotheca Historica Hamburgensis — 
 Museum Geographicum — and a Genealogi- 
 cal Lexicon. 
 
 Hudde, John, an able mathematician, 
 burgomaster of Amsterdam, and known 
 also as a politician. He died 1704, and 
 left some mathematical Avorks of great 
 merit. 
 
 Hudson-, Henry, an English navigator 
 who was for some time employed to find a 
 north passage to China and Japan. The 
 first voyage was in 1607, another was un- 
 dertaken the next year, and a third in 
 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East In- 
 dia company. In these voyages little was 
 discovered besides fields of ice, though the' 
 navigator entertains his readers with an 
 account of a mermaid seen by his men. 
 In 1610 a fourth voyage was undertaken, 
 and the bold adventurer penetrated to- 
 wards the north of America, and entered 
 those straits wliich lead into the bay now 
 bearing his name. After sailing above 
 100 leagues in expectation of having dis- 
 covered the long sought passage, he found 
 
HUB 
 
 HLE 
 
 lUat be was at the bottom only -of a deep 
 bay, and after enduring great hardships 
 from shortness of provisions, and from 
 the rigour of the climate, he sailed bark 
 on his return. Some of his men, how- 
 ever, were dissatisfied at his conduct, and 
 rising against him, they fastened his arms 
 behind him, and put him, his son, and 
 seven men, the most infirm of the crew, 
 into his small shallop, and turned them 
 adrift. The shallop was never afterwards 
 beard of, but the inhuman mutineers 
 reached Plymouth, Sept. 1611. A com- 
 pany now exists which bears his name, and 
 trades to that part of America which he 
 discovered. 
 
 Hudson, Dr. John, an English critic, 
 born at Wide-hope near Cockermonth in 
 Cumberland 1662, and entered at Queen's 
 college, Oxford, where he took his master's 
 degree. In 1686 he was chosen fellow of 
 University college, and became a most able 
 and active tutor, and in 1701 he was elect- 
 ed keeper of the Bodleian library, when 
 he took the degree of D.D. In 1712 he 
 was appointed principal of St. Mary-hall, 
 through the interest of Dr. Radclifle ; and 
 to his influence with that celebrated physi- 
 cian, Oxford, it is said, is indebted for the 
 many noble benefactions which she re- 
 ceived. A sedentary life brought on at 
 last a dropsy, of which Dr. Hudson died 
 Nov. 27, 1719, leaving one daughter by 
 the daughter of Sir Richard Harrison, an 
 alderman and mercer of Oxford. The la- 
 bours of Dr. Hudson were employed in 
 the publication of Velleius Paterculus — 
 Thucydides — Geographiae Veteris Scrip- 
 tores Graeci Minores — Dionysius of Hali- 
 carnassus — Longinus — ^Esop, &c. with 
 short and valuable notes. His beautiful 
 edition of Josephus, left unfinished, was 
 completed and published 1720, in 2 vols, 
 folio, by his friend Antony Hall, who also 
 married his widow. It was his intention 
 to publish a catalogue of the Bodleian 
 library, which he had already transcribed 
 in 6 vols fol. He was the frequent and re- 
 spected correspondent of the most learned 
 men of Europe. 
 
 Hudson, Thomas, an English painter, 
 son-in-law of Richardson. He for many 
 years painted portraits in London, but he 
 is better known as being the preceptor of 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds. He died 1779, aged 
 78. 
 
 HuET, Peter Daniel, a learned French 
 prelate, born at Caen in Normandy, Feb. 
 8, 1630. The early death of his parents 
 left him at the mercy of guardians who ne- 
 glected him, but the vigour of his mind 
 prevailed over all opposition. By the di- 
 rection of his tutor, Mambrun, a Jesuit, 
 he became well acquinted with literature, 
 and particularly geometry, and by the as- 
 sistance of Bochart, who was a protestant 
 
 minister of Caen, he made himself a per- 
 fect master of the (ireek and Latin clas- 
 sics. When of age be \W\U<] Paris to pur- 
 chase books, and there became known to 
 the politest scholars of France ; and in 
 1652 he accompanied his friend Boehart, 
 to the court of Christina, queen of 
 Sweden. The queen wished Huel 
 to settle at Stockholm, but after three 
 months' stay, he took his b avc of the 
 fickle princess, and returnfd to Paris. 
 In 1661 he published his well-known book 
 De Interpretatione Libri duo, which drew 
 upon him the applauses, and the thanks of 
 the learned. His Originis Commentaria, 
 of which he had obtained a copy from a 
 MS. while at Stockholm, appeared in 1683 
 at Rouen, with a Latin translation and 
 notes. In 1659 he was invited by Chris- 
 tina to Rome, where she had, after her 
 abdication, retired, but he declined her 
 liberal offers. He was afterwards appoint- 
 ted, with Bossuet, sub-preceptor to the 
 Dauphin, an honourable situation to which 
 his literary fame entitled him. In 1678 
 he was nominated by the king to the ab- 
 bey of Aunay in Normandy, and in 1685 
 he was raised to the see of Soissons, which 
 soon after he exchanged for that of 
 Avrances. In 1699 he resigned his bishop- 
 ric, and received in its stead the abbey of 
 Fontenay, near his native place, Caen, but 
 afterwards removed to them aison professoe 
 of the Jesuits at Paris, where he spent the 
 last 20 years of his life in devotion and in 
 literary pursuits. He died 26th Jan. 1721, 
 in his 91st year. The other works of this 
 learned and amiable bishop were Demon- 
 stratio Evangelica 1679, folio, often reprint- 
 ed — Censura Philosophiae Cartesianae, 
 1689, a book in which he ably attacked 
 the doctrines of Des Cartes, which in his 
 younger and more inexperienced years he 
 had warmly embraced — Questiones Alnc- 
 tanae de Concordia Rationis etFidei 1690, 
 an excellent and elegantly written work. 
 He also wrote notes on the vulgate trans- 
 lation of the Bible, for which purpose he 
 read over the Hebrew text 24 times with 
 great attention, and in 171S he published 
 an account of his life, the title page of 
 which drew down the censures of critics, 
 as he used the words, Ad eum pertinenti- 
 bus, for ad se. Besides these, he wrote 
 several other things less known, but equally 
 admired for elegance of style and vivacity 
 of expression. He was, says his biogra- 
 pher Olivet, the most learned man that any 
 z^e has produced. It is to be mentioned 
 that the publication of the classics. Ad 
 Usum Delphini, originated in him, and 
 the plan was enriched by some notes writ- 
 ten by him, and printed at the end of Ma- 
 nilius. Some of his books have been 
 translated into English — on the Origin of 
 Romances — on the Situation of the Ter- 
 
 81 
 
HUG 
 
 HLX 
 
 iestrial Paradise — and the History of the 
 Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients 
 — and the Weakness of the Human Under- 
 standing. 
 
 HuFNAGEL, George, a native of Ant- 
 werp, whose abilities were noticed and re- 
 warded by some of the German princes, 
 ajid by the emperor Rodolphus, Besides 
 some poetical works in Latin and German, 
 he wrote four books for the use of the em- 
 peror, containing an accurate description 
 and elegant representation o( quadrupeds, 
 insects, birds, and fishes. He died 1600, 
 aged 55. 
 
 Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Or- 
 leans, was raised by his merits and courage 
 at Noyon to the throne of France, 987, and 
 thus became the head of the third race of 
 the French monarchy. He died 996, aged 
 57. 
 
 HuGHKS, John, an English poet, born at 
 Marlborough, Wilts, 29th Jan. 1677. He 
 was educated in private schools in London, 
 but the delicate state of his health prevent- 
 ed his engaging in any laborious employ- 
 ment, and the milder avocations of poetry, 
 music, and drawing became, by choice as 
 well as necessity, his pursuit. He obtain- 
 ed, afterwards, a place in the ordnance, and 
 was secretary to the commissioners for 
 the purchasing of lands for the royal dock- 
 yards. His first poem was on the peace of 
 Ryswick, which was well received, 1697, 
 and two years after " the Court of Nep- 
 tune," on William's return, met with equal 
 applause. He afterwards published a Pin- 
 daric ode "of the House of Nassau," and 
 another in praise of music, and by his poeti- 
 cal merits, he gained the acquaintance and 
 friendship of men of Jetters, of Pope, Con- 
 greve, Addison, Southerne, Ro«e, and 
 others. He was also honourably noticed 
 by lord Wharton, and, in 1717, lord Cow- 
 per, the chancellor, appointed him secreta- 
 ry to the commissions of the peace. His 
 last work, written under the flattering hope 
 of long enjoying his affluent independence, 
 was the Siege of Damascus ; but such is 
 the uncertainty of human affairs, he died 
 the very night the play was presented to 
 the public on the stage, 17th Feb. 1720. 
 Before he expired, he heard that his per- 
 formance was well received, but the intelli- 
 gence did not disturb or divert his thoughts, 
 now fixed on another world. His memory 
 was regretted by the pen of Steele, in the 
 ** Theatre." His poems were collected and 
 published in 2 vols. 12mo. 1735. Besides 
 these he translated Fontenelle's Dialogues 
 of the Dead — Vertot's Revolutions of Por- 
 tugal, and he contributed some papers to 
 the Tattler, Spectator, and Guardian, and 
 published an edition of Spenser's Works, in 
 6 vols. l2mo. 1715. Swift, in a letter to 
 Pope, described him as a mediocrist in 
 prose and in verse, and Pope in answer ob- 
 94 
 
 served that " what he wanted in genius lie 
 made up as an honest man." 
 
 Hughes, Jabez, younger brother to the 
 preceding, was an excellent scholar, and 
 published a translation of Claudian's Rape 
 of Proserpine — the Story of Sextus and 
 Erictho, from Lucan's Pharsalia — Sueto- 
 nius' Lives of the 12 Caesars — Novels from 
 the Spanish of Cervantes, &c. He died 
 17th Jan. 1731, aged 46. His posthumous 
 miscellanies, in prose and verse, were pub- 
 lished 1737. 
 
 Hughes, Jabez, fellow of Jesus college, 
 Cambridge, was not related to the prece- 
 ding. He made himself known as the edi- 
 tor of Chrysostom's treatise " on the Priest- 
 hood," a second edition of which appeared 
 at Cambridge, 1712, 
 
 Hugo, of Cluni, a saint of the Romish 
 calendar, born in Burgundy 1023. At the 
 age of 15 he abandoned the world for the 
 abbey of Cluni, of which he was chosen ab- 
 bot, 1048. He was pious and exemplary, 
 and introduced great reformation among 
 the monks, 10,000 of whom he is said to 
 have had under his direction, at Cluni and 
 other places. He died 1608 or 9. Some 
 of his epistles are preserved in Dacherius' 
 Spicelegium. 
 
 Hugo, Herman, a Jesuit, born at Brus- 
 sels. He died of the plague, at Rhimberg, 
 1629, aged 41. He wrote de Prima Scri- 
 bendi Origine, 8vo. — Lniversae Rei Litcra- 
 riae Antiquitates, republished by Trotzius, 
 1738— Obsidio Bredana, Antwerp, 1629, 
 folio — Militia equestris antiqua et nova— 
 Pia Desideria, a poem of which the versifi- 
 cation, though good, wants simplicity and 
 sublimity. 
 
 Hugo, Charles Lewis, a French and La- 
 tin writer, abbe of Etival, and titular bishop 
 of Ptolemais, died at an advanced age, 1735. 
 He wrote Annales Praemonstratensium, 2 
 vols, folio, a curious work on his own order 
 — Vie de Norbert Fondateur des Premon- 
 tr^s, 4to. 1704 — Sacrae Antiquitates Monu- 
 menta historica, dogmatica, &c. 2 vols. fol. 
 1725 — Traite historique et critique de la 
 Maison de Lorraine, 8vo. 1711 — a bold 
 work, censured by the parliament of Paris, 
 in defence of which he wrote Reflections 
 sur les deux Ouvrages concernant la maison 
 de Lorraine. 
 
 Hugtenburgh, John Van, a Dutch 
 painter, who died 1733, aged 77. As he 
 was particularly eminent in the delineation 
 of battles, his pencil was engaged, with 
 great success, in representing the battles of 
 Marlborough and Eugene. His brother 
 James was eminent as a painter of animals 
 and of landscapes. He died 1696. 
 
 HuLDRic, John James, a native of Zu- 
 rich, law professor there. He died at Zu- 
 rich, 1731, aged 48, deservedly esteemed 
 as an able divine, and a benevolent man. 
 He wrote a commentary on Pufrendorfs 
 
HUL 
 
 nvM 
 
 Duty of Man — Misrellanca Tlgurina, :» 
 vols, and published an edition of Sephor 
 Toledot Jeschu, 1705. 
 
 Hull, Thomas, a dramatic writer and 
 actor, was born in Westminster in 1723. 
 He had his education at the Charter-house, 
 after which he became apprentice to his 
 father who was an apothecary, in the Strand. 
 This profession he relinciuished, and went 
 on the stage, though he never attained any 
 eminence in this line. He died in West- 
 minster, with tho character of an in2;eniou3 
 and good man, in 1808. His publications 
 are — 1. Henry the Second and Rosamond, 
 a tragedy. 2. The History of Sir William 
 Harrington, a novel, 4 vols. 3. Genuine 
 Letters from a Gentleman to a Young Lady, 
 2 vols. 4. Richard Plantagenet, a Legen- 
 dary Tale, 4to. 5. Select Letters between 
 the Dutchess of Somerset, Lady Luxbo- 
 rough, Mr. Shenstone, and others, 2 vols. 6. 
 Moral Tales, in verse, 2 vols. Bvo. — W. B. 
 
 HuLMB, Nathaniel, a physician, was 
 born at Holme Thorp, in Yorkshire, in 
 1732. He studied under his brother. Dr. 
 Joseph Hulme, a physician, at Halifax, 
 after which he became a pupil at Guy's 
 hospital. He next went as surgeon in the 
 navy; and, in 1765, took his doctor's de- 
 gree at Edinburgh. After this he settled 
 in London, and became physician to the 
 General Dispensary, and to the City of 
 London Lying-in Hospital. About 1774 he 
 was appointed physician to the Charter- 
 touse, where he died in 1807. He was 
 the author of — 1. Dissertatio Medica Inau- 
 guralis de Scorbuto. 2. A Treatise on Pu- 
 erperal Fever. 3. An Oration " De Re 
 Medica cognoscenda et promovenda." 4. 
 A Safe and Easy Remedy for the Relief of 
 the Stone and Gravel, Scurvy, Gout, &c. 
 He has also some papers in the Transac- 
 tions of the Royal and Antiquarian Socie- 
 ties, of both of which bodies he was a mem- 
 ber. In 1787 he obtained a gold medal 
 from the Royal Medical Society at Paris, 
 for an answer to a prize question, concern- 
 ing the cellular skin of new-born infants. 
 —W.B. 
 
 HuLSEMANN, Jobn, a Lutheran divine, 
 born at FLsens, East Friezland. He died 
 1661, aged 59. He travelled through seve- 
 ral countries, and was at last professor of 
 divinity at Leipsic, and wrote several books 
 on theological subjects, much esteemed in 
 his age. 
 
 HuLsius, Anthony, a native of Hida, 
 who studied at Wesel, and Deventer, and 
 afterwards visited the various universities 
 of Europe, to improve himself in oriental 
 knowledge. He was, for 25 years, settled 
 'as minister at Breda, and then removed to 
 fill the divinity chair at Leyden, where he 
 died, 1685, aged 70. He wrote Theologia 
 Judaica — Opus Catecheticum Didactico- 
 polemicum — Non ens Prjeadamaticum, &c. 
 
 lIuLSitJS, Henry, author of Summa Thr- 
 logiae— De Principio Credendi— De Valli- 
 bus Prophetarum Sacris, &.c. died 1723, at 
 Douisburgh, where he was Iheological pro- 
 fessor. 
 
 HuLST, Peter Van der, a native of Dort, 
 admired as an excellent painter. The in- 
 troduction of insects, serpents, lizards, 
 frogs, &,c. among his flowers, had a striking 
 eflect. He died 1708, aged 56. 
 
 Hume, David, a celebrated English 
 writer, born at Edinburgh, 26th April, 1711. 
 He was intended, by his family, for the 
 profession of the law, but he had greater 
 regard for Virgil and Cicero, than toi V oet 
 and Vinnius. At last, however, he was 
 forced, from the narrowness of his fortune, 
 to embark in a mercantile concern, at Bris- 
 tol, 1734 ; but in a few months he quitted 
 the place in disgust, and retired to France, 
 determined with the most rigid economy to 
 guide his cxp<'nditure by his income, while 
 he devoted himself to literary pursuits. 
 Here, at Rheims, and at La Fleche, in An- 
 jou, he wrote his treatise of Human Na- 
 ture, which he published in London, 173S; 
 but the work met with no success. In 1742 
 the first part of his Essays appeared, witli 
 a little more success, but to support himself 
 he was obliged to enter into the service of 
 the marquis of Annandale, as an attendant, 
 during the weak intervals of his lordship's 
 intellects. He afterwards attended gene- 
 ral St. Clair, as his secretary, on the coast 
 of France, and in his embassy at Vienna 
 and Turin, and after the lapse of two years 
 he congratulated himself on being master 
 of independence, and of 1000/. and retired 
 to pursue his literary labours in Scotland. 
 His Political Discourses, and his Inquiry 
 concerning the Principles of Morals, ap- 
 peared in 1752, but though he considered 
 these works as highly finished compositions, 
 they met with little notice from the public. 
 In 1754 he published his portion of English 
 history from the accession of James I. to 
 the revolution, and, though the work was 
 disregarded by the nation, he continued hi5 
 labours, and, in 1756, published another 
 volume, which attracted some public atten- 
 tion, and served, as he said, to buoy up its 
 unfortunate brother. His Natural History 
 of Religion about this time had appeared, 
 and though it met with few readers, yet it 
 was attacked by Warburton, under the 
 name of Hurd, as he sarcastically says, with 
 all the petulance, arrogance, and scurrility 
 of the Warburtonian school. In 1759 the 
 history of the house of Tudor was publish- 
 ed, and, in 1761, the more early part of 
 English history, and thus the plan was com- 
 pleted, and the author, though he found 
 cavillers and opponents in consequence of 
 the partiality of his opinions and the licen- 
 tious tendency of his principles, had the 
 
nmi 
 
 uc^ 
 
 satisfaction to see his work grow populai-, 
 and thus ensure him a handsome reward 
 from the booksellers. While forming the 
 plan of a literary seclusion from the busy 
 world, in 1763, he was invited by lord 
 Hertford to accompany him as secretary to 
 his embassy at Paris, and the offer was too 
 flattering not to be accepted. In the sum- 
 mer, 1765, he was left there as charge 
 d'affaires, and soon after, on his return to 
 Scotland, he was persuaded to become un- 
 der secretary of state to general Conway. 
 In 1769 he returned to Edinburgh, very 
 opulent, as he observes, possessing a reve- 
 nue of lOOOi. a year, healthy, and, though 
 somewhat stricken in years, with the pros- 
 pect of enjoying long his ease. In 1775 he 
 was attacked with a disorder in his bowels, 
 which, though at first disregarded, proved 
 incurable, and at last fatal. He died 25th 
 August, 1776. He has written an account 
 of his life to the iSth April, 1776, prefixed 
 to his works. His Dialogues concerning 
 Natural Religion appeared after his death, 
 in 8vo. His works were corrected by him- 
 self, and were printed in 4to. and in 8vo. 
 and they are now become universally popu- 
 lar. Though Hume possesses the deep re- 
 search of the historian, the' patience of the 
 philosopher, and the subtleties of the meta- 
 physician, he is to be read with caution, as 
 his principles on religion and morality are 
 insidiously clothed in fallacious language, 
 and would tend to undermine the salutary 
 doctrines which teach mankind to reverence 
 the divinity as a beneficent creator, an om- 
 niscient governor, and a just and impartial 
 judge. 
 
 Humphrey, Lawrence, an English wri- 
 ter, born at Newport Pagnell, Bucks, about 
 1527. He was educated at Cambridge, and 
 afterwards went to Oxford, where he was 
 elected fellow of Magdalen college. He 
 took his master's degree, 1552, and was 
 then made Greek lecturer of his college, 
 and soon after took orders, and, in 1555, 
 left England, to travel into foreign coun- 
 fries. On Elizabeth's accession he return- 
 ed to Oxford, and was restored to his fel- 
 lowship, from which he had been expelled 
 for being absent more than the limited time 
 of one year, and, in 1560, he was made 
 queen's professor of divinity, and the next 
 year elected president of his college. In 
 1570 he was made dean if Gloucester, and 
 10 years after, removed to the deanery of 
 Winchester, and he might have been raised 
 to a bishopric, had he not been too 
 much attached to the Calvinists, and there- 
 fore inimical to the doctrines of the English 
 church. He died Feb. 1590, leaving a 
 wife, by whom he had 12 children. He 
 wrote Epistola de Graecis Literis, and Ho- 
 meri Lectione et Imitatione, Basil, 1558 — 
 De Religione Conservationc et Reforma- 
 tione deque Primatu Regum — do Ratione 
 
 Interpretandi Auctores — Optimates, sive de 
 Nobilitate, ejusque antiqu^ Origine — Life 
 of Bishop Jewel — sermons, and pieces 
 against papists, &c. 
 
 Humphreys, David, LL.D. minister of 
 the United States to the court of Spain, 
 was the son of the reverend Daniel Hum- 
 phreys, of Derby, Connecticut, and born in 
 1753. He was educated at Yale college, 
 and graduated in 1771, with a distinguished 
 reputation for talents, energy of character, 
 and scientific and literary acquirements. 
 Soon after the commencement of the revo- 
 lutionary war he entered the American ar- 
 my, and was successively an aid to generals 
 Parsons, Putnam, and Greene. In 1779 
 he was appointed one of the aids of Wash- 
 ington, and remained in his family till the 
 close of the war, enjoying his high confi- 
 dence, friendship, and patronage. He left 
 the army with the rank of colonel. When 
 Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson were, in 
 1734, appointed commissioners for nego- 
 tiating treaties with foreign powers, he was 
 chosen secretary of the legation, and at- 
 tended them in that capacity to Paris and 
 London. In 1791 he was sent ambassador 
 to the court of Lisbon, and, in 1797, ap- 
 pointed minister plenipotentiary to that of 
 Madrid. He concluded treaties of peace 
 with the bey of Tripoli and the dey of Al- 
 giers. On his return from Spain he trans- 
 ported to New-England 100 sheep, of the 
 merino race, which proved a valuable ac- 
 quisition to the agricultural and manufac- 
 turing interests. He was equally distin- 
 guished in the literary and political world. 
 While in the military service he published 
 a patriotic poem, addressed to the Ameri- 
 can armies, and after the war another, on the 
 happiness and future glory of America, each 
 of which enjojed a very extensive circula- 
 tion, in Europe as well as America, and 
 gave him a high reputation as a poet and 
 patriot. In 1789 he gave to the public the 
 life of General Putnam, and during his re- 
 sidence in Europe, published several poems 
 on subjects connected with the American 
 revolution. After his return to the United 
 States he resided chiefly in Connecticut, 
 and, in 1812, was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the veteran volunteers of that 
 state, with the rank of general. He died at 
 New-Haven, February 21st, 1818, aged 65 
 years. ItCP' L. 
 
 HuNNERic, king of the African Vandals 
 after his father Genseric, is known for his 
 severe persecution of the Christians. He 
 was an Arian in principle, and died 484, 
 after a reign of seven years. 
 
 HuNNiADES, John Corvinus, waivode of 
 Transylvania, and general of the armies of 
 Ladislaus, king of Hungary, is famous for 
 his defeat of the Turks under Amurath, 
 1442 and 3. He obliged his enemies to 
 raise the siege of Belgrade, but though un- 
 
ULxN 
 
 ]1UN 
 
 Visually brave and fortunate, he was yet de- 
 feated by the Turks, 1448. He afterwards 
 recovered his victorious fajue, and again 
 raised the siege of Belgrade against Maho- 
 met II. but unfortunately died the same 
 yeas, lOth Sept. 1456. His loss was uni- 
 versally lamented, not only by the Chris- 
 tians and by the pope, who is said to have 
 shed tears at the intelligence, but the infi- 
 dels and Mahomet himself, to whom he 
 was become so dreadful a scourge. 
 
 HuNNius, Giles, a Lutheran divine, born 
 at Winende, in VVirtemberg, 1550. He 
 took his degrees at Tubingen, and, in 1576, 
 was, in consequence of his great abilities, 
 made divinity professor at Marpurg. He 
 wrote with such force against the Calvin- 
 ists that he was invited to reform the 
 electorate of Saxony, and was made pro- 
 fessor at Wirtemberg. He was also en- 
 gaged in a controversy with Huberus, on 
 predestination and election. He died of 
 an inflammation caused by the stone, April, 
 1603. His works are collected into 5 vols, 
 and contain orations, colloquies, &.c. His 
 son Nicholas was also a man of merit, and 
 died 1643, professor of divinity at Wirtem- 
 berg and Lubec. 
 
 Hunt, Walter, an English Carmelite at 
 the council of Florence, where he warmly 
 opposed, in his speeches and in his writings, 
 the meditated union between the Greek 
 and Latin churches. He died 1470. 
 
 Hunt, Jeremiah, a native of London, 
 educated for the ministry among the dis- 
 senters, under Thomas Rowe. He was af- 
 terwards at Edinburgh, andalsoat Leyden, 
 where he studied Hebrew and Jewish anti- 
 quities, and he first officiated before the 
 English congregation at Amsterdam. On 
 his return to England he settled at Tun- 
 stead, in Norfolk, and, in 1700, came to 
 London, to become the minister of Pin- 
 ner's-hall congregation. He was made 
 D.D. by the Edinburgh university, in 1729, 
 and died 1744, aged 66. He wrote, be- 
 sides sermons, an essay to explain the 
 History and Revelations of Scripture, &c. 
 — with a Dissertation on the Fall of Man, 
 8vo. 1738, &c. 
 
 Hunter, Robert, an English gentleman, 
 author of the famous " Letter on Enthusi- 
 asm," attributed by some to Swift, and by 
 others to Shaftesbury. He was made go- 
 vernor of Virginia 1708, but taken by the 
 French on his voyage, and, in 1710, he was 
 .sent as governor to New- York and the Jer- 
 seys, at the head of a colony of Palatines. 
 He was, in 1728, appointed governor of Ja- 
 maica, and died there 3lst March, 1734. 
 His epitaph, in elegant Latin, was written 
 by the Rev. Mr. Flemming. Ilunter wrote 
 also a farce, called Androboros, according 
 to Coxeter. 
 
 Hunter, Henry, a native of Culross, 
 5»prthshire, educated at Edinburgh, and 
 
 made minister of Dumfcrmlinc, 1764. Ttw, 
 years after he removed tu South Leilh, and, 
 in 1771, was invited to the cure of the Scotch 
 church, London wall. In this new ap- 
 pointment he continued till hi.i death, and 
 was respected for his learning, bin piety, 
 his eloquence, the mildness of hi.t uianneru, 
 and the liberality of his principles. A con- 
 sumptive habit obliged him to retire to 
 Bristol for the benefit of the air and the wa- 
 ters, and he died there November, 1802, 
 aged 61. He published Sacred Biography, 
 or the Characters of Scripture, six vols. 
 8vo. — Miscellaneous Sermons, two vols. 
 Svo. — and translated, besides, various au- 
 thors from the French, Lavater's Physiog- 
 nomy — Saurin's Sermons — St. Pierre's Stu- 
 dies of Nature, &.c. 
 
 Hunter, William, M.D. a famous phy- 
 sician and anatomist, born 23d May, 1718, 
 at Kilbride, Lanerkshire. As he was the 
 7th of ten children, he was intended, by his 
 father, who was a farmer, for an active si- 
 tuation in the church. He was for five 
 years at Glasgow, but, while he hesitated 
 to subscribe to the articles of faith, he be- 
 came acquainted with Dr. Cullen, and thus 
 his future pursuits were diverted from their 
 original intention. After remaining three 
 years in the house of his friend, he came, 
 in 1740, to Edinburgh, and the next year 
 visited London, where he was recommend- 
 ed to the notice of his countryman, Dr. 
 James Douglas. The zeal and knowledge 
 which he showed in anatomical studies, 
 soon endeared him to this new friend, who 
 took him into his house, made him tutor to 
 his son, and enabled him to improve him- 
 self by attending various lectures on philo- 
 sophy and medicine. The death of Dr. 
 Douglas, in 1742, left him his own master 
 in his anatomical pursuits ; and the next 
 year he presented to the Royal Society his 
 essay on the Structure and Diseases of Ar- 
 ticulating Cartilages, and now acquired 
 such reputation that he succeeded Mr, 
 Sharpe as lecturer to a society of surgeons 
 in Covent-garden, in 1746. The next yeai' 
 he was admitted member of the corpora- 
 tion of surgeons, and by degrees acquired 
 high reputation in midwifery. In 1750 he 
 obtained his doctor's degree from Glasgow, 
 and, in 1764, in consequence of his high 
 celebrity, he was appointed physician ex- 
 traordinary to the queen. His practice 
 was now so extensive that he took Mr. 
 Hewson as his assistant lecturer and part- 
 ner, but, in 1770, this connexion was dis- 
 solved, and Hewson gave way to Mr. 
 Cruikshank, a man of great acknowledged 
 abilities. In 1767 he was elected fellow of 
 the Royal Society, and the next year he 
 was admitted into the Antiquarian Society, 
 and appointed, by the king, anatomical pro- 
 fessor. In 1781 he succeeded Dr. J. Fo- 
 thergill as president of the London college 
 
nm 
 
 H0JN' 
 
 of physicians, and was complimented with 
 the honour of being elected member of se- 
 veral foreign societies. Thus distinguish- 
 ed, and thus respected as a medical man, 
 he soon acquired an ample fortune, but 
 with a commendable ambition he wished to 
 apply it to the noblest and most beneficial 
 purposes, the esiaLlishment of an anatomi- 
 cal school in London. Though in some 
 degree thwarted, in his application to go- 
 vernment for a piece of ground in the Mews, 
 he purchased some ground in Windmill- 
 street, and there erected a spacious house, 
 where he removed, in 1770, from Jermyn- 
 street. Here not merely private conveni- 
 ences were the object of his wishes, but a 
 spacious amphitheatre was built for the de- 
 livering of lectures, and a magnificent room 
 was set apart for a museum. This museum 
 was soon enriched not only with his own 
 valuable preparations, but the presents of 
 his friends and pupils, and all other curio- 
 sities in the animal and fossil kingdoms, 
 which either favour or money could pro- 
 cure. Besides a cabinet of ancient medals, 
 and a curious collection of shells, corals, 
 &.C. he placed there the most magnificent 
 treasure of Greek and Latin books accumu- 
 lated by any living person since the days of 
 Dr. Mead. Of this most valuable museum, 
 which it is said cost above 20,000/. the use 
 was permitted for 30 years to his nephew 
 Matthew Baillie and Mr. Cruikshank, and 
 afterwards to become the property of the 
 university of Glasgow. Dr. Hunter, be- 
 sides the labours which he bestowed in the 
 collection and arrangement of his museum, 
 and in his lectures, and extensive practice, 
 devoted much of his time in making obser- 
 vations, which he communicated to those 
 learned societies of which he was a mem- 
 ber. His great and immortal work, the 
 Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus, however, 
 must remain a striking monument of his 
 labour and application. It was begun 1751, 
 but was not made public till 1775, that ac- 
 curacy and truth might be displayed in 
 every page. It is dedicated to the king, 
 and is adorned by thirty-four beautiful 
 plates, exhibiting those various delicate 
 dissections in which he acknowledges that 
 he had been assisted by his brother. Rich 
 in fame and in fortune, Dr. Hunter formed 
 the plan of retiring to Scotland, about ten 
 years before his death ; but his wish to 
 purchase an estate in his native country 
 was retarded, and finally prevented, by the 
 defective titles of the proprietor, and he 
 determined never to remove from London. 
 In the last part of his life he was afflicted 
 with the gout, but a paralytic stroke came 
 at last to shorten his days. His friends 
 wished to persuade themselves that his ap- 
 prehensions were frivolous, but the descrip- 
 tion which he gave of his feelings proved 
 too true, and he expired 30th March, 1783, 
 S8 
 
 exhibiting to his friend Dr. Combe the 
 greatest resignation. If I had strength 
 enough, said he, to hold a pen, I would 
 w: ite how easy and pleasant it is to die. 
 His remains were buried in the rector's 
 vault of St. James's church, Westminster. 
 The bulk of his fortune was bequeathed to 
 his ntphew Dr. Baillie. His life bas been 
 written by Dr. Simmons. 
 
 Hunter, John, younger brother of Dr. 
 Hunter, was born at Long Calderwood, 
 14th July, 1728. When ten years old, he 
 lost his father, and this tended greatly to 
 retard his advancement in knowledge, so 
 that he was twenty years old before he be- 
 came sensible of the propriety of applying 
 himself to the study of some profession. 
 The reputation of his brother excited him 
 to surgical pursuits, and he joined him in 
 London, 1758, and the next year he attend- 
 ed Mr. Cheselden at Chelsea hospital. 
 After becoming a pupil at St. Bartholo- 
 mew's, and visiting Scotland, he entered as 
 gentleman commoner at St. Mary-hall, Ox- 
 ford, but without losing sight of his medical 
 studies. In 1756 he was appointed house 
 surgeon to St. George's hospital, and about 
 that time was admitted by his brother as an 
 assistant in his lectures. With the most 
 zealous application he devoted himself to 
 anatomical studies for ten long years, and 
 was thus enabled not only to understand, 
 but to explain and improve the art of com- 
 parative anatomy. The ramification of 
 the olfactory nerves in the nose, the arte- 
 ries of the gravid uterus, and the lymphatic 
 vessels of birds were, among other impor- 
 tant subjects, accurately ascertained and 
 satisfactorily described. The excessive at- 
 tention which he bestowed on his anatomi- 
 cal studies had such an effect on his health 
 that, to re-establish it, he went abroad, and 
 was surgeon on the staff with the army, at 
 Belleisle. At the end of the war, in 1763, 
 he returned to London, and devoted him- 
 self with increased activity to his favourite 
 pursuits. In 1767 he was elected fellow of 
 the Royal Society, and the next year he 
 went to reside in Jermyn-street, in the 
 house which his brother quitted to remove 
 to Windmill-street. In 1776 he was ap- 
 pointed surgeon extraordinary to the king, 
 and began to find that, from his experience 
 and knowledge he derived not only reputa- 
 tion, but honour and opulence. In 1783 he 
 removed to Leicester-square, where he had 
 prepared a house for the reception of his 
 valuable museum. Besides the appoint- 
 ment of surgeon to St. George's hospital, 
 he was, in 1786, nominated deputy sur- 
 geon-general to the army, and, in 1790, he 
 succeeded Mr. Adair as inspector-general 
 of hospitals, and as surgeon-general to the 
 army, in which year he resigned to hi? 
 brother-in-law, Everard Home, his surgi- 
 cal lectures, which he found too laborious 
 
liLN 
 
 II LX 
 
 nnd inconvenient for the great aioiuiioiis 
 of Lis respectable and extensive practice. 
 He >vus unfortunately subject to strong 
 spasmodic aflections in the lieart, since 
 1786, and, as irritation generally produced 
 those dangerous symptoms, he unfortunate- 
 ly met, in his visit at St. George's hospital, 
 16th October, 1793, some vexatious cir- 
 cumstance, and eager to check the feelings 
 of his mind, he walked into another room, 
 and while turning round to speak to a phy- 
 sician, he fell down and expired instantly 
 without a groan. As an able experimen- 
 talist John Hunter will long be remember- 
 ed with respect and gratitude : the dexte- 
 rity of his operations was equalled only by 
 his patience and perseverance ; and while 
 he considered surgery only in its infancy, 
 he directed all the powers of his mind to 
 the investigation, and to the elucidation of 
 truth in this most important science. His 
 contributions to the transactions of the 
 Royal Society were numerous and valuable. 
 His works are a treatise on the Natural 
 History of the Human Teeth, 4to. 1771, 
 with a second part 1778 — a Treatise on the 
 Venereal Disease, 4to. — Observations on 
 certain Parts of the Animal Economy, 4to, 
 — a Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, 
 and Gunshot Wounds, 4to. published after 
 his death. His collection of comparative 
 anatomy, arranged in a clear order to exhi- 
 bit the corresponding parts of animals, is 
 most valuable, and reflects the highest 
 praise on his labour, his assiduity, his judg- 
 ment, and his ardent zeal in the service of 
 science. He married, in 1771, the daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Home, surgeon to Burgoyne's 
 regiment of light horse, by Avhom he had 
 two sons and two daughters, of whom only 
 one son and one daughter lived to years of 
 maturity. The history of his life, and of 
 his useful labours in the cause of humani- 
 ty, has been published by his brother-in- 
 law, and professional successor Mr. Eve- 
 rard Home. 
 
 Hunter, Anne, the widow of the emi- 
 nent anatomist, Mr. John Hunter, died, at 
 the age of seventy-nine, in Holies-street, 
 Cavendish-square, Jan. 7, 1821. She was 
 the intimate friend of the learned Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Carter, and wrote several beau- 
 tiful poems, chiefly of the lyric kind, some 
 of which were composed by Haydn. A 
 volume of her productions was printed in 
 1802.— TF. B. 
 
 Huntingdon, Selina, countess of, se- 
 cond daughter of Washington, earl Ferrers, 
 was born 1707, and married lord Hunting- 
 don, by whom she had four sons and three 
 daughters. From habits of gayety and 
 scenes of dissipation, she became all at 
 once, after a serious illness, grave, re- 
 served, and melancholy. Her thoughts 
 were wholly absorbed by religion, and she 
 employed the ample resources which she 
 Vol. W. 12 
 
 possessed, iu disHcminatincj her pi inciplcs 
 by the popular arts of Wbitcfield, R'jmaine, 
 and other cnthusiustir lacthodists. Not 
 only her house in I'urk-slnci was thrown 
 open for the frtqucnt iisscmljling of tln,-KC 
 pious reformers, but chapels were buill in 
 various parts of the kingdom, and a college 
 erected in Wales for the education of young 
 persons in the future labours of the minis- 
 try. After many acts of extensive charity, 
 and with the best intentions, this enthusias- 
 tic lady died in 1791. 
 
 Huntington, Robert, an English di- 
 vine, born at Deorhyrst, Gloucestershire, 
 1636, He was educated at Bristol, and 
 then entered at Mcrton college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow. He left Eng- 
 land 1670, as chaplain to the English 
 factory at Aleppo, and during 11 years' re- 
 sidence, he assiduouf^Iy employed himself 
 in the procuring of ]\1SS. and in explor- 
 ing the neighbouring countries. He visit- 
 ed Galilee, Jerusalem, Samaria, Cyprus, 
 Palmyra, and Egypt. In 1682 he returned 
 to England, and the following year took 
 the degree of D.D By the recommenda- 
 tion of bishop Fell, he was appointed to 
 the mastership of Trinity college, Dublin ; 
 but the troubles of the revolution drove 
 him back to England, and in 1691 he re- 
 signed his office. In 1692 he married, and 
 was made rector of Great Hallingbury, 
 Essex, and refused the bishopric of KiU 
 more in Ireland. In 1701 he however ac- 
 cepted that of Raphoe, and was conse- 
 crated the 20th of August ; but he survived 
 his honours but few days, as he died 2d 
 Sept. 1701, and was buried in Trinity col- 
 lege chapel. He sold his fine collection of 
 MSS. to the Bodleian for 700/. He pub- 
 lished in the Philosophical Transactions, 
 an Account of the porphyry pillars in 
 Egypt, and it is his only work, besides some 
 Observations in a Collection of Travels 
 by Ray. His life was written by Dr. T. 
 Smith, and 39 of his letters are there pre- 
 served. 
 
 Huntington, Samuel, governor of Con- 
 necticut, and a native of Windham in that 
 state, settled in early life at Norwich as a 
 lawyer ; and though without a coUegial 
 education, soon rose by the superiority 
 of his talents, to popularity in the profes- 
 sion. After having held the appointment 
 of king's attorney, a seat in the assembly 
 and council of the state, and on the bench 
 of the superior court, he was in 1775 elect- 
 ed a delegate to congress, and in 1779 
 chosen president of that venerable body. 
 The next year he resumed his seat as 
 judge, but was again a member of con- 
 gress in 1783. In 1784 he was chosen 
 lieutenant-governor, and advanced to the 
 seat of chief judge. He was appointed 
 chief magistrate in 1786, and held the 
 office till his death on the Sth of Januarv. 
 
 S9 
 
II UR 
 
 ULIl 
 
 J 796, greatly respected for his talents, 
 integrity, prudence, and piety. 
 
 ' icr- L. 
 
 Huntington, Samuel, governor of 
 Ohio, was the son of the l{ev. Dr. Hunt- 
 ington of Coventry, Connecticut, and born 
 in 1763. He was graduated at Yale col- 
 lege in 17S5, and became a lawyer. He 
 removed to Ohio in 1801, and there held 
 successively the offices of judge of the 
 supreme court, chief justice, and governor. 
 He died at Painesville in June, 1817. 
 
 Huntington, Jedidiah, general in the 
 American army of the revolution, was 
 born at Norwich, Connecticut, August 4th, 
 1743, and educated at Harvard university, 
 where he was graduated in 1 763. He set- 
 tled in his native town as a merchant. At 
 the commencement of the revolution, in 
 1775, he entered the army as a colonel of a 
 regiment, and continued in the service till 
 the peace in 1783, with the reputation of a 
 brave and able officer, and enjoying in a 
 very high degree the esteem and confidence 
 of the commander-in-chief. In 1788 he 
 was appointed treasurer of Connecticut, 
 and was a member of the convention of 
 that state, which ratified the federal con- 
 stitution. On the organization of the 
 general government, he was apppointed 
 collector of the port of New-London, 
 where he afterwards resided and discharged 
 the duties of that office for a long period 
 ivith distinguished fidelity and uprightness. 
 His death took place September 25th, 1818, 
 in his 76th year. He possessed a vigo- 
 rous mind, and a superior judgment, and 
 was pre-eminently distinguished for the ex- 
 cellence of his character. He became a 
 professor of religion when young, and by 
 his enlightened conscientiousness, emi- 
 nent rectitude, and uncommon munificence, 
 peculiarly adorned it through life. He was 
 one of the first members of the American 
 Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions, and held the office till his death. 
 
 Huntorst, Gerard, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Utrecht 1592. He painted for some 
 time in the service of Charles I. in Eng- 
 land, but resided chiefly in Holland. His 
 night pieces are much admired. The time 
 of his death is unknown. 
 
 HuRD, Richard, was the son of a far- 
 mer at Congreve, in the parish of Penk- 
 rich, in Staffordshire, and bom there, Jan. 
 13, 1720. He was educated at the school 
 of Brewood, and next at Emanuel-coUcge, 
 Cambridge, where he took his master's de- 
 gree, and was elected to a fellowship in 
 1742. In 1749hetook his degree of B.D., 
 and the same year published his Commen- 
 tary on Horace's Art of Poetry, in which 
 he paid a compliment to Warburton. Th*s 
 laid the foundation of a friendship be- 
 90 
 
 twecn these two learned persons, which 
 lasted through life. In 1750 he published 
 " A Commentary on the Epistle to Augus- 
 tus ;'' and, in 1755, a satire against Dr. 
 Jortin, entitled " The Delicacy of Friend- 
 ship." In 1757 he was presented to the 
 living of Thurcaston, in Leicestershire ; 
 and, in 1759, published his " Dialogues on 
 Sincerity, Retirement, the Age of Eliza- 
 beth, and the Constitution of the English 
 Government ;" which work was followed 
 by " Letters on Chivalry and Romance ;" 
 and " Dialogues on Foreign Travel." 
 The whole were republished together in 3 
 vols, in 1765, and the same year the au- 
 thor printed his " Letter to Dr. Thomas 
 Leland, in which his Dissertation on the 
 Principles of Human Eloquence is criti- 
 cised." At this time he was chosen preacher 
 of Lincoln's Inn, and, in 1767, he was 
 preferred to the archdeaconry of Glouces- , 
 ter. In 1768 he took his doctor's degree, 
 and the same year began the course of lec- 
 tures on the prophecies, founded in Lin- 
 coln's Inn by bishop Warburton. In 1775 
 he was made bishop of Lichfield and Co- 
 ventry, and shortly after was appointed 
 preceptor to the prince of Wales, and 
 prince Frederick, now duke of York. On 
 the translation of Dr. North to Winches- 
 ter, in 1781, the king offisred the see of 
 Worcester, with the clerkship of the closet, 
 to bishop Hurd, which he accepted ; but, 
 when his majesty tendered him the chair 
 of Canterbury in 1783, he modestly de- 
 clined it, saying, " That several greater 
 men than himself had been content to die 
 bishops of Worcester, and that he wished 
 for no higher preferment." In 1788 the 
 king gave the bishop a gold medal, and the 
 same year paid him a visit at Hartlebury- 
 castle. Bishop Hurd now published a 
 complete edition of the works of his early 
 friend AVarburton, to which, in 1795, he 
 added a biographical discourse, by way of 
 preface. He died in his sleep. May 28, 
 1808, and was buried in Hartlebury church- 
 yard. Besides the works already mention- 
 ed, and some single tracts and sermons, he 
 published two volumes of sermons, preach- 
 ed at the Warburtonian Lecture ; two vo- 
 lumes of Selections from Cowley ; and 
 three volumes of sermons preached at Lin- 
 coln's Inn. He also left for publication an 
 edition of Addison's Works, with notes ; 
 and a volume of Warburton's Correspon- 
 dence. He repaired his episcopal palace, 
 and left thereto his valuable library and 
 pictures. — W. B. 
 
 HuRDis, James, was born at Bishop- 
 stone, in Sussex, in 1763. He became a 
 commoner of St. Mary-hall, Oxford, in 
 1780, but removed from thence to Magda- 
 len-college, where he obtained a fellowship. 
 In 1791 he was presented to the living of 
 Bishopstone ; and in 1793 he wa^ elected 
 
II us 
 
 IICT 
 
 piolcssor 01" poetry at Oxford ; tvLcre, the 
 year following, he took his degree of B.D., 
 and in 171)7 that of D.D. He died Dec. 
 23, ISOl. H<; imlilished — 1. The Village 
 Curate, a poem. 2. Adriano, or the First 
 of June. 3. A Disquisition on Cien. i. 
 21 ; and Select Remarks on the first ten 
 Chapters of Genesis, 8vo. 4. Sir Thomas 
 More, a tragedy. 5. Cursory Remarks 
 on the Arrangement of the Plays of 
 Shakspeare. 6. A Vindication of the 
 University of Oxford, and Magdalen-col- 
 lege in particular, from the aspersions of 
 Gibbon, 4to. Tliis was privately printed 
 at his own press. 7. The Favourite Vil- 
 lage, a poem. 8. Twelve Dissertations on 
 the Nature and Occasion of Psalm and 
 Prophecy, 8vo. After his death his poems 
 were published by subscription, in 3 vols., 
 at the university press, with his life pre- 
 fixed by his sister. — JV. B. 
 
 HuRE, Charles, a French divine, born 
 1639, at Champigny-sur-Yonne, son of a 
 labourer. He applied himself sedulously 
 to letters, and to the Oriental languages, 
 and was member of the Port-royal society, 
 professor of Ian2,uages in the university of 
 Paris, and at last principal of the college 
 of Bencourt. In his religious opinions he 
 was considered a Jansenist. He died 
 1717. He wrote a Dictionary of the Bi- 
 ble, 2 vols, folio, inferior to that of Calniet 
 — an edition of the Latin Testament — a 
 French translation of the Testament, with 
 notes — and a Sacred Grammar. 
 
 Huss, John, a famous divine and martyr, 
 born in Bohemia, 1376, and educated at 
 Prague, where he took his degrees, and 
 entered into the ministry. The writings 
 of Wicklift' converted him from the super- 
 stitions of Rome, and with eloquent zeal 
 he began to preach against the power and 
 influence of the pope. His efforts proved 
 successful, the papal authority began to be 
 slighted in Bohemia, but the archbishop of 
 Prague issued two mandates against the 
 heresies of Wickliff, and the labours of 
 Huss and his followers ; and this exertion 
 of power was soon seconded by a bull from 
 Rome, for the suppression of all tenets 
 offensive to the holy see. Huss exclaimed 
 against these proceedings, and though sum- 
 moned to Rome to answer for his conduct, 
 he, supported by the iiivour of Wences- 
 laus, king of Bohemia, disregarded the 
 pope's authority, and was excommunica- 
 ted, and soon after his friends and adhe- 
 rents were included in the same interdict. 
 After causing by his opposition to the pa- 
 pal decrees, various tumults in Prague and 
 Bohemia, Huss was prevailed upon to ap- 
 pear at the council of Constance, to give 
 an account of his doctrines. The emperor 
 Sigismund granted him his protection, and 
 ensured security to his person ; but when 
 soon after he reached Constance 1414, he 
 
 was seized as a heretic and imprisoned, 
 and after a confinement of severe hard- 
 ships, for six months, he wan rondemned 
 without a hearing, and when he nCuscd to 
 recant his errors, he waa tumultuoudly sen- 
 tenced to be burned. The «;iniMior indeed 
 complained of the contemiit shown to his 
 authority, and of the perfidy used towards 
 the delinquent, but all in vain, iiiisa was 
 inhumanly dragged to execution, he wan 
 stripped of his sacerdotal habit, deprived 
 of his degrees, and with a paper crown on 
 his head, with pictures of devils round, 
 and the inscription of Hcresiaicli, he was 
 burned alive, July, 1415. He endured 
 his torments with uncommon fortitude, and 
 truly Christian resignation. His ashes 
 were collected and then sprinkled in the 
 Rhine. His writings, which were nume- 
 rous but violent, were afterwards, when 
 printing was invented, published at Nurem- 
 burg 1558, and read with avidity. 
 
 HuTCHESON, Francis, an ingenious wri- 
 ter, born Sth Aug. 1694, in Ireland, son of 
 a dissenting minister. After an excellent 
 education, he removed in 1710 to Glas- 
 gow, where for some years he earnestly 
 applied to philosophy, the learned lan- 
 guages, and divinity. On his return to 
 Ireland, he took care of a small dissenting 
 congregation in Dublin, and intended to re- 
 move into the north, when he was invited 
 to settle in the capital, and to open an aca- 
 demy. He met here with great success, 
 and the publication of his Inquiry into the 
 Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, in which he 
 was assisted by lord Molcsworth, anil 
 bishop Synge, soon recommended him to 
 the notice of the great and learned of lord 
 Granville, the viceroy, of archbishop King, 
 the primate Boulter, and others. In 1729 
 he left Ireland for Glasgow, where he be- 
 came professor of philosophy. He died 
 there highly respected in private life, as 
 well as a public teacher, 1747, though his 
 constitution seemed to promise a more ex- 
 tended life than 53 years. His System of 
 Moral Philosophy, in three books, wa^ pub- 
 lished by his only son Francis, ^i.D. 
 1755, 2 vols. 4to. with an Account of his 
 Life by Dr. Leecham. He wrote also a 
 treatise on the Passions, and some philo- 
 sophical papers, printed in llibernicus' Let- 
 ters. 
 
 HuTCHiNS, John, author of the history 
 and antiquities of Dorsetshire, was born 
 1698 at Bradford Peverell in that county. 
 He was of Baliol college, Oxford, and was 
 in 1729 presented to the living of Swyrc, 
 to MelcomI) Horsey 1733, and to Holy 
 Trinity, Wart ham, 1743. He began in 
 1737 to collect materials for his history, 
 which after much labour and many difficul- 
 ties, was put to the press, but received not 
 the author's last correcting hand. It was 
 liberally patronised bv the gentlemen of the 
 
 91 
 
ttUT 
 
 HUT 
 
 eoujity, and particularly by Dr. Gumming 
 and Mr. Gough, and made its appearance 
 in 1774, 2 vols, folio, for the benefit of the 
 author's widow and daughter. He died 
 2lst June, 1773, and was buried in St. 
 Mary's church, Wareham. 
 
 HtJTCHiNS, Thomas, geographer general 
 of the United States, and a native of New- 
 Jersey, entered the army in the western 
 states at an early age as an ensign. He 
 afterwards became paymaster, and served 
 at fort Pitt, and in Florida against the In- 
 dians. He was in London in 1779, and 
 was imprisoned some time on account of 
 suspicions that he held a correspondence 
 with Franklin in France. On being li- 
 berated he returned to America, and joined 
 the army under general Greene. Not 
 long after he was appointed geographer 
 general of the United States, and in 1789 
 died at Pittsburgh. He was a man of 
 exemplary piety. He published several 
 maps and topographical descriptions of the 
 middle states, Louisiana and Florida. 
 
 iCj^ L. 
 
 Hutchinson, John, the well-known 
 founder of a philosophical sect, was born 
 at Spennythorne, Yorkshire, 1674. He 
 received in the village school a plain edu- 
 cation, which was improved by the friendly 
 communication of a gentleman who lodged 
 in the house of his ftither, and at the age 
 of 19 he became steward to Mr. Bathurst 
 a Yorkshire gentleman. He afterwards 
 held the same situation in the family of 
 lord Scarborough, and in 1700 he under- 
 took the same office under the duke of 
 Somerset. While in the employment of 
 his noble patron he travelled over various 
 parts of England, and made a valuable 
 collection of fossils, which it is said was 
 afterwards presented to the University of 
 Cambridge under the name of Dr. Wood- 
 ward, who had been confidentially in- 
 trusted with the arrangement and descrip- 
 tion of them. Displeased with the harsh- 
 ness and treachery of his former friend, 
 Hutchinson determined to commence au- 
 thor ; but in relinquishing the service of 
 the duke, he was liberally presented by 
 him as master of the horse to the king, 
 with the sinecure of purveyor to the royal 
 stables, with a good house and a salary 
 of 200/. per annum, and he was rewarded 
 by his noble patron besides with the pre- 
 sentation of the living of Sutton, Sussex, 
 "ivhich he bestowed on his friend Julius 
 Bate. Thus in possession of indepen- 
 dence he began to devote himself labo- 
 riously to studious pursuits, and in 1724 
 he published his first part of Moses' 
 Principia, in which he severely ridiculed 
 Woodward's Natural History of the Earth, 
 and by attacking the doctrine of gravita- 
 tion he thus attempted to undermine the 
 great fabric on which Newton's fame is 
 32 
 
 built. In 1727 the second pait of Moses' 
 Principia appeared, in which he asserted 
 against Newton's doctrines that a plenum 
 and the air are the principles of the 
 Scripture philosophy. With a fanciful 
 hypothesis he supported that the myste- 
 ries of the trinity may be drawn from 
 the three grand agents in the system of 
 nature, spirit, fire, and light ; and so fasci- 
 nating were his arguments, that among 
 others Dr. Samuel Clarke, declared him- 
 self a Avarm admirer of his doctrines. 
 Hutchinson died 28th Aug. 1737, aged 
 63. In his temper he is described as vio- 
 lent ; the mental powers which he de- 
 rived from nature were great, and had 
 they been early and properly cultivated, he 
 might have enriched his works with more 
 judicious observations, and to learning 
 have added the graces of elegant language. 
 In his opinions Hutchinson was singular. 
 He imagined that all knowledge is contain- 
 ed in the Hebrew Scriptures, and therefore 
 rejecting the points, he regarded every 
 Hebrew root as containing some important 
 meaning, and conveying the signification 
 of some mental or spiritual thing. Though 
 this fanciful and mysterious system was 
 for a time defended with violence by the 
 author, and supported zealously by his ad- 
 herents, by the learned bishop Home, by 
 Jones, Spearman, and other pious divines, 
 it gradually fell into disrepute, and is now 
 no longer dreaded as the source of inno- 
 vation and skepticism in the theological 
 opinions long accepted and deservedly re- 
 vered by the general bulk of mankind. 
 All his works were collected in 12 vols. 
 8vo. 1748. Though distinguished as a 
 writer, he was also eminent as a mechanic, 
 and his time-piece for the discovery of 
 the longitude at sea, was seen and appro- 
 ved by Newton, Whiston, and other learned 
 men. 
 
 Hutchinson, John Hely, an Irishman, 
 born 1715. By perseverance, and the ex- 
 ertion of moderate abilities, he rose to the 
 offices of prime sergeant, of secretary of 
 state, of provost of Trinity college, Dublin, 
 with other lucrative employments. His 
 avidity, however, was too great to escape 
 the observation of political rivals, and 
 lord North exclaimed, in speaking of him, 
 If this man had England and Ireland 
 given him, he would still solicit the Isle 
 of Man for a potato-garden. He died 
 1794. 
 
 Hutchinson, Thomas, LL.D., governor 
 of Massachusetts, was born in Boston, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1727. He 
 employed himself for a time in merchan- 
 dise, but soon turned his attention to poli- 
 tics, and gained popularity as an agent to 
 Great Britain, and a member of the legisla- 
 ture. In 1758 he was elected lieutenant- 
 governor, and three years after, against the 
 
HUT 
 
 liUT 
 
 •wishes of the people, was appointed chief 
 judge. Ambitious, hypocritical, and at 
 heart an enemy of the colonial rights, he 
 began, at this time, to lose the confidence 
 of the public. In 1765, a mob assaulted 
 and plundered his house, for which, how- 
 ever, the general court indcmnilied liini 
 not long aflcrwaj-ds. In 176i) he was ap- 
 pointed governor, and soon became oi)nox- 
 ious to the people by his subserviency to 
 the British ministry. In I77i Doctor 
 Franklin procured a number of his letters 
 addressed to the British ministers, demon- 
 strating his hostility to the colony, in con- 
 sequence of which the general court took 
 measures to procure his removal. He, 
 however, remained till 1774, when he was 
 superseded by governor Gage. He went 
 to England, and though vindicated by the 
 privy council from the charges brought 
 against him by the colony, soon fell into 
 neglect, and died at Brampton in 1780. He 
 published a history of Massachusetts from 
 its settlement to 1750, in two volumes, 8vo. 
 which is highly valued. sdp' L. 
 
 Hutchinson, Ann, a religious enthusi- 
 ast, who occasioned dissensions in the 
 churches of New England, came from Lin- 
 colnshire to Boston in 1636. She instituted 
 meetings for women, in which pretending 
 to enjoy immediate revelations, she taught 
 many antinomian and other erroneous sen- 
 timents that soon occasioned great contro- 
 versy in the colony, and in 1637 drew to- 
 gether an ecclesiastical synod, which con- 
 demned her errors. Not long after she 
 was banished from the colony, and re- 
 moved to a Dutch settlement in New- York, 
 where, in 1643, she, with her family, con- 
 sisting of fifteen persons, were captured by 
 the Indians, and all, except a daughter, 
 killed. ICP L. 
 
 HuTTEN, Ulric de, a singular character, 
 born 1488, of a respectable family at Steck- 
 enburg in Franconia. He studied at the 
 abbey of Fulda, and took his master's de- 
 gree at Frankfort on the Oder ; but as his 
 necessities grew upon him he entered the 
 army of the emperor Maximilian, and was 
 at the siege of Padua. His inclination led 
 him to literary pursuits, but his father con- 
 sidered such employment as beneath the 
 character of a gentleman, and therefore to 
 please him he went in 1511 to Pavia to 
 study the law. The siege and plunder of 
 that city by the Swiss disturbed his plans, 
 and he returned to Germany, and contrary 
 to his father's wishes applied again to lite- 
 rature. He travelled through Bohemia 
 and Moravia, often without money or re- 
 sources except what charity bestowed ; 
 but on his introduction to the emperor, 
 1516, he was received with kindness, and 
 in consequence of the popularity of his 
 compositions he received from his hand 
 the poetical crown. He afterwards enter- 
 
 ed again into the army, where bin intrepi- 
 dity and courage became proverbial ; but 
 in 1511) he sighed again for th< peaceful 
 retreats of the muses, and after liie disor- 
 ders of a dissipatj d life, wished for a wife 
 to take care of liirn, and in whose roinpany 
 he might unticiitl liinisilf. He wa^ a warm 
 advocate for Luther'?, doclrines, and he 
 published the pope's bull against that re- 
 former with such sarcastic remarks and 
 well directed raillery, that the sovereign 
 pontiff commanded the elector of Mentz 
 to send him the satirist bound hand and 
 foot. He escaped however from tlie storm 
 to the castle of Ebernberg, and implored 
 the protection of the emperor and of the 
 electors of Saxony and Mentz ; but though 
 persecuted he did not manifest less zeal 
 against the see of Rome. He was after- 
 wards at Basil, where he was refused an 
 asylum in the house of Erasmus, an affront 
 which he satirically resented. He died at 
 last in an island of the lake of Zurich, 
 where he had taken refuge, Aug. 1523 , but 
 though he was such an advocate for the 
 reformed religion, and inveighed so bitter- 
 ly against the corruptions and irregulari- 
 ties of the Romish church, he exhibited in 
 his own life the most profligate manners, 
 and fell a victim to a foul disease which his 
 debauchery had brought upon him, and 
 which he in vain attempted to remove. 
 Though admired for his genius and learn- 
 ing, Hutten was violent and passionate in 
 his temper, and what was said of Demos- 
 thenes was applied to him by Camerarius, 
 that he would have turned the world upside 
 down, had his power been equal to his 
 will. His works are numerous, but chiefly 
 satirical, so that he has been compared by 
 Thuanus to Lucian. His Latin poems were 
 published 1538, l2nio. and have been since 
 repi'inted. He had also a share in the 
 " Epistolae Virorum Obscurorum," and 
 printed editions of Pliny, Quintiiian and 
 Marcellinus, and of Livy, a manuscript 
 copy of which he discovered 1518. 
 
 Hutten, Jacob, a Silesian in the 16th 
 century ; founder of an Anabaptist sect, 
 called ithe Bohemian or Moravian brethren. 
 His tenets recommended equality among 
 men, and therefore he exposed himself to 
 the persecution of magistrates and consti- 
 tuted authorities. The time of his death 
 is not mentioned, though it is said, per- 
 haps falsely, that he was burnt as a heretic 
 at Inspruck. His followers dispersed after 
 his death, though the Moravians who ad- 
 hered to Zinzendortr considered them- 
 selves as the true disciples of his doc- 
 trines. 
 
 HuTTER, Elias, a protestant divine, bom 
 at Ulric, 1553. He was an able orientalist, 
 and published a " Hebrew Bible," with the 
 117th psalm in 17 languages, two Poly- 
 glotts, one in four lanjuages 1596, and the 
 
 93 
 
HLT 
 
 HUY 
 
 other in sLs, 1599. He died in Nurem- 
 berg after 1602. 
 
 Hotter, Leonard, a learned divine, 
 born at Ulm, 1563. He studied at Stras- 
 burg, Leipsic, Jena, Sac. and was theologi- 
 cal professor at Wittemberg, and la.stly 
 rector of the university. He died of a 
 fever 1616. He wrote Compendium Theo- 
 logiae — Libri Christiana; Concordia; — Col- 
 legium Theologicum — and other theologi- 
 cal works. He was a strenuous adherent 
 to Lutlier's principles. 
 
 HuTTON, Matthew, an English bishop. 
 He was born of poor parents in Lancashire, 
 but he had the advantage of a tolerable 
 education, and was sent to Cambridge, 
 ■where he became fellow of Trinity college, 
 and lady Margaret's professor of divinity. 
 He afterwards obtained a prebend of St. 
 Paul's, was made master of Pembroke hall, 
 and in 1567 preferred to the deanery of 
 York. In 1589 he was made bishop of 
 Durham, and five years after translated to 
 York. He died 1605, aged 59. 
 
 HuTTON, William, an ingenious writer, 
 was bom at Derby, in 1723. From the age 
 of seven to fourteen he worked at the silk- 
 mill ; on leaving which he was apprenticed 
 to a stocking weaver. On the expiration 
 of his time he laboured as a journeyman, 
 and employed his leisure hours in book- 
 binding, by which he earned a little money. 
 In 1750 he opened a shop for the sale of 
 old books, to which he added a circulating 
 library, at Birmingham, where he succeed- 
 ed so well as to embark in the paper busi- 
 ness Thus, by frugality and industry he 
 arrived at opulence ; but in 1791 his house 
 at Birmingham, and seat near the town, 
 were destroyed by the rioters ; for which 
 he obtained an inadequate compensation 
 from the county. He died at the extraor- 
 dinary age of ninety-two, Sept. 20, 1815. 
 Mr. Hutton was the architect of his own 
 fortune, as well as the cultivator of his own 
 mind. His works are — 1. The History of 
 Birmingham, Svo. 2. Journey to London. 
 3. History of the Court of Requests, and 
 of the Hundred Court at Birmingham. 4. 
 History of Blackpool. 5. History of the 
 Battle of Bosworth Field. 6. History of 
 Derby. 7. Description of the Roman 
 Wall. 8. Remarks upon North Wales. 
 9. Tour to Scarborougli. 10. Poems. 11. 
 Trip to Coatham.— fT. B. 
 
 HuTGENS, Constantine, author of 14 
 books of Latin poems and miscellanies, 
 called Monumenta Desultoria, was born at 
 the Hague, and became .secretary to the 
 prince of Orange, and president of his 
 council. He died 1687, aged 91. 
 
 HuTGENS, Christian, a celebrated mathe- 
 matician, son of the preceding, was born at 
 the Hague, 14th April, 1629. From his 
 very youth he discovered a strona" genius 
 94 
 
 for mathematics, and paid also great atten- 
 tion to music, arithmetic, geograpliy, and 
 mechanics. He for some time studied law 
 at Leyden and Breda, but without relin- 
 quishing his favourite sciences, so that in 
 I6nl he gave the world a specimen of his 
 mathematical abilities, by the publication 
 of his Theoremata de Quadrature Hyper- 
 boles Ellipsis et Circuli ex dato Portioimm 
 Gravitatis Centro. In 1649 he went to 
 Holstein, and in 1655 to France, where 
 he took the degree of doctor of Ia%vs at An- 
 giers. In 1658 he published at the Hague 
 his Horologium, with a model of a newly 
 invented pendulum, and the following year 
 appeared his system of Saturn, in which he 
 discovered a satellite attending that planet, 
 and ascertained the existence of its perma- 
 nent ring. In 1660 he again went to 
 France, and the next year came to Eng- 
 land, where he was made fellow of the 
 Royal Society. His improvements in po- 
 lishing glasses, and in the air-pump lately 
 invented, increased his fame ; but he had a 
 dispute with Wren and Wallis about the 
 priority of discovering the laws of the col- 
 lision of elastic bodies. In 1666 he went 
 to reside at Paris in consequence of the 
 flattering invitations of Colbert, and the 
 honourable grant of a handsome pension. 
 Here, constantly devoted to mathematical 
 and scientific pursuits, he found his health 
 gradually decline from excessive applica- 
 tion, and in 1681 he left France for his na- 
 tive country, where he spent the remainder 
 of life. He died at the Hague, 8th June, 
 1695, in his 67th year, while his Cosmo- 
 theoros, a Latin treatise on the plurality 
 of worlds, %vas printing. This work ap- 
 peared 1698, his Opuscula Posthuma, 1703, 
 4to. — and the next year his Opera Varia, 
 in 4 vols. 4to. under the care of Gravesandc. 
 The same editor, in 1728, published his 
 Opera Reliqua, in 2 vols. 4to. — the first of 
 which contains his treatises on Light and 
 Gravity, and the second the Opuscula 
 Posthuma. His works have been collected 
 in 6 vols. 4to. Huygens was a great as 
 well as a learned character, in virtue, in 
 cheerfulness, and private worth equalled by 
 few. He was never married. 
 
 HuTsuM, Justus Van, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Amsterdam. He died 1716, aged 
 57. He was the pupil of N. Berchem and 
 excelled in painting battles, landscapes, 
 and flowers. 
 
 HuTSUM, John Van, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Amsterdam 1682. He became 
 so celebrated as a painter that his pieces 
 sold for a very high price. He was so 
 jealous of liis fame that he never admitted 
 any person to see him paint, and therefore 
 his mode of mixing the tints and preserving 
 the lustre of colours remained an impene- 
 trable secret. He died 1749. His bro- 
 thers .Tnstus and .Tacob were also excel- 
 
HVD 
 
 IIYD 
 
 lent painters. Justus died at. the age ol' 
 22, and Jacob 1710, aged 60. 
 
 Hyde, Edward, earl of Clarendon, and 
 lord clumcellor of England, was descended 
 from an ancient Cheshire family, and born 
 at Dinton, VN ilts, l6th Feb. 1008. In 1622 
 he entered at Magdalen hall, Oxford, and 
 on being disappointed in a fellowship at 
 Exeter college, he removed to the Middle 
 Temple, where he ardently devoted himself 
 to the study of the law. In the parliament 
 of 1640 he sat for Wootton Basset, and 
 distinguished himself as a speaker. He 
 was elected for Saltash in the long parlia- 
 ment, and so well established was his re- 
 putation as an orator, and a man of influ- 
 ence, that when the commons presented 
 articles of impeachment against the judges 
 Davenport, AVeston, and Trevor, he was 
 commissioned to carry them to the lords, 
 and he introduced them in a most excellent 
 and energetic speech. He was not, how- 
 ever, so fully devoted to party as to forget 
 his duties, the respect he had lor the integ- 
 rity of the church, and the honour of the 
 crown, would not permit him to assent to 
 the measures which banished the bishops 
 from parliament, and though one of the 
 committee against the persecuted Strafford, 
 he soon abandoned the office, and opposed 
 the attainder when he perceived the vio- 
 lence and vindictive animosity of his accu- 
 sers. With an equal spirit of virtue and 
 patriotism, he inveighed against the ordi- 
 nance for raising the militia against the 
 king, and when he saw his moderation sus- 
 pected, he left the parliament, and in 1642 
 withdrew to the king at York. His abili- 
 ties were well known to the unfortunate 
 monarch, who soon after knighted him, and 
 appointed him chancellor of the exchequer, 
 and a privy counsellor. In 1643 he attend- 
 ed the parliament at Oxford, and the next 
 year he was one of the commissioners at 
 the treaty of Uxbridge, and afterwards 
 went as secretary and assistant counsellor 
 to the prince of Wales in his excursion into 
 Wales. On the ruin of the royal cause, 
 he passed into the Scilly islands, and in 
 1645 to Jersey, %vhere he began to write 
 his history of the rebellion. In 164S, on 
 the king's death, he went to join his new 
 master at Paris, and the next year he was 
 sent with lord" Cottington as ambassador 
 extraordinary to Spain. He afterwards 
 was made secretary of state, and in 1657 
 raised to the office of lord chancellor, 
 which he continued to hold at the restora- 
 tion. On his return to England with the 
 king in 1660, he was made chancellor of 
 Oxford, and created a peer, and the follow- 
 ing year raised to the dignity of an earl. 
 These high honours were due to his ser- 
 vices, his prudence, and his moderation, 
 and while he wished to restore the pre- 
 vojfatives of the crown, he was zealously 
 
 erajdoyed in establishing the liberties of the 
 people on a solid and permanent ba»is. 
 Envy, however, is the ultiMidaiit on great- 
 ness and virtue, and the •l.vation of his 
 daughter, to be the wife of the duke of 
 York, contril)ut<d pirhHp-« more to his 
 downfal than the firmmts.s and courage 
 with which he watch< d over the rii^hls of 
 the church, and the true interests of the 
 kingdom against the intrigues of the catho- 
 lics, and the machinations of the dissen- 
 ters. He was first attacked in 1663, by 
 lord Bristol, who exhibited against him 
 sixteen charges of high treason, but though 
 the malice of the accusation, and the incon- 
 sistency of his adversary were too glaring 
 not to be rejected with indignation, the 
 public odium still was directed against him. 
 His building of a magnificent house was 
 converted in 1664 as an engine of accusa- 
 tion against him, and while his enemies 
 charged him with thus lavishing the sums 
 of money which they pretended he had re- 
 ceived for selling Dunkirk, his conduct, 
 though virtuous in the extreme, became so 
 suspected, that the king in 1667 dismissed 
 him from the office of chancellor. His dis- 
 missal was immediately followed by his 
 impeachment, but he avoided the impend- 
 ing storm by flying into France, and con- 
 sequently an act of banishment was passed 
 against him. From Rouen he retired to 
 Evreux in 1668, where one night he wEis 
 attacked by a body of English seamen, who 
 dragged him from his bed into the yard, 
 and were going to despatch him, had not, 
 in the violent scuffle, their lieutenant op- 
 portunely come to disarm them and save 
 his life. He afterwards went to Montpel- 
 lier, and then returned to Moulins 1672, 
 and the next year settled at Rouen, where 
 he died 9th Dec. His body was brought 
 to England and interred in Henry the Se- 
 venth's chapel in Westminster abbey. He 
 was twice married : by his first wife he had 
 no children, and by the second, he had 
 four sons and two daughters, of which 
 Anne, the eldest, married the duke of York, 
 and became mother of Mary and Anne, 
 successively queens of England. Besides 
 his most valuable history of the rebellion, 
 which was completed about 1673, and 
 which wa3 best edited at Oxford, both in 
 folio and 8vo. lord Clarendon wrote ani- 
 madversions on Mr. Cressy's book, called 
 Fanaticism, fanatically imputed to the ca- 
 tholic church by Dr. StUlingfleet, 8vo. 
 1672 — A Survey of Hobbes' Leviathan, 4to. 
 — Miscellaneous Tracts, collected and 
 printed in one vol. fol. — an Account of his 
 own Life to his Banishment, printed 1759 
 — The disgrace and the dismission of Cla- 
 rendon from the service of the king are 
 attributed by some to the ridicule of Buck- 
 ingham and other dissipated favourites, 
 who amused their licentious monarch with 
 
 9^ 
 
HLT 
 
 IIVY 
 
 other in sLs, 1599. He died in Nurem- 
 berg after 1602. 
 
 HuTTER, Leonard, a learned divine, 
 born at Ulm, 1563. He studied at Stras- 
 burg, Leipsic, Jena, &c. and was theologi- 
 cal professor at Wittemberg, and ia.stly 
 rector of the university. He died of a 
 fever 1616. He wrote Compendium Theo- 
 logiae — Libri Christianae Cuncordiae — Col- 
 legium Theologicum — and other theologi- 
 cal works. He was a strenuous adherent 
 to Luther's principles. 
 
 HuTTON, Matthew, an English bishop. 
 He was born of poor parents in Lancashire, 
 but he had the advantage of a tolerable 
 education, and was sent to Cambridge, 
 where he became fellow of Trinity college, 
 and lady Margaret's professor of divinity. 
 He afterwards obtained a prebend of St. 
 Paul's, was made master of Pembroke hall, 
 and in 1567 preferred to the deanery of 
 York. In 1589 he was made bishop of 
 Durham, and five years after translated to 
 York. He died 1605, aged 59. 
 
 HuTTON, William, an ingenious writer, 
 was bom at Derby, in 1723. From the age 
 of seven to fourteen he worked at the silk- 
 mill ; on leaving which he was apprenticed 
 to a stocking weaver. On the expiration 
 of his time he laboured as a journeyman, 
 and employed his leisure hours in book- 
 binding, by which he earned a little money. 
 In 1750 he opened a shop for the sale of 
 old books, to which he added a circulating 
 library, at Birmingham, where he succeed- 
 ed so well as to embark in the paper busi- 
 ness Thus, by frugality and industry he 
 arrived at opulence ; but in 1791 his house 
 at Birmingham, and seat near the town, 
 were destroyed by the rioters ; for which 
 he obtained an inadequate compensation 
 from the county. He died at the extraor- 
 dinary age of ninety-two, Sept. 20, 1815. 
 Mr. Hutton was the architect of his own 
 fortune, as well as the cultivator of his own 
 mind. His works are — 1. The History of 
 Birmingham, Svo. 2. Journey to London. 
 3. History of the Court of Requests, and 
 of the Hundred Court at Birmingliam. 4. 
 History of Blackpool. 5. History of the 
 Battle of Bosworth Field. 6. History of 
 Derby. 7. Description of the Roman 
 Wall. 8. Remarks upon North Wales. 
 9. Tour to Scarborough. 10. Poems. 11. 
 Trip to Coatham.— fT. B. 
 
 HuTGENS, Constantino, author of 14 
 books of Latin poems and miscellanies, 
 called Monumenta Desultoria, was born at 
 the Hague, and became .secretary to the 
 prince of Orange, and president of his 
 council. He died 1687, aged 91. 
 
 IIuTGENS, Christian, a celebrated mathe- 
 matician, son of the preceding, was born at 
 the Hague, 14th April, 1629. From his 
 very youth he discovered a strong- genius 
 94 
 
 £or mathematics, and paid also great atten- 
 tion to music, arithmetic, geography, and 
 mechanics. He for some time studied law 
 at Leyden and Breda, but without relin- 
 quishing his favourite sciences, so that in 
 I6nl he gave the world a specimen of his 
 mathematical abilities, by the publication 
 of his Theoremata de Quadratura Hyper- 
 boles Ellipsis et Circuli ex dato Portioiium 
 Gravitatis Centro. In 1649 he went to 
 Holstein, and in 1655 to France, where 
 he took the degree of doctor of laws at An- 
 glers. In 1658 he published at the Hague 
 his Horologium, with a model of a newly 
 invented pendulum, and the following year 
 appeared his system of Saturn, in which he 
 discovered a satellite attending that planet, 
 and ascertained the existence of its perma- 
 nent ring. In 1660 he again went to 
 France, and the next year came to Eng- 
 land, where he was made fellow of the 
 Royal Society. His improvements in po- 
 lishing glasses, and in the air-pump lately 
 invented, increased his fame ; but he had a 
 dispute with W^ren and Wallis about the 
 priority of discovering the laws of the col- 
 lision of elastic bodies. In 1666 he went 
 to reside at Paris in consequence of the 
 flattering invitations of Colbert, and the 
 honourable grant of a handsome pension. 
 Here, constantly devoted to mathematical 
 and scientific pursuits, he found his health 
 gradually decline from excessive applica- 
 tion, and in 1681 he left France for his na- 
 tive country, where he spent the remainder 
 of life. He died at the Hague, 8th June, 
 1695, in his 67th year, while his Cosmo- 
 theoros, a Latin treatise on the plurality 
 of worlds, was printing. This work ap- 
 peared 1698, his Opuscula Posthuma, 1703, 
 4to. — and the next year his Opera Varia, 
 in 4 vols. 4to. under the care of Gravesande. 
 The same editor, in 1728, published his 
 Opera Reliqua, in 2 vols. 4to. — the first of 
 which contains his treatises on Light and 
 Gravity, and the second the Opuscula 
 Posthuma. His works have been collected 
 in 6 vols. 4to. Huygens was a great as 
 well as a learned character, in virtue, in 
 cheerfulness, and private worth equalled by 
 few. He was never married. 
 
 Ht'TsuM, Justus Van, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Amsterdam. He died 1716, aged 
 57. He was the pupil of N. Berchem and 
 excelled in painting battles, landscapes, 
 and flowers. 
 
 HuTSUM, John Van, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Amsterdam 1682. He became 
 so celebrated as a painter that his pieces 
 sold for a very high price. He was so 
 jealous of liis fame that he never admitted 
 any person to sec him paint, and therefore 
 his mode of mixing the tints and preserving 
 the lustre of colours remained an impene- 
 trable secret. He died 1749. His bro- 
 thers .Tnstus and Jacob were also excel- 
 
11 VD 
 
 U\D 
 
 lent painters. Justus died at. the age of 
 22, and Jacob 1740, aged GO. 
 
 Hyde, Edward, earl of Clarendon, and 
 lord chancellor of England, was descended 
 from an ancient Cheshire family, and born 
 at Dinton, VN ilts, l6tl» Feb. 1G08. In 1G22 
 he entered at Magdalen ball, Oxford, and 
 on being disappointed in a fellowship at 
 Exeter college, he removed to the Middh; 
 Temple, where he ardently devoted himself 
 to the study of the law. In the parliament 
 of 1640 he sat for Wootton Basset, and 
 distinguished himself as a speaker. He 
 was elected for Saltash in the long parlia- 
 ment, and so well established was his re- 
 putation as an orator, and a man of influ- 
 ence, that when the commons presented 
 articles of impeachment against the judges 
 Davenport, Weston, and Trevor, he was 
 commissioned to carry them to the lords, 
 and he introduced them in a most excellent 
 and energetic speech. He was not, how- 
 ever, so fully devoted to party as to forget 
 his duties, the respect he had tor the integ- 
 rity of the church, and the honour of the 
 crown, would not permit him to assent to 
 the measures which banished the bishops 
 from parliament, and though one of the 
 committee against the persecuted Strafford, 
 be soon abandoned the office, and opposed 
 the attainder when he perceived the vio- 
 lence and vindictive animosity of his accu- 
 sers. With an equal spirit of virtue and 
 patriotism, he inveighed against the ordi- 
 nance for raising the militia against the 
 king, and when he saw his moderation sus- 
 pected, he left the parliament, and in 1642 
 withdrew to the king at York. His abili- 
 ties were well known to the unfortunate 
 monarch, who soon after knighted him, and 
 appointed him chancellor of the exchequer, 
 and a privy counsellor. In 1643 he attend- 
 ed the parliament at Oxford, and the next 
 year he was one of the commissioners at 
 the treaty of Uxbridge, and afterwards 
 went as secretary and assistant counsellor 
 to the prince of Wales in his excursion into 
 Wales. On the ruin of the royal cause, 
 he passed into the Scilly islands, and in 
 1645 to Jersey, where he began to write 
 his history of the rebellion. In 1648, on 
 the king's death, he went to join his new 
 master at Paris, and the next year he was 
 sent with lord* Cottington as ambassador 
 extraordinary to Spain. He afterwards 
 was made secretary of state, and in 1657 
 raised to the office of lord chancellor, 
 which he continued to hold at the restora- 
 tion. On his return to England with the 
 king in 1660, he was made chancellor of 
 Oxfbrd, and created a peer, and the follow- 
 ing year raised to the dignity of an earl. 
 These high honours were due to his ser- 
 vices, his prudence, and his moderation, 
 and while he wished to restore the pre- 
 roaratives of the crown, he was zealously 
 
 employed in establishing the liberties of tUc 
 people on a solid and permanent baaia. 
 Envy, however, in the atlendaiil on great- 
 ness and virtue, and the «b;vation of his 
 daughter, to be the wife of the duke of 
 York, contril»ut«'d ptrliapi more to his 
 downfal than the firinnus:^ and courage 
 with which he watch( d over the rights of 
 the church, and the true inturests of the 
 kingdom against the intrigues o( the catho- 
 lics, and the machinations of the dissen- 
 ters. He was first attacked in 1663, by 
 lord Bristol, who exhibited against him 
 sixteen charges of high treason, but though 
 the malice of the accusation, and the incon- 
 sistency of his adversary were too glaring 
 not to be rejected with indignation, the 
 public odium still was directed against him. 
 His building of a magnificent house was 
 converted in 1664 as an engine of accusa- 
 tion against him, and while his enemies 
 chained him with thus lavishing the sums 
 of money which they pretended he had re- 
 ceived for selling Dunkirk, his conduct, 
 though virtuous in the extreme, became so 
 suspected, that the king in 1667 dismissed 
 him from the office of chancellor. His dis- 
 missal was immediately followed by his 
 impeachment, but he avoided the impend- 
 ing storm by flying into France, and con- 
 sequently an act of banishment was passed 
 against him. From Rouen he retired to 
 Evreux in 1668, where one night he was 
 attacked by a body of English seamen, who 
 dragged him from his bed into the yard, 
 and were going to despatch him, had not, 
 in the violent scuffle, their lieutenant op- 
 portunely come to disarm them and save 
 his life. He afterwards went to Montpel- 
 lier, and then returned to Moulius 1672, 
 and the next year settled at Rouen, where 
 he died 9th Dec. His body was brought 
 to England and interred in Henry the Se- 
 venth's chapel in Westminster abbey. He 
 was twice married : by his first wife he had 
 no children, and by the second, he had 
 four sons and two daughters, of which 
 Anne, the eldest, married the duke of York, 
 and became mother of Mary and Anne, 
 successively queens of England. Besides 
 his most valuable history of the rebellion, 
 which was completed about 1673, and 
 which wa3 best edited at Oxford, both in 
 folio and 8vo. lord Clarendon wrote ani- 
 madversions on Mr. Cressy's book, called 
 Fanaticism, fanatically imputed to the ca- 
 tholic church by Dr. Stillingfleet, 8vo. 
 1672 — A Survey of Hobbes' Leviathan, 4to. 
 — Miscellaneous Tracts, collected and 
 printed in one vol. fol. — an Account of his 
 own Life to his Banishment, printed 1759 
 — The disgrace and the dismission of Cla- 
 rendon from the service of the king are 
 attributed by some to the ridicule of Buck- 
 ingham and other dissipated favourites, 
 who amused their licentious monarch with 
 
HYD 
 
 HVD 
 
 mimicking the personal consequence of the 
 chancellor. While with a pair of bellows 
 before him, to represent the purse, and a 
 fire-shovel for the mace, Buckingham thus 
 insulted the dignity of Clarendon, Charles 
 unfortunately forgot in the jest the services 
 of his faithful and loyal servant, and listen- 
 ed with greater pleasure to the vile insinua- 
 tions of his concubines, t; an he respected 
 the integrity, the wisdom, and the virtues 
 of the friend of his father, and the sup- 
 porter of his throne. 
 
 Hyde, Henry, earl of Clarendon, son of 
 the chancellor, was born 1638. He was 
 early employed in the correspondence car- 
 ried on by his father, as secrecy was very 
 requisite in the management of the king's 
 affairs. At the restoration he was made 
 M.A. at Oxford, and afterwards appointed 
 chamberlain to the queen. He was so 
 much dissatisfied with the illiberal treat- 
 ment which his father had met with from 
 the court, that he opposed the measures of 
 ministers in parliament, and distinguished 
 himself among the most eloquent speakers. 
 On his father's death he took his seat in 
 the house of lords, still in the ranks of 
 opposition ; but his zealous exertions 
 against the bill of exclusion restored him 
 to favour, and in 1680 he was made a privy 
 counsellor, and on James's accession sent 
 as viceroy to Ireland. His attachment to 
 the protestants, however, was displeasing 
 to a popish ministry ; he was removed 
 from Ireland, to make room for Tyrconnel, 
 but on the abdication of the king, he re- 
 fused to take the oaths of allegiance to 
 William, and was therefore sent to the 
 tower. After some months' confinement 
 he retired into the country, and spent the 
 remainder of his days in peace and privacy. 
 He died 1709, aged 71. His State Let- 
 ters, and his Diary for 1687, 1688, and 
 1690, were published 2 vols. 4to. 1763, at 
 Oxford. 
 
 Hyde, Lawrence, second son of the 
 chancellor, was, from the consequence of 
 his family, early engaged about the court. 
 He was made in 1661 master of the robes 
 to the king, and in 1676 he was sent as 
 ambassador to Poland, and was present 
 as plenipotentiary at the congress of Ni- 
 nieguen. He was made first lord of the 
 treasury in 1679, and warmly opposed the 
 bill which was brought into parliament to 
 exclude the duke of York from the succes- 
 sion, and for his services he was raised to 
 the peerage in 1681, by the title of viscount 
 Hyde, and afterwards earl of Rochester. 
 He was in 1684 appointed president of the 
 council, lord treasurer, and in 1685 made 
 knight of the garter, but though thus fa- 
 voured by the court, he refused to change 
 his religion at the pressing solicitations of 
 his new sovereign, the second James, and 
 thus sacrificed his place to his principles, 
 96 
 
 At the revolution he was one of the eccle- 
 siastical commissioners, and was sent in 
 1700 to Ireland as lord lieutenant. His 
 abilities recommended him equally to the 
 next reign, as under Anne he was made 
 president of the council. He died 1711, 
 deservedly respected as an able statesman. 
 The dedication of lord Clarendon's History 
 of the Rebellion was by him. 
 
 Hyde, Thomas, a learned writer, born 
 29th June, 1636, at Billingsley, near 
 Bridgenorth, Salop, where his father was 
 minister. After studying the oriental lan- 
 guages under his father, he went to King's 
 college, Cambridge, and was soon after 
 recommended by Wheelock, an able lin- 
 guist, to Walton, afterwards bishop of 
 Chester, whom he assisted in the comple- 
 tion of his polyglott Bible. His services 
 were such in the transcribing of the cha- 
 racters, in the correction, and also in the 
 setting forth of the Persian Pentateuch, 
 that the learned editor acknowledged in 
 the handsomest terms his abilities, and his 
 meritorious assistance. In l6iiS he en- 
 tered at Queen's college, Oxfor ., and the 
 year after by the direction of Richard 
 Cromwell, the chancellor of the university, 
 he was with every mark of respect, admit- 
 ted M.A. He was afterwards elected 
 under-librarian, and then head-librarian to 
 the Bodleian, and in 1665 he published a 
 Latin translation of Uleigh Beig's Obser- 
 vations on the Longitude and Latitude of 
 the Stars. In 1666 he was made preben- 
 dary of Sarum, in 1678 archdeacon of 
 Gloucester, in 1682 he took the degree of 
 D.D. and in 1691 he was elected Arabic 
 professor on Dr. Pocock's death. In 1697 
 he was made regius professor of Hebrew, 
 and canon of Christ-church, and in 1701 
 resigned the Bodleian. He died 18th Feb. 
 1703, at Christ-church. He was inter- 
 preter and secretary for oriental languages 
 to Charles II. and his two successors, and 
 for learning, judgment, and extensive in- 
 formation he was deservedly esteemed. 
 The best known and most valuable of his 
 works is, Historia Religionis Veterum Per- 
 sarum, eorumque Magorum, &c. published 
 1700, in 4to. dedicated to lord Somers, and 
 abounding in most interesting and curious 
 particulars concerning the theology, his- 
 tory, and learning of Eastern nations. 
 
 Hyde, Edward, was appointed deputy- 
 governor of North-Carolina, in the place 
 of Gary, and arrived in the colony August, 
 1710. In 1712 he received a new com- 
 mission, constituting him governor. His 
 short administration was conducted with 
 prudence. It was remarkable for the rebel- 
 lion instigated by Cary, and the commence- 
 ment of the Indian war. The former was 
 quelled by the assistance of the governor of 
 Virginia. Both events were greatly pre- 
 judicial to the colony. Governor Hyde 
 
IIYL 
 
 1 1 \ W 
 
 died Sept. 8ili, 1812, and was succeeded 
 by Eden. |C5^ L. 
 
 Hydf.r-am-kuan, an Asiatic prince, 
 born at Dinavclli, in the Mysore. He 
 served under his father, and after his death 
 1751, he joined his brotlier, who was in 
 alliance with France. His intrepidity in 
 the tield, and a series of successful enter- 
 prises against the Mahrattas, and against 
 the English power in the East, raised him 
 not only to the rank of generalissimo of 
 the king of Mysore's forces, but to the in- 
 dependent power of Suba of Servia. The 
 sovereignty which his valour had acquired, 
 be maintained by wisdom and sound poli- 
 cy, and only regarding the Europeans as 
 intruders in the country, he formed the 
 most artful and formidable plans for the 
 complete expulsion of the English from 
 Asia. The treaty which he had made 
 in 1769, was violated in 'l780 ; but the 
 forces of Hyder were unable, though very 
 numerous, to withstand the bravery of the 
 English troops, and the military skill of 
 Sir t^yre Coote. Hyder died in 1782, and 
 was succeeded in his possessions by his 
 son Tippoo Saib, who possessed equal 
 valour, and was animated with the same 
 hatred against the English name. 
 
 Hyginus, Caius Julius, a Spaniard, the 
 freedman of Augustus, was author of Poeti- 
 con Astronomicon, and other Latin works. 
 
 Hyginus, a philosopher of Athens, ivho 
 succeeded Telesphorus as pope of Rome, 
 153, and suffered majrtyrdom three years 
 after. He was canonized. Two decretals 
 are falsely imputed to him. 
 
 Htll, Albayn, a physician in the 16th 
 century, who studied at Oxford, and after- 
 wards took a doctor's degree abroad. He 
 vrote on Galen, and died in London, 
 
 1559. Some call him a native of Wales, 
 others of Scotland. 
 
 Hyi'atia, daughter of Theon, of Alex- 
 andria, succeeded her father in hi-i school 
 of philosophy, and maintiiined a high cha- 
 racter for learning, and for female virtues. 
 She was murdered in a tumult by the 
 monks of Alexandria, A.l). 115. Her 
 works are lost. 
 
 Hyperides, a disciple of Plato, who by 
 accusing Demosthenes of hrihery, procured 
 his banishment from Athens. He was put 
 to death by Antipater, 322 B.C. 
 
 Hyperius, Andrew (ierard, a divine, 
 born at Ypres. H« studied in France, which 
 he left upon embracing the reformation. He 
 came to England, and was afterwards di- 
 vinity professor at Marpurg, where he died 
 1564, having published 7 vols, folio, on 
 divinity subjects, &c. 
 
 Hypsicles, a mathematician of Alexan- 
 dria nnd^r M. Aurelius, and Verus. 
 
 Hyrcanus, John, prince and high-priest 
 of the Jews, after his father Simon. He 
 by his firmness restored his countrymen to 
 their independence from the power of An- 
 tiochus, king of Syria. He died 106 B.C. 
 and was succeeded by his son, the second 
 Hyrcanus, who died B.C. 30. 
 
 Hywell, ap Owain, a prince of North 
 Wales, who in vain endeavoured to suc- 
 ceed his father on the throne in preference 
 to his brothers. W^ben defeated he retired 
 to Ireland, where he died 1171. 
 
 Hywell, ap Morgan, a prince of Gla- 
 morgan, who died 1043, aged 130. Lon- 
 gevity seems to have been hereditary in 
 his family, as three of his relations lived 
 to nearly the same age. 
 
 Hywell Dda, or Good, a legislator of 
 Wales, who died 948. 
 
 lAR 
 
 IaMBLICUS, an Arabian king, deprived 
 by Augustus of his dominions for support- 
 ing Antony at the battle of Actium. His 
 son was restored to the throne, B.C. 22. 
 
 Iamblicus, a Greek author in the age of 
 Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 Iamblicus, a native of Apamea in the 
 reign of Julian. He wrote the Life of Py- 
 thagoras, &c. and was poisoned under 
 Valens, A.D. 363. 
 
 Iamblicus, a Platonic philosopher, who 
 studied under Porphyry, and was eminent 
 for his eloquence, and the respectability of 
 his pupils. He died under Constantine. 
 
 Iarchas, a learned Indian philosopher, 
 who is reported, according to Jerome, to 
 have given Apollonius Tyannaeus several 
 magical rings of very great power, bearing 
 the name of the seven planets. 
 
 Vol. II. 13 
 
 IBA 
 
 Iarchi, Solomon Ben Isaac, a Jewish 
 vabbi, born at Troyes, in Champagne, 110 1, 
 At the age of thirty he travelled abroad, 
 and not only visited Italy and (.ireece, but 
 penetrated to Egypt, Palestine, Persia, 
 Tartary, and Muscovy, and returned 
 through Germany. He died at Troyes, 
 1180, and his body was carried to be buried 
 at Prague. His learning was very exten- 
 sive, and consequently he is considered as 
 one of the most illustrious rabbies. Among 
 other valuable works he wrote commenta- 
 ries on the Pentateuch, &c. which have- 
 been translated by Fred. Breithaupt, at 
 Gotha, 1710, 4to. His authority and his 
 interpretations of Scripture, arc much re- 
 spected by the Jews. He had three daugh- 
 ters, who married learned rabbies. 
 
 Ibarra, Joachim, a native of Saragossa, 
 eminent as a printer to the king of Spain. 
 
 P7 
 
IBK 
 
 ILI 
 
 His Bible — the Mozarabic Missal — Mari- 
 ana's History of Spain — Don Quixote — Ga- 
 briel's translation of Sallust — and other 
 works, are excellent specimens of his cor- 
 reclness and the elegance of his printing. 
 He invented a valuable sort of printing-ink, 
 and died 1785, aged 60. 
 
 Ibas, bishop of Edessa, was deposed and 
 banished by the council of Ephesus, 449, 
 for being a Nestorian, but he was restored 
 by the council of Chalcedon, 451. 
 
 Ibbot, Benjamin, a learned divine, born 
 16S0, at Beachamwell, Norfolk, where his 
 father was rector. He was of Clare-hall 
 Cambridge, and in 1700 removed to Cor- 
 pus Christi, Oxford, where he became a 
 fellow, 1706. He soon after resigned on 
 obtaining the patronage of Tenison, the 
 primate, who made him treasurer of Wells 
 cathedral, and rector of St. V'edast and St. 
 Michael le Querne, in London. In 1716 
 he was made chaplain to the king, and the 
 next year, when his majesty visited Cam- 
 bridge, he was by royal mandamus ho- 
 noured with the degree of D.D. In 1713 
 and 15 he preached Boyle's lectures, and 
 some time after was appointed assistant 
 preacher to Dr. Samuel Clarke, and in 
 1724 was installed prebendary of West- 
 minster. He died the next year, 5th April, 
 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. 
 His friend Clarke published, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 36 of his sermons, after his death, for the 
 benefit of his widow, and it was liberally 
 patronised and supported by the great and 
 opulent, who had often admired the elo- 
 quence and animation of his preaching. 
 
 Ibek, Cotheddin, a slave, who usurped 
 the throne of India after the death of his 
 master, Schehabeddin. The history of his 
 conquests, &.c. has been published, called 
 Tage al Mather. 
 
 Ibek, Azzeddin, an oflScer in the Egyp- 
 tian court of Malek al Saleh, the sultan, 
 who married his master's widow, and 
 ascended the throne. He was assassi- 
 nated by his wife six years after, A.D. 
 1257. 
 
 Ibek, an Arabian author of a book 
 which describes the duties and qualifica- 
 tions of a secretary. He died 1348. 
 
 Ibrahim Imam, a Mahometan chief- 
 priest, of noble birth and great influence. 
 He was murdered by the caliph Marvan, 
 who suffocated him in a bag of lime, A.D. 
 748. 
 
 Ibrahim, son of Massoud, eighth caliph 
 of the race of the Gaznevides, acquired the 
 title of conqueror by the extent of his vic- 
 tories. He was a liberal monarch, and not 
 only patronised learning, but erected 
 mosques, &.c. and died 1098, after a reigu 
 of 42 years. 
 
 Ibrahim, brother of Haroun Raschid, 
 was made caliph of Bagdad 817, but abdi- 
 cated soon after, and died at Samara, 839. 
 98 
 
 Ibrahim, a learned mussulman, doctor oi" 
 Shiraz, author of several useful works on 
 jurisprudence. 
 
 Ibrahim, son of Achmet, succeeded his 
 brother, Achmet IV. as emperor of the 
 Turks, 1640. He took Candia, but was at 
 last assassinated for his debaucheries and 
 repeated cruelties, 1649. 
 
 Ibrahim, Effendi, a Pole, who establish- 
 ed a printing-press in Turkey, and pub- 
 lished a treatise on the Military Art — a 
 Turkish Grammar — a History of Turkey, 
 &c. 
 
 Ibtcus, a Greek lyric poet, B.C. 540, 
 n^urdered by robbers, whose crime was dis- 
 covered by their mentioning his name at 
 the sight of some cranes which they saw 
 Hying in the air. 
 
 Idacius, a Spanish prelate, author of a 
 chronicle from the beginning of the reign of 
 Theodosius to fhe 11th of Leo. His works 
 were published by Sirmond, Paris, 1619, 
 8vo. He lived in the fifth century. 
 
 Idris, Gawr, a Welsh astronomer of 
 such merit that one of the highest moun- 
 tains of Wales still bears his name. He 
 ranked as one of the three greatest astrono- 
 mers of Britain. His age is unknown. 
 
 Ignatius, St. a father of the church, 
 made bishop of Antioch by St. John the 
 Evangelist. After exhibiting many virtues 
 in his province, he was seized by Adrian, 
 and exposed to the fury of wild beasts in 
 the Roman amphitheatre. Seven of his 
 epistles are preserved. 
 
 Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople, 
 was son of the emperor Michal Curopala- 
 ta, by Procopia, and when his father was 
 deposed by Leo, he retired to a monastery, 
 and took the ecclesiastical habit. He was 
 made patriarch 847, but his severe repri- 
 mand of Bardas, an incestuous courtier, 
 procured his disgrace, and Photius was, 
 after some time, placed in his room. He 
 was restored under Basil, and presided at 
 the eighth general council held at Constan- 
 tinople. He died 878. 
 
 Ignatius. Vid. Lotola. 
 
 Igor, sovereign prince of Russia, after 
 his father Rurick, invaded the east, and 
 spread desolation over Pontus and Asia 
 Minor. He died 945, and his widow Alga, 
 who succeeded him, was converted to 
 Christianity. 
 
 Ildefonse, St. the pupil of Isidore of 
 Seville, was abbot of a monastery at To- 
 ledo, and after the death of Eugenius, 
 bishop of that see. He died nine years 
 after, 067, aged 82, author of an Account 
 of Ecclesiastical writers, and other works. 
 
 Ilive, Jacob, an English printer, who in 
 1751 published a pretended translation of 
 the " book of Jasher," a work full of ab- 
 surdities. He also printed an oration, in 
 which he maintained that this earth is 
 hell, that the souls of men are apostate 
 
IMII 
 
 IN(r 
 
 fiingels, and that the fire which nill punish 
 those consumed in this world will be im- 
 material, lie also wrote other curious 
 and eccentric pieces, which originated in a 
 disordered imagination. He died 176S. 
 
 Illescas, Gonsalvo, a Spanish ecclesias- 
 tic, author of a history of the Catholic Ton- 
 tifical, with the Lives of the Popes, 2 vols. 
 fol. 1570, continued by Lewis de Bahia, to 
 1605, and afterwards by Mark de Gauda- 
 laxara. He died 15SU. 
 
 Illtyd Varchog, or Illutus, the 
 knight, a saint, who is said to have come 
 to Britain with tiarmon, and to have pre- 
 sided over an ecclesiastical establishment 
 made by Theodosius. He is also said to 
 have taught the Welch an improved method 
 of ploughing. He died 480. 
 
 Illtrios, Matthias Flaccus, or Franco- 
 Tvitz, a learned divine, born 1520, at Al- 
 bona, in Istria. He studied at Venice, 
 and after acquiring a very extensive know- 
 ledge of Greek and Hebrew, he came to 
 Wittemberg to complete his education 
 under irUther and Melancthon, whose prin- 
 ciples he warmly embraced. He was one 
 of the writers of the " Centuriae Magde- 
 burgenses," but the learning, the applica- 
 tion, zeal, and abilities which he possessed 
 were far overbalanced by a restless, pas- 
 sionate, and unyielding temper, which 
 created much dissension among the pro- 
 testants. He wrote several learned works, 
 and died 1575, little lamented. 
 
 Imbert, Bartholomew, a poet of Nismes, 
 member of the academy of that city. 
 He fell a sacrifice to a violent fever, 1790, 
 aged 43. He wrote a poem on the judg- 
 ment of Paris, a work of merit — a volume of 
 fables, inferior to those of La Fontaine — Les 
 Egaremens de 1' Amour, a novel, and other 
 compositions of considerable eminence. 
 
 Imbert, John, an advocate of Rochelle, 
 lieutenant criminal of Fontenay-le-comte, 
 who died at the end of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury. He was author of Enchiridion juris 
 et Scripti Galliae, 4to. 1559 ; Institutiones 
 forenses, 8vo. 1541, works once in high 
 esteem. 
 
 Lmbert, Joseph Gabriel, a painter of 
 Marseilles, the pupil of Vander-Meulen 
 and Le Brun. Disgusted with the world, 
 he, at the age of 34, embraced the austere 
 order of St. Bruns, yet, in the midst of his 
 fervent devotions, he employed some por- 
 tion of his time in painting. He died at 
 Avignon, 1749, aged 83. His best piece is 
 a view of Calvary, at the high altar of the 
 Chartreux, Marseilles. 
 
 Imhoff, James William, a famous ge- 
 nealogist, lawyer, and senator of Nurem- 
 berg, where he died 1728, aged 77. He 
 was deeply versed in the history of states. 
 He published " Historia Gencalogica Re- 
 gum Magnae Britannia^," and other works, 
 ''ontainins: the genealogies of princes, and 
 
 of illustrious houses in .Spain, Italy, 
 France, and Portugal, much esteemed. 
 
 Impkuiali, John BaptiHt, a physician, 
 born 1568, at \icttiza, and one of the 
 twenty-lour nobles of (ienoa. He studied 
 at \ erona and Bologna, und taught philo- 
 sophy at Padua. Ih; practised allcrwards 
 with great success at V icenza, where he 
 died May, 1G23. He wrote verses in the 
 elegant style of Catullus. He piiMihhcd a 
 4to. vol. " Exercitatioiium Exoticaruni," 
 Venice, 1603. 
 
 Lmpf.riali, John, son of the preceding, 
 became eminent as a writer ami as a physi- 
 cian. He died 1653, aged 51. He published 
 " Musa-uni Historicum," 1640— and " Mu- 
 saium Physicum, seu de Humano Ingenio." 
 Imperiali, Giuseppe Kenato, a cardinal, 
 born at Genoa, 1651. He is known for a 
 magnificent and valuable library, which 
 still adorns the city of Rome, and of which 
 the catalogue was published, 1711, folio, 
 by Fontanini. In 1730 he was proposed 
 to the conclave to fill the vacant chair of 
 St. Peter, and lost it by a single voice. He 
 died 1737, aged 86. 
 
 Ina, a king of the West Saxons, who 
 went to Rome in 726, and there founded 
 an English college, which was supported by 
 an annual tax drawn from the English na- 
 tion, called Peter-pence. 
 
 Inachcs, founded the kingdom of Argos, 
 about 1858 B.C. Some authors place his 
 age in the time of Moses, and others 346 
 before the departure of Israel from Egypt. 
 Inchofer, Melchior, a German Jesuit, 
 born at Vienna, 1584. He studied the 
 law with great success, but at the age of 
 twenty-eight he went to Rome, and entered 
 among the Jesuits. He taught mathema- 
 tics and divinity for some time at Messina, 
 and published in 1630, in Latin, the blessed 
 Virgin's Letter to the People of Messina, 
 folio, which for a while gave offence ; but 
 upon his explanation, was deemed satisfac- 
 tory to his fraternity. He was afterwards 
 so displeased with the Jesuits, that he 
 wrote against them a severe satire, which 
 appeared after his death, in Holland. He 
 died at Milan 1648. He wrote an Ecclesi- 
 astical History of Hungary, and several 
 other works, which prove him to have been 
 a very learned but credulous man. 
 
 Indulphus, a Scotch king, said to be the 
 77th since the foundation of that monarchy. 
 When his kingdom was invaded by the 
 Danes, he marched at the head of his forces 
 to repel them, but unfortunately was shot 
 by an arrow as he pressed them too closely 
 in their flight to their ships. 
 
 Inghen, William Van, a native of 
 Utrecht, who studied painting under An- 
 thony Grcbber, and afterwards in Italy. 
 He settled at Amsterdam, where he died at 
 the beginning of the 17th century. His 
 pieces nrt> he'd in ereat esteem. 
 
ING 
 
 INN 
 
 Ingenhouz, Joltn, a native of Breda, 
 who became eminent as a cbymirft, and a 
 physician. He learned in England the Sut- 
 tonian method of inoculation, and then 
 went by Sir John Pringle's lecommenda- 
 tion, to Vienna, where he inoculated the 
 daughter of Joseph II. He was fellow of 
 the Eoyal Society, and died 1799, aged 69. 
 He is author of Experiments on Vegetables, 
 8vo. — Hulme's Treatise on the Gout, Scur- 
 vy, and Stone, translated into Latin, — 
 Chymical Treatises on impregnating Wa- 
 ters, &.C. Avith fixed Air, — besides papers 
 in the philosophical transactions. 
 
 Ingoldsby, Richard, governor of New- 
 York, succeeded Slaughter by appointment 
 of the council in 1691. The following year 
 governor Fletcher assumed the administra- 
 tion. The chief command again devolved 
 on him on the death of Lovelace, in 1709. 
 His short administration is remarkable for 
 a second fruitless attempt against Canada. 
 He was succeeded by Beekman in 1710. 
 
 iCp- L. 
 
 Ingoult, Nicholas Lewis, a native of 
 Gisors, eloquent as a preacher among the 
 Jesuits, and author of some sermons, and of 
 the 8th vol. of the memoirs of the Jesuit 
 missionaries in the Levant. He died 1753, 
 aged 64. 
 
 Ingram, Robert, a native of Yorkshire, 
 educated at Beverley school, and Corpus 
 Christi college, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He obtained the perpetual 
 curacy of Bridhurst, Kent, and afterwards 
 Orston vicarage, Notts, and then Wonning- 
 ton and Boxted in Essex. He wrote a 
 View of the Great Events of the Seventh 
 Plague, &c. concluding the Explanation of 
 the Seven last Plagues, &c. 1785, — Ac-: 
 count of the ten Tribes of Israel being in 
 America, by Manassch Ben Israel, with 
 Observations, 1792 — Explanation of the 
 Prophecy of the seven Phials of Wrath, Sac. 
 1804. He died 1804. 
 
 Ingrassia, John Philip, a physician of 
 Palermo, celebrated for the skill with 
 which he freed his country from the plague. 
 He wrote, Veterinaria Medicina, Venice, 
 1568, and other works, and died 1581, aged 
 about 70. 
 
 Inguimberti, Dominic Joseph Marie 
 d', a learned divine, born at Carpentras, of 
 which city he became bishop. He was ori- 
 ginally a Dominican, but afterwards devo- 
 ted himself to the more austere order of 
 the Cistercians, and by his learning and 
 virtues recommended himself to the notice 
 of Clement XII. by whom he was made 
 bishop 1733. He died of an apoplexy, 1757, 
 aged 75. He was a munificent as well as 
 a pious prelate. His large revenues were 
 applied to relieve the necessities of the 
 poor, to the building of a hospital, the 
 erecting of a largo library, and other public 
 and charitable uses. He published some 
 100 
 
 treatises on Monastic Life, — on Theological 
 Subjects, — besides the Lives of some Ca- 
 tholic Divines. 
 
 Ingclphus, abbot of Croyland, was born 
 in London, 1030, and educated at West- 
 minster and Oxford. He was secretary to 
 William of Normandy, before he invaded 
 England, and in 1064, went to the Holy 
 Land. He was made abbot by William, 
 and died 1109. He was a great benefactor 
 to his monastery which he rebuilt, and for 
 which he obtained some important privi- 
 leges. He wrote a History of the Abbey 
 from 664 to 1091, published among the 
 "quinque Scriptores," by H. Saville, Lon- 
 don, 1596, folio, Frankfort 1601, and Ox- 
 ford 1684. 
 
 Innocent I. a native of Albano, elected 
 pope after Anastasius the first, 402. He 
 defended Chrysostom, and condemned the 
 Novatians and Pelagians. He died at Ra- 
 venna, I4th Feb. 417. Some of his letters 
 have been published by Constant. 
 
 Innocent II. was elected pope after 
 Honorius II. though part of the cardinals 
 protested against his elevation to the papal 
 chair, by appointing the son of a Jew, of 
 the name of Peter de Leo, who assumed 
 the appellation of Anacletus II. Innocent, 
 though supported by the princes of Europe, 
 except the kings of Scotland and Sicily, who 
 acknowleged the authority of his rival, was 
 at last driven from Rome by the tumults of 
 Arnauld de Bresse, and retired to France, 
 where he held several councils at Clermont, 
 Rheims, Puy, &c. After the death of Ana- 
 cletus, and the abdication of his successor, 
 Victor IV. he returned to Rome, where he 
 held the second Lateran council in 1139, 
 attended by a 1000 bishops, and crowned 
 Lothaire as emperor. He afterwards made 
 war against Roger, king of Sicily, and 
 died at Rome, 24th Sept. 1143. 
 
 Innocent III. Lothaire Conti, a native 
 of Anagni, raised to the popedom, 1198, 
 after Celestinus III. though only thirty- 
 seven years old. To unite the Christian 
 princes in the recovery of the Holy Land, 
 he preached a crusade against the Albigen- . 
 ses of Lauguedoc, and afterwards put Phi- 
 lip Augustus of France under an interdict, 
 and excommunicated John, king of Eng- 
 land, and Raymond, count of Toulouse. He 
 raised the papal authority to such a height, 
 that the Roman republic in its brightest 
 days, was never more powerful, so that the 
 pope was no longer the vassal of the neigh- 
 bouring princes, but the temporal master 
 of all sovereigns, whom he could depose or 
 restore agreeably to his absolute will. 
 Under Innocent, the Dominicans, Francis- 
 cans, Trinitarians, and other orders arose, 
 which were still to spread farther, and to 
 confirm the power of Rome. This pope, 
 thus distinguished by political sagacity and 
 courtly intrigue, died at Perouse, 20th 
 
INN 
 
 UiL 
 
 July, 1216. His works were published at 
 Cologne, 1515. 
 
 Innocent IV. Sinibaldi tU- Fiesque, 
 chancellor of the Roman church, and car- 
 dinal, was elected pope, 1243, Hl'lcr the 
 death ol" Celestinus I\. He was carl) en- 
 gaged in a quarrel with Frederic, emperor 
 of tiermany, who wished to invade the 
 rights of the church, and he held a council 
 at Lyons, in which he excommunicated and 
 deposed the Imperial delinquent. This 
 severe measure was displeasing to several 
 princes ; but Louis king of France, inter- 
 fered in vain with the inexorable pontifl", 
 and the dispute was terminated only by the 
 death of the emperor. Innocent died soon 
 after his return from France, at Naples, 
 13th December, 1254. He wrote Appara- 
 tus super Decretales, folio, and was the first 
 •who invested the cardinals with a red hat, 
 as a mark of their dignity. 
 
 Innocent V. Peter de Tarantaise, a 
 Dominican, archbishop of Lyons, and a 
 cardinal, made pope 21st February, 1276. 
 He died the 26th June following. He 
 ■wrote Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul, — 
 Commentaries, &c. 
 
 Innocent VI. Stephen Albert, a native 
 of Pompadour in Limoges, was bishop of 
 Ostia, and a cardinal, and in 1352 elected 
 pope after Clement VI. He was of a 
 peaceful disposition, and laboured earnestly 
 to reconcile the kings of England and 
 France. He is blamed for bestowing too 
 many honours on his family, though their 
 good conduct deserved the highest digni- 
 ties. He died 12th September, 1362. Some 
 of his letters are extant. 
 
 Innocent VII. Come de Meliorati, a 
 native of Sulmone in Abruzzo, was elect- 
 ed pope 1404, but opposed by the arms of 
 Ladislaus, king of Naples, who drove him 
 from Rome. He died 6th Nov. 1406. 
 
 Innocent VIII. John Baptist Cibo, a 
 noble Genoese of Greek extraction, bishop 
 of Melf), elected pope 1484. He laboured 
 much to re-establish union among Chris- 
 tian princes, and showed himself particu- 
 larly attentive to the interests of his fa- 
 mily, and of his children, whom he had 
 had before he was admitted into the 
 church. He was a benevolent pontiff", and 
 died of an apoplectic fit, 28th July, 1492, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Innocent IX. John Anthony Facchi- 
 netti, a native of Bologna, made a cardinal 
 by Gregory XIII. for his services at the 
 council of Trent. He was elected pope 
 29th October, 1591, and died two months 
 after. He had formed the plan of clearing 
 the port of Ancona, and other magnificent 
 improvements. 
 
 Innocent X. John Baptist Pamphili, a 
 native of Rome, who succeeded Urban 
 VIII. 1644, at the age of 72. He perse- 
 < uted the Barberinis, to whom he was in- 
 
 debted for his elevation ; and be published 
 his bidl against the fi\e proposirtouH of the 
 Jansenists. He die.l «,ili January, 1655, 
 respected for many excellent qualities, 
 though censured for some foibles. 
 
 Innocent XL Benedict Odescalchi, a 
 native ol" Como, in the Milanese, was made 
 a bi.-hop and a cardinal bj pope Iimocent 
 X. aud elected pope 1676. He rtlormcd 
 several abuses in the ecclesiastical .ttates, 
 and opposed v\ ith great (iruincsa Lewis 
 XIV. by refusing to admit to bishoprics 
 those persons who were recomniended to 
 him by the monarch,, so that at his death 
 not less than thirty dioccsses were vacant. 
 He condemned the errors of the Molinists 
 and the Quietists, and effected a strong 
 coalition between Germany, Poland, and 
 Venice, against the Turks. He died 12th 
 Aug. 1689, aged 78. 
 
 Innocent XIL Anthony Pignatclli, a 
 noble Neapolitan, raised to the papal chair 
 1691, after Alexander \ III. He issued a 
 bull against the sjstem adopted by bis 
 predecessors, of paying particular honours 
 to the relations of popes, and condemned 
 the Maxims of the Saints, written by Fe- 
 nelon, archbishop of Cambray. He died 
 27th Sept. 1700, universally regretted by the 
 Romans, who mourned him as a benefi- 
 cent father. 
 
 Innocent XIII. Michael Angelo Conti, 
 a native of Rome, the eighth pope of his 
 family. He was elected 1721, and died 7th 
 March, 1724, aged 69. His infirmities 
 prevented the execution of several plans of 
 improvement which he had formed, and it 
 is said that he died of grief for having bes- 
 towed a cardinal's hat on Dubois. 
 
 Institor, Henry, a Dominican, inquisi- 
 tor general of Mayence, Treves, and Co- 
 logne, and author, with James Springer, of 
 Malleus Maleficorum, Lyons, 1434, often 
 reprinted. He wrote besides, a treatise 
 against Errors in the Sacrament, — a book 
 on Monarchy, &c. 
 
 Intaphernes, one of the seven nobles 
 of Persia, who conspired against the usur- 
 per Smerdis, 521 B.C. He was afterwards 
 put to death by Darius, for making at- 
 tempts on the crown. 
 
 Interian de Ayala, John, a Span- 
 iard of the order of Mercy, who died at 
 Madrid, 1770, aged 74. He wrote some 
 poems, besides Pictor Christianus Eruditus, 
 folio, 1720, in which he censures the errors 
 of painters in the representation of reli- 
 gious subjects. 
 
 Inveges, Augustino, a Sicilian historian, 
 and antiquary, of the society of the Jesuits. 
 He died 1677, aged 84. He wrote, besides 
 a History of Palermo, in Italian, 3 vols. foL 
 1649 — Historia Paradisi Terrestris, 4to. 
 1641, — la Cartagine Siciliana, 4to. 1651. 
 
 Ireland, Samuel, an ingenious mechanic 
 in Spitalfic1d«. Hi? "kill in drawing anr^ 
 
 10\ 
 
mo 
 
 ISA 
 
 engraving became to him the source of 
 distinction and comfortable independence. 
 He published a picturesque tour through 
 Holland, France, and Brabant, 1790. — Pic- 
 turesque Views of the Thames, Svo. 1792. 
 — Picturesque Views of the Medway, 1793. 
 — Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth, 1794. 
 — Picturesque V lews and Account of the 
 Inns of Court. He died 1800. He has 
 been deservedly censured for his attempt 
 to impose upon the world a folio volume 
 which he called a Collection of Letters, 
 papers, &c. written by Shakspeare. The 
 forgery for some time excited much of the 
 public attention, and afterwards his son 
 published a declaration in whicb he acknow- 
 ledged himself alone guilty of this attempt 
 to impose upon the good sense of the public. 
 Ireland, John, was born near VVem in 
 Shropshire, of a family related to the Rev. 
 Philip Henry. He was brought up to the 
 business of watch-making, which he car- 
 ried on some years in Maiden-lane, Co- 
 vent-garden. He also dealt in pictures 
 and prints, for which he had a good taste. 
 He died near Birmingham in 1808. He 
 published the " Memoirs of John Hender- 
 son," the player, Svo. ; and " Illustrations 
 of Hogarth," 3 vols. Svo.— ^T. B. 
 
 Ireton, Henry, a republican general in 
 the civil wars. He possessed great abilities, 
 and uncommon valour, and deserved the 
 friendship of Cromwell, whose eldest daugh- 
 ter, Bridget, he married. He was sent to 
 Ireland as lord-lieutenant, and died at the 
 siege of Limerick, 26th Nov. 1651, much 
 lamented. His body was buried with great 
 pomp in Westminster abbey, but at the 
 restoration it was dug up and exposed on 
 Tyburn gibbet, with those of Cromwell and 
 Bradshaw. His daughter Bridget married 
 Thomas Bendish. 
 
 Irevisa, John, vicar of Berkeley, Glou- 
 cestershire, was born in Cornwall. At 
 the request of his patron, Thomas lord 
 Berkeley, he translated the " Polychroni- 
 con," 1387. 
 
 Irnerius, called also Wernerus or 
 Guarnerus, a German lawyer of the 12th 
 century. He studied at Constantinople 
 and Ravenna, and taught at Bologna. He 
 was properly the restorer of the Roman 
 law, and therefore deserved from his nume- 
 rous pupils the name of " Lucerna Juris." 
 He was the father of the Glossators, and 
 prevailed upon the Emperor Lotharius, 
 whose chancellor he was, to introduce the 
 creation of doctors in the universities, an 
 honour which spread from Bologna, where 
 it first had its rise, to the other learned 
 bodies of Europe. He died 1150, and was 
 buried at Bologna. 
 
 Ironside, Gilbert, a native of Hawkes- 
 bury, educated at Trinity college, Oxford, 
 and made rector of Winterbourn, Dorset 
 shire. He was author of a Sermon, 1660, 
 105 
 
 and of seven questions of the Sabbath, 4to. 
 and at the restoration he was made bishop 
 of Bristol, where he died 1671, aged 83. 
 
 Irvine, William, an officer in the army 
 of the American revolution, was a native 
 of Ireland, and educated a physician. He 
 held an office in the army, which marched 
 against Canada in 1775, and distinguished 
 himself by his courage and talents. He 
 served in the army in the middle states 
 during the remainder of the war, as a ma- 
 jor general, and enjoyed the high respect 
 of the commander-in-chief. At the battle 
 of Trenton he had the command of a divi- 
 sion, detached to prevent the enemy's re- 
 treat. After the war he was elected a 
 member of congress from Pennsyhania, 
 and was for some time military intendant, 
 and president of the Cincinnati of Penn- 
 sylvania. He died at Philadelphia, July 
 
 30, 1804. 
 
 KT-L. 
 
 Irwin, Eyles, was born at Calcutta, of 
 Irish parents, in 1748. He received his 
 education under Dr. Rose at Chiswick ; 
 and in 1767 returned to the east in a civil 
 capacity ; but was suspended in 1777, for 
 his attachment to lord Pigot ; on which he 
 came to Europe over land to seek redress ; 
 which he obtained, and he was restored to 
 his former station at Madras, whither he 
 repaired again by the same route. In 1785 
 he returned again to England ; but in 1792 
 he went to China to superintend the com- 
 pany's affairs ; after which he revisited 
 England, where he died in 1817. His 
 works are — 1. St. Thomas's Mount, a po- 
 em. — 2. Bedakah, an Indian pastoral. — 3. 
 Adventures during a Voyage up the Red 
 Sea, and a Journey across the Desert, 8vo. 
 — 4. Eastern Eclogues, 4to. — 5. Epistle to 
 Mr. Hayley. — 6. Ode on the death of Hy- 
 der Ali. — 7. Triumph of Innocence, an 
 ode on the acquittal of Mr. Hastings. — 8. 
 Inquiry into the feasibility of Buonaparte's 
 Expedition to the East, 8vo. — 9. Buona- 
 parte in Egypt. — 10. Nilus, an Elegy on 
 the Victory of Admiral Nelson. — 11. The 
 Failure of the French Crusade. — 12. The 
 Bedouins, l2mo. — 13. Ode to Iberia. — 
 14. Elegy on the Fall of Saragossa. — 15. 
 Napoleon, or the Vanity of Human Wishes, 
 2parts, 4to.— IF. B. 
 
 Isaac, son of Abraham and Sarah, was 
 born 1896 B.C. His father's faith was 
 tried by an order from heaven to offer his 
 favourite son 3s a sacrifice on the moun- 
 tains of Moriah. Isaac was father of 
 Esau the progenitor of the Edomites, and 
 of Jacob the ancestor of the Israelites. He 
 died 1716 B.C. 
 
 Isaac Comnenus, Greek emperor in the 
 room of Michael Stratioticus, 1057. After 
 a prudent but turbulent reign, he retired to 
 the solitude of a monastery, leaving the 
 crown to Ducas Constantine. and died two 
 vears after, 1061 
 
ISA 
 
 liil. 
 
 Isaac, Angelus, Greek emperor alter 
 Andronicus Comnenus, 1185. lie was 
 imprisoned and deprived of his sight by his 
 brother Alexius, after whose death he 
 was restored to the throne, lie died in 
 1204. 
 
 Isaac, Caro, a rabbi, who left Spain in 
 consequence of the edict of Ferdinand, 
 which in 1492 banished the Jews from his 
 dominions, within four months, except they 
 became Christians. He went first to 
 Portugal, and then retired to Jerusalem, 
 where he devoted himself to study and so- 
 litude. He wrote " the Generations of 
 Isaac," which is a commentary on the 
 Pentateuch of Moses. The book is es- 
 teemed, and has passed through several 
 editions, the last oi^ which is at Amsterdam, 
 1708. 
 
 Isaacson, Henry, a native of London, 
 secretary to bishop Andrews. He compi- 
 led a valuable work on Chronology, fol. 
 and died 1654, aged 73. 
 
 Isabella, daughter of Philip the Fair, 
 king of France, was born 1292. She mar- 
 ried 1308, Edward, afterwards the second 
 of England, but her licentiousness dis- 
 graced her character, and embittered the 
 latter part of her life ; and her partiality 
 to her favourite, Mortimer, proved so of- 
 fensive to her son Edward III. that he or- 
 dered her to be confined to the castle of 
 Rising, where she languished 28 years of 
 captivity, and died at the age of 75. 
 
 Isabella, of Bavaria, married Charles 
 VI. king of France, 1385. She was a wo- 
 man of licentious manners, of an intriguing 
 disposition, and of a most vindictive tem- 
 per. She dishonourably sacrificed her only 
 son to her partiality for the English, and 
 ■wished for the triumph of Henry V. of 
 England, who had married her sixth daugh- 
 ter Catharine, rather than the prosperity of 
 her country under the government of their 
 natural sovereign. She died little lament- 
 ed, at Paris, 30th Sept. 1435, aged 64. 
 
 Isabella, daughter of John II. of Cas- 
 tile, was born 1451, and married, 1469, 
 Ferdinand V. king of Arragon. She suc- 
 ceeded to the kingdom of Castile, 1474, 
 and though opposed by the pretensions of 
 her niece, she crushed all opposition, and, 
 by the union of Castile and Arragon, 
 she was, with her husband, proclaimed 
 sovereign of Spain. She possessed great 
 powers of mind, and was distinguished by 
 her integrity, her justice, and her public 
 and private virtues. Her reign is remark- 
 able for the conquest of Grenada from the 
 Moors, and the discovery of America, by 
 the bold genius of Columbus, but it was 
 disgraced by the introduction of the sangui- 
 nary tribunal of the inquisition. Isabella 
 died of a dropsy, 1504, aged 54, leaving 
 only one daughter, Jane, who married Phi- 
 
 lip of Austria, and became mother ol 
 Charles V. 
 
 Isabella, daughter of AlphonKO, duke 
 of Calabria, marri<d by proxy, in 1489, 
 John Galeuzzo Slorza, a minor. Thr union 
 of these lovers was put ott by ihr intrigues 
 of Lewis Sforza, the uncle and tin; j^uardian 
 ol the bridegroom, who had Ijimself (alien 
 in love wilU Isabella ; but when his guilty 
 addresses were received with the contempt 
 which they merited, he determined on re- 
 venge. By marrying Alphonsina, the 
 daughter of the duke of Ferrara, he gained 
 an active accomplice in his criminal inten- 
 tions ; the unfortunate Galeazzo was poi- 
 soned, and the disconsolate Isabella fled to 
 Naples, and after seeing the destruction of 
 all her family, she retired to a small town 
 in the neighbourhood, where she died, 1524. 
 Her daughter married Sigismund, king of 
 Poland. 
 
 Isabella, sister of Sigismund Augustus, 
 king of Poland, married, in 1539, John Zo- 
 polita, waivode of Transylvania, afterwards 
 king of Hungary. The birth of a son so 
 pleased the father, who was engaged in the 
 siege of Fogarra, that he communicated 
 his joy to his army, and, in a feast which 
 he gave to his soldiers, he unfortunately 
 fell a victim to his great intemperance, 
 1540. Thus left unprotected, and unable 
 to resist the arms o( Ferdinand of Austria, 
 against whom her husband had made war, 
 she, in an evil hour, called to her aid Soly- 
 man, the Turkish sultan, who, instead of 
 protecting her, seized her capital, and 
 obliged her to fly to Transylvania, of which 
 she was soon after stripped by the great 
 successes of her enemies. She recovered 
 TransyUania in 1556, and died, two years 
 after, respected for her magnanimity and 
 courage. 
 
 IsiEus, a Greek orator, born at Chalcis, 
 in Euboea. He had numerous pupils, 
 among whom was Demosthenes. Ten of 
 his orations are extant. Another Greek 
 orator, who flourished at Rome, A.D. 97. 
 
 Isaiah, the greatest of the prophets, was 
 son of Anno, and of the lineage of David. 
 He is called the evangelical prophet, from 
 the clear and consistent manner in which, 
 in language of grace, fire, and sublimity, he 
 describes the coming and the attributes of 
 Messiah. He prophesied from 735 to 681, 
 B.C. and is said to have been cut into two 
 with a wooden saw, by the cruel orders of 
 king Manasseh. 
 
 IsDEGERDES, king of Persia after Sapor, 
 was valiant, but debauched and cruel. He 
 defeated the younger Theodosius, and per- 
 secuted the Christians. He died by the 
 kick of a horse, A.D. 420. 
 
 IsELiN, James Christopher, a learned 
 German, born at Basil, 16S1. He was 
 professor of history and eloquence at Mar- 
 purg, 1704, and was advanced to the chair 
 
 103 
 
ISM 
 
 IVE 
 
 of divinity, at Basil, 1711. He died at 
 Basil, 1737. Of his numerous writings the 
 chief are, De Gallis Khenum transeunti- 
 bus, Carmen Heroicum — de Histoncis La- 
 tinis Melioris iEvi Dissertatio — Disserta- 
 tions and Orations on various subjects. 
 
 IsHMAEL, son of Abraham, by Agar, was 
 born lyiO li.C. He was driven away with 
 his motiier, by his lather, and settled at Pa- 
 ran, wnere he became the progenitor of 
 the Arabians. 
 
 IsHMAEL i. sophy of Persia, was descend- 
 ed irom All, tne son-in-law of Mahomet, 
 and distmguisued himself by his valour, 
 prudence, and wisdom on the throne. He 
 died 1623, in the ISth year of his reign. 
 
 IsHMAEL II. sophy of Persia after Tha- 
 mas, loVo, was tue murderer of his eight 
 brothers, and at last was poisoned, 1679, 
 by his own sisler, who resented his embra- 
 cing the tenets of a ditiierent sect of Maho- 
 metans. 
 
 Isidore, St. a disciple of St. Chrysos- 
 tom, who became a hermit, near Pelusium, 
 where he died about 440. Some of nis let- 
 ters, &c. are extant, edited Paris, fol. 1388, 
 in Greek and Latin. 
 
 Isidore, of Alexandria, an Egyptian 
 placed over a monastery by Athanasius, 
 and called the Hospitaler. He defended 
 his patron against the Arians, for which he 
 was expelled by Theophilus the patriarch. 
 He died at Constantinople, 403. 
 
 Isidore of Cordova, author of commen- 
 taries on the books of kings, dedicated to 
 Paul Orosius, the disciple of Augustine, was 
 bishop of Cordova, in the age ol Honorius, 
 and of Theodosius the younger. 
 
 Isidore of Seville, a bishop of Seville, 
 called the doctor of his age, and the orna- 
 ment of his church, from his learning and 
 humanity, died 636, after presiding 40 years 
 over his see. He was author ot Commen- 
 taries on the Scripture — a Chronicle from 
 Adam to 626 — a treatise of Ecclesiastical 
 Writers, and other works. 
 
 IsiDORUS of Charax, a Greek author, 
 300 B.C. His description ol Parthia has 
 been edited by Hescheiius, and ai&o at Ox- 
 ford, 1703. 
 
 IsiNGRiNius, Michael, an eminent printer 
 of Basil, who punted in Greek the works 
 of Aristotle, in a style and manner much 
 superior to those of former editors, even of 
 Aldus Manutius. His edition of the histo- 
 ry of plants by Fuchs was equally admired. 
 He lived in the 16th century. 
 
 IsMENiAS, a Theban general who refused 
 to kneel before the Persian king, but 
 by dropping and taking up his ring per- 
 formed, in the opinion of the courtiers, the 
 homage due to their sovereign. — A musi- 
 cian of that name. When taken prisoner 
 by the king of Scythia, the monarch ob- 
 served that the neighing of hb horse was 
 more pleasing than the music of Ismenias. 
 104 
 
 IsocRATES, a Greek orator, born at 
 Athens, 436. He devoted himself to the 
 public instruction of youth. His 21 ora- 
 tions are best edited by Beattie, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 1749. 
 
 Israel, Manasseh Ben, a learned rabbi 
 in the Low Countries, who offered to 
 Cromwell 200,000/. for permission to his 
 countrymen, the Jews, to settle in Eng- 
 land, and to have the use of St. Paul's ca- 
 thedral. This was opposed with spirit by 
 the clergy, but it is said by Heath that the 
 protector " gulled the Jews of their earnest 
 money." He wrote several works, men- 
 tioned by Wolfius, and in the Bodleian ca- 
 talogue, and died 1657. 
 
 Ittigius, Thomas, a German divine, 
 born at Leipsic, 1644. He was educated 
 at Leipsic, Rostock, and Strasburg, and 
 rose by his merit to the professorship of di- 
 vinity at Leipsic, in 1691. He died April, 
 1710. He wrote, besides dissertations in 
 the Leipsic acts — Dissertatio de Haereshiar- 
 chis ^vi Apostolici eique Proximi — Prole- 
 gomena ad Josephi Opera — Historiae Eccle- 
 siasticae primi et secundi Seculi Selecta 
 Capita— Exhortationes Theologicae — His- 
 toria Synodorum, &c. 
 
 Ives, or Yves, bishop of Chartres, 1093, 
 was born at Beauvais, 1035. He died, af- 
 ter a life of great piety, 1115, and was ca- 
 nonized. There are extant of his compi- 
 ling " a Collection of Decrees" — Excep- 
 tiones Ecclesiasticarum Regularum. — Ser- 
 mons — a Chronicon, &-c. 
 
 Ives, John, an eminent antiquarian, 
 born at Yarmouth, and educated at Caius 
 college, Cambridge. He was raised to the 
 revived oflice of Suffolk Herald, but with- 
 out any emolument, and he was also fellow 
 of the Royal and Antiquarian societies. 
 He died of a deep consumption 9th June, 
 1776, aged 25 years. His library and col- 
 lection of coins, medals, paintings, &c. 
 were sold by auction. He published 
 " three select papers" from his own collec- 
 tion, besides remarks upon the Garianonum 
 of the Romans, the scite and remains fixed 
 and described, l2mo. 1774. 
 
 IvETEAUx, Nicholas Vauquelin seigneur 
 de, a French poet, born at Fresnaye. He 
 was made preceptor to the duke of Ven- 
 dome, the son of Gabrielle d'Estrees, and 
 afterwards to Lewis XIII. when dauphin. 
 The licentiousness of his manners rendered 
 him incapable of holding the benefices 
 which the court intended for him, and when 
 reproached by Richelieu for his dissolute 
 conduct he retired to his house in St. Ger- 
 main, where he spent the rest of his life in 
 epicurean ease and voluptuous indulgence. 
 As he considered the pastoral life the most 
 agreeable, he dressed himself in the habit 
 of a shepherd, and, attended by his mis- 
 tress, disguised as a nymph playing on the 
 
\\v\ 
 
 IZV 
 
 "}iaip,be wasted away his time in the Rirjs'i- 
 rst sensuality, rri^nrdless of the opinions 
 of the world or the calls of reli-^ioii. He 
 died 1649, aged 90, at a country scat near 
 <iern>igny. He wrote Institution d'un 
 Prince, a poem of merit — Sonnets, Songs, 
 Hic. in the Delices de la Poesie Francoise, 
 1620, 8vo. 
 
 IwAN V. John Alexiowitz, second son of 
 Michaelowitz, succeeded his brother Fco- 
 dor Alexiowitz, 1G82, on the throne of 
 Russia. As his powers of mind, however, 
 were very weak, he was declared incapable 
 of reigning, and sent to a monastery, and 
 the sceptre was placed in the, hands of his 
 brother Peter. This cliange displeased his 
 sister Sophia, who wished to obtain the su- 
 preme power, and by her intrigues, I wan 
 was drawn from his confinement, and seat- 
 ed on the throne with her and with Peter. 
 This divided sovereignty continued for six 
 years ; but the design of Sophia to sacrifice 
 her brother Peter to her ambition, proved 
 abortive, and the proscribed prince confined 
 his guilty sister in a convent, and seized 
 the reins of government alone. Iwan 
 
 died 169H, a;»od ?>^, leaving five dnujU- 
 ter«. 
 
 Iwan \'I. of Brunsn jck Bevcrn, succeed- 
 ed, when three months old, his great aunt, 
 Anne Iwanova, as cmp»rorof Ilusfiia, 1710 
 The guardianship of iiis minority waa in- 
 trusted, by the dying ciiipre.H.i, to her fa- 
 vourite, Ernest, duke of JJireii ; but soon 
 after th(>. regent was remov<'d, jiiid liu; rm- 
 peror's mother, Anne of Mecklenburg, was 
 placed at the head of the ^overnm<;nt as 
 guardian. The next year tlie unfortunate 
 child was dethroned, and confined in a for- 
 tress, from whirli a monk had the art to 
 remove him, and to carry him to Germany. 
 The attempt did not, however, succeed, and 
 Iwan was again inmured in a monastery, 
 where he was at last put to death, 16th 
 July, 1764, by order of Catherine, the wife 
 of Peter III. who ascended the throne, 1 762. 
 
 IzAACKK, Richard, a native of Exeter, 
 educated at Exeter college, Oxford. He 
 was afterwards chamberlain and town clerk 
 of his native town, of which he wrote the 
 history, published 1677, 8vo. and again im- 
 proved by his son, 1721. 
 
 JAB 
 
 JAC 
 
 JaAPHAN, Ebn Tophail, an Arabian 
 philosopher at the end of the twelfth cen- 
 tury, author of a romance, called the His- 
 tory of Hai Ebn Yokdhan, in which he 
 asserts that by the light of nature a man 
 may acquire a knowledge of things, and of 
 God. It was published with a Latin trans- 
 lation, 1671, by E. Pococke, and in 1703 
 appeared in English by Simon Ockley. 
 
 Jablonski, Daniel Ernest, a popish di- 
 vine, born 20th Nov. 1660, at Dantzic. He 
 studied in Germany, and afterwards visited 
 Holland and England. He was afterwards 
 minister of Magdeburg, Lessa, Konings- 
 berg, and Berlin, and he zealously opposed 
 infidelity, and endeavoured in his ecclesi- 
 astical capacity, but in vain, to reconcile 
 the Lutherans and Calvinists. He trans- 
 lated into Latin Bentley's Sermons and 
 Boyle's Lectures, and wrote some Disser- 
 tations on the Land of Gessen, and other 
 works highly esteemed. He died May, 
 1741. 
 
 Jablonski, Theodore, counsellor of the 
 court of Prussia, and secretary to the royal 
 society of sciences at Berlin, was a man of 
 extensive erudition, and highly esteemed 
 for his private virtues. He was so modest 
 that he did not prefix his name to his works. 
 He wrote Dictionnaire Francois et Alle- 
 mand, et Allemand Francois, 1711 — a 
 Course of Morality in German, 1713 — Dic- 
 tionnaire Universel des Arts et des Sci- 
 
 VoL. II. 14 
 
 ences, 1721 — and a Translation of Taci- 
 tus de Mor. Germ. 1724. 
 
 Jablonski, Paul Ernest, son of Daniel 
 Ernest, was born 1693, at Berlin, and be 
 came theology professor at Frankfort on 
 the Oder. He wrote Disquisitio de Lin- 
 gua Lycaoniccl de Memnone Graecorum — 
 institutiones Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 2 vols- 
 Svo. — and Pantheon iEgyptiorum, a learned 
 work, 3 vols. Svo. He died 1757. 
 
 Jablonski, Charles Gustavus, author of 
 a natural history of insects, was member of 
 the society of Halle, and died 17S7. 
 
 Jacetius, Francis de Cataneis, an Ita- 
 lian writer, born at Florence, 1466. He 
 was the disciple and successor of Marsilius 
 Fieinus, as professor of Platonic philoso- 
 phy at Florence, and died 1 j52. He wrote 
 a treatise of beauty, and another of love, 
 according to Plato, and other works, 
 printed together at Basil, 1563. 
 
 Jachaia, Ben Joseph, a Portuguese rabbi, 
 born at Lisbon, where he died 1539. He 
 wrote among other thing';, a paraphrase on 
 Daniel, in which ho promised a speedy res- 
 toration to his nation. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas, an English divine, 
 born 1579 at Willowing, county of Dur- 
 ham. He entered at Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford, 1595, and the year after removed to 
 Corpus Christi, of which he was elected 
 fellow in 1606. He became D.D. 1622, 
 and two years after took a living, and also 
 the vicarage of Newcastle, which lie re- 
 
 10'. 
 
JAC 
 
 •TAG 
 
 sigued in 1630, when elected president of 
 his college. In 1635 he was made pre- 
 bend of Winchester by the friendship of 
 Neil, bishop of Durham and of Laud, and 
 in 163S he was raised to the deanery of 
 Peterborough. He died 1640, and was 
 buried in the chapel of his college. He 
 was a man of great learning, singular piety, 
 and of an exemplary character. He was 
 ■well acquainted with the fathers, and his 
 works, which are numerous, display great 
 knowledge of Scripture. Tbey were pub- 
 lished in 3 vols, folio, consisting of ser- 
 mons, besides commentaries on the apos- 
 tles' creed. They were much admired by 
 bishop Home, as well as by Mr. Merrick, 
 of Trinity college, Oxford. 
 
 Jackson, John, an English divine, born 
 4th April, 1686, at Lensey, Yorkshire, 
 where his father was minister. He was 
 educated at Doncaster school, and after- 
 wards entered at Jesus's, Cambridge, where 
 he studied Hebrew under Ockley. In 
 1710 he was presented to the living of 
 Rossington by the corporation of Doncas- 
 ter, and married 1712. He was refused 
 the degree of M.A. at Cambridge, in con- 
 sequence, it is said, of his heretical opi- 
 nions ; and by embracing tenets opposite 
 to the church, he embroiled himself greatly 
 at Leicester, where he went to reside as 
 ronfrator of Wigston hospital. As he re- 
 fused to subscribe to the articles, he lost in 
 1724 a prebend in Salisbury church, though 
 on the death of his friend Dr. Clarke, in 
 1729, he succeeded to the mastership of 
 Wigston hospital by the presentation of 
 the duke of Rutland. As he was fond of 
 controversy, his works are numerous on 
 theological subjects, and display labour, 
 judgment, and learning. It is to be la- 
 mented, that he showed such virulence in 
 his conduct, which drew upon him the re- 
 sentment of the clergy, so that he was at 
 Bath refused the sacrament, and in Leices- 
 ter forcibly denied the use of the pulpit. 
 He opposed the doctrine of the trinity, and 
 attacked Warburton and others, even some 
 of his friends, in his pamphlets. His last, 
 ajid by far his best work, is " Chronologi- 
 cal Antiquities," 3 vols. 4to. 1752. lie 
 prepared materials for an edition of the 
 Greek Testament, of which, however, his 
 infirmities prevented the publication. He 
 died 12th May, 1763, leaving four children 
 only, out of the twelve whom his wife bore 
 him. Memoirs of him were published by 
 Dr. Sutton, of Leicester, 1764. 
 
 Jackson, Arthur, a divine, ejected from 
 his living of St. Faith, in London, 1662, 
 for nonconformity. He was afterwards 
 imprisoned, and fined 5001. for refusing to 
 give evidence against Christopher Love. 
 He was chosen at the restoration to pre- 
 sent, in the name of the assembly of di- 
 vines, a Bible to Charles II. and was also 
 100 
 
 one df the ministers who attended the Sa- 
 voy conference. He wrote a commentary 
 on the Bible, 3 vols. 4to. and died 1666. 
 
 Jackson, William, a native of Exeter, 
 eminent as a musical composer, and as a 
 writer. He first studied music at Exeter, 
 and afterwards removed to London, under 
 the care of Mr. Travers, and in 1777 was 
 chosen organist of St. Peter's church in his 
 native town, where he died 18U3, aged 73. 
 Besides books of songs, hymns, sonatas, 
 canzonets, &c. of merit, he wrote thirty 
 letters on various subjects, lately edited a 
 third time — the four Ages, 8vo. — Treatise 
 on the present State of Music, 12mo. — 
 Papers in the essays of the Exeter So- 
 ciety, &c. One of his sons was ambassa- 
 dor at the court of Sardinia, afterwards in 
 France, and at Berlin, and another accom- 
 panied lord Macartney, as his secretary, 
 to China. 
 
 Jackson, Dr. Cyril, an eminent divine, 
 was born in 1746 at Stamford, where his 
 father was a medical practitioner. He re- 
 ceived his education at W^estminster-school, 
 from whence he removed to a studentship 
 at Christ-church, Oxford, where he pro- 
 ceeded to his master's degree in 1771, to 
 that of B.D. in 1777, and that of D.D. in 
 1781. He became sub-preceptor to his 
 present majesty, for which he was made 
 canon of Christ-church, and on the eleva- 
 tion of Dr. Bagot to a bishopric, he succeed- 
 ed him in the deanery, which he resigned 
 in 1809. Dr. Jackson was an excellent 
 governor of his college and an elegant 
 scholar, but he as studiously avoided the 
 press as he did the mitre, though the pri- 
 macy of Ireland was offered to him, as 
 well as an English bishopric. He died at 
 Felpham, in Sussex, in 1819. His brother, 
 Dr. W^illiam Jackson, born at Stamford, in 
 1750, became prebendary of York, regius 
 professor of Greek at Oxford, preacher to 
 the society of Lincoln's-inn, canon of 
 Christ-church, and in 1811 bishop of Ox- 
 ford. He died in 1815. The bishop was 
 a sound mathematician, and a learned di- 
 vine. He translated a tract on the Sieve 
 of Eratosthenes into Latin, and published 
 some sermons. — W. B. 
 
 Jacob, son of Isaac and Rebecca, ob- 
 tained from his elder brother, Esau, his 
 birthright, and also by the advice of his 
 mother, his father's blessing. This con- 
 duct drew upon him the vengeance of Esau, 
 which he avoided by flying to Padan-aran, 
 where he served his uncle Laban for four- 
 teen years, and obtained his two daugh- 
 ters, Leah and Rachael, for wives. He 
 was afterwards reconciled to his brother, 
 and went to Egypt with all his family, in 
 consequence of the elevation of his son 
 Joseph to the supreme power of the coun- 
 try, under Pharaoh. He died in Egypt, 
 B.C. 1689, aged 147. The name of Israel, 
 
JAC 
 
 ■J.\l> 
 
 l^iven to him by an angel, descended lo his 
 posterity called Israelites. 
 
 Jacob, Henry, a native of Kent, edu- 
 cated at Oxford, where he took his mas- 
 ter's degree. He afterwards retired to his 
 living, and died 1621, aged 60. He is 
 author of some treatises against the 
 Brownists, and of a work on our Saviour's 
 sufferings. 
 
 Jacob, Henry, son of the preceding, be- 
 came an able Orientalist under Erpenius. 
 He was fellow of Merton college, Oxford, 
 but was ejected during the civil wars, and 
 died at Canterbury, 1652, aged 44. He 
 ivrote, according to Wood, Delphi Phoeni- 
 cizantes, edited by Dickenson — and other 
 works, still in MS. 
 
 Jacob, Giles, an able lawyer, author of 
 a Law Dictionary — the Lives and Charac- 
 ters of English poets — and other valuable 
 works, died 1744, aged 54. 
 
 Jacob, a Cistercian monk in Hungary, 
 who assembled a number of peasants in 
 France and Germany, on pretence of going 
 with this fanatical multitude to deliver the 
 Holy Land from the infidels. He pretended 
 also to be comnnssioned by the Virgin to 
 set Lewis king of France at liberty, who 
 had been made prisoner by the Saracens, 
 and for thio purpose he preached a crusade, 
 but the government at last refused to 
 countenance the measure, and therefore 
 the enthusiastic zealots ivere dispersed, 
 and Jacob soon after murdered by a butcher, 
 in the beginning of the 13th century. 
 
 Jacob al Bardai, a disciple of Severus, 
 and an able leader of the Eutychians, who 
 from him were called Jacobites. 
 
 Jacob, Ben Naphthali, a rabbi of the 
 fifth century, of the sect of the Masorites, 
 educated at Til)erias, in Palestine. The 
 invention of points in the Hebrew letters 
 instead of vowels, is attributed to him, and 
 to his friend Ben Asser, in the year 476. 
 
 Jacob, Ben Hajim, a rabbi of the 16th 
 century, known as the editor of the Masora 
 and Hebrew Bible, with the Chaldee para- 
 phrase, &c. Venice, 4 vols, folio, 1525, 
 much esteemed by the Jews. 
 
 jACOBiEUs, Oliger, professor of philoso- 
 phy and physic at Copenhagen, was born 
 July, 1650, at Arhusen, Jutland, where his 
 father was bishop. After studying at Co- 
 penhagen, he travelled over France, Italy, 
 Germany, Hungary, England, and the 
 Netherlands, and on his return was ho- 
 nourably received by his university, who 
 appointed him professor, and by the Danish 
 lang, who gave him the management of his 
 cabinet of curiosities, and made him coun- 
 sellor of his court of justice. The loss of 
 his wife in 1698 robbed him of all his hap- 
 piness, and though lie attempted to avert 
 his grief by a second marriage, he fell a 
 sacrifice to his melancholy, 1701. He left 
 six sons bv his first wife. He wrote de 
 
 lianis ct Lacertis DiiiHcrtatio — «>ralio in 
 Obitum T. Burthuliui, his father-in-law — 
 Gaudia Areloi Orbis, &.c. be»idc.s booic 
 elegant Latin poems. 
 
 Jacobs, Jnrian, u paint<;r of Switzer- 
 land, the disciple of Francis Siiyders. The 
 animals which he introduced in Iiih liJMturi- 
 cal pieces, were finished in a very animated 
 style. He died 1661, aged 54. 
 
 Jacomu, Thomas, D.l). a native of Lei- 
 cestershire, educated at Magdalen hall, Ox- 
 ford, from which he rcmovr-.d to Cam- 
 bridge, to become fellow of Trinity college. 
 In 1647 he obtained the living of St. Mar- 
 tin, Ludgate, from which he was ejected 
 for nonconformity in 1662. He died 1687, 
 in the family of lady Exeter, where he had 
 found protection and maintenance. He 
 wrote a treatise of Holy Dedication — Ser- 
 mons — a Commentary on the eighth of 
 Romans — and contributed also to the con- 
 tinuation of Pool's Annotations. 
 
 Jacopone, da Todi, an Italian poet, con- 
 temporary with Dante. On becoming a 
 widower he distributed his property to the 
 poor, and entered into the order of Minors, 
 and acquired the surname of the Happy, in 
 consequence of his character of sanctitv. 
 He wrote several canticles, full of fire and 
 zeal, besides Stabat Matar, a Latin poem. 
 He died very old, 1306. The best edition 
 of his Canticles is that of Venice, 1617, 
 4to. with notes. 
 
 Jacquelot, Isaac, a protestant minister 
 of Vassy, born in 1647. He retired to Hei- 
 delberg and the Hague at the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, and then became chap- 
 lain to the king of Prussia, who had acci- 
 dentally heard him preach. He died at 
 Berlin, 1708. He wrote Dissertations on 
 the Messiah — 2 vols, of Sermons — letters 
 to the French Bishops — and some contro- 
 versial tracts. 
 
 Jacquet, Lewis, a native of Lyons, who 
 died 1793, aged 61. It is said that he 
 resembled in his manners the famous J. J. 
 Rousseau, and therefore he was his warm 
 admirer and imitator. His parallel between 
 Greek and French tragic poets possessed 
 great merit, and some of his essays ncre 
 honoured with the laurel by the Besancon 
 academy. 
 
 Jacquiek, Francis, a native of Vitry, 
 who died at Rome 1788, aged 77. He 
 was eminent as a divine and mathemati- 
 cian, and wrote, assisted by Le Sueur. 
 Newton's Philos. Natur. Piincipia Ma- 
 them. 4 vols. 4to. — Institutiones Philos. 
 ad Studia Theol. accomm. 5 vols. 12mo. — 
 He published besides a treatise of Algebra, 
 and other works in Italian. 
 
 Jaddus, was high-priest of Juda'a when 
 Alexander approached Jerusalem, deter- 
 mined to destroy it, and by meeting the 
 monarch in his pontifical robes, he convert- 
 ed his resentment into reverence, and to 
 
 ior 
 
JAI 
 
 JAM 
 
 the ottering of sacrifices lo the God of 
 Israel. 
 
 Jadelot, Nicholas, a native of Nancy, 
 who died there, 26th June, 1793, aged 57. 
 He was eminent as a physician, and was 
 author of the Pictures of Animal (Economy, 
 8vo. — a Complete Course of Anatomy, foi. 
 — Physica Hominis Saiii, 2 vols. l2mo. — 
 Pharmacopoeia for the Poor, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Jaeger, John Wolfgang, a Lutheran di- 
 vine, horn at Stutgard, Avhere the duke of 
 Wirtemburg, whose son he had educated, 
 made him his counsellor, and also preacher 
 of the cathedral, and abbot of the monas- 
 tery of Adelberg. In 1702 he was made 
 divinity professor, chancellor of the uni- 
 versity, and provost of Tubingen, and died 
 1720. He wrote. Ecclesiastical History 
 compared with profane — a Compendium of 
 Divinity — Observations on Puffendorf and 
 Grolius — a treatise of Laws — Spinoza's 
 Life and Doctrines examined, and other 
 Latin works. 
 
 Jago, Richard, an English poet, born 
 llth Oct. 1715, at Beaudesert, Henley, 
 Warkwickshire, where his father was rec- 
 tor. From Solihul school, where he had 
 among his fellow-pupils, Shenstone, he 
 went in 1732 as servitor to University col- 
 lege. In 1737 he took oiders, and in 1744 
 married a clergyman's daughter by whom 
 he had several children, and who left him a 
 widower in 1751. He obtained the livings 
 of Harbury and Chesterton, 1746, and in 
 1754 lord Clare obtained for him the vicar- 
 age of Snitterfield, and in 1771 his patron. 
 Lord Willoughby de Broke gave him, in- 
 .ttead of Harbury, Kilmcote in Leicester- 
 shire, worth 3001. a year. His elegy on 
 the Blackbirds appeared in 1752, in 
 Hawkcsworth's Adventurer, and as it was 
 anonymous, it was attributed to various 
 authors, and especially to Gilbert West. 
 He died after a short illness, 8th May, 
 1781, aged GS, and was buried in a vault 
 at Snitterfield. Three of his daughters sur- 
 vived him. By his second wife, married 
 1759, he had no children. His most ad- 
 mired performance is Edgehill, a descrip- 
 tive poem, in blank verse, 1767. His life 
 has been written by his friend Hylton. 
 
 Jaili.ot, Alexis Hubert, a French sculp- 
 tor, who, by marrying the daughter of a 
 map eolourer, adopted his father-in-law's 
 profession, and soon excelled in the execu- 
 tion of maps. He engraved in a very 
 neat manner the designs of Sansons, and 
 laboured till his death in 172J, in geogra- 
 phical studies. His maps of France are 
 valuable, but that of Lorraine is the best. 
 One of his daughters married Renou who 
 assumed the name of Jaillot, and became 
 geographer to the king. He died 5th April, 
 1780. His Recherches Critiques, Histo- 
 
 viquCs, &c. sur Paris, 
 10H 
 
 &c.5voIs. 8vo. 1772. 
 
 is a correct, interesting, and much admired 
 work. 
 
 James, St. the great, son of Zebedee and 
 Salome, was a fisherman, and was called 
 with his brother John, while mending their 
 nets, to become apostles, by our Saviour. 
 He was present with his brother and Peter 
 at the transfiguration of his blessed mas- 
 ter ; and after the crucifixion, he preach- 
 ed the gospel to the Jews who were 
 dispersed in the neighbouring towns of 
 Syria. On his return to Judea, he was 
 seized by Herod Agrippa, and cruelly put 
 to death with the sword A.D. 44. 
 
 James, St. the less, brother of Simon 
 and Jude, was also one of the apostles, and 
 received the surname of Just, on account 
 of the great virtues of his character. He 
 was the first appointed bishop of Jerusa- 
 lem, and for his firmness he was called by 
 St. Paul, one of the pillars of the church. 
 He was put to death with the blow of a 
 fuller's club, under Annanias the high- 
 priest, A.D. 62, who in vain wished to 
 persuade him to renounce the name and 
 the religion of his Saviour. His epistles to 
 the dispersed Hebrew converts, is preser- 
 ved among the canonical books of the New 
 Testament. 
 
 James, St. a bishop of Nisibis, distin- 
 guished by his patriotism, his zeal, and un- 
 bounded benevolence, when his countrj' 
 was besieged by the Persians. He died 
 about 350. His works were printed, Rome, 
 1736, folio. 
 
 James I. king of Scotland, after his fa- 
 ther Robert III. was taken by the English 
 as he was crossing over to France. After 
 a severe imprisonment of 18 years, he 
 was set at liberty on condition of marrying 
 Jane, daughter of the earl of Somerset, 
 1424. He severely punished those who 
 had governed his kingdom in his absence ; 
 and in consequence of these harsh mea- 
 sures he was assassinated in his bed by 
 their relations, and died pierced with thirty- 
 six wounds, 1437. 
 
 James II. king of Scotland, succeeded 
 at the age of seven to his father, James I. 
 and ably supported Charles VII. of France, 
 in his war against the English. He punished 
 some of his barons, who had I'evolted 
 against him, and he was killed at the siege 
 of Roxburgh, 3d Aug. 1460, aged 29, by a 
 cannon shot, and after his death, his queen, 
 Mary of Guelders, continued the attack, 
 and took the town. 
 
 Jamfcs III. succeeded his father James 
 II. on the throne of Scotland, and render- 
 ed himself odious by his cruelties. He 
 put to death his brother John, but Alex- 
 ander his other brother escaped the last 
 fatal blow aimed against him, and levied 
 war against the tyrant. James, defeated 
 in a battle bv his rebellious subjects, fell 
 
JAM 
 
 lAAI 
 
 I'rom his horse, and was at last put to death 
 in a mill by the pursuing enemy, 11th June, 
 
 1488. 
 
 [ James IV. succeeded his father James 
 III. at the age of 16, and showed himself 
 religious, active, and patriotic. He defeat- 
 ed some of his rebellious barons, and as- 
 sisted Lewis XII. of France against the 
 English, but was unfortunately slain in the 
 fatal battle of Floddenfield, 1513. He in 
 stituted the order of the Thistle, or of St. 
 Andrew. • » 
 
 James V. of Scotland, succeeded at the 
 death of his father, James IV. though only 
 18 months old. His minority was govern- 
 ed by his mother, Mftrgaret of England, 
 but at the age of 17 he assumed the reins 
 of government, and assisted Francis I. 
 against Charles V. and in consequence of 
 his services, he received, 1535, Magdalen, 
 the French king's daughter, who died two 
 years after. He afterwards married 
 Mary of Lorraine, the widow of Lewis of 
 Orleans, and died 13th Dec. 1542, leaving 
 his dominions to his only child, Mary 
 Stuart, who was born only eight days be- 
 fore his death. He was a prince admired 
 for his virtues, and the firmness with which 
 he supported the religious establishment of 
 his country. 
 
 James VI. of Scotland, and the first of 
 England, was son of Henry earl of Darn- 
 ley, and Mary the daughter of James V. 
 and was born 1566. The conduct of his 
 mother had so irritated the nobles that she 
 was obliged by her rebellious subjects to 
 resign the crown to her son in 1566, and 
 James, who had displayed great modera- 
 tion and prudence in Scotland, was called, 
 on the death of Elizabeth to fill the Eng- 
 lish throne 1603. His accession was at- 
 tended with dissatisfaction on the part of 
 some of the English nobles, and lords Cob- 
 ham, and Grey, and Sir Walter Raleigh 
 ivere arrested on pretence of a conspi- 
 racy to destroy the king and his son prince 
 Henry. A more dreadful catastrophe await- 
 ed him from the catholics whom he had 
 rendered his enemies, by the severity of 
 his treatment toward them ; but wlien the 
 parliament house was doomed to he blown 
 up by gunpowder with the king, the lords 
 and commons, the plot was happily dis- 
 covered by the sagacity of the monarch, 
 and the ringleaders were seized and execu- 
 ted. James was naturally fond of peace, 
 and during 20 years of his reign, his sub- 
 jects enjoyed perfect tranquillity. The in- 
 terests and the dignity of the nation per- 
 haps might have required more vigorous 
 measures, especially in supporting the 
 rights of the protestants and of the elector 
 Palatine who had married the king's daugh- 
 ter ; but the cultivation of commerce, and 
 a friendly intercourse with the rest of the 
 ^vorld. were more congenial to the senti- 
 
 ments of the monarch. In the extensioit 
 of his prerogative Jumc- rendered himself 
 not only oppressive, but often ridiculous, 
 and while he argued wiih his parliament, 
 and enlarged on the di\iiie and absolute 
 rights of kings, he taught the fiiclious to 
 dispute his authority, and to prepare that 
 opposition which proved so fatal to hia suc- 
 cessor. Though learned and intelligent he 
 chose for his favourites the most ignorant 
 and worthless, and the partiality whieh he 
 showed to Carr, earl of Somerset, and to 
 Villiers, duke of Buckingham, rellect little 
 honour on his judgment or his heart. lu 
 his fondness for co.'itroversial learning he 
 founded Chelsea college for the support of 
 a number of polemical divines, whose abili- 
 ties and labours might be directed to op- 
 pose and refute the Roman catholics. 
 James died at Theobalds, 8th April, 1625, 
 aged 59, after a reign of 22 years, and he 
 was buried in Westminster abbey. By his 
 wife Anne of Deimiark, whom he married 
 1590, he had Henry and Robert who died 
 young, Charles his successor, and Eliza- 
 beth who married Frederic V. elector Pala- 
 tine. His works, which consisted of a 
 Commentary on the Revelations, in which 
 he terms the Pope Antichrist — Basilicon 
 Doron, or Advice to his Son — Daemonology, 
 or Discourse on Witchcraft — a Counter- 
 blast against Tobacco, &.c. were published 
 in 1 vol. folio, 1619. Though James de- 
 served to be commended for his love of 
 peace, and for his moderation, yet his cha- 
 racter must descend to posterity with e very- 
 mark of detestation for his cruel conduct 
 towards the virtuous and patriotic Ra- 
 leigh, whom he wantonly caused to be be- 
 headed 15 years after his sentence, and 
 after he had granted him his protection, 
 and employed him in the service of his 
 country. 
 
 James II. of England, succeeded his 
 brother the second Charles 1684. He was 
 born at London 14th Oct. 1683, and at his 
 birth proclaimed duke of York. On the 
 death of his father he escaped to France, 
 and distinguished himself in the French 
 service by his courage and military skill. 
 At the restoration he was declared admiral 
 of England, and obtained in 1665, a cele- 
 brated victory over Opdam, the Dutch ad- 
 miral ; but in 1672, he was defeated by 
 Ruyter, though supported by the French 
 fleet. His valour had endeared him to the 
 English, and though his principles, which 
 were strongly attached to the popish reli- 
 gion, were censured by the parliament, he 
 ascended the throne on the death of his 
 brother ; but the virtues of the private man 
 unfortunately disappeared in the king. 
 James became arbitrary, cruel, and oppres- 
 sive, and in his wish to establish the Romaii 
 catholic religion in the kingdom, he rudely 
 invaded the rishts and privileges of hi*: 
 
 ion 
 
.ja:vji 
 
 JAM 
 
 subjects, and paid no regard to the opi- 
 nions and prejudices of a people, who had 
 -a few years before conducted his father to 
 the scaffold. The murmurs of the Eng- 
 lish were not uttered in vain. William, 
 prince of Orange, who had married the 
 king's daughter, was persuaded to invade 
 the kingdom, and James, terrified at the 
 success of his enemy, and the ingratitude 
 of his courtiers, fled to France, 16S8. 
 He afterwards attacked Ireland, but this 
 effort for the recovery of his lost domi- 
 nions, and the intrigues of his catholic ad- 
 herents, were unable to shake the popu- 
 larity of William. James died at St. Ger- 
 main's, a pensioner on the bounty of the 
 French king, 16th Sept. 1701, aged 68. 
 By his first wife, Anne, daughter of lord 
 . Clarendon, he had two daughters, Mary 
 and Anne, who were successively queens 
 of England ; and by his second wife the 
 princt•^^ of Modena, he had a son, called 
 the Pretender, acknowledged by the Ro- 
 man catholic princes, under the name of 
 James III. This son died at Rome, 2d 
 Jan. 1766, and his son, Charles Edward, 
 the pretender so well known by his inva- 
 sion of Scotland in 1745, died at Florence, 
 31st Jan. 1788, aged 68. Henry Bene- 
 dict, cardinal of York, brother to Charles 
 Edward, died lately at Rome, and thus that 
 branch of the Stuart family is become ex- 
 tinct. 
 
 James I. king of Arragon, surnamed the 
 warrior, succeeded his father, Peter the 
 catholic, 1213. He defeated some of his 
 nobles, who had raised an insurrection 
 against him, and afterwards he conquered 
 the kingdoms of Majorca, Minorca, Va- 
 lentia, and other places from the Moors. 
 He also supported himself against the en- 
 croachments of the papal power, and 
 died at Xativa, 27th July, 1276, aged 
 70. Before he expired, he resigned the 
 crown into the hands of his successor, and 
 put on the habit of a Cistercian monk, 
 with the superstitious hope of thus recon- 
 ciling heaven, and obtaining forgiveness for 
 the irregularities and the licentiousness of 
 his life. 
 
 James II. king of Arragon, son of Peter 
 III. succeeded his brother, Alphonso III. 
 1291. He conquered Sicily, and waged a 
 long war against the Moors, and the peo- 
 ple of Navarre. He had the good fortune 
 touniteValentia and Catalonia to his crown, 
 an i he died at Barcelona, 3d Nov. 1327, aged 
 66, deservedly respected for his modera- 
 tion, his courage, benevolence, and mag- 
 nanimity. % 
 
 James of Voragine, provincial of the 
 Dominicans, compiled the Golden Legend, 
 a work of fabulous stories, often edited. 
 He died 1298. The best edition of the 
 Golden Legend is that of 1470. 
 James, Thomas, an Enelish divine, born 
 no 
 
 at Newport, Isle of Wight, and educated 
 at Winchester school, and New college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow, 1593. 
 He distinguished himself as a collector of 
 curious MSS. and published a catalogue of 
 such as were in the colleges of the univer- 
 sity, and was the first librarian appointed 
 by Sir Thomas Bodley, in his newly esta- 
 blished library. He was made by the bi- 
 shop sub-dean of Wells, and took his de- 
 gree of D.D. 1614, and ivas afterwards 
 presented by the archbishop to Mongeham, 
 in Kent. These and other pieces of pre- 
 ferment, were not undeserved. He show- 
 ed himself a most active divine against the 
 papists, and proposed various plans for the 
 collating of the MSS. of the fathers, which 
 might not only advance the cause of sci- 
 ence, but defeat the forgeries and the 
 views of the catholics, which, however, 
 failed for want of encouragement. He died 
 at Oxford, 1632, aged about 51. His 
 ivorks are all respectable, the best known 
 of which, is a treatise of the Corruption 
 of Scriptures, Councils, and Fathers, pub- 
 lished 1611, 4to. and reprinted 1688, 8vo. 
 He was the correspondent, among others, 
 of Usher. 
 
 James, Richard, nephew of the prece- 
 ding, was of Exeter college, Oxford, and 
 afterwards removed to Corpus Christi, of 
 %vhich he was made fellow, 1615. In 1619 
 he travelled through Wales and Scotland, 
 and then passed into Russia, on which he 
 published some observations. He was well 
 skilled in the learned languages, as well as 
 in Italian, French, and Spanish, and so ex- 
 tensive was his information, that he was of 
 great assistance to Selden in the drawing 
 up of his Marmora Arundeliana, and to 
 Sir Robert Cotton and his son, in the 
 arrangement of their noble library. His 
 abilities as a scholar and a critic, were said 
 to be superior to those of his uncle. He died 
 1638. AVTien confined through suspicion, 
 by the House of Lords, 1629, he wrote a 
 copy of English verses, prefixed to his 
 works, afterwards presented to the Bod- 
 leian library. 
 
 James, Robert, M.D. an English physi- 
 cian, best known by his preparation of a 
 very useful fever-powder, was born at Kin- 
 verston, Staffordshire, 1703. He took his 
 first degree in arts at St. John's college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards practised as a phy- 
 sician at Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birming- 
 ham. He then removed to London, and 
 published there, in 1743, his valuable Medi- 
 cinal Dictionary, 3 vols. fol. in the compo- 
 sition of which he was assisted by his 
 friend Dr. Johnson. He wrote also the 
 Practice of Physic, 1746, 2 vols. 8vo. — ou 
 Canine Madness, &c. — and 1778, a Dis- 
 sertation on Fevers, &c. He died 23d 
 March, 1776. His powder, of which the 
 invention is attributed bv some to a Ger- 
 
JAN 
 
 .fA.N 
 
 jnan physician of the name of Schawan- 
 berg, has acquired great and deserved ce- 
 lebrity, and though at first opposed by some 
 of the faculty, who either through prtrju- 
 dice or rivalship, considered it as a worth- 
 less nostrum, it has procured to his family 
 an inexhaustible source of opulence. Dr. 
 James was coarse in his manners as well as 
 person, but he was intelligent, and as a 
 companion, agreeable and cheerful. He 
 left sons and daughters. His eldest son 
 was educated at Merchant-tailors' and St. 
 John's college, Oxford, and took his degree 
 in physic. 
 
 James, Thomas, D.D. a native of St. 
 Neot's, Huntingdonshire, educated at Eton 
 and King's college, Cambridge, which he 
 left in 1776, for the headship of Rugby 
 school. He resigned in 1793, and in re- 
 ward for his honourable services at the 
 head of the school, he obtained a Worces- 
 ter prebend, and Harrington rectory, Wor- 
 cestershire. He wrote a Compendium of 
 Geography for Rugby school — two sermons 
 — the fifth book of Euclid explained by 
 Algebra. He died at Harrington, 1804. 
 
 Jamet, Peter Charles, a French writer, 
 born 1701, in the diocess of Sens. He 
 wrote Metaphysical Essays — Letters on 
 Taste, and the Doctrine of Bayle — Disser- 
 tation on the Creation — the Mogul Philoso- 
 pher, Daneche Menkan, &.c. — and also 
 contributed some notes to the dictionary of 
 Trevoux. 
 
 Jamtn, Amadis, a French poet, the 
 friend and rival of Ronsard. He travelled 
 in the early part of life in Greece and Asia 
 Minor, and afterwards became secretary 
 and chamber reader to Charles IX. He 
 died 1585. Besides his poetical works in 
 2 vols, he published seven academical dis- 
 courses in prose, and finished Homer's 
 Iliad in verse, began by Hugh Salel, to 
 which he added the three first books of the 
 Odyssey. 
 
 Janeway, James, a native of Hertford- 
 shire educated at Christ-church, Oxford, 
 and ejected for nonconformity, 16G2. He 
 afterwards opened a meeting-house at Ro- 
 therhithe, and died there, 1674. He is 
 author of Heaven on Earth, 8vo. — a To- 
 ken for Children, 12mo.— often edited — 
 the Saint's Encouragement to Diligence, 
 Svo. — a Legacy to his Friends, 8vo. a pos- 
 thumous work. 
 
 Janicon, Francis Michael, a French wri- 
 ter, born at Paris, and educated in Holland. 
 He was at first in the army, but became a 
 writer in the gazettes of Amsterdam, Rot- 
 terdam, and Utrecht, where his political 
 sagacity, and the elegance of his style 
 ^\^eve much admired. He died of an apo- 
 plexy 1730, aged 56. Besides his "ga- 
 zettes" he wrote Steel's Ladies' Library 
 translated — Gavin's Satire against Monks, 
 4 vols. 12mo. — the Present State of the 
 
 Republic of the Lnit'-d Provinces and Vc- 
 pendencies, 2 vols. 1729, a valuable work. 
 
 Janseniuh, Cornelius, a divinr who di«- 
 tinguished himseli a.s ihc envoy of Philip 
 II. of Spain, at the council of Trent, and 
 was rewarded on his return by the bish- 
 opric of Ghent, where he di<:d, 1;)76, aged 
 66. He was a native of llulst, in Flan- 
 ders. He published, among other workfl, 
 a Harmony of the Gospel. 
 
 Jansenius or Jansen, CorneliuH, a cele- 
 brated Roman catholic bishop, the author 
 of Jansenism. He was born at Afcoy, 
 near Leerdam, in Holland 1585, and after 
 studying at Utrecht, he, in 1604, went to 
 Paris, where he became acquainted with 
 St. Cyran. He returned to Louvain in 
 1617, and two years after, took his doctor's 
 degree, and soon after was placed at the 
 head of St. Pulcheria college, with a theo- 
 logical professorship. His abilities were 
 so universally popular that he was twice 
 sent by the university of Louvain as a 
 deputy to the Spanish king, to whom he 
 rendered himself acceptable by Avriting a 
 severe book against the French, called 
 Mars Gallicus, for their alliance with the 
 protestant princes. Tliough this work pos- 
 sessed little merit, it procured him the 
 bishopric of Ypres, and with it the hatred 
 and persecution of Richelieu. He died of 
 the plague, 8th May, 1638, aged 53. He 
 wrote commentaries on the Gospels, Pro- 
 verbs, &c. some controversial books, &c. 
 But his most celebrated composition, the 
 labour of 20 years, is his Augustinus, pub- 
 lished after his death. In this book he ex- 
 plained and illustrated the doctrine of Au- 
 gustineconcerning man's natural corruption, 
 and the nature and efficacy of the divine 
 grace ; but as this directly militated against 
 the opinions of the Jesuits, it drew upon 
 his memory the severest opposition. The 
 pope at last was prevailed upon to exert his 
 authority, and accordingly the use of the 
 book was forbidden in 1641, and the next 
 year. Urban VIII. issued his bull for its 
 final suppression. — These measures excited 
 violent animosities, but to give greater 
 solemnity to the condemnation, the French 
 bishops drew up five propositions from the 
 doctrine of Jansen, which were submitted 
 to pope Innocent X. and pronounced he- 
 retical. These propositions asserted, 1st. 
 That there are divine precepts which good 
 men, though desirous, are unable to obey. 
 2d. That no man can resist the influence of 
 divine grace operating on his mind. 3d. 
 That to render human actions meritorious, 
 it is not necessary that they be exempt 
 from necessity, but only that they be free 
 from constraint. 4th. That the Semipcla- 
 gians err in maintainina; that the human 
 will is endowed with the power of either 
 receiving or resisting the influences of pre- 
 venting grace. 5th. That whoever affirms 
 
 111 
 
3,m 
 
 JAK 
 
 that Jesus Christ made expiation by his 
 death for the sins of all mankind, is a Semi- 
 pelagian. These measures of the holy 
 see were productive of great dissension in 
 the French church, and when the next 
 pope, Alexander VII. declared that none 
 should be admitted into the church without 
 subscribing to a renunciation of the doc- 
 trines of Jansen, the Jansenists ventured 
 to dispute the infallibility of the pontift', 
 and to regard him as of inferior power to 
 a general council. Opposition in this as in 
 all controversies produced irritation and 
 not conviction, and instead of suppressing 
 the Jansenists, the efforts of the Jesuits 
 and of the see of Rome tended to render 
 them more numerous and more violent, not 
 only in France, but in the Low Countries 
 and in Germany. 
 
 Janson or Jansonics, James, a native of 
 Amsterdam, doctor of Louvain and profes- 
 sor of theology, and dean of St. Peter's 
 college, was author of Commentaries on the 
 Psalms — Songof Solomon — Job — St. John's 
 Gospel, &c. He died 1625, a2:ed 78. 
 
 Janssens, Abraham, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp, 1569. His descent from the 
 Cross in Ghent cathedral is so much ad- 
 mired, that some attribute it to the pencil 
 of Rubens, who was his rival in the public 
 favour. 
 
 Janssens, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, 
 whose portraits were much admired, and 
 considered as equal to those of Vandyke. 
 He resided for some time in England, and 
 died 1665. 
 
 Jansseks, Victor Honorius, a painter of 
 Brussels, who died 1739, aged 75. He 
 studied at Rome under the patronage of 
 the duke of Holstein, and on his return 
 employed his psncil in adorning the sacred 
 buildings of his native city. 
 
 Januarius, St., bishop of Benevento, 
 beheaded at Puzzuoli in the persecution of 
 Dioclesian. His body was buried at Na- 
 ples, where a noble chapel in the cathedral 
 is dedicated to his memory. His blood is 
 supposed to be preserved in a phial, and 
 annually, on particular occasions, and 
 when Vesuvius threatens an eruption, the 
 holy VaOsscI is produced, when, at the pre- 
 sence of the saint's head, which is then 
 exhibited, the blood, which before was con- 
 gealed, immediately liquifies. The moun- 
 tain, as the superstitious Neapolitans be- 
 lieve, respects the solemnity, and earth- 
 quakes are very frequently thus prevented. 
 
 Japhet, son of Noah, is the progenitor 
 of the nations of Asia and Europe. He 
 was born B.C. 2448. 
 
 Jardixs, Mary Catherine des, a French 
 lady, born 1640, at Alencon, in Normandy, 
 where her father was provost. She left 
 home early in consequence of an intrigue, 
 and retired to Paris, v/here she determined 
 to subsist by her pen. While engajred in the 
 112 
 
 publication of novels, she gave a loose rein 
 to her passions, and assumed the name of 
 Villedieu, one of her favourites, with whom 
 however she soon quarrelled. A fit of de- 
 votion on the death of a female friend, re- 
 stored her for a while to her senses, in the 
 seclusion of her convent, but when return- 
 ed to the world, she again became dissipa- 
 ted, and, after the death of Villedieu, who 
 died in battle, she married the marquis de 
 la Chasse, who was only separated from his 
 wife, by whom she had a son. After his 
 death she attached herself to one of her 
 cousins, and died at Clinchemare, on the 
 Maine, 1683. Her works, consisting of 
 dramas, poems, romances, and fables, were 
 published in 10 vols. 12mo. 1702, to which 
 two more were added in 1721. Her style 
 is animated, though her stories and catas- 
 trophes are not always interesting ; her 
 verses however are feeble. 
 
 Jardtn, Karel du, a painter, born at Am- 
 sterdam, 1640. He studied in Italy and 
 resided at Venice, where he died 1678, and, 
 though a protestant, was buried in conse- 
 crated ground. His animals and land- 
 scapes are admired. 
 
 Jaroslaw, grand duke of Russia, in the 
 10th century, is celebrated for the liberal 
 patronage which he extended to learned 
 men. He framed a code of laws for the 
 benefit of his subjects, and, to encourage 
 learning, he founded a school, and caused 
 various useful books to be translated from 
 the Greek into the Russian language. 
 
 Jarrige, Peter, a Jesuit who became a 
 protestant, and exposed his society in a 
 work called the Jesuits on a scaffold. He 
 afterwards returned to the Society at Ant- 
 werp, and employed himself in refuting his 
 former publication. He died at Tulles, in 
 France, 1670. 
 
 Jarrt, Laurence Juillard du, a French 
 poet and divine, born at Jarry, near Xantes, 
 1658. He came young to Paris, and was 
 patronised by Bossuet, Bourdaloue, and 
 others, and obtained the poetical prize of 
 the French academy, 1679, and also in 
 1714, when Voltaire was his competitor. 
 He was made prior of Notre dame du Jar- 
 ry, in Xantes, where he died, 1730. He 
 excelled as a preacher, and published le 
 Ministere Evangelique, Sermons, Ouvrages 
 de Piet<'% des Poesies Chretiennes, &c. 
 
 Jars, Gabriel, a nativ«; of Lyons, who, 
 with Duhamel, visited the mines of Bohe- 
 mia, Saxony, Hungary, Austria, Carinthia, 
 England, and other countries, and, with 
 the skill and genius of a true mineralogist, 
 prepared his observations, which death, 
 however, preventedhim from publishing. He 
 was, in 1768, made a member of the acade- 
 my of sciences, at Paris, and died the next 
 year, aged 37. His Voyages Metallur- 
 giques were published bv his brother, 3 vols. 
 4to. 
 
JEA 
 
 l£B 
 
 ^AKVis, Abraham, D.D. bishop of the 
 episcopal church of Connecticut, was born 
 at Norwalk, in that state, May 5th, 1739, 
 and graduated at Yale college in 17C1. 
 Having obtained ordination in London, he 
 was settled at Middletown in 1764. He 
 was consecrated bishop in 1797, and his 
 death took place in 1S13, at New-Haven, 
 where he had resided for several years pre- 
 vious. iCJ^ L. 
 
 Jaucourt, Lewis de, a Frenchman, who 
 disregarded the advantages of his birth and 
 rank for the pleasures of study. His know- 
 ledge was very extensive, and, in antiqui- 
 ties, morals, medicine, and general litera- 
 ture, his assistance was very valuable to the 
 French encyclopedic. He conducted the 
 Bibliotheque Raisonnec from its commence- 
 ment in 1740, and assisted Gaubius and 
 others in the publication of the Museum 
 Sebajanum, in 1734. He wrote also, Lexi- 
 con Medicum Universale, in 6 vols, folio, 
 but the MS. was lost in the vessel which 
 conveyed it to Holland. He was member 
 of the Royal Society of London, and of the 
 academies of Berlin and Stockholm, but re- 
 fused the liberal invitations of the Stadt- 
 holder, to settle in Holland, observing that 
 he had no necessities nor ambition, but only 
 wished for studious obscurity. He died 
 Feb. 17S0. 
 
 Jault, Augustus Francis, professor of 
 Syriac, in the Royal college at Paris, trans- 
 lated into French Sharp's Surgery, Ockley's 
 History of the Saracens, Floyer on the 
 Asthma, a treatise on the venereal disease, 
 and other works. He ranked high as a 
 physician, and died at Paris, 1757, aged 50. 
 
 Jat, Guy Michel le, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, who ruined himself by 
 printing at his own expense a polyglott Bi- 
 ble. This beautiful work, in 10 vols, folio, 
 containing the Syriac and Arabic versions, 
 which are not inserted in the polyglott of 
 Ximenes, was begun 1628, and was com- 
 pleted 1645. In his honourable poverty he 
 became an ecclesiastic, and was made dean 
 of Vezelai, and counsellor of state. He 
 died 1675. 
 
 Jeacocke, Caleb, author of the Vindica- 
 tion of the moral character of the apostle 
 Paul, against the charges of hypocrisy and 
 insincerity, brought by lord Bolingbroke, 
 Dr. Middleton, and others, 1765, 8vo. was a 
 baker of the High-street, St. Giles, who, by 
 his great application and merit, was distin- 
 guished in the world, and became director 
 of the Hand-in-hand fire office. He was a 
 frequent attendant of the Robin Hood 
 speaking society, Butcher-row, Temple- 
 bar, where it is said his oratory proved often 
 more powerful and convincing than that of 
 Edmund Burke and other members who 
 afterwards acquired celebrity in the House 
 of Commons. He died 17S6, much re- 
 spected. 
 
 Vol. n. '15 
 
 Jeanes, Henry, a native of Alberscy, 
 Somersetshir.;, educated at Hart-hall, Ox- 
 ford. He afttrwanls obtained the rectory 
 of Becr-crocomb and Capland, Somerset- 
 shire, and also Chedzoy, after Dr. Walter 
 Raleigh's expulsion. 11,; favoured the 
 Presbyterians, but died before his adherence 
 to the tenets of the eliiirrh \v:is called in 
 question, 1662. He wrote a treati.se on 
 Abstinence from Evil, 3vo. — On th* Indif- 
 ferency of Human Actions, 4to. — On Ori- 
 ginal Righteousness, &.c. 4to. — Polemical 
 I'racts against Dr. Hammond, .J<r. Ta\ lor 
 John Goodwin, &c. — Want of Church (io- 
 vernmcnt, &c. 
 
 Jeannin, Peter, a Burgundian, advocate 
 in the parliament of Dijon. He rose to 
 consequence by his merit, and when the 
 orders for the murder of St. Bartholomew 
 were issued at Dijon, he opposed it with ali 
 his authority, and for his services was made 
 president of the parliament there. After 
 the destruction of the league he became a 
 favourite with Henry IV. who employed 
 him in negotiations with the Spaniards and 
 Dutch, and, after the king's death, he con- 
 tinued a faithful servant in the court of the 
 queen mother. He died 1622, aged 82, 
 after seeing seven successive kings on the 
 throne of France. He published a collec- 
 tion of negotiations and memoirs in folio, 
 1659, and 4 vols. 12mo. 1695, much es- 
 teemed. 
 
 Jeaurat, Sebastian, a native of Paris, 
 member of the academy of sciences, and 
 afterwards of the National Institute, was 
 distinguished as an able mathematician. 
 He founded an observatory in the military 
 school, and wrote new tables of Jupiter, 
 4to. — a Treatise on Perspective, 4to. — Ob- 
 servations on the Comet of 1759 — Obser- 
 vations on the Solar Eclipse of 1793 — Gra- 
 phical method of Dissecting the Angle — 
 Memoires sur les Lunettes Diplantidennes, 
 &c.— He died 1803, aged 99. 
 
 Jebb, Samuel, M.D. a physician, born 
 at Nottingham, and educated at Peter- 
 house, Cambridge. He favoured the non- 
 jurors, and was for some time librarian to 
 Jeremy Collier ; but upon his marrying a 
 relation of Dillingham, the eminent apothe- 
 cary of Red-lion square, he applied himself 
 to pharmacy, and soon began to practise as 
 physician at Stratford Ic Bow, where he 
 continued the best part of his life. He af- 
 terwards retired with a moderate income to 
 Derbyshire, where he died 9th March, 1772, 
 leavin"" several children, one of whom was 
 sir Richard Jebb, one of the physicians ex- 
 traordinary to the king. He published a 
 translation of Martin's Answers to Emlyn, 
 1718, Svo. — Justin i Martyris cum Try- 
 phone Dialogus, 1719 — dc Vita ct Rebus 
 gestis Maria; Scotorum Rcgina^ 1725 — an 
 edition of Aristides, with notes, 172S, % 
 vols. 4to. — ^. C. Britanni de Canibus Bri- 
 
 115 
 
JEF 
 
 JEF 
 
 I'atniicis, &€. — Bacon's Opus Majus. — H. 
 Hodii (ie Graecis illust. &c. 
 
 Jebb, John, son of the dean of Cashel, 
 was born in London, 1736. Part of his 
 education was received in Ireland, and af- 
 terwards he entered at Peter-house, Cam- 
 bridge, and took orders, and obtained some 
 preft.rment. He for some years delivered 
 theological lectures in Cambridge, but he 
 was prohibited in 1770, as he professedly 
 embraced the tenets of the Socinians. In 
 1775, he resigned his gown, and applied 
 himself to the study of physic, and obtain- 
 ed a degree at St. Andrew's ; and became 
 St licentiate in London. He died March, 
 17S6, of a decline. He was a very warm 
 controversialist. He had when at the uni- 
 versity been a very strenuous advocate for 
 yearly examinations ; and in his political 
 life, he showed himself a zealous friend of 
 annual parliaments, of universal suffrage, 
 x)f the abolition of subscription, and of the 
 cause of America against the mother coun- 
 try. Besides physic and classical litera- 
 ture he was well skilled in Hebrew, Arabic, 
 and Saxon. He joined two friends in 
 publishing a 4to. called Excerpta quaedam 
 e Newtonii Principiis, &c. His works were 
 published in 1787, in 3 vols. 8vo. by his 
 friend Dr.Disney,with an account of his life. 
 
 Jeciionias, king of Judah, was carried 
 prisoner to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, 
 and after several years of captivity was 
 made, B.C. 562, one of the officers of the 
 king's court. 
 
 Jeffert, Thomas, a native of Exeter, 
 educated among the dissenters. He became 
 assistant to Mr. Hallet, and in 172G settled 
 at Little Baddow, Essex, where he had a 
 congregation, but two years after returned 
 to Exeter, wlaere he died soon after, aged 
 about 30. He was author of True Grounds 
 and Reasons of the Christian Religion, 
 against Collins the deist, 8vo. — the Divi- 
 nity of Christianity proved from Scripture, 
 — Christianity the Perfection of all Reli- 
 gion, 8vo. — a Review of his Controversy 
 with Collins, &.c. 
 
 Jeffert, John, a divine, born 1647, at 
 Ipswich, where he was educated, and at 
 Catherine-hall, Cambridge. On taking or- 
 ders he returned to the curacy of Denning- 
 ton, Suffolk, and in 1678 he was elected 
 ^minister of a church at Norwich, where his 
 /eloquence as a preacher, his learning, and 
 his exemplary manners, rendered him a 
 popular and esteemed character. He was 
 introduced by Sir E. Atkyns the chief ba- 
 ron, to Tillotson, who, when raised to the 
 primacy, made him archdeacon of Norwich. 
 He died 1720, aged 72. He was twice 
 married. He published Sir T. Brown's 
 Christian Morals — Whichcote's Moral and 
 Religious Aphorisms. He wrote also 
 some sermons, &c. which appeared, 2 vols. 
 Svo. 1751. Dr. Jeffery was an enemy to 
 114 
 
 controversy, and observed that it produced 
 more heat than light. 
 
 Jeffert, of Monmouth, ap Arthur, a 
 British historian in the reign of Henry I. 
 born and educated at Monmouth. He was 
 made archdeacon of Monmouth and bishop 
 of St. Asaph, 1152. He is known for a 
 history of Britain, in which he gives a long 
 and fabulous account of the first settle- 
 ments in that country under Brutus the 
 grandson of Ascanius. The work is writ- 
 ten in a plain simple style, but the puerile 
 stories and trifling incidents which it con- 
 tains, render its authority very dubious, 
 though Usher, Leland, Sheringham, Sir 
 John Rice, and others defend its authenti- 
 city against Polydore Virgil, Buchanan, and 
 others, who regard it as fiction and for- 
 gery. The work was published in Latin 
 at Paris, 1517, 4to. and at Heidelberg, in 
 folio, 1587. A translation of it into Eng- 
 lish by Aaron Thompson of Queen's col- 
 lege, appeared 1718, Svo. 
 
 Jeffrets, George lord, better known as 
 judge Jeffreys, was born at Acton, Den- 
 bighshire. He was educated at Westmin- 
 ster school, and then removed to the Inner- 
 temple. When called to the bar, he re- 
 commended himself by his application and 
 zeal, and when introduced to the city of 
 London by his relative, alderman Jeffreys, 
 he was elected recorder of the city. He 
 afterwards became a favourite of the court, 
 was made solicitor to the duke of York, 
 and in 1680 knighted, and appointed chief 
 justice of Chester. His next appointment 
 was the place of chief justice of the king's 
 bench, and on James the second's acces- 
 sion, he was raised to the office of lord 
 chancellor. He was a violent promoter of 
 all the oppressive measures of that short 
 reign, and his cruelty on the circuit, after 
 Monmouth's rebellion, upon the deluded 
 adherents of this unfortunate nobleman, 
 will always be remembered to his disgrace 
 and ignominy. Though abusive in his 
 language, he had at times a becoming sense 
 of his dignity when on the bench ; and it 
 is said that, in the name of common hu- 
 manity, he threatened his severest ven- 
 geance against the mayor and corporation 
 of Bristol, who had been long in the habit 
 of selling culprits in their town for expor- 
 tation to the American plantations. At 
 the revolution the chancellor dreaded the 
 public indignation, and in the habit of a 
 sailor endeavoured to escape to the conti- 
 nent. He was in this disguise at Wap- 
 ping, drinking in a cellar, when a scrivener, 
 whom when in authority he had severely 
 chastised, recognised his once dreaded 
 features. The chancellor in vain attempt- 
 ed to elude the discovery by coughing and 
 turning to the wall, with the pot in his 
 hand ; the alarm was given, he was seized 
 by the mob, and conveyed to the lord 
 
J EL 
 
 3KS 
 
 mayor, and thence sent to the tower. He 
 died there iSth April, 1689, and wa.s pri- 
 vately buried the Sunday night following. 
 
 Jeffreys, George, an English writer, 
 born at VVeldroii, Northamptonshire. He 
 was educated at Westminster school, and 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, where he was 
 elected fellow, 1701. lie refus(;d to take 
 ordcVs, and applied himself to the law, and 
 was called to the bar, but did not practise. 
 He passed the latter part of his life in the 
 family of the dukes of Chandos, his rela- 
 tions, and died 1755, aged 77. In 1754, 
 he published by subscription a 4to. volume 
 of Miscellanies in prose and verse, among 
 which are two tragedies, Edwin and Me- 
 rope, both acted at the theatre Lincoln's- 
 Inn-fields, and the Triumph of Truth, an 
 oratorio. 
 
 Jeffries, Sir Herbert, was appointed 
 lieutenant-governor of Virginia, and one of 
 the commissioners for inquiring into the 
 state of the colony in 1676, and assumed 
 the administration on the return of Sir 
 William Berkeley to England. He died in 
 1678, when the government devolved on 
 Sir H. Chicherly. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Jehu, son of Jehosophat, was the lOth 
 king of Israel, B.C. 885. Though he de- 
 stroyed Joram and all the family of Ahab, 
 and cut off all the idolatrous priests of Baal, 
 yet he afterwards disregarded the worship 
 of the true God, for which he was deprive*] 
 of his kingdom by Hazael king of Syria, and 
 died 856 B.C. 
 
 Jektl, Sir Joseph, son of a clergyman in 
 Northamptonshire, became known as an 
 able lawyer, and an eloquent statesman. 
 As the friend of the whigs, he was one of 
 the managers of Sacheverel's trial, and 
 after maintaining his principles and popu- 
 larity undiminished, he was made in the 
 reign of George 1. Master of the Rolls, 
 privy counsellor, and was also knighted. 
 In his pamphlet, called the Judicial Autho- 
 rity of the Master of the Rolls stated and 
 vindicated, he ably supported the power and 
 independence of his office against the chan- 
 cellor King. This great man died 1738, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Jektl, Thomas, D.D. brother of the pre- 
 ceding was educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and obtained the vicarage of 
 Rowd, Wilts, the lectureship of Newland, 
 Gloucestershire, and the office of St. Mar- 
 garet's minister, Westminster. He was 
 author of Love and Peace recommended, 
 in two sermons at Bristol, 1674, 4to. — 
 Popery, a great Mystery of Iniquity, 1680, 
 4to. — True Religion the best Loyalty, 
 1682 — Exposition of the Church Catechism, 
 and some other sermons. 
 
 Jellinger, Christopher, a German, who 
 studied at Basil, and Leyden, and after 
 being some time a private soldier, came 
 from Geneva to England. He found pa- 
 
 trons, and obtaiiie.l the living of Brent in 
 Devonsliire, from which he was ijei ted for 
 nonconformity, 1662. He wrote Disp.ila- 
 tio Theologiea de Sacra Cuiia— a New and 
 Living Way of l)yin;r_T|,r. Spiritual Mer- 
 chant — 15 Conferences with Clirist, Ace. 
 He died at Knightsbridge, aged 83. 
 
 Jenckes, Joseph, governor of Uliode- 
 Island, succeeded Cranston, in 1727 and 
 continued in office five years. Ili-' had 
 been previously deputy governor. His 
 father was the honourable Joseph Ji ik kes, 
 a native o£ Buckinghamshire, who 'ami to 
 America, and settled at Pawtucket, where 
 he built the first house which was erected 
 there. Governor Jenckes was born at 
 Pawtucket, in 1656. He died June 15th, 
 1740, aged 84. William Jenckes, a bro- 
 ther of the governor, was a judge of the 
 county-court of Providence, and died in 
 1765, aged 91. ^CJ^ L. 
 
 Jenischius, Paul, a learned native of Ant- 
 werp, banished for writing Thtatrum Ani- 
 marum. He died at Sutgard,1647, aged 89. 
 
 Jenkin, Robert, a divine, born at Min- 
 ster, isle of Thanet, Jan. 165G. He was 
 educated at the King's school, Canterbury, 
 and St. John's college, Cambridge, where 
 he became fellow, 1680. In 1710, he was 
 elected master of his college, and also held 
 the Margaret professorship of divinity. 
 He refused to take the oaths at the revolu- 
 tion, but as the bishop of Ely could not 
 visit the college without the invitation of 
 the fellows, he remained with many others 
 undisturbed, though at the accession of 
 George I. a compulsory act was made, 
 which obliged all those who held preferment 
 worth 5/. a year to swear allegiance. Dr. 
 Jenkin, in compliance with the law, saw 
 several of his fellows expelled, but the un- 
 easiness which he suffered, joined to the 
 infirmities of age, hastened his dissolution. 
 He retired to his brother's house, Norfolk, 
 and died there, 7th April, 1727, and was 
 buried in Holme chapel, where his brother 
 was rector. His theological tracts were 
 much esteemed, und among them an Exa- 
 mination of the Authority of General 
 Councils, — a Defence of bishop Leek's 
 Profession — Remarks on four Books, Bas- 
 nage's History of the Jews, &c. — tlje Rea- 
 sonableness and Certainty of the Christiaa 
 Religion, of which the fifth edition appear- 
 ed 1721. 
 
 JENKi>f, William, a puritan, born at Sud- 
 bury, Suffolk, and educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. He was, in 1641, 
 made minister of Christ church, Newgate, 
 but was deprived for nonconformity, 1662. 
 He was concerned in Love's Plot, and 
 therefore was sent to the tower, but pro- 
 cured his liberty by petitioning Cromwell. 
 He was, in 1684, sent to Newgate on the 
 conventicle act, and died there four months 
 
 115 
 
JEN 
 
 JEN 
 
 after. He is author of Exposition on tiie 
 Epistle of Jude, fol. — Celeugma or Clamor 
 ad Tbeologos Hierarchiae Anglicanae — 
 some Sermons, &.c. 
 
 Jenkins, Henry, a native of Yorkshire, 
 who lived to the extraordinary age of 169 
 years. His faculties remained strong to 
 the last, and at an assize he appeared to 
 give evidence of what had passed within 
 his knowledge 140 years before. He re- 
 membered the battle of Floddcn-field. As 
 he was born before registers were kept, no 
 place would acknowledge him as a native, 
 •o much to the disgrace of his opulent 
 neighbours, he Mas compelled to beg his 
 bread in the last part of his life. He died 
 1670, and there is erected to his memory a 
 monument in Bolton church, Yorkshire, 
 where he was buried. 
 
 Jenkins, Sir Leoline, an English states- 
 man and civilian, born at Lantrisaint, Gla- 
 morganshire, 1623. He was educated at 
 Cowbridge school, and in 1641 removed 
 to Jesus college, Oxford, but soon after with 
 many other students, he took up arms in 
 the royal cause. He, however, remained 
 in Oxford till the king's death, and then 
 retired to Wales to the seat of Sir John 
 Aubrey, the education of whose eldest son 
 he undertook. He was afterwards tutor to 
 other young men of family and conse- 
 quence, but became obnoxious to the govern- 
 ment, from whost" resentment, however, he 
 was saved by the interference of his friend 
 Dr. Wilkins, warden of Wadham college. 
 For some time he resided at Oxford, but 
 being still considered as a dangerous man, 
 he fled to the continent in company with 
 some of his pupils, and travelled with them 
 over France, Holland, and Germany. He 
 returned home about 1658, and at the res- 
 toration was chosen one of the fellows of 
 Jesus college. In 1661 he took his degree 
 ofLL.D. and was the same year, on the 
 resignation of his friend Dr. Mansell, 
 elected principal of his college. He was 
 in 1663 appointed commissary of Canter- 
 bury by his patron Sheldon, the primate ; 
 and then removed to Doctors' Commons as 
 advocate of that court. In 1664, he was 
 engaged with other civilians in reviewing 
 the maritime laws, and the same year was 
 made judge assistant, and soon after princi- 
 pal of the Admiralty court ; and in 166S, 
 judge of the prerogative court of Canter- 
 bur)'. In 1669-70, he was knighted for his 
 services in recovering the property of the 
 deceased queen mother, against the claims 
 of her nephew Louis XIV. and afterwards 
 became one of the commissioners to nego- 
 tiate the union with Scotland. In 1671, 
 he was elected member for Hythe in Kent, 
 and in 1673, after resigning his office of 
 principal of Jesus, he went to Cologne as 
 plenipotentiary to settle a treaty of peace 
 "»vith the Dutch, v'^»c!» did not ."ucceed. 
 lin 
 
 The next year he was again deputed as u 
 mediator of the treaty of Nimeguen, with 
 Sir William Temple, the chief burden of 
 which rested upon him. His labours, how- 
 ever, were unsuccessful, and on leaving the 
 place 1679, he was nominated ambassador 
 to the Hague in the room of his associate 
 Temple, but soon after was again ii^ited 
 to renew his application for the treaty^ 
 which at last was that same year concluded. 
 He returned home Aug. 1679, andwas soon 
 after elected representative of the university 
 of Oxford. He ably opposed, in parliament, 
 the bill for the exclusion of the duke of 
 York, and his services were rewarded by 
 admission into the privy council, and the 
 appointment of secretary for the northern 
 provinces in 16S0, and next year for the 
 southern. He was again elected for Ox- 
 ford university and still opposed the exclu- 
 sion of the duke of York ; but the firmness 
 with which he attacked and reprobated the 
 violent measures of the court, exposed him 
 to obloquy, so that at last he retired from 
 office, 1684, to the privacy and literary so- 
 litude of his house at Hammersmith. On 
 James's accession he was sworn one of the 
 privy council, and elected again for the 
 university, but his infirmities increased, 
 and he found himself unable to attend his 
 duty in parliament. He died, Sept. 1, 
 1685, and was buried in Jesus college cha- 
 pel- As he was never married, he left his 
 property to charitable uses, and was parti- 
 cularly a benefactor to his college. His 
 letters and papers were printed, two vols, 
 folio, 1724, by W. Wynne, with an account 
 of his life. 
 
 Jenkinson, Charles, earl of Liverpool, 
 was the eldest son of colonel Jenkinson, 
 the younger brother of Sir Robert Jenkin- 
 son, baronet. He was born May 16th, 
 1727, and had his education at the Char- 
 ter-house ; from whence he removed to 
 University college, Oxford, where he took 
 the degree of master of arts in 1752. In 
 1761, he obtained a seat in parliament, and 
 was appointed under-secretary of state. In 
 1766, he was nominated a lord of the admi- 
 ralty ; from which board he removed to the 
 treasury. In 1772, he was made joint 
 vice-treasurer of Ireland, which he ex- 
 changed for the clerkship of the pells. In 
 1778 he became secretary at war, and in 
 1784 president of the board of trade. In 
 1786 he was raised to the peerage by the 
 title of baron Hawkesbury, and in 1796 to 
 the earldom of Liverpool. He died Dec. 
 17th, 1808. His lordship published — 1. A 
 Discourse on the Establishment of a Na- 
 tional and Constitutional Force in England. 
 2. A Discourse on the Conduct of Great 
 Britain in respect to Neutral Nations du- 
 ring War. 3. A Collection of Treatises, 
 3 vols. 8vo. 4. A Treatise on the Coins 
 of the Realm, 4to. J805.— TF. B. 
 
JEN 
 
 .TEl' 
 
 Jenks, Benjamin, a native of Shropshire, 
 who took orders and obtained the living of 
 Harley in his native county, where he was 
 minister 56 years, and died 1724, aged 78. 
 He was also chaplain to lord Bradford, and 
 wrote Submission to the Righteousness of 
 (jiod, l2mo. — Meditations, 2 vols. — Devo- 
 tions, l2mo. — and other works of devotion, 
 of great simplicity and merit. 
 
 Jenkins, David, a native of Pendoylen, 
 Glamorganshire, educated at Edmund-hall, 
 Oxford, from which he removed to Gray's 
 Inn to study the law. His abilities recom- 
 mended him to Charles I. who made him a 
 Welch judge, but his exertions were so 
 great in the royal cause that he was arrest- 
 ed at Hereford 1645 by the parliament and 
 sent to the tower. The severity did not 
 terrify him ; when brought before the com- 
 mons he boldly refused to kneel, and would 
 not acknowledge their authority, for which 
 he was fined 1000/. and sent back to prison. 
 The republicans were so violent against 
 him that they passed an act to try him, in 
 1650, but that was prevented it is said by a 
 singular speech of Harry Martin. At last 
 Jenkyns, who expected daily to be led to 
 execution, and who meant to die with the 
 Bible under one arm, and the Magna Char- 
 ta under the other, was set at liberty 1656, 
 and died seven years after, aged 66. His 
 legal and political tracts appeared together 
 1681, 12mo. 
 
 Jennens, Charles, a gentleman of dis- 
 senting principles, who in his youth dis- 
 played with such splendour the riches ac- 
 quired by the industry of his family at 
 Birmingham, that he was called Solyman 
 the magnificent. He composed the words 
 of some of Handel's Oratorios, and pub- 
 lished the Lear, Hamlet, Othello, and Mac- 
 beth of Shakspeare, as the specimen of an 
 intended edition of the poet, of which 
 death prevented the completion. He died 
 20th Nov. 1773, and was buried at Gopsal, 
 Leicestershire. 
 
 Jennings, David, D.D. in Scotland, was 
 minister of Old Gravel-lane Meeting- 
 House, Wapping, 44 years, and also pre- 
 sided over Coward's dissenting school. He 
 wrote Introduction to the Use of the Globes 
 and the Orrery, 8vo. — Introduction to the 
 Knowledge of Medals, r2mo. — Jewish Anti- 
 quities, 2 vols. 8vo. — Sermons, &,c. and 
 died 1762, aged 71. 
 
 Jenson, Nicolas, or Jansonius, an emi- 
 nent printer and letter founder of Venice, 
 by birth a Frenchman. He was commis- 
 sioned, it is said, by the French king, to 
 gain information with respect to the art of 
 printing, lately invented at Mentz, and 
 upon the death of his patron he retired to 
 Venice, where he soon distinguished him- 
 self. His types are still admired for their 
 neatness and beauty. He was the first 
 who determined the form and proportion of 
 
 the present Roman characters. The firat 
 books which issued from his press were, 
 '• Decor Puellarum," 1471, and the «arae 
 year in Italian, " (iloria Muiierum," and 
 afterwards various Classics. He died h» in 
 supposed about 1481, :i» none of his editions 
 appear after that period. 
 
 Jentns, Soame, an eminent Knglish wri- 
 ter, born in London 1704. He was pri- 
 vately educated, and then entered at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge, where he devoted 
 himself to laborious study, but took no de- 
 gree. In 1728, he published his " Art of 
 Dancing," and in 1741, was elected mem- 
 ber for Cambridge, which place, with the 
 exception of two others he represented till 
 1780. He assisted Moore in the publica- 
 tion of the "World," in 1753, and in 1755 
 he was made one of the lords of Trade, 
 and continued so till the abolition of the 
 board 1780. He died Dec. 18th, 1787, 
 aged 83, leaving no issue, though twice 
 married. He was buried at Bottingham, 
 Cambridgeshire. As a writer he distin- 
 guished himself by the purity of his lan- 
 guage, and the elegance of his diction, by 
 critical knowledge, and a delicate and lively 
 humour. It is remarkable that from a se- 
 rious believer in revelation he became a 
 deist, and again, after wandering in the 
 labyrinth of skepticism, he returned a de- 
 vout convert to Christianity, and on his 
 death-bed, gloried in the reflection that his 
 " View of the Internal Evidences of the 
 Christian Religion," had proved useful. His 
 publications were poems, collected in a 
 third edition 1778 — a Free Inquiry into 
 the Origin of Evil — a View of the Internal 
 Evidence, &c. — Political Tracts, &c. — all 
 republished together in 4 vols. 8vo. by 
 Nelson Cole, Esq. 1790. He has been de- 
 servedly blamed for his violent attack on 
 Dr. Johnson. In every respect his charac- 
 ter was respectable and exemplary. 
 
 Jephson, Richard, an Irishman, for some 
 time master of horse to the lord lieutenant 
 of Ireland, but best known as a dramatic 
 writer. He wrote Braganza, printed 1775 
 — the Law of Lombardy, a tragedy, acted 
 1779, — the Count of Narbonne, &c. He 
 wrote besides the Campaign, an Opera — 
 Julia, a tragedy — Two Strings to your 
 Bow, a farce — the Conspiracy — the Con- 
 fessions of J. Baptist Coutcau, a satire on 
 the atrocities of the French re\olution, 2 
 vols. 12mo. 1794 — Roman Portraits, with 
 Illustrations and licmarks, in 4to, a heroic 
 poem of merit, &.c. He died near Dublin, 
 1803. 
 
 Jephtiiaii, judge of Israel, is known in 
 sacred history for his remarkably rash vow 
 which be made when going to war against 
 the Amorites, promising if successful to sa- 
 crifice to God the first living thing which 
 met him. This was his own daughter, 
 who was accordinglv offered in sacrifice. 
 
 117 
 
JER 
 
 JES 
 
 though most commentators explain the his- 
 tory by saying that no human sacrifices 
 were permitted by theMosaic law, and that 
 the daughter of Jephthah, was only de- 
 voted to a life of perpetual celibacy, and 
 not immolated. 
 
 Jeremiah, second of the great prophets, 
 was born of the tribe of Benjamin, B.C. 
 629. He was imprisoned for prophesying 
 the calajiiitics which awaited his country, 
 and when Jerusalem was taken by Nebu- 
 chadnezzar, he was carried to Babylon, 
 where he died 586, B.C. or according to 
 some he was slain there by his vindictive 
 countrymen. In a pathetic and sublime style 
 the prophet foretold the captivity of his na- 
 tion and their future return, and in another 
 age the birth and the atonement of the 
 Messiah. 
 
 Jerningham, Edward, an English poet, 
 was descended from an ancient Roman Ca- 
 tholic family, and born in Norfolk in 1727. 
 He was educated at Douay and Paris ; 
 but on his return to England he joined in 
 communion with the established church. 
 One of his first publications was a poem in 
 favour of the Magdalen charity; after which 
 appeared a number of others, written in a 
 pleasing style, and collected, with his plays 
 in 4 vols. 8vo., 1806. He also wrote — 1. 
 *' An Essay on the mild Tenour of Chris- 
 tianity." 2. The Dignity of Human Na- 
 ture, an Essay. 3. The Alexandrian 
 School, or a Narrative of the first Christian 
 Professors in Alexandria. 4. An Essay 
 on the Eloquence of the Pulpit. 5. The 
 Old Bard's Farewell. He died Nov. 17th, 
 1812.— fT. B. 
 
 Jeroboam I. king of Israel, after the 
 separation of the ten tribes from Reho- 
 boam, son of Solomon, reigned 22 years, 
 and died 954 B.C. 
 
 Jeroboam II. son of Joash, was king of 
 Israel, B.C. 826, but on account of his 
 idolatry, the destruction of his race was 
 foretold by Hosea and Amos, the prophets. 
 He was defeated at Jezreel, by the Assy- 
 rians, and died 784 B.C. 
 
 Jerome, St. a father of the church, who 
 died 420, aged 30. He is famous for his 
 eloquence, his virtues, and his extensive 
 learning. His works, which are all on theo- 
 logical subjects, were edited by Erasmus, 
 1526, and at Paris, 1693. 
 
 Jerome of Prague, so called from the 
 place of his birth, was a martyr to protes- 
 tantism. He studied at the universities of 
 Paris, Heidelberg, Cologne, and it is said, 
 Oxford, and in 1396 became D.D. He 
 warmly embraced the doctrines of his friend 
 and master Huss, and with him, was sum- 
 moned to answer for his opinions before 
 the council of Constance. He seemed in- 
 clined to answer the citation, but seeing 
 Huss thrown into prison, he privately with- 
 drew to Uberlingen, and in vain applied to 
 118 
 
 the emperor for protection. Though he 
 promised to confront his persecutors, if 
 guarded against violence, his fair claims 
 were disregarded, he was seized as he at- 
 tempted to return home, and dragged in 
 chains to Constance. After being exposed to 
 various insults, and artfully tempted to make 
 a recantation of his opinions, he boldly de- 
 clared himself the supporter of the tenets of 
 Wicklitle and Huss, and thus triumphant in 
 constancy over his enemies, he was con- 
 demned to the flames. On May 30th, 
 1416, he suffered at the stake: he endured 
 his torments with great fortitude and re- 
 signation, and thus obtained the crown of 
 mai'tyrdom. 
 
 Jerome of St. Faith, or Joshua Larchi, 
 a Spanish Jew, physician to Peter de Lu- 
 na, afterwards pope Benedict XIII. He 
 disputed in the presence of this pope and of 
 several cardinals at Tortosa, with the Jew- 
 ish rabbies 1414, and by becoming a con- 
 vert to Christianity, he had such influence 
 over his countrymen, and also by his trea- 
 tise on the Errors of the Talmud, that 5000 
 Jews followed his example. His book ap- 
 peared at Frankfort, 1602. 
 
 Jervas, Charles, a painter, born in Ire- 
 land. He studied under Sir Godfrey Knel- 
 ler, and by the patronage of Dr. G. Clark, 
 of Oxford, he visited France and Italy, for 
 the improvement of his abilities. On his 
 return to England, he acquired some cele- 
 brity, more from the praises and friendship 
 of Pope, than from his own merit. It has 
 been observed, that the lines which the 
 poet wrote in his praise, are more languid 
 and less happy than any other of his verses. 
 Horace Walpole, whose judgment should 
 be decisive, says of him, that he was de- 
 fective in drawing, colouring, and compo- 
 sition, and in likeness. In general, his 
 pictures are a light, flimsy kind of fan- 
 painting, as large as life. He was, however, 
 vain of his art, and after censuring the ear 
 as the only faulty part of the beautiful face 
 of lady Bridgewater, with whom he pre- 
 tended to be in love, he produced his own as 
 a perfect model. He published a transla- 
 tion of Don Quixote, without understand- 
 ing Spanish, says Pope, and the work was 
 honoured with a -upplement on the origin 
 of romances of chivalry, by Warburton. 
 He died about 1740. 
 
 Jessey, Henry, a native of West Row- 
 ton, Yorkshire, educated at Cambridge. 
 He favoured the independents, for which 
 he was imprisoned in 1641, but afterwards 
 set at liberty by the parliament. He was 
 afterwards minister of St. George's, South- 
 wark, but was ejected 1662, and died the 
 next year. 
 
 Jesttn, ap Gwrgant, prince of Glamor- 
 gan, was deprived of his right to the sove- 
 reignty on his father's death, 1030, in con- 
 sequence of his violent and ungovernable 
 
JEW 
 
 .!£:> 
 
 temper, l)ut succeeded the next Liiii^, his 
 uncle Howell, 1043. By his dissension 
 with the neighbouring princes, the English 
 were invited to support the weaker party, 
 and thus the country became the property 
 of the artful invaders. 
 
 Jesua, Levita, a Spanish rahbiofthe 15th 
 century, author of a book called " Halichot 
 Olam," the ways of eternity, of which Ba- 
 shuysen printed an edition in Hcl)rcw and 
 Latin at Hanover, 1714, in 4to. 
 
 Jesus, a Jew, who foretold the calami- 
 ties which were to fall on his nation, he- 
 fore the siege of Jerusalem by Titus. Du- 
 ring the siege he cried out. on seeing his 
 prophecy fulfilled. Wo to the temple, to 
 the nation, and to me ! and at that mo- 
 ment, says Josephus, he was killed with a 
 dart. 
 
 Jesus, son of Sirach, a native of Jerusa- 
 lem, was author of Eeclesiasticus, B.C. 200. 
 His grandson, of the same name, translated 
 the book into Greek, which is preserved in 
 the Apocrypha. 
 
 Jesus CnnisT, the blessed Saviour of the 
 world, was born at Bethlehem, A.M. 4004, 
 and was, after a life of the most exemplary 
 sanctity, and of celestial benevolence, 
 cruelly crucified by the Jews on Mount 
 Calvary, Friday, 3d April, A. D. 36. His 
 history is well known as recorded in the 
 page of the four holy evangelists. 
 
 Jethro, father-in-law of Moses, was 
 priest and king of the Midianites. After 
 the deliverance of Israel from Egypt, Je- 
 thro brought his daughter Zipporah and 
 her children to her husband Moses, and 
 gave him much good advice about the go- 
 vernment of his nation. 
 
 Jeune, Jean le, a French divine, of such 
 piety and humility that he refused a canon- 
 ry to enter the rigid society of the Oratory. 
 He was highly esteemed as a preacher and 
 as a man. He lost his sight at 35, and was 
 twice cut for the stone, but he endured all 
 these sufferings with great resignation. 
 He died 1672, aged 80. His sermons, pub- 
 lished in 10 vols. Svo. were much esteem- 
 ed by Massillon, and have been translated 
 into Latin. 
 
 Jewel, .John, an English bishop, born 
 at Buden, in Devonshire, 1522. He was 
 educated at Barnstaple school, and at the 
 age of 13 entered at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford, and in 1530 was chosen scholar of 
 Corpus Christi. By great application he 
 acquired extensive knowledge, and became 
 a respectable tutor in hi'^ college, and an 
 able and popular preacher in the universi- 
 ty, and in his parish of Sunningwell, near 
 Oxford, of which he was rec<or. He was 
 in his principles, a zealous protestant, and 
 he proved it upon tlie accession of Edward 
 VL but after that king's death, he was ex- 
 pelled from his college by the fellows, upon 
 which ho retired to Broadgate-hall, now 
 
 Pembroke college, where many of his pu- 
 pils followed Ijiiii. The abettors of poperj- 
 did not long sutUir him in the enjoy mjrit of 
 retirement and security ; he wa.^ coutpellcd 
 to subscribe to the popish doctrines, but 
 his sincerity was doubted, and he escaped 
 with didiculty from the emissaries of Bon- 
 ner, and passed to the continent. Here- 
 sided for some time at Stra^hurg, m the 
 house of his ohl friend, Peter Martyr, once 
 divinity professor at O.Xiord. On Mary's 
 death he returned to England, and was se- 
 lected as one of the sixteen protestants 
 who were to dispute with tlu; same numljer 
 of catholics in the presence of Elizabeth. 
 In 1559, he was one of the commissioners 
 for the extirpation of popery in the west of 
 England, and a few months after was rais- 
 ed to the see of Salisbury. His merit and 
 learning were further rewarded by the ho- 
 nourable grant of the degree of D.D. from 
 the university of Oxford, 15G5. In his 
 episcopal character he displayed that acti- 
 vity and vigilance so necessary in the esta- 
 blishment of order and regularity, after 
 emancipation from catholic tyranny, and 
 he personally inspected the conduct of all 
 his officers, and completed the triumph of 
 refbrmation in his diocess, by the impartial 
 and exemplary conduct, which, emanating 
 from himself, pervaded his courts and his 
 clergy. His indefatigable application, how- 
 ever, undermined his constitution, and the 
 regular habit of rising at four in the morn- 
 ing, and continuing engaged in prayer, in 
 study, and in business, til! near twelve at 
 night, proved at last unhappily injurious to 
 his health. He contracted a disorder which 
 carried him off at Monkton Farley, in Sep- 
 tember, 1571, in his 50th year. This wor- 
 thy man, so eminent for integrity, for libe- 
 rality, for meekness, modesty, and every 
 amiable virtue, was blessed with a most 
 happy memory, and was well skilled in the 
 learned languages, and also in German and 
 Italian. His works were numerous and 
 respectable, the best known oC which, are 
 his " Apologia Ecclcsijs AnsflicanT," seve- 
 ral times printed in England and abroad, 
 and translated into Greek at Oxford, 1614, 
 and into English, 15C2, by lady Bacon. 
 This valuable work, which merited and ob- 
 tained the approbation of the queen and 
 her two successors, and was recommended 
 from the ])ench of bishops to be placed in 
 all parish churches in England and Wales, 
 was attacked by Hardy nge, and defended 
 by the author in the most masterly and un- 
 answerable manruT. His life has been 
 written by Dr. Lawrence Humphrey and by 
 Featley. 
 
 Jezed I. fifth caliph, or successor of 
 Mahomet, began his reign 6S0. He assas- 
 sinated Hussein, son of Ali, whom the 
 Arabs had raise<l to the throne in opposi- 
 tion to him, and he showed himself cniet 
 
UOA 
 
 70A 
 
 und revengeful against his rivals and ene- 
 mies. He had a taste for literature, and 
 died 683. 
 
 JoAB, a general under David, who slew 
 Abner, and afterwards stabbed Absalom, 
 his master's son. Though his cruelties 
 were forgiven, on account of his great ser- 
 vices, by David, yet he was put to death by 
 Solomon for espousing the cause of his ri- 
 val, Adonijah, B. C. i0l4. 
 
 Joachim, abbot of Corazzo, and after- 
 wards of Flora in Calabria, was born at Ce- 
 lico near Cosenza, 1130. He was of the 
 Cistercian order, and travelled on a pil- 
 grimage to the Holy Land. It is said that 
 he founded several monasteries, which he 
 governed with great prudence, wisdom, 
 and moderation. He pretended also to be 
 a prophet, and his prophecies have appear- 
 ed in a book called, " the Everlasting Gos- 
 pel," which, however, is supposed by Mo- 
 sheira, to have been written by some other 
 missionary. Joachim died 1202, leaving a 
 numerous sect behind, called Joachimites. 
 The pope refused to canonize him, be- 
 cause some of his tenets were erroneous 
 and profane. His works were published 
 folio, Venice, 151G. His life has been 
 written by Gervaise, a Dominican, 1745, 2 
 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Joachim, George, a native of the Gri- 
 son's country, appointed mathematical pro- 
 fessor at Wittemberg, where he ably de- 
 fended the Copernican system. He wrote 
 Ephemerides — de Doctrina Triangulorum 
 — Orationes de Astronomia, &c. and died 
 1576, aged 62. 
 
 Joan, Pope, a woman placed by Platina 
 among the successors of St. Peter, by the 
 name of John VIH. or according to others 
 of John Vn. Though some affirm this to 
 be a fictitious story, propagated for the dis- 
 credit of the catholics, according to the re- 
 port, a woman, born at Mentz, and sup- 
 posed to be of English extraction, acquired 
 so much celebrity at Athens and Rome, 
 where she studied in man's clothes, that 
 for her probity, learning, and virtues, she 
 was honoured with the degree of doctor, 
 and was deemed worthy to succeed to the 
 popedom on the death of Leo IV. Thus 
 raised to eminence, Joan indulged the most 
 indelicate amours with her favourite tutor, 
 and being in a pregnant state, she impro- 
 perly ventured, when near her time, to at- 
 tend a procession through the streets of 
 Home. Thus circumstanced, she was de- 
 livered of a child between the Colosseum 
 and the Church of St. Catharine, and died 
 upon the spot, either through pain or 
 shame, after enjoying two years the ponti- 
 fical seat. In remembrance of this catas- 
 trophe it is said, the holy father turns his 
 head aside when he passes by the fatal spot, 
 and to prevent the recurrence of such im- 
 morality, it is asserted, that the elected 
 120 
 
 pontift', before he is installed, submits to 
 an examination of his manhood, when 
 seated on a pierced chair. This story, be- 
 lieved for some centuries, and excused or 
 palliated by some of the catholic writers, 
 and denied by others, is now considered 
 as fabulous, as it never was mentioned for 
 200 years after the time when it is asserted 
 it actually took place. Pius II. was the 
 first who ventured, in the 15th century, to 
 question the authority of the tradition, and 
 after being agitated with great warmth by 
 catholics and protestants for some time, it 
 is now laid aside by both parties as ridicu- 
 lous and puerile. 
 
 Joan of Arc, or the maid of Orleans, a ce- 
 lebrated French heroine, born at Domremy 
 in Lorraine, 1412, of obscure parents. 
 When she was servant at an inn, she pre- 
 tended that she saw in a vision St. Mi- 
 chael, the tutelary saint of France, who or- 
 dered her to raise the siege of Orleans, 
 which the English were then besieging, and 
 to preside at the coronation of Charles VII. 
 at Rheims. This was no sooner noised 
 abroad than she was introduced by Baudri- 
 court, the governor of the neighbouring 
 town of Vaucouleurs to the king, whom she 
 found out in the midst of his courtiers, 
 though dressed in the plainest apparel. 
 Charles, whose affairs were reduced to the 
 greatest extremity, determined to employ 
 this extraordinary woman, though her pro- 
 fessions were ridiculed by the parliament ; 
 and Joan appearing among the soldiers, 
 arrayed in the arms and the dress of a man, 
 inspired them with such enthusiastic ar- 
 dour that the siege of Orleans was raised, 
 the English were defeated, and the mo- 
 narch advanced to Rheims, where his coro- 
 nation took place in the presence of the 
 victorious heroine. For these services 
 Joan was ennobled by the king, she assu- 
 med the name of Lys, and received a large 
 grant of lands ; but while she promised her- 
 self fresh victories, she was wounded at 
 the siege of Paris, and she was taken pri- 
 soner at Compiegne. This event was re- 
 garded by the English as a great victory, 
 but instead of receiving her with the hu- 
 manity which a captive and a female re- 
 quired, they treated her not only with 
 harshness, but accused her of witchcraft, 
 and condemned her by the sentence of the 
 university of Paris to be burnt. She suf- 
 fered 30th May, 1431, at Rouen, and as 
 she walked to the fatal stake, she displayed 
 the same courage and intrepidity which she 
 had evinced under the walls of Orleans. 
 By her death, Joan gained perhaps more 
 friends to her master than her services and 
 her triumphs had procured ; and in thus 
 cruelly putting to death a person whom the 
 fortune of war had placed in their hands, 
 not as a rebellious subject, but as a captive, 
 whom the superstition of the times had ez- 
 
.)Uli 
 
 lou 
 
 alted to extraordinary consequence, the 
 English fixed an indelible stigma upon their 
 character, and rendered their cause odious 
 in the eyes even of their adherents in con- 
 quered France. 
 
 Joan, queen of Naples, daughter of 
 Charles, king of Sicily, murdered her first 
 husband, Andrew of Hungary, and married 
 another. The death of the murdered prince 
 was avenged by his brether Lewis ; but 
 though Joan (led to Provence for a while, 
 she recovered her kingdom, and destroyed 
 her husband to marry a third, after whose 
 death she took a fourth. As she had no 
 issue, she adopted her relation, Charles de 
 Duras, who, however, revolted against her 
 by the intrigues of the king of Hungary, in 
 consequence of which she named for her 
 successor Lewis of France, duke of Anjou. 
 This was productive of a dreadful civil war, 
 but Charles obtaining Naples, seized the 
 queen, and put her to death 13S1, in her 
 55th year. 
 
 Joan IL queen of Naples after her bro- 
 ther, Ladislaus, 1414, disgraced herself by 
 her debaucheries. Her second husband, 
 John, count of March, ofi'ended with her 
 conduct,destroyed her favourite, Pandolfus, 
 and imprisoned her ; but an insurrection 
 restored her to liberty, and thrust her hus- 
 band into a dungeon, from which he es- 
 caped to France, to lead a monastic life. 
 Joan adopted for her heir, Alphonsus, king 
 of Arragon, and died 1434. 
 
 JoASH, son of Ahaziah, was proclaimed 
 king of Israel, at the age of seven, by Je- 
 hoiada the high-priest, by whose advice he 
 governed well, and put to death his grand- 
 mother Athaliah, who had destroyed all his 
 family, and even attempted his life. On 
 the death of his virtuous preceptor he be- 
 came idolatrous and was slain by two of 
 his servants, B. C. 483. 
 
 JoASH, king of Israel after his father, Je- 
 hoahaz, though he paid respect to the ad- 
 monitions of Elisha the prophet, followed 
 the idolatries of Jeroboam. He defeated 
 the Syrians in three battles, took Amaziah 
 king of Judah prisoner, and reduced Jerusa- 
 lem, and died B. C. S26, after a reign of 
 sixteen years. 
 
 Job, patriarch of Uz near Idumea, is ce- 
 lebrated in sacred history for his sufferings 
 and patience, his respect for the decrees of 
 heaven, and his resignation in calamity. 
 He was restored to honours and happiness 
 after enduring the greatest misfortunes, 
 and died about 1500 years B. C. His his- 
 tory is a most beautiful and sublime poem, 
 which some attribute to Isaiah, and others 
 to Moses. 
 
 JoBERT, Lewis, a Jesuit of Paris, distin- 
 guished as a preacher and a medallist. He 
 died at Paris 1719, aged 72. He wrote 
 theological tracts, and '" la Science des Me- 
 
 Vou n. 10 
 
 dailcs," a \aluablc work, best edited, 17;J&, 
 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 JoDELLE, Stephen, lord of Limodin, wan 
 born at Paris, 1532. He wa.i one of the 
 Pleiades, or seven French poets nuutioiu-ii 
 by Ronsard. lie was the first Fnn( liinan 
 who wrote plays in his own langnngc, and 
 with choruses in imitation of the (Jreek. 
 His Cleopatra was acted with great ap- 
 plause before the king, but in general his 
 plays were long and tedious. He was also 
 an orator, and Avell skilled in arehitcelurc, 
 sculpture and painting. He at one limo 
 embraced the opinions of the protestants, 
 but after ridiculing the mass in a Latin sa- 
 tirical poem of 100 lines, he returned to 
 the profession of that religion, and proba- 
 bly thus escaped the murder of St. Bartho- 
 lomew. He died 1573, aged 41, very poor, 
 though he might have been independent m 
 fortune, if he had cultivated his interest at 
 court. A volume of his works was pub- 
 lished 1574, containing besides Cleopatra 
 and Dido, tragedies, Eugene, a Comedy, 
 and Songs, Sonnets, Elegies, and Odes. 
 
 Joel, the second of the minor prophets, 
 foretold in an animated style the desolation 
 of Judea by the Chaldeans, and in a pas- 
 sage quoted by Peter, announces the 
 pouring out of the Holy Ghost on the be- 
 lieving Christians. He flourished about 
 790 years B. C. 
 
 John, Baptist, the forerunner of Christ, 
 was son of Zacharias and Elizabeth. He 
 was born about six months before our Sa- 
 viour, and after living a life of austerity ia 
 the deserts, where his food was locusts and 
 wild honey, and his clothing camel's hair, 
 he began to preach repentance of sins, and 
 to baptize in the Jordan those who confess- 
 ed their sins. Jesus was himself baptized 
 by him, and the Baptist bore testimony to 
 his sacred office and supernatural appoint- 
 ment. At last John, who had reproved 
 Herod for marrying Herodias his brother 
 Philip's widow was cast into prison, and at 
 the instigation of the vindictive queen he 
 was beheaded A. D. 29. 
 
 John, the Evangelist, brother of James 
 the great, was son of Zebedt^e and Salome. 
 He was about 26 when the Messiah called 
 him from his profession of fisherman to be- 
 come a disciple, and he ever afterwards 
 continued, from his respect and attention, 
 the favourite of his master. At the last 
 supper he leaned upon the breast of Jesus, 
 and inquired who should be the traitor, and 
 before the ascension the Redeemer said of 
 him to the question of Peter, " if I will 
 that he tarry till I come, what is that to 
 thee," an answer which some of the Chris- 
 tian converts improperly regarded as an as- 
 surance that he should not die before the 
 end of the world. He afterwards preach- 
 ed the gospel in Asia, and penetrated as 
 far as Parthia, and then fixed bis residence 
 
 1-M 
 
JOII 
 
 JOH 
 
 at Ephesu?. Durin;* the persecutions ot 
 Domitian he ^vas diagg;ed to Rome and 
 thrown into a caldron of boiling oil, from 
 which he received no injury, and then was 
 banished to Patmos where he saw his vi- 
 sions and wrote his Apocalypse. Under 
 Nero, he returned to Ephcsus, and at the 
 request of the Asiatic churches he wrote 
 his gospel to refute the errors of Cerin- 
 thus and Ebion, who maintained that 
 our Saviour was a mere man. He wrote 
 besides three Epistles. He died at Ephe- 
 sus, A. D. 100, at the age of 94, in Trajan's 
 reign. 
 
 John, surnamed Mark, was the disciple 
 of the apostles, and attended Paul and Bar- 
 nabas in their peregrinations to preach the 
 gospel. When the two apostles afterwards 
 disputed about the services and the merits 
 of their attendants, John followed Barnabas 
 to Cyprus, and some years afterwards he 
 was at Rome to minister to the necessities 
 of Paul in prison. Some suppose that he 
 died at Ephesus. 
 
 John, a native of Nicomedia, who was 
 roasted to death in defence of the faith in 
 the persecution of Diocletian, 303. 
 
 John St. a native of Cyprus, raised to 
 the see of Alexandria 610. He was re- 
 markable for his benevolence and charity. 
 
 John, secretary to Honorius, seized the 
 throne of Constantinople on his master's 
 death and was beheaded two years after 
 at Ravenna, 425. 
 
 John I. surnamed Zimisces, was of an 
 illustrious family, and he seized on the 
 throne of Constantinople by the assassina- 
 tion of Nicephoras Phocas, at the instiga- 
 tion of the empress Theophanon 969. 
 Though he thus owed his elevation to mur- 
 der, he governed with great moderation and 
 displayed unusual valour against the Rus- 
 sians, Bulgarians and Saracens, whom he 
 repeatedly defeated. He banished the em- 
 press Theophanon at the command of the 
 patriarch, and he was poisoned by a cup- 
 bearer at the instigation of the eunuch 
 Basil, and he died lOth Jan. 976. 
 
 John H. Comncnus, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Alexis Comnenus on the throne of 
 Constantinople, 1118. He married Irene 
 princess of Hungary, and was successful in 
 his wars against the Mahometans, Servians, 
 and other barbarians. He was a virtuous 
 prince and banished luxury and effeminacy 
 from his court. He died 3d April, 1143, 
 aged 55, in consequence of a wound re- 
 ceived from a poisoned arrow in the chase. 
 
 John HI. Ducas, was emperor of Nice, 
 whilst the Latins were masters of Constan- 
 tinople. Though successful against the 
 neighbouring princes, whose dominions he 
 conquered, he failed in his attempts to take 
 Constantinople, and was obliged to make a 
 treaty of peace with Baldwin the usurper. 
 122 
 
 He afterwards waged war against the Bul- 
 garians and died 1255, aged 62. 
 
 John IV. Lascaris, succeeded, at the age 
 of six, his father Theodore the younger on 
 the throne of Constantinople, 1259. His 
 youth exposed him to dangers, and his 
 sceptre was seized by Michael Palxologus, 
 who put out his eyes, and confined him for 
 the rest of life in a prison. He died under 
 Andronicus II. 
 
 John V. Cantacuzenus, emperor of Con- 
 stantinople. Vid. Cantacuzenus. 
 
 John VI. Palaeologus, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Andronicus the younger on the throne 
 of Constantinople, 1341, and had the good 
 fortune to free himself from the power of 
 John Cantacuzenus his father-in-law, who 
 had usurped his sceptre. He afterwards 
 defended himself against the Turks, but 
 bought their peace with money. A more 
 formidable opposition awaited him in the 
 rebellion of his son Andronicus, who im- 
 prisoned him and his sons, and during these 
 civil commotions the Turks renewed their 
 attacks against Constantinople and imposed 
 upon the emperor very disgraceful terms. 
 This weak and unfortunate monarch died 
 of chagrin, 1390, aged 60. 
 
 John VII. Palaeologus, emperor of Con- 
 stantinople after his father Emanuel, 1425, 
 was unfortunate in his opposition againsJ 
 his Turkish invaders, and solicited in his 
 defence the assistance of the Latins. More 
 effectually to secure the support of the 
 princes of the West, he meditated a union 
 between the two churches, and the pope, 
 Eugenius IV. favouring the plan, called a 
 council at Ferrara, where the emperor at- 
 tended in person, and where a reconcilia- 
 tion took place, 1439, but not to continue 
 long. John died 31st Oct. 1448, after a 
 reign of 29 years. 
 
 John I. pope, a Tuscan, who succeeded 
 Hormisdas in the chair of St. Peter, 523. 
 He was thrown into prison by Theodoric, 
 who persecuted the Arians, and he died 
 in confinement at Ravenna, 526. 
 
 John II. a native of Rome, pope after 
 Boniface II. 533. He opposed the Nesto- 
 rians and Eutychians, and died May, 535. 
 
 John III. a Roman, pope after Pelagius 
 I. 560, was zealous in the decoration of 
 churches, and died 13th July, 573. 
 
 John IV. a native of Salona, made pope 
 640, and died two years after. 
 
 John V. a Syrian of benevolent charac- 
 ter, raised to the papal chair 685, He died 
 two years after. 
 
 John VI. a Greek, made pope after Ser- 
 gius, 701. He died 9th Jan. 705. 
 
 John VII. a Greek, who succeeded John 
 VI. on the papal throne, and died 17th 
 Oct. 707. He was a weak pontiff, and too 
 compliant with the improper requests of 
 Justinian. 
 
 John VIII. a Roman, pope after Adrian 
 
JOll 
 
 .)01l 
 
 11. 872, crowned Charles the Bald empe- 
 ror, 875. He held a council at Troyes, 
 878, but was called back to Italy by the in- 
 vasion of the Saracens, who proved so suc- 
 cessful that they obliged him to pay an an- 
 nual tribute. He was prevailed upon by 
 Basil, emperor of the East, to acknowledge 
 as patriarch Photius, who had artfully ba- 
 nished the legal possessor, Ignatius, but he 
 afterwards saw the impropriety of his con- 
 cesaioiis, and therefore excommunicated 
 the usurper. He died 1 5th Dec. 882. 
 About 300 of his letters are preserved. 
 
 John IX. a native of Tivoli, elected pope 
 after Theodore II. 898. He died Nov. 
 900. 
 
 John X. bishop of Bologna, and arch- 
 bishop of Ravenna, was elected pope 914, 
 by the intrigues of Theodora his mistress. 
 He was more capable of leading an army 
 than of governing the church, and he de- 
 feated the Saracens, who ravaged Italy, but 
 was afterwards driven from Rome by Guy 
 duke of Tuscany. He was put in prison 
 by Marosia, daughter of Theodore, and 
 suflbcated 2d July, 928. 
 
 John XI. son of Alberic duke of Spo- 
 letto, and Marosia the wife of Guy of Tus- 
 cany, was made pope at the age of 25, by 
 the intrigues of his mother, 931. He was 
 confined in the castle of St. Angelo with 
 his licentious mother, by his brother Albe- 
 ric, and he died there 936. 
 
 John XII. a Roman noble, son of Albe- 
 ric, was elected pope 956, at the age of 18, 
 and was the first who changed his name of 
 Octavian by assuming that of John. He 
 solicited the assistance of the emperor Otho, 
 against the tyranny of Berenger, who had 
 established his power over Italy, and when 
 he had succeeded in driving away his ene- 
 my, he crowned his illustrious ally, and 
 swore to him inviolable fidelity, over the 
 body of St. Peter. This alliance was of 
 short duration, the pope became the friend 
 of the son of Berenger, and united himself 
 against his ancient ally and benefactor, in 
 consequence of which Otho invaded Italy, 
 and, in a general council in 963, accused 
 the pope of various crimes. John, con- 
 victed of adultery, violence, and oppression, 
 was deposed, and Leo VIII. placed in his 
 room ; but no sooner was the emperor re- 
 turned to his dominions than the exiled 
 pontiff entered Rome, and with the most 
 barbarous ci-uelty mutilated his enemies. 
 He was, in 964, Icilled by an insulted hus- 
 band whose bed he had defiled. 
 
 John XIII. a Roman, elected pope 965, 
 by the power of the emperor, against the 
 wishes of the Roman people. This violent 
 step was productive of dissension, and the 
 new pontiff was banished the next year by 
 Peter, prefect of Rome ; but the emperor 
 rp.instated him, and sent into exile his op- 
 
 poucni 111 disgrace. John died Ulh Sepi. 
 972. 
 
 John X!\ . bishop of I'avia, and chancel- 
 lor of Otho II. succeeded \'II. a.s pope, 
 983. He was imprisoned in the caslie of 
 St. Angelo, by the anti-pope Boniface Mil. 
 and died there cither of poison or of grief 
 20th Aug. 934. 
 
 John XV. pope after John XIV. died 
 soon after his elevation, and even before hi-j 
 consecration, according to some. 
 
 John XVI. a Roman, made pope 985. 
 He was the first who rewarded the merito- 
 rious deeds of life by canonization. He 
 died 30th April, 996. 
 
 John XVII. a Roman, elected after Syl- 
 vester II. 1003. He died six months after- 
 There was an anti-pope of that name who 
 was seized by the soldiers of Otho III. who 
 in derision cut off his hands and ears, and 
 tore out his tongue, 993. His name was 
 Philagathus. 
 
 John XVIII. a Roman, elected afler 
 John XVII. From this time the right of 
 election passed from the Roman people to 
 the clergy. John afterwards resigned his 
 dignity for the obscurity of a monastery, 
 and died l8th July, 1009. 
 
 John XIX. son of the count of Tuscu- 
 lum, succeeded his brother Benedict VIII. 
 1024. He crowned the emperor Conrad 
 II. and died May, 1033. 
 
 John XX. the name given by some his- 
 torians to the anti-pope Philagathus, or to 
 John, son of Robert, or to the woman who 
 is said to have filled the papal chair under 
 the name of pope Joan. 
 
 John XXI. a Portuguese, son of a phy- 
 sician, was made pope 1276, but died eight 
 months after by the fall of a building upon 
 him at Viterbo, 16th May, 1277. He left 
 works of philosophy, medicine, and theo- 
 logy- 
 
 John XXII. James d'Euse, a native of 
 
 Cahors, who, by the patronage of Charles 
 II. of Naples, to whose son he was precep- 
 tor, rose to high ecclesiastical dignities, 
 and, in 1316, was elected to the popedom. 
 He was an active pontiff, and founded se- 
 veral abbies, and established some bishop- 
 rics in central towns. His pontificate, 
 however, was disturbed by various quar- 
 rels, especially with the cordeliers, whose 
 order he intended to suppress. He died 
 4th Dec. 1334, respected for his frugality, 
 prudence, and sanctity. He was well 
 skilled in medicine, and wrote the Thesau- 
 rus Pauperum — treatise on the Disorders 
 of the Eyes — on the Gout — on the Forma- 
 tion of the Foetus— Advice for preserving 
 Health, printed at Lyons, &c. 
 
 John XXIII. Balthasar Cossa, a Neapo- 
 litan, who was legate at Bologna, and cham- 
 berlain to Boniface IX. and on the deitth 
 of Alexander V. was raised to the popedom, 
 1410. His clevaticn wo-i not without op- 
 
 123 
 
JOH 
 
 JUH 
 
 position ; but to pacify faction he promised 
 to resign the tiara if Gregory XII. and Pe- 
 ter de Lunc, or Benedict XIII. would also 
 abandon their pretensions. Though these 
 conditions were accepted and ratified with 
 due formality in the council of Constance, 
 he had the art to withdraw himself, and to 
 re-assunie the office and insignia of sove- 
 reign pontiff J but he was soon after de- 
 posed and imprisoned. Three years after, 
 1418, he was restored to liberty and com- 
 pelled to acknowledge the election of Mar- 
 tin V. by whom he was treated with great 
 kindness. He died soon after at Florence, 
 22d Nov. 1419. He was in his character 
 a most worthless and immoral man. 
 
 John, king of England, surnamed Lack- 
 land, was the fourth son of Henry II. He 
 unjustly deprived his nephew Arthur of his 
 possessions in Britanny, and confined 
 him in the tower of Rouen, where he was 
 cruelly put to death, and having thus cut 
 off the right heir of the English crown he 
 was declared king. The states of Britan- 
 ny and Constance, the mother of the mur- 
 dered Arthur, complained of the cruelties 
 of the usurper before Augustus Philip of 
 France, and the tyrant was condemned for 
 the murder, and his dominions in France 
 confiscated. He retired to England, de- 
 rided and despised by his subjects, and to 
 complete his disgrace he quarrelled with the 
 pope and the barons. The pope excommu- 
 nicated him, but he reconciled himself to 
 him by acknowledging himself the vassal 
 of Rome, and when he found the barons op- 
 posing force to his measures, and threaten- 
 ing his deposition, he consented to their re- 
 quest, and signed the Magna Charta, the 
 glorious basis of British freedom. As this 
 was extorted from him, John showed little 
 inclination to observe it ; and the barons, 
 to punish and dethrone him, called over 
 Lewis the son of the French king, and 
 swore allegiance to him. Deserted by his 
 subjects and harassed by an army of fo- 
 reigners, John at last found relief in death. 
 His misfortunes pressed so heavily upon 
 his spirits that he fell a victim to a fever at 
 Newark, 19th Oct. 1216. He was buried 
 in Worcester cathedral. His son Henry 
 III. succeeded him. 
 
 John, king of France, surnamed the 
 Good, succeeded his father Philip Valois, 
 1350. The beginning of his reign was 
 marked by measures of severity, and in 
 consequence of this, dissatisfaction and in- 
 sun'ection prevailed over the kingdom and 
 favoured the invasion of the country by the 
 English. John opposed his enemies, but 
 was defeated in a dreadful battle near Poi- 
 tiers by the black prince Edward, and 
 taken prisoner, 1356. The imprisonment 
 of John in England was the signal for civil 
 dissension. France was torn to pieces by 
 her rebellious chief?, and t,he king, unable 
 ^24 
 
 to procure his liberty by the payment gf 
 300 millions of golden crowns, and by the 
 cession of eight provinces for his ransom, 
 according to the treaty of Bretigni, returned 
 from France, which he had visited on hi& 
 parole, and died soon after in the Savoy, 
 London, 8th April, 1364, aged 54. Though 
 impolitic, violent, and imprudent in his 
 character, John possessed bravery and ge- 
 nerosity. 
 
 John III. king of Sweden, son of Gus- 
 tavus Vasa, succeeded in 1568 bis brother 
 Eric XIV. who had been deposed for his 
 ill-conduct. He restored tranquillity 
 among his subjects, and made a peace with 
 Denmark ; but his attempts to re-establish 
 the popish religion in the kingdom were op- 
 posed by the nobles, and Lutheranism there- 
 fore prevailed. He died 1592. 
 
 John II. son of Henry III. was at the 
 age of two proclaimed king of Castile. 
 Though educated in indolence and effe- 
 minacy by his mother, he showed himself 
 brave in war, against the attacks of the 
 kings of Navarre and Arragon, whom he 
 obliged to sue for peace. He afterwards 
 turned his arms against the Moors of 
 Gi'enada, and defeated them with great 
 slaughter. He died 1454 aged 50. 
 
 John II. king of Navarre, succeeded his 
 brother Alphonsus on the throne of Arra- 
 gon, 1458. He made war for a long time 
 against Henry IV. of Castile, and died at 
 Barcelona 1479, aged 82. He left his 
 kingdoms of Arragon and Sicily to his son 
 Ferdinand, and Navarre to his daughter 
 Donna Leonora. 
 
 John, son of the emperor Henry VII. 
 was, at the age of 14, elected to the king- 
 dom of Bohemia 1309, against the in- 
 trigues of the duke of Carinthia. He dis- 
 played great valour, and after conquering 
 Silesia he was declared king of Poland. 
 In his expedition against the Lithuanians he 
 had the misfortune to lose one of his eyes, 
 and a Jew doctor to whom he applied at 
 Montpellier for a cure, deprived him of the 
 other. This misfortune did not, however, 
 disarm him of his courage, he assisted 
 Philip of Valois against the English, and in 
 the battle of Crecy with his horse led by 
 the bridle by two brave knights, he display- 
 ed singular acts of valour and was mortally 
 wounded 26th Aug. 1346. He was buried 
 at Luxemburg. 
 
 John I. king of Portugal, was raised to 
 the throne, 1384, though but the natural 
 son of Peter the Severe, against the rights 
 of Beatrix, daughter of his brother Ferdi- 
 nand I. His elevation was opposed by 
 John, king of Castile, who had married 
 Beatrix ; but the usurper established him- 
 self in his power by the defeat of his oppo- 
 nents at the battle of Alimbarota ; after- 
 wards John turned his arms against the 
 Moors of Africa, and took Cetita and other 
 
JOIJ 
 
 .loi( 
 
 places, and died 14th Aug. 1433, a^cd 7G. 
 Under his reign the Portuguese began their 
 famous discoveries. 
 
 John II. king of Portugal, was sur- 
 named the Great, and succeeded his father 
 Alphonsus V. 1481. He was successful in 
 his suppression of some insurrections, the 
 leaders of which he punished with deatli, 
 and afterwards he carried his arms into 
 Africa, and was at the taking of Arzile 
 and Tangiers. He afterwards defeated 
 the Castihans at the battle of Toro, 1476, 
 and with wise policy encouraged the mari- 
 time excursions of his subjects, and favour- 
 ed their settlements on the coasts of Africa, 
 and in the Indies. — He died of a dropsy, 
 22d Oct. 1495, aged 41. 
 
 John HI. king of Portugal, succeeded 
 his father Emanuel, 1521. The beginning 
 of his reign was marked by dreadful earth- 
 quakes which destroyed his cities and 
 swallowed up the inhabitants ; but John 
 with benevolence and wisdom relieved the 
 miseries of his subjects, and encouraged 
 commerce and navigation. His fleets pene- 
 trated far into the east, and discovered 
 Japan, and to ensure the tranquillity of his 
 Indian settlements he sent among them the 
 celebrated Francis Xavier. He died of 
 an apoplexy 1557, aged 55, deservedly re- 
 spected as a humane and enlightened mo- 
 narch. 
 
 John IV. surnamed the Fortunate, was 
 son of Theodore duke of Braganza, and 
 was born 1604. He employed all the 
 powers of his mind and of his situation, 
 to the emancipation of his country, which 
 the Spaniards after the death of Sebas- 
 tian, had conquered, and since held as 
 a tributary province, and by the assistance 
 of his brave countrymen he shook off the 
 odious yoke, and was proclaimed king 
 1630. He died at Lisbon, 6th Nov. 1636, 
 aged 32. 
 
 John V. succeeded Peter II. on the 
 throne of Portugal, 1707. He espoused 
 the cause of the allies in the wars of the 
 Spanish succession, and when the peace of 
 Utrecht, in 1713, restored tranquillity to 
 Europe, he devoted himself to the en- 
 couragement of commerce, of litera- 
 ture, and of industry among his subjects. 
 He died 1750,aged 61, universally regretted. 
 
 John, of Gaunt or Ghent, duke of Lan- 
 caster, was the third son of Edward III. 
 He was born at Ghent, 1340, and distin- 
 guished himself by his valour in the field. 
 In consequence of his marriage with Con- 
 stance, the natural daughter of Peter the 
 Cruel, king of Castile and Leon, he laid 
 claim to the throne on the death of his 
 father-in-law, but was opposed by Henry 
 of Transtamare, and enjoyed nothing but 
 the empty title of king. In the wars of 
 the black prince his brother in France, he 
 pupported him by his intrepidity, and after 
 
 his death succeeded to the management ot' 
 artairs. On the accession of Knhard II. 
 he was dragged from the retirement which 
 he loved, to clear himself againnt the ac- 
 cusations of the courtiers, who charged 
 him with attempts to seize the crown be- 
 cause he countenanced the dodrintM of 
 \\ icklirte, against the overbearing power 
 of the pope, lie afterwards resigned his 
 claims to the throne of Castile to hin only 
 daughter by Constance, who in liiSG mar- 
 ried the heir apparent to that kingdom, 
 and he received in return an honourable pen- 
 sion. John had for his third wife, Cathe- 
 rine Swinford, the governess of his chil- 
 dren, and the sister of Chaucer's wife, 
 and from his patronage of that poet he re- 
 ceived pleasure, honour, and fame. John died 
 1399, highly respected for his valour and 
 prudence. His son Henry succeeded to 
 the English throne alter the deposition of 
 the second Richard. 
 
 John Sohif.ski, king of Poland. Vid. 
 
 SOBIESKI. 
 
 John of Austria, Don, was the natural 
 son of Charles V. of Germany. He was 
 unacquainted with his birth, till his father 
 on his death-bed revealed the secret to his 
 son Philip II. who honourably called him to 
 court, and in 1570 placed him at tlie head 
 of his army against the Moors of Gre- 
 nada, whom he defeated. In 1571, he 
 commanded the naval armament against 
 the Turks, and gained the celebrated battle 
 of Lepanto, and two years after took Tu- 
 nis. He was made governor of the Ne- 
 therlands in 1576, and after taking Namur, 
 Charlemont, and other towns, he com- 
 pleted his triumphs over the prince of 
 Orange and the archduke Mathias, by 
 the famous battle of Gemblours 1478. 
 This celebrated warrior died 1578, at the 
 early age of 32 in consequence of poison as 
 it is supposed, administered by his enemies. 
 
 John, Fearless, count of Nevers and 
 duke of Burgundy, distinguished himself 
 at Nicopolis against Bajazet, who sold him 
 his liberty for an exorbitant ransom. Re- 
 stored to France he employed his influence 
 in promoting sedition and civil war in the 
 kingdom against the dauphin, afterwards 
 Charles V II. and the partisans of the duke 
 of Orleans. He murdered the duke of 
 Orleans, and afterwards being reconciled 
 to the dauphin, he was assassinated in his 
 presence by one of his courtiers, lOth Sept. 
 1419, aged 43. 
 
 John, of France, duke of Berry, ivas 
 son of king John, and distinguished himsell' 
 at the battle of Poitiers. He died at Paris 
 15th June, 1416, respected for his many 
 virtues. 
 
 John V. duke of Britanny, was sur- 
 named the Conqueror, for the brave de- 
 fence which he made against the emperor 
 and airainst the king of France, who wishc(! 
 
 125 
 
JOB 
 
 JOH 
 
 to strip him of his dominions. He died 
 1st Nov. 1399. 
 
 John VI. duke of Britanny, was a 
 prince of great valour and equal benevo- 
 lence. He was in the service of Charles 
 Vn. of France, and fought bravely against 
 the English. He died 1446 much lament- 
 ed by his subjects. 
 
 John V. count of Armagnac was son of 
 John IV. of Navarre. He disgraced him- 
 self by an incestuous commerce with his 
 sister Isabella, which neither the represen- 
 tations of his friends, nor the threats of 
 the pope, could persuade him to abandon. 
 At last he was banished from his domi- 
 nions by the French king , but afterwards 
 was reconciled to his persecutors and was 
 killed in his palace at Lecture in a siege 
 1473. 
 
 John, of Salisbury, a learned English- 
 man who in his youth was in the service of 
 the abbot of Rheims, and then studied at 
 Paris, where he took his degrees. He 
 visited Rome, and at his return to Paris, 
 opened a school there. He afterwards 
 was in England and lived with Theobald, 
 the primate, and with Thomas-a-Becket, 
 and in 1177 was chosen bishop of Chartres 
 by the clergy of that diocess, at the re- 
 commendation of Lewis the young king 
 of France. He was an able prelate, and 
 distinguished himself at the council of 
 Lateran, and died 1181. His writings are 
 lost, except Becket's Life — a Collection of 
 Letters — and " Polycraticon." 
 
 John: of Leyden. Vid. Boccold. 
 
 John of Paris, a celebrated Dominican, 
 theological professor at Paris. He sup- 
 ported the cause of Philip the Fair, against 
 Boniface VIII. in his treatise de Regia Po- 
 testate et Papali ; but the doctrines 
 which he asserted with respect to tran- 
 substantiation proved highly offensive to 
 the Roman see, and he was suspended from 
 his ecclesiastical offices by the archbishop 
 of Paris. He appealed to Rome, but died 
 in that city before his cause was heard 
 1304. He wrote besides Determinatio de 
 Modo existendi Corporis Christi in Sacra- 
 mento Altaris, 8vo. — Correctorium Doc- 
 trinae S. Thomae, &.c. 
 
 John, of Udino, a celebrated painter, 
 "who studied under Giorgion at Venice, and 
 Raphael at Rome. His fruits, animals, 
 flowers, &c. exhibited great powers of 
 execution. He died at Rome 1564, aged 70. 
 
 JoHNES, Thomas, an ingenious gentleman, 
 %vas born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, in 
 174S. From Shrewsbury-school he went 
 to Eton, and afterwards to Jesus college, 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of mas- 
 ter of arts, in 1783. Previous to this he 
 had made the tour of Europe, and was 
 elected into parliament for the borough of 
 Cardigan. He was also appointed auditor 
 ff>r the principality of Wales, and colonel 
 15f; 
 
 of the Caermarthenshire militia. In 17y5 
 he was returned knight of the shire for 
 the county of Radnor. He devoted much 
 attention to the improvement of his es- 
 tates at Hafod, in Cardiganshire, where 
 he planted an immense number of trees, 
 and built an elegant house, which was en- 
 riched by a most valuable library ; and he 
 had also a printing-press, from whence 
 issued several elegant productions. In 
 1807 this mansion was destroyed by fire, 
 while the owner was in London. In 
 1811 Mr. Johnes experienced a more se- 
 vere loss in the death of his favourite 
 daughter, from the effects of which shock 
 he never recovered. He died April 24, 
 1816. His publications are — 1. A Car- 
 diganshire Landlord's Advice to his Te- 
 nants. 2. Palaye's Memoirs of Froissart 
 translated from the French, 4 vols. 4to. 
 3. The Chronicles of Sir John Froissart, 
 4 vols. 4to. and lO vols. 8vo. 4. Transla- 
 tion of De Joinville's Memoirs of St. 
 Louis, 2 vols. 4to. 5. Travels of Bertran- 
 don de la Brocquiere in Palestine, 8vo. 
 6. The Chronicles of Monstrelet, with 
 notes, 4 vols. 4to. — fV. B. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, an English divine, 
 born 1649, in Warwickshire, and educated 
 at St. Paul's school, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. He early obtained the living 
 of Corringham in Essex, which on account 
 of its unhealthy situation, he abandoned 
 to the care of a curate, and came to settle 
 in London. Here he plunged into the vor- 
 tex of politics, and soon distinguished him- 
 self, and becanie the friend of lord Essex, 
 and of lord William Russell, who made 
 him his chaplain. He inveighed severely 
 in his discourses from the pulpit, against 
 the horrors of popery, and spoke with 
 warmth against the succession of the duke 
 of York to the throne. While his politi- 
 cal friends wielded the weapons of elo- 
 quence in parliament, he himself attack- 
 ed Dr. Hickes, the bold champion of 
 passive obedience, in a pamphlet called, 
 "Julian the Apostate." The work was 
 quickly answered by Dr. Hickes, in a pam- 
 phlet called, " Jovian," and Johnson had 
 already prepared a severe reply, which the 
 seizure and imprisonment of his patron, 
 lord \N illiam Russell, prevented him from 
 publishing. His abilities, however, and 
 his zeal were too conspicuous to be disre- 
 garded : after Russell's death, he was sum- 
 moned before the privy council, and ques- 
 tioned about the answer he had written to 
 Dr. Hickes, railed, " Julian's Arts and Me- 
 thods to undermine and extirpate Chris- 
 tianity :" but when he declared that he 
 had suppressed it, and when his persecu- 
 tors could procure no copy of it, though it 
 was entered at Stationers'-hall, he was dis- 
 missed. But soon after he %vas prosecuted 
 for the publication of Julian the Apo5- 
 
.lOH 
 
 .lull 
 
 tate, and though ably defended" by coun- 
 sellor Wallop, he was condemned before 
 •Jefl'ries, and sentenced to pay 500 marks, 
 and to be imprisoned till it was paid. 
 Though thus confined his spirit was not 
 subdued : he still wrote against popery ; 
 and when the army was drawn up on 
 Hounslow heath in 1686, he drew up "an 
 Address to the Protestants of the Army," 
 which, after the dispersion of 1000 copies, 
 was seized, and exposed the author to 
 fresh persecution. He was in consequence 
 of this condemned to stand in the Pillory, 
 in Palace-yard, at Charing cross, and the 
 Exchange, to pay a fine of 500 marks, 
 and to be whipped from Newgate to Ty- 
 burn, after being degraded from the priest- 
 hood. The degradation took place by 
 the hands of bishops Crew, Sprat, and 
 White; and on December 1, 1686, the 
 sentence was executed. The stripes which 
 he received were 317, from a whip of nine 
 cords knotted, which he endured with 
 great firmness and even alacrity. The 
 king appointed a successor to his living, 
 but as in the divesting him of his sacer- 
 dotal habit, either by accident or design, 
 he had been permitted to retain his cas- 
 sock, his degradation was considered as 
 incomplete, and the bishop refused to ad- 
 mit the new incumbent without indemnity, 
 and when he presented himself to the 
 parish, the people refused to receive him 
 in the room of Johnson, who thus retained 
 his living. At the revolution, the parlia- 
 ment, 1689, resolved that the proceedings 
 in the King's Bench against Johnson, were 
 cruel and illegal ; and therefore they re- 
 commended him to the king for some eccle- 
 siastical preferment suitable to his services 
 and sufferings. The deanery of Durham, 
 in consequence of this, was offered to him, 
 which he refused as a reward inadequate 
 to his merits ; but at the solicitation of 
 lady Russell, and the influence of Tillotson, 
 a pension of 300^ a-year was obtained 
 from the king, for his own and his son's 
 life, besides a gratuity of 1000/. In 1692 
 his house was forcibly entered in the night 
 by seven assassins, who seemed to have 
 been actuated to vengeance and murder by 
 the publication of his book called "Argu- 
 ment to prove the Abrogation of King 
 James, &c." Though his life was thus 
 threatened with instant death, the cries of 
 his wife prevailed upon the ruffians, who 
 left him, after inflicting some severe 
 bruises on his body, and two wounds on 
 his head. His constitution was we^^kened 
 by this dreadful catastrophe, and by the 
 persevering spirit of his persecutors, though 
 his zeal against popery remained unshaken. 
 He died May, 1703. All his treatises 
 were published in 1 vol. folio, 1710 ; a se- 
 cond edition of which appeared 1713. 
 ■Tohnson in his character was firm, un- 
 
 daunted, and enthusiastic ; but hia iciuper 
 was violent, overbearing, and unsubmis- 
 sive ; and probably l<i the furioua zeal 
 with which he alta(k<;d those who differed 
 from him, and to the abusive languai^e 
 which he indisiriminately u»ed against hU 
 opponents, he might attrihutr the virulence 
 and persevering spirit ol hi« perseculora. 
 His works appeared 1710, in 1 vol. folio. 
 
 Johnson, John, u nonjuror divine, born 
 at Trindsbury, near Rochester, HiG2, and 
 educated at Canterbury school, and .Mag- 
 dalen college, Cambridge. He aflerwards 
 entered at Corpus Christi, of which he 
 became fellow, 1685. He was in 1086 
 presented to the vicarages of Baston and 
 Heron hill, near Canterbury, by Sancrofl, 
 the primate j and in 1697 he was further 
 promoted by Tenison to the living of Mar- 
 gate, and afterwards to Apuldre. His 
 abilities as a scholar and divine were very 
 great, and therefore he was twice chosen 
 proctor in convocation for Canterbury. 
 But though protected by government, he 
 manifested some opposition to the establish- 
 ment, and not only expressed a mean opi- 
 nion of the articles and liturgy of the 
 church, but even refused to take the oaths 
 of allegiance to George 1. This threatened 
 dangers, Avhich, however, he prudently 
 avoided by timely submission, though he 
 afterwards continued restless, dissatisfied, 
 and disloyal. He died 15th Dec. 1725. 
 He wrote the " Clergyman's Vade-me- 
 cum," an excellent book, 2 vols. r2nio. — 
 collection of Ecclesiastical Laws, Canons, 
 &c. 2 vols. Svo. — the Unbloody Sacrifice 
 and Altar Unveiled and Supported, 8vo. — 
 a Paraphrase on the Psalms, &c. 
 
 Johnson, or Jansen, Cornelius, a na- 
 tive of Amsterdam, eminent as a painter. 
 He came to England in the reign of James 
 I. and drew that monarch, as well as the 
 nobility of his court. He was soon after 
 eclipsed by the superior fame of Vandyke ; 
 though his pictures possessed great merit 
 in their high finishing, and the correctness 
 of their drapery. He died in London. 
 
 Johnson, Martin, a seal engraver, bet- 
 ter known as a painter. His landscape."* 
 are particularly excellent, and give a most 
 correct and perfect delineation of the de- 
 lightful prospects of England. His pieces 
 are very scarce, and presened in the cabi- 
 nets of the curious with great care. He 
 died in the beginning of James H.'s reign. 
 
 Johnson, Charles, a member of the 
 Middle Temple, Avho left the profession of 
 the law for the muses. He wrote some 
 plays which, by the friendship of Wilks. 
 were acted on the stage, and received 
 some applause. He married a young wi- 
 dow, with a moderate fortune, and opened 
 a tavern in Bow-street, Covent-garden, 
 which he relinquished at the death of his 
 •wife, having acquired a decent competence. 
 
 1*>T 
 
JOH 
 
 JOH 
 
 He died about 1744. Thougb he is not 
 ranked among the gTeatest of dramatic 
 nvriters, yet he possessed merit, and de- 
 served popularity. His dramatic pieces 
 are nineteen in number. He is immor- 
 talized in Pope's Dunciad, because, says 
 the note, he was famous for writing a play 
 every year, and for being at Button's coffee- 
 house every day, and for falling a martyr 
 to obesity, and the rotundity of his parts. 
 
 Johnson, Maurice, an eminent anti- 
 quary, born of an ancient and respectable 
 family at Spalding, where he established a 
 gentleman's literai'y society. He was of 
 the Middle Temple, and was bred to the 
 bar. By his wife, daughter of Mr. Ambler, 
 he had twenty-six children, sixteen of 
 whom sat down together at his table. He 
 was one of the last founders of the An- 
 tiquarian Society ; and by his benevo- 
 lence, and the liberality of his various 
 communications, he fully deserved the 
 handsome eulogium written on him by Dr. 
 Stukeley, and inserted in the minutes of 
 the society, to whose memoirs he contri- 
 buted so much. He made a curious collec- 
 tion for the history of Carausius. He 
 died, after suffering much from a vertiginous 
 disorder, 6th Feb. 1755. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas, a native of Selby, 
 Yorkshire, brought up to the business of an 
 apothecary in London. He became, accor- 
 ding to Wood, the best heraldist of his 
 time ; and wrote, Iter inagrum Cantuari- 
 um, 1629 — Ericetum Hamstedianum, 
 1632, the first catalogue of plants pub- 
 lished in England — Gerard's Herbal im- 
 proved, a valuable work — Essay on the 
 Bath waters, &c. He was an officer in 
 the royal army, and was made M.D. by 
 the university of Oxford for his services. 
 He died in consequence of a wound which 
 be had received in the shoulder at the siege 
 of Basinghouse, 1644. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, a celebrated English 
 writer, born at Lichfield, 7th Sept. 1709. 
 He was the son of a bookseller, and was 
 educated at Lichfield school, where he had 
 among his school-fellows Dr. James and 
 Dr. Taylor ; and after being one year at 
 Stourbridge school, and passing two years 
 in unsettled studies at home, he entered 
 October, 1728, at Pembroke college, Ox- 
 ford. His exercises in the university dis- 
 played, as they had done at school, supe- 
 rior powers ; and his translation of Pope's 
 Messiah into Latin verse, appeared so highly 
 finished, that the poet spoke with the high- 
 est respect of his translator, and declared 
 that posterity would doubt which poem was 
 the original. Unhappily Johnson had to 
 struggle with poverty at college, and in 
 consequence of the insolvency of his fa- 
 ther, he left the university in 5 731, with- 
 out a degree. Returned to Lichfield, he 
 found bis prospects in life dreary and un- 
 128 
 
 pFomising. After his father's death, his 
 whole property amounted to only 20/. ; and 
 thus destitute, he willingly accepted the 
 offer of an ushership at Bosworth school. 
 The situation proved disagreeable, and in a 
 few months he removed to Birmingham, 
 where, under the patronage of a book- 
 seller, he published his first literary labour, 
 a translation of Lobo. In 1734 he return- 
 ed to Lichfield ; and the next year he mar- 
 ried Mrs. Porter, a widow (if Birmingham, 
 a lady much older than himself, and not 
 possessed of the most engaging manners, 
 or the most fascinating person. As she 
 brought him 800/. he began to fit up a house 
 at Edial, near Lichfield, for the reception 
 of pupils ; but as he had only three scho- 
 lars, among whom was David Garrick, the 
 plan was dropped as utterly impracticable 
 and ruinous. About this time, under the pa- 
 tronage of Mr. Walmsley, his earliest 
 friend, he began his Irene ; and in March, 
 1737, he first visited London, in company 
 with his pupil, Garrick, like himself, in 
 quest of employment, and equally doomed 
 to rise to celebrity in his profession. In 
 London he formed an acquaintance with 
 Cave, the printer of the Gentleman's Ma- 
 gazine ; and his first performance in that 
 work was a Latin Alcaic ode, inserted in 
 March, 1738. Thus encouraged, he re- 
 turned to Lichfield to fetch his wife ; and 
 from 1740 to 1743, he was laboriously em- 
 ployed in the service of this periodical 
 work, and during that period wrote the 
 parliamentary debates, valuable not as the 
 effusions of orators, but as the bold com- 
 position of a man of genius on such sub- 
 jects as were supposed to engage the 
 legislators of the age. In 1738 he publish- 
 ed his London, a poem, in imitation of 
 Juvenal's third satire, which was well re- 
 ceived, and honoured with the commenda- 
 tion of Pope, and passed to a second edi- 
 tion in one week. Though distinguished 
 as an author, Johnson still felt the pres- 
 sure of poverty, and therefore he applied 
 for a school in Leicestershire ; but though 
 recommended by lord Gower, he was dis- 
 appointed, as he had not the requisite de- 
 gree of M.A. His attempts to be admit- 
 ted at Doctors' Commons, without acade- 
 mical honours, proved equally unsuccess- 
 ful ; and therefore he determined to de- 
 pend on the efforts of his pen for subsis- 
 tence. Besides his valuable contributions 
 to the Gentleman's Magazine, he in 1744 
 published the life of Savage, a work of 
 great merit, which in the elegant language 
 of pathetic narration, exhibited the suf- 
 ferings and the poverty of a friend, whose 
 calamities he himself had shared and 
 bewailed. He began in 1747 his edi- 
 tion of Shakspeare, and published the 
 plan of his English dictionary. This gi- 
 gantic work was undertaken under the. 
 
JOH 
 
 .iuM 
 
 patronage ot the booksellers ; and tiit; 
 lexicographer engaged a house in (iongh- 
 square, where, with the assistance of six 
 amanuenses, he proceeded rapidly in the 
 execution of his j[)lan. This great work 
 so valuable to the nation, and so honoura- 
 ble to the talents of the author, appeared, 
 May, 1755, in 2 vols, without a patron. 
 Lord Chesterfield, who had at first favour- 
 ed the undertaking, but had afterwards 
 neglected the author, endeavoured, by a 
 flattering recommendation of the work in 
 " the World,'' to reconcile himself to his 
 good opinion ; but Johnson, with noble 
 indignation, spurned at the mean artifice 
 of his courtly patron ; and his celebrated 
 letter reflected, with independent spirit and 
 in severe language, against his selfish and 
 ambitious views. The dictionary produced 
 1575/. but as the money had been advanced 
 during the composition of the work, there 
 was no solid advantage to be procured on 
 the publication, and fame could ill satisfy 
 the demands of creditors, and supply bread 
 to the indigent author. In 1749 the Irene 
 had been brought forward on the stage, by 
 the friendship of Garrick, but with no suc- 
 cess. The Rambler was undertaken 20th 
 March, 1750, and till the 17th March, 1752, 
 when it ceased, a paper had regularly ap- 
 peared every Tuesday and Saturday ; and 
 it is remarkable that, during the whole of 
 that time, only five numbers were contri- 
 buted by other authors. But these publica- 
 tions, popular as they were, still left John- 
 son in distressed circumstances; and inl756, 
 the year after the publishing of his diction- 
 ary, he was arrested for a debt of five 
 guineas, from which the kindness of Rich- 
 ardson relieved him. In 1758, he began 
 the Idler, and continued it for two years 
 with little assistance ; and on the death of 
 his mother in 1759, that he might pay some 
 decent respect to her funeral, and discharge 
 her debts, he wrote his Rasselas, and ob- 
 tained for it, from the booksellers, the sum 
 of 1001. Happily, however, these high 
 services to literature were not to pass un- 
 rewarded : in 1762, he was honourably pre- 
 sented by the king, on the representation of 
 Mr. Wedderburne, with a pension of 300/. 
 per annum, without astipulation of future 
 exertions, but merely, as the grant express- 
 ed it, for the moral tendency of his wri- 
 tings, a character to which his Rambler 
 was most fully entitled. From public mo- 
 tives, and not from obsequious flattery, 
 Johnson afterwards became a political wri- 
 ter, and his " False Alarm," and his 
 " Thoughts on the Falkland Islands," dis- 
 played, in a very striking degree, the great 
 powers of his mind in the defence of the 
 measures of the court. These services 
 first suggested the idea of introducing him 
 into the house of commons ; but lord North 
 did not attend with sufficient respect to the 
 Vol. it. 1 7 
 
 rcconiuiendaiions of Mr. Strahan, anu uf 
 other gentlemen, who wihhcd to see the 
 gigantic powers, and the, commanding elo- 
 cution of this litcnu y hero, exerted in par- 
 liament, and the proposal was dropped. In 
 1775, Johnson was conij.liiiiented by the 
 university of O.xford willi the degree of 
 LL.D. by diploma, as he hud l(efure receiv- 
 ed from them the degree of A.M. and the 
 same honours from Trinity colle;;e, Dublin 
 and the circumstance reflected equal credit 
 on those who bestowed, and on him who ac- 
 cepted the high distinction. In 1777, he be- 
 gan his Lives of the Poet;^, which he finishert 
 in 1781, a work of great merit, and which 
 exhibits, in the most pleasing manner, the 
 soundness of the critic, the information of 
 the biographer, and the benevolent views of 
 the man. In J781, the loss of his friend, 
 Mr. Thrale, in whose hospitable house and 
 society he had passed 15 of the happiest 
 years of his life, allccted him much ; hr 
 found his health gradually declining, from 
 the united attacks of tlie dropsy, and of an 
 asthma ; and while he expressed a wish to 
 remove to the milder climates of France, 
 and Italy, it is to be lamented that the ap- 
 plications of his friends for the increase of 
 his pension proved abortive. During the 
 progressive increase of his complaints, he 
 divided his time in acts of devotion, and in 
 classical recreations ; and during his sleep- 
 less nights, he translated several of the 
 Greek epigrams of the Anthologia into 
 Latin verse. It is remarkable, that John- 
 son, whose pen was ever employed in re- 
 commending piety, and all the offices of 
 the purest morality ; and whose conduct 
 and example in life exhibited the most per- 
 fect pattern of the Christian virtues ; 
 should, in the close of life, betray dreadful 
 apprehensions of death. By degree.^, in- 
 deed, the terrors which his imagination had 
 painted to itself, disappeared ; but still his 
 example teaches us, that if the most virtu- 
 ous and devout view the approach of deatli 
 with trembling and alarm, the unrepented 
 sins of life have much to apprehend from 
 the all-searching eye of God. Johnson ex- 
 pired on the 13th Dec. 1784, full of resig- 
 nation, strong in faith, and joyful in hopr 
 of a happy resurrection. His remains 
 were deposited in Westminster abbey, near 
 the grave of his friend Gamrk ; and th*^ 
 nation has paid an honourable tribute to 
 his memory, by erecting to him a monu- 
 ment in si. Paul's, with an elegant and 
 nervous epitaph from Uie pen of Dr. Parr. 
 By his wife, \vho died March, 1752, and 
 was deeply lamented by hinj, Johnson had 
 no issue. His works are very numerous, 
 and all respectable. Some of his smallca* 
 pieces were published by Sir J. Hawkins in 
 1787, with his life in 11 vols. Svo. .and of 
 these an edition, by Murphy, appeared in 
 1792, in 12 vols. Svo. Hi*' letters, an^J. 
 
 12!) 
 
JOII 
 
 .Ton 
 
 every particular respecting his character, 
 conduct, opinion, connexions, &c. ha^e 
 engaged the attention of the public, in the 
 various publications of Mr. G. Strahan, 
 Mrs. Piozzi, and others, and particularly 
 in the interesting and valuable account of 
 his life by Boswell, with whom he travel- 
 led to the Hebrides, of which he gave an 
 account in 1773. In his person, Johnson 
 was large, corpulent, and unwieldy, with 
 little of the graces of polished life, occa- 
 sionally ofiensive by involuntary or convul- 
 sive motions, and in his dress, singular and 
 slovenly. His conversation, however, 
 made atonement for the deficiencies of his 
 personal appearance, and though from the 
 superior powers of his mind, the great in- 
 dependence of his character, and the gigan- 
 tic vigour of his genius, he was positive, 
 and very impatient of contradiction, he 
 was ever interesting and instructive, and 
 exhibited at all times great goodness of 
 heart, unshaken steadiness of principle, 
 and commanding benignity. Humane, 
 charitable, generous, and aftectionate, with 
 Jill his little defects of temper, it may truly 
 be said, that there was scarce a virtue in 
 principle which he did not possess. His 
 goodness flowed from the heart, and his 
 religion was the pure stream from the soul, 
 humble, devout, contrite, and pious. As a 
 literary character, his name stands on very 
 high ground ; correctness, elegance, and 
 variety every where clothed under a strong 
 and nervous style, captivate, enliven, and 
 edify. The powers of a sound and ma- 
 tured judgment, of a vigorous imagination, 
 and a most retentive memory, were happily 
 united to illustrate what was obscure, to 
 render pleasing what was harsh and un- 
 seemly, to explain what was difficult, and 
 to embellish what was devoid of grace, of 
 beauty, or of attraction. Besides the in- 
 structive account of his life by Boswell, 
 much information may be collected from 
 the labours of Hawkins, Murphy, Ander- 
 son, fee. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, LL.D. governor of 
 North Carolina, from 1787 to 1789, was 
 president of the convention of that state 
 which ratified the federal constitution, and 
 had been a member of congress previous 
 to 1789, when he was appointed a senator 
 iVom North Carolina, and afterwards a 
 jucige of the supreme court of law and 
 equity. He was a native of Edenton, and 
 died at Shewarky, August l8th, 1816, aged 
 83. tC?' L. 
 
 Johnson, Su- Nathaniel, governor of 
 South Carolina, succeeded James Moore in 
 1703, and continued in office till 1709. He 
 was a military man, and when the colony 
 was invaded by the French and Spaniards 
 in 1706, displayed great judgment and 
 ykill in the measures which he adopted for 
 i(s defence. Its tncuiies were defeatetl 
 130 
 
 and driven from its shores w ith the loss of 
 their commander and three hundred men, 
 while that of the provincials was exceeding 
 small. The proprietors rewarded his fide- 
 lity by the grant of an extensive tract of 
 land. To him the merit is ascribed of 
 having first introduced the cultivation of 
 silk in South Carolina, in 1703. It was 
 chiefly owing to his influence that the first 
 establishment of the episcopal church was 
 carried there, when the majority of the in- 
 habitants were dissenters. He died in 
 1713. Before his arrival in Carolina, he 
 had been for some time a member of the 
 house of commons, and from 1686, to 1639, 
 governor of Nevis, St. Christophers, Mont- 
 serrat, and Antigua. ICIP' L. 
 
 Johnson, Robert, governor of South 
 Carolina, succeeded Daniel in 1717, and 
 continued in office till 1719, when the go- 
 vernment passed from the hands of the pro- 
 prietors. Such was his popularity that the 
 people solicited him then to receive the 
 office from them, but he declined from a 
 feeling of obligation to the proprietors. 
 After the territory was purchased by the 
 crown, he was again appointed governor 
 in 1731, and held the place till his death, 
 May 3d, 1735. pCj^ L. 
 
 Johnson, Sir William, a major general 
 of the militia of New- York, was a native 
 of Ireland, and born about the year 1714. 
 He came to America in early life, and 
 settled on the Mohawk, where he carried 
 on an extensive traffic with the Indians, 
 and by learning their language, and accom- 
 modating himself to their manners, gained 
 great influence over them. In 1755, he 
 commanded the provincial troops of New- 
 York, marched against Crown Point, and 
 gained a victory over the French under 
 baron Dieskau, for which he received from 
 the house of commons the gift of 5000 
 pounds, and the title of baronet from the 
 king. He was also appointed superinten- 
 dent of Indian affairs in that colony, and 
 in 1759, commanded the provincial troops 
 in the expedition against Niagara, and soon 
 by the death of his superior officer became 
 commander-in-chief. By his courage and 
 skill, he succeeded in capturing that fort. 
 He died at his seat on the Mohawk, in 
 1774. He was brave, shrewd, and insinu- 
 ating in his address, and obtained a greater 
 influence over the Indians, than any other 
 white person had ever acquired. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, D.D. first president of 
 King's college. New- York, was born at 
 Guilford, Connecticut, and graduated at 
 Yale college, in 1714. After spending 
 some time in that seminary as a tutor, he 
 was, in 1720, ordained pastor of the church 
 at "West Haven ; but in 1722, embracing 
 Episcopalianisni, he went to England to 
 obtain ordination, and returning the fof- 
 
J on 
 
 TOH 
 
 Jowing year, was settled at Stratl'ord, where 
 he reiuaincd till 1754, and rendered him- 
 self conspicuous by a controversy respect- 
 ing episcopacy. He was then appointed 
 president of Kinj^'s college in New- York, 
 and employed himself in that station till 
 1763, when he resigned, and returned to 
 his charge at Stratford, where he continued 
 greatly beloved for his benevolence, and 
 urbanity , and respected for his learning, 
 in which he was equalled by few of his 
 cotemporaries till his death in 1772. 
 
 Johnson, William Samuel, LL.D. F.R.S. 
 president of Columbia college, New-York, 
 was the eldest son of the reverend Dr. 
 Samuel Johnson, and born at Stratford, 
 Connecticut, October 7tb, 1727. He was 
 graduated at Yale college, in 1744. He 
 studied law, and on his first appearance at 
 the bar distinguished himself, and soon rose 
 to the highest eminence. He was gifted 
 in an unusual degree with the graces of the 
 orator. He possessed a voice of the rich- 
 est tones, a copious and flowing elocution, 
 a fertile and brilliant fancy, an understand- 
 ing uncommonly energetic, quick of appre- 
 hension, capable of disentangling the most 
 complicated subjects, highly original in its 
 views, and trained to laborious and pro- 
 found research ; and he had richly ptored 
 his mind with elegant literature, and legal 
 science. In 1765, he was elected a dele- 
 gate to the congress which met that year 
 at New- York, and was its last surviving 
 mernber. He was also chosen to a seat in 
 the council of the colony, and was in Octo- 
 ber, 1766, appointed its agent in England, 
 to defend its interests in the discussion of 
 the claims against it by Mason. While 
 there, he enjoyed an opportunity of forming 
 manv interesting connexions with the 
 learned and illustrious men of that country, 
 the most distinguished of whom were 
 among his friends and associates. With Dr. 
 Johnson he maintained a correspondence 
 for many years. After his return to Ame- 
 rica in 1771, he resumed his professional 
 employments, and was appointed in 1772, 
 a judge of the supreme court of Connecti- 
 cut. This office he held until 1774, and, 
 during the same period, was one of the 
 commissioners for adjusting the controver- 
 sy between the proprietors of Pennsylvania 
 and the Susquehanna company. In 1785, 
 lie was elected a delegate to the congress of 
 the United States, and in 1787, to the con- 
 vention which framed the federal constitu- 
 tion. In this august assembly he acted a 
 conspicuous part. His influence was not 
 the less effective for the mildness and the 
 modesty with which it was exerted, and to 
 him the credit of having first proposed the 
 organization of the senate as a distinct 
 branch of the national legislature, has 
 been ascribed. Under this <*onstitution he 
 
 was appointed one of the first senators of 
 Connecticut, and in conjunction with hi-- 
 colleague, Mr. Ellsworth, drew up the bill 
 for establishing the j.i.liciiiry system of the 
 United States. It u;is from engugin,cnt>« 
 thus honourable and important timl he wiw 
 called in 17U2, toass.nne the presidency of 
 Columbia college. This institution whirh 
 had sufl'ered a severe depression dunni: the 
 political contests of past years, wa«. now 
 reorganized, and under the snp'jrintendence 
 of Mr. Johnson assumed and maintained 
 an elevated rank among the literary insti- 
 tutions of the country. This station hi« 
 age and infirmities induced him to relin- 
 quish in 1800, when he retired to his na- 
 tive village, and spent the remainder of hi? 
 life in the enjoyments of literature, th*^ 
 gratifications of a beneficent disposition, 
 and the distinguished exemplification of 
 the excellence of the Christian character. 
 He died at Stratford, November Mth, 1819, 
 aged 93. [cj^ L. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas, the first governor ol 
 Maryland after the revolution, was a na- 
 tive of Calvert county, and educated n 
 lawyer. He had obtained great distinc- 
 tion at the bar previously to the commence- 
 ment of the revolution. At tliis period he 
 stood high in the estimation of his fellow- 
 citizens, who manifested their confidence 
 in his patriotism by appointments to the 
 most responsible public stations. In 1774. 
 he was a member of the committee of cor- 
 respondence for Maryland, and was the 
 same year elected a delegate to congress, 
 and was several years a member of that 
 body. Colonel Howard succeeded him as 
 governor in 1789. On the establishment of 
 the government under the new constitution, 
 he was appointed district judge of Mary- 
 land. This office he declined but accepted 
 that of associate justice of the supreme 
 court of the United States, to which he 
 was appointed in 1791, and which he re- 
 signed on account of ill health in 1793. 
 In 1801, he was nominated for the office 
 of chief justice of the district of Colum- 
 bia, which he also declined. He died at 
 Rose Hill, near Fredcricktown, October 
 26th, 1819, aged 87. ICJ^ J.. 
 
 Johnston, Arthur, a physician, born n^ 
 Caskieben, near Aberdeen. After studying 
 at Aberdeen, he went to Rome, and to Pa- 
 dua, where he took the degree of M.D. 
 1610. He next travelled thro^igh Italy, 
 Germany, Denmark, England, and Holland, 
 and at last settled in France, where he had, 
 by two wives, 13 children. At^cr distin- 
 guishing himself as a Latin poet at Paiis, 
 he returned after 24 years' absence, to Scot- 
 land, in 1632, and was then introduced to 
 Laud, who at that time was in the north 
 with Charles I. He dedicated his poetical 
 paraphrase of David's Psalms, to his pa- 
 tron, bv whose interest he was made phv- 
 
 131 
 
yoH 
 
 JON 
 
 iician to the king. He visited in 1641, 
 one of his daughters, who was married, at 
 f^xford, and being seized with a violent 
 diarrhoea, died there in the course of a few 
 days, aged 54. He wrote besides Epigrams 
 — Musae Aulicje, &c. 
 
 Johnston, Charles, a novel writer, was 
 born in Ireland, and bred to the bar ; but 
 being excessively deaf he was compelled to 
 relinquish that profession. In 1760, he 
 published " Chrysal, or the Adventures of 
 a Guinea ;" a political romance, in which 
 all the characters and scenes were drawn 
 from real life. This was followed by some 
 others of a similar description, as "The 
 Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of 
 Fools," 2 vols. ; " The History of Arba- 
 ces. Prince of Betlis," 2 vols. ; the Pil- 
 jcrim, or a Picture of Life, 2 vols. ; and 
 the " History of John Juniper, Esq. alias 
 Juniper Jack," 3 vols. In 1782, the au- 
 thor went to India, and died there about 
 1800.— f^. B. 
 
 Johnston, Gabriel, governor of North 
 Carolina, entered on his administration in 
 November, 1734, and continued in the 
 ofiBce till his death, in 1752. He was in 
 tnost respects an excellent magistrate. 
 He did much to establish order, and en- 
 courage learning and religion, and the 
 colony advanced greatly in numbers and 
 wealth during his government. 
 
 ICP L. 
 Johnstone, James, a physician, was 
 born at Annan, in 1730. He studied at 
 Edinburgh; and in 1750, took his doctor's 
 degree, after which he settled at Kidder- 
 minster, where he became known by his 
 treatment of a malignant fever that raged 
 there some years, and of which he publish- 
 ed an account. In this he first made 
 known the power of mineral acid vapour 
 to destroy febrile contagion. From Kid- 
 derminster he removed to Worcester, 
 where he died in 1802. Dr. Johnstone, in 
 some papers communicated to the Royal 
 Society, stated a peculiar doctrine con- 
 cerning the ganglions of the nerves. — W.B. 
 Johnstone, George, known as one of 
 the commissioners, sent with lord Carlisle, 
 and Mr. Eden, to treat with the Americans 
 during the war, was the son of a Scotch 
 baronet. He was brought up to the sea 
 service, and was made master and com- 
 mander, 1760, and two years after, post- 
 captain, and in 1763, appointed governor 
 of West Florida. He, after his return to 
 England, sat in parliament for Cocker- 
 mouth and Appleby, and fought a duel with 
 lord George Germaine, in consequence of 
 some reflections which he had made in 
 {jarliament on his conduct. He also dis- 
 tinguishedhimself forhis zealin the atfairs of 
 the East India company, and forhis violent 
 attacks on the conduct of lord Clive. He 
 
 n9 
 
 was author of Thoughts on our Acquisitioiii 
 in the East Indies, particularly in Bengal, 
 8vo. 1771, and he died 1787. 
 
 JoiNviLLE, John Sire de, a French 
 statesman, born of a noble family in Cham- 
 pagne. He became one of the favourite 
 lords in the court of Lewis IX. and was 
 consulted on all occasions with confidence 
 by the monarch. He wrote the History of 
 St. Louis, an interesting work, best edited 
 by Ducange, 1668, folio, and also in 1761, 
 by Melot. He died about 1318, aged nearly 
 'JO years. 
 
 JoLY, Claude, a French writer, born at 
 Paris, 1607. He was canon of the cathe- 
 dral, and also precentor. He died in con- 
 sequence of a fall into a trench, made for 
 the foundation of a high altar in his church, 
 1700, at the great age of 93. He publish- 
 ed a collection of maxims for the Educa- 
 tion of a Prince, against the false Politics 
 of Mazarine, burnt by the hands of the 
 hangman, 1665 — Codicil d'Or, on the same 
 subject, &c. 
 
 JoLY, Guy, the secretary, and faithful 
 friend of Cardinal de Retz, was author of 
 " Memoirs of his Times," from 1641, to 
 1665. 
 
 Jonah, the fifth of the minor prophets, 
 flourished under Joash and Jeroboam, kings 
 of Israel. When he refused to go to Nine- 
 veh, and fled in a ship to Tai-shish, he was 
 during a dreadful storm, thrown, at his 
 own request, into the sea, and after being 
 three days swallowed by a large fish, he 
 was cast out on dry land. His preaching 
 to the Ninevites was attended by their con- 
 version. The gourd, the sudden decay of 
 which he bitterly lamented, while he dis- 
 regarded the fate of the thousands of Nine- 
 veh, is supposed by some to be the plant 
 called Palma Christi. He died about 761 
 B.C. 
 
 Jonas, Anagrimus, a learned Icelander, 
 the astronomical coadjutor of Gundebrand, 
 bishop of Holum, in Iceland, the pupil of 
 Tycho Brahe. On the death of his friend, 
 he refused to succeed him in his diocess, 
 but remained in the humble but peaceful 
 situation of minister of Melstadt. In his 
 80th year he took for his second wife, a 
 young girl, and died about nine years after, 
 1G40. His works were Idea Veri Magis- 
 tratus, 1589, 8vo. — Brevis Commentarius 
 de Islandiae, 1593, 8vo. — Anatome Bles- 
 keniana, &c. 1612 — Epistolapro Patria De- 
 fensoria, 1618 — Vita Gundebrandi, 1630, 
 4to. — Crymoga;a, &c. 1630, 4to. — Speci- 
 men Islandiae, &c. 1634, 4to. 
 
 Jonas, Justus, a learned divine, born at 
 Northausen, in Thuringia. He was the 
 friend, and the able defender of Luther 
 and of his doctrines. He was principal of 
 the college of Wittemberg, for some time, 
 and died 1555, aged 62 
 
JON 
 
 J UN 
 
 Joi^ATiiAN, son of Saul, and the faithful 
 friend of David, was slain in battle with 
 bis father by the Philistines, B.C. 1055. 
 
 Jonathan, a general of the Jews, son 
 of Matthias, and brother to Judas INlacca- 
 beus, after defeating Baechides, the Syrian 
 chief, and Demetrius Soter, and his gene- 
 ral Apoilonius, was at last treacherously 
 seized by Tryphon, and cruelly put to 
 death, though a large ransom had been paid 
 for his liberation, B.C. 144. 
 
 Jones, Thomas, an eminent divine, was 
 born in Montgomeryshire, in 1756. He 
 was educated at Shrewsbury-school, and 
 next at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 from which he removed to Trinity college, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, and became 
 a distinguished tutor, especially in mathe- 
 matics. He died in 1807. The only 
 things he published were, " A Sermon on 
 Duelling ;" and " An Address to the Vo- 
 lunteers of Montgomeryshire." — W.B. 
 
 Jones, Inigo, a celebrated architect, 
 born 1572, in the vicinity of St. Paul's, 
 London, where his father was a cloth- 
 worker. He was apprenticed to a joiner, 
 and his attention to his business, and his 
 improvement in the art of designing, 
 gradually recommended him, and the earl 
 of Pembroke, sensible of his great natural 
 genius, generously enabled him to travel 
 over Italy, and the best part of Europe. 
 While on his travels he was noticed at 
 Venice by Christian IV. king of Denmark, 
 and he returned to England in the train of 
 that monarch. He soon gained the pro- 
 tection of the English court, he was made 
 architect to the queen, and to prince Hen- 
 ry, but when he succeeded to the reversion 
 of surveyor-general of the king's works, 
 he, with unusual generosity, refused to ac- 
 cept any salary, till the heavy debts con- 
 tracted under his predecessor had been 
 totally liquidated. In 1620, he was di- 
 rected by the king, when at lord Pem- 
 broke's at Wilton, to examine the group 
 of stones, called Stone Henge, and after 
 deep research, and exact measurement, 
 he concluded, that this venerable pile is 
 nothing but a Roman temple, dedicated 
 to CceIus, and erected between the 
 times of Agricola and Constantine. He 
 was also that same year appointed one of 
 the commissioners for repairing St. Paul's 
 cathedral, and he continued in the same 
 honourable appointments under Charles I. 
 He was also made manager of the masques 
 and interludes in fashion in those times of 
 pomp and pageantry, and it was in this 
 office, that he unfortunately quarrelled with 
 Ben Jqnson, who with all the virulence of 
 an enraged poet, ridiculed his friend in the 
 character of Lantern Leather-head, in the 
 comedy of Bartholomew fair, and in other 
 pieces. Notwithstanding these attacks of 
 iirivate malevolence, ivhich were disgusting 
 
 not only to the friends of both parties, but 
 even to the king, Jones incrcax <l in fame, 
 in popularity, and i[i opulenc.-. The trou- 
 bles of the nation, however, alTectcd him 
 deeply, he was not only gri.vrd lor the mis- 
 fortunes of a kind musUr, but hi- property 
 was plundered on account of his loyaltv, and 
 after the king's death, he was obliged to 
 pay 400/. as a composition to Cromwell. 
 Worn out with years, and w ilh gri(.f at the 
 public calamities, he died 1652, and was 
 buried in St. Bennet's church, St. Paul's 
 wharf, where the monument erected to his 
 memory, was greatly defaced by the fatal 
 fire of 1666. Though sprung from a low 
 origin, Jones so improved the native pow- 
 ers of his mind, that he became an excellent 
 mathematician, a tolerable scholar in Greek 
 and Latin, a decent poet, and to the hi"^h- 
 est celebrity in architecture, added an ex- 
 tensive knowledge of all human sciences. 
 Besides the repairing of St. Paul's in a style 
 of commanding grandeur, and national dig- 
 nity, he displayed his abilities in the design 
 of the palace of Whitehall, in the erection 
 of the banqueting house, of Catherine's 
 chapel in St. James's palace, the church 
 and piazza of Covent-garden, and other 
 private buildings. His " Stone Hen-'e re- 
 stored," was published 1655, in folio, by 
 Mr. Webb, his friend and heir, and in 1665, 
 appeared " a Vindication" of the Avork, re- 
 printed in 1725. Several designs of his 
 buildings are preserved in Campbell's Vit- 
 ruvius Britannicus. The principal part 
 of his designs were published by Kent, 
 1727, folio, and other inferior designs in 
 1744. He left in MS. some valuable notes 
 on Palladio's architecture, published 1714, 
 by Leoni. 
 
 Jones, William, a learned mathemati- 
 cian, born 1675, in the isle of Anglesey. 
 He taught mathematics in London, and had 
 in the number of his pupils, lords Hard- 
 wicke and Macclesfield. By the friendship 
 and influence of lord Hardwicke, he ob- 
 tained a sinecure of 200/. a year, and after- 
 wards succeeded to the more lucrative 
 office of deputy teller in the exchecjuer. 
 His abilities mean time recommended him 
 to the notice of the learned. He was the 
 friend of Newton, and the correspondent 
 of the greatest mathematicians of Europe. 
 He died in easy circumstances, in 1740, but 
 it is to be lamented, that the work which 
 he had completed with great and in- 
 tense labour, as an introduction to the 
 mathematical and philosophical composi- 
 tions of Newton, has been lost. The 
 author had Just completed it when at- 
 tacked by illness, and he had just time be- 
 fore he expired, to send it fairly written, 
 by an amanuensis, to his friend, lord Mac- 
 clesfield, recommending the publication for 
 the benefit of his family. The work, how- 
 ever, was forsottcn, and at lord Macc!c.«- 
 
 j r; 
 
JON- 
 
 JON 
 
 field's death, the manuscript could no 
 •where be found. The works of Mr. Jones 
 were a compendium of the Art of Naviga- 
 tion, 8vo. 1702 — Synopsis Palmariorum 
 Matheseos, 8vo. 1706, several papers in the 
 philosophical transactions, and other works 
 to support the doctrines of his friend New- 
 ton, against the attacks of Leibnitz, and 
 oth er philosophers. 
 
 Jones, Sir William, a learned judge, son 
 of the preceding, was born in London, 
 1748. The early loas of his father was 
 supplied by the attentive care of his mo- 
 ther, a woman of high character for sensi- 
 bility and understanding, and he was placed 
 at Harrow school, where he acquired such 
 perfect knowledge of classical learning, 
 that Dr. Summer the master, declared that 
 he knew Greek better than himself. He 
 entered at University college, Oxford, in 
 1764, and devoted himself laboriously to 
 the study of the oriental languages. He 
 became at the age of 19, tutor to lord Al- 
 thorpe, and though he paid due attention 
 to his pupil, he yet found time to read the 
 best part of the Old Testament in the ori- 
 ginal, while resident at Wimbledon. 
 He visited the continent in 1769, with 
 his pupil, and in 1770, entered at the 
 temple to study the law. Deservedly 
 distinguished as an able scholar, he now 
 proved to the world, how usefully he 
 had devoted himself to literature, and 
 he published in 1774, his Commenta- 
 ries on Asiatic Poetry, dedicated to the 
 university of Oxford. His translation of 
 Isaeus, with learned notes, appeared in 
 1779, and the next year he felt for the 
 safety of the empire, and in consequence of 
 the London riots, published an inquiry into 
 the legal mode of suppressing riots. In 
 1793 his legal knowledge, and his ac- 
 quaintance with the literature of the East, 
 recommended him to the ministry, as a fit 
 person to preside in the supreme court 
 of Calcutta, and on that occasion, he re- 
 ceived the honour of knigiithood, and soon 
 after, married Anna Maria Shipley, the 
 bishop of St. Asaph's daughter. He left 
 England in April 1793, and on his arrival 
 in India, he was enabled to establish an 
 Asiatic society, for the purpose of illustra- 
 ting the history, learning, and antiquities 
 of the east. To the memoirs of this 
 learned body, the formation of which his 
 active mind had planned, in his voyage 
 from Europe, he made most valuable con- 
 tributions. AVhen disengaged from the oc- 
 cupations of his judicial office, he unbent 
 all the powers of his comprehensive mind, 
 to the literature of the cast, and he ac- 
 quired such an acquaintance with the San- 
 scrit language, and the code of the Bra- 
 mins, that he was courted and admired by 
 the most learned and intelligent of the 
 native Indians. To enlarge our knowled<rc 
 n4 
 
 of Asiatic history, and Eastern litcraturfc^ 
 was not, however, the sole object of his 
 active mind, he was a pious and a sincere 
 Christian, and his researches were equally 
 directed to investigate and to prove from 
 oriental books, and from the various 
 traditions of the heathen natives, the great 
 historical facts, and important details cpn- 
 tained in the Holy Scriptures. In one of 
 his discourses to the Asiatic society, he 
 has evinced his attachment to the religion 
 of his country, and his belief in her sacred 
 tenets, by supporting the validity of the 
 Mosaic history of the creation, in a man- 
 ner more satisfactory and more convincing 
 than any other writer. This great and 
 good man, from whom so much was ex- 
 pected still, in the paths of oriental science 
 and literature, who deserved so well of his 
 country, and of her Asiatic colonies, by his 
 firmness, his legal knowledge, and his un- 
 shaken integrity, was snatched away after 
 a short illness at Calcutta, 27th April, 
 1794, aged 43. His remains were interred 
 in the burial ground at Calcutta, where an 
 English inscription by himself, and a Latin 
 one by his brother judge. Sir William Dun- 
 kin, mark the spot. An elegant monument 
 has lately been erected in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral, which does no less honour to his me- 
 rits than to the munificence and liberal 
 sentiments of the East India directors, by 
 whom it was raised. The works of Sir 
 William have been published in 6 vols. 4to. 
 1799, and proved him not only an elegant 
 scholar, but a good poet, an able critic, and 
 an indefatigable historian, whose name 
 must be revered wherever virtue and litera- 
 ture are cultivated. His life has been writ- 
 ten by his friend, IordTeignmouth,4to. 1804. 
 Jones, William, an English divine, born 
 at Lowick', Northamptonshire, 1726, and 
 educated at the charter-house and univer- 
 sity college, Oxford, where he obtained au 
 exhibition. After entering into orders he 
 took the curacy of Finedon, Northampton- 
 shire, where he wrote his answer to bishop 
 Clayton's Essay on Spirit. In 1754, he 
 married the daughter of the Rev. Brook 
 Bridges, and became curate to his brother- 
 in-law, at Wadcnhoe, where he wrote his 
 catholic Doctrine of the Trinity, a work 
 of merit. In 1764, he was presented by 
 Seeker to Bethersden vicarage, Kent, and 
 afterwards he went to reside at Nayland, 
 Suffolk, till on the elevation of Dr. Home, 
 to the see of Norwich, he became domes- 
 tic chaplain to his old and venerable friend. 
 He afterwards was invited by lord Kenyon 
 to undertake the tuition of his two sons, 
 and in 1798 he was presented by the arch- 
 bishop to the living of Hollingbourne, in 
 Kent. As a divine, Mr. Jones was a pious 
 and exemplary character. He espoused the 
 tenets of tlie Hutchinsonian system, as he 
 evinredfin hi'' Essay on the first principles 
 
.ION 
 
 ■ION 
 
 of Natural Pliilosop'.iy, publLslicil in 1762, 
 and completed in his Pb}siologicdl disqui- 
 sitions, or Discourses on the Natural plii- 
 losophy of the Elements, 1781. During 
 the French revolution, he ubly .supported 
 the government of the country, by some 
 seasonable and well written pamphlets, 
 particularly an excellent collection of 
 tracts, called the Scholar Armed, 2 vols. 
 8vo. He also published 2 vols, of sermons 
 in 1790. This worthy man died 6th Jan. 
 ISOI. His works have been collected to- 
 gether and published in 12 vols. 8vo. with 
 a full account of his life. For some time 
 he held Pluckley rectory, in Kent, which he 
 exchanged for Paston, in Northampton- 
 shire. His memoirs of his pious friend 
 bishopHorne,is an interesting performance, 
 and does honour to his head and heart. 
 
 Jones, Henry, a poet, born at Drogheda, 
 in Ireland. He was bred a bricklayer, but 
 nature formed him for a poet, and after he 
 had distinguished himself by his produc- 
 tions, in the midst of his humble mechani- 
 cal employment ; he was introduced to lord 
 Chesterfield, when lord lieutenant, in 1745. 
 That nobleman pleased with his poetical 
 effusions, brought him over to London on 
 his return from Ireland, and by his influ- 
 ence, procured a liberal subscription to the 
 poems of his humble friend. He also re- 
 commended him strongly to Colley Gibber, 
 be prevailed upon the managers of Covent 
 garden to introduce his plays on the stage, 
 and nearly secured the reversion of the 
 laurel for his brow; but while the patron was 
 kind and generous, the poet was fickle, vio- 
 lent, prodigal, and capricious. After various 
 vicissitudes of fortune, the consequence of 
 imprudence and folly, he died in great want 
 April 1770, in a garret of the Bedford 
 coffee-house. Though not a poet of supe- 
 rior reputation, he possessed merit. His 
 " Earl of Essex," by no means a con- 
 temptible performance, appeared in 1753. 
 
 Jones, Jeremiah, a dissenting divine, 
 educated under his uncle, Sam. Jones, of 
 Tewkesbury, who had among his pupils, bi- 
 shops Butler, Chandler, and Seeker. He 
 kept a school at Nailsworth, and presided 
 over a dissenting congregation at Avening, 
 Gloucestershire, and in his manners was an 
 amiable, easy, and affable man. He wrote 
 a Vindication of the former part of St. 
 Matthew's Gospel, against Whiston's 
 charge of dislocations, &e. 1719 — a new 
 method of settling the canonical authority 
 of the Old Testament, 3 vols. 8vo. 1726, 
 lately reprinted, Oxford. He died 1724, 
 aged 31. 
 
 Jones, John Paul, captain in the Ameri- 
 can navy, was a native of Scotland, and 
 the son of John Paul, a gardener of the 
 earl of Selkirk. He was born in 1747, and 
 educated by the earl in the same manner 
 as his own ?ons. He commenced a scu- 
 
 isniv^ lilc at the age of'(ifteen, and at 
 length became conimandcr of a nurchant 
 vessel, and employed himself a mimlxr ol" 
 years in the Uest India trade. During a 
 voyage to Tobago, his en w mutinied, and 
 in a contest with Ihem he killed their 
 leader, for which on his arriNal at Tobago 
 he was tried and ac(|uitt(;(|. But on his re- 
 turn to England, being threatened with im- 
 prisonment and a new trial, he came to 
 America, and to disguise himself added to 
 his paternal name, that of Jones. The co- 
 lonies had at that time just commenced 
 the conflict of the revolution, and Jones im- 
 mediately entered their service as a lieu- 
 tenant in the navy, and went in the expedi- 
 tion against New-Providence. Soon after 
 he was aj)pointed to command a sloop of 
 twelve guns, with which he captured seve- 
 ral vessels. In the beginning of 1778 he 
 sailed from Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, 
 in the Ranger, a |)rivatcer of eighteen guns, 
 and cruised some time on the British coast. 
 He soon after challenged the Drake, a 
 British vessel of superior force to his own, 
 lying in the harbour of Waterford, and on 
 meeting captured her, after a desperate 
 conflict. In 1779, he obtained the command 
 of the Bonne Homme Richard of 40 guns, 
 in which he raised a commodore's flag, and 
 with a fleet of five inferior vessels, sailed 
 from L'Orient to cruise on the British coast, 
 and intercept the British Baltic fleet ; after 
 having captured a large number of mer- 
 chant vessels, and made several descents on 
 the coast, he on the 22d of September fell 
 in with that fleet, convoyed by a frigate and 
 sloop of war. By the disobedience of one 
 of his captains he was left to fight the fri- 
 gate alone, and after a conflict of the most 
 desperate nature, succeeded in making her a 
 prize. His own vessel was totally disabled 
 and soon after sunk. Another of his ves- 
 sels having captured the sloop also, he sailed 
 with his prizes to the Texel. Not long af- 
 ter he returned to France, and in 1 7S0, ob- 
 taining another vessel, sailed for the United 
 States. On passing near Bernuida he fell 
 in with a British frigate of superior force, 
 and putting the captain off his guard b\ 
 professing himself to be in the British ser- 
 vice, attacked him unexpectedly in the night 
 and sunk his vessel. After the peace Jones 
 returned to Europe, and engaged in the ser- 
 vice of the empress of Russia, who ga>c 
 him a conunission in the fleet in the Black 
 Sea, where he was instrumental, by the 
 plans he proposed, in capturing the Turkish 
 fleet. He at length returned to France, 
 where he eontiimed till his death, which 
 took place at Paris in 1792. He was buried 
 at the expense of the national convention. 
 
 ICJ^ L. 
 Jones, John, M.D. first professor of sur- 
 gery in King's college, New-York, was one 
 of the most distiniiiiished phvsicians in thn'^ 
 
JOTs 
 
 JON 
 
 province. He entered on the duties of his 
 professorship in 1767. He died in 1791. 
 He published several surgical ivorks, which 
 ivere highly respectable. Idp" L. 
 
 Jones, William, governor of Rhode- 
 Island, was bom at ISewport, and learned 
 the business of a carpenter. On arriving at 
 the age of manhood he engaged in the pub- 
 lic service, and had the command of a ma- 
 rine corps on board one of the national fri- 
 gates. After the war he was a merchant in 
 Providence until his death. He was an ex- 
 emplary and highly respected citizen, and 
 was several years a representative from 
 Providence, and speaker of the assembly. 
 In 1811 he was elected governor of the 
 state, and continued six years in office. He 
 died April 9th, 1822, aged 67. fCT' L- 
 
 Jones, John, a Benedictine monk, born 
 in London, and educated at Merchant- tai- 
 lors', and St. John's college, Oxford. As he 
 was inclined to the Roman catholic faith, he 
 went to Spain, and took the name of Lean- 
 der de Santo Martino, with the degree of 
 D.D. He was afterwards made Hebrew 
 and divinity professor, and vicar-general of 
 his order, and died in London, 1636. He 
 wrote Saci'a Ars Memoriae ad Scripturas di- 
 vinas in promptu hahcndas, &c. accommo- 
 data, Svo. — Conciliatio Locorum Commu- 
 nium totius Scriptural — the Bible, with a 
 glossary, 6 vols. fol. &c. 
 
 Jones, David, a native of Caernarvon- 
 shire, who died about 1780. He wrote 
 some poetical pieces of merit, and edited 
 two collections of Welch poetry, and 
 made, besides, a collection of ancient Welch 
 MSS. 
 
 Jones, John, a Welch antiquary, known 
 for his collecting, and his transcribing of old 
 Welch MSS. on which he bestOAved the la- 
 bour of above 40 years. Fifty large volumes 
 are still preserved, bearing the date of 1590 
 to 1630. 
 
 Jones, Rice, a Welch poet, born in Me- 
 rionethshire. He published Welch Antho- 
 logy, 4to. 1770, containing selections from 
 ihe poets of various ages. He died 1801, 
 aged 86. 
 
 Jones, Griffith, an English writer, editor 
 of the London Chronicle, and connected 
 with Johnson in the literary magazine, and 
 with Smollet and Goldsmith in the British 
 magazine. He was a very amiable charac- 
 ter, and projected with his brother those 
 various and entertaining books which are 
 7)0W become so fashionable as well as valu- 
 able for the improvement of young minds. 
 He died 1786, aged 65. 
 
 Jones, John, a dramatic writer in the 
 reign of Charles I. He wrote a play called 
 Adrasta, or the Woman's Spleen. 
 
 Jones, John, a medical writer, bom, says 
 
 "Dr. Aiken, in Wales. He took his medical 
 
 degree at Cambridge, and practised with 
 
 reputation in Bath, Nottinghamshire, and 
 
 1:^6 
 
 Derbyshire. He wrote the Dial of Ague^s 
 1 556— the Benefit of ancient Baths, 1572 
 — a brief discourse of the natural beginning 
 of all growing and living things, &c. 1574 
 — Galen's Elements translated. He died 
 about 1580. 
 
 Jones, Sir William, judge of the king's 
 bench, in the reigns of James I. and Charles 
 I. was author of Reports in his court, and 
 in that of common pleas. 
 
 Jones, Sir Thomas, a judge of the king's 
 bench, under Charles II. and James II. 
 author of some reports. When James wish- 
 ed to assert the dispensing power, and said 
 he could soon have 12 judges of his opinion ; 
 True, answered. Sir Thomas, you may have 
 12 judges, but not 12 lawyers. 
 
 Jones, Richard, a Welchman, the inge- 
 nious author of " Gemma Cambrieum," in 
 Welch, which contained in clear brevity, 
 all the books and chapters of the Bible, pub- 
 lished 1652. He was admitted at Jesus col- 
 lege, Oxford, 1621, and died in Ireland, but 
 when is unknown. 
 
 Jong, Ludolph de, a Dutch painter, who 
 died 1697, aged 78. His portraits were 
 finished in a superior style, and by his 
 genius and industry, he amassed a large 
 fortune. 
 
 JoNGHE, Baldwin, or Junius, a Francis- 
 can monk, born at Dort, in Holland. He 
 was author of Tuba Concionatorum — Ser- 
 tum Catholicum fidei, and other works on 
 divinity, and died at Brussels, 1634. 
 
 JoNiN, Gilbert, a Jesuit, known also as 
 an eminent poet. He died at Tournon, 
 1638, aged 42. He wrote Greek and Latin 
 odes, elegies, &e. with great elegance. He 
 also translated Anacreon into Latin. His 
 works appeared at Lyons, 6 vols. Svo. 
 
 JoNSius, John, a native of Holstein, who 
 distinguished himself as an elegant writer 
 at Frankfort, on the Maine. He died young, 
 1659. His Latin treatise, De Scriptoribus 
 Historiae Philosophiae, edited, Jena, 1716, 
 in 4to. is much admired. 
 
 JoNSON, Benjamin, a celebrated English 
 poet, born at Westminster, 1574. His fa- 
 ther, who was a clergyman, and had severe- 
 ly suffiired in the reign of Mary, by imprir 
 sonment, and by the loss of his property, 
 died about a month before the birth of the 
 poet. He was placed at Westminster school, 
 where Camden was then master, but the im- 
 prudent marriage of his mother with a brick- 
 layer altered his plans of life. He was re- 
 called home to work in his step-father's busi- 
 ness, but this so disgusted him that he en- 
 listed for a soldier, and passed with the 
 army into the Netherlands, where he dis- 
 tinguished himself greatly by his personal 
 valour. On his return to England he seem- 
 ed determined to pursue his studies, and 
 entered at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 but the naiTowness of his circumstances 
 cut short his residence in the universitv. 
 
J0^ 
 
 J OK 
 
 and destitute of resources, he applied lor 
 support to the stage. His first appearance 
 was at the Curtain, one of those mean and 
 jobscure theatres which then were built in 
 the skirts of the town, but his oflorts were 
 ridiculed, and in the most common charac- 
 ters he was unable to perform with credit. 
 His prospects, however, were soon clouded, 
 he fought a duel with a brother actor, and 
 despatched him, while he himself received a 
 wound in the arm. He, however, escaped 
 punishment, as he was discharged from pri- 
 son, by some means now unknown, though 
 during his confinement he was prevailed 
 upon by the insinuation of a priest, to be- 
 come a convert to the church of Rome, in 
 which he continued for 12 years. Soon 
 after this, since he could not shine as an 
 actor, he attempted to write plays, but his 
 efforts at first were unsuccesstul, till Shaks- 
 peare, who, like himself, had felt the severi- 
 ties of fortune, extended his friendship to 
 him, and not only interested himself in his 
 behalf, but supported his claims to public 
 applause by acting himself in some of his 
 characters. His first play printed was. 
 Every Man in his Humour, a comedy, 
 which was generally followed by another 
 every year ; but when his enemies ridiculed 
 the tardy efforts of his muse, he produced 
 his " Volpone," in five weeks. By joining 
 with Chapman and Marston in writing 
 *' Eastward-hoe," a comedy, he was accused 
 of reflecting on the Scotch nation, and with 
 his two poetical companions was thrown 
 into prison, but upon making due submis- 
 sion they escaped the loss of their ears and 
 noses, and obtained a pardon. As the ex- 
 hibition of masques was then very popular, 
 the genius and abilities of Jonson were 
 employed for the diversion of the court ; he 
 composed in 1603 part of the device, which 
 was to entertain James as he passed from 
 the tower to Westminster abbey, on his 
 coronation, and continued during that reign 
 and the beginning of the next, to preside 
 over all the amusements and the pageantry 
 of the royal household. Thus favoured by 
 the court, Jonson became a popular cha- 
 racter, and by his merit deserved and ob- 
 tained the friendship of men of taste and 
 literature, of Shakspeare, Beaumont, Fletch- 
 er, Donne, Camden, Seldcn, Corbet, and 
 others. He visited France in 1613, and in 
 1619 was honourably presented with the 
 degree of M.D. by the university of Oxford. 
 That year he succeeded on the death of 
 Daniel to the place of poet laureate, of which 
 the king two years before had granted him 
 the reversion, and on his petition his salary 
 of 100 marks was in 1630 augmented to as 
 many pounds. About this time he visited 
 his friend and correspondent Drummond, 
 of Hawthomden in Scotland, and celebrated 
 his adventures in a poem, which was after- 
 wards unfortunatelv burnt. Yet though 
 Vol.. n. " IS ' 
 
 liberally patronised by the king, and Uand- 
 somely rewarded for lii.<j plays and musqucK, 
 Jonson through carelessncHS or extravor 
 gance was poor. From (he solitude of un 
 obscure lodging he solUited and obtained 
 the king's favour, but the gratuity of lUO/. 
 from his royal patron :ivert.'d but for « 
 while the increasing horrors of iudigitiice. 
 He died of the palsy 6th Aug. 14337, in hi.i 
 63d year, and was buried in Westminster 
 abbey. Over his grave, on a njugh pave- 
 ment stone, the gift of Jack Young of Great 
 Milton, Oxfordshire, are inscribed these 
 quaint, but expressive words, " () rare Ben 
 Jonson." The literary fame of Jonsoji 
 drew against him a crowd of mean and ob- 
 scure poetasters, who expected gain ami 
 reputation by attacking his superior merit ; 
 but his funeral obsequies were sung by " the 
 friends of the muses," by lord Falkland, 
 lord Buckhurst, Beamnont, Hawkins, ^VaU 
 ler, Cartwright, Mayne, Waryng, and 
 others. His works were edited in 1716, in 
 6 vols. 8vo. and more completely in 7 vols. 
 8vo. with notes by Mr. Whalley, 1756. 
 Jonson was married, and had some children, 
 but none survived him. 
 
 JoNSTOjj, John, a Polish naturalist, 
 born at Sambter, 1603, He travelled over 
 Europe, and died on his estate at Lignitz, 
 Silesia, 1675. He published a natural His- 
 tory of Birds, Fishes, Quadrupeds, Insects, 
 Serpents, and Dragons, folio, 1653 — a trea- 
 tise on Hebrew and Greek Festivals, 1660 
 — Thaumatography, 1661, &c. 
 
 JoRAM, king of Israel after his brothei 
 Ahaziah, B.C. 896. He was delivered from 
 the power of Benhadad the Syrian, who be- 
 sieged his city, but though he acknowledged 
 the interference of God, and the prophetic 
 fame of Elisha, he became an idolater. He 
 was afterwards defeated by Hazael, king of 
 Syria, and slain by his servant Jehu, as he 
 fled from the battle, B.C. 884. 
 
 JoRAM, king of Judah after his father 
 Jehoshaphat, 889. B.C. was drawn into 
 idolatry by the arts of Ahab, his father-in- 
 law, whose daughter Athaliah he had mar- 
 ried. He was engaged in war with the 
 Edomites, who rebelled against him, and 
 with the Philistines, who defeated him. He 
 died 885. B.C. 
 
 Jordan, Sir Joseph, an English admiral, 
 to whose extraordinary valour his country 
 was indebted for the naval victory of Sole- 
 bay over the Dutch, 1672. The time of his 
 death is unknown. 
 
 Jordan', Charles Stephen, a Prussian 
 writer, vice-president of the academy of 
 sciences at Berlin. He died at Berlin, his 
 native city, 1746, aged 46, and the king, 
 Frederick the Great, not only erected a mo- 
 nument to him with this inscription, "here 
 Lies Jordan, the friend of the muses and of 
 the king," hut wrote a eidogy in his praise. 
 Jordan wrote Literarv Travels in France 
 
 {37 
 
JOK 
 
 JOK 
 
 England, and Holland, with Satirical Anec- 
 dotes, 8vo. — a Miscellany of Literature, 
 Philosophy, History, &c. — the life of De la 
 Croze ; works which some critics do not 
 esteem so highly as his royal friend did. 
 
 Jordan, Thomas, a dramatic author in 
 the reign of Charles I. Two of his come- 
 dies and a masque are mentioned with com- 
 mendation by Langbaine and others. 
 
 Jordan, John Christopher, privy coun- 
 sellor to the king of Bohemia, was eminent 
 as an antiquary. His notes on the Chro- 
 nology of Dionysius Hal. Polybius, Diodo- 
 rus Sic. and Livy are excellent. He died 
 about 1740. 
 
 JoRDANO, Luca, a celebrated painter, 
 born at Naples, 1632. He early studied 
 under his neighbour Joseph Ribera, and dis- 
 played such abilities that at the age of seven 
 his pieces were highly respectable. He 
 visited Rome and the other cities of Italy, 
 where he studied and copied the works of 
 the greatest masters, but especially those of 
 Pietro da Cortona, Paul Veronese, L. da 
 Vinci, M. Angelo, and A. del Sarto. He 
 improved upon the beauties of other mas- 
 ters with such effect that he was called by 
 Bellori the ingenious bee who extracted his 
 honey from the flowers of the best artists. 
 His reputation gradually spread not only 
 over Italy but the rest of Europe, and 
 Charles H. of Spain was so pleased with 
 his productions, that he invited him in 1692 
 to adorn the Escurial and the churches and 
 palaces of some of the Spanish cities. Jor- 
 dano, by the excellence and the variety of his 
 pieces, which exceeded in number those of 
 every other painter, even Tintoret, acquired 
 great opulence. He died at Naples, 1705, 
 and a monument %vas erected to him in St. 
 Bridget church before the chapel of St. Ni- 
 colas de Bari, which had been beautifully 
 adorned by his pencil. In his private cha- 
 racter he was very amiable, he was benevo- 
 lent in his conduct, friendly to his pupils, 
 and to great affability united a remarkable 
 flow of wit and humour. 
 
 JoRDANS, James, a painter, born at Ant- 
 werp, 1594. He was instructed in his art 
 by Adam Van Oort and Rubens, and to the 
 excellence of the best masters added a deep 
 and correct study of nature. His early 
 marriage with the daughter of Oort, his 
 master, prevented his visiting Italy ; but 
 application and genius supplied every defi- 
 ciency. In his pieces he displayed great 
 judgment and correctness : his manner was 
 bold, yet graceful ; striking, yet natural. 
 His ATorks adorned the public buildings of 
 some of the cities of Flanders, and he also 
 laboured for the kings of Sweden and Den- 
 mark. He was a pleasant and agreeable 
 companion, easy in jiis manners, and lively 
 in his conversation. He died at Antwerp, 
 1678, aged 84. 
 
 JoRDEN, Edward, an English phvsician, 
 138 
 
 born 1569, at High Halden, Kent, and edu- 
 cated at Hart hall, Oxford. He studied in 
 foreign universities, and took his doctor's 
 degree at Padua. On his return he prac- 
 tised in London, and was member of the 
 college of physicians, but his attempts to 
 manufacture allum proved injurious to his 
 fortune. The latter part of his life was 
 spent at Bath, where he died of the gout 
 and stone, Jan. 1632. He wrote a dis- 
 course on the Disease called the Suffocation 
 of the Mother, 4to. — Discourse on Natural 
 Baths and Mineral Waters, 4to. 1631, re- 
 printed by Guidott, with a treatise on the 
 Bath waters, &c. 1649. 
 
 JoRNANDES, author of a book de Rebus 
 Gothicis, et de Origine Mundi, et de Rerum 
 and Temporum Successione, 1617, 8vo. was 
 a Goth in the reign of Justinian. 
 
 JoRTiN, John, an English divine, born in 
 London, 23d Oct. 1698. His father was of 
 French origin, and came to England when 
 toleration was not allowed to the protes- 
 tants of France. Young Jortin was edu- 
 cated at the Charter-house, and in 1715 he 
 entered at Jesus college, Cambridge. He 
 was engaged two years after at the recom- 
 mendation of his tutor. Dr. Thirlby, in 
 making extracts from Eustathius for Pope's 
 Homer, but though his services were ap- 
 proved, he never was introduced to the 
 poet. In 1722 he published "LususPoeti- 
 ci," some Latin poems which were well re- 
 ceived by his friends, and in 1726-7 as 
 being fellow of his society he was presented 
 to the college living of Swavesey, near 
 Cambridge, which he resigned in 1728 up- 
 on marrying, and came to settle in London, 
 where he resided for 25 years. He at first 
 ofliciated at a chapel in Bloomsbury, and in 
 1737 obtained the living of Eastwell, Kent, 
 which he soon resigned on account of the 
 insalubrious air of the place. In 1746 he 
 was made afternoon preacher to Oxendon 
 chapel, and the next year he became assist- 
 ant to Dr. Warburton at Lincolns'-Inn. In 
 1749 he was appointed to preach Boyle's 
 lectures, and in 1751 he was made rector of 
 St. Dunstan in the East by Herring the 
 primate, who four years after conferred on 
 him the degree of D.D. In 1762 he became 
 chaplain to Osbaldiston, bishop of London, 
 who gave him a prebend in St. Paul's, the 
 living of Kensington, and in 1764 the arch- 
 deaconry of London. He died after a short 
 illness, Sept. 5, 1770, and was buried in 
 Kensington new churchyard, leaving a wi- 
 dow and a son and a daughter. Dr. Jortin, 
 respectable as a divine and as a man, was 
 deservedly esteemed as a poHte scholar and 
 an able orator. His publications were nu- 
 merous and highly valuable. He published 
 in 1730 four sermons on the Truth of 
 the Christian Religion, afterwards incor- 
 porated in his Discourses on the Truth of 
 Ihc Christian Religion, 8vo, 1746 — Miscel» 
 
JOS 
 
 JOS 
 
 laneous Observations upon Authors, An- 
 cient and modern, 2 vols. 8vo. — Remarks on 
 Ecclesiastical History, 8vo. 1751, continued 
 in four succeeding volumes down to 1517 
 — the era of the refprmution — Six Disser- 
 tations on Difterent Subjects, 8vo. 1755 — 
 Life of Erasmus, 4to. 1758 — Remarks on 
 the works of Erasmus, 4to. 17C0, besides 
 other inferior works. In 1771 four vols, 
 of his sermons were published by his son, 
 and inscribed to his parishioners of St. 
 Dunstan's, republished with three volumes 
 more, 1772, &c. 
 
 Joseph, son of Jacob by Rachel, was the 
 favourite of his father, and consequently 
 was exposed to the envy and hatred of his 
 brothers, who at last sold him as a slave to 
 some Midianitish merchants, by whom he 
 was carried into Egypt. In Egypt, by his 
 prudence and virtue, and under the protect- 
 ing hand of providence, he rose to become 
 the governor of the countrj', and he saw, 
 during the famine which prevailed in the 
 land and in Canaan, his brothers prostrate 
 themselves before him according to the ful- 
 filling of his dreams. He afterwards sent 
 for his father and his family to settle in the 
 land of Goshen, and after governing the 
 nation with wisdom and success he died 
 about 1G36 B.C. His bones were brought 
 out of Egypt by Moses, and buried in Ca- 
 naan. Joseph had two sons, Ephraim and 
 Manasseh, who became heads of two tribes 
 ia Israel. 
 
 Joseph, husband of Mary, the mother of 
 Jesus Christ, was of the tribe of Judah, and 
 of the lineage of David. He was son of 
 Jacob according to St. Matthew, or accord- 
 ing to St. Luke of Heli, a difference which 
 is explained by recollecting that Heli and 
 Jacob were brothers, and that after the 
 death of Heli, Jacob married agreeable to 
 the law of Moses, his brother's widow, and 
 became father of Joseph. 
 
 Joseph, of Arimathea, a man of opu- 
 lence, and a counsellor, who became pri- 
 vately a disciple of our Saviour. Afler the 
 crucifixion he buried the body of his 
 master in a new tomb, and then joined him- 
 self to the apostles. He died at Jerusalem. 
 
 Joseph I. loth emperor of the house of 
 Austria, was born at Vienna, 2Sth July, 
 1678. He was crowned king of Hungary 
 1687, elected king of the Romans 1690, and 
 in 1705 on the death of his father Leopold 
 he succeeded to the empire of Germany. 
 Pursuing the same political measures as his 
 father, he engaged England, Savoy, and 
 Holland in his war against France, to raise 
 the archduke Charles to the throne of 
 Spain, and then exerting his power as head 
 of the Germanic empire he deprived the 
 electors of Bavaria and of Cologne of their 
 dominions for assisting his enemies, and in 
 the most despotic manner he divided their 
 possessions among his friends and relations. 
 
 Ill- 
 
 Thus absolute in Germany, he uun 
 arms against Italy, and not only Mantua, 
 Parma, Modcna, Lucca, and Genoa, bm 
 even Etruria, Sicily, and Naple.i Ixcame 
 obedient to his dictates. From Italy hr 
 marched against the Hungarian insurgent-, 
 headed by the brave prince Kagotzki, whoia 
 he defeated and obliged to fly into Turkey. 
 His successes were stopped by the attack of 
 the smallpox, which proved fatal 17tli 
 April, 1711, in his 33d year. 
 
 Joseph II. emperor of Germany, son of 
 Leopold and Maria Theresa, was born 13ili 
 March, 1741, elected king of the Romans 
 1764, and crowned emperor the following 
 year on the decease of his father. He was 
 in his conduct actuated by the most benevo- 
 lent motives to improve the prosperity of 
 his country ; and to be acquainted with the 
 wants and situation of his subjects he tra- 
 velled over the greatest part of his domi- 
 nions. In Croatia he facilitated the com- 
 mercial intercourse of his Hungarian sub- 
 jects by the forming of a high road between 
 Zing and Carlstadt ; at >enice he settled in 
 an amicable manner the boundaries of his 
 kingdom and those of the republic, and in 
 Bohemia he administered to the wants of 
 his people and checked the ravages of the 
 famine which the troubles of Poland had 
 caused. He afterwards had two interviews 
 with the king of Prussia, whose great mili- 
 tarj' character he highly admired, but unfor- 
 tunately these visits ended in a mutual })laii 
 for the violent seizure of part of the Polish 
 provinces. In 1781 he passed into France, 
 but he disregarded the pompous ceremonies 
 with which the court wished to receive him, 
 and found greater pleasure and more sin- 
 cere satisfaction in examining the curiosities 
 of Paris, the manufactures of Lyons, and 
 the canals of Picardy. Anxious to listen to 
 the complaints of the unfortunate, he often 
 disguised himself to converse with obscure 
 individuals and to relieve their distresses ; 
 and that every opportunity might be indul- 
 ged of displaying his humanity he appointed 
 one day in the week in which he would re- 
 ceive petitions even from the meanest beg- 
 gar. In 1780 he succeeded by the death of 
 the empress queen to the crowns of Hun- 
 gary and Bohemia, and soon after publish- 
 ed decrees in favour of the liberty of the 
 press and of toleration. The respect and 
 attachment to his person which the Fleming"? 
 bad displayed was repaid by his improve- 
 ments in the harbour of Osttnd at his own 
 expense, and by his declaring the place a 
 free port. His attempts, however, to ren- 
 der the navigation of the Scheldt free, 
 though favoured by Lewis XVI. met with 
 opposition from the Hollanders, who view- 
 ed with jealousy the rise of a rival in the 
 commerce of Antwerp. With his usual hu- 
 manity Joseph saw and pitied the state of 
 the peasant'' through his states, and tbere- 
 
 ii9 
 
JOS 
 
 JOU 
 
 fcVe slavery was abolished in Bohemia, Mo- 
 ravia, and Silesia ; and with equal boldness 
 in favour of spiritual freedom, he published 
 an edict to disclaim the secular submission 
 uf his subjects to the see of Rome, and to 
 ►suppress some of the monasteries. This 
 severe attack excited the alarm of the pope ; 
 but the journey of Pius \l. to Vienna could 
 not reconcile the emperor, or abolish his 
 decree, and soon after, in 1786, the ecclesi- 
 astical princes at llatisbon determined to 
 withdraw from the temporal jurisdiction of 
 ]lome. His visit to the empress of Russia 
 at Chersori, in the meantime, did not only 
 tend to ensure the partition of Poland, but 
 aimed at the expulsion of the Turks from 
 Europe. But though a humane prince, Jo- 
 .seph was not a warrior ; he indeed reduced 
 Schabatz in person, but his troops were 
 defeated under prince Lichtenstein, and the 
 dreadful battle of Rohadin, which lasted 
 f(5ur days, proved fatal to his views, and the 
 Siege of Belgrade was abandoned. Laudohn 
 indeed by his valour and great experience 
 restored confidence among the imperialists, 
 and by the taking of Darbieza, Novi, and 
 Belgrade, contributed to the glory of his 
 master's arms, which ill success hitherto 
 had tarnished. The war, however, was 
 unpopular, and a peace hastily concluded 
 left the emperor the opportuility of attend- 
 iiig to the discontents and tumults which 
 had now been excited in the Netherlands. 
 Before these could be checked, Joseph 
 /fell a sacrifice to a lingering disease, and 
 died 20th February, 1790. He was suc- 
 ceeded by his brother Leopold. Though 
 admired for his benevolence, Joseph has 
 been blamed by some historians for his 
 Jbndness of innovation, and for the forma- 
 tion of plans which he had not the wisdom 
 to complete, or the firmness to execute. 
 
 Joseph, king of Portugal, of the family 
 of Braganza, ascended the throne 1750, 
 and died 24th Feb. 1777, aged 62 years and 
 eight months. His reign was turbulent and 
 unfortunate. Lisbon was swallowed in 
 1755 by an earthquake, and in 1758 a vio- 
 lent conspiracy was formed against the 
 monarch whose life was saved by the per- 
 sonal courage of his coachman, and in con- 
 sequence of this the Jesuits, who had medi- 
 tated the assassination, were expelled from 
 the kingdom, and their property confis- 
 cated. Afterwards the king quarrelled 
 with the court of Rome, and in 1761 a war 
 was kindled against Spain, in which he was 
 assisted by the English. In the latter part 
 of his reign he resigned the reins of go- 
 vernment into the hands of his queen, Mary 
 Ann of Spain. 
 
 Joseph Meir, a learned rabbi, born at 
 Avignon, 1496. He died near Genoa, 1554. 
 He wrote a Hebrew book on the annals of 
 the kings of France and the Ottoman sal- 
 tans, &c. 
 
 140 
 
 Joseph, Ben Gorion, a Jewish historian, 
 ivho abridged the history of Josephus, with 
 whom he is often confounded by the rab- 
 bins. He flourished in the tenth century. 
 His works appeai-ed vfith a Latin version 
 by Gagnier, Oxford, 1706, 8vo.— and in 
 Hebrew and Latin, Gotha, 1707, 4to. 
 
 Joseph, of Paris, a capuchin, the friend 
 and confidant of Richelieu. His services 
 were such in the employment of emissaries 
 that Lewis XIH. procured him a cardinal's 
 hat, which he did not live to receive. He 
 died of an apoplexy at Ruel, 1638. His life 
 has been frequently written and contains 
 curious particulars. 
 
 Joseph, Father, an apostate monk, who 
 under the assumed name of Joshua and at 
 the head of 6000 banditti attempted in 1678 
 to extirpate the cathoHc religion in Hun- 
 gary. After committing the greatest enor- 
 mities his followers were dispersed upon 
 the sudden death of their leader. 
 
 Josephus, Flavins, a celebrated Jewish 
 historian, who studied at Rome, and after- 
 wai-ds bravely defended a small town of 
 Judsa against Vespasian for seven weeks. 
 He was taken into the favour of the em- 
 peror, and was with him at the siege of Je^" 
 rusalem, where he alleviated the misfor- 
 tunes of his country, and obtained all the 
 sacred books in the booty. He wrote the 
 History of the Wars of the Jews in Greek — 
 the Antiquities of the Jews — a Defence of 
 the Jews — books of very great merit and 
 best edited by Havercamp, Amsterdam, 2 
 vols. fol. 1725. He died A.D. 93, aged 56. 
 
 Joshua, son of Nun, and of the tribe of 
 Benjamin, was appointed by Moses as his 
 successor to conduct the people of Israel 
 into the possession of the land of Canaan. 
 He died B.C. 1424, aged 110. 
 
 JosiAH, king of Judah after his father 
 Ammon, 641 B.C. is celebrated for the zeal 
 with which he restored the law of Moses, 
 and destroyed idolatry. He died B.C. 610, 
 aged 39, in consequence of the wounds 
 which he received in a battle at Megiddo 
 against Necho king of Egypt. 
 
 JouBERT, Laurence, a physician, born at 
 Valence in Dauphiny 1530. He studied at 
 Paris and at Rome, and afterwards settled 
 at Montpellier, where he became, after 
 Rondelet's death, Regius professor 1567, 
 His reputation was so great that nothing 
 was considered as too difficult for his art, 
 so that Henry III. sent for him to consult 
 him how he might render his marriage pro- 
 lific, which, however, was unavailing. He 
 died 1582. His writings are in French, 
 and in Latin, and all on his profession ; 
 the best edition of which is 1645, 2 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 JouBERT, Francis, a priest of Montpel- 
 lier, who was confined in the bastile for his 
 attachment to the doctrines of the Jansen- 
 ists. He died 1763, aged 74. He is author 
 
JOV 
 
 lOf 
 
 of a commentary on Revelation, and other 
 ivorka. 
 
 JouBERT, Bartholomew Catharine, a na- 
 tive of Pont-dc-^ aux, in the clcpartmtMit of 
 Ain, born l4th April, 1769, and bred up 
 to the law. The revolution altered his pur- 
 suits, and panting for military glory, he en- 
 tered into the army, and from a grenadier 
 rose to the rank of general. He was second 
 in command under Buonaparte in the con- 
 quest of Italy, and signalized himself at the 
 battles of Millesimo, Ceva, Montebaldo, 
 Rivoli, and in the Tyrol. His valour and 
 presence of mind were such that Buonaparte 
 going into Kgypt emphatically told the di- 
 rectory, 1 leave you Joubert. He was after- 
 wards opposed to the Russians under Su- 
 warrow, at the battle of Novi, but was 
 killed at the beginning of the engagement, 
 1799, leaving behind him the character not 
 only of a great general, but of an amiable 
 man. 
 
 JouRDAiN, Amable Brechillet, an oriental 
 scholar, was born in 17SS. He was placed 
 with a notarj , but being related to Anquetil 
 Duperron, he quitted the law to study the 
 eastern languages, in which he made such a 
 progress that Langles obtained for him the 
 place of assistant secretary in that depart- 
 ment. He died in I8l8. He enriched the 
 Moniteur with curious dissertations, assisted 
 Michaud in the " History of the Crusades," 
 and obtained a prize from the academy of 
 belles lettres for a dissertation on those 
 works of Aristotle and the other Greek phi- 
 losophers, for which we are indebted to the 
 Arabs. At the time of his death he was 
 engaged on a history of the rise and fall of 
 the Barmecides. — W. B. 
 
 JoviANUs, Flavius Claudius, a native of 
 Pannonia, made emperor after Julian's 
 death, an honour which he accepted upon 
 the promise of the army to become Chris- 
 tians. He made a dishonourable peace with 
 the Persians, and was accidentally suffo- 
 cated by charcoal, which had been placed 
 in his room, seven months after his eleva- 
 tion to the throne, 364 A.D. 
 
 JoviNiAN, a monk of Milan, Avho became 
 the head of a sect, who maintained that 
 our Saviour's body was not real flesh, but a 
 phantom. He enlarged the number of his 
 followers by offering violence to %vomen, 
 and by permitting the indulgence of every 
 sensuality, till at last Honorius ordered 
 him to be whipped and sent into banish- 
 ment. He died in Dalmatia, in conse- 
 quence of his debaucheries, 406 A.D. His 
 works were attacked by Jerome. 
 
 Jovius, Paul, an eminent historian, born 
 at Como, in Italy, 1483. After studying in 
 his native place he went to Rome for the 
 advantages of the Vatican library in his lite- 
 rary pursuits, and here he %vrote his first 
 piece, "de Piscibus Romanis," which he 
 sledicated to cardinal de Bourbon. He also 
 
 attached himself by ihe meanol flattery 
 to Francis I. king of Fru.ue, who grant- 
 ed him a pen.Mon, which however waa 
 discontumed in the n i^,r„ „f (}„. ,„.,, ,„j,, 
 nareh, through the inllu.nc- of Monlino- 
 rency, constable of the kingdom, whom 
 Jovius had oflended. The favourable man- 
 ner in which he had spoken of ihr; hou«c of 
 Medicis in his historical composition?*, in- 
 duced him to hope he might obtain a bii'hop- 
 ric from Clement MI.: he made the re- 
 quest, and gained the see of Nocera, but 
 under the, next pontifl' he attempted in \ain 
 to obtain the \aeant bishopric of his native 
 place, and upon the refusal he retired in 
 discontent to Florence, where he employed 
 himself in the completion ol" his hi-itory. 
 He died 1552, and was buried in St. Lau- 
 rence's church at Florence. His history, 
 containing the events of his own times from 
 1494 to 1544, was printed 3 vols, folio, 
 Florence, 1552, and at Strasburg, 1556 j 
 but though valual)le and interesting, it is to 
 be read with great caution. To great 
 learning Jovius united wit and liveliness, 
 his style was elegant and polished, and his 
 judgment solid. In his private character 
 he was dissolute and licentious, and to a re- 
 prehensible degree credulous. There was 
 another Paul Jovius, who from a phvsieian 
 became bishop of Nocera, 15S5, and dis- 
 tinguished himself as a poet, and a man of 
 letters. 
 
 Jovius, Benedictus, brother to the his- 
 torian, was known as a poet and historical 
 writer. 
 
 JoussE, Daniel, a lawyer, born at Or- 
 leans. He died 1781, aged 77. He wrote 
 some valuable works on his profession. 
 
 JouvENCT, Joseph, a French Jesuit, pro- 
 fessor of belles lettres at Caen and after- 
 wards at Paris. He died at Rome, 1719, 
 aged 76. He defended in his writings the 
 Jcauit Guignard, whose works had inflamed 
 Castal to attempt the life of Henry IV. and 
 did not scruple to compare this assassin to 
 our Saviour, and the judge who condemned 
 him to Pontius Pilate. He continued the 
 History of the Jesuits from the year 1 591 
 to 1616, but the work was condemned by 
 the parliament of Paris, 1713. He wrote 
 besides "Latin Orations," an AppendLv 
 De Diis et Heroibus Poeticis, and valua- 
 ble notes on Persius, Juvenal, Ovid, Mar- 
 tial, &c. 
 
 JouvENET, John, a French painter, born 
 at Rouen, 1641. His family, who were dis- 
 tinguished as painters, were of Italian ori- 
 gin. After studying under his father, he 
 went to Paris, and improved himself under 
 Le Brun, and gained the approbation of the 
 academy of painting by presenting them his 
 Esther fainting before Ahasuerus. After 
 passing through all the ollices of the acade- 
 my he was made one of the four pcrj)etual 
 rectors on the death of Mignard. Hi-^ 
 
 141 
 
JUD 
 
 JUG 
 
 paintings are numerous and very valuable, 
 especially his sacred pieces. In his old age 
 he was struck with the palsy in his right 
 side, and then began to use his left hand, 
 with astonishing dexterity and success in 
 the completion of some of his pieces. 
 He died at Paris, 1717, leaving no chil- 
 dren but a nephew, of great merit in his 
 -profession. 
 
 JoYE0SE, Anne de, a duke and admiral 
 of France, the favourite of Henry III. 
 He was mild in private life, but as a com- 
 mander extremely severe. He was killed 
 in an expedition against the Huguenots, 
 1687. 
 
 JoYEUSE, Francis de, brother to the 
 above, was a cardinal, and the able and 
 political confidential minister of Henry III. 
 and IV. and Lewis XIII. He founded some 
 public edifices, and died dean of the college 
 of cardinals at Avignon, 1615. 
 
 JoTNER, William, or Lyde, an English 
 writer, born in St. Giles's parish, Oxford, 
 April, 1622. He was educated in the schools 
 of Thame and Coventry, and then entered 
 as demy at Magdalen college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow. At the time of 
 the rebellion he embraced the popish reli- 
 gion and went abroad, and afterwards re- 
 turned to London. In 1678 he came to live 
 at Horspath, near Oxford, but was arrested 
 by the vice-chancellor as a Jesuit ; but upon 
 his appearance at the sessions he was dis- 
 charged, and then retired to the obscurity 
 of the village of Ickford, in Buckingham- 
 shire. On James's accession he was resto- 
 red to his fellowship, but was expelled the 
 year after, and died at Ickford, 14th Sept. 
 1706. He wrote the Roman empress, a 
 comedy, 1670, 4to. — Observations on Car- 
 dinal Pole's life, 1686, 3vo. — Latin and 
 English poems. 
 
 JcJAN, George, a Spaniard, knight of 
 Malta, and known as an able mathemati- 
 cian. He went with Don Anthony de Ul- 
 loa, and the French mathematicians to Peru, 
 to ascertain the figure of the earth. He 
 published on his return Observations on the 
 Voyage, in Spanish, translated with the re- 
 marks of Ulloa into French, and published 
 2 vols. 4to. Amsterdam. He wrote be- 
 sides a treatise on the Construction and 
 Management of Vessels. He died at 
 Madrid, 1773. 
 
 Job A, king of Mauritania, was driven 
 from his kingdom by Caesar for espousing 
 the cause of Pompey. He destroyed him- 
 self B.C. 42. 
 
 JuBA, son of the preceding, was carried 
 prisoner to Rome by Caesar, but under 
 Augustus he recovered his dominions, and 
 married Cleopatra, Antony's daughter. 
 He wrote the History of Arabia — the His- 
 tory of Rome — and other works in Greek, 
 
 &c. 
 
 .TuDA, Leo, son of a priest of Alsace, bv 
 142 
 
 a concubine, was well skilled in Hebrew, 
 and died minister of Zurich, 1542, aged 60. 
 Besides a translation of the Bible from 
 the original, he wrote against Erasmus^ 
 who had reflected on him for changing his 
 religion. 
 
 JuDA, Hakkadish, a learned rabbi, the 
 friend of Antoninus. He collected, twenty- 
 six years after the destruction of the Tem- 
 ple, " the Misna," or Constitutions and 
 Traditions of the Jewish Magistrates, &c. 
 This book is the text of the Talmud, which 
 has been well edited by Surenhusius, 3 vols. 
 folio. 
 
 JuDA-cHiNG, a rabbi of Fez, in the 11th 
 century, called the prince of Jewish gram- 
 marians, author of an Arabic dictionary and 
 other works. 
 
 JuDAH, fourth son of Jacob and Leah, 
 was the head of a tribe, and to him his fa- 
 ther in the spirit of prophecy declared, that 
 the sceptre should not depart from him till 
 the Messiah should come, which was fully 
 accomplished. He died 1636 B.C. aged 
 119 years. 
 
 Judas Iscariot, so called from the 
 place of his birth in the land of Ephraim, 
 was the disciple and the betrayer of Jesus. 
 When he found that his master was con- 
 demned, he threw back the 30 pieces of sil- 
 ver for which he had betrayed the innocent 
 blood, and went and hanged himself. 
 
 JuDE, St. an apostle, and the author of 
 an epistle, was brother of James the less, 
 and he is called sometimes Thaddeus, Leb- 
 beus, or the zealous. He preached the 
 gospel in Libya, Mesopotama, Syria, Idu- 
 mea, and Arabia, and suffered martyrdom 
 at Berytus as it is supposed A. D. 80. 
 
 Judex, Matthew, a learned German, 
 born at Tiposwald in Misnia, 1528. He 
 studied at Dresden, W^ittemberg, and Mag- 
 deburg, and afterwards became divinity 
 professor at Jena, a place from which he 
 was soon driven. His learning was great, 
 and his private character highly respecta- 
 ble, yet he unfortunately had many ene- 
 mies, and the persecution to which he was 
 exposed shortened, it is said, his life. He 
 died 1564, aged 36, leaving five children by 
 his wife, whom he had ten years before 
 married at Magdeburg. He was concerned 
 in the composition of the two first Centu- 
 ries of Magdeburg, and he had proposed to 
 write an ecclesiastical history. 
 
 JuGLARis, Aloysius, an Italian Jesuit, 
 born at Nice. He taught rhetoric in his 
 society, and was then preceptor to prince 
 Charles Emanuel at the court of Savoy, 
 and died at Messina, 15th Nov. 1653. He 
 wrote 100 panegyrics on Jesus Christ, 40 
 in honour of Lewis XIII. some on several 
 learned bishops, besides epitaphs, Slc. His 
 works were together published at Lucca, 
 1710. 
 JuGORTHA, natural son of ManastabaK 
 
JLL 
 
 JtL 
 
 and grandson of Mnsinisaa king of Nunu- 
 dia, served with credit in the Roman armies 
 in Spain, and afterwards instead of dividing 
 the kingdon» with Adherbal and Hienipsal, 
 the two sons of his uncle Micipsa, he de- 
 stroyed them and seized upon the whole 
 sovereignty. The Romans interfered, but 
 Jugurtha possessed courage, and opposed 
 their armies. After various successes he 
 was defeated by Metellus, and by Marius, 
 and at last betrayed into the hands of the 
 Ronians by Bocchus. He died at Rome, 
 106 B.C. six days after his arrival. 
 
 JuiGNE Broissiniere, D. Scigncur dc 
 Moliere, author of Dictionnaire Theolo- 
 gique, Historique, Poetique, Cosmographi- 
 que et Chronologique, Paris, 4to. 1644, 
 and Rouen 1668, was an advocate of the 
 French parliaments. His work is consi- 
 dered as incorrect by Morcri. 
 
 Julia, a virgin and martyr of Carthage. 
 "When her country was ravaged by Genseric 
 she was sold to a pagan, and put to death 
 for refusing to join in a heathen sacrifice 
 440. 
 
 Julia, daughter of Caesar and Cornelia, 
 was a Roman lady of great virtue. After 
 the death of Cor. Caepio, her husband, she 
 married Pompey, and died in childbed, 53 
 B.C. 
 
 Julia, daughter of Augustus, was the 
 wife of Metellus, afterwards of Agrippa, 
 and lastly of Tiberius. She disgraced her- 
 self by her debaucheries, for which she was 
 banished, and died of want in the begin- 
 ning of the reign of Tiberius. Her daugh- 
 ter, of the same name, was equally licen- 
 tious. 
 
 Julia, daughter of Titus, committed in- 
 cest with her brother Domitian. 
 
 Julia Domna, the wife of the emperor 
 Severus, was well skilled in philosophy, and 
 the sciences. Her son, Caracalla, killed 
 his brother Geta in her arms. It is said, 
 that she starved herself to death because 
 Macrinus was elected emperor in her son 
 Caracalla's room. 
 
 Julian, emperor of Rome, was son of 
 Jul. Constantius, the brother of the great 
 Constantine. Under Constantius, the son 
 of Constantine, he displayed great bravery, 
 and was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers, 
 and became sole sovereign soon after by the 
 death of Constantius. On his elevation to 
 the throne, he declared himself a pagan, re- 
 gardless of the Christian tenets w hich he had 
 embraced ; and on that account, he received 
 the name of apostate. He was mortally 
 wounded in a battle against Sapor, king of 
 Persia, whose dominions he had invaded, 
 and died soon after, A.D. 363, aged 32. 
 In his private character he was respectable, 
 and he possessed a great share of learning. 
 The best of his works is his History of the 
 Caesars. His works were edited by Span- 
 heim, Leipsic, 1696, folio. 
 
 Julian, St. archbishop of Toledo, aathot 
 of a treatise again.sl the Jews, — Hlstoria 
 VVaniba;,— and other works in divinity, 
 died 690. 
 
 Juliana, a singular character of Nor- 
 wich, who in her zeal for mortification con- 
 lined herself lor several years between four 
 walls. She wrote, "sixteen Revelations 
 of Divine Love showed to a devout Servant 
 of our Lord, called Mother Juliana, an 
 Anchoret of Norwich, who lived in the 
 days of king Edward III." publibhed by 
 F. R. S. Cressy, 1610. 
 
 JuLiEN, Peter, a French sculptor, was 
 born at Paulien in 1731. After gaining a 
 prize at the academy of Lyons, he settled 
 in Paris, where he studied under William 
 Coustou, and obtained another prize for a 
 has relief, representing Sabinus oflering his 
 chariot to the vestals. In 1768 he went to 
 Rome, where he executed several fine works. 
 On his return to France he became assist- 
 ant to Coustou, and, in 1779, gained a place 
 in the academy, by his " Dying Gladiator." 
 He died in 1804.— PT. B. 
 
 Julio, Romano, an Italian painter, the 
 disciple and favourite of Raphael. He dis- 
 tinguished himself not only by liis pencil, 
 but also by his knowledge of architecture. 
 He built a palace for his patron, Clement 
 VII. and adorned the churches and public 
 buildings of Rome, with his highly finished 
 paintings. He afterwards went to Mantua, 
 which his genius was employed to improve 
 and to beautify. He died at Mantua, 1 546, 
 leaving two children behind him. De Piles, 
 who has given a judicious critique of his 
 works, says, that his genius took wing all 
 at once, or like a torrent, broke over its 
 banks. His compositions, therefore, were 
 all expressive of beauty, fire, and dignity ; 
 sublime in the conception, grand and cor- 
 rect in the execution. 
 
 Julius I. pope and saint, succeeded 
 Mark, 337, and died 352. He possessed 
 learning, piety, and benevolence. He ably 
 supported Athanasius against the Arians, 
 and wrote various things. Some of his 
 letters are still extant. 
 
 Julius II. Julian de le Rovere, born at 
 Albizala, near Savona, was successively 
 bishop of Carpentras, Albano, Ostia, Bo- 
 logna, and Avignon, and was raised to the 
 purple in 1471, by his uncle, Sixtus \\ . and 
 made commander-in-chief of the papal 
 troops against the revolted L'mbrians. On 
 the death of Alexander \l. he had the art 
 and influence to prevent the election of 
 cardinal d' Aniboise, and to place Pius HI. 
 in the vacant chair, which he himself was 
 called to fill 22 days after, 1st Nov. 1503, 
 by the sudden death of the new pontifl'. 
 Thus raised by bribery to (he height of his 
 ambition, he, after laying the foundation of 
 St. Peter's church, 1506, meditated the 
 temporal agcrandizement of his court. Hf^ 
 
 143 
 
JiJN 
 
 JUN 
 
 wished to recover from the Venetians, 
 Faenza and Rimini, and the other conquests 
 made by Alexander VI. which, after his 
 death, they had recovered ; and by signing 
 the league of Cambray with the emperor, 
 and the kings of France and Arragon, and 
 by laying the whole Venetian states under 
 an interdict, he triumphed over his ene- 
 mies. Thus victorious against the Vene- 
 tians, he now intrigued against the French, 
 whom he regarded with envy, for having 
 opposed his elevation to the pontificate ; 
 and his artful insinuations procured for him 
 the support of the Swiss republic, and of 
 the kings of England and Arragon. At the 
 head of his troops, Julius marched to meet 
 the enemy, he besieged Mirandola, and soon 
 entered its gates as a conqueror ; but for- 
 tune soon changed, and Trivulce, the French 
 general, seized Bologna, and made the papal 
 troops and their allies of Venice, fly before 
 him. Julius retired in disgrace to Rome, 
 and soon saw the general council of Pisa 
 pronounce his suspension for contumacy, a 
 step which he opposed by laying the French 
 kingdom under an interdict. The violence 
 of his enemies, however, and the chagrin 
 which corroded him from pique and disap- 
 pointment, proved too powerful for his con- 
 stitution. He was carried off by a fever, 
 21st Feb. 1513, aged 70. Great as a states- 
 man and as a warrior, Julius had little claim 
 to the meekness, benevolence, and humi- 
 lity, which should belong to the ecclesias- 
 tical character. To the aggrandizement of 
 his temporal power, he scrupled not to 
 sacrifice every principle of honour and of 
 virtue. He was, however, a liberal patron 
 of literature and of the arts. He was the 
 first who introduced the custom of wearins: 
 the beard long, which was soon after imi- 
 tated by Charles V. Francis I. and their 
 courtiers. 
 
 Julius III. John Marie du Mont, a native 
 ef Arezzo, made archbishop of Sipontum, 
 a cardinal, and in 1550, pope. He joined 
 the empei'or against Octavius Farnese, 
 duke of Parma ; but the expedition was 
 attended with disgrace. He is blamed for 
 dissolving the council of Trent, Avhere he 
 had presided in the name of Paul III. and 
 for the treaty of Passau. He was a weak 
 and narrow-minded pontiff, little calculated 
 to uphold, with dignity, the power of the 
 holy see. He died 23d March, 1556, aged 
 68. 
 
 JuNCKER, Christian, an able medallist, 
 born at Dresden. He died 1714, aged 46. 
 He translated some of the classics into Ger- 
 man ; but his works were often hurried on 
 account of his pressing wants. Among his 
 respectable publications are, Centuria 
 Fseminarum eruditionc et Scriptis Illus- 
 trium — Schediasma dc Diariis Eruditorum 
 — Vita Lutheri, &c. — Theatrum Lntinita- 
 tH9, &c. — Vita Ludolphi, &c. 
 144 
 
 JuNCTiN, or GuiNTiNo, Francis, a na« 
 tive of Florence, who though a Carmelite, 
 quitted the catholic religion for the protes- 
 tant when settled in France. He amassed 
 a large fortune by being a corrector of the 
 press, a manufacturer of paper, and a 
 banker; and died 1580. He possessed 
 merit as a mathematician, and published 
 arithmetical works, — Commentaries on 
 Sacrobosco's Sphere — a Discourse on 
 the Age of the Love of Petrarch — a 
 treatise on the reformation of the Calen- 
 dar, &c. 
 
 JuNGERMAN, Godfrey, professor of law 
 at Leipsic, died at Henau, 1610. He is 
 known as the editor of Julius Pollux, and 
 the translator of Longus. 
 
 JuNGERMAN, Lcwis, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, distinguished himself by his works 
 on botany, and natural history. He died at 
 Altorf, 1653. 
 
 JuNGius, Joachim, a native of Lubeck, 
 who studied at Glossen, where he became 
 professor of mathematics. He afterwards 
 applied to physic at Augsburg, and took hi.s 
 degree of M.D. at Padua. He died at 
 Hamburgh, 1657, aged 98. He wrote 
 some Latin tragedies, besides treatises on 
 metaphysics, &c. 
 
 JuNiLius, a bishop of Asturia, in the 
 sixth century, author of two books on the 
 divine laws, &.c. 
 
 Junius, Adrian, a learned Dutchman, 
 born 1511, at Hoorn, where his father was 
 burgomaster. After studying at Haerlem 
 and Louvaine, he went to Paris, and then 
 to Bologna, where he applied himself to 
 medical pursuits. He came to England 
 about 1543, and was physician to the duke 
 of Norfolk. He published, among other 
 works, a Greek and Latin Lexicon, which 
 he dedicated, 1548, to king Edward, for 
 which he was severely censured by the 
 pope, who had not acknowledged the ac- 
 cession of the young monarch. He after- 
 wards returned to Holland ; but on the 
 accession of Mary, he again settled in Eno- 
 land, and made himself known to the new 
 queen by his epithalamium on her marriage 
 with Philip of Spain. The difficulties of 
 the times drove him again to the continent, 
 and some years after he was invited to be- 
 come physician to the king of Denmark ; 
 but as the air and climate proved insalu- 
 brious to his constitution, he declined the 
 honourable appointment, and settled at 
 Haerlem, as principal of the college there. 
 The siege of this city by the Spaniards, 
 1573, and the loss of his library on that 
 melancholy occasion, affected him greatly, 
 so that his disorders increased, and he died 
 at Middleburg, 1575. His works, which 
 are numerous, prove him to have been an 
 able scholar. 
 
 Junius, or du Jon, Francis, professor of 
 divinity at Leyden, w&s bom at Bourge?; 
 
JLN 
 
 J-t^ 
 
 1546. He studied at Geneva, and after- 
 ■\vards taught a school there for his sup- 
 port ; but at the age of 20 he was made mi- 
 nister of the Walloon church at Antwerp. 
 The violent contests between the papists 
 and protestants, however, proved disa- 
 greeable to him ; he left Antwerp, and 
 afterwards became chaplain to the prince of 
 Orange, and attended him in various expe- 
 ditions. Afterwards he read public lec- 
 tures at Ncustadt, and Heidelberg, and 
 then visited France, and was kindly re- 
 ceived by Henry IV. after which he settled 
 at Leyden, 1592, and was cut ofi' by the 
 plague ten years after. He was four times 
 married. His publications were 64 in 
 number, the best known of which is his 
 Latin version of the Hebrew Bible, in which 
 he was assisted by Tremellius. He has 
 beeUi commended by Bayle and Scaliger, 
 though Du Pin says he was no great di- 
 vine. 
 
 Junius, Francis, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Heidelberg, 15S9. He was 
 first educated at Leyden, but at his father's 
 death, he studied mathematics to follow a 
 militsuy life. The conclusion of the war, 
 however, altered his plans ; he devoted 
 himself to literature, published some of his 
 father's works, and then travelled to France 
 and England. For thirty years he was in 
 England in the family of the earl of Arun- 
 del ; and taking advantage of frequent vi- 
 sits to Oxford, he laboriously applied him- 
 self to the acquisition of the ancient lan- 
 guages of the Cimbri, Goths, Franks, Pri- 
 sons, and other northern nations, from 
 whose obsolete idioms he deduced the deri- 
 vation of many German and English words. 
 Though thus engaged in insipid and per- 
 haps unprofitable studies, he enjoyed a 
 great flow of spirits and an excellent con- 
 stitution, and attained a good old age, 
 though fondly attached to the labours of a 
 sedentary life. In 1677, he visited his ne- 
 phew. Dr. Is. Vossius, at Windsor, and 
 was there attacked by a fever, which car- 
 vied him off, Nov. 19th that year. He was 
 interred in St. George's chapel. He left 
 by his will, all his MSS. and collections to 
 the public library of his favourite Oxford. 
 His chief works were, Glossarium Gothi- 
 cum — de Pictura Veterum, 4to. printed also 
 in English, 163S — Observationes in Wille- 
 rami Francicam Paraphrasin Cantici Can- 
 ticorum, 1655, 8vo. — several letters in G. 
 I. Vossius's collection. 
 
 Juntas, two printers of celebrity, who 
 had printing offices at Venice, Florence, 
 and Geneva. Philip began to print at Ge- 
 neva 1497. He died 1519. Bernard, his 
 brother or cousin, was equally known. 
 The Greek classics by Philip, are'^held in 
 very high estimation. 
 
 Junta, Thomas, a physician of Venice, 
 Vol. II. 19 
 
 who published, 15.11, a learned treatise on 
 the battles of llic ancients. 
 
 JuRET, Francis, a native of Dijon, whoso 
 notes on Symmachus, and poetical piece* 
 in the Delicia; Poetarum Gallorum, were 
 highly esteemed. He died 1(;-2G, aged 73. 
 
 JuiiiEU, Peter, called by the papists the 
 Goliath of the protestants, was born -Zith 
 Dec. 1637, at Mer, in the diocess of Blois, 
 where his father, Daniel J. was minister of 
 the reformed relij^ion. He was educated 
 partly under Peter de Moulin, his mother's 
 brother, who was in England, and when of 
 age, he was ordained minister in that 
 church ; but after his return, to succeed 
 his father at Mer, he was re-ordained ac- 
 cording to the form of the foreign protes- 
 tants. He afterwards officiated at N'itri, 
 and then became professor of Hebrew and 
 divinity in the university of Sedan. In 
 1681 he retired to Holland, and there was 
 appointed divinity professor at Rotterdam, 
 and minister of the Walloon Church. Al- 
 ready distinguished by his writings, he now 
 applied himself to the study of the Revela- 
 tion, and liberally explained the striking 
 passages of that mysterious book, by appli- 
 cation to the events then passing under his 
 eye. The revolution in England enabled 
 him to consider William III. as the instru- 
 ment of God raised up against antichrist. 
 While with enthusiastic zeal he attempted 
 to convince the world of the truth of hia 
 explanations, and of the fulfilling of the 
 prophecies, he excited, by his violence, a 
 host of enemies against him. Bayle, who 
 had long been his friend, took up the arms 
 of controversy against him, and so unpopu- 
 lar were his principles, that in several of 
 the churches of Holland, his opinions on 
 baptism, justification, and other ecclesias- 
 tical topics, were publicly condemned, 
 though his name was omitted in the cen- 
 sure. These troubles, and the popular dis- 
 content which his accusation of heterodoxy, 
 against Saurin, pastor of Utrecht, excited, 
 produced a dejection of spirits, which, after 
 continuin2; some years, carried him ofT, 
 1713, at Rotterdam, in his 76th year. He 
 was a man of great learning, and vast in- 
 formation ; but unfortunately he was vio- 
 lent in his temper, intolerant in his princi- 
 ples, and unwilling to yield, or even to 
 listen, to the candid representations of his 
 opponents. His chief works are, Hi»toire 
 du Calvinisme et du Papisme mise en Pa- 
 rallele, &c. 1683 — Lettres Pastorales, 3 
 vols. — le Vrai Systeme de 1' Eglise, &.c. — 
 r Esprit de M. Arnauld, 1684— les Preju- 
 ges Legitimes contre le Papisme — le Jan- 
 seniste Convaincu, &c. — Traite Historique 
 contenant le Jugement d'un Protestant sur 
 la Theologie Mystique, &c. 1700— Trait© 
 de la Nature et de la Grace — Apologie pour 
 I'Accomplissement des Propheties, 16S7, 
 &c. — sermons, &c, 
 
 145 
 
JUS 
 
 JUS 
 
 JiTAiN, Dr. James, secrelai'y of the Royal 
 So«ietj, and president of the college of 
 physicians, London, was eminent as a phy- 
 sician and as a writer. He contributed 
 much to the philosophical transactions, and 
 had a dispute with Michelloti on the mo- 
 mentum of running waters, with Kcill and 
 Senac on the action of the heart, with Ro- 
 feins on distinct vision, and with the fol- 
 lowers of Leibnitz on moving bodies. His 
 treatise on vision is printed with Smith's 
 optics. He died 1750. 
 
 JussiEu, Anthony de, an eminent bota- 
 nist, born at Lyons, 1G86. He travelled 
 over various parts of Europe to improve 
 the science of botany, and natural history ; 
 and he was, for his great abilities, admit- 
 ted into the academy of sciences at Paris, 
 and made botany professor in the Royal 
 garden, and professor to the king. Besides 
 several valuable communications to the 
 learned societies of Paris, he abridged Bar- 
 relier's work on the plants of France, Spain, 
 and Italy — and made an appendix to Tour 
 ncfort's — and wrote a discourse on the 
 Progress of Botany. He died 1758. 
 
 JussiEU, Bernard de, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Lyons, 1699. He was 
 equally eminent as a botanist and physi- 
 cian, and was member of the learned socie- 
 ties of Europe. He was a great favourite 
 with the king, over whose plants he was 
 appointed curator, and whose botanical 
 garden at Trianon he adorned with great 
 skill. He wrote, the Friend of Humanity, 
 &c. — and edited Tournefort's plants near 
 Paris, 2 vols. l2mo. He died 1777, uni- 
 versally esteemed, aged 79. His brother 
 Joseph, was also an excellent naturalist, as 
 well as engineer. He was with Conda- 
 mine in Peru, 1735, and he published an 
 account of his voyages, &,c. He died 1779. 
 JusTEL, Christopher, counsellor and se- 
 cretary to the French king, was born at 
 Paris, 1580. He wrote Code of Canons of 
 the Church Universal — and the Councils 
 of Africa, with notes — and the Genealogi- 
 cal History of the House of Auvergne — and 
 Collections of Greek and Latin Canons. 
 He died at Paris 1649. 
 
 JusTEL, Henry, son and successor of 
 the above in his offices about the king, 
 was born in Paris, 1620. He was highly 
 respected for his learning, and he was 
 particularly attached to England, and to 
 her literary characters, such as Locke, Dr. 
 Hickes, &.c. He gave to the university of 
 Oxford the Greek MSS. of his father's 
 Canones Ecclesiae Universalis, for which he 
 was in return complimented with the de- 
 gree of LL.D. 1675. He had long foreseen 
 the persecution of the protestants, and on 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he 
 migrated to London, and was made keeper 
 of the king's library, St. James's, with a 
 )?t>larv of 200/. per annum. This ho held 
 
 till his death, Sept. 1693, and was succeed-* 
 ed by Dr. R. Bentley. He wrote sereral 
 learned works. 
 
 JuSTi, N. de, a German mineralogist, 
 who studied at Jena, 1720, supported by 
 the libefal contributions of those friends 
 who foresaw his future celebrity. Under 
 the direction of professor Zink, he acquired 
 an extensive knowledge of mineralogy, and 
 became known by his treatise on political 
 economy. He examined, with philosophic 
 eye, the various mines of Schemnifz, Han- 
 neberg, Hungary, and Austria, and for his 
 services was made a member of the council 
 of mines ; and some time after he was no- 
 minated professor of political economy and 
 natural history at Gottingen university. 
 He was meditating the plan of a German 
 Encyclopedia, after the French, when he 
 was carried off by a sudden disease. His 
 works were, a treatise on Mineralogy, 
 1757 — a treatise on Money, a work of great 
 merit, for which, by the misinterpretation 
 of some passages, he was for a little time 
 imprisoned, with severe treatment, at Bres- 
 law, by order of the king of Prussia, and 
 the elector of Wirtemberg — Miscellanies 
 on Chymistry and Mineralogy, 2 vols. 4to. 
 &c. 
 
 Justin L from a swineherd and soldier, 
 rose to the rank of general, and was pro- 
 claimed emperor of the east by his army, 
 on the death of Anastasius, 518. He op- 
 posed the Arians, and with great munifi- 
 cence rebuilt Antioch, and other towns, 
 which had been destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, and died A.D. 527, aged 77 ; re- 
 spected for his piety, wisdom, and hu- 
 manity. 
 
 Justin H. was nephew and successor of 
 Justinian, 565. He caused his relative, 
 Justin, the last emperor's grand nephew, to 
 be assassinated, and treated some of his 
 subjects with cruelty on suspicion of treach- 
 ery. His indolence and weakness gave 
 way to the superior arts of his wife, Sophia, 
 niece of the empress Theodora, who mana- 
 ged the empire with great ability, with the 
 assistance of Tiberius. Justin made war 
 against Chosroes, king of Persia, and ob- 
 tained some advantage over his enemy. He 
 died 5th Oct. 578. 
 
 Justin, St. a native of Sichar in Samaria, 
 who from a heathen philosopher, became 
 a zealous supporter of Christianity. During 
 the persecution of Antoninus, he appeared 
 before the emperor, and pleaded the cause 
 of the injured Christians with success. 
 He suffered martyrdom, 166. He wrote 
 two apologies for the Christians, besides a 
 Dialogue with Trypho, best edited 1636, 
 folio. 
 
 Justin, a Latin historian, who abridged 
 the universal history of Trogus Pompeius, 
 in a very pleasing and interesting style. 
 Justinian L emperor of Rome after 
 
JU5 
 
 \\:x 
 
 his uncle, Justin I. 527, is celebrated more 
 from the fame of his general Belisarius, 
 than his own personal exertions. The Ro- 
 man laws were under him reduced into a 
 code, which was called the Digest or Pan- 
 dects, and the more modern laws were 
 likewise collected under the name of No- 
 vella'. He firmly opposed the popes, 
 Sylverius and Vigilius, and aboliahed the 
 Roman consulate. He built St. Sophia's 
 church at Constantinople, and died 565, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Justinian H. succeeded his father Po- 
 gonatus Constantine, 685. He was success- 
 ful against the Saracens ; but his infamous 
 intention of destroying all the inhabitants 
 of Constantinople, procured his deposition 
 and banishment, 694. He, 10 years after, 
 regained his throne with the assistance 
 of the Bulgarians ; but he was at last 
 assassinated, with his son Tiberius, by 
 Philippicus Bardanes, who ascended the 
 throne, 711. 
 
 JusTiNiANi, St. Lawrence, a noble of 
 Venice, general of the monastery of St. 
 George, in Alga. He was made the first 
 patriarch of Venice, 1451, by pope Eugenius 
 rv. He died four years after, aged 74, and 
 Tvas canonized by Alexander VIII. 1690. 
 His works, consisting of Lignum Vita; — de 
 Casto Connubio — Fasciculis Amoris — and 
 other pious treatises, were published at 
 Lyons, l.ies, folio, and Venice, 1755, with 
 an account of his life. 
 
 JusTiNiANi, Bernard, nephew of the 
 preceding, was born 1407-S, at Venice. He 
 studied at Verona and Padua, and was 
 employed by the pope. In 1461 he went 
 as ambassador from Venice to Lewis XI. of 
 France, who knighted him. After being 20 
 times raised to the office of Sage grand, he 
 was, in 1474 made procurator of St. Mark, 
 an honour inferior only to the doge. He 
 died 1489. He left de Origine Urbis Venet. 
 printed 1492, folio — the Life of his Uncle 
 — and other historical works. 
 
 JUSTINIANI, Augustin, bishop of Nebo, 
 in Corsica, was born at Genoa, 1470. 
 Francis I. of France patronised him on ac- 
 count of his learning, and made him his 
 almoner, with a liberal pension. After 
 being professor of Hebrew for five years at 
 Paris, he returned to Genoa, and passed 
 over to his diocess, 1522. He perished, 
 together with the vessel which conveyed 
 him from Genoa to Nebo, 1536. He ^vrote 
 Psalterium Hebraeum, Graecum, Arabi- 
 cum, et Chaldaicum, cum tribus Latinis 
 Interpretationibus et Glossis — besides other 
 works. 
 
 JusTiNiANi, Fabio, a native of Genoa, 
 who became bishop of Ajaccio, and died 
 there 1627, aged 59. He is author of 
 
 Index "Universalis Mnteriarura Biblica- 
 rum — a Commentary on the Book of 
 Tobit, &c. 
 
 JuvARA, Philip, aSirilinn arrliitert, born 
 at Messina. He was the pupil of Fontana, 
 and distiiiguishfil bimMcIf hy the btauliftil 
 edifices which ho erected iit Turin. Ho 
 went to Spain on the iiivitatioti of Philip 
 V. but the model which he proposed for 
 the construction of a magnificent palace, 
 on the ruins of that which had been de- 
 stroyed by fire, though approved, was not 
 carried into execution, through the in- 
 trigues of the queen ; and Juvara, rlisap- 
 pointed and chagrined, died of grief at 
 Madrid, 1735, aged 50. 
 
 Juvenal, de Carlencas Felix, a French 
 writer, born at Pezenas, where he also 
 died, 1760, aged 81, highly respected as 
 an amiable private character. He wrote, 
 Principles of History — Essays, on the His- 
 tory of the Sciences — Belles Lettres — the 
 Arts. 
 
 JuvENALis, Dccius Junius, a Roman 
 poet, celebrated for the spirit, boldness, and 
 elegance of his satires, not unmixed, how- 
 ever, with licentious expressions and inde- 
 cent remarks. He was sent in honourable 
 exile as governor of Egypt, and died at 
 Rome under Trajan, 128. 
 
 JuvENCus, Cassius Vectius Aquilinus, a 
 Spaniard, of noble birth, in the fourth 
 century. He wrote a poem, in four books, 
 on the life of our Saviour, a work of little 
 merit. 
 
 JuxoN, William, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, was born at Chichester, and educated 
 at Merchant-tailors' and St. John's col- 
 lege, Oxford, of which he became fellow, 
 1598, and president 1621. His intimacy 
 with Laud, who was of the same college, 
 raised him to high stations : in 1627 he was 
 made dean of Worcester, in 1633 clerk of the 
 king's closet, the next year bishop of Here-' 
 ford, and before consecration translated to 
 London. He was, in 163.1, made lord 
 treasurer ; but whilst these high appoint- 
 ments offended the puritans, and drew 
 their indignation against the ministry, antl 
 particularly against Laud, Juxon was ex- 
 emplary in his conduct, and irreproachable 
 in the discharge of his duties. He suffer- 
 ed severely during the rebellion ; and after 
 attending his royal master to the scaflbld, 
 he was imprisoned by the suspicious par- 
 liament, who witched him to disclose the 
 private conversation which he had held 
 witli the king, but without effect. At the 
 restoration, Juxon was raised to the see 
 of Canterbury. He died 4th June, 1663, 
 aged 81, and was buried in St, Johu's cha* 
 pel, Oxford. 
 
 147 
 
KAL 
 
 JVABBETE, John, a Dutch painter, who 
 travelled over France and Italy to improve 
 himself. He settled afterwards at Amster- 
 dam, where he died, 1660. Some of his 
 landscapes and ruins, which possess great 
 merit, have been engraved by Perelles. 
 
 Kahter, John, professor of poetry, ma- 
 thematics, and theology at Hinlctz, and 
 member of the society of Gottingen, was 
 born at Wolmar, Hesse Cassel, 1649. He 
 died 1729, author of Dissertations on The- 
 ology, Philosophy, &c. in 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Kain, Henry Lewis le, a celebrated 
 actor, born at Paris, 14th April, 1728. He 
 was originally engaged in the making of 
 surgical instruments, and was introduced 
 to Voltaire, who observed and cultivated 
 his talents, and enabled him to appear on 
 the French theatre, and to acquire there 
 such celebrity as to be called the Garrick of 
 France. Lewis XV. though prejudiced 
 against him, acknowledged his merit, and 
 all France followed the monarch's example. 
 In the expression of grief, despair, sensi- 
 bility, and all the strong emotions of the 
 mind, Kain had no superior. His first ap- 
 pearance on the stage was in 1750, and he 
 died at Paris of an inflammatory fever, 8th 
 Feb. 1778. It is remarkable that Voltaire, 
 who foresaw his greatness, was never pre- 
 sent at his representations, as he left 
 France for Prussia a few days before the 
 appearance of his friend on the public the- 
 atre ; and after an absence of 27 years, he 
 heard, on his return to Paris, that Kain 
 was no more. Kain left two children. 
 
 Kalb, Baron de, a major-general in the 
 American army, was a native of Germany, 
 and born about the year 1717. He eriter- 
 ed the French army in early life, and 
 in a service of forty-two years, rose to the 
 rank of brigadier-general. During the 
 war of 1755 he visited the American colo- 
 nies under an assumed character, for the 
 purpose of collecting intelligence for the 
 French cabinet, and was suspected to be a 
 spy, and seized, but eluded detection. Af- 
 ter the conquest of Canada he returned to 
 France. In 1777 or 1778 he returned to the 
 United States, and entered the American 
 army as a volunteer, in which he was soon 
 advanced to the rank of major-general, and 
 intrusted with the command of a detach- 
 ment sent from the main body in New-Jer- 
 sey, to reinforce general Lincoln. After 
 the capture of Lincoln, the command of 
 the whole southern army devolved upon 
 him till the an'ival of general Gates. At 
 the unfortunate battle near Camden, on the 
 15th August, he commanded the right wing 
 of the army, and fell mortally wounded. 
 14 S 
 
 KAN 
 
 Congress voted a monument to his meiifia" 
 ly. iCF- L. 
 
 Kale, William, a Dutch painter, who 
 died 1693, aged 63. His paintings on 
 gold and silver, and crystal vases, on gems, 
 and other precious stones, were highly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Kalgreen, N. a dramatic writer of Swe- 
 den. Besides his Gustavus Vasa, an opera, 
 &c. he wrote some lyric poems, and died 
 1798. 
 
 Kalraat, Barent Van, a native of 
 Dordt, eminent as a painter. His views of 
 the Rhine possess great merit. He died 
 1721, aged 71. 
 
 Kalubko, Vincent, a Polish historian, 
 elected bishop of Cracow by the chapter. 
 He retired to a monastery of the Cister- 
 cians, when his cathedral was burnt, 1218, 
 by lightning, and there he died, 1223. He 
 wrote Chronicon Regni Poloniae, in the 
 form of a dialogue. 
 
 Kam-hi, emperor of China, succeeded 
 to the throne 1661. He was the grandson 
 of a Tartar prince, who had in 1644 inva- 
 ded and conquered China, and he showed 
 himself a liberal patron of the literature, 
 and of the arts of Europe, and of the la- 
 bours of Christian missionaries. Though 
 well acquainted with geography, he never 
 would suffer a map to appear before him, 
 except China was placed in the midst of 
 the earth. He died 1722, aged 71. 
 
 Kampen, Jacob Van, a native of Haer- 
 lem, born 1658, and eminent as a painter. 
 The figures in his pieces are generally as 
 large as life, and with a strong and happy- 
 colouring and effect. 
 
 Kandler, John Joachim, an ingenious 
 artist, employed in the porcelain manufac- 
 tory of Meissen. His figures were much 
 admired for execution and grace, especially 
 his St. Paul, the scourging of Christ, the 
 death of St. Xavier, the twelve apostles, 
 &c. The group which he completed at the 
 desire of Augustus of Poland, for Lewis 
 XV. was deservedly commended, and 
 procured a very handsome reward from the 
 French monarch. Kandler was a native 
 of Selingstadt, in Saxony, and died 1776, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Kanold, John, author of some works on 
 the plague — of Memoirs on Nature and 
 Art, in German — a periodical work, and 
 other things, was a German physician, and 
 died at Breslaw, 1729, aged 50. 
 
 Kant, Immanuel, a native of Konigs- 
 berg, son of a saddler, descended from a 
 Scotch family, of the name of Cant, settled 
 in Prussia. From the charity school of 
 his village, he removed to Fredericianum 
 college, and th<m in 1740 to the university. 
 
KEA 
 
 KLL 
 
 To maintain himself he now befcamc a pri- 
 vate tutor in a clergyman's family, after- 
 wards in a nobleman's, and then returned 
 to the university, where he took the degree 
 of M.A. in 175;», and became a public tutor 
 of celebrity. His knowledge was very ex- 
 tensive, and his publications were equally 
 numerous, but he paid particular attention 
 to metaphysics, and though his labours 
 were sometimes obscure, his principles and 
 opinions were popular, but while followed 
 by numbers, he found himself attacked by 
 Bome severe opponents. He died r2th 
 Feb. 1804, aged 80. His works are on the 
 theory of the winds — physical tieograpby 
 — Principles of Motion and Rest — \ olca- 
 noes in the Moon — the Rotation of the 
 Earth on its Axis, and what alterations had 
 taken place, &c. 
 
 KASTiNER, Abraham Gothelf, a mathema- 
 tician, was born at Leipsic in 1719. He 
 became professor of mathematics and moral 
 philosophy at Gottingen ; also secretary to 
 the Royal Society at that place, and keeper 
 of the observatory. He died in 1800. 
 Among other works he wrote " A History 
 of the Mathematics 2 vols. 1797.— If". B. 
 Kateb, a Prussian poet, at the court of 
 the Samanides. He wrote some moral 
 poems of great merit. 
 
 Kauffmak, Mary Angelica, a female 
 artist, was born in 1740, at Coire, in Swit- 
 zerland. She was instructed in painting 
 
 baptist teacher, who died at the beginning 
 of the 18th century. 
 
 Keate, George, a native of Trowbridge, 
 Wills, educated at Kingston .school. Alter 
 visiting Geneva, and Voltaire, and making 
 the tour of Europe, he entered at the In- 
 ner-Temple, and was railed to the bar. 
 Promotion and honours, howe\er, lollowed 
 not 90 rapidly as he expected, and he quit- 
 ted the |)rofession to become an author. 
 Among other things, he wrote, Ancient and 
 Modern Rome, a poem, 1760 — an Account 
 of the Pelew I-lands, liom captain Wihon's 
 papers, and other works. He died 1797, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Keating, Jeflry, a clergyman of Tippc- 
 rary, author of the hi<tory of the poets of 
 his own country, printed in London, with 
 the genealogies of some Irish families. He 
 died 1650. 
 
 Keble, Joseph, an English lawyer, son 
 of Richard Kcble, sergeant at law under 
 Cromwell's usurpation, was born in Lon- 
 don, 1632. He was of Jesus-college, Ox- 
 ford, and was made fellow of All-Souls, by 
 the parliamentary visiters, 1648. He set- 
 tled afterwards at Gray's-Inn, and when a 
 barrister, was remarkable for his regular 
 and constant attendance at the court of 
 king's bench, though employed in no cause. 
 He died suddenly, Aug. 1710. He publish- 
 ed an explanation of the laws against re- 
 cusants, 8vo. 1681 — an Assistance to Jus- 
 by her father, who next took her for farther tices of the peace, &c. folio, — Reports from 
 improvement to Rome ; from whence she the King's Bench, Westminster, 3 vols, 
 removed to Venice, where she found a folio — two Essays on Human Nature, or 
 friend in lady Wentworth, and accompa- the Creation of Mankind, and on Human 
 nied her to England. In this country she Actions. He left besides in MS. above 100 
 experienced the most liberal patronage, and large folios, and 50 thick quartos, 
 became a member of the Royal Academy. Keckerman, Bartholomew, a native of 
 She married Sir A. Zucehi, a Venetian Dantzic, who studied at Wittemberg, Leip- 
 
 artist, with whom she returned to Italy, 
 and died at Rome in 1807. Bartolozzi en- 
 graved a number of prints from her de- 
 signs. — W. B. 
 
 Kaunitz Ritberg, prince of, a celebra- 
 ted statesman, for 40 years chancellor and 
 prime minister of Austria. He was first 
 ambassador in France, and by negotiating 
 the marriage of Antoinette, with Lewis 
 XVI. he acquired great consequence. He 
 served with fidelity, Maria Theresa, Jo- 
 seph II. and Leopold, and by his abilities 
 and intrigues, gained a great ascendency in 
 the European courts. He died at \ ienna, 
 1794, aged 84. 
 
 Kat, William, a native of Breda, distin- 
 guished as a historical painter. He died 
 1568, aged 48, it is said, of grief, because 
 the duke of Alva, while sitting to him for 
 his picture, passed sentence of death on 
 counts Egmont and Hoorn. 
 
 Keach, Benjamin, author of Travels of 
 True Godliness, in the ^tyle of Bunyan, 
 and of Scripture Metaphors, in folio, re- 
 printed 1777, works of great merit ; was a 
 
 sic, and Heidelberg. After being professor 
 of Hebrew at Heidelberg, he was honour- 
 ably invited by his fellow-citizens of Dant- 
 zic, to come and settle among them. He 
 obeyed their summons, 1601, but he fell a 
 sacrifice to his intense application in the 
 education of youth, and in the pur-^uits of 
 literature, and died 1609, aged only 33. 
 His works, which are learned, though, says 
 G. Vossius, full of plagiarism, were collect- 
 ed and published at Geneva, 1614, 2 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Keen'e, Edmund, an English bishop, born 
 at Lynn, Norfolk, where his father was an 
 alderman. He was educated at Caius-coN 
 lege, Cambridge, and in 1740, by the inter- 
 ference of his brother, the English ambas- 
 sador in Spain, with Walpole, he was made 
 rector of Stanhope, Durham, in the room 
 of bishop Butler. In 1748, he succeeded 
 Dr. Whallcy, at the head of St. Peter's 
 college, and in 1750, he served the office of 
 vice-chancellor, and showed himself a 
 warm and judicious advocate for the im- 
 provement of nnivcrsitv discipline. His 
 
 149 
 
KEJ 
 
 KEL 
 
 eBbrts, Iiowcver, were not without opposi- 
 tion and obloquy ; he was ridiculed in the 
 prose pamphlet, "Fragment," and in the 
 poem called, " Capitale." In 1752, he was 
 made bishop of Chester, and on the death 
 of Dr. Mawson, 1770, he was translated to 
 Ely. In this new appointment he obtained 
 an act of parliament, to alienate the old 
 palace of Holborn, belonging to his see, 
 and for building a new one in Dover-street, 
 and thus he not only got rid of a great in- 
 cumbrance, but added an annual revenue of 
 5000/. to repair and maintain his palace. 
 He died 1781, leaving a son, who was mem- 
 ber for Cambridge, and a daughter. 
 
 Keill, John, an eminent mathematician, 
 born at Edinburgh, Dec. 1st, 1671. After 
 studying, and taking the degree of M.A. in 
 his native city, he followed his friend and tu- 
 tor David Gregory, to Oxford, and in 1694, 
 entered at Baliol as a Scotch exhibitioner. 
 Here he soon acquired celebrity, as being 
 the first who taught Newton's principles by 
 proper experiments, and soon became better 
 known by his " Examination of Burnet's 
 Theory of the Earth" to which were sub- 
 joined " Remarks on Whiston's new Theo- 
 ry." In 1700 he was appointed deputy pro- 
 fessor of natural philosophy at Oxford, by 
 Dr. Millington, and the next year he 
 published his famous treatise, called " In- 
 troductio ad Veram Physicam," which has 
 been considered as a most able introduc- 
 tion to Newton's Principia. He was next 
 elected member of the Royal Society, to 
 whose transactions he was a respectable 
 contributor. In 1709 he was made trea- 
 surer to the Palatines going to settle in 
 New- England, and after his return, the 
 next year, he was appointed Savilian pro- 
 fessor of astronomy, at Oxford. In 1711 
 he was engaged in a controversy with Leib- 
 nitz, and ably defended the claim of Sir 
 Isaac Newton to the invention of fluxions, 
 in which his efforts were seconded and ap- 
 proved by the Royal Society, against the 
 violent attacks of the foreign philosopher. 
 The same year he was made decipherer to 
 the queen, and two years after was honour- 
 ed with the degree of M.D. by the univer- 
 sity of Oxford. His edition of Comman- 
 dinus' Euclid, appeared 1715, and 171S his 
 Introductio ad Verani Astronomiam, trans- 
 lated by himself into English, at the re- 
 quest of the dutchess of Chandos. He was 
 carried off by a fever, 1st Sept. 1721, in his 
 .50th year, highly respected. He was mar- 
 ried 1717. 
 
 Keill, James, younger brother to the 
 preceding, was born at Edinburgh, 27th 
 March, 1673. He applied himself to me- 
 dical studies, and particularly to anatomy, 
 and had for his merit, the degree of Al.D. 
 conferred upon him by the university of 
 Cambridge. He settled at Northampton, 
 J703, as a physician, and he died there from 
 15ft 
 
 that painful disorder, a cancer in the roof 
 of his mouth 16th July, 1719, and was 
 buried in St. Giles's church, where a monu- 
 ment was erected by his brother. He pub- 
 lished an account of Animal Secretion— 
 the Quantity of Blood in the Human 
 Heart, and Muscular Motion — Medicina 
 Statica — Anatomy of the Human Body, 
 8vo. — an Account of the Dissection of 
 John Bayles, aged 130 — a Translation of 
 Lemery's Chymistry, and papers in the 
 philosophical transactions. 
 
 Keith, James, field-marshal of Prussia, 
 the younger son of William Keith, earl 
 marshal of Scotland, was born 1696. He 
 was educated under Ruddiman, and intend- 
 ed for the law, but the breaking out of the 
 rebellion showed the military bent of his 
 genius. He joined the Pretender, and was 
 wounded at the battle of Sheriffmuir, and 
 then fled to France, where he applied him- 
 self to mathematics, and the studies of a 
 military life. After travelling through 
 Italy, he became in I7l7, acquainted with 
 the Czar Peter, but he refused to enter into 
 the Russian service, and went to Madrid, 
 where he obtained a commission in the 
 Irish brigade. He afterwards accompanied 
 his friend and patron, the duke of Lyria, 
 in his embassy to Russia, and there he en- 
 gaged in the service of the Czarina, was 
 made lieutenant-general, and honoured 
 with the black eagle. Here he distinguish- 
 ed himself in the wars against the Turks 
 and the Swedes, as well as in negotiations j 
 but dissatisfied with the politics of the 
 court, and the servility which attended his 
 situation, he left Russia, and came to Ber- 
 lin, where the king of Prussia raised him 
 to great honours, and made him governor 
 of his capital, and field-marshal of his ar- 
 mies. He gained so strongly the confidence 
 of that monarch, that he was his counsel- 
 lor in the cabinet, and his companion in his 
 relaxations, and he attended him in his 
 travels through Germany, Poland, and 
 Hungary. After distinguishing himself 
 as a warrior and a politician in the service 
 of his new master, he was unfortunately 
 killed at the battle of Hohkerchen, 175S. 
 
 Keith, Sir William, governor of Penn- 
 sylvania, entered on the oflice in 1717, and 
 exercised an administration favourable to 
 the colony till 1726, when he was displaced 
 through the influence of James Logan. He 
 had before held the oflice of surveyor-gene- 
 ral of the customs in America. After his 
 return to England, he published a 
 History of Virginia. He died in 1749. 
 
 ICF-L. 
 Keller, James, a learned Jesuit, born at 
 Sekingen, 1568. He was counsellor to 
 Albert of Bavaria, and the confidential 
 friend of the emperor Maximilian. He 
 died at Munich, 1631. He wrote various 
 Iwoks under fictitious names; but his 
 
KEN 
 
 iMysteria Politica, 1035, in 4to! Iroui its 
 contents, was exposed to the censures of 
 the Sorbonnc, arui burnt publicly. 
 
 Kellet, Edward, a famous necroman- 
 cer, born at Worcester, 1553, and educated 
 at Oxford, which he left w ithout a degree. 
 For some ill conduct in Lancashire, he lost 
 both his ears at Lancaster, but afterwards 
 became an active associate to Dr. Dec, and 
 travelled with him abroad, and ably support- 
 ed him in his pretended intercourse with 
 familiar spirits. By his celebrity, and his 
 art of commuting metals into gold, he re- 
 commended himself to the notice of the 
 emperor Rodolphus IL who knighted him, 
 but afterwards dissatisfied with his impos- 
 tures, sent him a prisoner to Prague. Kel- 
 icy endeavoured to extricate himself from 
 confinement, but he fell from the window 
 of his apartment, and broke both his legs, 
 in consequence of which he died soon after, 
 1595. His works were a poem on Chyinis- 
 try — on the Philosopher's Stone — a Rela- 
 tion of what passed between Dr. Dee, and 
 certain Spirits. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, an Irishman, who from a 
 stay-maker, became a hackney writer to a 
 lawyer in London, and then turned author. 
 He possessed great application, and wrote 
 "vvith fluency and success. He died 1777. 
 His works are Thespis, a poem, after 
 Churchill's manner — False Delicacy — a 
 Word to the Wise — School for Wives, co- 
 medies — Clementina, a tragedy — the Ro- 
 mance of an Hour, a comic entertainment 
 — the Memoirs of a Magdalen, a novel, and 
 some periodical works. 
 
 Kellt, John, a divine, was born in the 
 Isle of Man, in 1750. Bishop Hildesley 
 employed him in the translation of the 
 Bible into the Manks tongue ; after which 
 he was ordained as minister of the episco- 
 
 Eal congregation of Ayr, in Scotland, where 
 e was engaged by the duke of Gordon to 
 superintend the studies of the marquis of 
 Huntley. Through this patronage he ob- 
 tained the vicarage of Ardleigh, and next 
 the rectory of Copford, in Essex ; on 
 which he entered at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, where he proceeded to the de- 
 gree of doctor of laws in 1799. In 1803 
 he published a Grammar of the Manks 
 Language ; and he also had nearly comple- 
 ted a Dictionary of the Celtic Tongue, 
 when the sheets were destroyed in the fire 
 of Mr. Nichols, the printer. Dr. Kelly 
 died in 1S09.— IK. B. 
 
 Kemp, John, LL.D. professor of mathe- 
 matics in Columbia college, New-York, 
 ■was born at Achlossan, North Britain, 
 April 10th, 1763, and obtained the degree 
 of Master of Arts at Aberdeen, in 1781, 
 with great reputation for mathematical 
 talents and knowledge. About the close of 
 the war of the revolution he came to ^ ir- 
 arinia; and not long after- removed to New- 
 
 York, where, in 17H5 he waa appointed 
 teacher of mathematics in the college, and 
 the next year professor of that department. 
 He also instructed in Natural Philosophy. 
 In 1795, he was appointed profe«Bor like- 
 wise of Geography, History, and Chrono- 
 logy ; and discharged the duties of ihoHC 
 appointments with distinguished tHletits and 
 fidelity. He died November 1 5th, l'il2, 
 in his 51st year. ]l-^'' L. 
 
 Kemi'is, Thomas, a famous theologian, 
 born at Kempen, in the diocess of Cologne, 
 13S0. He was educated at Devciiler, and 
 afterwards entered among the mcml>ers of 
 the monastery of Mount St. Agnes. He 
 here displayed great piety, patience, and 
 Bclf-mortification, and besides transcribing 
 books of devotion, as the rest of his bre- 
 thren, he composed several works of divinity, 
 much admired by the jiapists. He died 
 1471, in his 92d year. The largest edition 
 of his works, consisting of sermons, pious 
 treatises, &.c. is in 3 vols, folio, Cologne, 
 1680. His famous book, De Imitationc 
 Christi, which has been translated into all 
 languages, has been by some writers ascri- 
 bed to Gerson, a Benedictine monk. This 
 has consequently occasioned not a little 
 controversy. 
 
 Ken, Thomas, an English prelate, de- 
 scendedfrom anancient Somersetshire fami- 
 ly, was born at Berkhamstead, Herts, July, 
 1637. He was educated at Winchester, and 
 New college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow, 1657. He was patronised by bishop 
 Morley, and afterwards went to Holland, 
 as chaplain to the princess of Orange. In 
 1683 he went with lord Dartmouth, against 
 Tangier, and on his return, was made chap- 
 lain to the king. In his character he dis- 
 played great firmness and consistency of 
 conduct, and far from ofiending his royal 
 master, by refusing admittance into his 
 house, to Eleanor Gwyn, the favourite mis- 
 tress, he received higher marks of esteem, 
 and was nominated to the vacant see of 
 Bath and Wells. Before he was, however, 
 admitted, Charles was taken ill, and was 
 attended by his faithful chaplain, whose de- 
 vout services were much interrupted by the 
 interference of popish priests. On James's 
 accession, Ken was settled in his see, but 
 though attempts were made to render him 
 favourable to the projected alteration of the 
 national religion, he remained steady to his 
 principles, and was one of the seven bi- 
 shops sent to the tower. At the revolution 
 he was unwilling to take the oaths of alle- 
 giance to the new monarch, and therefore 
 retired, and was deprived of his bishopric. 
 He devoted the rest of his life to literaiy 
 and piou^ pursuits, and was so much re- 
 spected for his steady principles, that queen 
 Anne granted him a pension of 200/. per 
 annum. He died at Longleat, the seat of 
 the Tbvnnes. in ^Vi!t«hire. of an ulcer in his 
 
 151 
 
KEN 
 
 ^EN 
 
 kidneys, 19th March, 1710-11. He wish- 
 ed always to be impressed with such a 
 sense of mortality that he continually car- 
 ried his shroud in his portmanteau. His 
 works were published 4 vols. 1721, and 
 consist of hymns, pious manuals, an epic 
 poem in 13 books, called Edmund, ser- 
 mons, &c. Hi.« nephew, Hawkins, prefix- 
 ed an account of his life. Though accused 
 of popish principles, he died in the faith of 
 the church of England. 
 
 Kendal, George, a native of Dawlish, 
 Devonshire, educated at Exeter college, 
 Oxford, and made by bishop Brownrigg, 
 prebendary of Exeter, and in 1647, rector 
 of Blissland, Cornwall. He afterwards re- 
 moved to a benefice in London, and took 
 his degree of D.D. 1654. Though he re- 
 covered his prebend at the restoration, he 
 lost it and all his preferment in 1662 for 
 nonconformity. He was author of a Vin- 
 dication of the Doctrine of Grace and Spe- 
 cial favour to the Elect, &c. fol. — the Doc- 
 trine of the Perseverance of the Saints, 
 against John Goodwin, fol. &c. 
 
 Kennedy, John, M.D. a Scotch physi- 
 cian, who resided for some years at Smyr- 
 na, and died 26th Jan. 1760. His valua- 
 ble collections of Greek and Latin coins 
 and pictures, were sold by auction, and af- 
 terwards came into the possession of Dr. 
 Hunter. In his dissertation on the coins 
 of Carausius, Dr. Kennedy asserted that 
 Oriuna was the emperor's guardian goddess, 
 an opinion which excited a violent contro- 
 versy between him and Dr. Stukely, who 
 supported that Oriuna was the wife of Ca- 
 rausius. 
 
 Kennedy, John, rector of Bradley, Der- 
 byshire, was author of Scripture Chronolo- 
 gy, 8vo. 1751 — Jackson's Chronological 
 Antiquities Examined, 8vo. 1753, &c. 
 
 Kennedy, James, second son of sir W. 
 Kennedy by Margaret, daughter of Robert 
 HL king of Scotland, was educated at Paris 
 and Rome, and became Regent during the 
 minority of James IL He was archbishop 
 of St. Andrew's, and the founder of St. 
 Mary's college there. He died chancellor 
 of Scotland 1472, aged 63. 
 
 Kennet, White, an English prelate, 
 born at Dover, lOth August, 1660. His 
 father was vicar of Postling in Kent, and 
 from his mother's father, a wealthy ship- 
 wright, he derived the name of White. He 
 was educated at Westminster school, and 
 entered at Edmund hall, Oxford, where he 
 applied himself with unusual perseverance 
 to study, and published his letter from a 
 student concerning the approaching parlia- 
 ment, a political pamphlet which highly of- 
 fended the wliig party. He also published 
 at this time his " Ballad," a political poem, 
 and in 1684 appeared his translation of 
 Erasmus' Moriae Encomium. That year 
 he took his degree of M.A. a.nd was then 
 152 
 
 presented t6 the living of Ambrosden, Ox- 
 fordshire. In 1689, whilst shooting, his gun 
 burst, and wounded his skull so severely 
 that he was trepanned, and was ever after 
 obliged to wear a black patch on the injured 
 part. He distinguished himself at Oxford 
 as an eloquent and popular preacher, and 
 as an active tutor in his hall, and in 1693 
 he was presented to the rectory of Shottes- 
 brook, in Berkshire. In 1699, he took his 
 degree of D.D. and the next year, unsoli- 
 cited, was appointed minister of St. Bo- 
 tolpb, Aldgate, London. In 1701 he be- 
 came archdeacon of Huntingdon, and that 
 year engaged with Dr. Atterbury in a con- 
 troversy about the rights of convocation. 
 In 1705 he preached Dr. Wake's consecra- 
 tion sf-rmon, which was much applauded, 
 particularly by judge Holt, and some time 
 after was appointed chaplain to the queen. 
 His sermon at the funeral of the duke of 
 Devonshire in 1707, notwithstanding the 
 censure of some wits, proved very agreea- 
 ble to the next duke, who recommended 
 him to the deanery of Peterborough. The 
 opposition which he showed to Sacheve- 
 rell for some time exposed him to obloquy, 
 and when the ministry were changed he 
 was represented as an enemy to the queen 
 and her government. The imputation was 
 industriously circulated, and with such ma- 
 lignity that in an altar piece painted for 
 Dr. Welton, rector of WTiitechapel, Judas 
 was represented in the number of the 12 
 apostles at the last supper, with the coun- 
 tenance of Dr. Kennet, and more strongly 
 to point the resemblance, the black patch 
 appeared on his head. The picture was 
 viewed and condemned by the sober spec- 
 tator, and the bishop of London at last or- 
 dered the scandalous piece to be removed 
 from the church. His popularity, how- 
 ever, was not diminished, he was some time 
 after promoted to the see of Peterborough, 
 which he enjoyed ten years. He died in 
 St. James's street, London, 19th Dec. 
 1728. He had begun to make a large col- 
 lection of maps, papers, &c. to write a full 
 history of the propagation of Christianity in 
 the English American colonies, which ne- 
 ver was completed. He wrote the third 
 volume of " a Complete History of Eng- 
 land," published by the booksellers 1706, 
 besides a Vindication of the Church — a 
 Letter to the Editors of Somner's treatise 
 of the Roman Posts, &c. — Sermons, &c. 
 His valuable MSS. collection was purcha- 
 sed by the earl of Shelburne, and a curious 
 MS. diary by him is also preserved in the 
 noble lord's library. 
 
 Kennet, Basil, younger brother of the 
 bishop, was born 21st Oct. 1674, at Post- 
 ling. He was educated at Corpus Christi 
 college, Oxford, of which he became fellow 
 1697. In 1706, by his brother's interest, 
 he was made chaplain to the English facto- 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 ly at Leghorn, but so violent was the oppu- 
 sition wliicli ho met from the papists, 
 when he reached Italy, that he escaped 
 with ditficulty the horrors of the inquisition. 
 On his return to Oxford, 1714, he took the 
 degree of D.D. but died very soon after of 
 a slow fever, the seeds of which he had 
 brought with him from Italy. Basil Ken- 
 net was distinguished in private life as an 
 amiable and benevolent man, and as an au- 
 thor his works are suHicient proof of his 
 great abilities. He published in 1696, Ro- 
 mae Antiquae Notitia, in two parts, a valua- 
 ble book addressed to the duke of Glouces- 
 ter — the Lives and Characters of the An- 
 cient Greek Poets, 8vo. 1697, also inscribed 
 to the duke, to whom it was expected he 
 was to be appointed sub-preceptor — an Ex- 
 position of the Apostle's Creed after Dr. 
 Pearson, 1705 — an Essay towards a Pa- 
 raphrase on the Psalms, &c. 8vo. 1706 — 
 Sermons, &c. on various occasions, 1715, 
 8vo. 
 
 Kenneth II. the 69th king of Scotland, 
 succeeded his father Alpin, 823. He made 
 Avar against the Picts and conquered them, 
 and he brought the famous stone chair to 
 Scone, in which the kings of Scotland were 
 crowned, till carried to England by Edward 
 1. He died 854. 
 
 Kenneth III. son of Malcolm, obtained 
 victories over the Danes, and also over the 
 English at Strathcluyd. He was assassina- 
 ted by his subjects 994, for attempting to 
 alter the right of succession in favour of 
 his family. 
 
 Kennicott, Benjamin, a celebrated He- 
 brew scholar, born atTotness, Devonshire, 
 1718, where his father was parish-clerk. 
 His talents were displayed at school with 
 such success that by the liberal contribu- 
 tions of some gentlemen, friendly to infant 
 merit, he was sent to Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford. Here he devoted himself to study 
 with so much assiduity, that by the publi- 
 cation of two popular dissertations — on the 
 Tree of Life — and on the oblations of Cain 
 and Abel — he obtained the degree of B.A. 
 from the university, gratis, and before the 
 statutable term. His excellent sermons 
 next recommended him to public notice, 
 but about 1753, he began to digest the plan 
 of his great and national labour, the publi- 
 cation of the Hebrew text of the Bible col- 
 lated from various MSS. In this arduous 
 undertaking, too expensive for the re- 
 sources of a private man, he was nobly sup- 
 ported by the munificence of learned bo- 
 dies, and even of sovereign princes ; and 
 to accelerate, and indeed remunerate his 
 labours, he was made canon of Christ 
 Church, and keeper of the IladelitTe library. 
 After indefatigable patience, and the most 
 laudable perseverance, he completed his 
 great undertaking. The compendious hi§- 
 *ory of the Hebrew t^xt, from the closing 
 
 Vol. ir. 90 
 
 ol the canon to thi; invention of j>rinting, 
 with an account of 103 MSS. appeared 
 first; in 17G() the proposals for collecting 
 the MSS. at home and abroad were laid 
 before the public ; in 1776 the fir»t volume 
 was published, and in 17S0 his hbours were 
 brought to a conclusion in ihc Slh volume. 
 After thus contributing largely to the im- 
 provement of Hebrew literature and sacred 
 criticism, this worthy man began to pub- 
 lish some remarks on select passages of the 
 Old Testament, but died before the com- 
 pletion at Oxford, in 1783. He left a wi- 
 dow, but no children. He was vicar of 
 Culham, Oxfordshire. 
 
 Kenuick, William, a native of Watford 
 Herts, wlio from the humble occupation oi' 
 a rule maker, became a popular writer. He 
 went to Leyden to improve himself, and at 
 his return in 1759 he published his epistles, 
 philosophical and moral, in verse. In 1766 
 appeared his " FalstafT's Wedding," a co- 
 medy, an admirable imitation of Shak- 
 speare, and which he at first intended to 
 impose on the world as the production of 
 that great bard. For some time he wrote 
 in the Monthly Review, but in consequence 
 of a dispute with the principal, he set up 
 the London Review, which did not much 
 answer. He was equally unsuccessful in 
 the newspaper which he began in opposi- 
 tion to the Morning Chronicle, which, 
 after conducting some years, he aban- 
 doned from a similar quarrel. He trans- 
 lated Rousseau's Emilius and Eloisa — Mi- 
 lot's History of England, and other works, 
 and produced besides various dramatic 
 pieces, which if not all successful, yet pos- 
 sessed merit. He died 1779. 
 
 Kent, William, a n?itive of Yorkshire, 
 who abandoned the business of coach pain- 
 ter for the superior branches of the profesr 
 sion. By the liberality of some friends he 
 was enabled, in 1710, to go to Rome, and 
 improve himself; but the patronage and 
 confidence of Lord Burlington raised him 
 to consequence and independence. On his 
 return to London, he was employed in va- 
 rious works, but he possessed little genius 
 as a painter. His talents, however, dis- 
 played themselves soon as an ingenious and 
 able architect, and his temple of Venus in 
 Stowe gardens, Holkham house, Norfolk, 
 and other buildinys are monuments of his 
 genius. By the i.ifluence of lord Burling- 
 ton and other friends, he obtained the place 
 of master carpenter, architect, painter, 
 keeper of the pictures, &c. to the king, with 
 a salary altogether worth 600/. per ann. 
 He died of an inflammation in his bowels, 
 at Burlington-house, r2th April, 1748, aged 
 03. He may be deservedly considered, as 
 Walpole observes, the father of nxodern 
 gardening in England. 
 
 Kentigern, or St. Mungo, a Scotch- 
 man, educated, according to Camden, at 
 
KEP 
 
 Ktl? 
 
 Oxford, and made bishop of Glasgow. He 
 ■was the pupil of Palladius, and founded St. 
 Asaph monastery in the sixth century. 
 
 Kenyon, Lloyd lord, an English judge, 
 eldest son of Lloyd Kenyon of Briyno, 
 Esq. was born 1733 at (Jredington, Flint- 
 shire, and on leaving Ruthin school, Den- 
 bighshire, he became an articled clerk to 
 Tomlinson, attorney at Nantwich, Cheshire. 
 On leaving Cheshire he entered at Lin- 
 colns'-ii;n, and was called to the bar in 
 176L Though known as an able lawyer and 
 a good conveyancer, and much employed 
 in chancery, he did not rapidly rise to emi- 
 nence till in 1780 he was called upon with 
 Erskine to defend lord George Gordon. 
 Distinguished on this memorable occasion, 
 he was in 1782 made attorney-general and 
 chief justice of Chester, and elected mem- 
 ber of parliament for Hindon, Wilts. He 
 was in March, 1784, made master of the 
 rolls, and on lord Mansfield's resignation 
 in 1788 he was by the recommendation of 
 lord Thurlow raised to succeed him as 
 chief justice of the King's bench, with the 
 dignity of the peerage. In this elevated 
 office lord Kenyon endeared himself to the 
 people of England, as an upright and im- 
 partial judge, as the friend of his country, 
 the supporter of her constitution, the advo- 
 cate of virtue, and the unshaken punisher 
 of vice, however great or powerful the of- 
 fender. Though warm in his temper he 
 never suffered justice to yield to prejudice 
 or passion, but regarded the strict execu- 
 tion of the law as the firmest bulwark of 
 national honour. The death of his eldest 
 son, a young man of promising abilities, in 
 a decline, is supposed to have hastened his 
 dissolution, by producing, in consequence 
 of his broken spirits, the black jaundice, of 
 ivhich he died at Bath, 2d April, 1802, aged 
 C9. He left two sons, George his succes- 
 sor in the title, and Thomas. 
 
 Kepler, John, a celebrated astronomer, 
 born 27th Dec. 1571, at Wiel, in the dutchy 
 of Wirtemberg. His family was respecta- 
 ble, though his father was reduced from 
 high military offices to the humble occupa- 
 tion of an inn-keeper. His earliest years 
 tvere not improved by education, but on 
 his father's death he went to Tubingen uni- 
 versity, where he studied philosophy and 
 mathematics with great attention, and 
 made such progi'css that in 1593 he was 
 invited to a mathematical chair at Gratz, 
 in Styria. In 1597 he married, and three 
 years after, in consequence of the confu- 
 sion which prevailed in religion and poli- 
 tics, he left Styria and went to settle in 
 Bohemia where the friendship of Tycho 
 Brahc bad invited him. Tycho intro- 
 duced his friend to the emperor Kodolphus, 
 but the intimacy which it was fondly ex- 
 pected was calculated to contribute not 
 onlv to the advancement of science, but to 
 
 mutual comfort, proved the source of dis- 
 satisfaction and distrust. Kepler was of- 
 fended with the reserve of his friend, and 
 Tycho did not communicate all the know- 
 ledge which honour and promise would have 
 dictated. These rising dissensions, how- 
 ever, were stopped by the death of Tycho, 
 and Kepler left to the exertii-n of his own 
 powers, was directed to finish the tables 
 begun by his friend, which he dedicated to 
 his imperial patron under the title of Ro- 
 dolphine Tables. But though appointed 
 mathematician to the emperor for life, and 
 though respected for his learning and abili- 
 ties, Kepler had to struggle with the hor- 
 rors of poverty through the jealousy or ma- 
 lice of the imperial ministers, who paid him 
 his pension with a very sparing hand, so 
 that he removed from Prague to Lintz, and 
 in 1613 assisted at the assembly at Ratis- 
 bon, and was particularly consulted in the 
 reformation of the calendar. He went iri 
 1630 to Ratisbon to solicit the payment of 
 the arrears of his pension, and whilst there 
 he was seized with a fever, occasioned, it 
 is said, by hard riding, and fell a victim 
 to the disease in Nov. of the same year. 
 His works were, besides Ephemerides — 
 Physica Coelestis Tradita Commentarius de 
 Motibus Stellae Martis — Epitome Astrono- 
 micae Copernicae — Somnium Astronomi- 
 cum de Astronomia Lunari — Prodromus 
 Dissertationum Cosmographicarum, &c. a 
 work which the author considered as his 
 best performance, and which he valued so 
 much that he declared he would not ex- 
 change the glory of the discoveries which 
 he had made to become elector of Saxony. 
 As an astronomer Kepler was a man of 
 high celebrity, whose genius and discove- 
 ries have been deservedly commended by 
 Des Cartes, Newton, Gregory, Horrox, 
 and other astronomers. He first proved 
 that the planets do not move in circles, but 
 in ellipses, and that in their motions they 
 describe equal areas in equal times, and 
 that the squares of their periodical times 
 are e(iual to the cubes of their distances. 
 Yet though thus the worthy precursor of 
 the great Newton, he maintains puerile 
 absurdities, and foolishly imagines that the 
 earth has a sympathy with the heavens, 
 and that the globe is a huge animal which 
 breathes out the winds through the holes 
 of the mountains, as through its mouth 
 and nostrils. After his death his wife mar- 
 ried again. His son Lewis was a physi- 
 cian at Konig.-iberg, in Prussia, and pub- 
 lished his father's Somnium Astronomicum, 
 and died at Konigsberg 1663. 
 
 Keppel, Augustus Viscount, second son 
 of the earl of Albemarle, was distinguished 
 as an able admiral. He accompanied An- 
 son round the world, and when raised to 
 the highest honours of his profession he 
 was placedTTt the head of the EHgli<^h Chan" 
 
tim 
 
 KCT 
 
 3»d fleet, aiKl on the 12th July, 1/78, he 
 engaged the French <lcet, uiuler d'()rvil- 
 liers, ofl'Ushaut, but the action was par- 
 tial, and the next day when the admiral 
 wished to renew the engagement he found 
 it impossible. This encounter spread 
 great discontent Ihrongh the nation, and 
 the admiral was tried at Portsmouth, on 
 the accusation of Sir Hugh Palliser, the 
 second in command, and honourably ac- 
 quitted. The charge was retorted by the 
 admiral, and Sir Hugh Palliser was cen- 
 sured by the sentence of a court-martial. 
 In 17S2 the admiral was made a peer, and 
 under two administrations was twice made 
 first lord of the admiralty. He was an 
 able officer, and a man of great respecta- 
 bility in private life, and it is much to be 
 lamented that a political difference be- 
 tween him and the second in command 
 prevented that exertion of British valour 
 which might have ensured a most brilliant 
 victory to the fleet. He died 1786. 
 
 Kerckchore, Joseph Van der, a painter 
 of Bruges, who died 1724, aged 55. His 
 council of the Gods, preserved in Ostend 
 town-hall, is much admired. 
 
 Kerckrikg, Thomas, a physician, who 
 lived at Hamburgh, as the grand duke of 
 Tuscany's resident. He was member of 
 the London Royal Society, and obtained 
 some celebrity in his profession. He died 
 at Hamburgh, 1693. His chief works are 
 Spicelegium Anatomicum, 4to. — and x\n- 
 thropogeniae Ichnographia, in which he 
 supported the doctrine of an ovary in the 
 human female. 
 
 Kerguelin de Tremara, Yves Joseph, 
 author of a relation of a voyage in the 
 North Sea, 4to. 1768 — naval events of the 
 war between France and England, 1778, 
 &c. was a naval French commander of 
 merit, and died 1797. 
 
 Keri, Francis Borgia, a learned Jesuit 
 of Hungary, author of a history of the em- 
 perors of the East, from Constantine to the 
 fall of Constantinople, and of the Ottoman 
 princes, their successors. He was also 
 an able astronomer, and made some im- 
 provements in the telescope. He died at 
 Buda, 1769. 
 
 Kerkherdere, John Gerard, historio- 
 graplier to the emperor Joseph I. was born 
 near Maestricht, 1678, and died 1738. He 
 published some Latin poems, besides a 
 Commentary on Daniel, and a Treatise on 
 the Situation of the Earthly Paradise, 
 which he placed above Babylon. 
 
 Kersaint, Armand Guy Simon, count 
 of, a native of Paris, who served with 
 credit in the French navy, and on the 
 breaking out of the revolution took an ac- 
 tive part in the measures of the national 
 assembly. He was attached to the party 
 the Girondists, and therefore in the conven- 
 tion he opposed boldly the violent mea- 
 
 sures of the sanguinary tcrrori'sts. On tht 
 day of the condemnation uf Lewis XVI. he 
 had the magnanimity to resign his seat in 
 the bloody assembly, iirid when called to 
 their bar he with undaunted countenance 
 defended his conduct. So much virtue 
 could not pass unpunished in those day:* 
 of slaughter. He was discovered in 
 his retreat, and dragged before the re- 
 volutionary tribunal, and condemned to 
 die, 5th December, 1793. He was then 
 aged 52. 
 
 Kersey, John, author of an excellent 
 book in folio, called " the Elements of Al- 
 gebra" — of an English Dictionary — and of 
 an Edition of Wingate's Arithmetic, was 
 born at Bodicott, near Banbury, Oxford- 
 shire, and died about 1690, aged 74. 
 
 Kervillars, John Marin de, a Jesuit, 
 who translated Ovid's Fasti and Elegies into 
 French, and assisted in the Memoires de 
 Trevoux. He died at Paris 1745. 
 
 Kessel, John Van, a native of Antwerp, 
 born 1626. His flowers, birds, and in- 
 sects, executed according to the sea-sons of 
 the year, possessed great merit, and arc 
 now very scarce. His portraits were after 
 the manner of Vandyk. His son Ferdi- 
 nand, who was also eminent, though infe- 
 rior to his father in the execution of his 
 pieces, was patronised by John Sobieski at 
 Warsaw. A nephew of Kessel also settled 
 at Antwei'p, and acquired celebrity by 
 painting after the manner of Teniers' Con- 
 versations, &c. 
 
 Ketel, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, who 
 came to England and painted Elizabeth and 
 her nobility. On his return to Holland he 
 made himself ridiculous by his attempting 
 to paint with his fingers, and even with his 
 toes. He died 1602. 
 
 Kett, William, a tanner of Norfolk, 
 who raised and headed an insurrection in 
 the reign of Edward VL His followers 
 amounted to above 20,000 men, and by in- 
 veighing against enclosures, and the op- 
 pression of the nobility, he increased his 
 influence among the deluded multitude. He 
 took Norwich, and defeated lord Northamp- 
 ton, but was after^vards routed by Jord 
 W^arwick, and hanged with some of his as- 
 sociates on the tree which he had called 
 the tree of reformation, and where he ad- 
 ministered justice and issued orders to his 
 followers, 1549. 
 
 Kettlewell, John, an English divine, 
 born at North Allerton, Yorkshire, lOth 
 March, 1653. After an education in his 
 native town, he entered at Edmund hall, 
 Oxford, and five years after was elected 
 fellow of Lincoln, where he became an 
 able tutor. By his publication of " Mea- 
 sures of Christian Obedience," 1631, he 
 acquired great reputation, and was patro- 
 nised by the duchess of Bedford and by 
 lord Digbv, who gave him the living of 
 
 155 
 
KH£ 
 
 KIL 
 
 Coleslull, Warwickshire. At the revolu- 
 tion he refused to take the oaths of allegi- 
 ance, in consequence of which ho was de- 
 prived of his living, and went to settle in 
 London, where he was respected as an able 
 Tvriter and good divine. He died of a con- 
 sumption in Gray's-Inn-lane 12th April, 
 1695, and was buried in the grave which 
 once contained Laud's remains at Barking. 
 He is represented by Nelson, who knew 
 him well, as an amiable man in private 
 life, benevolent, learned, and humble. His 
 ■works, which consisted of Religious tracts, 
 besides tracts upon " New Oaths," the 
 duty of Allegiance, &c. were collected 
 into 2 volumes, folio, 1718, with his life 
 prefixed. 
 
 Keulen, Janssen Van, a portrait painter 
 of Dutch extraction, born in London, and 
 for some time the favourite of Charles L 
 and of the English court before the intro- 
 duction of Vandyk. Though he fell in 
 the public estimation by the celebrity of 
 his rival, he yet had the good sense of 
 Jiving with him on the most intimate terms, 
 and died 1665. 
 
 Keysler, John George, a German anti- 
 quary, fellow of the London Royal Society, 
 was born at Thournau, 1689. He was care- 
 fully educated at the university of Halle, 
 and then travelled as tutor to the two sons 
 of count Giech-Buchau, and visited the 
 chief cities of Germany, France, and the 
 Netherlands with the eyes and the judgment 
 of a philosopher. He afterwards under- 
 took the care of the t^vo grandsons of 
 baron Bernstorf, minister of state to the 
 elector of Hanover, and after viewing in 
 their company the chief places on the con- 
 tinent, he came to England, where he was 
 received with all the respect due to learn- 
 ing and eminent virtue. He was admitted 
 fellow of the London Royal Society, and 
 deserved it by his explication of Stone- 
 Henge, which he called an Anglo-Saxon 
 monument, and by a dissertation on the 
 mistletoe of the Druids. He spent the 
 rest of life in tranquil and honourable re- 
 tirement, under the patronage of his pupils, 
 and died 20th June, 1743, aged 54, of an 
 asthma. As he was an able antiquarian, he 
 published Antiquitates Selectae Septentrio- 
 nales et Celticae, &c. Hanover, 12mo. 1720 
 — besides Travels through Germany, Bo- 
 hemia, Hungary, &c. translated into Eng- 
 lish, 1756. 
 
 Kheraskof, Michael, a Russian poet of 
 the iSth century, made vice-president of 
 the college of mines, counsellor of state, 
 and curator of Moscow university. - He 
 wrote a poem on the Utility of Science — 
 some tragedies — Pindaric odes, fables, 
 idyls, satires — Ariadne and Theseus, a ro- 
 mance — Numa Pompilius, a poem in four 
 cantos, besides " Rossiada," an epic poem 
 in 12 cantos, which celebrates in animated 
 and sublime, though occasionally in unhar- 
 1 56 
 
 monious verse, the conquest of Casan by 
 Ivan Vassilevitch H. 
 
 Khilhof, Prince, a Russian nobleman, 
 ambassador to Charles XIL of Sweden, and 
 ungenerously thrown into prison when that 
 monarch undertook war against Russia. 
 After 18 years' confinement, he died in the 
 prison of Westeras, just as he was going to 
 be restored to liberty, 1718. During his 
 imprisonment he wrote the Kernel of the 
 Russian History, in seven books, to his 
 own times, which, though an abridgment, 
 possesses considerable merit, and was pub- 
 lished in 1770 by Muller in 8vo. 
 
 Kick, Cornelius, a painter of Amster- 
 dam, of great merit. His flowers were re- 
 presented with such brilliancy that they ex- 
 hibited all the freshness and beauty of na- 
 ture. He died 1675, aged 40. 
 
 Kidder, Richard, a learned prelate, born 
 in Suffolk, or as Wood says, in Sussex. In 
 1649, he entered at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, and obtained from that society the 
 living of Stanground, Hun^'.ngdonshire, 
 from which he was ejected in 1662, for 
 nonconformity. He, however, afterwards 
 conformed, and obtained from lord Essex 
 the rectory of Raine in Essex, and in 1674 
 the living of St. Martin Outwhich, London. 
 In 1681, he was made piebendary of Nor- 
 wich, and in 1698 dean of Peterborough. 
 On the deprivation of Ken for refusing to 
 take the oaths of allegiance to William and 
 Mary, 1691, he was appointed in his place 
 to the see of Bath and Wells. He was un- 
 fortunately killed in his bed with his lady, 
 by the fall of a stack of chimnies in his pa- 
 lace at Wells, in the great storm which 
 happened in the night between the 26th 
 and 27th Nov. 1703. He was privately 
 buried in the cathedral. Dr. Kidder was 
 an elegant and learned writer, and a most 
 able divine. His publications were ser- 
 mons preached at Boyle's lectures, and in- 
 serted in " Demonstration of the Messias," 
 in three parts — a commentary on the five 
 books of Moses, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. besides 
 some controversial tracts, &c. 
 
 Kien-Long, emperor of China, died at 
 the end of the 18th century, after a reign 
 of 60 years, at the age of 90. When lord 
 Macartney appeared at his court, he gave 
 him some of his verses to be presented to 
 the English king. In his character he ap- 
 peared to be a popular, sensible, and bene- 
 volent monarch. 
 
 Kierings, Alexander, a Dutch painter 
 of Utrecht, who died 1646, aged 56. His 
 landscapes were much admired for correct- 
 ness, so that even the fibres of trees were 
 distinctly seen in his pieces. 
 
 KiLBURN, Richard, author of a survey of 
 Kent, published 1659 in 4to. in his 54tB 
 year, was a native of Kent. 
 
 KiLBTE, Richard, a native of Radcliffe, 
 Leicestershire, was fellow of Lincoln col- 
 lege, Oxford, 1577, and was elected rector 
 
KIL 
 
 KLL 
 
 in 1 590. He was afterwards Hebrew pro- 
 fessor in the university, and obtained a pre- 
 bend in Lincoln cathedral, and was one of 
 the translators of the present Bible. He 
 was also author of some sermons, and died 
 1620. 
 
 KiLBTE, Richard, a minister of All-hal- 
 lows, in Derby, who wrote the Burden of a 
 Loaded Conscience, often reprinted, and 
 died 1617. 
 
 KiLiAN, Cornelius, a native of Brabant, 
 for fifty yeai's corrector of the press to Plan- 
 tin. He published Etymologicon Lingua; 
 Teutonics: — some Latin poems — an apolo- 
 gy for correctors of the press, against au- 
 thors. He died 1607. 
 
 KiLLEN, William, chancellor of Dela- 
 ware, a native of Ireland, came to America 
 in early life, and settled at Wilmington, 
 where, after having gained a respectable 
 knowledge of the classics, and studied 
 law, he became an attorney and soon gain- 
 ed distinction in the profession. Soon af- 
 ter the separation of the colonies from 
 Great Britain, he was appointed chief-jus- 
 lice of the supreme court of Delaware, and 
 in 1793 became chancellor of that state. 
 He held that office with a high reputation 
 for ability and integrity till 1801, when he 
 resigned. He died on the 3d of October, 
 1805. IC?" L. 
 
 KiLLiGREW, Catharine, daughter of Sir 
 Anthony Cook, was born about 1530, at 
 Giddy-hall, Essex, and married Mr. Henry 
 Killigrew, who, for his services as ambas- 
 sador, was knighted. To a great genius 
 she joined an extensive knowledge of 
 Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, and wrote 
 verses with elegance. She died about 
 1600. 
 
 Killigrew, William, son of Sir Robert 
 Killigrew, was born at Hanworth, Middle- 
 sex, 1605, and after three years' residence 
 at St. John's college, Oxford, he travelled 
 abroad. At his return, he was appointed 
 governor of Pendennis castle and Falmouth 
 haven, Cornwall, and gentleman-usher of 
 the privy chamber to Charles L He suf- 
 fered severely during the civil wars, for his 
 attachment to the royal cause, but at the 
 restoration he was again taken into favour 
 and made vice-chamberlain to the king, an 
 office in which he continued twenty-two 
 years. He died 1693, and was buried in 
 Westminster-abbey. He wrote four plays, 
 the siege of Urbin, Selindra, Ormasdes, or 
 Love and Friendship, Pandora, published 
 at Oxford, 1666, in folio, besides Mid- 
 night and Daily Thoughts in prose and 
 verse " 
 Thou 
 Svo 
 
 Killigrew, Thomas, brother to the 
 preceding, page to Charles L and groom 
 of the chamber to Charles H. was born 
 1611^ He visited Spain, France, and Italy. 
 
 , Svo. — The Artless 
 hts of a Gentleman at Court, &,c 
 to. 
 
 Midnight 
 
 and for some time was English resident ut 
 Venice. He wrote 11 plays, collected into 
 one folio volume, 1(164, besides other 
 things. He was twice married, and died 
 1682, and was buried in Wc-tiiiinHt( r-ab- 
 bey. He was a man of gnat « it, -.md in 
 his facetious company CharlcH II. passed 
 many a vacant hour in the lu(;li( st familia- 
 rity. Though remarkably jocular in con- 
 versation, his writings display little of that 
 vein of humour. 
 
 Killigrew, Henry, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born 1612. He was of Christ 
 church, Oxford, and then became chaplain 
 in the king's army, and in 1642 was created 
 D.D. and made chaplain to the duke of 
 York and prebendary of Westminster. Af- 
 ter suflering during the civil wars, he was, 
 at the restoration, reinstated in his prebend, 
 and made master of the Savoy hospital, 
 and rector of Wheatamstead, Hertford- 
 shire. He wrote at the age of 17 the Con- 
 spiracy, a tragedy, afterwards altered into 
 Pallantus and Eudora, 1652. He also 
 published some sermons, &.c. and died 
 about 1690. 
 
 Killigrew, Anne, called by Wood " a 
 grace for beauty, and a muse for wit," was 
 daughter of Henry just mentioned. To a 
 highly finished education she added great 
 skill in painting, and drew the picture of 
 the duke of York, and of the dutchess to 
 whom she was maid of honour. This ex- 
 cellent woman, admired for piety and be- 
 nevolence, as well as learning, died of the 
 small-pox, June, 1685, and she had the fe- 
 licity of having her merits celebrated by the 
 energetic muse of Dryden. In 1686 ap- 
 peared her *' poems" in 4to. 
 
 Killigrew, Margaret, known as the 
 writer of 13 folio volumes, was daughter of 
 Thomas Lucas, and second wife of W. Ca- 
 vendish, duke of Newcastle. The life of 
 this her husband is the best of her works, 
 and it has been translated into Latin. She 
 died 1673. 
 
 KiLWARDEN, Arthur Wolfe lord, an 
 Irish judge. Though born of an obscure 
 family, he received a liberal education, and 
 after some residence at Trinity college, 
 Dublin, he was called to the bar 1766. His 
 abilities gradually recommended him, he 
 became king's counsel, was chosen member 
 of parliament, and in 1787 made solicitor- 
 general, and in 1789 attorney-general. 
 The death of Lord Clonmel opened his way 
 to the dignity of chief-justice of the king's 
 bench, in which high office all his measures 
 were conducted with wisdom, integrity, and 
 justice. The moderation and impartiahty 
 of his public life, and his private virtues, 
 however, were not proof against the vio- 
 lence of a blood-thirsty mob. During a 
 popular insurrection in the streets of Dub- 
 lin, he was met by an armed multitude, as 
 he returned from the country, and his car- 
 
 157 
 
KYS 
 
 KIN 
 
 jfiage was iaimediately surrounded by tLe 
 ferocious rabble, and he and his nephew, 
 the Rev. Richard Wolfe, were dragged 
 away and piked to death in Thomas-street, 
 Dublin, 23d July, 1803. His daughter, 
 ■who was with him in the coach, was spared 
 by the murderers, one of whom courteous- 
 ly protected her, and conveyed her to a 
 place of safety. The last words of the ex- 
 |)iring judge were, that no viohnt punish- 
 ment should be inflicted on his murdereis, 
 but that they might be impartially tried by 
 the law. 
 
 KiMBER, Isaac, a native of Wantage, 
 Berks, known as a dissenting divine, and 
 eminent as the author of the life of Oliver 
 Cromwell, 8vo. — History of England, 4 
 vols. 8vo. — Life of Bishop Beveridge, pre- 
 fixed to his works — Tiventy posthumous 
 sermons, &c. He was also for some years 
 engaged in the London magazine, and died 
 in London, 1758, aged 66. 
 
 KiMBER, Edward, son of the preceding, 
 left the trade of a bookseller for the army, 
 and served with credit in America. He 
 was, after his father, editor of the London 
 Magazine, and wrote a history of England, 
 10 vols. Svo. — the Pocket Peerage of Eng- 
 land, Scotland, and Ireland — besides Joe 
 Thompson, a novel, and other works. He 
 died 1769, aged 50. 
 
 KiMCHi, David, a Jewish rabbi at the be- 
 ginning of the 13th century, born in Spain. 
 His commentary on the Old Testament is 
 much valued, as well as his Hebrew dic- 
 tionary, best edited 1506, folio, and Gram- 
 mar, 1545. He was, in consequence of 
 his learning and eloquence, appointed 
 1232, to settle the disputes between the sy- 
 nagogues of France and Spain, about the 
 works of Maimonides. His brothers Jo- 
 seph and Moses were likewise eminent in 
 literature. 
 
 KiNASTON, Francis, son of Sir Edward, 
 was born in Shropshire, and educated at 
 Oriel college, Oxford. He took his mas- 
 ter's degree at Cambridge, and when intro- 
 duced at court was knighted. He transla- 
 ted into Latin Chaucer's Troilus and Cres- 
 sida, and also published in 1636 the consti- 
 tutions of the Musaeum Minervae, a learned 
 society, of which he was the first president. 
 He died 1642. 
 
 King, John, an English prelate, born at 
 Wornall, Bucks, 1559, and educated at 
 Westminster school, and Christ church, 
 Oxford. He became chaplain to queen 
 Elizabeth, dean of his college, 1605, and 
 bishop of London, 1611. He died 30th 
 March, 1621. He was an eloquent speak- 
 er in the star chamber, according to Coke, 
 and so eminent as a preacher, that king 
 James called him the king of preachers. 
 He published lectures on Jonah, besides 
 sermons. 
 
 158 
 
 King, Henry, son of the preceding, waa 
 born at Wornall, Jan. 1591, and educated 
 partly at Thame school, and Westminster, 
 and admitted student of Christ church, 
 1608. He was chaplain to James I. and 
 was made archdeacon of Colchester, canon 
 of Christ church, and in 1638 dean of Ro- 
 chester, and 1641 bishop of Chichester. 
 Though suspected with truth of puritanical 
 principles, he was treated with great harsh- 
 ness during the civil wars. At the resto- 
 ration he r<iCovered his bishopric, and died 
 Oct. 1669, universally esteemed as the 
 epitome of all honours and virtues. He 
 published Sermons — Exposition of the 
 Lord's Prayer — the Psalms of David turned 
 into metre — poems, elegies, sonnets, &c. 
 — Latin and Greek poems. 
 
 King, John, second son of the bishop of 
 London, was student, and afterwards canon 
 of Christ church, Oxford, and canon of 
 Windsor. He was also public orator of the 
 university, and died 1639. He is author 
 of Oratio Panegyrica de Caroli Principis in 
 Hispan. Adventu — Gratulatio pro Carolo 
 Reduce, &c. — Cenotaphium Jacobi, &c. — 
 besides sermons. 
 
 King, Edward, a promising young man, 
 fellow of Christ's college, Cambridge, 1633^ 
 He was soon after drowned as he was pass- 
 ing from Chester to Ireland, a melancholy 
 circumstance which gave birth to the beau- 
 tiful poem of Lycidas, by his friend Milton. 
 A collection of his poems has been publish- 
 ed, which does credit to his abilities as a 
 favourite of Apollo. 
 
 King, William, a humourous English 
 writer, born in London, 16G3, and educated 
 at Westminster school, and Christ Church, 
 Oxford, where he was student. In 1688 
 he appeared before the public as the defend- 
 er of Wickliffe against the calumnies of 
 Varillas, in a manner strongly expressive 
 of his wit and learning, and at the same 
 time he determined to follow the law as his 
 profession. He took his degree of LL.D. 
 1692, and by the favour of Tillotson, the 
 primate, was admitted to plead in the courts 
 of civil and ecclesiastical law. In 1694 
 his Animadversion on Molesworth's pre- 
 tended Account of Denmark, which had of- 
 fended the Danes, was so much approved, 
 that he was appointed secretary to the 
 princess Anne of Denmark. In 1697 the 
 literary world was engaged in the contro- 
 versy about the epistles of Fhalaris, and 
 Dr. King published on the occasion, two 
 letters addressed to Mr. Boyle, for which 
 he was severely handled by Dr. Bcntley. 
 Though fully qualified to shine as an advo- 
 cate, as he evinced in the case of lord An- 
 glesea's divorce, yet he shrunk from the la- 
 borious fatigues of active busine&s, better 
 pleased with the character of a polite wri- 
 ter, whose powers were occasionally called 
 into action by a spirit of satire, or the wi-sli 
 
KIJS 
 
 KIN 
 
 to umuse by facetious sallies. By degtees, 
 however, a comfortable independence was 
 dissipated in pleasure and iiuloleiiee ; and 
 Dr. King was, b} tbe interest of his friends, 
 lords Rochester and Pembroke, appointed, 
 al)out 1702, judge of the high court of the 
 admiralty in Ireland, sole commissioner of 
 prizes, keeper ol the records in Birming- 
 ham tower, and vicar-general to the pri- 
 mate. These honouralile and lucrative of- 
 fices, however, could not tix the giddy at- 
 tention of Dr. King ; he preferred wit and 
 the muses to active life and independence, 
 and resigned all his employments, and re- 
 turned to London about 17U8. In 1710 he 
 was engaged with Swift, Oldsworth, Mrs. 
 Manley, and others in the publication of 
 the Examiner, in vindication of the queen's 
 measures, and of the new ministry ; and at 
 the trial of Sacheverell, he employed his 
 pen in the happiest vein of satire against 
 the Whigs. In 1711 he was, hy the friend- 
 ship of Swift, appointed to the office of ga- 
 zetteer, worth 250/. per annum. But such 
 was the indolence of his disposition, and 
 the fickleness of his mind, that oppressed 
 with the idea of sitting up occasionally till 
 three or four o'clock, to correct the press, 
 he resigned the appointment the midsum- 
 mer, next year. He soon after found his 
 health decline, and shutting himself up for 
 some time against all society, he died at 
 some lodgings opposite Somerset-house, 
 provided him by his friend, lord Clarendon, 
 25th Dec. 1712. He was interred in the 
 north cloisters of ^^ estminster-abbey. This 
 singular man, though apparently charge 
 able with levity, was in his real character, 
 virtuous and religious, in his dealings con- 
 scientious, and though fond of trifles, en- 
 tertaining in his conversation, sincere and 
 benevolent in his disposition, and so tender- 
 hearted that tears would often flow pro- 
 fusely on the least moving occasion. Be- 
 sides the pieces already mentioned, he 
 wrote. Historical Account of Heathen 
 Gods and Heroes, for the use of Westmin- 
 ster school — the life of M. A. Antoninus, 
 from Madame Dacier — Dialogues of the 
 Dead — a Journey to London, after the man- 
 ner of Lister — the Transactioueer — the 
 Art of Love — the Art of Cookery — Rufinus, 
 &e. — Britain's Palladium. His original 
 works in verse and prose were published, 
 3 vols. 8vo. 1776. 
 
 King, William, archbishop of Dublin, 
 was born at Antrim, 1st Dec. 1650, and 
 educated at the school of Dungannon, after 
 which he entered at Trinity college, Dub- 
 lin. He was patronised by archbishop Par- 
 ker, of Tuam, and soon distinguished him- 
 self by his abilities as a writer in defence 
 of the i)rotestant cause in Ireland. He en- 
 tered the lists against Manby, dean of Lon- 
 donderry, who had lately become a eon- 
 vert to the catholic faith, and who vindi- 
 
 cated his conduct in a pamphlet. His ex- 
 ertions in this controversy appeared so rm- 
 ritoriou.i that he was madi; dean of St. Pa- 
 trick, and became a mo><t active and inde- 
 fatigable supporter of the revolution, though 
 exposed to personal danger and constant 
 persecution in conse(|uen<.e of the tempora- 
 ry success of the catholics, and o( the cause 
 of James U. in Ireland. After the battle 
 of the Boyne, he was promoted to the sec 
 of Derry. In 16'J1 he published, " the 
 State of the Protestants in Ireland, under 
 James II." and afterwards applied hinij+elf 
 sedulou.-ly to promote union and concord 
 in his diocess. In 1702 appeared in 4to. 
 his celebrated work, " Dc Origine Mali," 
 in which he supports that the evils which 
 exist in the world are not inconsistent with 
 the goodness of God. This able perform- 
 ance, though well received at home, ex- 
 cited the censure of foreign critics, and 
 among others was opposed by Bayle and 
 Leibnitz. The work was translated into 
 English by Edfti. Law, afterwards bishop of 
 Carlisle, with notes, &.c. and a refutation of 
 the several opinions which militated against 
 the doctrine of the author. The third edition 
 of the translation, 2 vols. 8vo. appeared 
 1739. In 1702 he was translated to the 
 see of Dublin, and at three difterent times 
 was one of the lords justices of Ireland. 
 He died at Dublin, 8th May, 1729. His 
 other works were, a Discourse concerning 
 the Inventions of Men in the Worship of 
 God, 1694, which engaged him in a contro- 
 versy with Boyce, one of the dissenters of 
 his diocess — sermons, &c. 
 
 King, Peter, chancellor of England, was 
 born at Exeter, 1669. His father, who 
 was a grocer and salter, intended him for 
 an assistant in his business : but the son, 
 after being engaged some years in the shop, 
 at last broke from the obscurity of an hum- 
 ble trade. He had devoted his leisure 
 hours to laborious study, and he was ad- 
 vised by his maternal uncle, Mr. Locke, 
 who left him half his library at his death, 
 to improve himself further by studying at 
 Leyden, and afterwards he entered at the 
 Inner Temple. Here his superior abili- 
 ties and his unceasing application, raised 
 him soon to eminence, and after distin- 
 guishing himself at the bar, he obtained a 
 seat in the House of Commons in 1699, for 
 Beeralston, Devon. But though raised to 
 consequence by the practice of the law, he 
 did not forget literary pursuits; his "In- 
 quiry into the Constitution, Discipline, 
 Unity, &c. of the Primitive Church," ap- 
 pealed in 1692 ; and in 1702 he published 
 the History of the Apostle's creed, with 
 critical observations on its several articles, 
 two works of great merit and extensive po- 
 pularity. In 1708 he was made recorder 
 of London, and knighted by queen Anne . 
 the next vear he was one of the maiia^ei-i 
 
 1 S9 
 
laN 
 
 KIP 
 
 of the House of Commons in the atiair of 
 Sacheverell ; and at the accession of 
 George I. he was raised to the office of 
 chief-justice of the Common Pleas. In 
 1725 he was created a peer, and immedi- 
 ately succeeded lord Macclesfield as lord 
 chancellor. Though his abilities were 
 great, yet it is said the public expectation 
 was disappointed by his conduct in chance- 
 ry, as more of his decrees were repealed 
 by the lords than had been known for the 
 short time he presided in the court of equi- 
 ty. He resigned the seals in 1733; and, 
 •weakened by a paralytic disorder, died at 
 his seat, at Ockam, Surrey, July 92, 
 1734, leaving four sons and two daugh- 
 ters, and a widow, daughter of Richard 
 Seys, of Boverton, Glamorganshire, esq. 
 
 King, William, an English writer, son 
 of the Rev. Peregrine King, was born at 
 Stepney, Middlesex, 1685. He was edu- 
 cated at Salisbury, and Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford ; and in 171S, was made principal of 
 St. Mary hall, by lord Arran, the chancel- 
 lor, to whom he was secretary. In 1722 
 he resigned his headship upon becoming 
 candidate to represent the university, but 
 was defeated by Dr. Clarke, and then went 
 to Ireland. While in that kingdom, he 
 ^vrote his " Toast," an epic poem, convey- 
 ing much satire, which he did not publish, 
 but dispersed among his friends. At the 
 dedication of the Radcliffe library in 1749, 
 be spoke a Latin oration in the Oxford the- 
 atre, and was universally applauded, and 
 deserved the high encomiums of T. War- 
 ton, in his Triumphs of Isis. Dr. King, in 
 bis political principles, was a strenuous 
 lory, and not much affected to the Hanove- 
 rian succession ; and in those times of vio- 
 lent party, he did not escape the abuse of 
 the hirelings of ministry. He published 
 about 1754, an " Apology," in 4to. in which 
 he boldly attacked his adversaries, and re- 
 futed their frivolous and malevolent ac- 
 cusations. He published the first five vo- 
 lumes of South's sermons, and was es- 
 teemed for his wit and learning, and for 
 great independence of spirit. He died 
 1763. 
 
 King, sir Edmund, a surgeon and chy- 
 mist, esteemed by Charles II. who is said 
 to have spent much time in his laboratory-. 
 He attended the king in his last illness, and 
 was ordered lOOO/. by the privy council, 
 which he never received. Some of his 
 papers on ants, on the transfusing of 
 blood from a calf to a sheep, and on ani- 
 malcules in pepper, are found in the philo- 
 sophical transactions. The time of his 
 death is unknown. 
 
 King, John Glen, D.D. a native of Nor- 
 folk, educated at Caius College, Cambridge. 
 He was chaplain to the English factory at 
 Petersburg, and was appointed medallist to 
 'he empress of Russia, at whoso request 
 160 
 
 he undertook a work on medals, but died 
 1787, before its completion. He publish- 
 ed, the Rites and Ceremonies of the Greelf 
 Church, with an account of its Doctrines, 
 Worship, and Discipline — Observations on 
 the climate of Russia, &c. with a View of 
 the Flying Mountains, near Petersburg — 
 Observations on the Barberini Vase, 
 
 King, Edward, a learned antiquary, was 
 born in Norfolk, in 1735. He was edu- 
 cated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, from 
 whence he removed to Lincoln's Inn, was 
 called to the bar, and became recorder of 
 Lynn. In 1767 he was elected a fellow of 
 the Royal Society, and, in 1770, a member 
 of that of Antiquaries, of which last he be- 
 came president, on the death of dean 
 Milles, in 1784 , but being set aside at the 
 next election, he withdrew from the socie- 
 ty. He died April 16, 1807. Mr. King 
 published — 1. An Essay on the English 
 Constitution. 2. Hymns to the Supreme 
 Being. 3. Proposals for a Marine Schooh 
 4. Morsels of Criticism, 4to. and 3 vols. 
 8vo. 5. Considerations on the National 
 Debt. 6. Remarks concerning Stones said 
 to have fallen from the Clouds, 4to. 7. 
 Vestiges of Oxford Castle, fol. 8. Muni- 
 menta Antiqua, 3 vols. fol. 9. Remarks 
 on the Signs of the Times, 4to. This was 
 answered by bishop Horsley. — W. B. 
 
 KiNSET, James, LL.D. was a delegate 
 from New-Jersey to the first congress in 
 1774, but resigned his seat in Novem- 
 ber of the following year. He was active 
 in the cause of the revolution, and a mem- 
 ber of the committee of correspondence for 
 Burlington county. In November, 1789, 
 he was appointed chief-justice of New Jer- 
 sey, and died at Burlington, January 4th, 
 1802, aged 70. ICPL. 
 
 Kippingius, Henry, a native of Rostock, 
 educated in the university there, where he 
 took the degree of M. A. He was pressed 
 for a soldier, and served in the army ; but 
 when observed by a Swedish counsellor 
 with a Latin book in his hand, his fortunes 
 and his merits became known, and he was 
 made the librarian of the noble inquirer, 
 by whose interest also he procured the place 
 of sub-rector of Bremen university. He 
 wrote a supplement to the History of John 
 Pappus — treatises on the Creation — on 
 Roman Antiquities, &c. and died 1678. 
 
 Kippis, Andrew, eminent as a biogra- 
 pher, was born in 1725, at Nottingham, and 
 educated under Dr. Doddridge, at North- 
 ampton. He first settled as a dissenting 
 teacher at Boston, Lincolnshire, 1746, and 
 four years after removed to Dorking, Sur- 
 rey, and in 1753 became the minister of 
 the congregation of Princes-street, West- 
 minster. In 1763, he engaged as philolo- 
 gical tutor in Coward's academy, for the 
 education of dissenting ministers, and af- 
 terwards acquired such eminence as a wri* 
 
KIK 
 
 kill 
 
 ter, that he was created D.D. by the uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, and admitted fellow 
 of the Royal and Antiquarian societies in 
 London. Dr. Kippis died 1795, in West- 
 minster, and was buried in Bunhill-fields' 
 burying ground. The best known of his 
 works is the Biographia Britaiinica, of 
 which he began to publish a new edition in 
 1777, and of which five volumes appeared, 
 and a sixth was nearly ready for the press 
 before his death. He published, besides, a 
 Vindication of Protestant Dissenting Min- 
 isters in their application to parliament, 
 1773, which created a controversy, though 
 in amicable terms, between him and Dean 
 Tucker — the Life of Captain Cook, 4to. 
 1788 — the Life of Dr. Lardner prefixed to 
 ihe edition of his works, 1788 — several ser- 
 nons, and tracts : and he was also con- 
 derned for some years in the Monthly Re- 
 view, and afterwards in the Library, a pe- 
 riodical work in 1761, which did not suc- 
 ceed ; and he also wrote the History of 
 Knowledge, &c. which so much recom- 
 mended the sale of the new Annual Regis- 
 ter. The style of Dr. Kippis was clear, 
 elegant, and pleasing, and from his great 
 application, and extensive reading, he 
 was a man of intelligence, learning, and 
 judgment. 
 
 Kirch, Mary Margaret, a native of Leip- 
 sic, daughter of Matthias Winkelraan, a 
 Lutheran divine. She married, in 1692, 
 Godfrey Kirch, an astronomer of eminence 
 of Luben, in Lower Lusatia, who, when 
 appointed royal astronomer, in 1700, in 
 the newly established academy of sciences 
 at Berlin, found in his wife an intelligent 
 assistant, and an able calculator. She dis- 
 covered, in 1702, a comet, on which she 
 and her husband published some observa- 
 tions, and in 1707 she observed that re- 
 markable aurora borealis which the astrono- 
 mers of Europe, and particularly the Paris 
 academy of sciences noticed in their me- 
 moirs. The husband died 1710, and the 
 following year his wife published a Dis- 
 course on the approaching conjunction of 
 Jupiter, Saturn, &c. This respectable wo- 
 man, equally eminent for her private vir- 
 tues, died at Berlin, 1720, aged 50. Her 
 son. Christian Frederic, acquired some ce- 
 lebrity by his writings, and as astronomer 
 to the Berlin academy of sciences, and died 
 there 1740, aged 46. 
 
 KiRCHER, Athanasius, a Jesuit, born 
 1601, at Fulda, in Germany, taught at 
 Wirtzburg, in Franconia, and then went to 
 settle in the Jesuits' college at Avignon, 
 1635, and from thence passed to Rome, 
 where he was professor of mathematics 
 and Hebrew. He died at Rome 1680. His 
 works are very numerous, but rather curi- 
 ous than useful, amounting to 22 vols. fol. 
 11 in 4to. and 3 in 8vo. He is described as 
 ridiculously fond of hierofflyphical charac- 
 
 VOL. IL ^ ' 21 
 
 ters and inscriptions. The chief of his 
 works are, (Kdipus ^^gvptiacus, &c. 4 vols, 
 fol.— Ars M:ign.-sia — Liiigm vTlgvptiaca 
 Restituta— Muiidus Subterrancus,' &c. — 
 Organon Mathematicum, &o. — Ars Magn.t 
 Sciendi, &c. 
 
 KiRCHER, Conrad, of Augsburg, is 
 known by his Greek concordance of the 
 Old Testament, Frankfort, 1»>02, contain- 
 ing the Hebrew words in alpbahctiral order, 
 With the corresponding Greek words placed 
 under. 
 
 KiRCHMAN, John, a learned German 
 born at Lubeck, 1 575. He studied at Frank- 
 fort, Jena, and Strasburg, and after ac- 
 quiring celebrity as a scholar, he was in- 
 vited by the magistrates of Lubeck, in 
 1613, to undertake the office of rector of 
 their college, which he executed with great 
 reputation. He died 20th March, 1643. 
 He wrote " de Funeribus Romanorum" — 
 de Annulis, &c. • 
 
 KiRCHMAN, N. an eminent professor of 
 philosophy at Petersburg, who was unfor- 
 tunately killed by a ball of fire, while he 
 was making experiments on electricity, and 
 endeavouring to draw down the electric 
 fluid from the clouds, 6th Aug. 1753. 
 
 KiacHMATER, John Gasper, professor of 
 logic at Wittemberg, was born at Uffen- 
 heim in Franconia, and died 1700, aged 
 65. He was a learned man and published 
 some valuable commentaries on Corn. Ne- 
 pos, Tacitus, Cicero, Sallust, and Pliny — 
 Orations and Poems — a treatise de Balsa- 
 mo, &c. 
 
 Kirk, Colonel, an English officer in the 
 service of James H. who disgraced himself 
 by his cruelties in the west of England 
 against the unfortunate abettors of Mon- 
 mouth's rebellion in 1685. To the most 
 wanton barbarity, it is said that he added 
 lust of the most offisnsive nature, though 
 some are inclined to doubt the truth of his 
 barbarities mentioned in Pomfret's poem. 
 It is said that James, in his wish to make 
 converts to the catholic religion solicited 
 this monster, who rudely replied, that when 
 quartered at Tangier he had promised the 
 dey, when he changed religion he would 
 become a Mahometan. Kirk was in the 
 army under King William. The year of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 KiRKLAND, Thomas, a physician of emi- 
 nence who died at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
 Leicestershire, 1798, aged 77. He was 
 member of the medical societies of Edin- 
 burgh and London, and acquired some ce- 
 lebrity as an intelligent writer and a popu- 
 lar practitioner. He wrote an inquiry into 
 the state of Medical Surgery, 2 vols. 8vo. — 
 Observations on Pott's Remarks on Frac- 
 tures — Commentary on Apoplectic and 
 Paralytic Affisctions, 8vo. — Treatise on 
 Childbed Fevers, 8vo. — Thoughts on Am- 
 putation. 
 
 161 
 
m.L 
 
 KLE 
 
 KiRKLAND, Samuel, an American mis- 
 sionary to the Indians, was a native of 
 Norwich, Connecticnt, and graduated at 
 the college of New- Jersey in 1765. After 
 having spent some time among the Seneca 
 Indians to learn their language, he was, in 
 1766, ordained a missionary, and devoted 
 his attention to the Oneida tribe, among 
 ■whom he laboured for more than 40 years. 
 He died at Paris, New-York, where here- 
 sided, in 1808, in the sixty-seventh year of 
 his age. fCZP L. 
 
 KiRSTENius, Peter, professor of physic 
 at Upsal, and in the service of queen Chris- 
 tina, was born at Bresiaw in Silesia, 25th 
 Dec. 1577. He applied himself assiduous- 
 ly to literature, and to botany and philoso- 
 phy, and after studying for fourteen years 
 at Leipsic, Wittemberg, and Jena, he visit- 
 ed the Low Countries and France, and af- 
 terwards extended his travels to Italy, 
 Greece, and Asia. Ho had for some time 
 the management of the school, and of the 
 university of Bresiaw, but he resigned it 
 for the practice of physic, and the study of 
 Arabic. He accompanied Oxenstiern to 
 Sweden, and was in 1 636 chosen professor 
 of physic at Upsal, but he died ISth April, 
 1640. He was, according to his epitaph, 
 well acquainted with 26 languages. His 
 principal works are, Grammatica Arabica 
 — Tria Specimina, &c. — Decas Sacra, &c. 
 Vitaj quatuor Evangelistarum ex antiquis- 
 simo Codice M.S. Arabico erutae, folio. — 
 Notae in S. Matthaum. 
 
 KmsTBNius, George, a native of Stettin, 
 in Pomerania, eminent as a botanist, who 
 died in Sweden 1660, aged 48. He was 
 author of Disquisitioncs Philologicee, 4to. — 
 Adversaria et Animadvcrsionos in AgricolaB 
 Commentaria, &c. 4to. 
 
 Klapuoth, Martin Honry Von, profes- 
 sor of chymistry at Berlin, died there Jan. 
 1, 1817, at a very advanced age, having 
 been a distinguished writer on that science 
 above forty years. He was the discoverer 
 of uranium, the zirconio, and Mellitic acid. 
 He also made interesting experiments on 
 copal, and completed the discovery of tellu- 
 rium and titanium. His works in German 
 make six volumes octavo. — W.B. 
 
 Kleber, I. B. a celebrated French gene- 
 ral, born at Strasbui^, 1750. He was early 
 devoted to architecture, and to improve his 
 talents he was sent to Paris to refine his 
 taste by the instmction of the well-known 
 Chalgrin. Here by accident he saw some 
 foreigners insulted in a coffee-house, and 
 with noble indignation he defended them 
 against their opponents, and thus secure in 
 their gratitude and friendship he was pre- 
 vailed to accompany them to Munich. In 
 this new situation he obtained from Kau- 
 nitz, the son of the imperial prime minister, 
 a lieutenancy in his regiment, but after 
 eight years of honouratl'? servlc<j in the 
 ^ 162 
 
 Austrian army he returned to Prance. He 
 was now appointed inspector of the public 
 buildings of Upper Alsace by Galaisiere, and 
 for six years devoted himself to the peace- 
 ful labours of his profession. The French 
 revolution recalled him to a military life, 
 and he obtained from Wimpfen the place of 
 adjutant major in Custine's army. For his 
 great and meritorious services at the taking 
 of Mayence he was raised to the rank of 
 general of brigade ; but when faction so- 
 licited enemies to Custine, whom the revo- 
 lutionary tyrants already doomed to the 
 scaffold, Kleber had the courage not only 
 not to accuse him, but to speak favourably 
 of his conduct. In la Vendee he directed 
 the attack of the island of Noirmoutier, but 
 the cruelties exercised on the innocent 
 royalists were too shocking for his benevo- 
 lent mind ; he solicited his recall, and was 
 permitted to go to the army of the North. 
 The defeat of the Austrians at Merber-le- 
 Chateau, and at Marchiennes, was rapidly 
 followed by the fall of Mons, the evacuatioa 
 of Louvaine, and the siege of Maestricht, 
 which in 10 days opened its gates to the 
 conqueror. These victories followed by 
 the submission of Dusseldorf, of Frankfort, 
 and the battle of Butzbach, instead, how- 
 ever, of serving the gallant Kleber, ren- 
 dered him suspected to the Directory, and 
 he retired in discontent to the solitude of a 
 country-house near Paris. Here he em- 
 ployed himself in digesting memoirs of his 
 military life when Buonaparte going to 
 Egypt called him away to follow his stand- 
 ard and share his glories. At the siege of 
 Alexandria as he was scaling the walls he was 
 wounded on the head, but he did not retire 
 from the field of danger. When Buona- 
 parte advanced against Cairo he left his 
 faithful friend commander in Alexandria, 
 and when he afterwards quitted Egypt to 
 return to Europe he appointed him his suc- 
 cessor with full powers. Though victori- 
 ous on all sides, Kleber listened to a propo- 
 sal of peace, and he signed the treaty of 
 El-Arisch with Sir Sidney Smith, which 
 permitted the French to return with their 
 arms and baggage to Europe. This armis- 
 tice was not approved by the English go- 
 vernment, and after he had delivered some 
 of his fortresses into the hands of the 
 Turks, Kleber was informed by lord Keith 
 tliat the treaty of El-Arisch was void. Un- 
 dismayed at his situation, the general with 
 great presence of mind provided against 
 every imminent danger ; he recovered the 
 strong holds which had been given up, and 
 he marched at last to the attack of a Turk- 
 ish army at the obelisk of Heliopolis, and 
 defeated them with great slaughter, though 
 ten times more numerous than his own sol- 
 diers. After this victory he subdued the 
 spirit of insurrection which had burst forth 
 at Cairo and in other place, and be now 
 
k'NA 
 
 K'NO 
 
 formed jilans lor the peaceful govcmiucjit 
 t»f (he country, and for a reg;ular intercourse 
 between the various towns of Egypt, when 
 he was suddenly attacked, while walkinj;- in 
 Ilia garden, by Solynian, a Turk, who des- 
 patched him with four blows with a dapj;;er, 
 1800. In his appearance Kleber was pleas- 
 ing and comely, his stature was six feet, 
 >vell proportioned ; his features were mild, 
 but his eyes were expressive, and in the 
 field of battle his voice, otherwise soft 
 and melodious, spoke with the terror of 
 thunder. 
 
 Kleist, Ewald Christian de, a native of 
 Zeblin, in Pomerania, distinguished as an 
 officer in the Prussian service, and as a 
 poet. The battle of Kunnersdorfl', between 
 the Russians and Prussians, August, 1759, 
 proved fatal to him as he was, as major, lead- 
 ing his men of Haussen's regiment into the 
 thickest of the fight. His idyls, after the 
 manner of Gesner, are much admired for 
 their elegance and simplicity, and his 
 moral treatises also possess merit. He 
 "wrote besides Reflections on the INIilitary 
 Art, 1759. 
 
 Klingstadt, a painter, born at Riga, 
 1657. He died at Paris, aged 77. His 
 miniatures for snuff-boxes were much ad- 
 mired, though generally very licentious. 
 His larger pieces were rare, but exquisitely 
 finished, and for some of them he exacted 
 as much as 500/. sterling. 
 
 Klocker, David, a painter, born at Ham- 
 burg. After improving himself in Italy, he 
 settled at Stockholm, where the king libe- 
 rally patronised him. His pieces, which 
 are chiefly historical and possess merit, 
 are preserved in Sweden. He died 1698, 
 aged 79. 
 
 Klopstock, Frederic Tbeophilus, was 
 born at Quedlinburg in 1724. After a 
 liberal education at his native place, he was 
 sent to study theology at Jena, where he 
 "ivrote a great part of his " Messiah," which 
 he published in 1747 at Leipsic. Though 
 this poem was censured by some, it was 
 admired by more ; and Bodmer, wnth the 
 Swiss in general, were loud in its praises. 
 Klopstock was invited into that country, 
 from whence he was called to Copenhagen 
 by the most flattering promises, which were 
 amply fulfilled. In 1771 he went to reside 
 at Hamburgh, as Danish legate, and coun- 
 sellor of the Margrave of Baden, who al- 
 lowed him a pension. He died there 
 March 14, 1803. The character of Klop- 
 stock as a writer is that of a poet of fervid 
 imagination ; but though rich in imagery, 
 and lofty in sentiment, he is frequently 
 obscure, perplexed, and turgid. His wife 
 ■»vas an amiable and very ingenious woman. 
 She corresponded in English with Richard- 
 son, the novelist. — W. B. 
 
 Knapton, George, a portrait painter in 
 crayoDs, the pirpil of Richprd>;on, and the 
 
 kccpCT of the king's picture.-. uicH at Ken- 
 sington, 1778, aged 80. 
 
 Knellku, Sir Godfrey, an tminrnt 
 painter, boru at Luhtc, n;i8. He wai < du- 
 cated at Lcydcn, and was intended for the 
 miUtary profession, but hi» genius directed 
 him to the drawing of figures ; and after 
 making rapid progress in the art, under the 
 instruction of Kembrandt at Amstfrdum, he 
 went to Rome. Here he .^tudit^d under 
 Carlo, Marat, and Bernini, and then went 
 to Venice, and afterwards came to Eng- 
 land, Avherc his reputation quickly recom- 
 mended him to the notice of Charles II. 
 and of the court. He continued in favour 
 with the succeeding monarch^, and ac- 
 quired such celebrity that he drew no less 
 than ten crowned heads, besides electors 
 and princes. William III. was particularly 
 sensible of his abilities, he knighted him, 
 and made him a gentleman of his privy 
 chamber, and George I. honoured him with 
 the title of baronet. He was also created a 
 nobleman and knight of the holy Roman 
 empire by Leopold, and received the degree 
 of LL.D. from the university of Oxford. 
 Kneller deserved these honours : no painter 
 surpassed him in the outline and graceful 
 disposal of his figures, and his likenesses 
 were always considered as remarkably 
 striking, though expressed in a flattering 
 manner. Kneller, honoured by princes, 
 and flattered by poets and wits, was not a 
 little ostentatious of his consequence, he 
 lived in great splendour at his house at 
 Whitton, near Hampton-court, but though 
 accused of vanity, his manners arc repre- 
 sented as blameless. He died Oct. 27th, 
 1723, and was buried at Whitton, and a 
 monument by Rysbrach, with a partial in- 
 scription by Pope, was erected to his honour 
 in Westminster abbey. 
 
 Knight, Samuel, a native of London, 
 educated at St. Paul's school and Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He held two livings, 
 and was prebendary of Ely, and arch-dea- 
 con of Berks, and also chaplain to George 
 II. He published the lives of Colet, and 
 of Erasmus, 8vo. and died l6th Dec. 1746, 
 aged 72, and was buried in his church at 
 Bluntisham, Huntingdonshire. 
 
 KsoLLES, Richaid, a native of North- 
 amptonsliirc, educated at Oxford. After 
 being some time fellow of Lincoln college, 
 he was elected master of Sandwich school, 
 where he became celebrated as a public 
 teacher, and where he died, 1610. He 
 wrote Grammatica; Latina?, GraccGB, et He- 
 
 braicai Compendium History of the 
 
 Turks, 1010, folio, a valuable book, often 
 reprinted and improved, especially by Ri- 
 caut, IGSO, folio — the Lives and Conquests 
 of the Ottoman Kings and Emperors, to 
 1610. — a brief Discourse of the Greatness 
 of the Turkish Empire, Sec. 
 
 Knolces. Sir Robert, a native ef Chesh- 
 
 1<33 
 
KNO 
 
 IvNO 
 
 I're, known as a warrior in the wars of Ed- 
 ward II!. in France. From a common sol- 
 flier, he became a general, and acquired 
 both celebrity and opulence by his conquests 
 in France. With the spoils of castles, 
 cities, and monasteries, which he had de- 
 stroyed, he built Rochester bridge, as a 
 monument of his exploits. He died at his 
 estate in Kent, 1407, aged 90. 
 
 Knollis, Francis, an English statesman. 
 He was born at Grays, Oxfordshire, and 
 educated at Oxford, and when introduced 
 at the court of Edward VI. he was distin- 
 guished for his zeal in the cause of refor- 
 mation. During Marj^'s reign, he retired 
 to the continent, but on Elizabeth's acces- 
 sion, he obtained the office of vice-cham- 
 berlain of the household, and of privy 
 counsellor, and afterwards was made trea- 
 surer of the household, and knight of the 
 garter. His abilities were employed on 
 ■various occasions by the court, and he was 
 ©ne of those commissioners who sat at the 
 trial of the unfortunate Mary, queen of 
 Scots. He was author of a treatise against 
 the Usurpation of Papal Bishops, 1608, 8vo. 
 and a General Survey of the Isle of Wight, 
 never printed, and he died 1596. 
 
 Knorr Von Rosenrot, Christian, a 
 learned German, who died 1689, aged 53. 
 He is supposed to be the author of Kabbala 
 Denudata, seu Doctrina Hebraeorum Trans- 
 cendentalis, &c. Opus Antiquissimae phi- 
 losoph. &c. ex Hebraeo, Sultzbach, 1677, 
 and 3 vols, folio, 1684, Frankfort. 
 
 Knott, Edward, a Jesuit, born at Pegs- 
 worth, near Morpeth, Northumberland. 
 His real name was Matthias V*'i[son, and 
 he entered among the Jesuits, 1606, and 
 was professor of divinity in the English 
 college at Rome. He was afterwards pro- 
 vincial of England, and died in London, 
 4th Jan. 1655-6, aged 75, and was buried at 
 St. Pancras. He was a great disciplina- 
 rian, and possessed of extensive learning. 
 His writings against the protcstants, gave 
 rise to Chillingworth's famous book, called 
 the Religion of Protestants. 
 
 Knowlbr, William, an English divine, 
 the learned translator of Chrysostom's 
 Comment on St. Paul's Epistle to the Gala- 
 tians. He died 1767, aged 68. 
 
 Knowles, Thomas, a native of Ely, edu- 
 cated at Ely school, and Pembroke-hall, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow. 
 He was made lecturer of Bury St. Ed- 
 mund's, and prebendary of Ely cathedral, 
 and died at Bury, 1802. He was an able 
 divine, and wrote the Scripture Doctrine of 
 the Existence and Attributes of a God, 12 
 sermons, 8vo. — Answer to Bishop Clayton's 
 Essay on Spirit, for which he was made 
 P.D. by Seeker — Lord Hervey's, and Dr. 
 Middleton's Letters on the Roman Senate 
 — Dialogue on the Test Act — Observations 
 on the Tithe Bill— JPrjnjitive Christianity. 
 1«.4 
 
 in Defence of the Trinity — Advice to a 
 young Divine, in six Letters — The Passion, 
 a sermon — Observations on the divine Mis- 
 sion of Moses — On Charity and Sunday 
 Schools — A discourse on Confirmation. 
 
 Knowlton, Thomas, an English bota- 
 nist. He was in the service of Dr. Sher- 
 rard, and afterwards of lord Burlington, at 
 Lanesborough, Yorkshire, and died 1782, 
 aged 90. His obserrations on the situation 
 of the ancient Delgovicia, and on two men of 
 extraordinary size, and on large deer's horns 
 found in Yorkshire, appeared in the philo- 
 sophical transactions, in letters to Mr. 
 Catesby. He also discovered in Walleng- 
 fenmere, the moor balls, or globe conferva, 
 called by Linnaus, Conferva ^gagrophila. 
 
 Knox, John, the famous reformer of 
 Scotland, was born 1505, at Gifford, East 
 Lothian, and educated at the university of 
 St. Andrews, under the celebrated John 
 Major. He applied himself sedulously to 
 the study of divinity, but the conversation 
 of Wishart, the English commissioner in 
 Scotland, as well as the writings of Jerome 
 and Austin, opened his mind to the gross 
 impositions of popery. He embraced pub- 
 licly the tenets of the protestants, and then 
 retired from persecution, into Germany, 
 but some time after returned to St. An- 
 drews. Here he boldly began to preach 
 against the pope, and afterwards passed 
 over to England, where he became chaplain 
 to Edward VI. and might have obtained a 
 bishopric, had he not been an enemy to the 
 liturgy and the established form of episco- 
 pacy. At the accession of Mary, he went 
 over to the Continent, and after visiting 
 Frankfort and Geneva, and profiting by the 
 counsels of Calvin, he determined to return 
 to Scotland, 1555. The reformation was 
 already gaining ground, even in the absence 
 of her able supporter, and Knox by his elo- 
 quence, and his manly undaunted appeals 
 to the leading men of the country, increased 
 the number of his converts. In 1556 he 
 again visited Geneva, but in his absence his 
 enemies accused him of heresy, pronounced 
 sentence of death against him, and burnt 
 him in effigy at Edinburgh. He heard of 
 the violence of his persecutors, and wrote 
 from Geneva, " An Appellation against the 
 unjust sentence pronounced against him," 
 &c. and also the ** First Blast of the Trumpet 
 against the monstrous Regiment of Wo- 
 men," directed against the tyrannical mea- 
 sures of Mary of England, and of Mary of 
 Lorraine, queen regent of Scotland. In 
 1559, he again returned to Scotland, and 
 began cflTectually to establish the reforma- 
 tion. The kingdom was divided into 12 
 districts, and Edinburgh as the most im- 
 portant was intrusted to Knox. Regardless 
 of the power of the queen, he publicly de- 
 clared from the pulpit, that the mass 
 establL«!hed in her chapel was more fright- 
 
k'KO 
 
 KOE 
 
 (n\ than 10,000 enemies, and wlien bonour- 
 ed with a conference with his royal inis- 
 Iress, he offended her with the freedom and 
 boldness of his address, and violently in- 
 veighed against her marrying the popish 
 earl of Darnley. Notwithstanding these 
 measures so hostile to the government, 
 Knox was respected in his person, and in 
 1567 he preached the sermon at the corona- 
 tion of James VI. He met, however, with 
 some opposition from his followers, who 
 wished to establish in his church a sort of 
 episcopacy, which proved very repugnant to 
 his feelings, and was rejected with great 
 indignation. He died Nov. 24, 1572, not 
 a little afflicted at the intelligence of the 
 bloody massacres just perpetrated at Paris. 
 He was buried at Edinburgh, and his fune- 
 ral was attended by many nobles, particu- 
 larly Morton, the regent, who respected his 
 abilities, and commended his zeal. His 
 publications are not numerous, though it is 
 to be lamented that he appeared as the de- 
 fender of the violent and atrocious mea- 
 sures pursued at Edinburgh, and especially 
 of the murder of cardinal Beatoun, once his 
 persecutor. His History of the Reforma- 
 tion in Scotland was published after his 
 death, and the fourth edition of it in folio, 
 1732, contains all his other pieces. Knox 
 was twice married, and had children by 
 both his wives. Two of his sons by his first 
 wife became fellows of St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, where they had received their 
 education. 
 
 Knox, John, a London bookseller, known 
 as the planner of a herring fishery, and of 
 a settlement on the north-east coast of 
 Scotland. He published a Systematic View 
 of Scotland, and died 1790. 
 
 Knox, Hugh, D.D. was a native of Ire- 
 land, and born about the year 1730. He 
 came to America in early life, and was em- 
 ployed for several years in Pennsylvania, 
 and Maryland, in the instruction of youth ; 
 after which he entered the college of New- 
 Jersey, then located at Newark, under the 
 presidency of Mr. Burr, and received the 
 degree of Batchelor of Arts in 1754. He 
 was a popular minister in the presbyterian 
 church, and early in life settled in the Island 
 of St. Croix, where he spent the remainder 
 of his days, honoured and useful, and died 
 at a very advanced age. He was a man of 
 excellent talents and of distinguished lite- 
 rary and theological attainments as a testi- 
 mony of which, he received from the uni- 
 versity of Glasgow the degree of Doctor of 
 Divinity. He made a number of publica- 
 tions, which are exceedingly creditable to 
 Lis memorj-. They are chiefly " Sermons 
 on Select Subjects." |C3^ L. 
 
 Knox, Henry, majoi-general in the army 
 of the United States, was a native of Bos- 
 ton, born 25th July, 1750, and received his 
 edncation at the schools in that town. He 
 
 had displayed something of bis militur^ 
 talents, as an oflicer of militia, antecedent 
 to the revolution, and in consequence on 
 his entering the army at the eominence- 
 ment of hostilities, was placed at the head of 
 the artillery, in which stution he served 
 during the whole war with the highest re- 
 putation, for valour,, talents, and activity, 
 and rendered the most essential services to 
 the country. Before entering on tht; duties 
 of that appointment, he justified tlic confi- 
 dence reposed in him by making an irrup- 
 tion at the head of a small party into ('ana- 
 da, and capturing all the ordnance and 
 military stores deposited at St. Johns. The 
 efficiency of the artillery and ordnance de- 
 partment during the whole war, was owing 
 much to bis talents and attention. He 
 contributed much to the victory gained at 
 the battle of Monmouth, and to the capture 
 of Cornwallis ; soon after which, he re- 
 ceived the commission of major-general. 
 In 1785, he was appointed secretary of war, 
 and enjoyed the same office after the organi- 
 zation of the present government, till 
 1794, when he resigned and retired to pri- 
 vate life. He settled at Thomastown, in 
 Maine, where be lived greatly respected for 
 bis uprightness, frankness, and public spirit, 
 as well as for his military services. He 
 died October 25th, 1806, aged 56. 
 
 Knupper, Nicholas, a native of Leipsic, 
 eminent as a painter. He died 1660, aged 
 57. His battles and conversations possess- 
 ed peculiar merit. 
 
 Knuzen, Matthias, a celebrated atheist, 
 born at Holstein. He was very zealous in 
 making proselytes, and his followers, who 
 were numerous in some of the cities of the 
 continent, and even in England, were called 
 conscienciaries, as they regarded con- 
 science, learning, and reason, as the only 
 guides of man. They maintained that 
 there was no God, no after-life, and they 
 rejected religion, priests, and magistrates, 
 as impositions on the world. This wild 
 enthusiast died at the end of the 17th cen- 
 tury. His Latin letter, and his two dia- 
 logues in defence of his opinions, were re- 
 futed by Musa;u?, a Lutheran professor. 
 
 Knuzen, Martin, a native of Konigs- 
 bcrg, professor of philosophy there. He 
 wrote various works, but the chief is his 
 Defence of the Christian Religion. He 
 died 1751, aged 38. 
 
 Kntghton, Henry, author of a chroni- 
 cle of the English historj", from 950, to 
 1395, and of a History of the Deposition 
 of Richard II. both preserved in the collec- 
 tion of English historians, published 1652, 
 was a canon regular of Leicester. 
 
 KoEBKRGER, Winccslaus, a native of 
 Antwerp, eminent as a painter. His Mar- 
 tyrdom of St. Sebastian, is his best piece, 
 which is still viewed with admiration in. 
 
 165 
 
KOE 
 
 kOK 
 
 the cliurcli of Notre Dame, at Antwerp. 
 He died 1604, aged 70. 
 
 KoEMPFER, Engelbert, a German physi- 
 cian, born at Lemgow, in Westphalia, l6th 
 Sept. 1651. After improving himself in 
 the universities of Dantzic, Thorn, Cra- 
 cow, and Konigsberg, he visited Upsal, and 
 recommended himsejf to the notice of 
 Charles XI. of Sweden, and accepted the 
 place of secretary to the embassy, sent in 
 1683 to the Sophi of Persia. During this 
 employment, he had various opportunities, 
 ivhich he gladly improved, of visiting the 
 curiosities natural and artificial, in passing 
 through Russia, in Georgia, and on the 
 banks of the Caspian sea. For two years 
 he resided at Ispahan, but when the ambas- 
 sador prepared to return, he obtained per- 
 mission to go further into the east, and he 
 engaged himself as surgeon to the Dutch 
 East India fleet. In his way he examined 
 the ruins of Persepolis, and afterwards 
 visited Gamron, Arabia Felix, the coast of 
 Malabar, Ceylon, Bengal, and Batavia. In 
 1690, he accompanied the annual embassy 
 of the Dutch to the court of Japan, and 
 after staying two years in that distant 
 country, he prepared to return to Europe. 
 He quitted Batavia, Feb. 1693, and after 
 touching at the Cape of Good Hope, 
 reached Amsterdam in October. In 1694, 
 he took the degree of M.D. at Leyden, but 
 the popularity which he acquired as physi- 
 cian, prevented the immediate arrange- 
 ment of his valuable papers and observations 
 on subjects of natural history, botany, and 
 mineralogy. Wliiist he promised himself 
 length of life, he found that his constitution 
 was shattered by fatigues, in distant cli- 
 mates, and some family difficulties hasten- 
 ed his dissolution. He died 2d Nov. 1716. 
 His MSS. and drawings were purchased of 
 his executors, by Sir Hans Sloane, and his 
 history of Japan appeared in London, 2 
 vols. fol. 1727. His Amocnitatcs Exoticae, 
 a valuable work, was published 1712. 
 
 KoENiG, Daniel, a Swiss, who transla- 
 ted into Latin, Arbuthnot's Tables of An- 
 cient Coins, published at Utrecht, by pro- 
 fessor Reitz, 1756. He died at Rotter- 
 dam, in consequence of the severe treat- 
 ment which he received from the mob at 
 Franeker, who mistook him for a spy, be- 
 cause he spoke French. He was only 22. 
 
 KoENiG, Samuel, brother to the prece- 
 ding, was professor of philosophy, and 
 natural law at Franeker, and afterwards 
 became librarian to the prince of Orange, 
 at the Hague. He was an able mathema- 
 tician, and was engaged in a quarrel with 
 Maupertuis, and in consequence of his 
 " Appeal" written on the subject, he en- 
 larged his reputation, and the number of 
 his friends. He wrote various works, and 
 ilied 1757. 
 
 KoERTEN, Joanna, a native of Amster- 
 166 
 
 dam, whose great ingenuity and rcfmeu 
 taste in embroidery, in drawing, in water 
 colours, in wax models, in artificial orna- 
 ments, &c. was universally admired, and 
 drew strangers to behold and commend the 
 eflects of her singular genius. Peter the 
 Great, of Russia, was one of those who 
 complimented her on her abilities. The 
 figures and landscapes which she cut with 
 scissors, out of paper, were much celebra- 
 ted, and the fine exhibition of groups of 
 trees, arms, eagles, crowns, &c. which she 
 presented to the consort of Leopold, was 
 liberally rewarded with 4000 guilders. 
 She also executed a portrait of the empe- 
 ror in the same style. She died 1715, aged 
 65. 
 
 KoETs, Roelof, a native of ZwoU. His 
 abilities as a painter were universally 
 known, and William III. of England paid 
 particular attention to him. His portraits, 
 it is said, amounted to 5000, and all in a 
 very superior, and highly finished style. 
 He died 1725, aged 70. 
 
 KoLLocK, Henry, D.D. presbyterian mi- 
 nister of Savannah, Georgia, was born at 
 New Providence, New-Jersey, December 
 14, 1778, and graduated at Princeton 
 college in 1794. In December, 1800, he 
 was ordained to the pastoral charge of the 
 presbyterian church in Elizabethtown, 
 New-Jersey, and after a popular ministry 
 there of three years, was in December, 
 1803, appointed professor of theology in 
 the college at which he graduated, and in 
 connexion with that office also undertook 
 the care of the church in Princeton. His 
 talents, learning, and eloquence, happily 
 qualified him for his station in that insti- 
 tution, and he discharged its duties with 
 distinguished ability and acceptance. In 
 1806 he accepted a call to the pastoral care 
 of the presbyterian church in Savannah, 
 where, after employing himself in the la- 
 bours of his office about thirteen years, he 
 died on the 19th of December, 1819, in the 
 42d year of his age. A collection of his 
 sermons in 4 volumes has been published 
 since his death. ICJ** L. 
 
 KoNic, George Matthias, a learned Ger- 
 man, born at Altdorf, in Franconia, where 
 he became professor of poetry, and of 
 Greek, and also librarian. He was an 
 able scholar, and was author of a biogra- 
 phical dictionary, called Bibliotheca Vetus 
 ct Nova, 4to. 1678, which though censured 
 by some, is yet possessed of merit. He 
 died Dec. 29, 1699, aged S3. 
 
 KoNiG, Emanuel, a physician of Basil, 
 Avhcre he died 1731, aged 73. He pub- 
 lished various works on medicines highly 
 esteemed in Switzerland. 
 
 KoRNMANN, Henry, a German lawyer in 
 the beginning of the 17th century, author 
 of some treatises. De Miiaculis Vivorum — 
 
KOT 
 
 KOC 
 
 Do Miraculis Morluonim — Dc VirginitaUs 
 Jure — De Linea Amoris. 
 
 KoRTHOLT, Christian, professor of di- 
 \inity at Keil, was born 15th Jan. 1633, at 
 Burg, in the island of Femeren. He stu- 
 died at Burg, Sleswick, Stettin, and Ros- 
 tock, Jcua, Leipsic, and VVitteniberg. In 
 1662 he was made Greek professor at Ros- 
 tock, and in 1665 removed to Keil, where 
 he enjoyed the favour and the patronage of 
 the duke of Holstcin, and became vice-chan- 
 cellor of the university. He died Slst March, 
 1694, greatly lamented. He wrote vari- 
 ous works, De Veracitate, &c. — De Na- 
 ture Philosophiae, &c. and a valuable work 
 on Christ, as God and Man. 
 
 KoRTHOLT, Christian, grandson of the 
 preceding, was professor of theology at 
 Gottingen, and died in the flower of his 
 age, 1751. He published, "Leibnitz's 
 Latin Letters," 4 vols, and his French Let- 
 ters in one volume. 
 
 Kosciusko, Thaddeus, a Polish general, 
 was born of a respectable family, and edu- 
 cated at the military school of Warsaw ; 
 after which he went to France, and next to 
 America, where he served as aid-de-camp 
 to Washington. On his return home he 
 was made major-general, and distinguish- 
 ed himself greatly in the war of 1792, but 
 without effect. Two years afterwards the 
 Poles again took up arms, and were head- 
 ed by Kosciusko ; but all his exertions 
 were fruitless, and he was made prisoner 
 by the Russians, who treated him with 
 great respect ; and the emperor, Paul, gave 
 him an estate. Kosciusko now visited 
 America the second time ; and in 1798 re- 
 turned to Europe, and settled in France, 
 where Buonaparte endeavoured in vain to 
 tempt him into his service. He died at 
 Soleure, in Switzerland, Oct. IG, 1817. — 
 W. B. 
 
 KoTTBR, Christopher, a fanatic, who 
 lived at Sprottow. In 1616 he began his 
 enthusiastic career, and threatened the 
 princes and nations of Europe with terri- 
 ble judgments, according to the directions, 
 as he said, of an angel. He was pillored 
 in the emperor's dominions, and afterwards 
 banished, and he then retired to Lusatia, 
 where he died 1647, aged 62. He was the 
 friend of Comenius, and his reveries with 
 those of two others, were published at Am- 
 sterdam, 1657, and called, Lux in Tenebris. 
 
 KoTZEBUE, Augustus Vou, was born at 
 Weimar, May 30, 1761. At the age of 
 sixteen he was sent to the college of Jena, 
 and from thence to Duisburg, where he or- 
 ganized a company of juvenile performers. 
 In 1779 he returned to Jena, to study the 
 law, instead of which most of his time was 
 devoted to the play-house. In 1781 he 
 became secretary to general Bauer, whom 
 he accompanied to Petersburg, where he 
 produced a tragedy, calletl " Demetrius, 
 
 Czar of Muscovy." Here he married a 
 Russian lady, and was appointed president 
 of the civil government at Revel. After 
 this ho wrote a number of dramas ; some 
 of which obtained great popularity on the 
 continent and in England, In 178*J he lost 
 his wife, on which he went to Paris, and 
 next to Vienna, where he became superin- 
 tendent of the imperial theatre ; but re- 
 signed that place, and returned to Russia. 
 He had scarcely entered that country, be- 
 fore he was arrested by the orders of Paul, 
 and sent to Siberia, but did not remain long 
 in exile ; and on his arrival at Petersburg, 
 was taken into the emperor's favour. In 
 1813 he was appointed consul-general at 
 Konigsberg ; but the climate disagreeing 
 with him, he resigned the situation, and 
 went to Manheim, where he was assassi- 
 nated, March 23, 1819, by a fanatical stu- 
 dent of Jena, named Sand, who then stab- 
 bed himself ; but recovered from his wound, 
 and was beheaded. The works of Kotze- 
 bue are too numerous to be specified. — 
 W.B. 
 
 KoucK, Peter, a Dutch painter, who 
 after travelling to Constantinople, settled 
 at Antwerp, and became principal painter 
 to Charles V. and died 1550, aged 50. His 
 views of Constantinople, &.c. are highly 
 valued. 
 
 KouLi KiiAV, Thamas, or Nadir, a cele- 
 brated warrior, born 1687, in a village, in 
 the province of Chorasan, in Persia. He 
 was the son of a shepherd, but he quitted 
 the humble occupation of his youth, and by 
 selling some of his father's sheep, he col- 
 lected a number of desperate followers, 
 who, attached to him, shared his dangers 
 and his booties in plundering caravans, and 
 attacking defenceless travellers. By de- 
 grees he saw himself at the head of 6000 
 brave adherents, and became so formida- 
 ble, that his assistance was solicited by the 
 Schah Thamas, whose throne was usurped 
 by Eschref, the chief of the Aghwans. 
 With the most impetuous valour, Kouli at- 
 tacked the enemy, and soon routed them, 
 and then seated his master on the throne 
 of his ancestors at Ispahan. Thus victo- 
 rious, he pursued the flying Aghwans to 
 Candahar, and after carrying terror and 
 desolation before him, and obtaining an 
 immense booty, he returned to Ispahan. 
 Instead, however, of finding Thamas en- 
 g-aged in a Turkish war, as he had recom- 
 mended, he saw him lulled into effeminate 
 security, and therefore, displeased Avith his 
 conduct, he boldly seized his person, and 
 proclaiming his son, an infant, six months 
 old, Sophi of Persia, he declared himself 
 regent of the kingdom. Eager after mili- 
 tary fame, Kouli immediately made war 
 against the Turks, with the most astonish- 
 ing success, displayin<i; every where in his 
 conduct, valour, prudence, and heroism. On 
 
 167 
 
KEA 
 
 KUN 
 
 tLe death of the young king, 1737, he sig- 
 nified his intention of resigning his ho- 
 nours ; but the nobles, excited by his pri- 
 vate intrigues, interfered, and invested him 
 ■with the sovereign power, and seated him 
 on the throne of Persia. Now elevated to 
 the height of his ambition, he wisely saw 
 that war was the only support of his great- 
 ness, and therefore with a numerous army, 
 devoted to him by his liberality, and by his 
 personal valour, he marched against India. 
 The Mogul empire was rapidly conquered, 
 200,000 men were put to the sword, and a 
 booty of 145 millions rewarded the victor 
 at the taking of Delhi. To the possession 
 of the Mogul dominions, was soon added 
 the conquest of the Usbec Tartars, and the 
 capture of Buchara, their chief city , and 
 on all sides, wherever he turned his arms, 
 he found no power able to withstand his 
 attacks. Such astonishing successes re- 
 quired wisdom and decision to cement 
 them, but unfortunately, when his abilities 
 ■were wanted to give stability to his im- 
 mense dominions, Kouli became capricious, 
 proud, and tyrannical. With iryudicious 
 violence he attempted to introduce the re- 
 ligion of Omar among his subjects, and to 
 render his decrees more terrible, he put to 
 SI cruel death the priests who opposed his 
 measures, and even sacrificed his own son 
 to his ferocious measures. This conduct 
 revolted the attachment of the Persians, 
 and the nobles who foresaw in the capri- 
 cious cruelty of their master their own de- 
 struction, conspired against him, and assas- 
 sinated him, 8th June, 1747, after he had 
 reigned 20 years over one of the most ex- 
 tensive and powerful empires of the world. 
 
 Kracheninnikow, Stephen, a Russian 
 naturalist, educated at Petersburg. He 
 was engaged 10 years in making observa- 
 tions on the natural productions of Kam- 
 echatka, and the neighbouring country, and 
 on his return, in 1743, he was made asso- 
 ciate of the academy, and in 1753, profes- 
 sor of botany and natural history. His 
 travels, &c. were published in Chappe d'- 
 Auteroche's Account of Siberia. He died 
 1755, aged 42. 
 
 Krantz, Albert, a famous historian and 
 divine, born at Hamburgh. He became 
 professor of philosophy and divinity at Ros- 
 tock, 1482, and in 1498 was elected dean 
 of the chapter of Hamburgh, where he died 
 1517. The best known of his learned works 
 are. Chronica Regnorum, Aquiloniorum 
 Daniae, Sueciae, &c. — Saxonia sive de Sax- 
 onicae Gentis Origine, &c. lib. 13. ad ann. 
 1501 — Vandalia, sive de Vandalorum Ori- 
 gine, &c. — Metropolis, sive Historia Ec- 
 clesiastica Saxoniae, and other works. 
 
 Krause, Francis, a native of Augsburg, 
 the disciple of Piazetta, and eminent as a 
 historical painter. Though his pieces pos- 
 ing 
 
 sessed merit, he died poor, after a rcsi* 
 dence of some years in France, 1754, aged 
 48. 
 
 Kresa, Father, a native of Moravia, 
 confessor to the king and queen of Bohe- 
 mia, where he died 1715, aged 67. He 
 was well acquainted with Hebrew, Greek, 
 Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, and Por- 
 tuguese, and wrote Analysis Speciosa Tri- 
 gonometriae Sphericae, &.c. 
 
 Kruger, John Christian, author of pO' 
 ems and comedies, and translator of Mari- 
 vaux's Theatre into German, acquired also 
 some reputation as an actor, and died at 
 Hamburgh, 1750, aged 28. 
 
 KuHLMAN, Quirinus, a famous fanatic, 
 born at Breslaw in Silesia, 1651. While 
 his learning promised the fairest fruits, he 
 was attacked at the age of 18, by a violent 
 illness, from which he recovered with diffi- 
 culty. But with returning health, he dis- 
 played the wildest manners, and pretending 
 to have held converse with departed spirits 
 and aerial beings, he set up for a prophet. 
 He went to Holland, where the reading of 
 Behmen's works increased the extrava- 
 gance of his reveries. Though seemingly 
 devoted to spiritual affairs exclusively, he 
 had some respect for the things of the 
 world ; he kept some concubines, and ex- 
 torted money from the credulous, by 
 threatening terrible and approaching ven- 
 geance if they did not satisfy his wants. 
 After wandering over England, France, and 
 the East, he was at last stopped at Mos- 
 cow, and burnt, 3d Oct. 1689, on account 
 of some prophecies which were interpreted 
 as improper and seditious. He published 
 Prodromus Quinquennis Mirabilis, 1674, 
 and other things. 
 
 KuHNius, Joachim, a learned native of 
 Gripswalde, Pomerania, who after studying 
 at Stade and Jena, became principal of the 
 college of Octingen, in Swabia, and three 
 years after, in 1676, was elected Greek 
 professor of the university of Strasburg. 
 The professorship of Hebrew was after- 
 wards added to his other appointments, 
 and he acquired great celebrity by his pub- 
 lications, and in the number of his pupils. 
 He died 11th Dec. 1697, aged 50. He 
 published excellent editions with notes, of 
 iElian, Diogenes, Pausanias, besides other 
 works. 
 
 KuicK, John Van, a painter of Dordt, 
 who was accused of heresy by the Jesuits, 
 in consequence of some offence which he 
 had given to the fraternity, and cruelly 
 burnt to death, 1572, aged 42. 
 
 KuNCKETT, John, an able chymist, and 
 ingenious philosopher, born in the dutchy 
 of Sleswic, 1630. He died 1702. He 
 published at London Observationes Chy- 
 micae, 1678, 12mo. and discovered the 
 phosphorus of urine, and introduced several 
 
hib6 
 
 K'int 
 
 ^ascful improvements in the arts, autl plii- 
 losopl^. 
 
 KuNZE, John Christopher, D.D. a learn- 
 ed and distinguished clergyman, was four- 
 teen years minister of the German Lu- 
 theran church in Philadelphia, Pennsylva- 
 nia, and was also a professor in the college 
 in that city. In 1781 he removed to 
 New-York, where he was twcnty-tliree 
 years minister of the Lutheran church. 
 He was also professor of Oriental lan- 
 guages in Columhia college. He was born 
 in 1744, and died Senior of the German 
 Lutheran church in New-York, July 24th, 
 1807. His large and valuable cabinet of 
 roins and medals was presented after his 
 death to the New- York Historical Society. 
 
 ICPL. 
 
 KupiESKi, John, a painter of Bohemia, 
 born 1667, who studied in Italy, and ac- 
 quired such reputation as to deserve and 
 enjoy the patronage of the emperor 
 Charlesjn. of the Czar Peter, and other 
 princes. 
 
 KusTER, Ludolf, a learned critic, born 
 at Blombcrg, in Westphalia, 1670. The 
 abilities which he early displayed recom- 
 mended him as tutor to the sons of the 
 Prussian prime minister, and his services 
 were rewarded by the promise of a profes- 
 sorship in the university of Berlin. In the 
 mean time he travelled over Holland, Ger- 
 many, France, and England, where at last 
 he produced, after four years' laborious in- 
 vestigation, his edition of Suidas, in 3 vols, 
 folio, at Cambridge. The work was ho- 
 nourably received by the university, the 
 editor was complimented with the degree 
 of doctor, and advantageous offers were 
 made to him to settle there. He, how- 
 ever, declined them all, to take possession 
 of his Berlin professorship, which, together 
 with the place of king's librarian, he soon 
 after relinquished with capricious indif- 
 ference, and went to Amsterdam, where he 
 published his Aristophanes, in 1710, and an 
 edition of Mills's Greek Testament. From 
 Amsterdam he went to Rotterdam, and 
 then to Antwerp, where he was prevailed 
 upon by the Jesuits to renounce the pro- 
 testant tenets for the catholic faith in 1713. 
 This dereliction of his religion, or his ser- 
 vices to literature, recommended him to 
 the French king, who granted him a pen- 
 sion of 2000 livres, and appointed him asso- 
 ciate of the academy of inscriptions. Kus- 
 ter did not long enjoy his honours at Paris. 
 
 He died the Hith Oct. 1716, oi an abscfcb* 
 in the pancreas, u^ed only 46. His other 
 works were an cdifion of JuniblicuH's life 
 of Pythagoras— Historia Crilicu liomeri-- 
 Bibliotheca Novorum Librorum :ib 16'J7, 
 usque 1699, 5 vols.— l)e V ero Lsu Verbo- 
 rum Mediorum apud Gracos, a valuable 
 book, &c. 
 
 KuTP, Jacob, a landscape painter of emi- 
 nence, who founded the academy of paint- 
 ing at Dordt, 1643. His son, Albert, rose 
 superior to his lather in fame, and ex- 
 celled him in the delicacy of his colour- 
 ing, and the variety and correctness of his 
 pieces. 
 
 Kyd, Thomas, a writer in the uga oi' 
 Elizabeth. He published 1595 Pompey 
 the Great, a play, translated from the 
 French of Gamier. 
 
 Ktdermynster, Richard, abbot and 
 historian of the Benedictine convent of 
 Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, was bom at 
 Worcester. Besides the History of his 
 Convent in 5 books, he wrote some pieces 
 against the Reformation, &.c. and died at 
 his abbey, 1531. 
 
 Ktnaston, John, an English divine, born 
 at Chester, 5th Dec. 1728, and educated at 
 Brazen-nose college, Oxford, of which he 
 became fellow, 1751. He gained great re- 
 putation in the university by his oration, 
 " De Impietate C. Corn. Tacito, falso ob- 
 jectatEi," on the foundation of Sir Franci-s 
 Bridgman, delivered in the chapel of his 
 college, 1761, and published. He wrote 
 some other things, and died in consequence 
 of breaking his left arm very near the shoul- 
 der, June, 1783. 
 
 Ktnwelmarsh, Francis, a native of 
 Essex, who studied the law at Gray's-Inn, 
 and assisted Gascoigne in his translation of 
 Euripides's tragedy of Jocasta. He wrote 
 some poetry of coniSiderable merit, which, 
 together with the poetical trifles of his bro- 
 ther Anthony, are preserved in the Para- 
 dise of Dainty Devices, 1576. 
 
 Ktrle, John, the celebrated man of Ross, 
 immortalized by the muse of Pope, and 
 more by his own beneficent actions. With 
 an estate of only 500/. a year, he was the 
 blessing of his native county of Hereford ; 
 he built a church, endowed hospitals, and 
 had the good fortune to be seconded in his 
 charitable works by the liberality of his 
 opulent neighbours. He died 1721, aged 
 90, but " no monument, inscription, stone," 
 as the poet observes, mark his remains. 
 
 LAB 
 
 LAB 
 
 JUABADIE, John, a famous enthusiast, affirm that he was disgracefully expelled 
 
 born 10th Feb. 1610, at Bourg, in Guienne. for his irregularities and hypocrisy. He 
 
 He was educated among the Jesuits of came to Paris, where as an itinerant preach- 
 
 Bourdeaux, but quitted their society, when er he acquired celebrity, and was presented 
 
 his studies were completed : though some bv Conm^rtin. brshop of Amiens, to a 
 Vnu II. 2=? T^^ 
 
LAB 
 
 LAB 
 
 t-anumy iii his cathedral. At Amicii:^ the 
 singularity of his doctrines soon collected, 
 a number of devotees around him ; but 
 when his intrigues ivith the nuns produced 
 his disgrace, he retired to Bazas, and after- 
 wards to Toulouse. There his opinions had 
 guch effect upon the nuns that they were 
 persuaded to Usten to his spiritual ha- 
 rangues, with their person stark naked, 
 while in thus imitating Adam and Eve, they 
 aspired to superior mental purity j but these 
 indecorous meetings were no sooner men- 
 tioned to the archbishop than Labadie was 
 dismissed in disgrace. He next excited 
 the public attention at Montauban, and 
 then passed to Orange, and next to Geneva, 
 where he resided some years. In 1066 he 
 went to Middleburg, where his followers 
 became very numerous. He afterwards re- 
 tired to Erfurt, but soon left it in conse- 
 quence of the war, and took up his resi- 
 dence at Altona, in Holstein, where a vio- 
 lent colic carried him off" in 1674, in his 
 64th year. In his manners Labadie was 
 austere, with a mixture of candour, piety, 
 and hypocrisy, and he had the art of insinu- 
 ating his principles with such eflScacy that 
 the most learned and the most virtuous be- 
 came converts to his Vvild opinions. Among 
 his warmest admirers were Mademoiselle 
 Schurman, Madame Bourignon, Elizabeth 
 princess Palatine, and others. With an 
 air of gravity and of affected sanctity, he 
 imposed upon the credulity of his pupils, 
 and after beginning with ghostly advice, 
 and the most serious exhortations to mental 
 innocence and bodily purity, he often end- 
 ed with the grossest sensualities. His 
 mystical opinions, which once were very 
 prevalent, and procured to his followers the 
 appellation of Labadists, are no longer re- 
 garded. In his particular tenets he main- 
 tained that God might deceive, that the 
 Holy Scriptures were not necessary to 
 Salvation, that the Old Testament was 
 i-arnal, and that the New, regarding 
 bnly the state of the spirit, made all men 
 free ; that the observati9n of the Sabbath 
 was unnecessary ; that the church was di- 
 vided into two parts, the degenerate and 
 the regenerate, or his followers, and that 
 self-denial and the mortification of the 
 .senses, cherished and improved by mental 
 prayer, would raise man to the possession 
 of God, and to a familiar conversation with 
 him. The propagation of these heteroge- 
 neous and inconsistent doctrines for a 
 while had an astonishing influence on the 
 multitude, and almost excited civil war in 
 some of the provinces of Holland. 
 
 Labat, John Baptist, a Dominican of 
 Paris, professor of philosophy at Nancy. 
 He went in 1693 as missionary to America, 
 and returned in 1705 to France. He was 
 for some time at Boulogne, and died at 
 Paris, 6th January, 1738. He published 
 ^ouvcau Voyage aux Isles de I'Amerique, 
 170 
 
 6 vols. Sro. — Voyages en Espagne etltalie, 
 8 vols. 12mo. — Nouvelle Relatioii de 
 I'Afrique Occidentale, 5 vols. 12mo. com- 
 piled from others — Voyage du Chevalier 
 Marchais en Guin6e, 4 vols. 12mo. — Rela->^ 
 tion Historique de I'Ethiopie Occidentale, 
 from Cavazzi's Latin works, 4 vols. ISmo^ 
 Labbe, Philip, a Jesuit of Bourges, of 
 great learning, prodigious memory, and in- 
 defatigable application. He died at Paris, 
 1667, aged 60, highly respected as an able 
 critic, and an excellent private character. 
 His works are, de Byzantinae Historiae 
 Scriptoribus, folio — Nova Bibliotheca MS. 
 2 volumes, foho — Bibliotheca Biblicarum, 
 fol. — Concordia Chronologica, 5 volumes, 
 folio — Concordia Sacrae et Profanae Chro- 
 nologiae, &c. l2mo.— Le Chronologue 
 Francois, 6 vols. 12mo. — Bibliotheca Ante- 
 Janseniana, 4to. — Notitia Dignitatum Im- 
 perii Rom. l2mo. — De Scriptoribus Eccles. 
 Dissertatio, 2 vols. 8vo. — Coneiliorum Col- 
 lectio Maxima, 17 vols. fol. — Lives of learn- 
 ed Jesuits, &.C. and some valuable works on 
 grammar and Greek poetry. 
 
 Labbe, Louisa, a poetess, called the fair 
 rope-maker, because she married a rich 
 rope-maker of Lyons, who at his death left 
 her all his property. For some time she 
 aspired to distinction in aiTns, and conduct- 
 ed herself courageously at the siege of Per- 
 pignan, in men's clothes. Her attachment 
 to literature was also very great, and whilst 
 as a courtezan she extorted a high premium 
 for the possession of her charms, she was 
 more condescending to men of letters, and 
 admitted them to her favours gratis. Her 
 works, in prose and verse, were printed at 
 Lyons, 1555 and 1762, 12mo. and are con- 
 sidered as possessing high merit. She died 
 1566, aged 40. 
 
 Labeo, Quintus Fabius, a Roman con- 
 sul, who possessed great hterary talents, and 
 is said to have assisted Terence in the com- 
 position of his plays. 
 
 Labeo, Antistius, a Roman lawyer, who 
 opposed the government of Augustus, and 
 refused the consulship when oflTered to him 
 by the emperor. His father was one of 
 Cesar's murderers, and patriotism and op- 
 position to tyranny were hereditary in the 
 family. A tribune of that name caused the 
 condemnation of Metellus, B.C. 148. 
 
 Lab ERICS, Decimus, a Roman knight, 
 who excelled as a writer of satirical pro- 
 ductions, or mimes, for the stage. Caesar to 
 disgrace him obliged him to repeat one of 
 his pieces on the stage, and the poet with 
 great presence of mind spoke with censo- 
 rious humour against the oppressor of his 
 country. He died 44 B.C. 
 
 Laboureur, John le, a native of Mont- 
 morency, who from the humble occupation 
 of a gentleman's servant, rose to some con- 
 sideration, and became an abb^ prior of Ju- 
 vigne, and almoner to the king, and com- 
 mander of the order of Saint Michael. He 
 
LAC 
 
 LAJ# 
 
 died 1676, aged 52. He publislwid the Col- 
 lection ol" Monuments of illustrious Persons 
 buried in the Celestines' Cluirih at Piiris, 
 4to. lG42 — the History of Marshal tiuc- 
 briant, with the Genealogy of Budos and 
 other families in Britanny — the Memoirs 
 of Michael Castelnau, and other works. His 
 brother Lewis wrote some poetry, and 
 died 1679, and his uncle Claude, who 
 was an ecclesiastic, published, in 1643, 
 notes and corrections on the Breviary of 
 Lyons, &c. 
 
 Lacarry, Giles, a French Jesuit, who 
 died 1684, aged 79. Though much em- 
 ployed as a professor of philosophy and 
 theology, he wrote some useful works, His- 
 toria Galliarum sub Prajfectis Praitoris Gal- 
 liarum, 4to. — Historia Coloniarum a Gallis 
 in Externas Nationes Missarum, 4to. — 
 de Regibus Francice et Lege Salica — Histo- 
 ria Komana, 4to. — Notitia Provlnciaruni 
 Imperii Utriusquc cum notis, 4to. — besides 
 editions of Veil. Paterculus, and Tacitus de 
 Germ. 
 
 La Colon IE, John Martin dc, a native 
 of Perigord, who died at Bourdeaux, 1759, 
 aged 85. He served in the Austrian 
 army, and obtained the rank of marshal. 
 He wrote military memoirs, published 
 Frankfort 1730, and Brussels 1739, 2 vols. 
 12mo. and also a History of Bourdeaux, 3 
 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Lacombe, James, a French historian, 
 born at Paris 1724. He is author of some 
 popular works, Abrege Chrouologique de 
 I'Histoire Ancienne — de IHistoire du Nord 
 — Revolutions de la Russie — Histoire de 
 Christine, Reine de Suede, Sac. 
 
 Lacombe de Prezel, Honorc, brother 
 10 the preceding, was born at Paris, 1725. 
 He is author of several Dictionaries — de 
 Jurisprudence — de Citoyen — dc Portraits 
 et d'Anecdotes des Hommes Celebres, &c. 
 — Another of the same name wrote a 
 useful dictionary of old French, 7 vols. 
 Svo. 1765. 
 
 Lacydas, a Greek phdosopUcr oi Cj 
 rone, successor to Arccsilaus in the second 
 academy. His grief at the loss of n favour- 
 ite goosft was ridiculous. H»- dird I{ C 
 212. 
 
 Ladislaus L sonofBcIti I. succeeded to 
 the Hungarian throne after his brother Gei- 
 sa, 1077. He was an able politician and a 
 warlike general, and after defeating the Bo- 
 hemians, Russians, Tartars, auil Bulga- 
 rians, and driving away the Huns from 
 Hungary, he marched against Dalniatia and 
 Croatia, where his sister was cruelly treate 1 
 by her husband Zuonimir, and he addeH 
 those provinces to his empire. To valour 
 in the field he also added piety at home, and 
 deserved for his great sanctity to be canon- 
 ized by Celestinus HL in 1198. He died 
 30th July, 1095. 
 
 Ladislaus lU. king of Hungary after his 
 father Stephen V. was cruel and licentious. 
 He divorced his wife to be more unrestrain- 
 ed with his concubines, and so offended his 
 subjects by his oppression and immoral con 
 duct, that he was assassinated, 1290, in the 
 18th year of his reign. 
 
 Ladislaus IV. grand duke of Lithuania, 
 and king of Poland since 1434, was made 
 king of Hungary in 1440, on the death of 
 Albert of Austria. He made war against 
 the Turks and defeated their sultan Amu- 
 rath II. by the valour of his general Huni- 
 ades ; but after making a solemn peace witli 
 his enemy he was prevailed upon by the 
 pope's ambassador to violate it. In conse- 
 quence of this, Amu rath hastened to give 
 his aggressor battle, and proved victorious 
 in the dreadful fight near Varnes, 11th Nov. 
 1444. Ladislaus was slain, but though his 
 head was carried in triumph through the 
 Turkish camp, the conqueror honoured his 
 remains with a most magnificent funeral. 
 
 Ladislaus V. son of Albert of Austria, 
 succeeded Ladislaus IV. under the protec- 
 tion of Huniades. It is said that he was 
 poisoned by the Hussites, against whose 
 
 Lactantius, Lucius Cailius Firmianus, sect he behaved with great rancour 
 
 a Latin father of the church, said to have 
 been born in Africa, or according to some 
 at Fermo in Italy. His abilities recom- 
 mended him to the notice of Constantino, 
 who made him tutor to his son Crispus. 
 His style is much in the manner of Cicero, 
 possessing force, elegance, and purity. Of 
 his works the best edition is that of Paris, 
 2vols. 4to. 1748. 
 
 Lact, John, an excellent actor in the 
 reign of Charles II. with whom he was a 
 great and familiar favourite. He wrote the 
 
 Ladislaus VI. son of Casimir king of 
 Poland, was raised to the throne of Ilun- 
 gary after Matthias Corvinus, 1490, in pre- 
 ference to his own brother Albert, to Max- 
 imilian of Austria, and to John the natural 
 son of the late king. He made war against 
 the Turks and other nations, and died aller 
 a very turbulent reign, 1516. 
 
 Ladislaus, or Launcelot, the liberal 
 and victorious, was count of Provence and 
 succeeded his father Charles Duras as kinjr 
 of Naples, 133G. His elevation was op- 
 
 Dumb Lady — the Old Troop, or Monsieur posed by Lewis II. duke of Anjou, and by 
 
 Ragou — Sir Hercules Buflbon, three tragc- pope John XXIII. and this excited dread 
 
 dies. There was an English gentieman of ful civil wars. In 1403 he seized the crown 
 
 that name, who favoured the French impos- of Hungary, during the imprisonment of 
 
 tors who called themselves prophets, at the king Sigismund, who soon after obliged 
 
 beginning of the eightcentlj century, and him to retire into Italy, and afterwards he 
 
 was imprisoned for some of his publickfion«:. was defeated bv his rival LcavIs on tlio 
 
 J71 
 
LAD 
 
 LA^ 
 
 banks of the Garigliano, in 1411. In the 
 mean time, though defeated, he had the art 
 to reconcile the pope to his interest ; but 
 ai the moment that the pontifl' promised 
 himself tranquillity, Ladislaus marched 
 against him and seized Rome, and after- 
 ■\vards turned his victorious arms against 
 the Florentines, to Avhom he dictated terms 
 of peace, 1413. ^N'hilst promising himself 
 greater successes, Ladislaus died suddenly 
 at Naples, 16th Aug. 1414, aged 38. It is 
 said that his mistress, the daughter of a 
 physician, had been pi'evailed on by the vin- 
 dictive Florentines to administer poison to 
 him, so that he expired in the greatest ago- 
 nies. He had been three times married, 
 but left no issue. 
 
 Ladislaus I. king of Poland, son of Ca- 
 simir I. succeeded his brother Boleslaus II. 
 1081. He was fond of peace, but yet brave 
 in war, as he defeated in three battles the 
 Prussians and Pomeranians who wished to 
 invade his kingdom. He died 26th Julv, 
 1102. 
 
 Ladislaus II. king of Poland, after his 
 father Boleslaus III. 1139, made war against 
 his brothers, and was at last, after various 
 successes, banished from his throne. His 
 brother Boleslaus IV'. succeeded him, and 
 granted him Silesia at the request of Fred- 
 eric Barbarossa. He died at Oldenburg, 
 1159. 
 
 Ladislaus III. king of Poland in 1296, 
 proved so oppressive in his conduct towards 
 the clergy and the people, that his subjects 
 revolted and placed Wenceslaus on the 
 throne. Now a fugitive, Ladislaus learned 
 wisdom in adversity, and on the death of 
 his successor, by the influence of the pope, 
 lie was again placed on the throne, and 
 showed his gratitude by the mildness, jus- 
 tice, and popularity of his government. He 
 defeated the revolted Pomeranians with the 
 assistance of the Teutonic knights ; but 
 when these warriors had seized Dantzic as 
 the reward of their exertions, the offended 
 kin2; marched against them and cut to pieces 
 their army consisting of 20,000 men. He 
 died soon after, lOth March, 1333, highly 
 and deservedly respected. 
 
 Ladislaus V. surnamed Jagellon, grand 
 duke of Lithuania, obtained the crown of 
 Poland, 1386, by his marriage with Hed- 
 wige, daughter of Lewis king of Hungary. 
 Hedwige had been placed on the throne of 
 Poland, provided she took for her husband 
 the person whom her subjects approved, 
 and consequently Ladislaus, honoured with 
 the affection of the queen, left the super- 
 stitions of paganism, and was baptized and 
 raised to the sovereignty. His reign was 
 mild but vigorous, he defeated the Teutonic 
 tnights in frequent battles, and added Li- 
 thuania to his Polish dominions, but refused 
 the crown of Bohemia, which was offered 
 ^ohim by the Hussil'^*. Ik". died 31st Mav, 
 
 1434, aged 80, universally and deservedly 
 respected for his probity, his integrity, and 
 all those virtues which should grace a 
 throne. 
 
 Ladislaus VI. king of Poland, son of 
 Ladislaus V. was duke of Lithuania and king 
 of Hungary, as already mentioned. 
 
 Ladislaus, Sigisraund, VII. king of Po- 
 land and Sweden after the death of his fa- 
 ther Sigismund III. 1632, had displayed 
 great bravery before his elevation, in his 
 wars against the Turks, 150,000 of whom 
 he had slain in various battles. When 
 raised to the throne he governed with great 
 moderation, but without forgetting the in- 
 terests of hU people, as he attacked the 
 Russians who threatened him, and obliged 
 them to make peace. He died without is- 
 sue 1648, aged 52. 
 
 L'advocat, John Baptist, a Jesuit, He- 
 brew professor, doctor and librarian of the 
 Sorbonne, was born in the diocess of Toul, 
 1709. He died at Paris 1765. He wrote 
 a Geographical Dictionary, 8vo. — an Histo- 
 rical Dictionary, 2 vols. 8vo. abridged from 
 Moreri, but since much enlarged — a He- 
 brew Grammar — a Tract on Councils — a 
 Dissertation on the 67th Psalm — a Cri- 
 tique on some new Translations of Scrip- 
 ture, &c. 
 
 L'Advocat, Louis Francis, author of a 
 treatise on a new system of morals and phy- 
 sic, was dean of the chamber of accounts at 
 Paris, and died there, 1735, aged 91. 
 
 LjELius, Caius, a Roman consul, distin- 
 guished for his abilities as an orator and a 
 man of learning. He was the friend of young 
 Scipio, and is said to have assisted Terence 
 in his plays. Another of the same name 
 was the friend of the elder Alricanus, and 
 assisted in his victories over Asdrubal and 
 Syphax. 
 
 Laer, Peter, a Dutch painter, surnamed 
 from his deformity Bamboche. Some of 
 his pieces which were elegant, but on trifling- 
 subjects, were in the Orleans collection. 
 He was an amiable and facetious man, and 
 died 1675. 
 
 Laet, John de, a native of Antwerp, di- 
 rector of the Dutch East India Company. 
 He died at Antwerp, 1640, and was author of 
 some useful works — HistoriaNaturalis Bra- 
 siliae, folio — Novus Orbis, folio, 1633 — de 
 Regis Hispaniae Regnis et Opibus, 8vo. — 
 Respublica 'Belgarum — Gallia — Turcici Im- 
 perii Status — Perfici Imperii Status — Vi- 
 truvius, printed by Elzivir, fol. 1649. 
 
 L.i^viNus, Torrentinus, commonly called 
 A under Bcken, or Torrentin, %vas a native 
 of Ghent, and studied at Louvainc. He 
 made the tour of Italy, and on his return 
 was appointed canon of Liege. He went 
 as ambassador to Philip II. of Spain, who 
 rewarded his services by making him bishop 
 of Antwerp. From Antwerp he was trans- 
 lated to the archbi^'hoprie of Mechlin, wher^ 
 
LA4^ 
 
 LAI 
 
 he died, 1595. He founded the college ol 
 Jesuits at Louvaiiie, and by the elegance of 
 his Latin poetry deserved to be called the 
 prince of l.yric poets. He a'ao edited Sue- 
 tonius, with notes. 
 
 L^vius, a Roman poet, author of Love 
 Games, and other poems now lost. 
 
 Lafitao, Joseph Francis, a French Je- 
 suit, missionary among the Iroquois. He 
 published a Comparison of the Manners of 
 the Americaiis,with those of Ancient Times, 
 2 vols. 4to. — the Discoveries of the Portu- 
 guese in the New World, 4 vols. 4to. — Re- 
 marks on Ginseng, l2mo. He died 1755. 
 
 Lafitau, Peter Francis, brother to the 
 preceding, was born at Bourdeaux. He dis- 
 tinguished himself as a preacher and a ne- 
 gotiator, and became such a favourite by 
 his wit and facetiousness with pope Cle- 
 ment IX. that he made him bishop of Siste- 
 ron. He died 1764, aged 79. He was au- 
 thor of History of the Constitution Unige- 
 nitus, 2 vols. 12rao. — History of Clement 
 II. 2 vols. — Sermons, 4 vols. — Spiritual 
 Letters, &c. 
 
 Lagalla, Julius Cxsai', a native of Pa- 
 duUa, in the kingdom of Naples. He stu- 
 died at Naples, and when only 18 was made 
 physician to the pope, and professor of 
 logic at Rome, where he died 1623, aged 
 47. He was a very learned man, and wrote 
 Disputatio de Ccelo Animato, &c. 
 
 Lagerloof, Peter, professor of elo- 
 quence at Upsal, was employed by the king 
 of Sweden to write the Histories, ancient 
 and modern, of northern Europe. His 
 Latin is considered as very correct and ele- 
 gant. He died 1599, aged 51. 
 
 Lagnt, Thomas Fantet sieur de, a native 
 of Lyons, brought up to the bar, a profession 
 •which he relinquished for his favourite stu- 
 dy of mathematics and philosophy. By the 
 liberal support of the duke de Noailles he 
 studied at Paris, and^was made member of 
 the academy of sciences. After a residence 
 of 16 years as hydrographer to the king at 
 Rochefort, he was invited to Paris, to be- 
 come librarian to Lewis XIV. v,'ith a liberal 
 pension. He was author of New Methods 
 for the Extraction arid Approximation of 
 Roots, 4to. — la Cubature de la Sphere — 
 Elements of Arithmetic and Algebra, l2mo. 
 — Analysis of Problems, 4to. — besides se- 
 veral papers in the memoirs of the academy. 
 He died 1734, aged 74. 
 
 Lagrange, Joseph Lewis, a mathemati- 
 cian, was born at Turin in 1736. At the 
 age of sixteen he became a teacher in the 
 voyal school of artillery, where he formed 
 an association, which afterwards rose to 
 the rank of an Academy of Sciences. Here 
 he made many important discoveries, parti- 
 cularly in calculating the motion of fluids, 
 .and the theory of vibrations. He commu- 
 lucated to the society a number of papers, 
 and .«»ome to the actidcmv of Paris, of which 
 
 he was ehoacn aforeicin member. In l?6t> 
 he removed to Berlin, wh.re he was ap- 
 pointed director of the academy, the tranh- 
 actions of which contain ii number of his 
 memoirs. In 17S7 he setlU-d at Pari^ and 
 became successively professor of the Nor- 
 man-school and Polytechnic-school. He 
 died April 10, 1813. His separate worka 
 are, 1. " Mecanique Analytique." 2. Fonc- 
 tions Analytiques. "i. Lecons sur k- cab ule. 
 4. Traitc de resolution numerique des Equa- 
 tions. — W. B. 
 
 Laguna, Andrew, a physician, born at 
 Segovia, 1499. He was about the person 
 of Charles V. with whom he was a lavour- 
 ite, and died 1560. He wrote Annotations 
 on Dioscorides — Epitome of the works of 
 Galen — a treatise of Weights and Mea- 
 sures. 
 
 Laharpe des Utins, N. a native of 
 Vaux, driven from his country for his at- 
 tachment to French principles. He distin- 
 guished himself in the French army in Ita- 
 ly, under Bonaparte, and was killed neai- 
 Fombio, April, 1796. 
 
 Lahate, William Nicholas de, a French 
 engraver of great merit, born 1725. More 
 than 1200 maps, charts, ike. are mentioned 
 as finely executed by him. He died at the 
 beginning of the present century. 
 
 Laidlie, Archibald, D.D. was bom at 
 Kelso, Scotland, in 1720, and was educated 
 at the university of Edinburgh. He was 
 settled, in 1760, in a church at Flushing, 
 Zealand, and in 1763 was called to the 
 care of the reformed Dutch church in New- 
 York, where he arrived in 1764, and wa5 
 the first who officiated in English in that 
 church. He died at Redhook in 1778, du- 
 ring an exile from the city occasioned by the 
 war. He was an able theologian, a power- 
 ful speaker, and was eminently useful in his 
 ministry. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Lainez, Alexander, a French poet, born 
 1650, at Chimay, in Hainault, and educated 
 at Rheims. He travelled over Greece, the 
 Archipelago, Constantinople, Asia Minor, 
 Palestine, Egypt, Malta, Sicily, Italy, Swit- 
 zerland, and France ; but on his return to 
 his native town, he found himself reduced 
 to poverty. Two years after, the Abbe 
 Faultrier, after suspecting him improperly 
 of seditious measures, extended his protec- 
 tion towards him, and enabled him to settle 
 at Paris, in possession of a comfortable 
 competence. In this situation he was the 
 soul of company, courted by the learned, 
 the gay, and the optdent, but though given 
 much to the plea^^mes of the table, yet fond 
 of learning:. He died April 18th, 1710, at 
 Paris. His poetical pieces, which possess 
 great vivacity and elegance, are all short, 
 as the eflusions of the moment and not of 
 laborious study. They were collected and 
 published, 1753, in Svo. 
 
 L.MNEZ, James, a Spaniard, the frien<^ 
 
 173 
 
LAI 
 
 LAL 
 
 and successor of Loyola, as general of the 
 Jesuits, in 1558, was at the council of Trent, 
 where he distinguished himself as the zeal- 
 ous supporter of papal power. His ser- 
 vices %vere warmly acknowledged by pope 
 Paul IV. who not only granted him power of 
 altering and modifying the laws of his socie- 
 ty, and of making contracts and agreements 
 without their knowledge, but permitted him 
 to have prisons independent ot the secular 
 power. Though ambitious, he refused a 
 cardinal's hat, and died at Rome, 1565, 
 aged 53. 
 
 Laing, Malcolm, a historian, was born 
 in 1762, at Stryorey, in Orkney, and edu- 
 cated at Kirkwall, from whence he removed 
 to Edinburgh, after which he studied the 
 law, and was called to the bar, but had little 
 practice. On the death of Dr. Henry he 
 was employed to complete an unfinished 
 volume of that writer's history of England ; 
 in which he gave little satisfaction to the 
 public. After this he published "A His- 
 tory of Scotland," 4 vols, remarkable only 
 for its partiality, and attack upon the cha- 
 racter of the unfortunate Mary. During 
 the Foxite administration, to which he was 
 attached, he was elected into parliament for 
 the county of Orkney. His last literary 
 undertaking was an edition of Ossian's, or 
 Macpherson's poems, the authority of which 
 lie demolished by a preliminary dissertation. 
 He died in 1819.— fT. B. 
 
 La IRE, Francis Xavier, a native of Va- 
 dans, near Gray, distinguished for his learn- 
 ing, and knowledge of bibliography. He 
 wrote. Memoirs for the history of some 
 great men of the 1 5th century, with a Sup- 
 plement to Mattaire's Annals of Typogra- 
 phy, 4to. — Specimen Historicum Typrogra- 
 phiae Romanae, &c. 8vo. — Epistola ab Ab- 
 bate Ugolini, Svo. — the Origin and Pro- 
 gress of Printing in Franche Comte, 12mo. 
 — Index Libror. ab Inventa Typographia 
 ad 1500, 2 volumes Svo. — the edition of 
 Aldini, l2mo. &c. He died at Sens, 1800, 
 aged 61. 
 
 Lairesse, Gerard, a Flemish painter, 
 born at Liege, 1640. He studied under his 
 father, who was also a painter ; but he soon 
 surpassed him in execution, and acquired 
 fame by painting some historical pieces for 
 the electors of Cologne and Brandenburg. 
 His gallantries reduced him to indigence ; 
 but one of his pictures falling into the hands 
 of a Dutch merchant, he was persuaded to 
 go and settle at Amsterdam, where his 
 merits were soon known and rewarded. 
 His pictures were so highly finished, that 
 the Hollanders called him their best his- 
 tory painter, and their second Raphael. In 
 his old age he lost his sight, and died at 
 Amsterdam, 1711, aged 71. His best piece 
 is said to be a Moses, when a child, tramp- 
 ling on Pharaoh's crown. He was also 
 *^minent as a muf^ician and an engraver, and 
 174 
 
 wrote a work on the Principles of Painting, 
 translated into English. He left three 
 sons, two of whom were painters. Of hb 
 three brothers, Ernest and John were emi- 
 nent for painting animals, and James ex- 
 celled as a flower painter. 
 
 Lais, a celebrated courtezan of Hyccara, 
 in Sicily, who chiefly resided at Corinth, 
 where she sold her favours so high, that non 
 cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthumy 
 became proverbial. Diogenes, the cynic, 
 was one of her admirers. She is said 
 to have been stoned in Thessaly by the 
 women, jealous of her power over their 
 husbands. 
 
 Lake, Arthur, a native of Southampton, 
 educated at Winchester, and New college, 
 Oxford, where he became fellow. He was 
 in 1608 made dean of Worcester, and in 
 1616 raised to the see of Bath and Wells. 
 He died 1626, respected as an amiable 
 man, and an exemplary prelate. A folio 
 volume of his sermons appeared after his 
 death. 
 
 Lalande, Michael Richard de, a musi- 
 cian, born at Paris, 1657. The pleasing 
 powers of voice which he possessed when 
 chorister of the church of St. Germain 
 I'Auxerre, were unfortunately lost when he 
 reached to manhood ; but when refused, by 
 Lulli, to appear as a violin player at the 
 opera, he broke his instrument with indig- 
 nation. Under the patronage of the duke 
 of Noailles, he studied the organ, and be- 
 came instructer to two of the princesses in 
 music, composer to Lewis XIV. and mas- 
 ter of his chapel. His compositions ap- 
 peared in 2 vols. fol. deservedly admired. 
 He died at Versailles, 1726. 
 
 Lalande, Joseph Jerome Francis, was« 
 born at Bourg, in the department of 
 L'Ain, July 11, 1732. He was intended 
 for the law, but relinquished that pursuit to 
 study mathematics ; and so great was his 
 progress, that, at the age of eighteen, he 
 was deputed by the Academy of Sciences 
 to go to Berlin, to make observations for 
 determining the parallax of the moon, and 
 its distance from the earth. In 1759 he 
 published an edition of Halley's Tables ; 
 and the year following he began the " Con- 
 noissance des Temps." In 1764 appeared 
 his " Traits Astronomique ;" and his re- 
 putation being now established, he was em- 
 ployed in the Encyclopedic. He was also 
 appointed professor of astronomy in the 
 college of France ; and it is only to be la- 
 mented that with so much science he should 
 have taken a decided part in the san- 
 guinary revolution, and more so that ho 
 should Lave avowed atheistical sentiments. 
 He died April 4, 1807. Besides the works 
 already mentioned, he published — 1. " Voy- 
 age d'ltalie." 2. Traite des Canaux. 3. 
 Bibliographie Astronomioue- 4. Abr6go 
 
LAM 
 
 LAM 
 
 <3e Navigation. 5. An edition of Montu- 
 tla's History of Mathematics. — W. B. 
 
 Lalli, John Baptist, an Italian poet, 
 born at Orsia. He was employed in civil 
 aflfairs under the pope, and the duke of Par- 
 ma, and died 1637, aged 64. He wrote 
 Domiziano Moscheida — il Mai Francese — 
 besides the Destruction of Jerusalem, the 
 iEneid travestied, and other miscellaneous 
 poems. 
 
 Lallt, Thomas Arthur, count, an Irish- 
 man, in the service ol France. His family 
 had followed the fortunes of James II. He 
 distinguished himself at the battle of Fon- 
 tenoy ; and in 1756 was sent as governor- 
 general to the French possessions in the 
 East Indies. After taking Gondalore and 
 Fort St. David, he was defeated before 
 Madras, and obliged to retreat to Pondi- 
 cherry, which he surrendered, after an ob- 
 stinate siege, to the English, 1761. On 
 bis return to Europe he was accused of 
 selling Pondicherry to the English, and was 
 condemned by the parliament to lose his 
 head. The sentence was executed in 
 1766, but his son, Lally de ToUendal, ob- 
 tained, in 1783, a reversion of the cruel 
 sentence, and was restored to his father's 
 possessions and honours. 
 
 Lamballr, Marie Therese Louise of 
 Savoy Carignan, princess of, was born at 
 Turin, 8th Sept. 1749, and married the 
 duke of Bourbon Penthievre, by whom she 
 was left a widow, young, beautiful, and 
 amiable. When appointed intendant of the 
 royal household of Marie Antoinette, she 
 gained and desex'ved, by her good conduct, 
 the confidence and friendship of her mis- 
 tress. On the flight to Varennes, Madame 
 Lamballe, by another road, quitted France, 
 and from Dieppe came to England, where 
 she might have lived happy ; but she no 
 sooner heard of the imprisonment of her 
 royal friend, than she hastened back to 
 Paris to share her sorrows, and soothe her 
 miseries in the Temple. This attachment 
 was too noble to escape the notice of her 
 tyrants. She was dragged to the prison of 
 la Force, and on the fatal 3d of September, 
 1 792, she was summoned to appear before 
 a self-created and bloody tribunal. When 
 questioned about the queen by these fero- 
 cious murderers, she answered with firm- 
 ness and dignity ; but when some seemed 
 to express pity for her misfortunes, and to 
 applaud her innocence, the others stabbed 
 her with their sabres, and after cutting oft" 
 the head and the breasts, they tore out her 
 still palpitating heart. Not satisfied with 
 this, the diabolical monsters went in pro- 
 cession with the bleeding head and the 
 heart, at the top of a pike, to expose them 
 to the view of the unfortunate queen and 
 her wretched family ; while the mangled 
 body, w^ith fresh insults, was drag2:ed tri- 
 nmphantly tlurough the streets. This illu-'- 
 
 Irious female was one of the most innocent 
 victims of the revolution ; her name was 
 never attacked with revolutionary !«:\rcaims 
 or libellous invectives ; and though her 
 tyrants cut her oft" !ty u horrid aM»a.><Hina- 
 tion, they never dared to asperse her cha- 
 racter. 
 
 Lambecius, Peter, a learned German, 
 born at Hamburgh, 1628. He studied in 
 Holland and Paris, and at the age of 19 
 obtained great reputation by his essay on 
 Aulus Gellius, published 1647. In lGo2 he 
 was appointed history professor of Ham- 
 burgh, and in 1660 rector of the university. 
 In this situation he found himself exposed 
 to great vexation from the censures of 
 critics, and from the disobedience of his 
 students ; and when he attempted to repair 
 his shattered fortune by marrying an old 
 but rich woman, he found himself more bit- 
 terly exposed to persecution. His wife's 
 temper was so intolerable, that within a 
 fortnight of the celebration of his nuptials, 
 he left Hamburgh, determined never to re- 
 turn to it. He repaired to Rome, where he 
 renounced protestantism, by publicly pro- 
 fessing the catholic faith, and afterwards 
 returned to Vienna, where he was appoint- 
 ed librarian to the emperor, and also coun- 
 sellor, and historiographer. He died of a 
 dropsy at Vienna, 1680. He wrote Ori- 
 gines Hamburgenses, from the year 808 
 to 1292, 2 volumes, 4to. — a catalogue of 
 the MSS. of the Vienna Librarj', 8 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Lambert, Anne Therese, marquise de, 
 an ingenious lady, born at Paris, 1647. 
 She married Henry Lambert, marquis of 
 St. Bris, in 1666, and he died 20 years 
 after. Her house became the general ren- 
 dezvous of the learned, the polite, and the 
 elegant. She died 1733, aged 86, univer- 
 sally respected. Her works have been col- 
 lected into 2 vols. 12mo. and display an 
 elegant taste, great sense, and the eftusions 
 of a virtuous heart. Her advice of a Mo- 
 ther to a Son and Daughter ; Reflections 
 on Women ; treatise on Old Age ; and the 
 Female Hermits, are much admired. 
 
 Lambert, John, a lawyer, who during 
 the civil wai's, di.stinguished himself at the 
 battles of Naseby and Fife, and was made a 
 major-general. He favoured the elevation 
 of Cromwell to the protectorate, but oppo- 
 sed his assuming the title of king. At the 
 restoration he was excluded from the in- 
 demnity act, and was therefore tried and 
 condemned to death. He was, however, 
 reprieved, and sent in exile to Guernsey, 
 where he died. 
 
 Lambert, Claude Francis, a French ec- 
 clesiastic, who became a writer for the book- 
 sellers, and died 1765 at Paris. He was 
 author of New Telemachus, 3 vols. ; Me- 
 moirs of a Woman of Quality, 3 vols. ; His* 
 
 17S 
 
LAM 
 
 LAISl 
 
 •to^y of all Nations, 14 vols. ; Literary His- 
 tory of Lewis XIV. 
 
 Lambert, George, a landscape painter, 
 Tvho died Feb. 1st, 1765. He imitated the 
 manner of VVooton, and afterwards tliat of 
 Gaspar, and executed some admired scenes 
 for tlie play-houses, and some large pictures 
 for the East India company, stili preserved 
 in Leadenhall-street. 
 
 Lambert, George Heiu'y, an able mathe- 
 matician, born at Mulnausen, in Alsace, 
 1728. His treatises on the Orbits of the 
 Comets — on the properties of Light — on 
 Perspective, &.c. were much admired. He 
 died at Berlin of a consumption, 1777. 
 
 Lambert of Schawemburg, a German 
 Benedictine, who went to Jerusalem in 
 1058, and published on his return, a dry chro- 
 nicle from Adam to the year 1077, printed 
 Basil, 1669, folio. The work is little else 
 but a compendious history of Germany- 
 
 Lambin, Denys, professor of belles let- 
 tres at Paris, was born at Montrevil, in 
 Picardy. His commentaries on Plautus, 
 Lucretius, Cicero, and Horace, and his 
 Latin translations of Aristotle's Morals 
 and Politics, and of some of the orations of 
 Demosthenes and iEschines, do credit to 
 Lis abilities as a critic and a scholar. He 
 died 1672, of grief for the death of his 
 friend, Peter Ramus, who had been mur- 
 dered at the massacre of Bartholomew, 
 a melancholy fate, which he dreaded for 
 himself. 
 
 Lambrun, Margaret, a Scotch heroine. 
 The tragic fate of Mary, queen of Scots, so 
 affected her husband, who was in her con- 
 fidential service, that he died of a broken 
 heart ; and Margaret therefore determined 
 to avenge, by one fatal blow, the death of 
 her beloved mistress, and of her affectionate 
 husband. Thus roused to revenge, she as- 
 sumed a man's dress, and came to England, 
 and appeared in the presence of Elizabeth. 
 Her eagerness, however, to reach the queen, 
 made her drop one of her pistols, and this 
 circumstance immediately occasioned her 
 aiTest. ^\'hen brought before the queen 
 and intenogated, she, with undaunted 
 countenance, declared herself to be not a 
 man but a woman, and that she was deter- 
 mined to avenge the deaths of her mistress, 
 who had been so iniquitously murdered, and 
 of her husband, who had fallen a sacrifice 
 to his sorrow. Neither reason nor force, 
 added she, can hinder a woman from 
 vengeance, when she is impelled by love. 
 Elizabeth heard this with calm dignity, and 
 replied, " You then persuade yourself that 
 in assassinating me you have done your 
 duty in satisfying your love for your mis- 
 tress and your husband ; what think you 
 now to be my duty towards you ?" On her 
 asking whether she made this question as a 
 judge, or as a queen, Elizabeth replied, as 
 4 queen, then, rcioinfd Marsraret. von 
 176 
 
 ought to grant me a pardon. What assij.- 
 ranee have I, answered Elizabeth, you will 
 not repeat the attempt ? Madam, replied 
 Margaret, a favour granted under restraints 
 is no longer a favour, and in so doing you 
 would act against me as a judge. The ad- 
 dress and the unyielding firmness of the 
 assassin, had due weigLt with the magnani- 
 mous queen. Margaret received an uncon- 
 ditional pardon, and at her request she was 
 conducted out of the kingdom, and landed 
 on the coast of France. 
 
 Lami, Bernard, a philosopher, born of a 
 noble family at Mons, 1645. He was so 
 warm an admirer of the principles of Des 
 Cartes, that he was in consequence exposed 
 to persecution, and deprived of his profes- 
 sorship at Saumur, and of all his ecclesias- 
 tical preferments. He died at Rouen 1715. 
 His writings were esteemed. They were, 
 Elements of Geometry, &c. 2 vols.^ 12mo. 
 — Discourses on the Sciences, &.c. trea- 
 tise on Perspective — Demonstration of the 
 Holiness and truth of Christian Morality, 
 5 vols. 12mo. — Apparatus Biblicus, a va- 
 luable book, 4to. — de Tabernaculo Foede- 
 ris, &c. folio — Harmonia Evangelica, 2 
 vols. 4to. —the Art of Speaking, with re- 
 flections on Poetry, 12mo. 
 
 Lami, Dom. Francis, a writer, born at 
 Montyreau, in the diocess of Chartres. 
 From a soldier he became an ecclesiastic, 
 and distinguished himself against Spinoza. 
 He died at St. Denys, much regretted, 
 1711, aged 75. His book on Self Know- 
 ledge, 6 vols. 12mo. is greatly esteemed. 
 He wrote besides. Philosophical Letters — 
 a treatise on the Effects of Thunder — and 
 other pieces, in a pure and elegant style. 
 
 Lami, John, ecclesiastical professor at 
 Florence, is well-known as the careful edi- 
 tor of the works of Meursius, in 12 vols, 
 folio. His book on the Trinity was cen- 
 sured by the Jesuits, and defended by him- 
 self. He was a very facetious and agree- 
 able companion. He died at Florence 
 1774. 
 
 Lamia, a Greek courtezan, concubine to 
 Ptolemy, king of Egypt, and afterwards to 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes. 
 
 Lamoignon, Christian Francis de, an 
 able lawyer, son of the marquis de Bas- 
 ville, born at Paris 1644. His learning, 
 intelligence, and great powers of oratory, 
 recommended him to the notice and par- 
 tiality of Lewis XIV. and he became ad- 
 vocate-general, and president of the par- 
 liament of Paris. He died in 1709, highly 
 respected not only by the court, but by the 
 people, by whom his virtues and abilities 
 were deservedly admired. He was author 
 of le Plaidoyer — a Letter on the Death of 
 Bourdaloue, &c. His father, who was a 
 man of great literary merit, and president 
 of the parliament of Paris, died 1677. 
 
 liAMPR. Frederir Adolphn<=, professor af 
 
LIN" 
 
 r.Ai 
 
 iiicolo;yy, and rector of the university of 
 Bremen, died there, 1729, aged 46. He 
 wrote an admired treatise, de Cymbalis 
 Veteruni, 12mo. — besides History, Sarred, 
 and Ecclesiastical, 4to. Commentary on 
 St. John's Gospel, &c. 
 
 Lampluoh, Thomas, a native of York- 
 shire, educated at Queen's college, Oxford, 
 where he was fellow 1642. He followed 
 the torrent during the civil wars, but at the 
 restoration conformed, and was made head 
 of Alban hall, and rector of St. Martin in 
 the fields. In 1672, he was raised to the 
 deanery of Rochester, and four years after 
 to the see of Exeter. On William's land- 
 ing, he exhorted the people to adhere to 
 the fortunes of James, but soon after fled 
 to London, and reconciled himself to the 
 conqueror, on whose head he placed the 
 crown, and by whom he was made arch- 
 bishop of York. He died at Thorp castle, 
 1691, aged 76. 
 
 Lampridius, iElius, a Roman historian, 
 author of the Lives of Commodus, Antoni- 
 nus, &c. edited in the Historiae Augustae 
 Scriptores, 2 vols. 8vo. 1671. 
 
 Lampridius, Benedict, a Latin poet of 
 Cremona, who taught Greek and Latin at 
 Rome under Leo X. In 1521, he went to 
 Padua, and some time after to Mantua, 
 where hei>ecame tutor to the son of Frede- 
 ric Gonzaga. His Greek and Latin epi- 
 grams, and his lyric verses are elegant, but 
 far inferior to the stjie of Pindar, which he 
 imitated. He died 1540. 
 
 Lana, Francis de, a Jesuit, born at Bres- 
 cia 1637. From his Magisterium Naturae 
 ct Artis, published, Brescia 3 vols, folio, it 
 appears, that he first had an idea of aeros- 
 tation, and in support of his prior claim, 
 before Montgolfier, the inventor of air 
 balloons, a work called, Navis Volans, 
 extracted from his works, was published at 
 Naples 17S4. 
 
 Lancaster, James, an English naviga- 
 tor. He went, in 1591, with a squadron 
 to the East Indies, where he visited Ceylon 
 and Sumatra, and after destroying some of 
 the enemy's ships not without loss, he sail- 
 ed back to England. Unfavourable winds 
 drove him on the African coast, and while 
 on shore, his crew cut the cables and set 
 sail, leaving him on an island, from which 
 he escaped by means of a French ship, and 
 landed at Rye, 1594. In another expedi- 
 tion he coasted along the Brazils, and took 
 the town of Fernambuco, and returned 
 1595, loaded with immense booty. He 
 was afterwards sent to the East Indies by 
 the East India Company, and he obtained 
 advantageous settlements at Achen, and 
 at Bantam from the native princes, and 
 50on after returned to England, where he 
 spent the remainder of his life in ease and 
 independence. He died about 1620. 
 
 Lancaster, Nathaniel, D.D. a native 
 
 Vol. II. 23 
 
 of Cheshire, patronised by lord Cbolmoie 
 dcley. He became rector of 6lnmfor«1 
 Rivers, near Ongar, Essex, and dic<l 20th 
 June, 1775, aged 75, lea\ing two daiigH- 
 ters. His E«say on Delicacy, published 
 1748, was much admired. He wrote also, 
 Public \ irtue, or the Love of our Country, 
 a sermon — the Old Serpent, or Melliudism 
 Triumphant, a long poem, &lc. 
 
 Lancelot, Claude, a native of Paris, 
 tutor to the prince of Conti, and aflcnvdrds 
 a Benedictine monk, in the abbey of St. 
 Cyran, from whicti he was banished, in 
 consequence of some private quarrels, to 
 Ruimperlay, Lower Brittany, where he 
 died 1659, aged 79. He was the able author 
 of Nouvelle Methode pour apprcndre la 
 Langue Latine, 1644 — et le Gree, 1656, 
 translated into English by Nugent, under 
 the title of Port-royal Grammars. He 
 published also, Delectus Epigrammatum, 2 
 vols. l2mo. — Life of St. Cyran — Observa- 
 tions on Sacred Theology, kc. 
 
 Laxcelotti, John Paul, a native of Pe- 
 rugia, eminent as a canonist, whose a'oili- 
 tics were employed by pope Paul IV . in 
 compiling the institutions of canon law, iu 
 imitation of Justinian's civil institutions. 
 He wrote some other things, and died 
 1591, aged 80. 
 
 Lancjran, Rp.mi, the most eminent of 
 Vandyek's pupils, was a native of Brussels. 
 His subjects are generally religious, and fi- 
 nished in a very superior style. He diedl67l . 
 
 Lancisi, John Marca, a physician, born 
 at Rome, 26th Oct. 1654. He distinguish- 
 ed himself early for his abilities as a medi- 
 cal man and a philosopher, and in 1G63 
 was made physician to pope Innocent XI. 
 He was in the same office with his success- 
 or Clement XI. and gained universal repu- 
 tation by his writings, and the excellence 
 of his private character. He died 21st 
 Jan. 1720. He gave in his lifetime, his 
 noble library, of more than 20,000 volumes, 
 to the hospital of the Holy Ghost, for the 
 use of students, &c. He wrote several 
 books on his profession. 
 
 Lancret, Nicholas, a French painter, 
 brought up under Jellot and "Watteau. He 
 strongly imitated, but not with success, 
 the manner of Watteau : his pieces, how- 
 ever, are agreeable. He died at Paris, 
 1743, aged 53. 
 
 Lancrinck, Prosper Hcnricus, a Ger- 
 man painter, born at Antwerp about 1628. 
 He lost hi.-i father when vct7 young, but 
 having a strong genius for painting, he im- 
 proved himself by studying the manner of 
 the most eminent masters of Europe in the 
 collection of Van Lyan. He came over 
 into England, where he was liberally pa- 
 tronised by the nobility ; but unfortunately 
 the most finished of his pictures were 
 burnt in the house of his friend, Sir Wil- 
 liam Williani*:. His landscapes were much 
 
 177 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 iiednired. He fell a sacriticc to his in- 
 temperance, and died in August, 1692. 
 There still remains a valuable collection of 
 pictures, drawings, prints, antique heads, 
 &c. most of which he brought from abroad. 
 
 Landa, Catherine, a learned lady, 
 author of an elegant Latin letter to Peter 
 Bembo 1526. She was sister to count Au- 
 gustin Landa, and wife of count John 
 Fermo Trivulcio. 
 
 Landen, John, a self-taught mathema- 
 tician, born in Northamptonshire. He 
 obtained the patronage of Lord Fitz-Wil- 
 liam, to whom he was agent : and in 1766 
 he was chosen fellow of the Royal Society. 
 He died 1790, aged 71. Besides interest- 
 ing papers in the philosophical transac- 
 tions, he published. Mathematical Lucu- 
 brations, 1755 — Mathematical Memoirs, 
 in 2 vols, very abstruse, but very curious 
 and valuable. 
 
 Landini, Christopher, a learned Vene- 
 tian of the 15th century, author of a trans- 
 lation of Pliny's Natural History into 
 Italian — of some notes on Dante — and of 
 Commentaiies on Horace. 
 
 Lando, Hortcnsio, a physician of the 
 16th century, born at Milan. He is author 
 of several works under fictitious names. 
 He wrote Philoctetes, a dialogue reflecting 
 en Erasmus — and two others, called Cice- 
 so Relegatus — and Cicero Revocatus, as- 
 cribed falsely to cardinal Alcander. 
 
 Lando, Baseiano, a physician of Padua, 
 axithor of some medical works. He was 
 assassinated by a robber, 1562. 
 
 Landri, bishop of Paris, and founder of 
 the hospital called. Hotel de Dieu, was 
 known for his great charity and benevo- 
 lence during the famine of Paris. He 
 died about 1660. 
 
 Lane, Jane, an English woman, to 
 whose great heroism and presence of mind 
 Charles H. was indebted for his escape. 
 The royal fugitive, after his concealment 
 in Boscobel tree, rode before her in the 
 livery of her servant, from her father's 
 house, Bentley-hall, Staffordshire, to the 
 house of Mr. Norton, near Bristol, from 
 whence he proceeded to Brighton, and es- 
 caped to France. At the restoration she 
 was amply rewarded, and married Sir 
 Clement Lister, hart, of Packington hall, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 Lanfrakc, archbishop of Canterbury, 
 was a native of Puvia. After studying at 
 Bologna, he came to France, and taught at 
 Avranchcs, from whence he came to Bee 
 abbey, where he was elected prior 1044. 
 He afterwards visited Rome, and com- 
 plained to the pope of the doctrines of 
 Berenger, and soon after his return he was 
 made abbot of St. Stephen at Caen, by 
 William of Normandy. When that prince 
 had conquered England, he raised Lan- 
 franc to the see of Canterbtn^v, vacarit by 
 176 
 
 tiic deposition of Stigand. The new pri' 
 mate repaired to Rome to obtain the pall 
 from the hands of the pope, who treated 
 him with great respect ; but he showed 
 throughout a firm and becoming opposition 
 against the encroachments of the holy see. 
 He died 28th May, 1089. He rebuilt the 
 cathedral of Canterbury, and founded some 
 hospitals, and repaired several churches 
 and religious houses. In his character he 
 was esteemed as an able politician. His 
 writings, including his piece against Be- 
 renger, were published in 1648, by Dom. 
 d' Acheri, a Benedictine monk of St. Maur. 
 
 Lanfranc, John, an Italian painter, 
 born at Parma, 15S1. As he was poor, he 
 was placed in the service of count Horatio 
 Scotti, who observing his genius by his va- 
 rious drawings in coal on the walls, placed 
 him under the care of Augustus Caracci. 
 He afterwards studied under Annibal, 
 whom he assisted in the execution of some 
 of his finest pieces. He assisted also in 
 the adorning of St. Peter's church at Rome 
 with such taste and success, that Urban 
 VIII. knighted him. He was a great imi- 
 tator of the manner of Corregio, but such 
 was the impetuosity of his genius, that he 
 frequently forgot the rules of his art, and 
 substituted boldness for con'ectness. He 
 chiefly excelled in painting domes, and in 
 painting in fresco, and in drawing figures 
 above the natural proportion. He died at 
 Rome, 1647, aged 66, leaving a widow and 
 several children, respectable in life, and 
 possessed of great genius, and many ac- 
 complishments. 
 
 Lanfranc, a physician of Milan. His 
 abilities, and the success which he displayed 
 in restoring surgery to a regular and res- 
 pectable system, procured him enemies in 
 his profession, and he removed to France, 
 where he died, 1 300. His Chirurgia Magna 
 et Parva appeared at Venice, fol. 1490, and 
 Lyons, 1 553. 
 
 Lang, John Michael, author of Philolo- 
 gia Barbaro-Graeca, 1708, Nurimb. 4to. — 
 Dissertationes Botanicae-Theologicae, 1705^ 
 Altorf, 4to. — De Fabulis Mohammedicis, 
 1697, 4to. was professor of divinity at Al- 
 torf, and died 1731, aged 67. 
 
 Langaliere, Philip de Gentils, marquis 
 de, first baron of Saintonge, distinguished 
 himself in the sei'vice of France, during 20 
 years, and in 32 campaigns,but his merits did 
 not prevent his disgrace by the intrigues of 
 his enemy, Chamillar the minister. He was 
 afterwards in the service of the emperor, 
 and of the king of Poland, but at last he was 
 suspected of secret intrigues with the Turks, 
 and was arrested by the direction of the 
 emperor, as he was going to Hamburgh. 
 He died of a broken heart, in prison, at 
 Vienna, June, 1717, aged 66. The French 
 Memoirs, published under liis name, in 8vo. 
 1708, are fictition<!. 
 
LAN 
 
 I.A.N 
 
 Langbaine, Gerard, an Engliiib wriicr 
 born at Hatronkirkc, Wcstinorciaiid, edu- 
 cated at Bleiicow school, and removed to 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He became fel- 
 low of his house, and acquired literary cele- 
 brity by his edition of Loiigiims, and by 
 other publications, so that he was elected 
 keeper of the archives in 1614, and the next 
 year provost of the college. He died 10th 
 Feb. 1657-H, and was buried in the college 
 chapel. During the civil wars he remauied 
 unmolested in the cultivation of literature in 
 his college, and in familiar correspondence 
 with Usher, Selden, and other learned men. 
 
 Langbaine, Gerard, son of the prece- 
 ding, was born at Oxford, 15th July, 1656. 
 In his younger years, he was imprudent and 
 extravagant, but afterwards applied himselt 
 to dramatic compositions. He was elected 
 senior beadle of the university, and publish- 
 ed, about 1 690, an appendix to a catalogue 
 of all the graduates of the university. He 
 died June, 1692. He is also author of a 
 new CataJogue of English Plays — an Ac- 
 count of English dramatic poets. 
 
 Lang DALE, Marmaduke, an Englishman 
 of great courage. In the civil wars he 
 warmly espoused the royal cause, and rais- 
 ing a troop, he defeated Fairfax, raised the 
 siege of Pontefract castle, and seized Ber- 
 wick and Carlisle. On the final triumph of 
 the republicans, he retired to Flanders, and 
 was, in reward of his gallant services, crea- 
 ted a baron by Charles II. He died 1681. 
 
 Langdon, Samuel, D.D. president of 
 Harvard college, was a native of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, and graduated in 1740, at 
 the seminary over which he afterwards pre- 
 sided. In 1747 he was settled in the mi- 
 nistry at Portsmouth, New-Hampshire, 
 where he remained till his appointment, in 
 1774, to the presidency of the college. A 
 want of dignity and energy soon rendering 
 him unpopular in that station, in 1780, he 
 resigned it, and the following year settled at 
 Hampton-falls, New-Hampshire, where he 
 rendered himself highly useful both as a 
 minister, and as a member of the convention 
 of that state, assembled to deliberate on the 
 federal constitution, in which he did much 
 by his talents and zeal to procure its adop- 
 tion. He died November 29th, 1797. 
 
 iCP'L. 
 
 Langdon, John, LL.D. governor of New- 
 Hampshire, distinguished himself by his 
 activity in the cause of liberty, during the 
 progress of the revolution. He was a prin- 
 cipal leader of the company which, in De- 
 cember, 1774, attacked fort William and 
 Mary, at Portsmouth, and captured a quan- 
 tity of military stores. In 1775 he was 
 chosen a delegate to congress. In 1780 
 and 1781 he was a member of the state le- 
 gislature, and speaker of the house of re- 
 presentatives. In 1785 he was elected in 
 the place of Mr. Wcare, president of the 
 
 Slate, and conlnmcd in that oftice until 1738. 
 In that year he was a delegate, to congress, 
 and a member of the convention which 
 framed the constilutiun of the United Slates. 
 Under this constitution he was appointed one 
 of the first senators from the slate of New- 
 ilainpshire. Mr. Shi-alle succeeded him in 
 1800. in 1805 he was elected govtrnor, 
 and continued in office three year«. In 
 1810 he was again elected, as the .successor 
 of governor Smith. He died at Portsmouth, 
 Sept. 18th, 1819, aged 79. ^i:^^ L. 
 
 Lange, Joseph, (ireek professor of Fri- 
 burg, in 1600, published Elementale Malhe- 
 maticum, reprinted 1625, and he edited Po- 
 lyanthea, 2 vols, folio, kc. He turned, in 
 the latter part of his life, catholic. 
 
 Lange, Charles Nicholas, a Swiss natu- 
 ralist, author of Historia Lipidum Fi^'urato- 
 rum Helvetiae — Origo Eorundem — Metho- 
 dus Testaceae Marinai distribuendae, 1722, 
 4to. &.C. 
 
 Jjange, Rodolphus, canon of Munster, 
 studied Greek and Latin in Italy, and dis- 
 tinguished himself as a poet. His Taking 
 of Jerusalem, a poem, is mentioned with 
 approbation. He died 1519, aged 81. 
 
 Langelande, Robert, an old English 
 poet, one of the first disciples of Wickliffe. 
 He is the author of ** the \'isions of Pierce 
 Plowman," a poem in 20 parts, replete with 
 spirit and humour, and severely satirical 
 against the various occupations of life, but 
 particularly against the clergy. To the ob- 
 scurity of an obsolete style in this once ad- 
 mired poem, is to be added an ungrateful 
 alliteration, so harrassing to the ear of the 
 reader, and so inimical to the freedom of the 
 poet. 
 
 Langham, Simon, an English bishop, 
 and a cardinal, successively abbot of West- 
 minster, bishop of Ely, and, in 1366, arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. He was made trea- 
 surer of England by Edward III. and cardi- 
 nal legate by Urban VIII. He died at Avig- 
 non, 1376. 
 
 Langhorne, John, D.D. an English poet 
 and divine, born at Kirby Stephen, West- 
 moreland, son of a clergyman. When in 
 orders he became tutor to the sons of Mr. 
 Cracroft, of Lincolnshire, whose daughter 
 he married, and whose early death he la- 
 mented pathetically with his friend Mr. 
 Cai'twright, in his poem called Constantia. 
 Besides the living of Blagden, Somerset- 
 shire, he was prebendary of Wells, and jus- 
 tice of the peace. He died 1st April, 1779. 
 He wrote sermons, 2 vols. — Plutarch's 
 Lives translated— Poems, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 Letters of Theodosius and Constantia, 2 
 vols. 12mo. — Solyman and Almena, a tale 
 — Frederic and Pharamond — Eflusions of 
 Fancy, 2 vols. — Fables of Flora, in verse, 
 &c. besides critiques in the Monthly Review. 
 Langius, John, of Lawenbm-g, in Silesia, 
 studied phvsic at Pisa, where he took his 
 
 179 
 
LAN 
 
 LAN 
 
 degrees, and afterwards pyactised at Hei- 
 delberg, and was physician to four succes- 
 sive electors palatine. He died at Heidel- 
 berg, 1565, aged 80. He published Medi- 
 cal Epistles, Basil, 1554, in 4to. a curious 
 work. 
 
 Langland, John, a native of Henley, 
 Oxon, educated at Magdalen college. He 
 successively became principal of Magdalen- 
 hall, dean of Salisbury, canon of Windsor, 
 bishop of Lincoln, and, in 1532, chancellor 
 of Oxford. He was a popular and benevo- 
 lent man, and favoured strongly the king's 
 divorce from Catherine of Arragon. He 
 died, May 7th, 1547, and had his body buried 
 at Eton college, his heart at Lincoln, and 
 his bowels at Woburn. His works were 
 published in folio, 1532, London. 
 
 Langle, John Maximilian, a native of 
 Evreux, for 25 years the minister of the re- 
 formed church of Rouen. He wrote a De- 
 fence of Charles L of England — 2 vols, of 
 sermons — the Whole Duty of Man, trans- 
 lated from the English, and died 1674, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Langle, Samuel de, son of the prece- 
 ding, was born in London, but carried to 
 France when only one year old. From the 
 ministry of Rouen reformed church he re- 
 moved to Charenton ; but on the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes, he came over 
 to England, where he obtained a W^estrains- 
 ter prebend, and the degree of D.D. from 
 Oxford university. He died 1699. His 
 Letter on the Differences between the 
 church of England and the dissenters, was 
 published by Stillingfleet. 
 
 Langlet, Batty, an English architect, 
 author of some useful books on the prices 
 of work, and of materials, as the builder's 
 Jewel — and Builder's Price Book, and other 
 treatises for bricklayers, masons, carpen- 
 ters, kc. He died 1751. 
 
 Langton, Stephen, an Englishman, edu- 
 cated at Paris. He became chancellor of 
 Paris, and a cardinal of Rome, and after- 
 wards was made archbishop of Canterburj-, 
 by the pope, who refused to admit the can- 
 didate nominated by the monks of that 
 city. King John resisted tbis appoint- 
 ment ; but the pope, armed with the spiri- 
 tual power, put the monarch and his people 
 under an interdict, if they refused to obey. 
 The timid monarch, alarmed by the prepa- 
 rations of France to invade his kingdom, 
 submitted at last to the papal decrees, re- 
 ceived Langton as archbishop, and accept- 
 ed absolution from his hands. Langton 
 afterwards became obnoxious to the pope's 
 displeasure at Rome, for resisting the ex- 
 tension of his power in England, and for 
 refusing to excommunicate the rebellious 
 barons ; but was reconciled to the holy see, 
 and died in peace in England, 9th July, 
 1228, after bemg 22 years at the head of 
 the church. He was a man of t;r^at abilt^ 
 IPa 
 
 ties as a writer, and as a politician. His 
 works are mentioned by Bayle and Tan- 
 ner. 
 
 Langton, John, an English Carmelite 
 monk, who was at the council of Basil, and 
 wrote an English chronicle. 
 
 Languet, Hubert, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Viteaux, 1518. He was minister 
 of state to the elector of Saxony, and from 
 a catholic became a strong, protestant, by 
 reading the works, and frequenting the 
 company, of Melancthon. After making 
 the tour of Italy, of Livonia, and Laponia, 
 and enjoying the confidence of Gustavus, 
 king of Sweden, Languet was employed as 
 envoy to France, by Augustus, elector of 
 Saxony, 1565. He was afterwards en- 
 gaged in negotiations at Heidelberg, Colog- 
 ne, Spires, and Stettin, and in his second 
 embassy to France he was nearly sacrificed 
 in the horrid massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
 though he had the good fortune to save 
 life of his friend, Philip de Mornay, and 
 of the learned Wechelius, in whose house he 
 lodged. In 1574 he was envoy at Vienna; 
 but in the controversy which took place in 
 Saxony, between the Lutherans and the 
 Zuinglians, about the eucharist, he was vio- 
 lently suspected of favouring the latter, 
 upon which he retired from the court of 
 the elector to Prague, where he entered 
 into the service of John Casimir, count Pa- 
 latine. He next was employed by the 
 prince of Orange, at Antwerp, but his 
 health did not permit him to display those 
 active services which he had shown in the 
 affairs of other princes. He died at Ant- 
 werp, 20th Sept. 1581, and was honoured 
 at his funeral by the attendance of the 
 prince of Orange. He was a man of great 
 political knowledge, and deservedly es- 
 teemed by the wisest and most eminent 
 men of his age, particularly Thuanus, Mor- 
 nay, &c. Mornay says of him, with feel- 
 ing and truth. Is fuit quaUs niulti videri 
 volunt, is vixit qualis optimi mori cupiunt. 
 His letters in Latin to the elector of Saxo- 
 ny, were printed, Halle, 4to. 1699. Be- 
 sides letters to Sir Philip Sidney, 12mo. 
 1046, and other things. 
 
 Languet, John Baptist Joseph, a rela- 
 tion of the above, born at Dijon, June 6th, 
 1675. He studied at Paris, and became a 
 doctor of the Sorbonne, and vicar of St. 
 Sulpice, after being curate of the place for 
 some years. He rebuilt his church, and 
 rendered it one of the finest in the world 
 for architecture and ornaments. He began 
 the work vvith little money, but his zeal, 
 and the emulation which he excited among 
 his parishoners, Avhose number amounted 
 to 150,000, surmounted every obstacle, and 
 the consecration, in 1745, was attended 
 with such splendour, that the king of Prus- 
 sia, with his own hand, thanked the public 
 spirited vicar for the success and po^^ularity 
 
LAN 
 
 I.AK 
 
 ef his greai exertion?. Ho, also lounded 
 the house of the infant Jesus, divided into 
 two parts, one of which was for the siipport 
 of 35 poor ladies, an(i the other of more 
 than 400 poor women, who are usefully 
 employed in spinning, and in the working 
 of cloths and linens. 'I'his noble institu- 
 tion, in 1741, contained more than 1400 
 women and girls, engaged in industrious 
 labours, and encotiraged in habits of virtue, 
 by example and precept. The whole life 
 of this tndy great man was spent in deeds 
 of humanity, so that it is said, he expend- 
 ed annually little less than a million of livres 
 in charity. His popularity commanded not 
 only the public esteem, but the favour of 
 the great ; but he refused all the high ec- 
 clesiastical promotions and bishoprics to 
 which cardinal Fleury, the duke of Orleans, 
 Lewis XIV. and XV. wished to raise him. 
 He died Hth Oct. 1760, aged 75, at the 
 abbey de Bernay. 
 
 Languet, John Joseph, brother to the 
 preceding, was bishop of Soissons, and in 
 1731 archbishop of Sens, where he died 
 1753. He was a polemical divine, and 
 translated the Psalms, and was esteemed 
 for his benevolence and piety. 
 
 Lamer, a painter whom Charles I. em- 
 ployed abroad to make a collection of pic- 
 tures for him. Such pieces as he brought 
 ever, were distinguished by a particular 
 mark, which now points them out to the 
 curious. No further account is known of 
 him. 
 
 Lannoy, or Launoy, Charles de, an 
 able general in the service of the empe- 
 ror, Charles V. He took Francis I. pri- 
 soner, at the battle of Pavia, and conduct- 
 ed himself with great humanity, and be- 
 coming respect towards the captive mo- 
 narch. When Francis was restored to 
 liberty, Lannoy was commissioned by the 
 emperor, to conduct him back in safety to 
 his dominions. He died at Gazette, 
 1527. 
 
 Lansberghe, Philip, a learned mathe- 
 matician, born at Ghent, 1561, and minis- 
 ter of Antwerp, which he left for Holland 
 when that city was taken by the Spaniards. 
 He died at Middleburgh, 1632, leaving be- 
 hind him Sacred Chronology, published 
 1626 — Essays on Astronomy, on Geome- 
 trical Triangles, on Measuring the Heav- 
 ens, on the Motion of the Earth, &c. 
 His son James was also an able mathema- 
 tician, and defended his father against the 
 attacks of Fromond, of Louvain, who pre- 
 tended that the earth stood still. He died 
 1657. 
 
 Lanzano, Andrea, a painter born at 
 Milan. He was the pupil of Carlo Marat- 
 ti, and excelled for the correctness and ele- 
 gance of his figures, and the beauty of his 
 colouring. He died 1712. 
 
 I*ANzi, Lewis, an Italian antiquary, was 
 
 born in 1732, near Mnreratn. He became 
 a member of the order of Jesuits, and, on 
 the suppression of the society wa« appoint- 
 ed sub-director of the gallery at Florence. 
 He published a guide to that gallery in 
 1782 ; which was followed by an " Essay 
 on the Tuscan Language," li vols. 8vo. ; 
 but his greatest work is " A History of 
 Painting in Italy," G vols. 8vo. His other 
 publirations are " Dissertations on the 
 Etruscan Vases ;" and a translation of 
 " Hesiod." He died at Florence in 1810. 
 — W. B. 
 
 Lanzoni, Joseph, a native of Ferrara, 
 who restored the academy there, of which 
 he became secretary, and medical profes- 
 sor. Eminent as a physician he was 
 equally great as a man of letters, and an 
 antiquarian. He published various works 
 collected in 3 vols. 4to. in Latin, 1738. He 
 died 1730, aged 67. 
 
 Laparelli, Francis, a native of Corto- 
 na, eminent as an architect, a mechanic, 
 and an engineer. His abilities recommend- 
 ed liim to Cosmo I. duke of Tuscany, and 
 he was employed by Pius IV. in the forti- 
 fications and defence of Civita Vecchia. 
 He was in 1565 employed in the fortifica- 
 cation of Malta, against the power of 
 Solyman and his Turkish army, and under 
 his judicious eye the city of Valette was 
 planned. He afterwards was in the service 
 of the Venetians, and died of the plague 
 while befoie Candia 1570, aged 49. He 
 assisted Michael Angelo in the completion 
 of his designs for the erection of St. Pe- 
 ter's church at Rome. 
 
 Lapide, Cornelius, a French Jesuit, au- 
 thor of 10 vols. fol. in Explanations and 
 Commentaries on the Scriptures. He died 
 at Rome 1637, aged 71. 
 
 Lapo, Arnulphus di, a native of Flo- 
 rence, known as an able architect. He re- 
 stored the genuine art of architecture, 
 and in his edifices, displayed taste, ele- 
 gance, and solidity. The cathedral of Flo- 
 rence and other public buildings are monu- 
 ments of his genius. He died 1300, aged 
 68. 
 
 Larcher, Peter Henry, an ingenious 
 writer, was born at Dijon in 1726. He 
 studied in the college of Laon, at Paris ; 
 and, in 1750, published his translation of 
 the Electra of Euripides, which met with 
 indifferent success. In 1758 appeared his 
 translation of " Chereas and Callirrhoe," 
 from the Greek ; after which he had a 
 violent quarrel with \oltaire, who was, 
 however, the aggressor. Larcher now un- 
 dertook a translation of Herodotus, which 
 did not come out till 1786. The best edi- 
 tion is in nine volumes octavo. His other 
 works arc " Memoire sur Venus ;" and a 
 translation of Xenophon. He died Dec. 
 22, 1812.— ir. B. 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel, a dissenting mi- 
 
 X8l 
 
Liat 
 
 LAb 
 
 iiibter born at Hawkhurst in Kent, 16S4. 
 He was educated in London, and then 
 Tvent to Utrecht, where he improved him« 
 self under Graevius and Burman, and after- 
 wards he studied at L^yden. In 1713 he 
 was engaged as tutor to the younger son of 
 lady Treby, widow of the chief justice of 
 common pleas, with whom he travelled 
 orer France, Holland, and the Nether- 
 lands. In 1723 he was employed with 
 others in a course of lectures at the Old 
 Bailey ; but though his abilities were great 
 and universally acknowledged, he did not 
 obtain a settlement among the dissenters 
 till the 45th year of his age, when in 1729, 
 he became assistant minister at Crutched 
 Friars. His literary labours had now so 
 distinguished him, that the college of Aber- 
 deen conferred on him the degree of D.D. 
 This learned man, so well skilled in Scrip- 
 tural erudition and ecclesiastical history, 
 died at Hawkhurst, where he had a small 
 estate, in 1768, of a decline. The best 
 known of his works are his " Credibility 
 of the Gospel History," in five volumes 
 completed in 1743, a work of great merit, 
 and so highly respected abroad that it was 
 translated into Dutch and Latin — Letters 
 on the Logos — a Vindication of three of 
 our Saviour's Miracles, against the petulant 
 cavils of Woolston — Supplement to the 
 Credibility, &c. All his works were col- 
 lected by Dr. Kippis in 11 large vols. Svo. 
 to which his life Is prefixed. 
 
 Largilliere, Nicholas de, a French 
 painter, born at Paris, 1656. He studied 
 under Gobeau, and then came to England, 
 where he was noticed by Lely, and recom- 
 mended to the patronage of Charles II. 
 He returned to Paris, where he enjoyed 
 the friendship of Vander Mulen and Le 
 Brun, and was made historical painter to 
 the French academy. On the accession of 
 James II. he again visited England, and 
 painted that monarch and his queen ; but 
 he soon after returned to France, where 
 he was made director of the academy as 
 a reward for his great merit. He died 
 1705. His best piece is the crucifixion of 
 Christ. 
 
 Laroon, Marccllus, a painter, born at 
 the Hague, 1653. He came to England 
 with his father, and displayed such abili- 
 ties, that Kneller employed his pencil in 
 finishing the drapery of his pictures. He 
 possessed the art of copying with great suc- 
 cess and astonishing correctness, the 
 pieces of the first masters. He died 1705, 
 aged 52. 
 
 Larret, Isaac de, a Calvinist born at 
 Lintot near Bolbec. At the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes he fled to Holland, and 
 became historiographer to the States. He 
 died 1719. His works are a History of 
 England, 4 vols. fol. valuable for its in- 
 trinsic merit, as well as its excellent por- 
 1?3 
 
 traits— History of Lewis XIV. '6 vols. 4to. 
 — a History of Augustus, Svo. — a History 
 of the Seven Wise Men, 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 Larroque, Mathew de, a French pro- 
 testant, born at Leirac, in Germany, 1619. 
 His popularity was such, that after being 
 27 years minister of Vitre in Brittany, by 
 the favour of the dutchess of Tremouille, 
 he was invited by the churches of Montau- 
 ban, Bourdeaux, and Rouen, and in conse* 
 quence of the honourable testimonies ac- 
 cepted the oflers of the last. He died at 
 Rouen 1684. His works are, a History of 
 the Eucharist, 4to. — an Answer to Bos- 
 suet, Bishop of Meaux on the Communion 
 of two Kinds, l2mo. — a treatise on the Re- 
 gale, &c. 
 
 Larroque, Daniel de, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Vitre, and in conse- 
 quence of the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, came to England, and afterwards 
 visited Copenhagen and Amsterdam. He 
 came to Paris, determined to become a 
 catholic ; but the satire which he wrote on 
 Lewis XIV'. on account of the famine of 
 1693, threw him into the prison of the Cha- 
 telet for five years. At his release he obtain- 
 ed a pension from the ministry, and died 
 1731. He wrote the Life of the historian 
 Mezeray — and translated Echard's Roman 
 History — and Prideaux's Life of Mahomet, 
 &c. 
 
 Lascaris, Constantino, one of the learn- 
 ed Greeks, who upon the sacking of Con- 
 stantinople by the Turks in 1453, fled to 
 Italy. He taught Greek and polite litera- 
 ture at Milan, and afterwards at Messina^ 
 where his great abilities and high reputa- 
 tion drew crowds of respectable disciples, 
 and among them Bembo. He died at 
 Messina, when very old, at the close of 
 the l5th century, and left his library to the 
 senate. He published a Greek grammar 
 at Milan 1476, 4to. and other things. 
 
 Lascaris, John, surnamed Rhyndace- 
 nus, was of the imperial family. He was 
 employed by Laurence de Medicis to make 
 a collection of books in Greece, and he 
 was so fortunate as to be permitted by the 
 grand signior to examine all the libraries 
 of Constantinople and in Greece, in con- 
 sequence of which he greatly enriched the 
 collections of Italy. He was afterwards 
 ambassador from Lewis XII. of France to 
 Venice, and on the election of Leo X. he 
 went to Rome, where he became di- 
 rector of the Greek college. He was an 
 admirable scholar, and brought again into 
 use the capital letters of the Greek alpha- 
 bet, and wrote some epigrams and mo- 
 ral sentences in that language. He died 
 1535. 
 
 Lasci or Lasko, John de, a learned 
 Pole, made provost of Gresna, and bishop 
 of Vcsprim in Hungary. He had shown 
 such partiality for ZuingUus at Zurich. tha< 
 
LAT 
 
 l.AT 
 
 iie now boldly declared in favour ol' the vc- 
 formation ; in consequence of which he 
 was dismissed from his bishopric, and re- 
 tired in 1542, to East Fricsland, where he 
 became minister of the church of Embden. 
 He afterwards came to England, and was 
 held in great esteem by the clergy, thou<;h 
 he ventured to write a pamphlet against 
 the habits and ceremonies of the English 
 church ; but in tlie reign of Mary he was 
 obliged to (ly from the country. He after- 
 wards was reconciled to Sigismond, king 
 Poland, and employed by him in aflairs of 
 trust and importance. He died 13th Jan. 
 1560. He wrote some controversial tracts, 
 &.C. and was highly esteemed by Erasmus 
 and others. 
 
 Lasena or Lascena, Peter, a learned 
 Italian, born at Naples, 25th Sept. 1590. 
 He settled at Rome, and under the protec- 
 tion of cardinal Barberini, and other learn- 
 ed men he cultivated literature. His in- 
 tense application proved at last fatal to 
 him, he fell into a fever of which he died 
 30th Sept. 1636. He wrote Nepenthes 
 Homeri, sen de abolendoLuctu — Cleombro- 
 tus — a tract on the Sports, Shows, &c. of 
 Naples, &c. 
 
 Lassels, Richard, a native of Yorkshire, 
 educated at Oxford and at Douay, where 
 he embraced the catholic religion. He 
 wrote Travels in Italy, 2 vols. 8vo. and 
 died at MontpelUer 1768, aged 65. A 
 person of his name and family was very 
 instrumental in the escape of Charles II. 
 from the fatal battle of Worcester. He 
 Tvas then a cornet in the king's army. 
 
 Lathrop, Joseph, D.D. congregational 
 minister of West Springfield, Massachu- 
 setts, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, 
 October 20th, 1731, and graduated at Yale 
 college in 1754. He was ordained pastor 
 of the church in West Springfield, August 
 25th, 1756, and after a ministry there of 
 sixty-four years, died December 31st, 1820, 
 in the 90th year of his age. He was one 
 of the most eminent in talents and excel- 
 lence of character among his cotempo- 
 raries. His perceptions were rapid and 
 clear, his invention uncommonly fertile, 
 and his views marked by great originality. 
 He was amiable in his manners, pleasing 
 and instructive in conversation, and re- 
 markable for good sense and a keen dis- 
 cernment of character. He was eminently 
 pious and profoundly versed in theology, 
 and a dignified and popular preacher, and 
 by his publications became extensively 
 known in Great Britian as well as America. 
 He was in 1793 elected to the profx?ssor- 
 ship of theology in Yale college, but de- 
 clined the appointment. He published 
 five volumes of sermons which have had 
 an extensive circulation, and prepared a 
 sixth which has been given to the public 
 sinee his death. fCIp L. 
 
 Lathrop, John, an American poet, was 
 born in Boston, Massafhu«<Ltts, in January, 
 1772, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1789. He employed himscU for some Imie 
 in the practice of law in Boston, but from 
 his devotion to literary pursuits did not en- 
 joy extensive patronage. He was u co- 
 temporary and an associate of Paine and 
 Prentiss, and the rival of the lormer, with 
 whom he for a lung time earned on a war 
 of wit in the public papers. In i7\}'j l.t 
 embarked for India to improve his fortune, 
 and spent ten years at Calcutta as an in- 
 structer. He continued his literary em- 
 ployments during that period, and publish- 
 ed his principal poem " The Speech of 
 Canonicus." His writings were chiefly 
 for the newspapers. He returned to 
 America in 1809, and taught a school for 
 several years in Boston, and delivered lec- 
 tures on natural philosophy. He after- 
 wards removed to Washington and pur- 
 sued the same employment, and was at 
 length appointed to a place in the post- 
 office. He died in January, 1S20. He 
 possessed a superior genius, and his writings 
 were spirited, classical, and elegant. He 
 was amiable, generous, and frank, but was 
 too desultory in his habits to succeed in 
 a profession. His writings have never 
 been collected for publication. IC3^ L. 
 
 Latimer, Hugh, an illustrious prelate, 
 born at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire 1470. 
 His father, who was rather an industrious 
 than rich farmer, educated him at a gram- 
 mar-school, and as his abilities were of su- 
 perior order he sent him to Cambridge, 
 where he took his degTees. Young Lati- 
 mer, when admitted into the church, was a 
 warm supporter of the established religion, 
 against the innovations of Luther and Me- 
 lancthon ; but by degrees his prejudices in 
 favour of the pope disappeared in the con- 
 versation of his friend Bilney, a man of 
 pious character and of deep learning, who 
 even laid down his life in the support of the 
 doctrines of the reformation. With his 
 usual warmth the new convert zealously 
 devoted himself to propagate those tenets 
 which lately he had censured as impious 
 and heretical, and so great was his in- 
 fluence, and so powerful his eloquence, that 
 he was regarded as the head of his party. 
 His severe trials, and successful efforts 
 against the papists at last recommended 
 him to the notice of lord Cromwell and of 
 Henry VIII. during the time of his intend- 
 ed divorce ; and in reward for his services 
 in the cause of the king and of the re- 
 formation, Latimer was nominated to the 
 see of Worcester. In this new office he be- 
 haved with his usual spirit, yet not without 
 moderation. In the convocation of 1536 
 he ably opposed the measures of the popish 
 party, and was happily instnimental in the 
 recommendation of tlie English translation 
 
LAT 
 
 LAU 
 
 of the Bible to general penisal. But while 
 he expected the final triumph of his party, 
 he found the influence of Gardiner too 
 powerful, and the enactment of the famous 
 act called the six articles in the parliament 
 of 1539, proved so disagreeable to his feel- 
 ings that he refused any longer to hold his 
 bishopric, but preferred a life of retire- 
 ment and privacy. His enemies, however, 
 were not inactive, and not batislied to see 
 him stripped of his honours, they procured 
 his imprisonment in the tower for the last 
 six years of Henry's reign. The acces- 
 sion of Edward VI. restored Latimer to 
 favour and to liberty ; but while his friends 
 solicited him to resume his episcopal func- 
 tions, he repeatedly refused, and retired to 
 Lambeth palace, where he lived on the 
 bounty and in the friendship of Cranmer. 
 Here his abilities were called into action ; 
 he assisted his learned friend in the com- 
 position of the Homilies, and frequently 
 preached before the king, and displayed 
 those powers of eloquence, and that strong 
 vein of humour which the manners of the 
 time allowed to be used in the pulpit. On 
 the restoration of popery in the reign of 
 Mary the venerable Latimer was marked 
 for destruction by the sanguinary Gardiner. 
 He was seized, and from the tower was 
 sent to Oxford, where he with Cranmer and 
 Ridley were appointed to hold a dispute 
 with some popish divines. This disputa- 
 tion was artfully intended to expose these 
 champions of the reformation to the se- 
 verest punishments of a partial and preju- 
 diced tribunal, and therefore when Latimer 
 and his revered associates rejected all the 
 popish doctrines, except they rested on the 
 clear authority of Scripture, sentence of 
 death was passed upon them. Latimer and 
 Ridley were consequently burned at Ox- 
 ford 1554, in the midst of the insults of 
 the monks, and as they recommended their 
 souls to God, while the fatal flames spread 
 around them, the venerable Latimer com- 
 forted his fellow-suflerer, exclaiming, Wc 
 shall this day, my lord, light such a can- 
 dle in England as shall never be extin- 
 guished. His sermons have often been 
 printed. 
 
 Laud, William, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, was born 7th Oct. 1573, at Reading, 
 where his father was a clothier. He was 
 educated at the free-shool, Reading, and in 
 1589 he was removed to St. John's college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow in 1593. 
 He aftenvards took orders, and in 1601 
 was ordained priest ; but his chapel exer- 
 cises against the puritans, whose doctrines 
 he censured and refuted, drew upon him 
 the displeasure of Abbot the primate, then 
 chancellor of the university. Though viru- 
 lently attacked by the puritan party in the 
 university, his learning and his abilities 
 procured him friends ; he. in 1607 obtained 
 184 
 
 the vicai-age of Stanford, Northamptou* 
 shire, and the next year the living of North 
 Kilworth, Leicestershire. In 1608 he took 
 the degree of D.D. and became chaplain to 
 bishop Neile, and exchanged Kilworth for 
 Tilbury rectory in Essex, in 1609. In 161 
 he succeeded to the living of Cukstone, 
 Kent, and resigned his Oxford fellowship ; 
 but the next year he %vas elected president 
 of his college, by the assistance of his pa- 
 tron Neile, who exerted all his influence to 
 counteract the partial misrepresentation of 
 Abbot, and of chancellor Ellesmere, with 
 the king. He was next appointed chaplain 
 to the king, and in 1616 made dean of 
 Gloucester, and the next year he accom- 
 panied the king to Scotland, to endeavour 
 to persuade the Scotch clergy to conform 
 with the rites and the liturgy of the English 
 church. In 1617 he was made rector of 
 Ibstock, in 1621 prebendarj' of Westmin-~ 
 ster, and soon after raised to the see of St. 
 David's. In 1622 he held his famous con- 
 ference with Fisher, the Jesuit, in the pre- 
 sence of the duke of Buckingham and his 
 mother, who were wavering in the protes- 
 tant faith, and he had the good fortune not 
 only to fix his opinions, but to obtain his 
 future friendship. He officiated as dean of 
 Westminster in 1626, at the coronation of 
 the first Charles, and the same year he was 
 translated to Bath and Wells, and two years 
 after to London. In 1630 he was elected 
 chancellor of Oxford, and in this dignified 
 situation he contributed most liberally, 
 during the whole of life, to adorn and im- 
 prove his favourite university. He not only 
 built the inner quadrangle of his college, 
 and improved the foundation by various do- 
 nations, but he raised that elegant building 
 now called the Convocation house, and the 
 library above, and enriched the public 
 collection by the munificent present of 
 1300 valuable MSS. in Hebrew, Syriac, 
 Chaldee, Egyptian, and other ancient 
 and modern languages, procured at great 
 expense, and with infinite labour. The 
 death of Buckingham raised him to the 
 dangerous situation of prime minister, and 
 in 1633 he succeeded Abbot as primate. In 
 these high offices he laboured strenuously 
 to repress the fanatical spirit of the times, 
 but his attempts to produce a uniformity 
 between the churches of England and Scot- 
 land, not only proved unavailing, but ex- 
 posed him to great obloquy. His attention 
 to the independence of the Irish clergy was 
 highly commendable, as he obtained from 
 the king, in their favour, a gi-ant of all the 
 impropriations remaining in the crown. 
 But the purest of his motives in these tur- 
 bulent times were unfortunately misrepre- 
 sented, because he was connected with the 
 court, and had a share in the prosecutions 
 of the Star chamber against the obstinate 
 pTiritans. He was hrRnded with tlje name 
 
LAt 
 
 LAb 
 
 •i" incendiary because he exhorted his cler- 
 gy to contribute to the raising of an iiruiy 
 against the Scots, and when the parliament 
 of lG3y was abruptly dissolved, all the 
 odiuui of the violent measure was heaped 
 upon him by the factions of the times, and 
 his palace at Lambeth was attacked by an 
 unprincipled mob of above 5000 rioters. 
 Thus unpopular in the nation, and suspect- 
 ed by the commons, he was particularly at- 
 tacked in the next parliament. The fate of 
 StaHbrd was the forerunner of his own, 
 and on the accusation of Sir Henry Vane, 
 he was seized and conveyed to the tower, 
 Ist March, 1610-1. During the three 
 years which preceded his trial he was ex- 
 posed to every indignity, his revenues were 
 confiscated, he was fined 20,000/. for his 
 connexion with the Star chamber, and every 
 article of comfort which might cheer his 
 hours of solitude was carefully removed, 
 and even t!ie papers which he had prepared 
 for his defence were rudely seized, and 
 never returned. His trial began 12th, and 
 finished July 29th, 1644 ; but though no- 
 thing treasonable could be proved, such was 
 the virulence of the commons, that a bill of 
 attainder was passed the following Novem- 
 ber against him, and the peers in the 
 next January were forced by the threats of 
 the mob to pronounce against him. His 
 defence, firm, eloquent, undaunted, and pa- 
 thetic, could not avail before a prejudiced 
 tribunal, and he was sentenced to be be- 
 headed. He suffered on Tower-hill, 10th 
 Jan. aged 71, maintaining to the last the 
 composure of innocence, and the resigna- 
 tion of piety. His body was deposited in 
 All-Hallows church. Barking, and 1663 re- 
 moved to St. John's college. In his cha- 
 racter. Laud was a man of integrity, zea- 
 lously attached to the rites of the church, 
 -sincere and ardent, but too often indiscreet 
 and obstinate, and eager to sacrifice his 
 fame and the interests of his master even 
 for the sake of trifles. The severe prose- 
 cutions of the Star chamber and of the 
 high commission courts were invidiously 
 attributed to him, and in his zeal to unite 
 the three kingdoms in the same form of 
 worship, he exposed himself to the fury of 
 the puritanical party, whose designs were 
 the demolition of the throne. Though un- 
 happily tinctured with too high notions of 
 divine right and of unlimited prerogative 
 for times of turbulence and civil dissension, 
 it does not appear that he was inclined to 
 favour the tenets of the church of Rome, 
 though they might more powerfully have 
 supported the measures of an arbitrary 
 court. He was a man of extensive know- 
 ledge, and as Clarendon observes, his learn- 
 ing, piety, and virtue, have been attained by 
 very few, and the greatest of his infirmities 
 are common to all, even the best of men. 
 He tvrote "seven Sermons" on several 
 Vol, II. 24 
 
 occasions — Annotations on the Death of 
 kingJames— Answer to the liemonstrance 
 of the House of Commons— Diary publish- 
 ed by VVarton, with oilier piercH, inc.— 
 Summary of Devotions— Uemain^, fol.— 
 Private Devotions, ite,— Letters, iic. 
 
 Lauuku, William, a native of Scotland, 
 who studied in the university of Edinburgh, 
 and taught Latin there. He piil)li.,htd ill 
 1739 an edition of Johnston's psalms, and 
 in 1742 was appointed master of Dundee 
 school. He afterwards came to London, 
 and 1747 began to publish in the Geutle- 
 man's Magazine his forgeries on Milton, 
 which in 1751 he collected together undci- 
 the name of an Essay on Milton's Use and 
 Imitation of the Moderns in his Paradise 
 Lost, 8vo. His quotations, though for some 
 time supposed to be genuine, were soon 
 after proved to be forgeries from Grotius 
 and others, by Dr. Douglas, afterwards 
 bishop of Salisbury, and the wretched pla- 
 giarist, overwhelmed with confusion, sub- 
 scribed a confession of his offence, dictated 
 by Dr. Johnson, and acknowledged the 
 baseness of his conduct. Thus lost in the 
 public opinion he went to Barbadoes, 
 where he kept a school, but with little re- 
 putation. He died at Barbadoes, 1771. 
 
 Laudohn, or Loudon, Gideon Ernest, 
 a celebrated Austrian general, descended 
 from a Scotch family, and born at Tootzan, 
 1716. He was in 1731 engaged in the Rus- 
 sian service, but despairing of preferment 
 he entered into the Austrian army, and ob- 
 tained the rank of captain in 1742. After 
 the peace of 1748 he rose to the rank of 
 major, and was afterwards made lieutenant- 
 colonel of Croats , but his genius and abi- 
 lities displayed in the seven years war 
 against the brilliant evolutions of the great 
 Frederic, soon called him to higher honours. 
 He was made major-general and a knight 
 of the military order of Maria Theresa iu 
 1757, and the confidence placed in his valour 
 and judgment was soon evinced in the great 
 victory of Hochkerchen, and that of Kun- 
 nersdorff. The Prussians were afterwards 
 defeated at Landshut, and the gates of 
 Glatz opened to the victorious general. At 
 the peace of 1763 his services were reward- 
 ed with the dignity of a baron, and a pen- 
 sion, and three years after he v^as appoint- 
 ed member of the Aulic council, and iii 
 1778 made field-marshal of the empire. 
 In the war which took place between Tur- 
 key and Austria, he had fresh opportunities 
 of distinguishing himself, the Turks were 
 routed, and Belgrade was taken 17S9. 
 This illustrious chief died l4th July, 1790. 
 
 Laugier, Mark Antony, a Jesuit, born 
 at Monosque, in Provence, 1713. He quit- 
 ted the Jesuits upon some private dispute, 
 and applied himself to the arts. He died 
 1769. He is author of Essay on Archi- 
 tecture — History- of Venice, 12 vols. 12mo- 
 
 1S5 
 
LAU 
 
 LAG 
 
 — History of the Peace of Belgrade, 2 vols ije was appointed president of the assembly 
 
 l2rao. — Apology for French Music, &c. 
 
 Launat, Francis de, a French advocate 
 of eminence, author of Remarks on the 
 Roman and French System of Jurispru- 
 dence — and Commentaries on Laysel's In- 
 stitutes, &c. He died 1693, aged 81. 
 
 Launoi, John de, a learned French wri- 
 ter, well skilled in the discipline, rights and 
 
 of South Carolina, and in the following 
 year, on the establishment of a temporary 
 constitution, was chosen vice president of 
 the state. In 1777, being a member of the 
 continental congress, he was on the resig- 
 nation of Hancock appointed its president. 
 In 1780 he was appointed ambassador to 
 the Netherlands, for the purpose of form- 
 
 privileges of the Galilean church, which he ing a treaty with those provinces, and to ne 
 
 ably defended against the encroachments 
 of the see of Rome. He was also a vio- 
 lent and determined enemy against legends, 
 traditions, and saints, and showed himself 
 so disinterested, that he refused benefices, 
 satisfied with the independence of a humble 
 situation. He died at Paris 1678, aged 75. 
 His writings, which are very numerous, 
 are enumerated by Niceron. 
 
 Launot, Charles de, a French general. 
 Vid. Lannot. 
 
 Laur, Pbilippo, an eminent painter, born 
 at Rome, 1623. He studied under his 
 elder brother Balthasar, who died at the 
 early age of 25, and under Angelo Coro- 
 selli, and soon acquired some celebrity. 
 His large pictures for churches were ad- 
 mired, but particularly his historical sub- 
 jects, with excellent landscapes in the back 
 ground. His chief pieces were metamor- 
 phoses and bacchanals, in which he dis- 
 played great taste and judgment. He was 
 
 gotiate a loan ; he was captured on his 
 passage, and carried to England, where he 
 was confined in the tower as a criminal, 
 and treated with great severity. The mi- 
 nistry were deterred from executing their 
 threats of capital punishment, by the feav 
 of retaliation, and in December, 1781, re- 
 stored him to liberty. He passed into 
 France, and in the following year, with 
 Franklin, Adams, and Jay, signed the pro- 
 visional articles of peace, and in 1782, the 
 definitive treaty. He returned to the Uni- 
 ted States in 1784, and died in South 
 Carolina in 1792, in his seventieth year. 
 
 ICX^L. 
 Laurens, John, lieutenant-colonel in 
 the American army, was the son of Henry 
 Laurens, of South-Carolina, and born in 
 1755. He was educated in England. He 
 entered the army in 1777, and reniiered 
 himself conspicuous by his brilliant talents 
 and daring bravery. In 1781 he was dC" 
 
 of a cheerful disposition, and died at Rome puted by congress to France to solicit a 
 
 loan of money, and procure military stores. 
 He returned the same year, and received 
 the thanks of congress for his success. He 
 
 1694, aged 71, leaving a considerable for- 
 tune to his great nephews. 
 
 Laura, the mistress of Petrarch, was 
 the wife of Hugo de Sades. She died of 
 the plague in 1348, aged 38. Vid. Pe- 
 trarch. 
 
 Laurati, Peter, a native of Sienna, ce- 
 lebrated as a painter. He was the disciple 
 of Giotto, and particularly excelled in his 
 draperies, which were finished in such ex- 
 quisite taste that the delicate proportions of 
 the human limbs became visible through 
 them. He flourished in the 15th century, 
 and chiefly resided at Sienna and Arezzo. 
 
 Laurens, or Larentius, Andrew, a 
 native of Aries, professor of medicine at 
 Montpellier, and physician to Henry IV. 
 He died 16th August, 1609. His anatomi- 
 
 immediately re-joined the army, and on 
 the 27th August, 1782, received a mortal 
 wound, while opposing a foraging party 
 near the Combabee, in South Carolina, 
 and died at the age of twenty-six. Colonel 
 Laurens was distinguished for the excel- 
 lence of his education, and the engaging- 
 ness of his manners, as well as for his 
 talents and courage. He was highly po- 
 pular in the army, and enjoyed the high 
 respect of general Washington, whom he 
 served as an aid. IC3^ L. 
 
 Laurent, Peter Joseph, a native of 
 Flanders, famous for his astonishing me- 
 chanical powers. When only eight years 
 
 cal works, more elegant than correct, were old he constructed a hydraulic machine oi 
 
 printed at Paris, folio, 1600. great ingenuity, and when matured by time 
 
 Laurens, Honorus, brother to the pre- and by education, he was, at the age of 21, 
 
 ceding, was advocate of the parliament of appointed superintendent of various public 
 
 Paris, and a strong friend of the league, 
 and afterwards became by the favour of 
 Henry IV. archbishop of Embrun. He 
 wrote the edict of Henry III. to reunite 
 the protestants and catholics, and died 
 1612. 
 
 Laurens, Henry, president of the Ame- 
 rican congress, was a native of South Ca- 
 rolina, He took an early part in resisting 
 the arbitrary claims of the British govern- 
 mpnt which led to the revolution. In 1775 
 186 
 
 works, and of the canals of the Low Coun- 
 tries, and of Hainault. The junction of 
 the Scheldt with the Somme, though pre- 
 senting great difficulties, was effected by 
 his persevering genius, by the means of a 
 subterraneous canal of three leagues ex- 
 tent ; and other works were effected in 
 Flanders, which, by removing the obstacles 
 of natiue, secured comfort and communica- 
 tion to the inhabitants of ValencienncF, 
 Lisle, &c. This ingenious man was hct- 
 
LAV 
 
 L.-^W 
 
 poured with the order of St. Michael by 
 Vhe French king, and died 1775, respected 
 ill private life. 
 
 I^AURENTio, Nicholas, a remarkable cha- 
 racter in the history of modern Rome. 
 Thoui^h but the son of a vintner and a 
 laundress, he rose by his intrigues and elo- 
 <]uence to notice, and prevailed upon the 
 Roman populace to expel their nobles, and 
 intrust the sovereign power into his hands. 
 His usurpation was the cause of war, and 
 at last he was defeated ; but a second time 
 he rose to the supreme authority, and might 
 have long continued absolute, had he not 
 been cruel in his punishments. The popu- 
 lace, irritated against him, set his palace 
 on fire, and he was run through the body 
 in his attempts to escape, and stabbed by 
 a thousand wounds. His body hung by 
 the heels in public derision, was at last 
 taken down and buried by the Jews. 
 
 Lavater, Lewis, an ecclesiastic, known 
 for his abilities as a controversialist in fa- 
 vour of the protestants. He wrote Com- 
 mentaries — Homilies, &c. — and a treatise 
 de Spectris, a curious %vork. He died ca- 
 non of Zurich, 17th July, 1596, aged 50. 
 
 Lavater, John Caspar Christian, a ce- 
 lebrated writer, born at Zurich, 1741. He 
 was pastor of the church of St. Peter's at 
 Zurich, and as a minister he acquired great 
 reputation both by his eloquent discourses 
 and his exemplary life. He was wounded 
 by a French soldier when Zurich was taken 
 by storm under Massena in 1799, and died 
 there in consequence of it, 12th Jan. 1801. 
 He acquired deserved celebrity as a physi- 
 ognomist, and his writings on the subject, 
 possessing great merit, ingenious remarks, 
 and truly original ideas, have been transla- 
 ted into all the languages of Europe. His 
 works are. Poems — Solomon — Jesus Mes- 
 siah, 4 vols. — Nathaniel, 8vo. — Letters 
 Paternelles — treatise on Physiognomy — 
 Journal of a Self Observer, 8vo. — Prose 
 Works — Letters supposed to be written by 
 Paul before his conversion, &c. 
 
 Lavington, George, a native of Heavi- 
 tree, Devonshire, educated at Exeter col- 
 lege where he took the degree of LL.D. 
 He afterwards obtained a prebend at Wor- 
 cester, a canon residentiaryship at St. 
 Paul's, and the see of Exeter. He wrote 
 the Enthusiasm of Methodists and Papists 
 compared, a curious work — a Tract on the 
 Moravians — Single Sermons, &c. and died 
 1762, aged 79. He was buried in Exeter 
 cathedral. 
 
 Lavirotte, Lewis Anne, a native of 
 Nolay in the diocess of Autun, eminent as 
 a physician and as the translator of Mac- 
 laurin's Account of Newton's Discoveries ; 
 he wrote also Observations on the Hydro- 
 phobia and other medical works, and died 
 1759, aged 34. 
 
 J*4vnisiF,R, Antonv Laurence, a relebra- 
 
 ted chymist, bom at Paris, 26th Au;?. 1745. 
 At the age of 23 he oiitaincd from tbc aca- 
 demy of sciences a golcb^ii nu-dal for a me- 
 moir on the best method of lighting the 
 streets with economy and eflicacy. In 
 1768 he was chosen mcnib«,r of the acade- 
 my, and enriched its memoirs by above 40 
 valuable dissertations on sulyects of chy- 
 mistiy and political economy, the result of 
 deep and laborious experiments. His new 
 system of chymistry was received with 
 great applause in France and over the con- 
 tinent, though it militated against the pre- 
 valent doctrine of phlogiston adopted and 
 supported by the experin»ents of Dr. Priest- 
 ley. He was treasurer of the academy 
 after BufTon and Tillet, and successively 
 was appointed farmer-general, register of 
 powder and saltpetre, and commissary of 
 the national treasury, and in these offices 
 he laboured assiduously with the most con- 
 scientious integrity, to advance the inter- 
 ests of the nation as well as to promote the 
 improvement of science and natural his- 
 tory. These services deserved the highest 
 rewards of national gratitude ; but the 
 revolution came to shorten his days. His 
 abilities and virtues were too conspicuous 
 to escape the notice of the sanguinary ty- 
 rants of France. He was dragged before 
 the I'evolutionary tribunal, but when he 
 demanded the suspension of his sentence 
 for fourteen days, that he might finish some 
 experiments serviceable to the public, the 
 blood-thirsty judge replied that France was 
 not in want either of learned men or chy- 
 mists, and immediately Lavoisier walked 
 with composure to the fatal spot, and was 
 guillotined, 6th April, 1794. He wrote 
 Chymical and Physical works, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 1773 — Nouvelles Recherches sur le Fluide 
 Elastique, a valuable work, 1775 — Report 
 on Animal Magnetism, 8vo. — Methode 
 de Nomenclature Chymique — Elementary 
 treatise on Chymistry, 2 vols. Svo. 1789 — 
 Instruction on the making of Saltpetre, &c. 
 Svo. — de la Reprodution et de la Consom- 
 mation comparees a la Population, Svo. &lc. 
 Fourcroy pronounced his eulogy at the Ly- 
 ceum, and la Lande has painted his cha- 
 racter in the liveliest colours, and represent- 
 ed him as he was, a man of great virtue and 
 benevolence, endued with all the amiable 
 qualities of the heart, and the amplest re- 
 sources of the mind. 
 
 Law, John, a celelnated projector, born 
 at Edinburgh, 16th April, 1671. He early 
 applied himself to the study of arithmetic, 
 geography, mathematics, and algebra, but 
 his prospects were all at once clouded by 
 his unfortunate conduct. He debauched 
 the daughter of a gentleman in London, 
 and killed her brother who interfered in 
 vindication of her character, and in conse- 
 quence of this he was condemned to bo 
 hancfed. but escaped from the hands of iu^- 
 
 187 
 
LAW 
 
 LAW 
 
 tice and fled to Holland, and then to Italy. 
 He returned to his country in 1 700 nnder 
 the protection of the duke of Argyle, and 
 proposed to the parliament various plans of 
 finance, which were disapproved, in con- 
 sequence of which he left the kingdom to 
 seek encouragement and protection in fo- 
 reign courts. He visited Brussels, Venice, 
 and Genoa, and at last he gained the con- 
 fidence of the duke of Orleans, the regent 
 of France, and settled at Paris. He there 
 established a bank in 1716, and soon it be- 
 came the general bank of the kingdom, to 
 which were united the interests of the Mis- 
 sissippi company. The hopes of immense 
 gain, and the love of novelty, gradually 
 brought all thp specie of the kingdom under 
 his control, and his paper rose to full 
 twenty times its original value, and in 1719 
 was calculated as worth more than eighty 
 times the circulating coin of the whole na- 
 tion. Thus while France considered itself 
 'as rapidly rising into opulence and power, 
 and while theinlatuated projector purchased 
 vast possessions, and united in his person 
 the oflfices of comptroller and financier, the 
 real sources of the kingdom were gradually 
 diminishing, extravagance took place of 
 economy, and the love of glory and distinc- 
 tion was disregarded for the sudden acqui- 
 sition of riches. At last the bank was 
 found incapable of answering the demands 
 made upon it, and of paying for its paper, 
 and though the decrees of the regent for a 
 tvhile supported its tottering credit, soon 
 the eyes of the nation were opened, and 
 each individual discovered that in parting 
 with his gold and silver, he had received in 
 return only paper which was of no value. 
 The dissatisfaction became general, the 
 people without bread and without money, 
 besieged in vain the avenues of the bank, and 
 afterwards carrying before the gates of the 
 regent the bodies of three men who had 
 unhappily been trampled to death in the 
 tumultuous crowd, they exclaimed, behold 
 the fruit ef your system. At last the un- 
 fortunate Law, now become odious in the 
 eyes of suffering France, fled in disgrace 
 from a counti'y which he had promised to 
 raise to affluence and prosperity, and after 
 wandering over Germany, Denmark, Hol- 
 land, and England, he settled at Venire, 
 •where he died 1729. He wrote a small 
 treatise on money and paper credit. He 
 was in his person well proportioned, of a 
 dignified and commanding aspect, but in his 
 conduct he was so immoderately attached 
 to play, that he did not hesitate to venture 
 his all on the chance of a die. 
 
 Law, Edmund, a native of Westmore- 
 land, educated at St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was afterwards fellow of 
 Christ's college, and was one of the mem- 
 bers of that society, in thp university, for 
 IPS ' 
 
 a time celebrated under the name of Zo- 
 diac. In 1739 he obtained the living of 
 Graystock, and soon after Salkeld, and in 
 1755 was made head of Peterhouse. In 
 1767 he was presented to a prebendal stall 
 at Durham, and two years after raised to 
 the ?ee of Carlisle, over which he presided 
 with great dignity, and with truly pastoral 
 care. He was author of the Theory of Re- 
 ligion, 8vo. — Archbishop King's Origin of 
 Evil, with notes, 8vo. — a View of the Con- 
 troversy concerning an Intermediate State, 
 12mo. — Sermons, &c. and he died 1787, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Law, William, an able divine, born at 
 King's Cliff, Northamptonshire, 1686. He 
 was educated at Oxford, where he took his 
 degrees, but did not enter into orders, as 
 he had some scruples with respect to the 
 necessary oaths, and thus could not obtain 
 some valuable preferment which was m- 
 tended for him. He wrote a Serious Call 
 to a devout and holy Life — a treatise on 
 Christian Perfection, &c. besides some 
 tracts against Bishop Hoadley, and the 
 works of Jacob Behmen, whose extrava- 
 gant opinions he adopted in the latter part 
 of his life. He died 1761, in Northamp- 
 tonshire, at the house of Mrs. Hesther 
 Gibbon, the aunt of the famous historian, 
 where he had for several years found a 
 hospitable asylum. As a preacher among 
 the dissenters he possessed influence, and 
 his doctrines were powerfully enforced by 
 the meekness and sanctity of his life, and 
 by his inoffensive manners. 
 
 Law, Jonathan, governor of Connecti- 
 cut, was born at Milford in that state, Au- 
 gust 6th, 1674, and was graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1695. He soon after en- 
 tered on the practice of law in his native 
 town, and in 1710 was appointed chief 
 judge of the county court, and in 1715 was 
 transferred to the bench of the supreme 
 court, a^ an associate judge, where he con- 
 tinued with the exception of one year till 
 1725. He was in 1717 an assistant, and 
 in 1725 was chosen licTitenant-governor, 
 and appointed chief justice of the superior 
 court, which offices he continued to hold 
 till his election as governor in 1742. He 
 remained in that station till his death, No- 
 vember 6th, 1750, in his 77th year. A La- 
 tin funeral oration was delivered on the 
 occasion at Vale College, by Mr. Stiles, 
 afterwards president of that institution. 
 Governor Law was distinguished for ta- 
 lents, learning, and amiableness of cha- 
 racter. fCSP' L. 
 
 Law, Richard, LL.D. judge of the dis- 
 trict court of the United States, was the 
 son of the preceding, and born at Milford, 
 March l7th, 1733. He was educated at 
 Yale college, where he was graduated in 
 1 751 . He established himself in the prac- 
 
LAW 
 
 LEA 
 
 tice of law at New-London, Connecticut, 
 and soon rose to the highest eounence in 
 the profession. After a lucrative practice 
 of several years, the decline of his health 
 induced him to accept a seat as chief judge 
 on the bench of the county court, which he 
 continued to occupy till 17S4, when he was 
 appointed a judge of the supreme court, 
 and in 1786 chief judge, in which ottice 
 he continued until the adoption of the 
 federal constitution in 1789, when he 
 received his appointment as United States 
 district judge. He continued in that office 
 till his death, January '26, 1806, in his 73d 
 year. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Lawes, Henry, an English musician, 
 born at Salisbury about 1600. He was in 
 the service of Charles I. and in 1653 pub- 
 lished his " Ayres and Dialogues," in folio, 
 with commendatory verses by the poets, 
 Milton, Philips, Waller, &c. He set to 
 music the Comus of Milton, and performed 
 in it, when it was represented at Ludlow 
 castle, 1634. He was long patronised by 
 the family of the earl of Bridgewater, and 
 was the friend of Milton and other learned 
 men. He died October 21, 1662, and was 
 buried in Westminster abbey. 
 
 Lawes, William, brother to the prece- 
 ding, was also an excellent musician. He 
 was commissary to general Gerard, and 
 was killed at the siege of Chester. Two 
 large MS. volumes of his works are pre- 
 served at Oxford. 
 
 Lawrence, Stringer, an English general 
 in the service of the East India company. 
 He died 1775, aged 78, and his services 
 were honourably acknowledged by the com- 
 pany, who erected to his memory a hand- 
 some monument in Westminster abbey. 
 
 Lawrence, James, captain in the navy 
 of the United States, was born at Burling- 
 ton, New- Jersey, Oct. 1, 1781. His father 
 designed him for the bar, and gave him a re- 
 spectable education, but at the age of seven- 
 teen he entered the navy as a midshipman, 
 under Captain Tingey. He afterwards 
 served as a lieutenant in the Tripoline war, 
 and assisted Decatur in destroying the fri- 
 gate Philadelphia. He spent several years 
 in the Mediterranean, having the command 
 at first of the schooner Enterprise, and af- 
 terwards of a gxm-boat. He then became 
 the first lieutenant of the Constitution, and 
 successively had command of the Vixen, 
 the Wasp, the Ar^s, and the Hornet. In 
 the last vessel, while returning from a cruise 
 on the coast of South America, he fell in 
 with the British brig Peacock, near Dema- 
 rara, on the 24th of February, 1813, and 
 succeeded in capturing her after a battle of 
 fifteen minutes. He was received with 
 great distinction on his return to the United 
 States, and soon appointed to command the 
 frigate Chesapeake, then Iving at Boston. 
 
 He sailed in that vessel on the morning oi' 
 the 1st of June, and at 4 in the afternoon 
 commenced a battle with the Briliuh frigute 
 Shannon, which had been wuitiriK for him, 
 and after a desperate contest of a few min- 
 utes, during which he was mortally wound- 
 ed, his vessel was surreruiered. He died 
 on the 4th day after, and was conveyed to 
 Halifax, and thence to New-York, where 
 he was interred. FCl*' L. 
 
 Lawson, sir John, a native of Hull, who 
 from an obscure origin rose in the navy, 
 and became captain of a ship under the par- 
 liament. Though by principle a republican, 
 he joined Monk in effecting the restora- 
 tion, and for his services was thanked by 
 the houses of parliament. He ser\ed as 
 rear admiral under the duke of York, and 
 in a battle fought against the Dutch on the 
 3d June, 16G5, he was wounded by a mus- 
 ket-shot in the knee, of which he died. 
 
 Latard, Charles Peter, an English di- 
 vine, son of a physician of Greenwich, was 
 educated at Westminster school, and St. 
 John's college, Cambridge. He obtained in 
 1773 and 1775, the Seatonian prize, and 
 was, by the strong recommendation of his 
 friends, appointed minister of C'xendon cha- 
 pel, and librarian to Tenison's librarj-, St. 
 Martin's parish. He was promoted in 
 1800 to the deanery of Bristol, and died 
 1803. He published some single sermons, 
 and since his death a subscription has 
 been raised, by the publication of a vo- 
 lume of his sermons, for the benefit of his 
 family. 
 
 Lazarelli, John Francis, a native of 
 Gabio, author of sonnets, odes, and satiri- 
 cal poems of merit, often printed. He died 
 1694, aged 80. 
 
 Leake, Richard, master gunner of Eng- 
 land, was born at Harwich, 1629. He dis- 
 tinguished himself in various engagements, 
 especially against Van Tronip, 1673, when 
 the Royal Prince, the ship in which he was, 
 after the loss of her masts, and of 400 of 
 her crew killed and wounded, was attacked 
 by a man of war and two fire ships. In this 
 distressing situation the English admiral 
 Rooke, made a signal for the ship to strike 
 her colours, but Leake, animating his com- 
 panions, declared the Royal Prince should 
 never be given up while he lived, and thus 
 boldly seconded by his two sons and an 
 obedient crew, he brought ott' the ship safe 
 to Chatham, though he had the misfortune 
 to see his son Henry fall by his side. In 
 consequence of this braveiT he was made 
 master-guiuier of all England, and store- 
 keeper of Woolwich ordnance. He first 
 contrived to fire of^'a mortar by the blast of 
 a piece, a method still used, and he display- 
 ed great ingenuity in the composition of 
 fire-works. He died 1696. 
 
 Leake, sir John, son of the above, wt»«; 
 
 180 
 
LEA 
 
 LEG 
 
 born at Rotherhithe, Surrey, 1656. He was 
 educated in naval knowledge under his fa- 
 ther, and was with him at the memorable 
 fight of 1673. He was afterwards in the 
 merchants' service, but at last preferred ad- 
 vancement in the navy. He was made mas- 
 ter gunner of the Neptune, 1675, and con- 
 tinued in that situation till 1688, when he 
 was appointed to the Drake fire ship, against 
 the intended invasion from Holland. He 
 afterwards joined the party of the prince of 
 Orange, and was very serviceable in rescu- 
 ing Londondt rry from the power of James 
 II. In 1692 he was one of the heroes of 
 the battle ofl' Cape la Hogue, and till the 
 peace of Rysvvick, in 1697, he continued to 
 distinguish himself as an active and enter- 
 prising officer. In 1 702 he was sent on the 
 Newfoundland station, and he drove the 
 French totally from the place, and thus ac- 
 quired both reputation for the celerity of his 
 measures, and opulence from the value of 
 the prizes which he made. On his return 
 he was made rear admiral of the blue, and 
 soon after knighted, and he then assisted 
 sir George Rooke in the reduction of Gib- 
 raltar, and afterwards relieved that fortress, 
 1705, when besieged by the French by sea, 
 and the Spaniards by land. That same 
 year he again, a second time, relieved the 
 fortress, with the co-operation of the prince 
 of Hesse, and defeated the French fleet, 
 and reduced Barcelona. In 1706, he again 
 appeared before Barcelona, and relieved it 
 so effectually that king Philip abandoned 
 the siege, rendered memorable at the mo- 
 ment by a total eclipse of the sun, which 
 spread consternation among the enemy, 
 whose device was a sun. From Barcelona, 
 sir John proceeded to the reduction of Ali- 
 cant and Ivica, and the island of Majorca, 
 and then i-eturned to England to receive 
 the rewards of the queen and the congra- 
 tulations of the people. On Shovel's death 
 he was made admiral of the white and com- 
 mander of the fleet, in which high office he 
 convoyed the new queen of Spain to her 
 consort Charles, and then reduced Sardi- 
 nia and Minorca to the obedience of the 
 allied monarchs. In 1708 he was elected 
 member for Rochester, and the next year 
 became one of the lords of the admiralty, but 
 refused, on the resignation of lord Orford, 
 to accept the place of first lord. In 1712 
 lie was at the head of the expedition to take 
 Dunkirk, and his various services were ac- 
 knowledged by his being appointed a fifth 
 time admiral of the fleet. The change of 
 ministry at the accession of George I. re- 
 duced him to a private station, and he spent 
 the rest of his life in retirement, between 
 Greenwich and Beddington, in Surrey, 
 where he had two seats. He had an only 
 son, whose ill conduct in the first part of 
 his life, embittered his moments, and whose 
 190 
 
 death in March, 1719, afflicted him so s&. 
 verely that his senses were clouded at in- 
 tervals. This brave man died at his house, 
 Greenwich, 1st Aug. 1720, aged 65, leaving 
 his p operty to his wife's sister's husband, 
 captain Martyn. 
 
 Leake, Stephen Martyn, son of captain 
 Martyn, rose in the herald's college to the 
 office of Garter. His work on English 
 coins, called " Nummi Britannici Historia," 
 8vo. was twice edited, and is valuable. In 
 1750 he published the life of Admiral Sir 
 John Leake, who had bestowed bis estates 
 upon him as being the son of lady Leake's 
 sister. Of this work only 50 copies were 
 printed, and also 50 of the statutes of the 
 order of the garter, 4to. He died at Mile- 
 end, Middlesex, 24th March, 1773, and 
 was buried at Thorp, in Essex. 
 
 Leake, John, founder of the Westmin- 
 ster lying-in-hospital, was a physician of 
 reputation both as to practice and learning. 
 He wrote various tracts on female diseases, 
 midwifery, &c. and died 1792. 
 
 Leapor, Mary, an ingenious woman, 
 obscurely born, and educated as the daugh- 
 ter of a gardener, in the house of judge 
 Blencowe, at Marston, Northamptonshire. 
 In her 24th year she was seized with the 
 measles, and after a short life of unaffected 
 modesty, and practical piety, she fell a vic- 
 tim to the disease, 1735, a few days after 
 her mother. On her death-bed she gave her 
 father some papers, which were published 
 in 2 vols. 8vo. and contained original poems 
 of great merit, especially the Temple of 
 Love, a Dream, and the Unhappy Father, a 
 Tragedy. 
 
 Lebid, an Arabian poet, whose abilities 
 were employed by Mahomet to answer the 
 satirical works written against him. He 
 died at the age of 140, and his poems were 
 so much esteemed that they were affixed on 
 the gates of the temple of Mecca. 
 
 Le Blanc, Marcel, one of the 14 Jesuits 
 whom Lewis XIV. sent to Siam. He was 
 taken by the English as he was going to 
 China, to convert the people to Christiani- 
 ty, and he died in 1693, at Mosambique, at 
 the age of 40. He is author of a valua- 
 ble History of the revolutions of Siam, 2 
 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Leclair, John, a native of Lyons, who 
 excelled as a player on the violin. His com- 
 positions, consisting of sonatas, duets, trios, 
 concertos, Scylla and Glaucus, an opera, 
 &c. are highly and deservedly esteemed. 
 He was assassinated in the night, at Paris, 
 23d Oct. 1764, aged 67. 
 
 Lectius, James, a learned Genevese, 
 four times syndic of his native city. He is 
 known as the editor of " Poetae Grseci Ve- 
 teres," 2 vols, folio. He was also a poet 
 and critic, and died 1611, aged 53. 
 
 Lrdesma, Alphonsus, a Spanish poet, 
 
LEE 
 
 LEt 
 
 who died 1623, aged 71. He received the 
 cpilbet of divine, more from the sacred 
 subjects which exercised his muse, than the 
 sublimity of his compositions. 
 
 Ledyard, John, an enterprising traveller, 
 was a native o( (jroton, in Connecticut. Af- 
 ter studying at Dartmouth college, in New- 
 Hampshire, he came to London, and em- 
 barked as a marine with Captain Cooke on 
 his second voyage. At his return he re- 
 solved to explore the Arctic circle on foot ; 
 and, afier enduring many dithculties, ar- 
 rived at Petersburg in 1787. From thence 
 he travelled through Siberia, and proceed- 
 ed to Oczakow ; but at Yakutz he was ar- 
 rested by order of the government, and 
 conveyed to the Polish frontiers, where he 
 was told that if he returned to Russia he 
 should be hanged. He now made the best 
 of his way to England, and was employed 
 by the African association upon a journey 
 to trace the source of the Niger. In this 
 enterprise he died at Cairo, in August, 
 1788. 
 
 Lee, Samuel, a native of London, edu- 
 cated at Wadham college, Oxford, where 
 he took his master's degree. He was, in 
 1662 ejected from his living of Bishopsgate, 
 London, for nonconformity, and in 1686 
 embarked for North America. The report 
 of the revolution roused him with a wish 
 to return to England, but in his passage, he 
 was taken by a French ship, and died in 
 prison, aged 64. He wrote a Description 
 of Solomon's Temple, fol. — Discourse on 
 the Ten Tribes — Israel Redux — the Life of 
 John Rowe, &c. 
 
 Lee, Nathaniel, an English dramatist, 
 son of a clergyman. He was educated at 
 Westminster school, under Busby, and went 
 to Trinity college, Cambridge, where he 
 took his degree of B.A. 1668, but failed in 
 his application for a fellowship. Upon 
 quitting the university he came to London, 
 and in 1672 exhibited himself as Duncan, 
 in the tragedy of Macbeth, but without 
 success, and therefore he had rfecourse to 
 his pen for support. His first tragedy was 
 " Nero, emperor of Rome," in 1675, and it 
 was received with such approbation that he 
 every year, till 1681, produced a tragedy. 
 His indigence at last, and the wild enthusi- 
 astic turn of his imagination, deprived him 
 of his reason, in 1684, and for four years 
 he was confined in Bedlam. Afterwards 
 his senses recovered, so that he wrote two 
 plays, the princess of Cleves, 1689, and 
 the Massacre of Paris, 1690. His only in- 
 come was now only ten shillings a week 
 from the theatre, as a pitiful reward for his 
 services, but his reason was at times cloud- 
 ed, and he was found dead one night in the 
 street, after a drunken frolic, 1690. He 
 "wa- buried in the churchyard of St. Clf» 
 ments Dane?, in the Strand. His plays are 
 
 eleven in number, and though the language 
 is frequently bombastic, yet they possess 
 strength, fire, and pathos ; and he was, as 
 Addison has obsj;rved, the fir«t of modern 
 tragedians, if he had known how to check 
 the impetuosity of bis genius. His Rival 
 Queens, and Theodosms, are still favour- 
 ites on the stage. 
 
 Lee, Thomas, succeeded president Ro- 
 binson ill the administration of the (govern- 
 ment of V irginia, in 1749. His influence 
 and connexions in England rendered it 
 probable that he would ha\e been appointed 
 governor had his life continued, but be died 
 suddenly in 1750, when Lewis Burwell suc- 
 ceeded him as president of the council. 
 
 IC3^ L. 
 Lee, Charles, major-general in the Ame- 
 rican army, was a native of Wales. He 
 received a classical education, and gained 
 by travelling on the continent, a knowledge 
 of the principal modern languages. He en- 
 tered the army at an early age, and served 
 under general Abercrombie in America, in 
 the campaign of 1758, and four years after 
 under general Burgoyne, in Portugal, 
 when he held a colonelcy. He afterwards 
 spent some time in the Polish service, but 
 in 1773 came to America, and oettled in 
 Virginia. On the commencement of the 
 war of the revolution in 1775, he was ap- 
 pointed major-general, and repaired with 
 general Washington to the army at Cam- 
 bridge. He remained there till the follow- 
 ing year, when he was despatched to New- 
 York to defend it against the British, and 
 discharged the duty with great proniptness 
 and energy. Not long after he was ap- 
 pointed to command the forces in the 
 southern states, and rendered the most 
 important services by exciting the soldiery 
 to resolution and ardour. In October, 
 1776, he rejoined the army under Washing- 
 ton, and was soon after captured by the 
 British, while reconnoitring; and remained 
 in their hands, suffering the most severe 
 treatment, till the spring of 1778, when he 
 was released and returned to his command. 
 Soon after he was intrusted with a division 
 of the army at the battle of Monmouth, 
 and for disobedience of orders, and disre- 
 spect to the commander-in-chief on that oc- 
 casion, %vas suspended from his command, 
 and retired to private life. He lived on 
 his farm in Virginia till 17S2, when he re- 
 moved to Philadel|>liia, and soon after 
 died, apparently of chagrin at his loss ofre- 
 putation. He was clownish in his dress, 
 and rude in his manners, impious in his 
 principles, and profligate in his habits. 
 Irascible, addicted to sarcasm, vindiitive, 
 and ambitious, he often incurred the dislike 
 of those around him, and seems never to 
 have enjoyed much respect except in his 
 ofticial character in the armv, where he oh-» 
 
 191 
 
LEE 
 
 LEE 
 
 tained the reputation of talents, activity, 
 and courage. rdP L. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry, president of the 
 American congress, was a native of Virgi- 
 nia, and devoted his eminent talents to the 
 service of his country. He had the honour 
 of being one of the first in exciting resist- 
 ance to the encroachments of the British 
 on the rights of the colonies by the stamp 
 act, in 1765, and, in 1773, procured, in the 
 house of Burgesses of Virginia, the appoint- 
 ment of a committee of correspondence for 
 the purpose of disseminating and obtaining 
 information, and exciting the colonies to 
 the defence of their liberties. He was a 
 member of the congress in 1774, and 1776, 
 and was the first who proposed to that body 
 the declaration of independence. He was 
 again elected a member of congress in 
 1784, and appointed its president, and on 
 the organization of the present government 
 in 1789, was chosen a senator, and held the 
 appointment till 1792, when he resigned, 
 and two years after died in the sixty-ihird 
 year of his age. Mr. Lee was one of 
 the most distinguished of those statesmen 
 by whom the independence of his country 
 was accomplished. His endowments were 
 of a superior order, and he cultivated them 
 by an intimate acquaintance with the clas- 
 sics, with philosophy, and politics. He pos- 
 sessed a chaste and lofty eloquence, which 
 gave him great influence in the councils of 
 the nation, was ardent in his patriotism, 
 and inflexible in his integrity. ICF' L. 
 
 Lee, Arthur, LL.D. minister of the Uni- 
 ted States to France, was a native of Vir- 
 ginia, and brother of Richard Henry Lee. 
 He received his education at the university 
 of Edinburgh, where he also studied medi- 
 cine. He returned to Virginia and prac- 
 tised physic at Williamsburgh several years, 
 but then went again to England, and enter- 
 ed on the study of law in the Temple. 
 \Vhile residing there he rendered important 
 services to his country, by transmitting the 
 earliest intelligence of the designs of the 
 ministry respecting it. He visited Virginia 
 again about the year 1769, and published 
 the Monitor's letters in defence of the 
 rights of the colonies. But he again re- 
 turned to London where he was employed 
 as the agent of Virginia, and in 1775 pre- 
 sented the second petition of Congress to 
 the king. In 1776 he was appointed minis- 
 ter to France in conjunction with Doctor 
 Franklin and Mr. Deane, and assisted in 
 negotiating the treaty with that nation. In 
 1779 he was recalled in consequence of 
 false accusations which Mr. Deane had cir- 
 culated respecting his conduct, and which, 
 on his arrival in America the following 
 year, he immediately repelled, and regain- 
 ed the public confidence. In 1784 he was 
 employed to negotiate a treaty with the six 
 IP? 
 
 Indian nations. In February, 1790, he was 
 admitted a counsellor of the Supreme Court 
 of the United States. He died Dec. 14th, 
 1792. He possessed a vigorous understand- 
 ing, was ardent in his passions, plain in his 
 manners, and eminently patriotic and up- 
 right, ic^^ L. 
 
 Lee, Francis Lightfoot, one of the sign- 
 ers of the declaration of American inde- 
 pendence, was a member of the committee 
 of safety of V irginia, in 1775, and the same 
 year elected a delegate to Congress in the 
 place of Mr. Bland. He had been a mem- 
 ber of the house of Burgesses in 1768, and 
 one of the committee for preparing the me- 
 morial and remonstrance to parliament re- 
 specting taxation. He was a brother of 
 Arthur Lee, and died at Richmond, April, 
 1797, aged 63. ICJ=' L. 
 
 Lee, Thomas Sim, governor of Mary- 
 land, succeeded Johnson in 1779, and con- 
 tinued in office until 1783, when he took 
 his seat in Congress as one of the deleg-ates 
 of that state. He was afterwards member 
 of the convention which framed the consti- 
 tution of the United States, and was a se- 
 cond time governor of Marjiand in 1792. 
 He early withdrew from public life to in- 
 dulge his taste for agricultural pursuits, and 
 died at Needwood. in Frederick county, 
 November 9th, 1819, aged 75. |CJ=^ L. 
 
 Lee, Charles, attorney-general of the 
 United States, was appointed to succeed 
 Mr. Bradford in 1795. He was an emi- 
 nent lawyer, a member of the legislature of 
 Virginia, and was appointed by President 
 Jefierson, chief-justice of the circuit court 
 of the United States for the fourth circuit, 
 but declined accepting the office. He died 
 in Farquhar county, Virginia, June, 1815. 
 
 IICP L. 
 
 Lee, Ezra, an officer in the army of the 
 American revolution, who, for his intrepi- 
 dity, was selected to navigate the marine 
 Turtle constructed in the harbour of New- 
 York for the purpose of destroying the Bri« 
 tish ship Asia. He was prevented from at- 
 taching the instrument to the ship by her 
 copper — but by exploding it in the vicinity, 
 alarmed the enemy so that they immediate- 
 ly removed the fleet to the Hook. He 
 fought in several of the most important bat- 
 tles of the war, and enjoyed, in a high de- 
 gree, the respect of his superior officers. In 
 private life he was distinguished for amia- 
 bleness, integrity, and benevolence. His 
 death took place at Lyme, Connecticut, in 
 1821, in his 73d year. fCP L. 
 
 Leechman, William, D.D. principal of 
 Glasgow university, was author of 2 vols, 
 of Sermons, and an Essay on Prayer, 
 which possess great merit. He died 1785, 
 aged 78. 
 
 Lbepe, John Anthony Vander, a painter 
 of Bruges. His landscapes, painted after 
 
LEG 
 
 Liri 
 
 nature, bis sea view«, &c. were greatly ad- 
 mired. He died 1720, aged 56. 
 
 Lkkse, Anna, founder of the sect of Sha- 
 kers, was horn in Kngiand, of low parentage, 
 and procured subsistence at the expense of 
 her cliaracter. She first made her extra- 
 ordinary pretensions iu 1770, and collected 
 a few followers, but her meetings were 
 suppressed as disorderly. She came to 
 New- York in 1774, and two years after 
 settled with eleven proselytes near Albany. 
 She gave out that she was the woman 
 clothed with the sun, mentioned in Revela- 
 tion, the dispenser of the divine influences, 
 the judge of the dead, and that she was 
 not herself liable to death, and instituted a 
 worship made up chiefly of grimace, mutter- 
 ing, and dancing. She received a conside- 
 rable accession to her followers in 17S0, 
 and died in 1784. iCj^ L. 
 
 Leete, William, governor of Connecti- 
 cut, was a native of England, where he stu- 
 died law, and served some time as a clerk 
 in the bishop's court, but gave up the place 
 from aversion to the tyranny he saw prac- 
 tised there. He came to New-England in 
 1638, in company with governor Eaton, 
 and settled at Guilford, Connecticut. He 
 was soon chosen a magistrate, and in 1658 
 deputy governor of the colony of New-Ha- 
 ven. Three years after he was elected go- 
 vernor. He rendered himself obnoxious 
 to the British by furnishing the regicides, 
 Whalley and Goflfe, an asylum from the 
 king's officers who were sent to arrest 
 them. On the union of the two colonies 
 of Connecticut, he was at first appointed a 
 magistrate, and from 1669 to 1676, deputy 
 governor. He was then placed in the chair 
 of the chief magistrate. He died in 1683. 
 He was rigidly puritanical in his religion, 
 and a stern republican in his politics. His 
 administration was characterized by great 
 uprightness and prudence. tCJ^ L. 
 
 Leeuro, Gabriel Van der, a native of 
 Dordt, who excelled in the painting of ani- 
 mals, of herds of oxen, sheep, &c. He 
 died 1688, aged 45. His brother Peter 
 was also eminent in the same line of the 
 profession. 
 
 Legge, George, lord Dartmouth, an 
 able naval officer, brought up under admi- 
 ral Spragge. He displayed such gallantry, 
 that at the age of 21 he was made, in 1667, 
 by Charles 11. captain of a ship. In 1672 
 he distinguished himself in a battle against 
 the Dutch, and the next year was appoint- 
 ed governor of Portsmouth, master of the 
 horse, and gentleman to the duke of York. 
 In 1682 he was raised to the peerage, and 
 the next year was sent to Africa, as gover- 
 nor of Tangier, with orders to destroy the 
 works of that fortress, and bring ofl' the 
 English garrison, whose situation had been 
 rendered perilous by the frequent attacks of 
 the Moors. He successfully effected this. 
 
 Vol. II.. ' 25 
 
 and was rewarded by the kin:; witli tcji 
 thousand pounds. On James'a acccsHion, 
 he was muster of the horse, general of the 
 ordnance, and constable of th«; tower, and 
 when the prince of Orange meditated the 
 invasion of the country, h»; sailed a;;ainit 
 him as admiral of the tlect, but the failure 
 of the wind prevented the mei ting of the 
 two squadrons. As he was strongly at- 
 tached to James, he became suspected at 
 the revolution, and was, in consequence, 
 sent a prisoner to the tower, where he died, 
 25th Oct. 1691, aged 44. 
 
 Leguano, Stefano Maria, a historical 
 painter, the pupil of Cignani, and Carlo 
 Maratti. His pieces are masterly, and in 
 the judicious diflusion of light and shade, 
 and in the display of a correct taste, and 
 strong genius, he is particularly eminent. 
 He was born near Bologna, and died 1715, 
 aged 55. 
 
 Leibnitz, William Godfrey, baron of, 
 a celebrated philosopher, born 23d June, 
 1646, at Leipsic, where his father was pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy, and secretary 
 to the university. Though he lost his fa- 
 ther at the early age of six, his education 
 was not neglected, but the strong powers 
 of his mind Avere assiduously cultivated at 
 his native university, where at the age of 
 20, he took his degree of master of arts. 
 Not only here, and at Jena, his studies 
 were directed to the acquisition of what- 
 ever could be reaped in mathematics and 
 literature, from learned professors, but the 
 contents of his father's valuable library 
 were perused with avidity and success. 
 The law was the profession to which he 
 particularly directed his attention, but 
 when he was refused the degree of doctor 
 in that faculty, at Leipsic, because he spoke 
 with disrespect of the principles of Aristotle, 
 he repaired to Altorf, where his Thesis de 
 Casibus Perplexis, ensured him not only 
 the academical honours he solicited, but 
 the applauses of the learned students, and 
 the liberal offer of a professor's chair. De- 
 clining this honourable offer, he went to 
 Nuremberg, where he became acquainted 
 with the minister of the elector of Mentz, 
 who prevailed upon him to enter into tho 
 service of his master. Leibnitz accepted 
 the offer with joy, and to prove his attach- 
 ment, to his new sovereign, he wrote a trea- 
 tise to recommend the elevation of the elec- 
 tor to the vacant throne of Poland. He 
 afterwards went to Paris in 1672, on the af- 
 fairs of his friend, the prime minister, and 
 in this journey, he not only formed a con- 
 nexion with the most learned men of 
 France, but he applied himself more pai'ti- 
 cularly to mathematical knowledge. la 
 1673 he visited London, and there received 
 from John Collins, the secr«-tary of the 
 Royal Society, some hints about the inven- 
 tion of fluxionsjby Newtoiv, to which he af- 
 
 193 
 
LEI 
 
 LEI 
 
 (o'wartls laid claim, but on \evy slight and 
 doubtful grounds. The death of his patrons, 
 the elector and his minister,left him in nar- 
 row circumstances, but he found in the duke 
 of Brunswick Lunenburg, anew friend, who 
 not only favoured his views in his literary- 
 pursuits, but settled a pension on him, 
 with the appointment of counsellor. The 
 next duke, afterwards George I. proved an 
 equally favourable patron, and prevailed 
 upon him to write the History of the House 
 of Brunswick. In 1700 he was elected 
 member of the academy of sciences at Pa- 
 ris, and on the erection of the Berlin aca- 
 demy that year, he was liberally nominated 
 by the king of Prussia, perpetual president, 
 and though not resident there, he largely 
 contributed by his papers to enrich the 
 memoirs of that learned body. He about 
 this time devoted much of his attention to 
 invent " a universal language," which might 
 become the common language of the whole 
 "world. The plan had once been underta- 
 ken by D'AIgarmc, and by Dr. Wilkins, but 
 not on so broad a foundation. Leibnitz 
 proposed characters, which, like those in 
 algebra, might not only be simple, but ex- 
 pressive, and enable men of all nations to 
 converse familiarly together, but though 
 above 13 years were employed in this ex- 
 traordinary design, the death of the philo- 
 sopher prevented its final completion. In 
 1711 Leibnitz was made Aulic counsellor 
 to the emperor, and privy counsellor to the 
 Prussian court, with a salary ; but the mul- 
 tiplicity of his engagements prevented him 
 from finishing his History of Hanover. 
 He was employed by Caroline, afterwards 
 queen of England, to undertake a contro- 
 versy against Dr. Clarke, on the subject of 
 free-will, the reality of space, and other phi- 
 losophical subjects. He proposed the erec- 
 tion of a learned academy at Vienna, under 
 the patronage of the emperor, but death 
 prevented the completion of his plans. He 
 died 14th Nov. 1716, of those complicated 
 disorders, the gout and the stone, aged 70. 
 In his temper, Leibnitz was passionate, he 
 possessed great strength of mind, a most re- 
 tentive memory, and strong eagerness after 
 knowledge. He was in his character, avari- 
 cious, and at his death, such a quantity of 
 money was found in his house, hoarded in 
 sacks, that the wife of his nephew, who inhe- 
 rited his property, died with excessive joy at 
 the sight of so unexpected a sum. He had in 
 his life the singular felicity of being es- 
 teemed as the greatest and most learned 
 man in Europe, and he did not belie the 
 public opinion. He was in his principles 
 a strict Lutheran. He was never married, 
 though it was said he left a natural son. 
 His works are Scriptores Rerum Brunsw. 
 3 vols. fol. — De Jure Suprematus et Lega- 
 tionis Principum German, under the ficti- 
 Hous name ofFurstener — Codex Gentium 
 lft4 
 
 Diplomaticus, 2 vols. fol. — Miscellanea 
 Berolinens. — Notitia OpticaePromotae — De 
 Arte Combinatoria — Essays of Theodicia, 
 on the Goodness of God and Liberty of 
 Man, 2 vols. 12mo. — Metaphysical Tracts 
 — Questions of Philosophy and Mathema- 
 tics — Theoria Motus Abstracti et Motus 
 Concreti Accessiones Historicae, 2 vols. 
 4to. — De Origine Francorum Disquisitio 
 — Poems, Latin, French, &,c. — Collecta- 
 nea, kc. — Recueil, &.c. — His mathematical 
 works have been published by Dutens, 6 
 vols. 4to. 1767. 
 
 Leigh, Sir Edward, a learned English- 
 man, born at Shawell, Leicestershire, and 
 educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford. He 
 was member of the long parliament, and 
 of the assembly of divines, and also a 
 parliamentary general. He was impri- 
 soned in 164S, as being a violent presby- 
 terian, and afterwards employed himself to- 
 tally in literai-y pursuits. He died at his 
 house called Rushall hall, Staffordshire, 
 June 2d, 1671. He wrote Critica Sacra — 
 Annotations on the New Testament — Ob- 
 servations on the 12 Caesars — Treatises of 
 Religion, &.c. — a Body of Divinity, &c. 
 
 Leigh, Charles, an able naturalist, bom 
 at Grange, Lancashire. He practised phy- 
 sic, and was fellow of the Royal Society, 
 and author of '' the Natural Histoiy of 
 Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, — Histo- 
 ry of Virginia — Treatises on Mineral Wa- 
 ters, &c." He died in the beginning of the 
 18th century. 
 
 Leighton, Alexander, a native of Edin- 
 burgh, educated at the university there, 
 where he became professor of moral philo- 
 sophy. In 1613 he came to London, and 
 by his two books called " Zion's Plea," and 
 the "Looking Glass of the Holy War," 
 against the government, he drew upon him- 
 self the notice of the star chamber, who or- 
 dered him to have his nose slit, and his ears 
 cut, and to be whipped from Newgate to 
 Aldgate, and then to Tyburn. This dread- 
 ful sentence was executed with barbarity, 
 but after eleven years of confinement, he 
 was set at liberty by the parliament, 1640, 
 and made keeper of Lambeth palace, now a 
 state prison. He died insane, 1644, aged 57. 
 
 Leighton, Robert, a Scotch divine, born 
 at Edinburgh, son of the preceding. He 
 was minister of a small church near Edin- 
 burgh, and conducted himself with such 
 moderation, as offended the violent parti- 
 sans of his times. His amiable character, 
 however, was seen and admired by the ma- 
 gistrates of Edinburgh, who unanimously 
 appointed him to preside over their college, 
 %vhere for ten years he displayed all the 
 abilities of a learned and popular preceptor. 
 He was afterwards made bishop of Dum- 
 blane by Charles I. but finding his modera- 
 tion and humility unable to stem the tor- 
 rent of persecuting presbyterianism.he came 
 
LEL 
 
 LLL 
 
 to London, to resign hn holy ofiice. In- 
 stead, however, of Jieceptincj his abdication, 
 Cliarles prevailed upon him to beconio arcli- 
 bisliop of lilasgow, at a time when lie hoped 
 that exemplary piety, and the most unaf- 
 fected manners, might recommend the 
 measures of the court. But the virulence 
 of party was so deeply rooted, that Leigh- 
 ton, about a year after, resigned the dan- 
 gerous dignity which he could not support 
 with comfort to himself, or advantage to his 
 sovereign. He retired to Sussex, and by a 
 sudden death, closed a life of literary labours 
 and of genuine goodness in 16S4. He wrote 
 a Commentary on St. Peter's Epistles, 
 besides sermons and divinity tracts. 
 
 Leisman, John Anthony, a German 
 painter, two of whose pieces are particu- 
 larly admired ; a landscape, with rough 
 mountains and shady woods, with robbers 
 darting unexpectedly to attack some travel- 
 lers — and a sea-port with elegant buildings 
 and antiquities, ruins, &c. He died 1698, 
 aged 94. 
 
 Leisler, Jacob, who headed the insur- 
 rection in New- York in 1689, had pre- 
 viously enjoyed some influence among the 
 people, but was totally unqualified for such 
 an enterprise. After he had dispersed the 
 party in the city of New- York favourable to 
 king James, and assumed the administra- 
 tion, he proceeded to Albany, took the fort, 
 and confiscated the property of those who 
 opposed his authority. On the arrival of 
 Sloughter with the commission of governor 
 in 1691, he for some time refused to surren- 
 der the fort at New- York to him, but 
 at length abandoned it, and was soon 
 after seized and condemned for treason. 
 Sloughter disapproved of the sentence, but 
 in a moment of intoxication into which he 
 was betrayed for the purpose, was induced 
 to sign the death warrant, and it was imme- 
 diately executed. ICF^ L. 
 
 Leland, John, the first and last anti- 
 quary royal of England, so called by Henry 
 VIII. and deservedly named the father of 
 antiquaries, was born in Leland, and edu- 
 cated at St. Paul's under Lilly. By the 
 friendship of Thomas Myles, he, on the 
 death of his parents, was maintained at 
 Christ college, Cambridge, from which he 
 removed to All-Soul's, Oxford. He im- 
 proved himself afterwards by studying at 
 Paris, and became, in ancient and modern 
 languages, and in literature, the most ac- 
 complished writer of the age. His zeal 
 for antiquarian research was happily patro- 
 nised by the king, and he was empowered 
 in 1533, by his master, to peruse the re- 
 cords of all libraries, and collections private 
 and public, in the kingdom, for the eluci- 
 dation of English history. Six years were 
 thus laboriously employed in travelling 
 through England and Wales, and that his 
 income might be adequate to the expense? 
 
 of his journey, he was liberally presented 
 by the king to the living of Popeling, near 
 Calais, and afterwjirds made, in 1542, rector 
 of llascly, Oxfordshire, (-anon of Christ 
 church, and prebendary of Sarum. In 1545 
 he had disgested four li()()k>, a-< the begin* 
 ning uf his labours, which he presented to 
 the king, under the title of u New Year's 
 Gift. To complete his further works 
 he retired to his house in the parish of St. 
 Michael le Querne, London ; but such is 
 the uncertainty and misery of human hopes, 
 after six years' study he was suddenly de- 
 prived of his reason, probably in conse- 
 quence of his intense application ; and so 
 violent was the phrenzy, that he never re- 
 covered. He died two years after, 18th 
 April, 1552, and was interred in St. Michael 
 le Querne's church, at the west end of 
 Cheapside, which disappeared at the great 
 conflagration of 1666. As to his character, 
 England, says one of his contemporaries, 
 never saw, and perhaps never will see agaui 
 a man equally skilled in the antiquities of 
 his country. His Itinerary, and Collecta- 
 nea, were published by Hearne, and so ex- 
 tensive are his resources, that he is, as it 
 were, the common spring from which his 
 successors and imitators, the Bayles, the 
 Camdens, the Burtons, the Dugdales, the 
 Gibsons, and others, have copiously drawn. 
 
 Leland, John, a native of Wigan, in 
 Lancashire. At the age of six he was de- 
 prived of the powers of his understanding 
 and memory by the small-pox, and for 
 twelve months continued in that deplorable 
 situation. His recollection afterwards gra- 
 dually recovered, and when his parents re- 
 moved to Dublin, he there applied himself 
 with unusual diligence and success to lite- 
 rary pursuits. In 1716 he became assistant 
 to Mr. Nathanael Weld, over a dissenting 
 congregation ; but he acquired greater po- 
 pularity as a writer than as a preacher, res- 
 pectable as he was. His view of the deis- 
 tical writers that have appeared in England, 
 2 vols. 8vo. — and his Advantage and Neces- 
 sity of the Christian Revelation, 2 vols. 4to. 
 are the works of an able divine, by the most 
 solid and convinch)g arguments, employing 
 all his powers to refute atheism and infide- 
 lity. He wrote besides, a Defence of the 
 Christian Religion against Tindal, 8vo. — a 
 volume of Family Devotions,- l-2mo. and 
 died 16th Jan. 1766, universally respected. 
 His funeral sermon was preached by Natha- 
 nael Weld, his coadjutor. 
 
 Leland, Thomas, D.D. a native of Dub- 
 lin, senior fellow of Trinity college there, 
 died 17S5, aged S3. He was a man of 
 learning, and strong powers of mind, and 
 wrote, a History of Ireland, 4to. — the Life 
 of Philip of Macedon — Principles of Hu- 
 man eloquence, attacked by \\ arburton — 
 translation of Demosthenes' Orations, &c. 
 
 Le Long. James, author of the "Histo« 
 
 195 
 
LEM 
 
 tEN 
 
 rical Libiaiv ot France," a curious work, 
 ivas of the Oratory, aud died at his native 
 place, Paris, 1721, aged 6G. 
 
 Lely, Sir Peter, an eminent painter, 
 born in Westphalia, Germany, 1617. He 
 studied his art at the Hague, and under de 
 Crebber ; and in 1641 came to England, 
 where his landscapes and historical compo- 
 sitions recommended him to notice. He, 
 however, soon discovered that portrait 
 painting was a more lucrative employment, 
 and therefore all his powers were directed 
 to that branch of the art in which he ac- 
 quired such celebrity. Though unable to 
 travel to Italy, he procured the best pieces 
 of that famous school, and uniting all their 
 beauties to the suggestions of his own 
 genius, he became a pattern of excellence 
 to all other artists. In the graceful air of 
 his heads, the variety and interest of his 
 postures, and the easy management of his 
 draperies, he was said to be inimitable. He 
 was deservedly a favourite with Charles I. 
 and with Charles II. who knighted him, and 
 made him his chief painter. He married an 
 English lady, and died of an apoplexy, at 
 London, 1680, and was buried in St. Paul's 
 church, Covent-garden. 
 
 Lemens, Balthasar Van, a native of Ant- 
 werp, eminent as a historical painter. His 
 figures were very graceful, and evinced the 
 man of genius and of taste. He settled in 
 London, and died there 1704, aged 67. 
 
 Lemert, Nicolas, a French chymist, 
 born 17th Nov. 1645, at Rouen, and placed 
 there as apprentice to an apothecary. 
 Anxious to study chymistry, he left Rouen, 
 and came to Paris, and soon after went to 
 Montpellier, where he soon acquired repu- 
 tation under the instruction of Vernant, 
 and became an able and interesting lecturer 
 on chymistry. In 1672 he returned to Paris, 
 and there began to dissipate those clouds of 
 ignorance and prejudice which enveloped 
 the science and language of chymistry : he 
 provided himself a laboratory, and saw his 
 lectures attended by numerous and respect- 
 able classes. As he was a protestant, his 
 religion exposed him to persecution : there- 
 fore, after refusing to accept the invitations 
 of the court of Berlin, he passed over to 
 England in 1683, where Charles II. receiv- 
 ed him with great condescension. He, 
 however, soon after returned to France, and 
 yielding to the pressure of the times, he 
 became a Roman catholic, that he might 
 pursue his chymical studies without fear of 
 persecution. On the revival of the academy 
 of sciences 1699, he was made associate 
 ehymist, and became a pensionary. He 
 died of an apoplexy, 19th June, 1715, a^cd 
 70. His works are, a Course of Chymistry, 
 often edited — an Universal Pharmacopujia 
 — a Universal treatise of Drugs — a treatise 
 of Antimony. 
 
 Lemeut, Lewi"?, son of the above, was 
 196 
 
 born at Paris, 1677, and became physiciste 
 to the king, and member of the academy of 
 sciences. He wrote a useful treatise on 
 Food, 2 vols. — another on the Worms of 
 the Human Body — besides several papers in 
 the memoirs of the academy, and died 1743. 
 
 Lemnius, Laevinius, a physician, born at 
 Ziric-zee, Zealand, 1504. On the death of 
 his wife, he took orders, and became canon 
 of Ziric-zee, where he died 1568. He 
 wrote, de occultis Naturae Miracu^lis — a 
 treatise on Astrology — an Account of the 
 Plants mentioned in Scripture, 
 
 Lemoine, Francis, a French painter, 
 born at Paris. Though without genius, he, 
 by astonishing application, became an emi* 
 nent painter. This unfortunate man de- 
 stroyed himself in a fit of melancholy, 4th 
 June, 1737, aged 49. His chief works are^ 
 the Nativity at St. Roche — the Flight into 
 Egypt — a Transfiguration — the Conversion 
 of St. Paul — the Apotheosis of Hercules, 
 at Versailles, the saloon of which he took 
 four years in painting. 
 
 Lemon, George William, author of an 
 Etymological English Dictionary, 4to. 
 1789, a work of merit, was a clergyman, 
 and died 1797, aged 71. 
 
 Le Monnier, Peter Charles, a native of 
 Paris, who went with Maupertuis to mea- 
 sure a degree of the meridian towards the 
 north pole. He wrote. Astronomical In- 
 stitutions — Tables of the Sun — Corrections 
 for those of the Moon — Lunar Nautical 
 Astronomy, &c. He was member of the 
 academy of sciences, and afterwards of the 
 national institute, and died 1799. 
 
 Le Monnier, Lewis William, brother 
 to the preceding, was ntember of the aca- 
 demy of sciences, of the national institute, 
 and of the London Royal Society. He 
 distinguished himself as an able physician, 
 and as an experimental philosopher, and he 
 contributed several valuable articles to the 
 French Encyclopedic, especially on electri- 
 city, &c. He died 1799. — There was an 
 ecclesiastic of that name, who, besides 
 fables, tales, and epistles, translated Te- 
 rence and Persius into French. 
 
 Lenclos, Ninon de, a celebrated beauty, 
 born 1615, at Paris, of a respectable family. 
 Her mother wished to devote her to the 
 seclusion of a convent, but her father, who 
 was a man of wit and gallantry, prevented 
 it ; and the daughter, losing both her pa- 
 rents at the age of 15, soon showed how 
 attached she was to the pleasures of the 
 world. Courted for her polished under- 
 standing, and the vivacity of her wit, but 
 more for her beauty, she rejected the ho- 
 nourable offers of matrimony ; and as she 
 possessed opulence, managed by economy, 
 she determined to enjoy her liberty, and 
 therefore yielded her person to those, who 
 for greatness of talents, of birth, or of 
 rank, wore most pleasing to her licentious 
 
LiiN 
 
 LLK) 
 
 imagination. Vet in these voluptuous en- 
 joyments, she aftected to preserve the man- 
 ners of a woman of virtue, and so capti- 
 vating was her conversation, and dignified 
 her personal deportment, that ladies of clia- 
 racter and respectability became her friends 
 and constant asi^ociates. Sensible of the 
 charms of virtue, and well skilled in the 
 works of Montaigne and Charron, she talk- 
 ed as a philosopher ; but while she reasoned 
 like Socrates, she unfortunately acted the 
 part of Lais. Thus long flattered by the 
 gay, the learned, and the opulent, she pre- 
 served her beauty almost to the last, and 
 died 1706, aged 90. She left some children 
 behind her. One of her sons, ignorant of 
 her relationship to him, became enamoured 
 of her ; and when she, to check his passion, 
 declared herself, by infallible proofs, to be 
 his mother, the unfortunate youth, in de- 
 spair, stabbed himself in her presence. 
 Some of her letters are preserved in the 
 ■works of St. Evremond, but the letters to 
 the marquis de Sevigne, published as her 
 own, though entertaining, are spurious. 
 
 Lenfant, James, a protestant divine, 
 born 1661. He distinguished himself at 
 Saumur and Geneva, and became minister 
 of the French church at Heidelberg, 16S3 ; 
 but when the palatinate was invaded by the 
 French, he retired to Berlin, where he died 
 of a palsy 1728, aged 67. This respectable 
 man was author of three capital works, the 
 History of the Council of Constance ; of 
 Basil ; of Pisa, each 2 vols. 4to. He wrote 
 besides, the History of pope Joan ; Pogge- 
 ana ; sermons ; the New Testament trans- 
 lated into Latin with Beausobre. 
 
 Lenglet, Nicolas du Fresnoy, a French 
 writer, born at Beauvais, 1674. He was 
 engaged in embassies, first as secretary to 
 the French minister at the court of Cologne, 
 and was afterwards engaged in the corres- 
 pondence between Brussels and Holland. 
 After reaching his 82d year, he fell asleep 
 while reading by the fire, and then dropped 
 into it, so that his head was nearlj burnt off 
 before he was discovered, 1756. His " Me- 
 thode pour etudier I'Histoire," has been ad- 
 mired and translated into English. He 
 was a voluminous but incorrect writer. 
 
 Lennard, Sampson, a friend of Sir Phi- 
 lip Sidney, with whom he distinguished 
 himself at the battle of Zutphen. He died 
 about 1 630, eminent as a translator of some 
 works from the Latin and the French, and 
 as well skilled in heraldry. 
 
 Lennox, Charlotte, a native of New- 
 York, known as the learned author of 
 Shakspeare illustrated, 3 vols. l2mo. con- 
 taining an account of the histories from 
 which the great bard is supposed to have 
 drawn his plays ; the Female Quixotte, a 
 novel of merit ; Memoirs of Harriet Stu- 
 art ; and of countess Berci ; Henrietta, a 
 novel ; Philander, a dramatic pa?toml ; 
 
 Sophia ; Euphemia, novels ; Sister ; Old 
 City Manners, two comedies ; tran-^lations 
 o( Burmoy's Lireek Theatre ; and of Sully's 
 Memoirs, &.c. She was intimate uith 
 Johnson, Richardson, and other men of 
 learning and wit, and died in low circum- 
 stances, 18U4. 
 
 Lens, Bernard, a miniature painter, and 
 good copyist of the workn of others. He 
 was painter and enameller to tJeorge II. 
 and died 1741. He published some views, 
 and drawing books much admirctl. 
 
 Lentual, William, speaker of the long 
 parliament, was born at Henley on Thames, 
 Oxfordshire, 1591, and educated at Alban 
 hall, Oxford. He afterwards removed to 
 Lincoln's inn, and was regularly called to 
 the bar, where he became known as an able 
 counsellor. He was elected in 1639 mem- 
 ber for Woodstock, and the next year, when 
 the government were not popular enough 
 to elect Gardiner, the recorder of London, 
 speaker of the Commons, Lenthal, whom 
 Clarendon represents as scarce equal to the 
 high office, was seated in the chair. In 
 this new and honourable situation, Lenthal 
 consulted his interest and his fortunes by 
 siding with the republican party, and while 
 he affected respect towards the unfortunate 
 Charles when he seated himself in the 
 chair of the house, and inquired for the 
 members who had offended him, his mea- 
 sures tended to secure the attachment of 
 the Commons, and the good opinion of the 
 people. Though dismissed from office by 
 Cromwell in 1653, Lenthal was re-elected 
 speaker the next year, and continued in of- 
 fice in the rump parliament. His dubious 
 character, and the partiality which he hatl 
 shown to the usurpation, exempted him, at 
 the restoration, from the general bill of in- 
 demnity ; but he afterwards obtained pardon 
 from the king. The support, however, 
 which he had given to the violent measures 
 of the civil war, and the influence which he 
 had exercised to prevent the restitution of 
 royalty, embittered, it is said, his moments 
 of reflection , and at his death in 1663, he 
 expressed sincere contrition for his conduct. 
 Some of his speeches and letters have been 
 printed. 
 
 Lentulus, Cneius, a Roman consul, put 
 to death by Tiberius. He was both a poet 
 and a historian. 
 
 Leo I. or ancient, succeeded Marcianon 
 the throne of Constantinople, 457. He 
 was a Thracian, though the particulars of 
 his early history are unknown. He con- 
 firmed, in the beginning of his reign, the 
 decrees of the council of Chalcedon against 
 the Eutycheans, and obtained signal victo- 
 ries against the barbarians ; but his expedi- 
 tion against the Vandals was unsuccessful 
 through the treachery of Aspar, his general. 
 Leo punished this powerful offender, and 
 destroved him and all his familv, 471 : bn* 
 
 197 
 
LLU 
 
 LEO 
 
 the Goths resented the severities exercised 
 against their countrymen, and laid waste 
 the provinces of the empire, even to the 
 gates of Constantinople. Leo died soon 
 after, 26th Januai-y, 474, praised by some 
 historians, but severely censured by others. 
 
 Leo n. or younger son of Zeno the Isau- 
 rian, and Ariadne, daughter of Leo ; suc- 
 ceeded his grandfather, 474. Leo, who 
 had ruined his constitution by his de- 
 baucheries, died soon after, aged 16, and 
 his father Zeno, who had governed the 
 empire for him, declared himself his suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 Leo IIL or Isuarian, was the son of a 
 cobler. He served first in the army, and 
 was made by Justinian II. one of his body 
 guards, and raised by Anastasius II. to the 
 rank of general, and in 717 he became em- 
 peror. He signalized himself against the 
 Saracens, who had ravaged Thrace, and at- 
 tacked Constantinople itself, and he de- 
 stroyed their fleet by means of the Greek 
 fire. Proud of his victory, he banished 
 Germanus from the see of Constantinople, 
 and placed Anastasius in his room, and 
 waging war against learned men and litera- 
 ture, he impiously set on fire the valuable 
 library of his capital. Above 30,000 vo- 
 lumes, besides the choicest paintings and 
 curious medals, perished in this dreadful 
 conflagration. The popes, Gregory II. and 
 Gregory III. excommunicated this uncivi- 
 lized barbarian ; but while he prepared to re- 
 venge himself against the anathemas of 
 Rome, he saw his invading fleet wrecked by 
 a storm on the coast of the Adriatic ; and 
 he died soon after, 18th June, 741, detested 
 as a tyrant. 
 
 Leo IV. succeeded in 775, his father, 
 Constantine Copronymus. His reign was 
 marked by the violent disputes between the 
 Iconoclastes, or image breakers and their 
 religious opponents, whose cause he capri- 
 ciously espoused by turn.-. He was suc- 
 cessful in his attack against the Saracens 
 in Asia, and died soon after, 780, aged 
 thirty. He was the husband of the famous 
 Irene. 
 
 Leo V. the Armenian, became a general 
 by his valour in the Roman armies, but he 
 was disgraced and scourged as a slave by 
 Nicephorus. Michael Rhangabus recalled 
 him from exile to command the army, and 
 so great was his popularity, that he prevail- 
 ed on his troops to proclaim him emperor 
 813, and to depose his master. He after- 
 wards obtained a signal victory over the 
 Bulgarians, but disgraced himself by his 
 cruelty. He was assassinated on Christmas- 
 day, 820. 
 
 Leo VI. or the philosopher, succeeded 
 his father, Basil, the Macedonian, 886. 
 He made war against the Bulgarians, Hun- 
 garians, and Saracens, and when he found 
 himself unequal to the contest, he called to 
 198 
 
 his assistance the Turks, who laid wast6 
 the country, and after plundering their ene- 
 mies, sold their booty and their prisoners to 
 their ally. Leo deposed the patriarch Pho- 
 tius, and afterwards his successor Nico- 
 las, because he presumed to excommuni- 
 cate him for marrying a fourth time. He 
 died of a dysentery, 9th June, 911, in the 
 26th year of his reign. He was surnamed 
 the wise, from the protection which he ex- 
 tended to men of letters. He wrote some 
 books of merit, the best known of which 
 is, a treatise on Tactics, published by Meur- 
 sius. Ley den, 1612. 
 
 Leo I. pope, surnamed the great, was 
 employed in atiairs of moment and diffi- 
 culty by pope Celestinus I. and Sixtus III. 
 the last of whom he succeeded in 440. 
 He pursued vigorous measures to repress 
 heresy, and was severe against the Mani- 
 cheans, the Pelagians, the Priscillianists, and 
 the Eutycheans. He sent four legates to 
 the council which Marcian had assembled 
 at Chalcedon, and afterwards he was com- 
 missioned, as the most powerful ambassa- 
 dor, by Valentinian, to meet Attila, who was 
 ravaging Italy, and marching to the gates 
 of Rome. His eloquence prevailed with 
 the fierce barbarian, who was induced to 
 make peace, and to march back his forces 
 across the Rhine. Four years after, how- 
 ever, he was less successful against Gense- 
 ric, who ferociously entered the capital of 
 Italy 455, and for 14 days abandoned it to 
 the pillage and lust of his uncivilized sol- 
 diers. After a useful reign, Leo died, 
 3d November, 461. His works are pre- 
 served, printed in 2 vols. 4to. and also in 
 folio, and they contain 96 sermons, 141 
 letters, &.c. 
 
 Leo II. a native of Sicily, who succeed- 
 ed Agatho in the popedom, 682. He was 
 an able and resolute pontitf, and attempt- 
 ed to extend his power over the ecclesiasti- 
 cal bodies of the east. He first established 
 the kiss of peace at the mass, and also 
 the use of holy water. He died 3d July, 
 683. 
 
 Leo III. a Roman, who succeeded Ad- 
 rian I. as pope, 795. In 799 a conspiracy 
 was formed against him by the nephews of 
 his predecessor, who were jealous of his 
 elevation, and after the murderers had at- 
 tempted to stab him, and to tear out his 
 eyes and his tongue, they confined him in 
 a monastery, from which he escaped to 
 Charlemagne. Charlemagne espoused his 
 cause, and reinstated him in the pontifical 
 chair, and in 800 went hunself to Rome, 
 and received the imperial crown from his 
 hands. In another conspiracy, after the 
 emperor's decease, Leo behaved with 
 greater severity, and put some of the ac- 
 complices to death. He died 11th June. 
 816. He was an eloquent and popular 
 pontiff, respected abroad, and beloved b^ 
 
LEU 
 
 l.KO 
 
 his subjects. Thirteen of his epistles are 
 preserved. 
 
 Lko IV. a Roman, made pope after Ser- 
 pius II. Si7. lie was a wise and coiinigc- 
 ous pontift', and when the Saracens ap- 
 proache<l Home, to piilaf>;t> it, he boldly 
 marched out to meet tlicni, and tlion;;ii un- 
 supported by tlie emperors of the east and 
 the west, he guvethem liattlc, and defeated 
 them with great slaughter, and afterwards 
 eniployeil the captives to adorn and foitify 
 that city, which they intended to destroy. 
 He died 17th July, 855. 
 
 Leo V . a native of Andrea, pope after 
 Benedict IV. 903. He was soon after ex- 
 iled and imprisoned by Christopher, and 
 died of grief. 
 
 Leo VI. a Roman, pope after John X. 
 928. He died about seven months after. 
 
 Leo VII. a Roman, elected pope in 
 9.36, after John XI. He possessed many 
 virtues, and died 23d April, 939. 
 
 Leo VIII. was elected pope by the au- 
 thority of the emperor Otho, on the depo- 
 sition of John XII. 963, and in consequence 
 of this irregular appointment, he is called 
 an anti-pope by Baronius and others. He 
 was a pontift' of great merit and respecta- 
 bility, and died April, 965. 
 
 Leo IX. Brunon, bishop of Toul, was 
 elected pope, 1048, and deserved the name 
 of Saint, in the Romish calendar. He ex- 
 erted all his authority in the councils of 
 Italy, France, and Germany, to repress the 
 debaucheries of the clergy, and the licen- 
 tious morals of the laity, and to check the 
 influence of heresy, particularly that of Pho- 
 tius. He visited Germany in 1053, to so- 
 licit the assistance of the emperor against 
 the Normans, but in his attack upon these 
 barbarous invaders, he was defeated near 
 Beneventum, and taken prisoner. He was 
 conducted in triumph to Rome by the 
 conquerors, and died there, 19th April, 
 1054. His sermons and other works are 
 extant. 
 
 Leo X. John de Medicis, son of Lorenzo 
 de Medicis was born 1475, at Florence, 
 and at the age of eleven was made an arch- 
 bishop by Lewis XL of France, and cardinal 
 at fourteen, by Innocent VIII. He was 
 employed as legate by Julius II, and was at 
 the battle of Ravenna, where the French ob- 
 tained the victory, 1512 ; but though taken 
 prisoner, he was treated with great respect, 
 and even veneration by the soldiers, as the 
 representative of the holy pontiff'. On the 
 death of Julius he had the good fortune, by 
 artifice and intrigue, to secure his elevation 
 to the papal chair, 1513, and his coronation 
 was conducted with the most unusual mag- 
 nificence. Educated by the most learned 
 men of the times, and allied to a family 
 particularly dear to literature, he evinced 
 his 'respect for learning, by the liberal pa- 
 tronage which he extended to its votaries. 
 
 Though at the samrr time attached to poin^i, 
 and fond of pleasure, he did not neglect the 
 duties of his high ofiice, and the iiitertst« of 
 the church. He put an end to the diller- 
 ences which had existed between his pre- 
 decessor and Lewis Xll. of France, and he 
 concluded the piotraeted council of Late- 
 ran, in 1517. The affairs ol the church 
 were intrusted to Bembo, Sadolet, an<I 
 other men of erdight*;ned mind, and Leo 
 considered that his throne was best sup- 
 ported, and his fame most surely extended 
 by patronising genius and literary talents, 
 and encouraging the line arts. Notwith- 
 standing his popularity, Leo found enemies 
 about bis person ; two of the cardinals, Pe- 
 truci and Sauli, prevailed upon his sur- 
 geon to poison a wound which he was to 
 cure, but the conspiracy was timely dis- 
 covered, and the accomplices punished. 
 Petruci was strangled in the prison, and 
 Sauli purchased his life by the sacrifice of 
 his immense possessions. Ambitious to 
 distinguish himself, Leo formed two pro- 
 jects of great importance and glory ; he 
 meditated the union of all the Christian 
 princes, for the expulsion of the Turks from 
 Europe, and he wished to complete the stu- 
 pendous building of St. Peter's church, be- 
 gun by his predecessor. To effect this, he 
 in 1518, published the granting of indul- 
 geneies, by which the purchasers, for a sum 
 of money, might free themselves from their 
 sins. This extraordinary measure pro- 
 duced a schism between the Dominican 
 and Augustine monks in Germany, and at 
 last excited Martin Luther to preach first 
 against the efficacy of these popish par- 
 dons, and next against the corruptions of 
 the Roman church. The opposition of Lu- 
 ther at last drew down upon him the thun- 
 ders of the Vatician, but the reformer, se- 
 cure in his popularity, and in the protection 
 of some of the German princes, prevailed 
 against the pope, and severed the fairest 
 part of the north from the dominion of 
 Rome. In the war between Charles V. 
 and Francis I. the support of the sovereign 
 pontiff was solicited by both parties, but 
 Leo in pretending to oblige both, sought 
 only the aggrandizement of his family, and 
 the extension of his power in Italy. It is 
 said, that he died of a slight fever, caused 
 by his excessive rejoicing at the misfor- 
 tunes of France, though others attribute 
 his death to the effects of some slow poi- 
 son. He died 1st Dec. 1521. Besides 
 his protection of poets and of learned 
 men, he showed his attention to literature, 
 by enriching the public libraries with col- 
 lections of curiosities, and with valuable 
 MSS. 
 
 Leo, an archbishop of Thcssalonica, in 
 the ninth century, distinguished as a mathe- 
 matician, and as one of the great revivers 
 of Grecian literature. 
 
 191^ 
 
LEO 
 
 LEO 
 
 Leo, Pilatus, Greek professor at Flo- 
 rence, about 1360, first gave lectures on 
 Homer and other Greek authors. He per- 
 ished in a shipwreck, as he returned from 
 Constantinople to Italy. 
 
 Leo, of Modena, a celebrated rabbi of 
 Venice, author of an Italian history of the 
 rites and customs of the Jews — a diction- 
 ary, Hebrew and Italian, published Venice, 
 4to. 1612, and Fadua, 1640. He tlourished 
 in ihe 17th century. 
 
 Leo, the grammarian, compiled in the 
 12th century a chronicle of Constantinople, 
 from the time of Leo the Armenian, to 
 Constantine MI. 
 
 Leo, John, a native of Grenada, eminent 
 as a geographer. After the ruin of his 
 country, 1492, he went to Africa, in con- 
 sequence of which he is sometimes called 
 the African. He renounced the religion of 
 Mahomet, and was esteemed by Leo X. 
 He was author of the Lives of Arabian 
 Philosophers — a Description of Africa in 
 Arabic, and died about 1526. 
 
 Leo, of Byzantium, a pupil of Plato, 
 who was employed by his countrymen as 
 ambassador to Athens, and to Philip of 
 Macedonia. He was put to death by the 
 treachery of Philip. 
 
 Leo, of Orviette, a Dominican, who 
 •wrote an account of the Popes — and an- 
 other of the Emperors 130S. These works, 
 though not very elegant, were edited by 
 Lami, 1737, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Leo, Peter Cieca de, a Spaniard who 
 travelled in America, and published an in- 
 teresting account of Peru, finished at Li- 
 ma 1550. It is a work of merit. 
 
 Leone, Arto or Conaria, a historical 
 painter, the pupil of Cornelius Engelbrecht. 
 He died 1564, aged 66. 
 
 Leoni, Giacomo, a Venetian architect, 
 who after being in the service of the elector 
 Palatine, settled in England, and published 
 a fine edition of Palladio, 1742. He died 
 1746. 
 
 Leonicenus, Nicholas, professor of phy- 
 sic at Ferrara, was the first who translated 
 Galen's works, which he enriched with 
 commentaries. He also translated the 
 Aphorisms of Hippocrates, and besides Lu- 
 cian and Dio Cassius. He died 1524, at the 
 great age of 96. 
 
 Leonicus Thom^us, Nicholas, a learn- 
 ed Venetian. He studied Greek under De- 
 metrius Chalcondyles, at Florence, and read 
 lectures on Aristotle, at Padua, with great 
 reputation. He translated Proclus's Com- 
 mentary on the Timaeus of Plato, besides 
 other works, and died at Padua, 1531, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Leonidas, king of Sparta, was sent by 
 his country to oppose the invasion of 
 Xerxes. He met the enemy at the pass of 
 Thermopyla;, and opposed them with such 
 T)ravp,rv, that had not treacherv pointed out 
 <200 
 
 a secret way to the rear of the Spartant;^ 
 their further progress would have been 
 checked. Leonidas and his 300 brave com- 
 panions fell, one only fled to meet disgrace 
 at Sparta, B.C. 480. 
 
 Leontium, an Athenian courtezan, 
 strongly attached to the philosophy of Epi- 
 curus. She wrote a book against Theo- 
 phrastus. 
 
 Leopold, Saint, succeeded as marquis of 
 Austria, 1096, and by his virtues deserved 
 the surnajne of pious. He married Agnes, 
 the sister of the emperor Henry V. by 
 whom he had eighteen children, eight sons 
 and ten daughters. He died 1139, and was 
 canonized by Innocent VIII. in 1485. 
 
 Leopold I. second son of the emperor 
 Ferdinand III. and Mary Anne of Spain, 
 was born 1640, and was made king of Hun- 
 gary, 1655, of Bohemia, 1656, and elected 
 emperor, 1658. He waged war against the 
 Turks, and though he proved successful by 
 the valour of his general Montecuculi, he 
 made a disadvantageous peace with them. 
 Afterwards when engaged to check the in- 
 surrections of his nobles in Hungary, Leo- 
 pold found himself attacked by the Turkish 
 forces, which penetrated with great rapidity 
 into the heart of the empire, and laid siege 
 to Vienna. While panic and terror pre- 
 vailed, and the emperor saved himself by 
 flight to Passau, the celebrated John So- 
 bieski came to the assistance of his ally, the 
 siege of Vienna was raised and the Turks 
 defeated. Leopold was also engaged in war 
 with Lewis XIV. and lost Alsace, and saw 
 his frontier towns pillaged and destroyed. 
 The glory of his arms was, however, well 
 supported by the valour of his generals, 
 especially of prince Eugene, of Savoy ; but 
 though he had the art to persuade the vari- 
 ous princes of the Germanic constitution to 
 espouse his cause in his quarrels with neigh- 
 bouring princes, he did not display that mo- 
 deration towards his Hungarian subjects, 
 which wisdom and interest might have dic- 
 tated. The nobles were so dissatisfied with 
 the severity of his measures, that in an as- 
 sembly they meditated resistance against 
 their sovereign, and declared the kingdom 
 hereditary ; but the death of the emperor 
 prevented the fatal consequences of civil 
 discord. He died 5th May, 1705. 
 
 Leopold II. Peter Joseph, son of Fran- 
 cis I. and Maria Theresa, was born 1747. 
 He was for 25 years grand duke of Tus- 
 cany, and in this principality, though per- 
 haps too much attached to trifling forms, he 
 governed with wisdom and moderation. 
 On the death of his brother Joseph II. in 
 1790, he was elected emperor of Germany, 
 and in this high dignity he evinced great 
 abilities and enlightened conceptions. By 
 his influence, a reconciliation took place 
 between the Turks and Catherine of Rus- 
 sia, a treaty was. made with Pnissia, anfl 
 
li:p 
 
 leTs 
 
 tbc connexion with England was cemented 
 by every liberal mark of attachment and 
 sound policy. The encroachnients of 
 French ambition had already irritated him, 
 and he prepared to declare war against 
 these lawless republicans, but death carried 
 Lim od'in the midst of his preparations, 1st 
 March, 1792. His death, occasioned by a 
 violent diarrhoea, was so sudden that it was 
 attributed, by some, to poison, but without 
 truth. lie was succeeded by his son, 
 Fraiicis II. 
 
 Leopold, duke of Lorraine, son of 
 Charles, the fifth duke, and of Eleanora of 
 Austria, was celebrated for his military va- 
 lour. At the peace of Ryswick he recovered 
 Lorraine, of which a war with France had 
 dispossessed his father, but though he was 
 not permitted by the treaty to fortify his 
 capital, he devoted himself to the happiness 
 and prosperity of his country, and by the 
 mildness of his government, raised around 
 him an impregnable bulwark in the love and 
 devotion of his people. He was a liberal pa- 
 tron of aurts and sciences, and founded the 
 university of Luneville, where he invited, by 
 the most liberal promises, professors of me- 
 rit and distinction. He died at Luneville, 
 27th March, 1729, aged 50, universally re- 
 gretted. His son Francis, by Elizabeth, 
 daughter of the duke of Orleans, was after- 
 wards emperor of Germany. 
 
 Leopold, William, archduke of Austria, 
 bishop of Passau, &.c. was at the head of the 
 imperial armies in the 30 years' war against 
 the Swedes and the French, and he distin- 
 guished himself by his valour and wisdom 
 in the field and in the cabinet. He died at 
 Vienna, 1662. 
 
 Leotaud, Vincent, a French Jesuit and 
 mathematician, author of " Examen Quad- 
 rature," in which he proves the impos- 
 sibility of squaring the circle. He died 
 1672. 
 
 Leowicq, Cyprian, or Leovitius, a 
 noble Bohemian, born 1524. His " Ephe- 
 merides" was a collection of astrological 
 productions, and incoherent reveries, by 
 which he amused and terrified the supersti- 
 tious. His prophecy that the world would 
 be at an end in 1584, for a while drew the 
 attention of his countrymen from their 
 pleasures and pursuits to acts of devotion 
 and piety. He held a conference with 
 Tycho Brahe in 1569, and died 1574. 
 
 Lepaute, John Andrew, a French clock 
 and watch maker, who made some valuable 
 improvements in the mechanical parts of 
 his profession, and died 1802. He wrote a 
 Treatise on Clock making, published 1755, 
 and again 1768, in 4to. 
 
 Lepicier, Bernard, a French engraver, 
 secretary and historian to the royal acade- 
 my of painting at Paris. His engravings, 
 after the style of Audran, were much ad- 
 mired. He died 1755, aged 59. He pub- 
 
 Voi,. II. 26 
 
 lished in 2 \oh. 4to. a catalognje of the 
 French king'o pictiirci. Hi« son Nicholas 
 Bernard died at Paris, 178 1, a^cd 49, dis- 
 tinguished as a painter after the manner of 
 Carlo Vanloo, and a» a professor in the 
 academy of painting and sculpture. 
 
 Lepidus, Marcus i-Emilius, one of the 
 triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He 
 had Africa for his share in the division of 
 the Roman empire, but soon loat it by 
 the intrigues of Augustus, and retired to 
 privacy. 
 
 Leprince, John, a French musician and 
 painter, who in his way to Petersburg was 
 taken by an English privateer, whose crew 
 plundered him of all his property except 
 his violin. The musician, trusting to his 
 powers,^seized the despised instrument, and 
 played upon it with such skill and effect that 
 the astonished sailors restored him all his 
 property. During his residence at Peters- 
 burg he was employed in adorning the pala- 
 ces and public buildings, but on Catherine's 
 accession he returned to France, where he 
 died 1781, aged 48, member of the acade- 
 my. His pieces, which are finished in the 
 style of Teniers and Wouvermans, are 
 much admired. 
 
 Le Quien, Michael, a learned Domini- 
 can, who wrote against Courayer, on the 
 validity of ordination by English bishops. 
 He was well skilled in ecclesiastical history-, 
 and died 1703, aged 42. 
 
 Lernutius, John, a Latin poet, born at 
 Bruges. His " Basia, Oceli et Alia Poe- 
 mata," were published by Elzevir. He died 
 1619, aged 74. 
 
 Lesbonax, a philosopher of Mitylene, in 
 the first century, some of whose grammati- 
 cal treatises are still extant. 
 
 Lescaille, Catherine, a native of Hol- 
 land, for the sweetness of her poetry called 
 the Dutch Sappho, and the tenth muse. 
 Her poems, which display great genius, 
 though often irregularities, consist of tra- 
 gedies, published 1728. She died 1711, 
 aged 62. 
 
 Lesley, John, bishop of Ross, in Scot- 
 land, was born 1527, of a very ancient family. 
 He was educated at Aberdeen, and obtain- 
 ed a canonry in the cathedral there 1547. 
 He afterwards studied in the universities of 
 Toulouse, Poictiers, and Paris, and in 1554 
 he was recalled home by the queen regent, 
 and made vicar-generaJ of Aberdeen, and 
 ordained priest of the parish of Une. In 
 the dissensions which the reformation in- 
 troduced in Scotland, Lesley, who was a 
 zealous papist, was commissioned by his 
 party to go and hasten the recall of queen 
 Mary, who had lately lost her husband, 
 Francis II. of France, and after meeting 
 her at Vitri, he returned with her 1561, 
 His services to the queen recommended 
 him, soon after, to the see of Ross, 
 and he laboriously employed himself, with 
 
 2«l 
 
LES 
 
 LES 
 
 iiftcen others, to make a collection of all 
 the laws of the kingdom, which were pub- 
 lished at Edinburgh, 1566, and called the 
 black acts of Parliament, because printed 
 in black letter. Upon Mary's flight to 
 England he appeared at York, 1568, and 
 ably and zealously defended her cause 
 against her accusers, and afterwards went 
 to London as her ambassador. His mea- 
 sures to procure her liberty, by a marriage 
 with the duke of Norfolk, proved offensive 
 tp Elizabeth, who regardless of the sanctity 
 of his rank, sent him a prisoner to the isle 
 of Ely, and then to the tower. In 1573 he 
 obtained his release, and then retired to 
 the Netherlands, anxiously soliciting the 
 interference of the kings of Spain and 
 France, the princes of Germany and the 
 pope, in the favour of his injured and cap- 
 tive mistress. In 1579 he was made suffra- 
 gan to the see of Rouen, but in one of his 
 visitations he was rudely seized by the 
 Huguenots, who threatened to deliver him 
 to the English, but he purchased his ran- 
 som for 3000 pistoles. Under the reign of 
 Henry III. and of his successor in France, 
 he was again exposed to persecution ; but 
 in 1593 he was nominated bishop of Con- 
 stance. Yet grandeur did not add to his 
 happiness, and when he found it impossible 
 to return to his diocess of Ross, by the pre- 
 valence of the protestant religion, he re- 
 tired to the monastery of Guirtenburg, near 
 Brussels, where he died 1596. His abili- 
 ties were acknowledged by friends and ene- 
 mies to be very great, his integrity most 
 exemplary, and his attachment to his un- 
 happy mistress unshaken. Besides several 
 pieces in favour of Mary, and other trea- 
 tises, he published an excellent work, " De 
 Origine, Moribus, et Rebus Gestis Scoto- 
 rum,"1578, 4to. 
 
 Leslie, John, a native of Scotland, 
 educated at Aberdeen and Oxford. He 
 travelled abroad, and acquired such a know- 
 ledge of the French, Spanish, Italian, and 
 Latin, that he spoke those languages not 
 only with fluency, but with remarkable 
 elegance. After 22 years' residence abroad 
 he came back to England, and was patro- 
 nised by Charles I. and the second. He 
 was made bishop of Orkneys, in Scotland, 
 and in 1633 translated to Raphoe, in Ire- 
 land, where he built a palace,so strongly for- 
 tified, that he was the last who surrendered 
 to the arms of Cromwell. At the restora- 
 tion he returned to England, and in 1661 
 was translated to Clogher. He died 1671, 
 aged above 100, being the oldest bishop in 
 the world. 
 
 Leslie, Charles, second son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in Ireland, and educated 
 at Dublin, where he took his degree of 
 M.A. He afterwards studied the law at 
 the Temple, London, which he relinquished 
 for divinity. In 1680 he took ori^ors, zfiO. 
 262 
 
 in 1687 he was made chancellor of the 
 cathedral of Connor. He afterwards ren- 
 dered himself veiy obnoxious to the papists 
 of Ireland, he publicly entered the lists of 
 theological disputation against them, and 
 made converts to his own cause. Respect- 
 ed as a magistrate and as a divine he re- 
 mained attached to the king's government ; 
 and though he opposed tyranny, he was 
 zealous to support legal authority. In con- 
 sequence, therefore, of his loyalty to James, 
 he lost all his preferments at the revolution, 
 and in 1689 he came over to England to 
 avoid the civil commotions which began to 
 distract his native country. In his retire- 
 ment he usefully employed the powers of 
 his mind in combating the errors of tho 
 enemies of the church, both Jews and 
 Deists, Socinians and Papists, Quakers and 
 Infidels. He was, however, suspected of 
 too familiar an intercourse with the abdica- 
 ted monarch, and therefore was obliged to 
 retire to France, where he joined the Pre- 
 tender at Bar le Due. He here exerted 
 himself by his writings in favour of that 
 unhappy family, and when their schemes 
 of insurrection, in 1715, had failed, he at- 
 tended them to Italy ; but finding his ad- 
 herence to protestant principles disagreea- 
 ble to the pretender, he returned to Ireland 
 in 1721, and died in his own house at Glas- 
 lough, county of Monaghan, 13th April, 
 1722. As a friend of the church of Eng- 
 land, and as a man of principle, virtue, and 
 integrity, Leslie was inferior to no man. 
 His abilities as a writer were of a superior 
 cast, and whatever he sent into the world 
 was read with avidity, and received with 
 deference. His tracts, both theological 
 and political, are very numerous, amount- 
 ing to near 50. He left besides two folio 
 volumes of theological works, in which he 
 discussed the controversies which too much 
 disturb the Christian church. 
 
 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, a German 
 poet, whose father, a man of literary ta- 
 lents, was minister of the congregation at 
 Kametz. The son inherited the talents, 
 and the application of the father ; for five 
 years he studied at Meissen, and after ob- 
 taining from his instructers, Klemm and 
 Grabner, the character of an able and inde- 
 fatigable scholar, he went to Leipsic, where 
 he learned to excel in horsemanship, leap- 
 ing, and fencing, and began to write for the 
 stage. The liveliness of his temper, how- 
 ever, exposed him to calumny, and gave 
 uneasiness to his father. With his friend 
 Wcisse he translated Marivaux's tragedy of 
 Annibal, and here he finished his " Young 
 Scholar," a comedy. Afterwards he went 
 to Wittemburg, and also to Berlin, where 
 he became acquainted with Voltaire, and 
 published various things, often more in 
 haste than with judgment. During the se- 
 ven years' war he was, for a little time, scr 
 
J/£S 
 
 L£t 
 
 Cieliiry to general Tauenzicn, at Bres aw, 
 and to other irregularities added gaming, in 
 the indulgence of which he forgot his cha- 
 racter, and his literary pursuits. The abi- 
 lities which he possessed, he unfortunately 
 frequently misapplied, and in his wish to do 
 something useful, he often promised more 
 than he performed. His friend Mendel- 
 sohn, observed of him alter his death, that 
 he was advanced at least a century before 
 the age in which he lived. 
 
 Lessius, Leonard, a Jesuit^ born near 
 Antwerp. He was professor of philosophy 
 
 and even iTcatrd with conicmpt by the 
 queen. He died llih Sept. 1704, and was 
 buried in the chunh of St. (iilcs in tM 
 Fields. His political tracts are very nume- 
 rous, and besides these he translated Jose- 
 phus, from D'Andilly's French— Cicero's 
 OtJices — Seneca's Morals — ii-lsop's Fables 
 — Erasmus's Colloquies — (iuevedo's \ isioii» 
 — Bona's Guide, ice. His language, how- 
 ever, was, as Gordon, the author of the In- 
 dependent Whig, observes, coarse and vul- 
 gar. His genius tended to low wit and li- 
 centious burtoonery, and even in his fables 
 at Douay, and afterwards filled the divinity he has made his beasts jesters, and instead 
 chair at Louvaine, where his propositions of the language of freedom, he instils into 
 on some scholastic subjects were exposed their dialogue doctrines of servitude, and a 
 to ecclesiastical censure, which, however, tame submission to tyranny, 
 the pope Sixtus V. in consequence of an Lethieullier, Smart, esq. an English 
 appeal, fully reversed^ He wrote De Jus- gentleman, born at Aldersbrook, in Essex, 
 
 titia et Jure, fol. — De Potestate summi 
 Pontificis — Hygiasticon, seu Vera Ratio 
 Valetudinis — a Treatise on the Existence of 
 a Deity, and on the Soul's Immortality, 
 which have appeared in an English dress. 
 He died 1623, aged 69. 
 
 from an ancient family which had left 
 France on account of their attachment to 
 the reformation. He was of Trijiity col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards made a most 
 valuable collection of medals, books, MSS. 
 and natural curiosities on the continent. 
 
 L'EsTRANGE, sir Roger, descended from He died without issue, Aug. 27, 1760, aged 
 an ancient family, was born 17th Dec. 1616, 59. Some of his curiosities were consigned 
 at Hunstanton-hall, Norfolk. Hewasedu- by his executors to the British Museum, 
 cated at Cambridge, and then attended and his library was i;old by auction. He 
 Charles I. to Scotland, in 1639, and during wrote some papers in the Philosophical 
 the ensuing civil wars, adhered most firmly Transactions, and in the Archaeologia. 
 to the roysJ cause. In 1646, however, he Leti, Gregorio, an Italian writer, bom 
 was betrayed by two villains, and tried and at Milan, 1630, and educated among the 
 condemned as a spy by the parliamentary Jesuits. He travelled, and embraced the 
 rebels, but his execution was delayed at protestant religion at Lausanne, and for 20 
 first for fourteen days, and then put off till years lived at Geneva. He afterwards 
 lie took an opportunity of escaping, in 1648, came to London, but though patronised by 
 and saving himself, into France. In 165i Charles II. he settled at Amsterdam, where 
 he took advantage of Cromwell's indemnity he died, 1701, with the title of historio- 
 bill, and came back to England, and was, grapher of the town. His daughter mar- 
 by application to the usurper, discharged, ried John le Clerc, and died 1734. As a 
 At the restoration, he was for a while ne- historian he was esteemed, though often 
 glected, till he was appointed licenser of the incorrect. He wrote the history of Lewis 
 
 XIV.— of Philip II. of Spain— of Charles 
 V. — of Queen Elizabeth — of Oliver Crom 
 well — of Pope Sixtus VI. — of Geneva, &c. 
 LeTtsom, John Coakley, a physician,- 
 was born on a small island, called Little 
 Vandyke, near Tortola, in 174J. His fa^ 
 
 press. In 1663 he published the Public In- 
 telligencerj a newspaper, which was laid 
 aside when the London Gazette, first pub- 
 lished at Oxford, made its appearance, 1655. 
 He again, in 1679, set up another paper, 
 called the Observator, in defence of the mi- 
 
 nistrj', and of the character of the king ; ther was a planter, and his mother was de- 
 but while he ridiculed the popish plot, and seended from a respectable Irish family, 
 the other secret machinations of the ene- They were of the society of Quakers ; and 
 mies of all order, he exposed himself to the young Lettsom, being sent to England, was 
 calumny of some interested persons, who placed under the care of Samuel Fothergill, 
 wished to represent him as a dangerous a celebrated preacher of that sect, who sent 
 man to government. When James II. him to an academy at Warrington. Onar- 
 
 came to the throne he knighted him, as he 
 eaid, in consequence of his services and un • 
 shaken loyalty to the crown. In 1687 his 
 Observator ceased, as he refused, though a 
 loyal man, to espouse the cause of toleration 
 recommended by the king. Yet some failed 
 not to accuse him of being a papist, espe- 
 
 riving at a proper age he was bound appren- 
 tice to an apothecar}- at Settle, in York- 
 shire ; after which he became a pupil of St. 
 Thomas's hospital. The death of his elder 
 brother induced him to visit his native is- 
 land, to look after his property , but finding 
 that it chiefly consisted of slaves, he eman- 
 
 cially when his daughter became a convert cipated them all, and settled at Tortola, 
 to that communion. At the revolution sir His siay there was not long, and, on his re-^ 
 Roeer was neelccted bv the ruling powers, turn to Europe, he took his doctor's de^^ee 
 
LE\ 
 
 LEV 
 
 -ftf Leyderu lie then fixed his residence iu 
 J^ondon, where, by the friendship of Dr. 
 Fothergill, and his connexion with the Qua- 
 kers, he attained a most extensive practice. 
 Dr. Lettsom, hoAvever, quitted the society, 
 some years before his death, which hap- 
 pened Nov. 1, 1815. He was a zealous 
 philanthropist, and a member of most of 
 the literary and scientific societies in Eu- 
 rope and America. His works are nume- 
 rous and well known. — W.B. 
 
 Leucippus, a philosopher of Abdera, 
 B.C. 428. He was the pupil of Zeno, and 
 first proposed the system of atoms, from 
 which he made the Avorld to originate. 
 
 Leunclavius, John, a learned German, 
 born at Amclburn, in Westphalia, 1533. 
 He travelled much, and published a history 
 of the Ottoman Empire, from materials 
 which he collected in Turkey. He also 
 translated Xenophon, Zosimus, &c. into 
 Latin. He died at Vienna, 1593. 
 
 Leusden, John, eminent for biblical 
 knowledge, was born at Utrecht, where he 
 became professor of Hebrew, and where he 
 died 1699, aged 75. He was author of 
 Onomasticon Sacrum — Clavis Hebraica et 
 Philologica Vet. Testamenti — Novi Test. 
 Clavis Graeca — Compendium Biblic. Vet. 
 Tcstam. — Compendium Graecum Novi Tes- 
 tam. — Philologus Hebraeus — et Hebraeo 
 Graecus — Notes on Jonah, Joel, Hosea, &c. 
 
 Leuwenhoek, Anthony de, an eminent 
 physician, born at Delft, in Holland, 1632. 
 He acquired great celebrity by his curious 
 and astonishing discoveries by the micro- 
 scope. His letters to the royal society of 
 London, of which he was member, print- 
 ed 1722, 4to. and his Arcana Naturae De- 
 lecta, 1714, 4 vols. 4to. are valuable. He 
 died 26th Aug. 1723, aged 91. 
 
 Lever, sir Ashton, son of sir d'Arcy Le- 
 ver, knight, of Alkington, near Manchester, 
 was celebrated as a judicious collector of rare 
 and valuable curiosities. From Corpus 
 Christi college, Oxford, where, as a gentle- 
 man commoner, he was admired for his 
 skill in horsemanship, he went to reside 
 with his mother, and then settled on his 
 estate, where he employed himself in col- 
 lecting birds, and forming the most valua- 
 ble aviary in the kingdom. Strongly at- 
 tached to whatever was rare and astonish- 
 ing in natural history, he devoted himself to 
 the improveni€nt of his collection, and by 
 the favour of his friends, aj»d his own inde- 
 latigable exertions, he soon found himself 
 master of the most admired private museum 
 in the nation. This curious collection, 
 which was formed at great expense, was 
 for some time exhibited in London, to the 
 admiration of the public, and, in 1785, was 
 disposed of l»y way of lottery, and fell to 
 the share of Mr. Parkinson, though it did 
 not repay the proprietor the fourth part of 
 his original expenses-. This valuable mu- 
 29.1 
 
 seam has lately been sold in small separate 
 lots ; but while a few individuals have thus 
 been able to enrich their private collections, 
 it is to be lamented that the public purse 
 was not opened to purchase the whole, and 
 thus largely and liberally contribute to the 
 enlargement of those institutions which 
 display in so pleasing a view the taste, the 
 genius, the labours, and the munificence of 
 the English nation. Sir Ashton died in 
 1788. 
 
 Leverett, John, governor of Massachu- 
 setts, was born in England, and previously 
 to his coming to New-England served in 
 the army, and distinguished himself by his 
 courage. After his arrival in Massachu- 
 setts he was employed in many important 
 stations. In 1653 he was appointed com- 
 missioner by Cromwell to raise forces 
 against the Dutch at New-York, and at the 
 restoration was employed in England as an 
 agent of the colony. Having returned to 
 Boston, he was, in 1664, appointed 
 major-general, the next year one of the 
 governor's assistants, in 1671 deputy 
 governor, and at length, in 1673, chief ma- 
 gistrate, and held the office, discharging its 
 duties with great popularity, till his deati 
 in 1678. ICJ^- L. 
 
 Leverett, John, F.R.S. president of 
 Harvard college, and a grandson of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 and graduated at the institution of which 
 he was afterwards president, in 1680. He 
 for a number of years served the colony as 
 a civilian, first as a member of the as- 
 sembly, of which he was often chosen 
 speaker, then in his majesty's council, and 
 at length a^ a judge of the superior court, 
 in which situations he gained a high repu- 
 tation for talents, uprightness, and patriot- 
 ism. He entered on the presidency of the 
 college in Jan. 1708, and retained the office 
 till his death on the 3d of May, 1724. En- 
 dowed with talents of a very superior order, 
 and equally distinguished by the extent of 
 his learning, the correctness of his judg- 
 ment, and the firmness of his resolution, 
 he was one of the greatest, most popular, 
 and most useful men of his age. ?C3^ L. 
 
 Levesque de Ponilli, Lewis, a mem- 
 ber of the French academy of inscriptions, 
 and governor of Rheims, which he im- 
 proved by the establishment of mathemati- 
 cal schools, and other valuable institutions. 
 He wrote the Theorj- of agreeable Sensa- 
 tions, a curious book, translated into Eng- 
 lish, and died 1746. 
 
 Levesque, Peter Charles, a French 
 writer, was born at Paris in 1736, and died 
 there in 1812. He wrote — 1. Le Reves 
 d'Aristobulc, philosopbe Grec, suivis d'un 
 abrege de la vie de Formose, philosopbe 
 Francais. 2. L'Homme Moral. 3. L'Homme 
 Pensant. 4. Histoire de Russie, 5 vols. 
 12mo. 5. Histoire des dificrcns pcupler 
 
LEW 
 
 LtV 
 
 seumis a la domination ties Russics, *2 vols. 
 6. Eloge historique de I'abbo Mably. 7. 
 La France sous Ics cinq premiers \ alois, 
 4 vols. S. Dictionnaire des arts, de pein- 
 ture, sculpture, et gravure, 5 vols. 9. 
 L'etude de I'histoire de la Grece, 4 vols. 
 8vo. He also translated Thucydides from 
 the Greek, and IMutarch from the Italian. 
 
 Levi, third son of Jacob by Leah, was 
 honoured among the tribes of Israel, and 
 his posterity more immediately devoted to 
 the service of God. He died in Egypt, B. 
 C. 1612, aged about 136 years. 
 
 Levingston, James, a brave Scotchman, 
 who distinguished himself in the wars of 
 Bohemia, Holland, Sweden, and Germany, 
 and aftenvards became gentleman of the 
 bed-chamber to Charles I. who created 
 him lord Levingston, and, in 1641, earl of 
 Calendar. At the beginning of the civil 
 wars he sided with the parliament, but 
 soon after he was reconciled to the king, 
 whose forces he assisted in reducing York. 
 He also attempted to rescue his master 
 from the Isle of Wight, and took Carlisle, 
 where he found a large supply of ammuni- 
 tion and arms. He died October, 1672. 
 ' Lewis, John, a native of Bristol, educa- 
 ted at Exeter college, Oxford, where he 
 took his master's degree. He obtained 
 from Tenison, the primate, Minster 
 vicarage in the Isle of Thanet, and the 
 mastership of Eastbridge hospital, Canter- 
 bury, and died at Margate, 1746, aged 71. 
 He published the Life of Wicklifle, 8vo. — 
 the Life of Caxton, 8vo. — the History of 
 Faversham Abbey, 4to. — the History and 
 Antiquities of the Isle of Thanet, 4to. — His- 
 tory of the Various Translations of the Old 
 and New Testaments into English, Svo. — 
 "Wickliffe s Translation of the New Testa- 
 ment, folio. 
 
 Lewis, kings of France. Vid. LotJis. 
 
 Lewis, Meriwether, governor of Louisi- 
 ana, was born near Charlotteville, Virgi- 
 nia, August l8th, 1774. He received a 
 respectable education, and, after serving as 
 a volunteer in the militia called out by 
 Washington to suppress the insurrec- 
 tion in Pennsylvania, was transferred 
 to the regular service as a lieutenant, 
 and soon after was promoted to a captain- 
 cy. On the accession of Mr. Jefferson to 
 the presidency Mr. Lewis became his pri- 
 vate secretary, and was selected by him, in 
 1803, in conjunction with captain Clark, 
 to conduct tbe party despatched to explore 
 the Missouri, and the waters descending on 
 the west side of the highlands to the Pacific. 
 They set out on that expedition in the sum- 
 mer of 1803, and, after visiting the Pacific 
 ocean at the mouth of the river Columbia, 
 returned to the United States in 1806, and 
 not long after published the histoi7 o^ the 
 .iourney. Soon after Mr, Lewis returned 
 
 to Washington ; in 1807, he wa« appointed 
 governor of Louisiana, and, after a resi- 
 dence there of about two years, waji «eizcd 
 with delirium, while on a journey to the 
 capital of the United States, in September, 
 1809, and deprived himself of life. He 
 possessed uncommon enterprise, courage, 
 and integrity, and discharged the duties of 
 the several stations to which he. waa ad- 
 vanced, with great judgment and fidelity. 
 
 lc,r L. 
 
 Let, sir James, sixth son of Henry Ley 
 of Jessent, Wilts, was raised by nntrit to 
 the ofiice of chief justice in Ireland, and 
 afterwards in England, and aftenvards 
 created baron Ley, and carl of Marlbo- 
 rough, and lord high treasurei, by James I. 
 Some of his pieces on antiquity have been 
 published by Hearne, and also his Reports, 
 1659. 
 
 Letbourn, William, originally a painter, 
 became a mathematician of eminence. He 
 published Cursus Mathematicus, folio — a 
 treatise on Surveying, folio, improved by 
 Cunn — a treatise on Dialling 4to. — and also 
 the Trader's Guide. He died about 1090. 
 
 Leydecker, Melchior, a native of Mid- 
 dleburg, professor of theology at Utrecht, 
 where he died 1721, aged 69. He is author 
 of a curious treatise on the Republic ot the 
 Hebrews,2 vols. fol. — History of Jansenism 
 — Analysis of Scripture — Continuation of 
 Hornier's Ecclesiastical History — Ilistorv 
 of the Church of Africa, &c. 
 
 Letden, Lucas Van, a Dutch painter in 
 oil, in distemper, and on glass, and also emi- 
 nent as an engraver. He acquired great 
 celebrity by his painting of the history of 
 St. Hubert, which he finished before the 
 age of 1 5. With all his genius the propor- 
 tional height of his figures to their distan- 
 ces is liable to censure. He died 1533, 
 aged 39. 
 
 Letden, John, a physician and poet, 
 was born in 1775 at Denholm, in the county 
 of Roxburgh, where his father was a shep- 
 herd. He received his education at the 
 parish school of Kirktown, and next under 
 a minister of the Seceders ; after which he 
 w cnt to Edinburgh, where he wrote several 
 poems. He was also employed as a private 
 tutor, and, on going to St. Andrew's, ob- 
 tained a license to preach, but relinquished 
 that profession for surgery, in which capa- 
 city, having fir?t taken his doctor's degree, 
 he went to India. In 1806 he was appoint- 
 ed professor of the Ilindostanec language 
 at the college of Calcutta, and he also for 
 some time ofliciated as a judge. In 1811 
 he went on the expedition to Java, where 
 he died the same year. His poetical works 
 and memoirs were printed in one volume In 
 1819.— jr. B. 
 
 Letsseks, N. a native of Antwcq^. He 
 studied painting at Rome, and settled at 
 Antwerp, where his pious attentions to an 
 
 205 
 
LIB 
 
 L\L 
 
 aged and infirm parent were rewarded by 
 the respect of his neighbours, and great 
 success in his profession. He died at Ant- 
 werp, 1720, aged 59. 
 
 Lhutd, Edward, a learned Welchman, 
 born at Llanvyrde, Caermarthenshire, and 
 educated at Jesus college, Oxford, where he 
 took the degree of M.A. 1701. He suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Plot, his tutor, as keeper of the 
 Ashmolean museum, and zealously devoted 
 himself to study the antiquities of his native 
 country. For this purpose he travelled with 
 the observation of an active antiquarian, 
 over Wales, Cormvall,Scotland, Ireland and 
 Bretagne, but before he had completed the 
 
 churches and palaces of Italy, the bes5 
 known of which is Moses striking the 
 rock. He died 1677, aged 77. 
 
 LiBERius, a native of Rome, pope after 
 Julius I. 352. He subscribed very unwil- 
 lingly to the condemnation of Athanasius, 
 agreeable to the direction of Constantius. 
 He died 366. 
 
 LicETUs, Fortunius, a physician, bora 
 at Rappollo in Genoa, 1577, became pro- 
 fessor of philosophy and physic at Padua 
 where he died 1655. He is author of some 
 curious works on his profession, especially 
 " de Monstris." He was himself born be- 
 fore the seventh month of his mother's 
 
 digestion of his valuable materials he unfor- pregnancy, but by being wrapped up in cot- 
 tunately died, July 1709. He puhlished Ar- ton his life was preserved. 
 
 chaeologia Britannica, or an account of the 
 Languages, Histories, and Customs of the 
 Ancient Britons, &.c. 1 vol. fol. 1707, and 
 left in MS. a Scottish or Irish English dic- 
 tionary, which Malcolm a Scotch divine 
 proposed to publish by subscription in 1732. 
 Many of his observations were communi- 
 cated to Dr. Gibson,, and inserted in his 
 edition of Camden's Britannia. His MSS. 
 amounted to 40 vols, folio, 10 4to. and 
 above 100 smaller, and were in the posses- 
 
 LicHTENDERG, Gcorgc Christopher, 
 professor of philosophy at Gottingen, was 
 an able German writer, and died there 
 1799. 
 
 LiciNius, Tegula, a Latin poet B.C. 
 200. Nothing but fragments remain of his 
 comic compositions. An orator and poet 
 of that name flourished in the age of Cicero. 
 
 LiciNius, C. Flavius Valerianus, son of 
 a Dalmatian peasant, rose to the rank of a 
 general in the Roman armies, and was 
 
 sion of the Seabright family, by whom they made assistant emperor by Gralerius. Con- 
 were communicated to Mr. Pennant, stantine, who knew his merit, gave him his 
 Some of his letters are preserved in the Ox- sister in marriage, but afterwards so great 
 
 ford museum 
 
 Lhwtd, or Lhutd, Humphrey, an an- 
 tiquarian, born at Denbigh. He studied 
 physic at Oxford, and took his degrees at 
 Brazen-nose college, and then removed to 
 practise physic in his native town. He died 
 1570, leaving behind him the character of 
 an excellent rhetorician, sound philosopher, 
 and indefatigable and accurate antiquarian. 
 His publications were "an Almanack, &c. 
 ■ — Commentarioli Britannicas Descriptionis 
 Fragmentum 1572, published again by Mo- 
 ses Williams 1671, 4to. and translated into 
 
 an enmity arose between them that only 
 the death of Licinius in battle A.D. 324, 
 ended the contest. 
 
 Licinius, Caius, a Roman plebeian, tri- 
 bune of the people, author of a law to forbid 
 che possession of more than 500 acres of 
 land in any single individual. He also 
 made a law to make the plebeians eligible to 
 the consulship, and he was himself the first 
 plebeian consul. 
 
 LiDDEL, Duncan, a native of Aberdeen. 
 After studying in his native town he went 
 at the age of eighteen to Frankfort, where 
 
 English by Th.Twyne under the title of the he applied to the mathematics, and then to 
 Breviary of Britain 1753, 8vo.— De Mona 
 Druidum Insult, Antiquitati sua; Restituta 
 1568 — de Armamentario Romano — Chro- 
 nicon Walliae a Rege Cadwalladero ad A. 
 
 D. 1294 — the History of Cambria, left un- 
 finished, but afterwards edited by Dr. Pow- 
 el 1584, in 4to. 
 
 LiBANius, a sophist, born at Antioch, on 
 the Orontes. He had among his pupils Ju- Disputationes — Medicinales, Helmstadt 
 
 Helmstadt, where he took the degree of 
 M.D. 1596, and became professor of mathe- 
 matics and medicine. After travelling 
 through Germany and Italy, he returned to 
 his native country, where in gratitude for 
 the honours and the success he had met 
 in the world, he founded six scholarships in 
 Aberdeen university. He was author of 
 
 lian the apostate, and died at Antioch 390. 
 He was a violent enemy of Christianity. 
 His works have appeared, 2 vols, folio, 
 1606 and 1627, Paris. 
 
 LiBAvius, Andrew, a native of Hall in 
 Saxony, who died at Cobourg in Franco- 
 nia 1616. He was an able physician, and 
 wrote Syntagma Selectorum Alchemiae Ar- 
 canorum, 2 vols, folio. — Epistol. Chemic. 
 1595, besides tracts against Paracelsus, &:c. 
 
 LiBERi, Peter, a native of Padua, emi- 
 nent as a painter. His pieces adorn the 
 
 1603, 4to. — Ars Medica succincte et per- 
 spicue Explicata, Hamburg, 1607, Svo. and 
 he died on his estate near Aberdeen, 1613, 
 aged 52. 
 
 LiEVENs, John, a native of Leyden, 
 1607, eminent as a historical and portrait 
 painter. He came to England at the invi- 
 tation of Charles I. and painted the persons 
 of the court, and several of the nobility, 
 and after three years he returned to Ant- 
 
 werp 
 
 where he died. 
 
 LiEUTArD. Joscnb. physician to Lewk 
 
uii 
 
 j.u. 
 
 XM. aiiJ member of the academy of scien- 
 ces in 1752, was born at Aix iit Provence. 
 His chief works are '* Anatomical Kssays — 
 Elements of Physiology — Synopsis of the 
 Practice of Medicine — Historia Anatoniico- 
 Medica, 2 vols. 4to. — besides papers in the 
 memoirs of the academy, &c, ^.He died 
 highly respected 17S0. 
 
 LiGAKius, Quintus, a proconsul of Afri- 
 ca, who opposed the ambitious views ofCa;- 
 sar, but afterwards was reconciled to him. 
 When accused by Tubero he was ably de- 
 fended by Cicero, lie was afterwards one 
 of CiEsar's murderers. 
 
 LiGER, Lewis, author of the Paris Guide, 
 and some useful works on gardening and 
 agriculture, was born at Auxerre, and died 
 1717, aged 59. 
 
 LiGHTFOOT, John, a most eminent divine, 
 born 29th Maich, 1602, at Stoke on Trent, 
 Staffordshire. He was educated at Mor- 
 ton Green school, Cheshire, and in 1617 
 entered at Christ's college, Cambridge, 
 ■where he soon became distinguished as an 
 able scholar and an eloquent orator. After 
 being some time assistant at Repton school, 
 Derbyshire, he took orders, and from the 
 curacy of Norton, Shropshire, w"as admit- 
 ted as chaplain into the family of Sir Row- 
 land Cotton, of Bellapont, a great Hebraist 
 in those days. Under the patronage of this 
 hospitable man he devoted himself to the 
 study of the oriental languages, and in 
 1629 published his " Erubhim, or Miscel- 
 lanies Christian and Judaical," dedicated 
 to his friend Sir Rowland, who two years 
 after gave him the rectory of Ashley, Staf- 
 fordshire. Before this time Lightfoot had 
 ■wandered in quest of settlement from Lon- 
 don to Stone, and again to Hornsey near 
 London, but now being in possession of a 
 comfortable independence he devoted him- 
 self totally to literary pursuits, till, in the 
 troubles of the times, his abilities made him 
 known to the ruling powers, and in 1642, 
 he departed for London, after resigning his 
 living to his younger brother. He was now 
 nominated one of the assembly of divines for 
 settling the administration of the church, 
 and in their meetings he distinguished him- 
 self as an eloquent, manly, and indepen- 
 dent speaker. He was afterwards chosen 
 minister of St. Bartholomew, behind the 
 Royal Exchange, and in 1653 was, on the 
 expulsion of Dr. Spurstow, made master of 
 Catherine hall, Cambridge, and presented 
 to the living of Much-Munden, Herts. He 
 took his degree of D.D . 1652, and in 1655 
 ■was vice-chancellor of Cambridge. At the 
 restoration he offered to resign to his pre- 
 decessor Spurstow, but as his compliance 
 ■with the measures of the usurpation was 
 considered more as a matter of quiet resig- 
 nation to superior authority, than of disloy- 
 alty to the exiled monarch, he was, by the 
 fciterferenre of Sheldon the primate, and of 
 
 others, permitted to retain h'ui preicrmcut. 
 In 1661 he was one of the divines who had 
 a conference at theSavoy about the liluri^ ; 
 but disgusted with the violence of his as- 
 sociates, he retired to hi.s peaceful studies. 
 He died 6th Dec. 1675, and was buried in 
 Munden church, where his two wives were 
 deposited before him. By the dau;jhter of 
 W. Crompton, Esq. his fir t wife, who died 
 1656, he hud four soius and two <lau'hters 
 and by the second, widow of A. Biograve 
 he had no issue. Lightfoot in th( acknow- 
 ledgment both of Englishmen and of fo- 
 reigners, was one of the most eminent men 
 in rabbinical learning this country ever pro- 
 duced, and his researches and commenta- 
 ries were the grand store-house of succeed- 
 ing annotators. Upon his " Harmony," he 
 bestowed great and long labour. His works 
 were collected together and lirst published 
 in 1634, 2 vols, folio, of which a second 
 edition appeared at Amsterdam, 1686, to 
 which a third volume was added in a 
 third edition by J. Leusden, Utrecht, 1699, 
 folio. Some more of his papers were pub- 
 lished in 1700 by Mr. Strype. 
 
 LiGNAC, Joseph Adrian de, a priest of the 
 Oratory, author of Letters to an American 
 on Burton's Natural History, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 and other learned works. He was a native 
 of Poictiers, and died 1762. 
 
 LiGONiER, John, earl of, an English 
 field-marshal, who served under the great 
 Marlborough, and in succeeding wars under 
 Anne, and distinguished himself in the 
 field, and also in the cabinet. He died 
 1770, aged 92. 
 
 LiGORio, Peter, a Neapolitan, distin- 
 guished as a painter and architect. Paul 
 IV. appointed him the architect of St. Pe- 
 ter's church, in which he was soon after 
 succeeded by Michael Angelo. His designs 
 after the antique compose 30 volumes. He 
 died 1580. 
 
 LiLBURNE, John, an English enthusiast, 
 born in 1618, at Thickney-Purcharden, 
 Durham, the ancient scat of his family. At 
 the age of twelve he was bound apprentice 
 to a wholesale clothier, in London ; but 
 here he manifested the independent spirit 
 of the times, and paid more attention to 
 puritanical books than to business. In 
 1636 he was prevailed upon by Bast wick, 
 a prisoner of the Star chamber, to go to 
 Holland, and to print there his " Merry 
 Liturgj," a violent pamphlet against the 
 bishops, and in consequence of this, he 
 was on his return taken up while dis- 
 tributing that and other obnoxious books, 
 and for the offence he was whipt at 
 the cart's tail, pilloried, fined 500/. 
 and imprisoned. These punishments, 
 he underwent with such firmness and tri- 
 umph that he was called by his party the 
 saint, but at last the parliament interfered, 
 though he had published some virulent pa-v 
 
 207 
 
LIL 
 
 LIL 
 
 pels, and headed a mob, clamouring for jus- 
 tice against Strafford. His sentence under 
 the Star chamber was deemed tyrannical 
 by the commons, and 2000i. were voted to 
 him by the lords out of the estates of the 
 royalists, which sum was afterwards in- 
 creased, though he never received the 
 whole. In the civil wars he gradually rose 
 to the rank of lieutenaiit-colonei, and be- 
 haved witii great bravery, especially at the 
 battles of Edge-hill, Brentford, and Mars- 
 ton-moor , but his temper was so violent 
 that he quarrelled even with his friend and 
 patron the earl of Manchester, and wrote 
 some virulent papers against him, for which 
 he was sent by the lords to the tower. lie 
 petitioned the commons, but finding them 
 slow in listening to his complaints, he vent- 
 ed his abuse against the house, and de- 
 clared in his " Oppressed Man's Oppres- 
 sion," that they were tyrants, and ought to 
 be pulled down. He at last, however, 
 procured his enlargement, by means chiefly 
 of Cromwell, whom he soon after abused, 
 but his intemperance of language and con- 
 duct was such at last that the parliament 
 ordered him to be fined 7000/. and banish- 
 ed out of the kingdom. He escaped before- 
 hand, and went to Amsterdam where he 
 began to intrigue for the restoration of the 
 royal family, which he promised to effect 
 for the reward of 10,000/. His offers, how- 
 ever, were regarded as the measures of a 
 disappointed man, so that at the dissolu- 
 tion of the long parliament, he again re- 
 turned to England, 1657, and was acquit- 
 ted by a jury. After this he escaped Crom- 
 well's resentment by the interference of his 
 friends, and retired to Eltham, where he 
 turned preacher among the Quakers. He 
 died at Eltham, 29th Aug. 1657, aged 49, 
 and was buried in the new burial-place, 
 Moorfields. His writings v/ere numerous, 
 but all abusive and political, and now de- 
 servedly forgotten. 
 
 LiLiENTAL, Michael, a Prussian profes- 
 sor at Konigsberg. He published various 
 dissertations, preserved in the memoirs of 
 the Berlin academy, besides other Avorks, 
 and died 1750. 
 
 LiLLo, George, a dramatic writer, born 
 near Moorgate, London, 4th Feb. 1693. 
 Though a jeweller by profession, and a man 
 of business, he cultivated the muses, and 
 acquired great celebrity. His subjects 
 were the common incidents of private life, 
 but they were wrought in so masterly a 
 manner, and delineated in such pathetic 
 characters as touched the heart more for- 
 cibly than the misfortunes of kings and he- 
 roes. His " George Barnwell," Fatal Cu- 
 riosity, and " Arden of Feversham," have 
 long been, and continue to be, the admira- 
 tion of crowded audiences, when the tears 
 that are shed by sympathizing nature bear 
 a stronger testimony to the merits of thft 
 ?0« 
 
 author than the most pompons descriptions 
 of language. This worthy advocate of vir- 
 tue was a dissenter in his religious opinions. 
 He died Sept. 3, 1739. He was lusty in 
 his person, not tall, and had the use of only- 
 one eye. His works were edited 2 vols. 
 12mo. 1775, by Th. Davies j and Heniy 
 Fielding who knew him well, said in " his 
 Champion," alter his decease, that he had 
 the spirit of an old Roman, with the inno- 
 cence of a primitive Christian. 
 
 Lilly, John, a native of Kent, educated 
 at Magdalen college, Oxford, where he 
 took his degrees in arts. He afterwards 
 removed to Cambridge and became a great 
 favourite at court. He was author of 
 Euphnes, a miscellaneous description of 
 characters, fol. — Endymion, Campaspe, 
 Midas, played before queen Elizabeth — 
 Woman in the Moon — the Maid's Meta- 
 morphosis, &.C. He died 1600, aged 
 about 47. 
 
 Lilly, William, an English astrologer, 
 born in Leicestershire, 1602. He was 
 taught writing and arithmetic at Ashby-de- 
 la-Zouch school, and then came to London 
 1620, and engaged himself first as servant 
 to a mantuamaker, and four years after as 
 book-keeper to a master of the Salters' 
 company, and after his death he married 
 his widow with a fortune of lOOO/. Thus 
 become his own master, he began to fre- 
 quent the puritanical meetings, and in 
 1632 applied himself to the study of astro- 
 logy under Evans, a Welehman of de- 
 bauched character. In this new character 
 he acted with great precaution, his predic- 
 tions were generally ambiguous, and if they 
 failed, the deception was ascribed to unto- 
 ward circumstances or false representa- 
 tions. In 1637 he settled at Horsham 
 with a second wife, who, unlike his first, 
 was violent in her temper, and extremely 
 quarrelsome, but in 1641 he returned to 
 London, where, in these superstitious 
 times, his profession was much respected 
 by all parties. He was frequently consult- 
 ed by the parliamentary generals, and his 
 assurances of success were productive of 
 great animation in the soldiers. Though 
 attached to the republicans, his services 
 were solicited also for the king, and Mrs. 
 Whorwood consulted him on the part of his 
 majesty, and he informed her he might con- 
 ceal himself in Essex, about 20 miles from 
 London, and when he was confined in Ca- 
 risbrook castle, he provided him with a saw 
 and aquafortis, by which he might effect 
 his escape. The parliament in the mean 
 time patronised him by a salary of 100/. a 
 year, which he resigned in two years, and 
 in 1648, and the next year he greatly im- 
 proved his property by delivering lectures 
 on his art. At the restoration he was exa- 
 mined by the commons about the behead- 
 ing of Charles, which he declared was done. 
 
LIL 
 
 J/lAI 
 
 by cornet Joyce. After obtaining;- liis par- 
 don, under the broad seal of Kngland, he 
 returned to Horsham, where he practised 
 physic, as he had, throuj!;h the friendship of 
 Elias Ashmole, obtained a license from 
 archbishop Sheldon. He died of a palsy 
 at Horsham, 1681, and was buried in Wal- 
 ton church, where a marble was placed by 
 Ashmole, with a Latin inscription, written 
 by Smalridge, afterwards bishop of Bristol. 
 Lilly lost his second wife in 16r)4, and mar- 
 ried again the same year. He acquired 
 property by his publications, and especially 
 by his almanacs, and in 1659 was compli- 
 mented with a gold chain and medal by the 
 king of Sweden, whose name he had men- 
 tioned with particular respect. He adopt- 
 ed for his son Coley a tailor, whom he call- 
 ed Merlin junior, and to whom he gave the 
 almanacs which for 36 successive years 
 he had printed ; but he left his estate at 
 Horsham to the son of his friend Bulstrode 
 Whitelock, and his magical instruments to 
 liis astrological successor, Dr. Causin. 
 His chief works are, Christian Astrology, 
 4to. 1647— a Collection of Nativities— Ob- 
 servations on the Life, &.c. of Charles L — 
 Annus Tenebrosus, or the Black Year, &c. 
 
 Lilt, William, an English grammarian, 
 born at Odiham, Hants, 1466. He was 
 educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, and 
 after taking his bachelor's degree he went 
 on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. On his re- 
 turn he stopped at Rhodes, where he stu- 
 died Greek, and also at Rome, where he 
 still more fully improved himself. In 1510, 
 the year after his arrival in England, he 
 was, in consequence of his great reputation 
 for learning, made first master of St. Paul's 
 .school, then founded by dean Colet. For 
 12 years he presided with high celebrity 
 oer this foundation, and had among his 
 pupils many persons who afterwards dis- 
 tinguished themselves in the state. He died 
 of the plague in London, 152^2, aged 54. 
 By his wife Agnes he left two sons and a 
 daughter, who married Ritwise, his succes- 
 sor in St. Paul's school, who died 1532. — 
 Lily is the author of a valuable grammar, in 
 "which it is said he was assisted by his 
 friends, Erasmus, Colet, and Wolsey ; but 
 though it has been recommended by royal 
 authority for general use, Roger Ascham 
 and some others have ventured to cen- 
 sure it as very imperfect and incorrect. He 
 ■wrote, besides, " Poemata Varia," and 
 other pieces. 
 
 Lily, George, eldest son of the gramma- 
 rian, was born in London, and educated at 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, after which he 
 went to Rome, and was patronised there 
 by cardinal Pole. On his return to Eng- 
 land, he was made canon of St. Paul's, and 
 prebendary of Canterbury. He wrote 
 
 Voir, n -27 
 
 some historical books, and was tijt- lirsi 
 who pul)liHhed a correct map of Britain. 
 He died 1559. 
 
 Lilt, Peter, second son of the gramma- 
 rian, was a dignitary of the chiinh of Can* 
 terbury. His son Peter, was fdlow of Je- 
 sus college, Cambridge, D.D. prebcndar> 
 of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of Taunton. 
 He died 1614, and some ol' his sermon^ 
 were published by his widow. 
 
 LiMBORCH, Philip, a learned divine, born 
 at Amsterdam, lOtli June, 1033. His edu- 
 cation was completed under the first mas- 
 ters, and after studying divinity for some 
 time at Utrecht, he embraced the tenets of 
 the remonstrants, and first appeared as a 
 public probationary preacher at Haerlem, 
 1655. From Haerlem he went to Gonda ; 
 and in 1667 he was invited to Amsterdam, 
 where he became deputy, and the next year 
 successor to Pontanus, the divinity profes- 
 sor. But he acquired popularity not only 
 as a preacher, but as a writer, and as the 
 editor of the letters of his uncle Episcopius, 
 which contained the regular history of Ar- 
 minianism. In 1686 he published his po- 
 pular work, Theologia Christiana ad Prax- 
 im Pietatis, &e. in fof. which was well re- 
 ceived, and quickly passed through four 
 editions. In 1686 he had also a dispute 
 with I?aae Orobio, a learned Jew, who had 
 escaped from the Spanish inquisition at Se- 
 ville, and practised physic at Amsterdam, 
 and the result of this controversy appeared 
 under the title of Collatio Amica de Veri- 
 tate Christianae Religionis cum Erudito Ju- 
 da;o. In this and other performances he dis- 
 played great abilities,butin the management 
 of his arguments he was modest and candid. 
 He was employed in 1694 to recover from 
 Judaism a young lady of Amsterdam, of the 
 age of 22, who had, at the persuasion of 
 the Jews, embraced their religion, and he 
 succeeded, by the strength and solidity of 
 his arguments, to remove all her doubts. 
 This good, pious, and active man, was 
 seized with St. Anthony's fire in the au- 
 tumn of 1711, and died in consequence oi^ 
 it the following 30th of April. His funeral 
 oration was spoken by John Le Clerc, and 
 he is described as a solid preacher, an able 
 annotator, a candid lover of truth, and in 
 his private character amiable and benevo- 
 lent. He was greatly esteemed by Locke 
 and Tillotson, and was the correspondent 
 of several learned men in Europe. His 
 History of the Inquisition, published 1692, 
 folio, was translated into English by Sam. 
 Chandler, 2 vols. 4to. 1731. He wrote, 
 besides other works. 
 
 LiMM.EUs, John, a German lawyer of 
 Jena, known as the author of various 
 learned works. He was tutor to Albert, 
 margrave of Brandcnburgh, and died 16G3 
 aged 71. 
 
 209 
 
Lirs 
 
 LIN 
 
 LiNACKE, Dr. Thomas, a learned physi- 
 cian descended from an ancient Derbyshire 
 family, was born at Canterbury 1460. 
 From the king's school in his native town 
 he passed to Oxford, and was elected fellow 
 of All Souls 1484, after which he travelled 
 on the continent, and improved himself at 
 Florence and at Rome, by the instruction 
 of those eminent scholars, Demetr. Chal- 
 condyles, Aug. Politian, and Herm. Bar- 
 barus. On his return home he took his de- 
 gree of M.D. and Avas made professor of 
 physic at Oxford, and afterwards became 
 preceptor to prince Arthur, and physician 
 to Henry VII. and afterwards to Henry 
 VIII. In 1500, he abandoned physic for 
 divinity, and obtained a prebend in Wells, 
 and another in York cathedral, besides 
 other preferment, by the friendship of 
 Wareham, the primate. He was also rec- 
 tor of ^Vigan, Lancashire, and prebendary 
 of Westminster. He was not only the best 
 Grecian and Latinist of his age, but he 
 proved himself one of the most zealous pro- 
 moters of the revival of learning in the 
 kingdom ; and by his means the college of 
 physicians was founded, and of this excel- 
 lent institution he became the first presi- 
 dent. This good and worthy man died of 
 the stone, after suffering great pain, 20th 
 Oct. 1524, and was buried in St. Paul's ca- 
 thedral, where a Latin inscription, by Dr. 
 Caius, recorded his meritorious services to 
 literature and to mankind. He published 
 d Latin translation of Proclus' Sphere, 
 1499 — the Rudiments of Grammar, for the 
 Use of the Princess Mary — de Emendate 
 Structurd Latini Sermonis, Libri sex, a 
 valuable work — and translations of Galen's 
 works, in truly classical language. 
 
 LiNANT, Michael, a French poet, the in- 
 timate friend of Voltaire. He three times 
 obtained the prize of the French academy, 
 and published some odes and other poems. 
 He died 1749, aged 41, universally re- 
 spected. 
 
 Lincoln, Benjamin, a major-genex'al in 
 the army of the American revolution, was 
 the son of the honourable Benjamin Lin- 
 coln, and born at Hingham, Massachusetts, 
 Jan. 2od, 1733. His advantages for educa- 
 tion were limited, and until the age of forty 
 he was employed in the pursuits of agricul- 
 ture. He was, however, distinguished for 
 judgment and intelligence, was the repre- 
 sentative of the town in the provincial as- 
 sembly, a colonel of the militia, secretary of 
 the house of representatives, and a member 
 of the council. In February, 1776, he was 
 appointed a brigadier, and soon after major- 
 general in the provincial army, and in Fe- 
 bruary, 1777, a major-general on the con- 
 tinental establishment. His services were 
 conspicuous towards the close of that year 
 in the northern campaign. He was second 
 in command in the armv which, under 
 
 general Gates captured the British undei 
 Burgoyne. On the day after the battle of 
 Stillwater, he received a dangerous wound 
 while reconnoitring. In the following year 
 he was appointed by congress to take the 
 command in the southern department at 
 the solicitation of the delegates from that 
 portion of the union. After a number of 
 inferior operations, on the 20th June, 1779, 
 he made an unsuccessful attack on the Bri- 
 tish post at Stone-ferry. He afterwards 
 retired to Charleston and attempted its de- 
 fence, but was compelled, on the 12th of 
 May, 1780, to capitulate. He was ex- 
 changed in November, and in the spring 
 following joined the army on the North 
 river. At the siege of Yorktown he com- 
 manded a central division, and shared 
 largely in the dangers and triumphs of the 
 day. He was designated to conduct the 
 surrendering army to the field where their 
 arms were deposited, and to see the condi- 
 tions of the capitulation executed. In Oc- 
 tober, 1781, congress appointed him secre- 
 tary of the war department, and after- 
 wards, on several occasions, a commis- 
 sioner to negotiate with the Indians. He 
 resigned his ofiice as secretary in October, 
 1783, and received, in a resolution of Con- 
 gress, a flattering expression of their re- 
 spect. After the establishment of peace 
 be returned to his native state, and in 
 1787 was appointed to command the troops 
 employed for the suppression of the insur- 
 rection in that state. He was also one of 
 the commissionei's to propose terras of in- 
 demnity to the insurgents. In 1788, he 
 was chosen lieutenant-governor. The 
 following year he was a member of the 
 convention which ratified the constitution 
 of the United States, and was appointed 
 collector of the ports of Boston and Charles- 
 town. This oliicc he held and discharged 
 its duties greatly to the public satisfaction, 
 until the increased embarrassments arising 
 from the restrictions on commerce induced 
 him to resign in January, 1809. He died 
 in the house in which he was born, May 
 9th, 1810, aged 78. General Lincoln was 
 a member of the American Academy of 
 Arts and Sciences, and president of the So- 
 ciety of Cincinnati of Massachusetts. He 
 published several letters and essays, prin- 
 cipally on subjects connected with natural 
 history. fC5^ L. 
 
 Lincoln, Levi, attorney-general of the 
 United States, was a native of Hingham, 
 Massachusetts, born May 15th, 1749, and 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1772. 
 In 1775, he commenced the practice of the 
 law at W^orcester, and for more than twen- 
 ty years was at the head of his profession 
 in that county. In 1787 he was appointed 
 one of the delegates of Massachusetts to 
 congress, but declined accepting the trust. 
 In 1800 he was elected a representative 
 
LIN 
 
 LLN 
 
 lor Worcester district, and in 1801 was 
 appointed by Mr. Jetlerson attorney-ge- 
 neral of the United States. He resigned 
 in 1805, having, during a short period, 
 discharged also the duties of secretary 
 of state. In 1806 he was elected a mem- 
 ber of the council of Massachusetts, and 
 in 1807, lieutenant-governor of the state. 
 While in this otiice, the administration 
 devolved on him in consequence of the 
 death of governor Sullivan. In 1811 he 
 was again elected a member of the coun- 
 cil, and the same year received the 
 appointment of judge of the supreme 
 court of the United States, to supply 
 the place of Mr. Gushing, deceased. This 
 office, however, he declined accepting, 
 and appeared no more in public life. He 
 died April 14th, 1820, aged 71. ICT' L. 
 
 LiND, James, an English physician, au- 
 thor of a valuable treatise on the Diseases 
 of Seamen, 8vo. and other works. He 
 died 1794. 
 
 LiNDANUs, William, a Dutchman, made 
 the first bishop of Ruremonde, by Philip II. 
 of Spain. He was in 15S8 removed to 
 Ghent, and died there that year. He was 
 a native of Dordt, and wrote some Latin 
 works on Theological subjects, and in de- 
 fence of the catholic religion. 
 
 LiNDENBRUcit, Frcdcric, the laborious 
 and learned editor of Virgil, Terence, and 
 other classics, and the author of " Codex 
 Legum Antiquarum," folio, a curious work 
 — was a Fleming, and died 1638. 
 
 Lindsay, John, a learned divine, edu- 
 cated at St. Mary-ball, Oxford. For some 
 years he was the minister of a dissenting 
 congregation in Aldersgate-street, and was 
 also a corrector of the press to Mr. Bow- 
 yer. He died June 21st, 1768, aged 82, 
 and was buried in Islington chux'chyard. 
 He wrote, " the Short History of the Re- 
 gal Succession" — Remarks on Whiston's 
 Scripture Politics, 8vo. — and translated 
 Mason's Vindication of the Church of Eng- 
 land, reprinted 1727. 
 
 Lindsay, Sir Dovid, a Scotch poet, born 
 at the Mount, Fifeshire, 1496, and edu- 
 cated at St. Andrews. After the fatal day 
 of Flodden-field, he went over to France, 
 and distinguished himself in the battle of 
 Pavia ; and on his return home, was made 
 by James V. master of the herald's office. 
 He was also employed in several embassies, 
 and wrote some admired poems. His Sa- 
 tires on the Viees of the Clergy were much 
 admired. He wrote also a History of 
 Scotland, three vols, now in MS. in the ad- 
 vocates' library Edinburgh. He died 1557, 
 aged 61. 
 
 Lindsay, David, a relation of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Pitscotbie, Fifeshire, 
 1527, and educated at St. Andrews. Af- 
 ^''r studying in foreign universities he re- 
 
 turnud to support the reformed religion 
 against queen iVhiry. 1 le wrote the History 
 of Scotland from 14:i7 to 1542, a curiou- 
 work, but often injudicious, and wickedl> 
 partial. He died at his native seal 1593, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Lin D wood, William, divinity professor 
 at Oxford in the reign of Henry \ . was 
 ambassador in Spain 1422, and for his ser- 
 vices was made bishop of St. David's 1434. 
 He wrote the Constitutions of the arch- 
 bishops of Canterbury from Langton to 
 Chichely, printed Paris 1505, and Oxford 
 1663 ; and he died 1446. 
 
 Lingelback, John, a German painter, 
 born at Franklbrt, on the Maine, 1625. He 
 travelled over Holland, France, and Italy, 
 to improve himself by studying foreign mo- 
 dels ; and on his return he exhibited a 
 highly polished style of painting. His pic- 
 tures were adorned with ruins of antiquity, 
 his landscapes were rich and beautiful, 
 and his genius proved so fertile, that the 
 same subjects never appeared twice in his 
 pieces. He returned to Amsterdam 1650, 
 but the time of his death is not ascertained. 
 
 LiNGUET, Simon Nicolas Henry, a 
 French writer, bcrn 14th July, 1736, at 
 Rheims. He went, when young, into the 
 suite of the French general who led an. 
 army against Portugal ; and during his re- 
 sidence in Spain, he applied himself to the 
 language, and translated some dramatic 
 pieces into French. On his return to 
 France, he devoted himself to the labours 
 of the bar, and by his application and the 
 brilliant powers of his eloquence, he ac- 
 quired great celebrity, especially in his 
 masterly defence of the duke of Aiguillon, 
 and of Morangies. His high reputation 
 excited thejealousy of his oratorical rivals, 
 and by an unmanly combination they ob- 
 tained a decree from the parliament that 
 he should no longer be permitted to exer- 
 cise his profession of pleader. Thus cru- 
 elly robbed of his honours, t^e disappoint- 
 ed orator had recourse to his pen, and pro- 
 duced several political pamphlets, a periodi- 
 cal journal, and his celebrated Theory of the 
 Laws. The freedom of his observations 
 excited against him the persecution of the 
 prime minister, Maurepas, but upon the 
 arbitrary suppression of his journal he fled 
 to Switzerland, and then to Holland, and to 
 London. From England he passed to 
 Brussels, and from thence wrote a petition 
 to Vergennes to be permitted to return to 
 France in security. His request was grant- 
 ed ; but in 1779 some political delinquency 
 threw him into the Bastile, where he re- 
 mained two years, and was at last liberated 
 on the promise of being moderate and pru- 
 dent in his writings and in his conversa- 
 tion. He soon after passed to England, 
 where be wrote his Memoirs on the Ba* 
 
 Til 
 
LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 tile, and then retired to Brussels, -vvbere 
 he began his PoUtical Annals. His obser- 
 vations on the Freedom of the Navigation 
 of the Scheldt, were read with admiration 
 by the people of Brabant ; and Joseph II. 
 was so pleased with his arguments that he 
 permitted him to come to Vienna, where he 
 complimented him with a present of 1000 
 ducats. The liberality of the nionarch 
 ought to have roused the gratitude of Lin- 
 guet, but regardless of the kindness of his 
 patron, he scrupled not to defend the vio- 
 lent measures which V andernoot and the 
 rebellious Brabanters were meditating 
 against the authority of their monarch. 
 Deservedly banished from Germany, Lin- 
 guet came to Paris, to share in the dangers 
 of the revolution, and in 1791 he appeared 
 at the bar of the national assembly to 
 plead the cause of the negroes of St. Do- 
 nnngo, and to inveigh against the tyranny 
 of their white masters. During the reign 
 of terror he fled from the capital, but his 
 retreat was discovered, and he was drag- 
 ged from the country before that bloody 
 tribunal which paid no respect either to 
 age, to virtue, or to misfortunes. He was 
 condemned to death 27th June, 1794, on 
 pretence of having disgraced his nation by 
 paying the tribute of respect to the govern- 
 ments of London and Vienna. He walked 
 to the scaftbld with great composure, and 
 fell with the resignation of a good Chris- 
 tian. He wrote various works, 35 in num- 
 ber, the best known of which, besides 
 those already mentioned, are, the History 
 of the age of Alexander — the Fanaticism 
 of Philosophers — the History of the Re- 
 volutions of the Roman Empire, 2 vols. 
 — Reflections on Light — History of the Je- 
 suits — a Critique on Voltaire — Socrates, a 
 tragedy. 
 
 LiNiERE, Francis, a French poet, of 
 great literary merit, but of a dissipated 
 character, and in opinion an obstinate 
 atheist. He died as he had lived, a profli- 
 gate, 1704, aged 7tj. His verses are said 
 to possess great sweetness and elegance. 
 
 Lining, John, M.D. a respectable physi- 
 cian of South Carolina, was a native of 
 Scotland, and after receiving a classical 
 education came to America in 1730. He is 
 known as the author of the first history of 
 the Yellow Fever, given to the world from 
 America. It was published in 1753. He 
 had a taste for philosophical inquiries, and 
 enjoyed a correspondence with Franklin 
 on the subject of electricity. He made a 
 variety of judicious statistical experi- 
 ments, which were published in the trans- 
 actions of the Royal Society of London, 
 and contributed much to the literary repu- 
 tation of his adopted country. iCJ^ L. 
 
 LiNLEV, Thomas, an English musician 
 and composer, who digd 1795, He was 
 
 one of the proprietors of Drury-Iane the-' 
 atre. 
 
 Linn, William, D.D. was born in Penn- 
 sylvania in 1752, and graduated at the 
 college of Princeton, New-Jersey, in 1772. 
 He was first pastor of a presbyterian 
 church in the neighbourhood of his native 
 place, after serving in the revolutionary 
 army as a chaplain for some time. In 
 1784 he was appointed to the care of a re- 
 spectable academy in Somerset county, 
 Maryland. In 1787 he accepted a call to 
 the pastoral charge of the presbyterian 
 church in Elizabethtown, New-Jersey ; and 
 shortly afterwards was invited to the city of 
 New- York, as a collegiate pastor in the 
 Dutch presbyterian church, where he re- 
 sided nearly twenty years, highly popular 
 and useful. A short time before his death 
 he was induced by ill health to resign his 
 pastoral charge, and retire from the active 
 services of his profession. He died at 
 Albany, in January, 1808, in the fifty-sixth 
 year of his age. He possessed a vigorous 
 mind, and was distinguished for his natural 
 impressive eloquence. His social qualities 
 were peculiarly amiable and attractive. 
 His chief publications were two volumes of 
 sermons. iC3^ L. 
 
 Linn, John Blair, D.D. minister of Phi- 
 ladelphia, and a poet, was born at Ship- 
 pensburgh, Pennsylvania, 14th March, 
 1777, and graduated at the age of eighteen 
 at Columbia college, New-York. He soon 
 after commenced the study of law under 
 the direction of general Hamilton, but 
 yielding to a passion for theatrical amuse- 
 ments and literature, he soon abandoned 
 the profession. Not long after becoming 
 religious, he engaged in the study of theo- 
 logy under the tuition of Dr. Romeyn, 
 theological professor at Schenectady, and 
 in 1798 received a license to preach. He 
 Avas soon after settled in the first presbyte- 
 rian church in Philadelphia, where he con- 
 tinued to labour till his death, on the 30th of 
 August, 1804. He published several poeti- 
 cal works which gave him notoriety, the chief 
 of which were "on the death of Washing- 
 ton," and " the Powers of Genius." He 
 possessed a mind of vigour and great sensi- 
 bility, a sprightly and luxuriant fancy, and 
 had studied English literature with great 
 relish and assiduity. He also published 
 several tracts in controversy with Dr. 
 Priestley, exhibiting vigorous powers of 
 argumentation, and extensive knowledge. 
 
 1G-;L. 
 
 LlNN.^«:us, Charles Von, or Linne, the 
 father of modern botany, son of a Swedish 
 clergyman, was born at Roeshult, in the 
 province of Smaland, Sweden, 24th May, 
 1707. He was educated at Lund in Sca- 
 nia, and at the university of Upsal, and he 
 afterwards studied at Leyden, where he 
 
LIN 
 
 LW 
 
 look his degree of M.D. in 1735. On his 
 return to Stockholm, he practised physic 
 ■with such popularity and success, that at 
 the age of 34 he was nominated professor 
 of physic and botany in the university of 
 Upsal. He was also appointed physician 
 to king Adolphus who in 1753 created him 
 a knight of the polar star, and in 1757 
 raised him to the honour of nobility ; and 
 his services were farther acknowledged by 
 the succeeding monarch, who in 177tj 
 doubled his pension, and settled on him and 
 his family a valuable portion of land. 
 With an unparalleled ardour after know- 
 ledge, Linnaeus undertook to explore the 
 barren and inhospitable deserts of Lap 
 
 land, and through 10 
 
 degrees 
 
 of latitude 
 
 he exposed himself, generally on foot, to 
 every sort of fatigue. He afterwards visit- 
 ed the mines of Sweden, and extended his 
 researches to the natural productions of 
 Dalecarlia. In 1735 he visited Denmark, 
 Germany, and Holland, and the following 
 year he came to England. He was re- 
 ceived in this country with distinction, re- 
 commended by a flattering letter from 
 Boerhaave ; but it has been observed that 
 Sir Hans Sloane, to whom the introduction 
 ■was made, did not pay him that respect 
 and attention which his merits deserved, 
 and this probably prevented the intended 
 settlement of this immortal philosopher 
 here. The return of Linnseus to Stock- 
 holm tvas a glorious era in the Swedish an- 
 nals of literature. He promoted the es- 
 tablishment of the royal academy of 
 sciences, and became its first president. 
 This great man was seized in 1776 with 
 an apoplexy, but it did not prove fatal, as 
 he survived till 1778, when an ulceration 
 of the urinary bladder put an end to his 
 existence 11th Jan. in his 71st year. To 
 his sagacious discernment, science is in- 
 debted for the useful and familiar division 
 of plants, of animals, of herbs, &c. into 
 classes. To the most extensive knowledge 
 he united the most indefatigable industry ; 
 and before the publication of his Genera 
 Plantarum, he most minutely examined the 
 characters of more than 8000 plants. His 
 ■ivorks are, Systema Naturae, sistens tria 
 regna Naturae, 1735, fol. and 2 vols. Svo. 
 1756— Bibliotheca Botanica, Svo. — Hortus 
 Cliflbrtianus, folio, — Critica Botanica, Svo. 
 — Flora Laponica, Svo. — Genera Planta- 
 rum, earumque Characteres Natur. Svo. — 
 Flora Suecica — Fauna Suecica, Svo. — Flo- 
 ra Zeylanica, 4to.— Hortus Upsaliensis, 
 8vo. — Amoenitates Acadcmica;, 5 vols. 
 8vo.— Materia Medica, Svo. — Ani-nalium 
 Specierum in Classes, Svo. — Oratio de In- 
 crementis Telluris Habitabilis, Svo. — Ne- 
 mesis divina — Plantae Surinamenses. His 
 son Charles, the last surviver of the family, 
 died 1783, aged 45, professor of medicine 
 at UpsaV 
 
 Lint, Peter Van, a native of Antwerp, 
 1601), known aa a historical and portrait 
 painter. He studied in Italy, and painted 
 there with great reputation, and afterwards 
 returned to Ai»twerp. His relation, Hen- 
 derick Van, was also a ^ood painter. His 
 landscapes near Kome were much admired. 
 Two of his pieces are in lord Moira's col- 
 lection. 
 
 LiNTRUSi, Severinus, bishop of Wi- 
 burg, Jutland, professor of divinity and 
 eloquence at Copenhagen, was author of 
 some theological works in Latin, and died 
 1732. 
 
 Linus, St. successor of St. Peter at 
 Rome, ranks among the martyrs of that 
 celebrated city. Tertullian, it is to be ob- 
 served, places St. Clement as next successor 
 to Peter. 
 
 LiOTARD, John Stephen, a crayon paint- 
 er, born at Geneva 1702. He studied at 
 Paris, and afterwards at Rome, and for a 
 short time visited England in the reign of 
 George I. He then made a journey to the 
 Levant, and adopted the manners and ha- 
 bits of the east, which he relinquished upon 
 marrying. He was in England in 1772, 
 where he disposed of a large collection of 
 pictures by auction. He was very correct 
 in his paintings, but stiffness and formality 
 were too visible. A fine head of him is 
 preserved in VValpole's anecdotes. He 
 died about 1780. 
 
 LioTARD, Peter, a French botanist, born 
 at Dauphiny. From an obscure peasant he 
 became a soldier, but retired from the pro- 
 fession inconsequence of a wound received 
 at the siege of Mahon, and settled with 
 his uncle, who was a herbalist at Grenoble. 
 In this place the particular powers of his 
 mind unfolded themselves. Though 40 he 
 applied himself , with such zeal and atten- 
 tion to botany, that he was made director 
 of the public garden of Grenoble. He was 
 the friend of Rousseau, and other learned 
 men ; and was so partial to Linnaeus, that 
 he knew the whole of his system of plants 
 by heart. He died 1796. 
 
 Lippi, Philip, a native of Florence, who 
 from a Carmelite became a painter, and 
 was surnamed the Old. He was a dissi- 
 pated character, and died 1488, aged 67. 
 In his style he imitated the manner of his 
 master Massacio. His son Philip was 
 also eminent as a painter, and died 1505, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Lippi, Lawrence, a native of Florence. 
 He excelled as a painter in historical pie- 
 ces and in portraits, and as a poet he pos- 
 sessed merit. His Mulmantile Raquistato, 
 under the assumed name of Pernoli Zipoli, 
 is a burlesque performance, printed at Flo- 
 rence, 4to. 168S, and again edited 1731, 
 with notes, 4to. and Paris 176S, 12mo. He 
 died 1664, aged 5S. 
 
 LiFPius, Justus, a learned critic, born at 
 
 5H 
 
LIR 
 
 I.IS 
 
 Iscanum, between Brussels and Louvaine, 
 18th Oct. 1547. In his earliest years he 
 displayed great powers of memory while at 
 school at Brussels, at Aeth, at Cologne, 
 and at the university of Louvaine, where 
 he devoted himself assiduously to the culti- 
 vation of belles lettres and ancient litera- 
 ture. At the age of 18 he published his 
 " Variarum Lectionum Libri tres," which 
 he dedicated to the general patron of let- 
 ters, cardinal Gianvt-llan : and therefore, 
 when he visited Rome in 1567, he was 
 made secretary to tbat distinguished eccle- 
 siastic, and for two years treated with the 
 greatest respect and hospitality. After 
 viewing the classical remains of ancient 
 Rome, and exploring the contents of her 
 rich libraries, he in lo69 returned to Lou- 
 vaine. He afterwards went to Vienna, 
 and being prevented from settling in his 
 country, he stopped at Jtna, where he was 
 honoured with a professorship. From 
 Jena he determined to retii'e to solitude 
 and study in his own native seat of Isca- 
 num ; but the tumults of war drove him 
 away again to Louvaine, and from Lou- 
 vaine he came to Leyden, where he lived 
 13 years till 1590. The remainder of his 
 life was spent at Louvaine, notwithstand- 
 ing the flattering invitations and offers of 
 patronage which he received from the 
 pope, from the cardinals, and from the 
 lungs of of France and Spain, and there 
 he died 23d March, 1606, in his 59th year. 
 Celebrated as a scholar, and respected as a 
 critic, Lipsius was, in his conversation, his 
 dress, and his appearance, far from prepos- 
 sessing, but rather disagreeable and mean. 
 In his religious opinions he was culpably 
 inconsistent, without faith, and without 
 honour. He was born a Roman Catholic, 
 but he became a Lutheran at Jena, again a 
 catholic at Brabant, a Calvinist at Leyden, 
 and again a bigoted catholic at Louvaine. 
 His last days indeed were clouded by dis- 
 ease, and weakness of understanding, but 
 some parts of his conduct were long before 
 ridiculous and puerile, and it could be 
 scarcely credited, that the same man was 
 at one time regardless of religion, and at 
 another, so anxious to obtain the protec- 
 tion of the Virgin Mary, that he dedicated 
 to her a silver pen, and a favourite gown, 
 lined with fur. His works were published 
 at Antwerp, 6 vols, folio, 1637, the most 
 esteemed of which are, a Commentary on 
 Tacitus, much admired — His Orations, De 
 Concordi^, and on the Death of the Duke 
 of Saxony — Electa — Saturnalia — De Mili- 
 ti& Romana — Satira Menippaea — De Am- 
 phitheatris — De Recta Pronunciatione Lin- 
 guae Latinae, &c. 
 
 LiRON, John, a Benedictine of the con- 
 gregation of St. Maur, born at Chartres, 
 and died at Mans, 1749, aged 84. He was 
 author of Bibliotheque de^ Auteurs Char- 
 n4 
 
 trains—Les Annaies de la Critique-^Lei 
 Singularites Historiques et Literaires, 4 
 vols. 12mo. works of great merit. 
 
 Lis, John Van der, a painter, born at 
 Oldenburgh. His pieces were generally 
 on Scriptural subjects, and on moral sports, 
 and possessed great merit. He died 1629, 
 aged 59. Another painter o that name, 
 eminent in historical representations, was 
 born at Breda, and the disciple of Corne- 
 lius Poelemberg. 
 
 Lisle, Claude de, a native of Vaucou- 
 leurs, in Lorraine, bred to the law, which 
 he quitted to study geography. He excel- 
 led as a teacher of geographical knowledge, 
 and had among his pupils, Orleans, after- 
 wards regent of France. He wrote Histo- 
 rical Relation of Siam, 12mo. — Introduc- 
 tion to Geography, with a treatise on the 
 Sphere, 2 vols. 12mo— an Abridgment of 
 Universal History, 7 vols. 12mo. He died 
 at Paris, 1720, aged 76. 
 
 Lisle, William de, a French geographer, 
 son of Claude, was born at Paris, 1675. 
 His map of the world, published in 16&9, 
 recommended him so strongly, that he was 
 elected into the academy of sciences. He 
 was afterwards appointed geographer to 
 the king, and instructed Lewis XV. him- 
 self in geography, and wrote several works 
 for his use. Scarcely any respectable pub- 
 lication appeared without being decorated 
 with his maps. He died of an apoplexy, 
 1726, when preparing a map ol Malta for 
 Vertot's History. 
 
 Lisle, Joseph Nicholas de, an able as- 
 tronomer, brother to William. He was 
 born ai Paris, and became by his celebrity, 
 member of all the learned academies in 
 Europe. He was in England 1724, and 
 obtained, as he deserved, the friendship 
 and admiration of Newton and Halley. In 
 1726 he was invited to Russia, and there 
 he contributed greatly to the advancement 
 of astronomy and geography, at the head 
 of the observatory. At the age of 18 he 
 made valuable obsei'vations on a total 
 eclipse of the sun, but his greatest work is 
 his Memoirs of the History of Astronomy, 
 2 vols. 4to. He returned from Petersburg 
 in 1747, and died at Paris 1768, aged 80. 
 
 Lisle, Sir George, son of a London 
 bookseller, learned the art of war in Flan- 
 ders, and distinguished himself in the civil 
 wars. At the last battle of Newbury, 
 when it grew dark, he fought in his shirt, 
 to render his person more conspicuous to 
 his men, and in consequence of his valoui* 
 he was knighted by the king in the field of 
 battle. He bravely defended Colchester, 
 in 1648, and when the town surrendered, 
 he was inhumanly ordered to be shot by 
 the victorious republicans. He suffered 
 with great intrepidity, 28th Aug. 1648. 
 
 LisoLA, Francis de, a native of Besan- 
 rort. for four years ambassador in Eneland. 
 
LLl' 
 
 LIT 
 
 iVom ibe emperor Ferdinand III. and after- 
 wards envoy cxtniordimiry at Madrid. 
 His work " Bouclier d'Ktat ct de Justice," 
 on till) unibitious views of Lewis XIV. was 
 hiplily oftensivc to the French. He died 
 1677. Some of his letters and memoirs 
 have also been published, l2mo. 
 
 I^isTEK, Matthew, president of the col- 
 lege of physicians, was born at Thornton, 
 Yorkshire, and educated at Oxford, where 
 he became fellow of Oriel college. He stu- 
 died physic abroad, and took his degree of 
 M.D. at Basil, and afterwards became phy- 
 sician to Anne, James's queen, and to 
 Charles I. who kni^jhted him. He was a 
 
 don, Berks, a MS. by John Little, which 
 records various intereKtiiig and curious 
 particulars, conccrninj; thr abbey, and the 
 history of that town. 
 
 LiTTLKBURT, Isaac, an Knglish divine, 
 who published a translation of Herodotus. 
 The work is well and faithfully executed, 
 but without notes. The second edition in 
 2 vols. 8vo. appeared in 172U. 
 
 Littleton, or Littleton, Thomas, an 
 English Judge, born at Frankley, Worces- 
 ter. After a liberal education, he entered 
 at the Inner Temple, and so ably distin- 
 guished himself, that Henry VI. appointed 
 him steward of the court of the palace, and 
 
 great sufferer during the civil wars, and died in 1455, king's sergeant, and a judge on 
 
 near Louth, Lincolnshire, 1657, aged 92. 
 
 Lister, Martin, nephew of Sir Matthew, 
 was born in Buckinghamshire, about 1638, 
 and educated under his uncle, who sent 
 him to St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 where he became fellow, 1660. He stu- 
 died physic, and travelled abroad, and at 
 his return home, 1670, he settled at York, 
 where he acquired great reputation. He 
 also devoted much of his time to the study 
 
 the northern circuit. The troubles of the 
 time did not lessen the public opinion of 
 his integrity, Edward IV. granted him a 
 pardon, and continued him in his offices, 
 and afterwards made him one of the judges 
 of the common pleas. In 1745 he was 
 created knight of the bath,and died in a good 
 age, 23d Aug. 1481. He was buried 
 
 He left three 
 and Thomas. 
 
 old age, 23d Aug. 1481. 
 in Worcester cathedral, 
 sons, William, Richard, 
 
 of antiquities and natural history, and for The eldest son lived in splendour at Frank- 
 
 his many valuable communications he was 
 elected fellow of the royal society. In 1684 
 he removed to London, and in 1698 attend- 
 ed the earl of Portland, when ambassador 
 to the court of France. He published an 
 account of his journey to Paris, which was 
 
 ley, and died 1508. From him the present 
 ennobled family are descended. The se- 
 cond was a lawyer of eminence, and it was 
 for his use and instruction, that his father, 
 in his old age, wrote his famous treatise on 
 tenures and titles, first printed 1477, and 
 
 ridiculed by Dr. King's Journey to London, often i-epublisbed with Coke's commentary. 
 
 He was made physician to queen Anne, 
 1709, and died Feb. 1711-12. His other 
 publications are about eight in number, 
 on natural history, on shells, &c. 
 
 LiTHGOw, William, a Scotchman, who 
 travelled on foot over Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa, where he met with various adven- 
 tures, of which he has given a cui-ious but 
 marvellous relation. At Malaga he was 
 tortured by the inquisition, and on his re- 
 turn was presented to king James and his 
 court, so mangled that he was cai'ried on 
 a feather bed into the royal presence. He 
 applied to the Spanish ambassador Gonda- 
 mar, and when deceived by him, he insult- 
 rd him, and even struck him in the king's 
 chamber, for which he was sent a prisoner 
 for nine months, to the Marshalsea. His 
 travels are now a scarce book. He in- 
 forms his reader, that he has walked on 
 toot, more than 30,000 miles. The better 
 part of his travels appears in Morgan's 
 
 "Phoenix Britannicus." 
 
 Little, William, an English historian, 
 
 born at Bridlington, Yorkshire, 1136. He 
 
 The third son, Thomas, was knighted by 
 Henry VII. for apprehending Lambert 
 Simnel, the pretended earl of W^arwick. 
 
 Littleton, John, a descendant of the 
 Worcestershire Littletons, was known as 
 an active member of parliament for his na- 
 tive county, in the 27th year of Elizabeth, 
 but his attachment to Essex proved un- 
 fortunate. He was seized when that fa- 
 vourite was discarded from the protection 
 of the queen, and being fined and con- 
 demned as a conspirator, he was saved 
 with difficulty by the interference of Sir 
 Walter Ralciji^h, to whom he wrote an ex- 
 cellent letter. He died in pri^on, 1600. 
 Several of his letters appeared in the Bio- 
 graphia Britannica. 
 
 Littleton, Edward, a native of Shrop- 
 shire, related to the Worcestershire family. 
 He removed from Christ-church, Oxford, 
 to the Inner Temple, and in 1628, distin- 
 guished himself in parliament as one of the 
 members that appeared before the lords 
 with the bill of rights. He was afterwards 
 one of the managers in the impeachment 
 
 is often called Naubrigensis, as he was a of Buckuigham, but notwithstanding hi 
 
 monk of Newborough abbey. His History 
 of England, from the invasion of William 
 the Conqueror, to 1197, in five books, is 
 highly esteemed for accuracy, judicious ar- 
 rangement, and veracity. There is prc- 
 ^rrved in Christ-church hospital. Abina:- 
 
 opposition to the court, he was made, in 
 1639, chief justice of the common picas, 
 and the following year lord keeper of the 
 great seal, and a peer by the title of Lord 
 Littleton. In those turbulent times his 
 partial adherence to the republican factions 
 
 ''in 
 
LIV 
 
 LIV 
 
 procured his dismissal from office, and he 
 died at Oxford, 1645. 
 
 Littleton, Adam, a learned divine, 
 born at Hales Owen, Shropshire, 8th Nov. 
 1627. He was educated at Westminster, 
 under Busby, and in 1647 went as student 
 to Christ-church, from which he was eject- 
 ed the next year. Soon after he was usher 
 at Westminster, and in 1658 was elected 
 second master. In 1670 he was honoured 
 with the degree of D.D. by the university, 
 in consequence of his merit, and four years 
 after was made rector of Chelsea, and about 
 that time obtained a grant from Charles II. 
 to succeed Dr. Busby in Westminster 
 school, to which, however, he did not suc- 
 ceed. He died 30th June, 1694, aged 67, 
 and was buried in his church, Chelsea, 
 where a monument records his services to 
 literature. He was in his private charac- 
 ter a woi'thy and amiable man, and as a 
 philologist and grammarian, he had few 
 equals. He published " A Latin Dictiona- 
 ry" — Elementa Religionis, &c. — Sixty-one 
 sermons — Seldon's Jani Anglorum, &c. 
 translated, and other works. He began, 
 but did not live to complete, a Greek Lexi- 
 con. 
 
 Littleton, Edward, an amiable divine 
 and poet, educated at Eton, under Dr. 
 Snape. In 1716 he went to king's college, 
 Cambridge, where he distinguished himself 
 as a scholar and a man of genius. In 1720 
 he was made assistant at Eton, and seven 
 years after was elected one of the fellows 
 of the college, and presented to the living 
 of Maple Durham, Oxfordshire. In 1730 
 he took the degree of LL.D. and became 
 chaplain to the king. He died 1734, and 
 "was buried at Maple Durham, leaving a 
 widow and three daughters. He was not 
 ambitious of appearing as an author. His 
 " Discourses," 2 vols, were published for 
 the benefit of his family, and his poems 
 have occasionally been printed in miscella- 
 nies, particularly in Dodsley's. His poem 
 on the spider is much admired. 
 
 LiviA, wife of Tiberius Claudius Nero, 
 afterwards married Augustus, and prevailed 
 upon him to adopt her children. Some au- 
 thors assert that she poisoned Augustus, to 
 make room for her son Tiberius, who treat- 
 ed her with the highest disrespect. She 
 died A.D. 29. 
 
 Livingston, John, a Scotch presbyter, 
 e.ducated at Glasgow, where he took the de- 
 gree of M.A. 1621. He was banished, 
 1663, from Scotland, because he refused to 
 take the oath of allegiance, on account of 
 his intolerable religious opinions ; and he 
 went to Holland, where he officiated at the 
 Scot's chapel, Rotterdam. He died Aug. 
 9th, 1672, aged 69. He wrote letters from 
 Leith to his parishioners at Ancrum, and 
 other works, 
 
 Livingston, Philip, a distinguished mem- 
 
 ber of the memorable American congress in 
 1776, was born in Albany, January 15th, 
 1716, and graduated at Yale college in 
 1737. He settled in the city of New- York, 
 and devoted himself to merchandise. In 
 1759 he was elected to a seat in the pro- 
 vincial assembly, and was for many years 
 one of the most able and influential mem- 
 bers of that body. In 1774 he was chosen 
 a member of the general congress, and took 
 a distinguished part in its deliberations 
 during the four succeeding years. He bold- 
 ly advocated the separation of the colonies 
 from the parent country, and signed the 
 declaration of independence. In 1776 con- 
 gress appointed him a member of the board 
 of the treasury, and in the following year 
 one of the marine committee ; he was also 
 during this period a member of the legisla- 
 ture of New- York, one of the convention 
 which in 1777 formed a constitution for 
 that state, and on the organization of the 
 new government was appointed to a seat in 
 the senate. He died June 12th, 1778, 
 while attending the session of congress. 
 He possessed a strong and discriminating 
 mind, was profoundly acquainted with hu- 
 man nature, and exhibited in his public and 
 private life the virtues of a sincere and en- 
 lightened Christian. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Livingston, William, LL.D. governor of 
 New-Jersey, was a member of a respecta- 
 ble family of that name in New- York, and 
 was born in that city about the year 1723, 
 and graduated at Yale college in 1741. He 
 studied law, and possessing an understand- 
 ing of great energy, a brilliant imagination, 
 and a retentive memory, and devoting him- 
 self assiduously to the cultivation of his 
 mind, he soon rose to distinction in the pro- 
 fession. He early exhibited himself an 
 able and zealous advocate of civil and reli- 
 gious liberty, and employed his pen in vin- 
 dicating the rights of the colonies against 
 the arbitrary claims of the British. After 
 enjoying several important offices in New- 
 York he removed to New-Jersey, and as a 
 representative of that state was one of the 
 most distinguished of the congress of 1774. 
 On the formation of a new constitution for 
 that state in 1776 he \vas appointed the first 
 governor, and was annually re-elected to 
 the office till his death in 1790. He was 
 characterized by simplicity in his manners, 
 and ease, amiableness, and wit in his social 
 intercourse. His writings display uncom- 
 mon vigour, keenness, and refinement, and 
 are often eloquent. He devoted himself 
 during the revolution ardently to the cause 
 of his country, and did much by the shrewd- 
 ness and severity of his writings both to 
 encourage his countrymen and exasperate 
 the British. ICT' L. 
 
 Livingston, Robert R. chancellor of 
 New-York, and minister of the United 
 States to France. wa« boni in <he city of 
 
LIV 
 
 LLO 
 
 New-York, September 2(1, 1747, and edu- 
 cated at King's college, where he was gra- 
 duftted in 1765. He studied law, and 
 commenced its practice in New- York, but 
 was soon after appointed recorder of that 
 city, and held the office till near the com- 
 mencement of the revolution, when he was 
 dismissed by governor Tryon, on account of 
 his attachment to liberty. Mr. Livingston 
 boldly advocated the cause of his countr)' 
 at that crisis, was elected to a scat in the 
 first congress, and was one of its ablest 
 and most influential members. He was 
 one of the conmiittee which drew up the 
 declaration of independence, and on the 
 establishment of the executive departments 
 in 17S0 was appointed secretary of foreign 
 affairs, and held the place till 1783. He 
 was chosen in 1777 a member of the con- 
 vention which formed the constitution of 
 New-York, and on its adoption was ap- 
 pointed chancellor of the state, and conti- 
 nued in that office till he went to France in 
 1801. It was in that capacity that he ad- 
 ministered the oath of office to president 
 Washington on his first inauguration. In 
 1768 he was a member of the convention 
 of New- York, which assembled to consider 
 the constitution of the United States, and 
 was a principal instrument in procuring its 
 adoption. He was appointed minister to 
 France in 1801, and rendered the most im- 
 portant services to his country while resi- 
 ding there, by negotiating the purchase of 
 Louisiana, and procuring x'edress for the 
 numerous spoliations by the French on the 
 commerce of the United States. While 
 at Paris he cultivated an acquaintance with 
 his distinguished countryman, Robert Ful- 
 ton, then residing in that city, and en- 
 couraged him, by furnishing one-half the 
 requisite capital, to pursue those experi- 
 ments which resulted in the discovery of a 
 successful method of employing the steam- 
 engine in navigation. He returned to the 
 United States in 1805, and though not af- 
 terwards employed in public life, continued 
 to be eminently useful, by pi'omoting the 
 progress of the arts and agriculture. He 
 made some attempts to employ steam in 
 navigation, which were, however, unsuc- 
 cessful, but on the return of Mr. Fulton to 
 New-York he formed a co-partnership 
 with him, and by contributing capital ena- 
 bled him to carry his discoveries into ellect. 
 He did much for the benefit of agriculture, 
 by introducing the use of gypsum, and the 
 merino race of sheep. He was a principal 
 founder and the president of the New- York 
 Academy of Fine Arts, and also of the So- 
 ciety for the promotion of agriculture. He 
 died in Christian hope on the 15th of Fe- 
 bruary, i8i3, in his sixty-seventh year, la- 
 mented as one of the most distinguished 
 among his countrymen in talents, learning, 
 public spirit, and usefulness. He possessed 
 >'oi,. II. 28 
 
 au active and vigorous mind, «jnconimon 
 quickness of perception, was a profound 
 lawyer and statesman, and ranked amonf; 
 the first Americans in eloquence. JO^" I- 
 Livingston, Brockholst, judge of the 
 supreme court of the United States, was 
 the son of VV'illiam Livingston, governor of 
 New-Jersey, and was born in the city of 
 New-York, November '25th, 1757. He en- 
 tered Princeton college, but in 1770 left it 
 for the field, and became one of the family of 
 general Schuyler, commander of the north- 
 ern army. He was afterwards attached to 
 the suite of general Arnold, with the rank 
 of major, and shared in the honours of the 
 conquest of Burgoyne. In 1779 he accom- 
 panied Mr. Jay to the court of Spain as his 
 private secretary, and remained abroad 
 about three years. On his return he de- 
 voted himself to law, and was admitted to 
 practice in April, 1783. His talents were 
 happily adapted to the profession, and soon 
 raised him into notice, and ultimately to 
 eminence. He was called to the bench of 
 the supreme court of the state of New- 
 York, .January 8th, 1802, .and in Novem- 
 ber, 1806, was transferred to that of the 
 supreme court of the United States, the 
 duties of which station he discharged with 
 distinguished faithfulness and ability until 
 his death, which took place during the sit- 
 tings of the court at Washington, March 
 18th, 1823, in the 66th year of his age. He 
 possessed a mind of uncommon acutc- 
 ness and energy, and enjoyed the reputa- 
 tion of an accomplished scholar, an able 
 pleader and jurist, an upright judge, and a 
 liberal patron of learning. fC?' L. 
 
 LiviNius, or LiviNEUS, John, Latin 
 translator of some of the works of Gregory 
 Nazianzen, of Chrysostom, and other fa- 
 thers, and editor of Panegyrici Veteres, 
 8vo. 1599, was a native of Dendermonde. 
 He studied at Cologne, and distinguished 
 himself as a Grecian. He was canon of 
 Antwerp, and he died there 1599. 
 
 Livius, Andronicus, a Roman comic 
 poet, whose plays arc lost. He flourished 
 240 B. C. 
 
 Livius, Titus, a celebrated Latin histo- 
 rian, born at Padua, and patronised by the 
 emperor Augustus, who intrusted to him the 
 education of his grandson Claudius. He 
 died at Padua, A.D. 17, aged 67. The best 
 edition of his valuable history, which has 
 not descended whole to modern times, is 
 by Crevier, 1735,6 vols. 4to. It has been 
 translated into English by Mr. Baker, in 6 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Li.oTD, William, an English prelate, born 
 1627, at Tilehurst, Berks, where his father 
 was rector. He was educated under his 
 father, and in 1638 entered at Oriel col- 
 lege, Oxford, and the next year removed to 
 a scholarship at Jesus, where he became 
 fellow, 1646. He was afterwards for some 
 
 217 
 
LLO 
 
 L(JB 
 
 years tutor to the children of Sir John 
 Backhouse, and at the restoration was 
 made prebendary of Rippon, Yorkshire. In 
 1666 he was made king's chaplain, and suc- 
 cessively promoted to a prebend of Salis- 
 bury, the vicarage of St. Mary's, Reading, 
 the archdeaconry of Merioneth, deanery of 
 Bangor, prebend of St. Paul's, and the 
 vicarage of St. Martin in the fields. In 
 1680 he was raised to the see of St. Asaph, 
 and was one of the seven bishops sent to 
 the tower in 1688, for refusing to permit 
 the publication of the royal declaration for 
 liberty of conscience. He was a zealous 
 promoter of the revolution, and in 1692 
 was translated to Lichfield and Coventry, 
 and in 1699 to Worcester. He died at 
 Hartlebury castle, Aug. 30th, 1717, aged 
 91, and was buried in Fladbury church, 
 near Evesham, where his son was rector. 
 His publications were numerous, they con- 
 sist of Tracts against Popery — Sermons — 
 the History of the Government of the 
 Church of Great Britain — a Dissertation on 
 Daniel's 70 Weeks — a System of Chrono- 
 logy — a Harmouy of the Gospel — a Chro- 
 nological Account of the Life of Pythago- 
 ras, and other theological works. 
 
 Lloyd, Robert, an English poet, educa- 
 ted at Westminster school, where his fa- 
 ther, Dr. Picrson Lloyd, was second mas- 
 ter, and from thence elected to Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he took his mas- 
 ter's degree. He was for some time usher 
 of Westminster school, and during that 
 time published "the Actor," 1760, a poem 
 of great merit. His irregularities, how- 
 ever, obliged him to resign his situation 
 in the school, and he now depended for 
 subsistence on the exertions of his pen. At 
 last his impiudcnce aiid his debts lodged 
 him in the Fleet-prison, where he lived sup- 
 ported chiefly by the bounty of his steadfast 
 friend the poet Churchill. The death of 
 this liberal benefactor overwhelmed him 
 with sorrow, and in less than a month he 
 followed him to the grave. He died 15th 
 December, 1764. He was the author of 
 the *' Capricious Lover," a comic opera, 
 Svo. and four other dramatic works. A 
 partial collection of his v.orks by Dr. Ken- 
 rick, appeared 2 volumes, 8vo. 1774. 
 His imitation of Theocritus has been much 
 admired. 
 
 Lloyd, Nicholas, an English divine, au- 
 thor of a Historical, Geographical, and Po- 
 etical Dictionary, printed Oxford, 1670, 
 folio, and in 4to. 1695, a work to which 
 Hoffman, Moreri, ofher succeeding lexico- 
 graphers, are much indebted. This active 
 and indefatigable scholar died 1680, aged 
 49, and was buried at St. Mary's, Newing- 
 ton, Surrey, where he was rector. 
 
 Lloyd, Thomas, succeeded Penn as 
 deputy governor of Pennsylvania, on his 
 return to England in 1684. He resigned 
 218 
 
 in 1688. In 1689 the administration 
 again devolved on him as president of 
 the council. He was of an ancient fami- 
 ly of Whales, and educated at Oxford, 
 but embracing the principles of the Quakers 
 he lost all hopes of preferment in England, 
 and accompanied William Penn to America* 
 He was one of the most intimate and con- 
 fidential friends of the proprietor, and a 
 valuable acquisition to the province. He 
 died July 10th, 1694, aged 54. ICF' L. 
 
 Llywarch ap Llywelyn, a Welsli 
 bard, whose poetical effusions possessing 
 merit are preserved in the Welsh Archaeo- 
 logia. He flourished from 1160 to 1220. 
 
 Llywarch hen, a Welsh poet, distin- 
 guished also as an able defender of his 
 country against the Saxon invasion, in 
 which it is said he lost 24 sons. He flou- 
 rished about 630, and died in a cell at 
 Llanvor, near Bala, aged 150. His poems, 
 &c. have been collected by Mr. Owen. 
 
 Llwelyn ap Grufydd, a Welsh prince, 
 who heroically resisted the invasion of 
 Edward I., of England, but at last fell 
 under the power of his superior antagonist, 
 1282, after a reign of 28 years. The inde- 
 pendence of his country perished with him. 
 
 Llywelyn ap Jorwerth, king of 
 North Wales, after the deposition of his 
 tyrannical uncle, David Owen. He was a 
 wise, active, and warlike prince, and died 
 1240, after a reign of 46 years. 
 
 Llywelyn ap Sitsylt, a Welsh prince, 
 sovereign of South Wales and Powys, 998. 
 He fell bravely fighting in battle 1021, after 
 defeating Aulaff, the Scotch invader, sup~ 
 ported by the treacherous assistance of 
 Hywill and Merenydd, sons of Edwin ap 
 Einion. 
 
 Llywelyn Vardd, a Welsh poet, son 
 of Cyrwryd. Some of his pieces are pre- 
 served in the W^elsh Archaeology. He 
 flourished between 1130 and 1180. 
 
 Llywelyn o Langewydd or Llywelyn 
 SioN, a Welsh bard of Glamorgan, who 
 died 1616. His collections of the System 
 of Bardism are valuable, as he was not only 
 eminent himself, but frequently presided at 
 the meetings of the bards. 
 
 Llywelyn, Thomas, author of a His- 
 tory of the different editions of the Welsh 
 Bible, in which he evinced great learning 
 as a divine, and much judgment as a critic, 
 died 1796. 
 
 LoBB, Theophilus, a native of London, 
 where his father was a dissenting minister. 
 He was eminent as a physician, and wTote 
 some medical as well as theological tracts, 
 and died 1763, aged 87. 
 
 LoBEL, Matthias, a native of Lisle, who 
 fetudied at Montpellier, and devoted himself 
 attentively to botany. After travelling 
 through Switzerland, Germany, Italy, &c. 
 he came to England about 1 570, and after- 
 wards was nominated physician and bota- 
 
]-ot 
 
 i.oc 
 
 ni^l 10 James I. In the cultivation of his 
 Hrt he superintended lord Zouch's botani- 
 cal garden at Hackney, and he wrote Stir- 
 pium Adversaria, London, 1570 — Ohscrva- 
 tiones, sen Stirpinni llistoria;, &c. folio, 
 1576 — Diiiieidse Simplicium Medicament. 
 Explicationes, &e. He died 1616, aged 73. 
 LoBiNEAU, Guy Alexis, a Freneh Bene- 
 dictine monk, born at Rennes, 1667. He 
 is eminently known by his works, the His- 
 tory of Britany, 2 vols, folio — of the Con- 
 quest of Spain by the Moors, 12mo. — a 
 History of Paris, 5 vols, folio — the Saints of 
 Britany, folio — a translation of Polybius. 
 He died 1727. He also translated some of 
 the plays of Aristophanes. 
 
 LoBKOwiTZ, Boleslaus de Hassenstein, 
 baron dc, a Bohemian nobleman, who af- 
 ter visiting various countries, and distin- 
 guishing himself as a negotiator and as a 
 warrior, entered the ecclesiastical profes- 
 sion, and died 1510. His Latin poems 
 appeared at Prague, 1563 and 1570, and 
 possess merit. 
 
 LoBo, Jerome, a Jesuit of Lisbon, who 
 went as a missionary to the east. He wrote 
 a very interesting account of his travels 
 into Abyssinia, in Portuguese, translated 
 into French by Le Grand, and from 
 French into English by Dr. Johnson. Lo- 
 bo at his return was made rector of the 
 •college of Coimbra, Portugal, .and died 
 1678, aged 85. 
 
 LoBo, Rodrigues Francis, a Portuguese 
 poet, born at Leiric, in Estramadura. His 
 " Euphrosyne," a comedy, is very popular 
 in Portugal. He wrote besides other 
 poems, printed 1721, in folio. 
 
 LocKART, Alexander, a lawyer, born at 
 Carnwath, near Edinburgh. He was a 
 member of the Scotch parliament, and vio- 
 lently opposed the union, and also the 
 Hanoverian succession, after which he re- 
 tired to his country house, and wrote his 
 Memoirs of Scotland, published 1714, Lon- 
 don. He fell in a duel, 1732, aged 57. 
 
 Locke, John, an illustrious philosopher, 
 born 1632, at Wrington, near Bristol, of a 
 respectable family. He was educated at 
 Westminster school, and in 1651 was elect- 
 ed to Christ church, Oxford, where he took 
 regularly his degrees in arts. Already dis- 
 tinguished by his great proficiency in polite 
 literature, he now applied himself to phy- 
 sic, but though he obtained some reputa- 
 tion at Oxford, he soon found his constitu- 
 tion inadequate to the fatigues of the pro- 
 fession, and gladly accepted the oflice of 
 secretary to Sir William Swan, sent envoy 
 to the elector of Brandenburg, 1664. Two 
 years after he became acquainted with lord 
 Ashley, afterwards earl of Shaftesbury, and 
 not only by curing him of a dangerous 
 abscess in the breast, but by the intelligence 
 of his conversation, and the great powers 
 of his mind, he deserved and obtained his 
 
 lusting friendship. At the recommcnda 
 tion of this nol>l(' patron he relinquished 
 medicine for the study of politics, and o( 
 civil and ecclesiastical history, and .soon 
 after employed himself in drawing up con- 
 stitutions for the government of Carolina, 
 of which his friend, now chancellor of the 
 exchequer, and other lords, had obtained a 
 grant from the crown. In 1672, on the ele- 
 vation of Shaftesbury to the office of lord 
 chancellor, Locke was made his secretary of 
 the presentations, but on the disgrace of his 
 patron the next year he lost his appoint- 
 ment, though he still continued secretary to 
 the board of trade, where the earl was a 
 commissioner, and enjoyed it with an an- 
 nexed salary of 500/. per year till the dissolu- 
 tion of the commission in 1674. Soon after 
 he went to Montpellier, for the benefit of 
 his health, as he was apprehensive of a 
 consumptive attack, and here he devoted 
 himself partly to medical pursuits, and to 
 the composition of his Essay on Human 
 Understanding, till in 1679 his patron 
 raised to be president of the council recall- 
 ed him home. His prospects of prefer- 
 ment were transitorj-, the earl in six months 
 was disgraced and imprisoned, and in 1692 
 escaped for fear of being prosecuted for 
 high treason, to Holland, where Locke, 
 equally faithful to him in adversity as in 
 pro.sperity, followed him. There, by his 
 intercourse with some suspected person 
 after the death of his patron, the exiled 
 philosopher drew upon himself the resent* 
 ment of the government ; he was not only 
 removed from his studentship at Christ 
 church, which he had hitherto kept as an 
 honourable literaiy retreat, but he was ac- 
 cused by the English envoy before the 
 States General, and his person claimed a.s 
 guilty of treasonable correspondence in 
 favour of Monmouth's invasion. Thus 
 persecuted, Locke concealed himself for 12 
 months, devoting his time to literary la- 
 bours, and two yeai-s after, when he return- 
 ed to England in consequence of the revo- 
 lution, he published his celebrated essay, 
 which had engaged him nine years in the 
 composition. As he was considered a 
 sufferer for political opinions he was re- 
 warded with the place of commissioner of 
 appeals, worth 200/. a year, and he was 
 offered the honourable office of envoy to 
 some foreign courts, but this he declined, 
 ambitious only after that tranquillity and 
 retirement, which he found in the friendly 
 invitations of Sir Francis and lady Masham 
 at Oates. In 1695 he was prevailed upon 
 to accept the place of commissioner of trade 
 and plantations, for which he was so well 
 qualified by information and knowledge, 
 but this he resigned five years after, on ac- 
 count of the delicate state of his health, 
 which did not permit him wrth safety to 
 breathe the air of the capital. The lattct 
 
 919 
 
LOG 
 
 LOE 
 
 pavt of lite was usefully employed in the 
 exertion of his talents on political subjects, 
 and also in reading and commenting with all 
 the zeal and humility of a true Christian 
 on the holy Scriptures. With nothing to 
 disturb the serenity of his mind, he found 
 himself happy in the retirement which he 
 had chosen, and in the society of lady 
 Masham, a woman of superior virtue, of 
 great information, and of contemplative 
 habits of mind, whose son had the happi- 
 ness to be educated and improved under 
 the eye, and in the principles of her illus- 
 trious friend. Thus situated in the hospi- 
 table mansion of Gates, as if in his own 
 house, he saw the gradual approach of 
 death with calmness and resignation. 
 Seeing his legs swell, he became sensible 
 that dissolution was not distant, and after 
 receiving the sacrament with fervour and 
 piety, he told his sorrowing friend, lady 
 Masham, that he had lived long enough, 
 that he thanked God for having passed his 
 days so happily, and that life appeared to 
 him mere vanity. He expired with little 
 pain, 28th Oct. 1704, in his 73d year, and 
 was buried in the church at Gates, where a 
 decent monument, with an inscription 
 written by himself, marks the spot. His 
 works are, besides the Essay in 2 vols.Svo. ; 
 Letters on Toleration, 4to. ; treatise on 
 Civil Government, 8vo. ; Thoughts con- 
 cerning Education, 12mo. — Considerations 
 on lowerir.g the interest, andraisingthe Value 
 of Money ; Reasonableness of Christian- 
 ity, Svo. ; Posthumous works, &c. ; Para- 
 phrase on St. Paul's Epistles, 4to. ; Let- 
 ters, &c. all which have been edited to- 
 gether, 3 vols, folio, and 9 vols. Svo. On 
 the character of this great and good man 
 little need be said. The virtues and the 
 charities of human nature he possessed in 
 the highest degree, and as a philosopher, a 
 Christian, a politician, and a man, he claims 
 the first rank in the admiration and in the 
 homage of posterity. With judicious taste 
 and becoming simplicity, queen Caroline 
 erected in her pavilion at Richmond, his 
 bust with those of Bacon, Newton, and 
 Clarke, as the four principal philosophers 
 of which England may boast with real pride 
 and satisfaction when she enumerates her 
 departed heroes. 
 
 Locke, Samuel, D.D. president of Har- 
 Tard college, Massachusetts, was graduated 
 at that institution in 1755, and two years 
 after settled in the ministry at Sherburne, 
 ivhcre he continued till advanced to the 
 presidency of the college in March, 1770. 
 He resigned the station in December, 1773. 
 He possessed uncommon powers of mind, 
 was an acomplished preacher. Idp' L. 
 
 LocKEK, John, an English gentleman of 
 
 a respectable family in Middlesex. He 
 
 ^as educated at Merchant-tailors', and 
 
 Merton college, Oxford, and then entered 
 
 220 
 
 at Gray's Inn, -where he occupied the same 
 chambers which lord Bacon once had. 
 When called to the bar he became a com- 
 missioner of bankrupts, and held other 
 offices. He devoted much of his time to 
 the cultivation of literature, and he waa a 
 perfect master of the Greek, and also of 
 the modern Greek, which he acquired by 
 the conversation of a poor native of the 
 Morea, whom he found by accident desti- 
 tute and begging in the streets of London, 
 and whom he and Dr. Mead liberally pa- 
 tronised. He was an enthusiastic admirer 
 of lord Bacon, some of whose papers he 
 carefully collected for publication, which 
 he communicated to Dr. Birch, and Mr. 
 Mallet. He wrote a preface to Voltaire's 
 Charles XH. and translated the two first 
 books, and Dr. Jebb the rest. He died 
 much regretted, May, 1760, nearly a year 
 after the death of his lady, a descendant of 
 bishop Stillingfleet, by whom he had nine 
 children. 
 
 LocKMAN, John, author of Rosalinda, a 
 musical drama, 1740, and of David's La- 
 mentations, an oratorio, was one of the 
 compilers of the General Dictionary, and 
 also concerned in " Blainville's Travels." 
 He died 2d Feb. 1771, much respected. 
 
 LocKTER, Nicholas, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, chaplain to Cromwell, and provost 
 of Eton under his usurpation. As he was 
 a nonjuror he waa ejected at the restoration 
 from this provostship, and the livings of St. 
 Benet's Sheerhog, and St. Pancras, Soper- 
 lane. He wrote some theological tracts, 
 and died 1684. 
 
 LoDBROG, Regner, a celebrated king of 
 Denmark, at the beginning of the 9th cen- 
 tury. He was a warrior, and also a poet, 
 but his poems breathe nothing but wild fa- 
 naticism and religious phrenzy. 
 
 Lodge, Thomas, a learned physician, 
 educated at Oxford, according to Wood. 
 He afterwards studied medicine at Avignon, 
 where he took his doctor's degree, and at 
 his return was incorporated at Cambridge. 
 He settled in London, where he acquired an 
 extensive practice, especially among the 
 Roman catholics, of whose persuasion he 
 was. He died 1625, much respected. He 
 wrote Wounds of Civil AVar, a tragedy, 
 1594, 4to. — Looking-Glass for London and 
 for England, a tragi-comedy, 1598, in 
 which, and in other pieces attributed to 
 him, he is said to have been assisted by 
 Robert Green. 
 
 Loewendal, Ulric Frederic W^oldemar, 
 count de, a native of Hamburgh, distin- 
 guished as an officer in the service of Po- 
 land, and afterwards of Denmark against 
 Sweden. He next entered into the impe- 
 rial army, and displayed his bravery at the 
 battle of Peterwaradin, the sieges of Temes- 
 war, and Belgrade, and in the other ex- 
 ploits of that celebrated war. Augustus 
 
LOG 
 
 UJl. 
 
 kin"- of Poland, sensible of bis merits, 
 made him field-marshal and inspector-ge- 
 neral of the Saxon infantry, and he after- 
 wards obtained the chief command of the 
 Russian forces. From Russia he passed 
 into the French service, and was particularly 
 distinguished at the battle of Fontcnoy 
 1745, and at the taking of Bergen-op-Zoom, 
 16th Sept. 1747, hitherto regarded as im- 
 pregnable. The French king acknow- 
 ledged his meritorious services by raising 
 him to the rank of field-marshal. He died 
 1755, aged 55. 
 
 Logan, Frederic, baron de, a German 
 poet of considerable merit, whose epigrams 
 and other pieces have been edited by Les- 
 sing and Ramler. He died 1655, aged 
 51. 
 
 Logan, John, a native of Mid-Lothian, 
 in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh, and 
 made minister of South Lcith 1770. He 
 distinguished himself as a writer and as a 
 poet, and died in London 1788, aged about 
 40. His works are the Philosophy of His- 
 tory from his lectures delivered at Edin- 
 burgh 1781 — Runnamede, a tragedy, re- 
 fused at Covent-gardcn, on account of 
 some political allusions to the times, but 
 acted with great applause at Edinburgh — 
 Poems, of which the second edition appear- 
 ed in 1782 — and Review of the Principal 
 Charges against Mr. Hasting?, for which 
 his publisher in London, Stockdale, was 
 tried and acquitted. 
 
 Logan, James, distinguished for his 
 Teaming and president of the council of 
 Pennsylvania, was of Scotch descent, but 
 born in Ireland, in 1674. He was well 
 educated in the sciences and the various 
 branches of polite literature. In 1699, he 
 came to America with William Penn, in 
 whose religious creed he was a believer, 
 ■and was soon introduced by him into seve- 
 ral public employments, and at length in 
 1701, appointed secretary of the province 
 and clerk of the council. He afterAvards 
 was advanced to the offices of commission- 
 er of property, chief justice, and president 
 of the council, and was for some time un- 
 popular by attaching himself to the inter- 
 ests of the proprietary, in opposition to 
 these of the people. On the death of the 
 governor in 1736, the government for two 
 years devolved on him as president of the 
 council, and he exercised an administration 
 highly acceptable to the people. Several 
 of the last years of his life he spent in re- 
 tirement in literary pursuits. He was well 
 versed in ancient and modern learning, and 
 fond of mathematics, philosophy, and 
 natural history, and published several valu- 
 able tracts on those subjects. His large 
 and choice library he bequeathed to the 
 t;itizens of Philadelphia. sCJ^ L. 
 
 Logan, a distinguished Indiari Chief of 
 ♦be Cayuga nation, who lived on the Ohio, 
 
 and whose misfortunes and eloquence arc 
 commemorated by Mr. Jefferson in his 
 Notes on Virginia. He was gifted with 
 superior talents, was brave, and strongly 
 attached to the white people, till in 1774, 
 a party of whites under the command of a 
 captain Cresap, without provocation, mur- 
 dered all his family ; a war of retaliation 
 ensued, in which great numbers of the 
 whites were put to death, till at length the 
 Indians being defeated in a general battle 
 sued for peace, and Logan, disdaining (o 
 appear among the supplicants, sent to lord 
 Dunmore, governor of Virginia, the speech 
 recorded by Mr. Jefferson, in which he re- 
 counts his wrongs. His calamities threw 
 him into melancholy, and occasional deli- 
 rium, which he attempted to relieve by 
 intoxication. He was at length murdered 
 on his way to Miami from Detroit, where 
 
 he had lived for some time. 
 
 ICT-L. 
 
 Loges, Mary Bruneau, a French lady of 
 the protestant persuasion. She was much 
 admired for her wit and genius, not only by 
 Balzac, Malherbe, and other learned men ; 
 but the king of Sweden, the duke of Or- 
 leans, &c. She had by her husband, who 
 was a gentleman of the king's bed-cham- 
 ber, nine children, but though called the 
 tenth muse, and a divinity on earth, she 
 left none of her poetical productions be- 
 hind her. 
 
 LoHENSTEiN, Daniel Gaspard de, a learn- 
 ed German, born at Nimptsch, Silesia. He 
 wrote some dramatic pieces — Arminius, a 
 historical romance, 2 vols. 4to. ; Poetical 
 Reflections on Isaiah's 53d chapter, &c. 
 He died 1683, aged 45. 
 
 Loir, Nicholas, a painter born at Paris 
 1624. He was disciple to Le Brun, but 
 though possessed of genius, he did not 
 excel in any particular branch. He paint- 
 ed landscape.^, figures, &c. and assisted in 
 the completion of the paintings of the pa- 
 lace of the Thuilleries. He died professor 
 of the academy of painting. His son 
 Alexis was an able engraver. 
 
 Lokman, an Abyssinian prophet, said to 
 have been sold as a slave among the Israel- 
 ites in the reign of David and Solomon. 
 His wisdom, and the good sense and strik- 
 ing morality of his fables are so like those 
 of iEsop, that he is considered by some 
 authors as the same personage. He has 
 been esteemed by the ancients as an extra- 
 ordinary character, so that Mahomet has 
 inserted a chapter in the Koran, with his 
 name, where he introduces God saying, we 
 heretofore bestowed wisdom on Lokman. 
 He is said to have lived 300 years, and to 
 have been buried near Jerusalem. A trans- 
 lation of his fables was published by Gal- 
 land, at Paris, 1724. 
 
 Lollard, Walter, the founder of the 
 sect of the Lollards, was according to 
 some, an Englishman. His opinions were 
 
 221 
 
J.OM 
 
 LOM 
 
 first disseminated in Germany, 1315, and 
 afterwards were preached by him in Pied- 
 mont and in England. He was burnt as a 
 heretic at Cologne, 1322. The followers 
 of Lollard believed that mass, baptism, and 
 extreme unction were superfluous, they re- 
 nounced obedience to civil and ecclesiasti- 
 cal magistrates, and persuaded themselves 
 that God did not punish faults committed on 
 the earth. 
 
 LoM, Jossu Van, a physician born at Bu- 
 ren, Guelderland, 1500. He practised at 
 Tournay and Bruges, and died 1562. His 
 works written in elegant and polished 
 Tiatin, all on medical subjects, were pub- 
 lished at Amsterdam, 3 vols. 12mo. 1745. 
 
 LoMAzzo, John Paul, a native of Milan, 
 known as an ingenious landscape and por- 
 trait painter. He also wrote an Italian 
 treatise on Painting, 4to. 1585; and Idea 
 del Tempio della Pittura, 1590, 4to. and 
 died 159S, aged 40. 
 
 Lombard, Peter,* called Master of the 
 Sentences, was born at Novara, in Lombar- 
 dy, and educated at Paris. He was for 
 some time tutor to Philip, son of Lewis le 
 Gros, king of France, and so universally 
 yespected, that upon the death of the arch- 
 bishop of Paris he was placed in his room. 
 He died four years after 1164. His work 
 of the Sentences is divided into four books, 
 and has been ably commented upon by suc- 
 ceeding divines. He wrote also Commen- 
 taries on the Psalms, and on St. Paul's 
 Epistles. 
 
 Lombard, John Lewis, a native of Stras- 
 burg, bred up to the law, but by nature 
 formed for military affairs. He became in 
 1748, professor of artillerj^, at the military 
 school of Metz, and afterv.-ards in 1759, at 
 Auxonne, and died 1st April, I794jaged71. 
 He wrote Table du Tir des Cannons et 
 Hes Obusiers, 8vo. ; Memoire al'Usagedes 
 Officiers d'Artillerie de France, 2 vols. Svo.; 
 Traite du Mouvement des Projectiles, Svo.; 
 Instruction sur la Manoeuvre and le Tir du 
 Cannon de Batille, Svo. ; besides Robins' 
 Principles of Gunnery translated into 
 French. 
 
 Lome ART, Lambert, a native of Liege, 
 who studied painting in Germany, France, 
 and Italy, and afterwards settled in his na- 
 tive country, vdiere he acquired reputation, 
 and died 1565, aged 59. He excelled also 
 as an architect. His life was published by 
 Hubert Goltzius. 
 
 LoMENiE, Henry Augustus, count de 
 Brienne, son of Anthony Lomenic, for 
 some time French ambassador to England, 
 and secretary of state, who died 1638, suc- 
 ceeded to the honours of his father in the 
 service of Lewis XIV. He died 1666, aged 
 71, and his memoirs were published at Am- 
 sterdam, 1719, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 LoMENiE, Flenry Lewis, count de Bri- 
 enne, son of the above, was also his succes- 
 222 
 
 sor in his high offices. The loss of his wife, 
 whom he tenderly loved, had such effect 
 upon his understanding that, to the pru- 
 dence and sagacity of the statesman unhap- 
 pily succeeded the extravagance of a de- 
 ranged lunatic. He was consequently dis- 
 missed from power and confined. Du- 
 ring his confinement and lucid intervals, he 
 wrote Memoirs of his own Life^ 3 vols. fol. 
 — Satires and Odes — an account of his 
 Travels, and other things. He died much 
 respected and lamented 1698, aged 56. 
 
 LoMENiE DE Brienne, Stephen Charles 
 de, a French prelate of tlie same family, 
 born at Paris 1727. He was in 1760 made 
 bishop of Condom, archbishop of Tolouse 
 1764, and then removed to Sens. Respect- 
 ed as a prelate, hostile to abuses, and 
 friendly to reform, he became by the in- 
 trigues of Vermont, whom he had re- 
 commended as confessor to the queen, a 
 cardinal, and the prime minister of Lewis 
 XVI. but the expectations formed of his 
 abilities were unhappily disappointed. He 
 caused the disgrace of Calonne, but follow- 
 ed his steps of government, and politics, 
 and his weakness, and his impotent dis- 
 putes with the parliament of Paris, rapidly 
 contributed to the French revolution. He 
 quitted at last a station to which he was 
 unequal, and by sending back his cardinal's 
 hat to the pope, at the beginning of the re- 
 volution, he acquired a little popularity. 
 He died at Sens, 16th Feb. 1798. 
 
 LoMONOzoF, a Russian poet of merit, 
 born 171L He was son of a fishmonger at 
 Kolmogori, but despising this humble oc- 
 cupation, and inflamed with the love of li- 
 terature by reading the Song of Solomon 
 in the translation of Pototski, he fled from 
 the protection of his father to a monastery 
 of Moscow, where he studied the learned 
 languages. He so distinguished himself, 
 that he was in 1736 sent at the expense of 
 the imperial academy of sciences, to Mar- 
 burg, in Hesse Cassel, where for four years 
 he applied himself to grammar, rhetoric, 
 and philosophy, under Wolf, and afterwards 
 studied chymistry under Henckel, at Frey- 
 berg. In 1741 he returned to Russia, and 
 became professor of chymistry in the impe- 
 rial academy. In 1744 he was raised by 
 the empress to the rank of counsellor of 
 state, but unfortunately died that year, 
 April 4th, aged 54. As a writer, Lomono- 
 zof is deservedly esteemed by his country- 
 men as the polisher of their language. His 
 poetical compositions are particularly va- 
 luable for their originality, sublimity of 
 sentiment, and their animated diction. As 
 the respectable imitator of Pindar, he ranks 
 very high, and the appellation of father of 
 Russian poetry is becomingly bestowed 
 upon him. His works have been published 
 in 3 vols, containing ten sacred and nine- 
 teen .panegyric odes and other poetical 
 
LON 
 
 LOS 
 
 pieces, idyls, tragedies, &c. besides pas- 
 sages translated from Cicero, Luciaji, Eras- 
 mus," JVAion, Homer, Ovid, Virgil, and 
 others, besides treatises on philosophical 
 subjects. He published also, " Annals of 
 the Russian Sovereigns," and Ancient His- 
 tory of Russia, from the origin of the na- 
 tion to 1504. 
 
 LoNDE, Francis Richard de la, a French 
 poet of considerable merit, born at Caen. 
 He wrote also some pieces on history, 
 morals, and antiquity, and died 1765, 
 aged 80. 
 
 London, John Campbell, earl and baron 
 of London, succeeded his father Hugh 
 Campbell in 1732. He arrived in Virginia 
 in 1756, with a commission as commander- 
 in-chief of the British forces in America, 
 in which office he succeeded general Aber- 
 crombie, who again assumed it on the re- 
 turn of London to England the following 
 year. He was appointed majoi'-general in 
 1756, and lieutenant-general in 1758, and 
 commanded in the campaigns against the 
 French in Canada in 1756 and 1757. He 
 had also the appointment of governor of 
 Virginia as the successor of the earl of Al- 
 bemarle in 1756. Mr. Dinwiddle, however, 
 continued to discharge the duties of the 
 office, and lord London had little concern 
 with the civil administration. He gained 
 little reputation in America, but was 
 charged with arrogance and indiscretion in 
 his general deportment, and with indeci- 
 sion and delay as a military commander. 
 
 iCP L. 
 
 Long, James le, a priest of the oratory, 
 born at Paris 1665. He was professor in 
 several colleges, and was elected librarian 
 of St. Honore, at Paris, where he died 
 1721. He was well skilled in ancient and 
 modern languages, and in mathematics and 
 philosophy. His chief works are Biblio- 
 theca Sacra, 2 vols, folio, 1723 — Biblio- 
 theque Historique de la France, folio — a 
 Historical Discourse on the Polyglott Bible, 
 8vo. 
 
 Long, Roger, D.D. master of Pembroke 
 hall, Cambridge, Lowndes' professor of as- 
 tronomy and rector of Cherry Hinton, 
 Huntingdonshire, and Bradwell, Essex, 
 was a native of Norfolk. He is celebrated 
 as an able astronomer, as his " Treatise on 
 Astronomy," 2 vols. 4to. fully proves. He 
 wrote besides an answer to Dr. Gally's 
 pamphlet on " Greek Accents," and some 
 sermons. He also invented a curious ma- 
 chine, which' represented the zodiac, the 
 jneridians, and other circles, and all the 
 constellations and stars visible at Cam- 
 bridge, on plates of iron. The machine is 
 in the form of a globe, eighteen feet in dia- 
 meter, in which thirty persons may con- 
 veniently sit, and is easily turned by means 
 of a winch. Dr. Long, equally known as 
 
 a pleasant and facetious companion, died 
 Dec. IGth, 1770, aged 'Jl. He was vice- 
 chancellor of Cambridge, 1737. 
 
 Long, Thomas, B. D. an able divine, 
 born at Exeter, and educated at Exeter 
 college, Oxford. He was author of a his- 
 tory of Donatists, 8vo. — Exaniination .of 
 Hale's Treatise on Schism, 8vo. — History 
 of Popish and Fanatical Plots and Conspi- 
 racies, 8vo. — Life of Julian, 8vo. indi- 
 cation of Charles's Claim to be the author 
 of the Eikon Basiliee, &c. He obtained a 
 prebend in Exeter cathedral, but lost it at 
 the revolution, for refusing to take the 
 oaths to king William. He died 1700, 
 aged about 79. 
 
 Long, Edward, an ingenious gentleman, 
 was the son of Samuel Long, Esq., of the 
 island of Jamaica, and born in the parish 
 of St. Blaize, in Cornwall, in 1734. He 
 was brought up to the law, and on the 
 death of his father, went to the West In- 
 dies, where he became a judge of the vice- 
 admiralty court, but returned to England, 
 in 1769, and died in 1813. He wrote a 
 " History of Jamaica," in 3 vols, 4to. ; and 
 some other works. — W. B. 
 
 Longbeard, William, a priest'^of great 
 abilities, which he employed against the go- 
 vernment. By his eloquence he assembled 
 a large mob in the reign of Richard L and 
 by calling himself the saviour of the poor, 
 he threatened the royal authority with des- 
 truction. After for some time heading a 
 lawless populace, he fled for refuge into 
 St. Mary-le-bonne church, where he was 
 at last overpowered, and then, with nine of 
 his associates, torn to pieces by horses and 
 hung on a gallows, 1196. 
 
 Longepiere, Hilary Bernard de, a learn- 
 ed Frenchman, born at Dijon, 1658. He 
 translated into verse, Auacreon, Theocri- 
 tus, Sappho, Bion and Mosehus, and was 
 autlior of some idyls, and of tragedies after 
 the Greek model, such as Medea, Electra, 
 and Sesoatris, the two first of which ap- 
 peared on the stage. He died 1727. 
 
 LoNGiNus, Dionysius, a native of 
 Athens, celebrated as a philosopher and 
 critic. After teaching philosophy and rhe- 
 toric at Athens, he was invited to become 
 tutor to the children of Zenobia, queen of 
 Palmyra. When the fortunes of Zenobia 
 were ruined, the conqueror Aureliau 
 cruelly ordered the philosopher to be put to 
 death, 273 A.D. His valuable treatise on 
 the Sublime was best edited by Toup, 
 1778, and translated by Dr. Smith. 
 
 LoNGLAND, John, a native of Henley, 
 Oxfordshire, educated at Magdalen col- 
 lege, Oxford. He was in 1505 appointed 
 principal of Magdalen hall, in 1514 made 
 dean of Salisbury, and seven years after 
 bishop of Lincoln. It is said that he re- 
 commended and enforced the necessitv of 
 
 223 
 
LON 
 
 LOR 
 
 a divorce between Henry YIII. and Catha- 
 rine of Arragon. He died 1547. His 
 ivorks appeared in fol. 1532. 
 
 LoNGOMONTANUS, Christian, the son of 
 a poor labourer, who became an eminent 
 astronomer, and was born at Longomonta- 
 num, in Denmark, 1562. His genius was 
 seen and fostered by the minister of his 
 parish, and after spending his time in deep 
 study, and in following the plough, he 
 went without the knowledge of his friends, 
 to Wiburgh, at the age of 15, and there 
 maintained himself by his labour, that he 
 might enjoy more independently the oppor- 
 tunity of study. He was afterwards at 
 Copenhagen, and then became the compa- 
 nion, and the friend of Tycho Brahe for 
 eight years. In 1600 he left this beloved 
 master, and after visiting the spots where 
 Copernicus had made his observations on 
 the stars, he came to Copenhagen, and was 
 inl605 nominated professor of mathematics 
 in the university, where he died, 1647. He 
 published " Astronomia Danica," folio — 
 Systema Mathematicum, 8vo. — Problema- 
 ta Geometrica, 4to. — Disputatio Ethica de 
 Animae Humanae Morbis, 4to. 
 
 LoNGUEiL, Gilbert de, a physician of 
 Utrecht. He wrote Remarks on Plautus, 
 Ovid, Nepos, Cicero, Valla, &c. 4 vols. 
 8vo. ; a Greek and Latin Lexicon ; a Dia- 
 logue on Birds, with their Greek, Latin, 
 and German Names ; besides translations 
 of some of Plutarch's lesser works. He 
 died 1543, aged 36. 
 
 LoNGUEiL, Christopher de, an able scho- 
 lar, born at Malines, 1490. He was highly 
 favoured by Lewis XIL of France, and by 
 pope Leo X. who engaged him to write 
 against Luther. He wrote besides Latin 
 Commentaries on Pliny's Plants, Observa- 
 tions on the Civil Law, Sec. He died at 
 Padua, 1522, aged 34. 
 
 LoNGUERUE, Lewis, Dufour de, a French 
 abbe, born at Charleville, 1652. He was 
 so early distinguished for application, that 
 at the age of four he was seen and admired 
 by Lewis XIV. as he passed through Char- 
 leville. This very learned and amiable man 
 died 1732, aged 80. He wrote a Latin 
 Dissertation on Tatian, 8vo. 1700 ; a His- 
 torical Description of France, folio, 1719 ; 
 Annales Arsacidarum, 4to. 1732 ; Remarks 
 on Wolsey's Life ; a Dissertation on 
 Transubstantiation, &c. 
 
 LoKGTJEVAL, Jamcs, a French Jesuit, 
 bord at Peronne. He studied at Amiens 
 and Paris, and wrote History of the French 
 Church, 10 vols.; Dissertation on Miracles; 
 a Treatise on Schism, &c. He died at Pa- 
 ris, 1735, aged 55. 
 
 LoNGUS, a Greek sophist, author of four 
 pastorals, and of the Loves of Daphnis and 
 Chloe, edited 1660, 4to. 
 
 Loxi, Alexander, a native of Florence, 
 eminent as a painter. He imitated with 
 224 
 
 success the style of his master Carlo Dolce, 
 and died 1702, aged 47. 
 
 LoNicERUs, John, a learned German, 
 born at Orthern, Germany. He was pro- 
 fessor of languages at Marpurg, where he 
 died 1569, aged 70. He compiled a Greek 
 and Latin Lexicon, begun by Melancthon 
 and Camerarius, and published Diosco- 
 rides, and other Greek writers. 
 
 LoNicERUS, Adam, son of the above, 
 was a sagacious physician, who died at 
 Frankfort, 1586. He was author of Metho- 
 dus Rei Herbariae, 4to ; Historia Naturalis 
 Plantarum, Animalium et Metallorum, 2 
 vols. fol. ; Explicatio Corporis Humani 
 Aftectuum ; Hortus Sanitatis, &c. 
 
 Loon, Theodore Van, a native of Brus- 
 sels, whose excellent paintings adorn the 
 churches and public buildings of Rome, and 
 of Venice. He was born 1630. 
 
 LoREDANO, John Francis, a senator of 
 Venice, learned and ingenious, author of a 
 Life of Adam ; History of the Kings of 
 Cyprus ; some comedies, &c. collected in 
 six vols. 12mo. He was born 1606, but 
 the time of his death is not known. 
 
 LoRENZETTi, Ambrogio, a painter of 
 Sienna, a disciple of Giotto, and the first 
 who painted with success, rain, storms, and 
 the effect of winds. He died 1350, aged 83. 
 
 LoRENziNi, Lawrence, a native of Flo- 
 rence, eminent as a mathematician. He 
 was the pupil of the Viviani, and was re- 
 commended for his abilities to the service 
 of Ferdinand, son of the grand duke Cos- 
 mo III. but some unfortunate circumstance 
 in his conduct procured his imprisonment 
 in the tower of Volterra. During his con- 
 finement of twenty years, he devoted him- 
 self to his mathematical studies, and wrote 
 his twelve books on conical and cylindrical 
 sections, in Latin. He died 1721, aged 69. 
 
 LoRiT, Henry, or Glareanus, from 
 Glaris in Switzerland, where he was born, 
 studied at Cologne, Basil, and Paris. He 
 was the friend of Erasmus, and laboured 
 much for the advancement of literature. 
 He died 1563, aged 75. He wrote various 
 dissertations, notes, &c. on classical sub- 
 jects, and on ancient authors. 
 
 LoRME, Philibert de, master of the works 
 to the French king, was born at Lyons. He 
 is the architect of the palaces of the ThuiU 
 leries and Le Louvres, and other public 
 buildings, which he adorned with great 
 taste and judgment. Though exposed to 
 the satire of the poet Ronsard, he long en- 
 joyed the patronage of the French court, 
 and died 1557. He wrote ten books of ar- 
 chitecture, folio, &c. 
 
 LoRME, John de, a French physician, 
 born at Moulins, 1544. He studied at 
 Montpellier, where he tookhis degrees, and 
 practised at Forez, and afterwards became 
 physician to Louisa of Lorraine, wife of 
 Henry III. and to Mary de Medicis, and 
 
LOT 
 
 LOT 
 
 other branches of the royal family. He 
 was universally esteemed, and, in his old 
 a^e, retired to his native place, where he 
 died, 1634, aged 90. 
 
 LoRME, Charles de, son of the above, 
 was born 1587, and became physician to 
 Lewis XIIL He was fond of literature, 
 which he cultivated with success, and he 
 spared no expense to discover the truth in 
 bis experiments and researches. He ac- 
 quired great celebrity and equal opulence, 
 and died much respected, 1678, aged 91. 
 He was the promoter of a particular ptisan, 
 called " red broth," which proved of great 
 service to thousands. He published " Lau- 
 reae Apollinaris," Svo. 
 
 Lorraine, Robert le, an eminent sculp- 
 tor, born at Paris, November, 1666. His 
 chef-d'oeuvre is his Galatea, which he com- 
 posed when admitted into the academy of 
 sculpture, 1701. He died governor of the 
 academy, June 1st, 1743. He was the in- 
 timate friend of the learned of his time, and 
 his statues adorned the gardens of Ver- 
 sailles, Marii, &c. 
 
 Lorraine, Charles of, cardinal and arch- 
 bishop of Rheims, son of the first duke of 
 Guise, was bom 1525. His great abilities 
 were meanly prostituted to the worst pur- 
 poses of ambition, the love of power and 
 of money. His influence, in the reigns of 
 Henry U. and of Francis H. was almost 
 unlimited, and to his intrigues the war of 
 Italy is totally attributed. He was a man 
 of great eloquence, which he displayed at 
 the council of Trent, and at the conference 
 atPoissy. He died 1574. 
 
 LoRRis, William de, author of the " Ro- 
 mance of the Rose," in imitation of Ovid's 
 Art of Love, and other things, was a poet 
 of considerable merit. He died about 1 620. 
 The best edition of the Romance is Leng- 
 let's, Amsterdam, 1736, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Lorry, Anne Charles, a French physi- 
 cian, born at Crosne, near Paris. He is 
 well known for his Latin Treatises on Me- 
 lancholy, and its Affections, 2 vols. Svo. 
 and on the Use of Aliments^ He wrote 
 besides a treatise on Cutaneous Dis- 
 eases, 4to. and edited Dr. Mead's works, 
 &c. He died 1783, aged 58. 
 
 LosA, Isabella, a native of Cordova, so 
 illustrious for her knowledge of Greek, La- 
 tin, and Hebrew, that she was honoured 
 with the degree of D. D. When she became 
 a widow she took the habit of St. Clair, and 
 went to Italy, and founded there the hospi- 
 tal of Loretto, where she ended her days 
 in the bosom of devotion and benevolence, 
 5th March, 1546, aged 73. 
 
 Lot, son of Haran, was the nephew of A- 
 braham, with whom he was brought up, and 
 from whom he separated on account of the 
 number of their respective flocks, and the 
 quarrels which arose between their shep- 
 herds. He settled at Sodom, from whence 
 Vor. II, 29 
 
 he was carried away captive by the kmg ol 
 Edom, till Abrahum ^t liim and all his pos- 
 sessions at liberty. Uhen Sodom was 
 about to be destroyed, God, (mt «»(■ nurcy 
 to Abraham, spared Lot, and sent an angel 
 to remove him from th(! siiiHil liiy. Lot, 
 with his wife and two daughters, lell .Sodom 
 before it was destroyed, but his wife, by 
 looking back, contrary to the command of 
 God, was changed into a pillar of salt. His 
 two daughters, by intoxicating him in a 
 cave, where they had taken refuge, defiled 
 him, and from this incestuous intercourse; 
 they had the one Moab, and the other Am- 
 mon, the progenitors of those two nations 
 which proved so inimical to the Israelites. 
 
 LoTEN, John, a Dutch painter, who lived 
 in England. His landscapes were much 
 admired, especially where he represented 
 storms and showers of rain, with trees torn 
 up, and cattle running for shelter. His 
 Views of the Alps, and his craggy rocks, 
 had also great beautv. He died in London, 
 1681. 
 
 LoTHAiRE I. son of Lcwis the Debon- 
 naire, was partner on the throne of Germa- 
 ny with his father, 817, and made king of 
 Lombardy three years after. Ungrateful for 
 the confidence and kindness of his father, he 
 revolted against him, and, seizing his per- 
 son, confined him in a monastery at Sois- 
 sons. This cruel conduct roused against 
 him his brothers, Charles and Lewis, but 
 though a reconciliation took place after the 
 death of the old emperor, the three brothers 
 appeared in arms against each other. The 
 bloody battle of Fontenai, 841, in which 
 100,000 men are said to have perished, 
 seemed indecisive, but at last a truce was 
 effected between the unnatural brothers, 
 and the treaty of Verdun, in 843, settled 
 their respective rights. Lothaire obtained 
 the empire, Italy, and the provinces be- 
 tween the Rhine, the Rhone, the Saone, 
 the Maese, and the Scheldt, whilst the rest 
 of the French dominions was partitioned 
 between Lewis and Charles. Ten years 
 after this settlement, Lothaire, dissatisfied 
 with the cares of government, abdicated the 
 crown to retire to a monastery in Ardennes, 
 where he died, six days after his assump- 
 tion of the monkish habit, 28th September, 
 885. He was buried at Prum. He left , 
 three sons, Lewis, Charles, and Lothaire, 
 among whom he divided his possessions. 
 
 Lothaire II. duke of Saxony, son of 
 Gerhard, count of Supplemberg, was elect- 
 ed king of Germany, 1125, after the death 
 of Henry IV. and crowned emperor at 
 Rome, 1135. As he kissed the feet of In- 
 nocent II. who crowned him, the popes as- 
 sumed in consequence a sovereign right 
 over the German empire. He died 4th 
 Dec. 1137, at Bretten, near Trent, leaving 
 no issue. 
 Lothaire, king of France, sou of Leiyi^ 
 
 2-25 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 IV. succeeded his father, 954. . He inade 
 war against the emperor Otho II. and per- 
 mitted him to hold Lorraine as a fief of the 
 French crown. He died at Compiegne, 
 2d March, 966, in consequence of poison, 
 said to be administered by his wife Emma, 
 daughter of Lothaire, king of Italy. 
 
 LoTHAiRE, king of Lorraine, son of the 
 emperor Lothaire I. abandoned his wife 
 Thietberga, to many his mistress, Val- 
 dradc. Though this measure was counte- 
 nanced ami approved by the councils of 
 Mentz and of Aixla Chapelle, yet the pope 
 Nicholas I. had the spirit to interfere in fa- 
 vour of the injured queen, and compelled, 
 by the intluence of his spiritual power, the 
 obedient Lothaire to quit his favourite mis- 
 tress, for his lawful wife. Lothaire after- 
 wards assisted his brother Lewis I. and 
 pope Adrian II. against the Saracens in 
 Italy, in hopes of obtaining a divorce from 
 his wife, but he was unsuccessful. He died 
 at Placentia,;of a violent fever, 7th Aug. 
 S69. 
 
 Louis I. surnamed the Debonnaire or 
 Feeble, son of Charlemagne and Hilde- 
 garde, was born 778, and proclaimed king 
 of France and Emperor of the West, 814. 
 Instead of strengthening his power by 
 union, he weakened it by division, and by 
 making his eldest son Lothaire his asso- 
 ciate in the empire, and the two others, 
 Pepin and Louis, "kings of Aquitaine and 
 Bavaria, he permitted <lifferent interests to 
 prevail in his dominions. Bernard king of 
 Italy, the illegitimate son of Pepin, eldest 
 son of Charlemagne, displeased with the 
 jelevation of Lothaire to the throne, took 
 up arms in 818, and was immediately met 
 in the field by Louis, but instead of fighting, 
 the Italian troops fled, and their unfortunate 
 leader threw himself at the feet of his con- 
 queror. Louis refused to spare his sup- 
 pliant, and he caused his eyes to be put 
 out, an operation which proved fatal. This 
 cruel punishment, inflicted also on some of 
 the partisans of the unhappy Bernard, so 
 offended the clergy and the people, that 
 Louis was restored to the good opinion of 
 his subjects only by doing public penance. 
 His sons afterwards, too sensible of his 
 weakness, rebelled against him and suc- 
 ceeded in withdrawing all his troops from 
 his standard, so that the deserted monarch 
 threw himself into the power of his unna^ 
 tural children in the plains of Rotleub. 
 Here, instead of compassion, he met with 
 indignity; he was not only imprisoned in 
 a monastery, but obliged to perform public 
 penance at Soissons as a most atrocious de- 
 linquent. In sharing the spoils, however, 
 the. new kings quaiTcUed, and Louis, by 
 artother revolution, was drawn from his 
 confinement again to fill the throne, but he 
 died soon after, in an island of the Rhine, 
 above Mentz, 20th,. lime, 840, aged 6^. 
 225 
 
 Louis. II. the Young, eldest son of !&» 
 thaire I. was made king of Italy, 844, and 
 in 855 succeeded to the imperial throne. 
 He was a virtuous and benevolent monarch, 
 brave, yet not fond of war, and only anxious 
 to maintain the dignity of the throne, the pub- 
 lic prosperity, and the due execution of the 
 laws. He died without male issue, 13th 
 Aug. 875. 
 
 Louis III. surnamed the Blind, was son 
 of Boson, king of Provence, by Ermen- 
 garde daughter of Louis the Younger, and 
 he succeeded to the throne of his father, 
 890, at the age of 10, He twice defeated 
 Berenger, who disputed with hiin the suc- 
 cession to the empire, and was crowned at 
 Rome by Benedict IV. but soon after he suf- 
 fered himself to be surprised by his rival at 
 Verona, who cruelly put out his eyes, and 
 sent him to Provence, where he died, 934. 
 
 Louis IV. called the Child, succeeded 
 his father the emperor Arnold in 900, though 
 only seven years old. His reign was a 
 ^cene of desolation and civil war. His do- 
 minions were invaded by the Hungarians, 
 whose violence, though repeatedly repress- 
 ed by large sums of money, at last obliged 
 the timid monarch to fly. He died at Ra- 
 tisbon, 21st Jan. 911. He was the last 
 emperor of Germany, of the Carlovingian 
 race, and though the laws had settled the 
 succession in the descendants of Charle- 
 magne, such is the effect of revolutions, the 
 imperial crown afterwards became elective. 
 
 Louis V. called the Fourth, by those who 
 exclude the short reign of the infant Louis 
 from the list of emperors, was son of Louis 
 the Severe, duke of Bavaria, by Matilda, 
 daughter of Rodolphus I. and he was elect- 
 ed emperor at Frankfort, 1 314. His eleva- 
 tion was disputed by some of the electors, 
 who declared Frederic the Fair, son of Al- 
 bert I. emperor, and consecrated him at 
 Cologne, and this unhappy division pro- 
 duced a civil war. After various skirmish- 
 es, however, Louis proved victorious, and 
 Frederic, after an imprisonment of three 
 years, renounced his claims to the throne, to 
 recover his liberty. This decision dis- 
 pleased the pope, John XXII. who declared 
 the empire vacant, but Louis no way inti- 
 midated, appealed from the pontiff to a ge- 
 neral council, and at last, retoi'ting injury 
 for injury, he caused Peter de Corbiere to 
 be elected pope in the room of his enemy. 
 These divisions were still fomented by the 
 conduct of five of the electors who, at the 
 instigation of Clement VL the new pope, 
 chose Charles of Luxemburg, marquis of 
 Moravia, to fill the throne ; but when a 
 new civil war threatened the happiness of 
 Germany, Louis was killed by a fall from 
 his horse in hunting, 11th Oct. 1347. 
 
 Louis I. king of France. Vid. Louis I. 
 the Debonnaire. 
 
 LoTTis IT. the Stammerer, was son of 
 
LOU 
 
 I.OL 
 
 (Jharlcs the Bald, ami succeeded as kinj; ol 
 Aquitaine in 867, and to his father as king 
 of France, 877. He was a weak prince, 
 and to ensure tranquillity he yielded up 
 Provence to Boson, who created himself 
 king. He died at Compiegnc, lOih A|)ril, 
 879, aged 35, leaving three sons, Louis and 
 Carloman who divided his kingdom among 
 themselves, and Charles, a posthumous son, 
 called afterwards Charles the Simple. 
 
 Louis HL son of Louis H. shared the 
 kingdom witli his brother Carloman, with 
 whom he lived in perfect union, and ably 
 defended himself against the attacks of 
 his enemies. Hugh the Bastard, son of 
 Lothaire, was defeated. Boson was check- 
 ed in his plans of aggrandizement, and the 
 Normans were routed in the famous battle 
 of Vimeu. Louis died 4th Aug. 882, with- 
 out children, and Carloman became sole 
 monarch. 
 
 Louis IV. surnamed TransiViariue, be- 
 cause he resided 13 years in England, was 
 son of Charles the Simple, and succeeded 
 RsLoul as king of France 936. He was en- 
 gaged in war with Richard duke of Nor- 
 mandy, and was taken prisoner, but the 
 year after restored to liberty on condition 
 of leaving his antagonist in peaceful pos- 
 session of Normandy, and of yielding Laon 
 to Hugh le Blanc. In a subsequent war 
 Laon was recovered, but the king soon 
 after was killed by a fall from his horse 
 while hunting. He died 10th Sept. 954, 
 aged 38, and was succeeded by his son Lo- 
 thaire. 
 
 Louis V. surnamed the Lazy, succeeded 
 bis father Lothaire, 986. He seized upon 
 Rheims, and was vigorously preparing to 
 march against the Saracens, to the relief 
 of the count of Barcelona when he was 
 perfidiously poisoned by his queen Blanche, 
 21st May, 987. He was the last of the 
 second race of the Carlovingian kings, and 
 though the crown at his decease belonged 
 to his uncle Charles duke of Lower Lor- 
 raine, he was on account of his unpopu- 
 larity among the French, rudely disposses- 
 sed, and Hugh Capet the most powerful 
 of the French dukes was elected king. 
 
 Louis VI. called the Big, son of Philip 
 I. and Bertha, succeeded to the throne, 
 1108. His reign was disturbed by war, 
 and not only foreign enemies invaded his 
 dominions, but he had much to dread from 
 the ambition and the factious spirit of his 
 nobles who each wished to establish them- 
 selves into independent princes. His quar- 
 rels with Henry I. of England were nume- 
 rous and frequent, about the possession of 
 Normandy, but these differences did not 
 prevent his attention to the interests of his 
 kingdom. He died at Paris, 1st Aug. 
 11 37, aged 57. He was a wise and popular 
 monarch, benevolent as a man, and im- 
 partial as a publrc masristxate. His' nidi 
 
 eioubHnii humane regulations in the goveru- 
 inent of the people were suggested and im- 
 proved by the advice of his faithful minister 
 Suger. 
 
 Louis VII. the Voung, son and successor 
 of the preceding, was early engaged in a 
 quarrel with the pope, about the investi- 
 ture to French bishoprics, for which be 
 was cxcomm>inicated by the incensed pon- 
 tiff" Innocent 11. and his kingdom laid under 
 an interdict. Regardless of the papal 
 thunders, Louis turned his arms against 
 Theobald III. count of Champag:ie, w!io 
 favoured the cause of the pope, and in 1 Hi 
 he laid one of his towns \'itri, in ashes. 
 This violence was represented by St. Ber- 
 nard in such odious colours before the eyes 
 of the superstitious monarch, that he was 
 persuaded to take up the cross, and with an 
 army of 80,000 men, he, accompanied by 
 his wife Eleanor, marched into Palestine. 
 He was defeated' -by the Saracens, and in 
 1147 obliged to raise the siege of Damas- 
 cus, and on his return to Europe he had the 
 misfortune to be seized by the Greeks and 
 delivered into the hands of Roger, king of 
 Sicily. Restored to liberty l*ft found his 
 domestic happiness destroyi^di,; byithe con- 
 duct of his queen, who had disgraced her- 
 self by an illicit amour with her uncle Ray- 
 mond, of Antioch, and with Saladin a 
 young Turk, and to wipe away the disho- 
 nour he obtained a divorce, and married 
 Alice the daughter of Theobald his ancient 
 enemy. Eldanorjsfx weeks after took for 
 her husband Henry IL of England, and as 
 she was the heiress of Poitou and Gulcnne, 
 her dominions became the property of her 
 new lord, and created great dissensions and 
 long wars between the English and the 
 French. Louis died at Paris iSth Sept, 
 1180, aged 60. .\ ' 
 
 - Louis VIII. surnameil the Lion, son of 
 Philip Augustus and of Isabella, succeeded 
 his father 1223^. He was' distinguished by 
 his valour in his father's life-time, and 
 when he ascended the throne he waged sue* 
 cessful war against the English, from whom 
 he conquered Limousin, Pcrigord, Aunis, 
 Sec. and afterwards he turned his arms 
 against the Albigenses, and laid siege to 
 Avignon. Though successful he lost the 
 greatest part of his army by disease, and 
 be himself was attacked by the contagious 
 com;)Iaint, and died soon after at Mont- 
 pensier in Auvcrgne, Sth Nov. 1226, aged 
 39. By his wife the beautiful Blanche 
 of Castile, he had 11 children, of whom 
 only five sons and one daughter survived 
 him. 
 
 Louis IX. called Saint, was. son of Louis 
 VIII. and Blanche, and succeeded in 1226. 
 His minority was protected bv his mother, 
 with wisdom and \igoUr, and when, he at- 
 tained the age oi manhood he pursued the 
 j!?me course of pmcleut Eovernment, easrcr 
 
LOU 
 
 L9L 
 
 to maintain the dignity of the cioun and 
 ensure the happiness of the subject. He 
 made war against Henry III. of England 
 who supported his revolted nobles, and he 
 twice defeated their confederated forces, 
 and at last made an honourable and advan- 
 tageous peace. During an illness with 
 which he was atacked in 1244, Louis made 
 a vow that if he recovered he would under- 
 take a crusade, and after a vigorous pre- 
 paration of four years, he set out on this 
 romantic expedition, leaving the reins of 
 government in the hands of his mother. 
 He landed in Egypt, took Damietta, and 
 crossed the Nile in sight of the Saracens, 
 but though victorious, disease and famine 
 came to thin his ranks. As he attempted 
 to retreat to Damietta in hopes of supplies, 
 be was defeated in a terrible battle, and 
 fell into the hands of the enemy. In his 
 prison he agreed to ransom his army with 
 a large sum of money, and to give up Da- 
 mietta in exchange for his person, after 
 ivhich he passed into Palestine, and remain- 
 ed there four years. On his return to 
 France he devoted himself to the happiness 
 of his people, justice was administered 
 with impartiality, profaneness and immo- 
 rality were repressed, and honest industry 
 encouraged. The rights of the church 
 were confirmed in 1269 by a pragmatic 
 sanction, and religion supported by the 
 wisest decrees. After thus promoting the 
 public good, Louis again embarked in 1270 
 for another crusade, and laid siege to Tu- 
 nis, in Africa, but the contagious disorder 
 which was so fatal to his troops proved 
 equally fatal to himself. This great and 
 good man died in his camp, 25th Aug. 
 1270. His remains were conveyed to Pa- 
 ris, and he was canonized by Boniface VIII. 
 1297. 
 
 Louis X. called Hutin, was king of Na- 
 varre, in right of his mother Jane, and he 
 succeeded his father Philip the Fair, 1314, 
 as king of France. He recalled the Jews 
 into his kingdom, and made war against 
 the count of Flanders, but was unsuccess- 
 ful. He died at Vincennes 8th June, 1316, 
 aged 26. He was twice married ; by his 
 first wife he left one daughter who succeed- 
 ed to the throne of Navarre, and his post- 
 humous son by the second wife died soon 
 after his birth. He was succeeded in France 
 by Philip the Long. 
 
 Louis XL son of Charles VII. and Mary 
 of Anjou, was born at Bourges 1423. In 
 his youth he displayed his valour against 
 the English, whom he obliged to retire 
 from the siege of Dieppe 1443, but his 
 conduct towards his father tarnished all 
 his glory. He not only rebelled against 
 him, but showed such animosity, that the 
 aged monarch, afraid of being poisoned by 
 his son, starved himself, and Louis on his 
 cTcath ascended the throne in 14GI. So 
 228 
 
 ungrateful a child did not promise a vir- 
 tuous monarch. Louis regarded his sub- 
 jects as conquered slaves, and provided he 
 could command their obedience he little re- 
 garded their hatred. His oppressions 
 therefore excited the people against his 
 government, and a league was formed 
 against him, supported by the dukes of Ber- 
 ry, Britany, Calabria, and other dissatisfied 
 nobles, and an indecisive battle was fought 
 at Montlheri, 1465. Louis purchased peace 
 by granting to the insurgents all their de- 
 mands, by the treaty of Conflans, but with 
 the intention of not executing his part. 
 Another war now threatened the country, 
 but Louis by artifice averted the blow, and 
 he caused his own brother, the duke of 
 Berry, whom he had lately made duke of 
 Guienne, to be poisoned. The unsuspecting 
 prince, while courting the daughter of the 
 duke of Burgundy, was presented with 
 a beautiful peach, by his almoner, and in 
 sharing the fruit with his intended bride 
 he prepared his own destruction. The 
 princess died almost immediately, and the 
 duke survived six months. The duke of 
 Burgundy, who some time before had com- 
 pelled Louis to make a very disadvantageous 
 treaty, now determined to avenge the 
 death of his daughter, and he ravaged by 
 fire and sword the provinces of Picardy 
 and Normandy. Though for a few months 
 the treaty of Bou vines stopped the carnage, 
 a new alliance between the dukes of Bur- 
 gundy and Britany, and Edward IV. of 
 England, threatened to increase the mise- 
 ries of France. Louis, however, had the 
 art to intrigue with his formidable ene- 
 mies ; he jj;ained the king of England by 
 bribing his ministers, and promising him a 
 pension ; the duke of Britany was recon- 
 ciled by similar means, and the duke of 
 Burgundy, left without protectors, joined 
 in the general peace at Amiens and Ver- 
 vins. The death of the duke at the siege 
 of Nancy, 1477, might have stopped all 
 further differences, but Louis imprudently 
 refused to marry his own son to the heiress, 
 whose subsequent union with Maximilian 
 of Austria, son of Frederic III. laid the 
 foundation of war between the French and 
 the Austrians. This new dispute, after 
 some battles, was settled by the peace of 
 Arras, 1482, and cemented by the marriage 
 of the Dauphin with Margaret, daughter 
 of Mary of Burgundy. Soon after, the 
 ambitious monarch was seized with a deep 
 melancholy, and afraid of death he retired 
 to the castle of Plessis-lestours, where 
 none were permitted access to him. 
 Death at last delivered him from the hor- 
 rors of his terrified imagination, 30th Aug. 
 1483, in his 60th year. Louis has been 
 deservedly called the Tiberius of France, 
 as in cruelty, malice, and perfidy he equal- 
 led the Roman tvrant. 
 
L«L 
 
 Lon 
 
 Louis XII. suniamed the Just, was son 
 of Charles, duke of Orleans, and Mary of 
 Clevcs, and he succeeded Charles VIII. on 
 the throne of France. He took up arras 
 during the weak reign of Charles VIII. 
 supported by other dissatisfied nobles ; 
 but the battle of St. Aubin, in 1488, proved 
 fatal to his hopes, and he was made pri- 
 soner, and confined with tyrannical severity. 
 The tears and entreaties of his wife Jane, 
 at last procured his deliverance, and in 
 1498, he obtained the crown, and with he- 
 roic magnanimity forgave all the persecu- 
 tors and enemies of his former privacy 
 
 him in the possession of bis dominions. 
 On his return to France, Louis found him- 
 self exposed to the intrigues of his brother 
 Gaston of Orleans, who was jealous of the 
 influence of Richelieu, but the projects of 
 this powerful subject were defeated at Cas- 
 tclnaudari, and Montmorency the governor 
 of Languedoc who had supported him was 
 tried and beheaded at Toulouse. A new 
 war soon after broke out against Spain, 
 and the emperor, and for many years deso- 
 lated the kingdom without enriching the 
 monarch, or enlarging his dominions. But 
 while Richelieu excited discontent and 
 
 After wise regulations at home, he directed discord in Europe more for views of am- 
 
 bition than to serve bis master, a sudden 
 attack hurried him and Louis to their 
 grave. The cardinal died on the 4th Dec. 
 1642, and Louis, 4th May following, aged 
 42. 
 
 Louis XIV. surnamed the Great, was 
 son of Louis XIII. by Anne of Austria, 
 and was born 5th Sept. 1638, after the 
 sterility of the queen for 22 years. He was 
 only four years old when he succeeded his 
 father, and his minority was governed by 
 his mother, who received all her advice 
 and instructions from her favourite cardi- 
 nal Mazarin. The war was continued 
 against the emperor, and the Spaniards, 
 and Louis saw his arms victorious at Ro- 
 croy, under the duke of Enghefn, and in 
 Catalonia under la Mothe. The campaign 
 of 1644 added Thionville, Barlemont, Phi- 
 
 his arms to foreign conquests, and rapidly 
 subdued the Milanese, Genoa, and Naples, 
 and made the king of Naples prisoner ; 
 but the successes of Gonsalvo of Corduba 
 turned the tide of affairs and affected the 
 expulsion of the French from Italy, 1503. 
 He afterwards rallied his forces, and again 
 defeated the Genoese and the Venetians, 
 and took possession of Cremona, Padua, 
 and other towns ; yet victory again de- 
 clared against him, and in three months his 
 conquests vanished, and the battle of Nova- 
 ro, 1513, ruined the French influence in 
 Italy. Instead now of conquering abroad, 
 Louis had to defend his own dominions, as 
 Maximilian the emperor, Henry VIII. and 
 the Swiss, confederated together against 
 him, and in various encounters obliged 
 him to sue for disadvantageous terms of 
 peace. This amiable monarch who, though lipsburg, Mayence, Worms, Manheim, and 
 unfortunate in his foreign expeditions, was other towns to the French dominions, and 
 beloved by his subjects, and revered as a in 1645, fresh conquests awaited Lonis in 
 father, died 1st Jan. 1515, aged 53. Flanders, Artois, Lorraine, and Catalonia. 
 
 Louis XIII. surnamed the Just, son of The Swedish general Tortstenson in al- 
 Henry IV. and Mary de Medicis, ascended liance with France defeated the Imperialists 
 the throne 1610, in the ninth year of his in Bohemia, Turenne took Treves, and 
 age, under the guardianship of his mother. d'Enghien after the battle of Nortlingen 
 The kingdom weakened by the imprudent made himself master of Fumes, Dunkirk, 
 measures of the queen regent, saw little and Ypres, and defeated the archduke in 
 prospect of better times when the young 1648, in the plains of Lens. These glo- 
 king took the reins in his own hands. He rious events, crowned by the defeat of the 
 was governed by the counsels of Marechal Spanish fleet on the coast of Italy, were 
 d'Ancre, a proud and ambitious favourite ; stopped by the peace of Munster, between 
 but after his death, which happened 1617, France, the emperor, the Swedes, and the 
 he showed more vigilance and was recon- German states, and Louis saw added to his 
 ciled to his mother who had been banished, domains by this treaty, Metz, Toul, >'er- 
 This was, however, but a momentary calm, dun, Alsace, Brisach, and Pignerol. 
 the queen took up arms against her son, Though victorious abroad, however, Louis 
 while on the other hand the Huguenots was unpopular at home, in consequence of 
 were leagued on pretence of religion against the general odium excited against the 
 the throne. Guided now by the advice of queen-mother and Mazarin, and he was 
 the bishop of Luqon, the celebrated Riche- obliged lo fly from the capital to avoid that 
 lieu, Louis evinced vigour in his measures, factious spirit which the arts of the duke of 
 and Rochelle, though relieved by the Eng- Beaufort and Condc had kindled. The 
 lish and defended by the heroic conduct of Spaniards in the mean time profiting by 
 the brave mother of the duke of Rohan, at this dissension invaded Champagne, Lor- 
 last yielded and ruined the hopes of the pro- raine, and Catalonia, though repulsed by 
 testant insurgents. From Rochelle Louis the arms of the French. In 1651, Louis 
 marched to the assistance of the duke of declared himself of age, and the flight of 
 Mantua, and by a successful campaign, and Mazarin seemed to promise the restoration 
 the treaty of Susa, 1631, be established of tranquillity, but bis return to power th*- 
 
 299 
 
LOU 
 
 LOtl 
 
 tieKt year again raised a ferment in the 
 kingdom, and his enemy Conde ventured 
 to attack the royal army which he defeated 
 under d'Hocquincouit at Bleneau, though 
 soon after be was taken prisoner. In the 
 midst of these civil broils the archduke 
 Leopold took Gravelines and Dunkirk, 
 John of Austria seized Barcelona, and the 
 duke of Mantua Casal, but the restoration 
 of internal tranquillity soun tended to the 
 recovery of these places, and in 1654, Tu- 
 rennne defeated the Spaniards at Uuesnoy, 
 and raised the siege of Arras. Success 
 continued to attend the French arms, and 
 Bourbourg, Mardick, Dixniude, and other 
 towns were conquered, tiil at last in 1659, 
 the treaty of the Pyrenees restored peace 
 to the two nations, and as one of the arti- 
 cles of the reconciliation made the infant 
 Maria Theresa queen of France. The 
 death of Mazarin in 1661, now changed the 
 face of affairs ; and Louis, who had hither- 
 to paid little attention to business, took 
 the reins into his own hands. A new order 
 of things began therefore to appear ; the 
 superintendent Fouquet was banished for 
 peculation, and Colbert, a man of vast 
 powers of mind, was called to direct the 
 destinies of France. Under his adminis- 
 tration commerce began to flourish, the 
 arts were patronised, industry every where 
 "was encouraged, and the academies of 
 painting, of sculpture, and of the sciences, 
 were erected to improve the taste of the 
 nation. Colonies were planted in Mada- 
 gascar and at Cayenne ; and while disci- 
 pline was restored to the armies, and sub- 
 ordination in the marine, the extremities of 
 the world were visited by men of talents in 
 search of science ; and the learned of 
 foreign nations found in Louis and in his 
 virtuous minister a patron and a friend. 
 In the war between England and Holland 
 Louis supported the cause of his allies the 
 Dutch, but the peace of Breda in 1667 re- 
 stored tranquillity to the continent. On 
 the death of Philip IV. father of his queen, 
 Louis laid claim to his dominions, and es- 
 pecially to the Low Countries, which he in- 
 vaded with an army. The chief places of 
 the Netherlands soon submitted to his 
 power, but the rapidity of his conquests 
 alarmed the powers of Europe, and Eng 
 land, Sweden, and Holland soon combined 
 to oppose his career. The peace of Aix- 
 la-Chapelle in 1668 gave to Spain Franche 
 Compt6, but assured to France her con- 
 quests in the Low Countries. Though cm- 
 ployed in fortifying his frontier towns, as 
 well as in encouraging learning and indus- 
 try among all his subjects, Louis did not 
 lay aside the plans of his ambitious heart. 
 In 1679 he attacked Holland, and after 
 taking above 40 places on the Rhine he 
 crossed that river, and seized upon Guel- 
 (Ires and Utrecht, but his conquests yyeve 
 
 Slopped by the inundation with whicb the 
 territied Dutch overwhelmed their country. 
 The states of Europe too were indignant at 
 his gigantic schemes, and the empire, Prus- 
 sia, and Spain, united to arrest his pro- 
 gress , but the treaty of Nimeguen check- 
 ed the victories of the great Turenne, and 
 restored peace to. the continent. Proud of 
 his triumphs, and flattered by the title of 
 Great, which his subjects bestowed on him 
 in 1680, Louis again directed his attention 
 to the iinprovement of his kingdom ; the 
 canal of Languedoc was completed, the 
 ports of Toulon, ^rest, Dunkirk, Havre- 
 de-Grace, and Rochefort. were enlarged 
 and beautified ; and by the establishment 
 of cadets, the foundations of future mili- 
 tary glory were laid. Algiers, whose cor- 
 sairs had insulted the French commerce, 
 was bombarded in 1684, by Du Quesne, 
 and reduced to submission ; and the Ge- 
 noese, who had sold powder to the pirates 
 and supported them, claimed forgiveness by 
 sending their doge and four senators to Ver- 
 sailles. But these glorious measures were 
 tarnished by the imprudence and cruelty of 
 the monarch, who in a thoughtless hour 
 revoked the edict of .Nantes, by which 
 Henry IV. had granted toleration to protesi- 
 tants ; and thus by one strolie of the pen 
 he banished 50,000 families from his king- 
 dom into foreign countries, and with them 
 the arts, the manufactures, and the trea- 
 sures of France.. The league of Augsburg 
 in 1687 was formed between the duke of 
 Savoy, the electors of Bavaria and Bran- 
 denburg, and the prinCe of Orange, to 
 which the emperor and the king of Spain 
 were soon united. Though Louis opposed 
 this formidable confederacy by a powerful 
 army under the dauphin, bis son, who took 
 Philipsburg, and reduced every place be- 
 tween Basil and Coblentz, yet the enemy 
 soon poured superior numbers into the field, 
 and made the French retreat. The cam- 
 paign of 1690 was more successful for 
 Louis. Marshal Luxemburg defeated the 
 prince of Waldeck at Fleurus, Catinat con- 
 quered Nice, Susa, and Villefranche, and 
 routed the trpops of Savoy, and the fol- 
 lowing year Mons, Valencia, Carmagnole, 
 and Montmelian were added to the French 
 conquests. In 1692 the defeat of the 
 French fleet under Tourville, off" Cape la 
 Hogue, by admiral Russel, was counter- 
 balanced on land by the fall of Namur, 
 which Louis took in person. Luxembourgh 
 afterwards gained the battle of Steinkerque, 
 and the next year that of Nerwinden. In 
 1695 Casal fell, and the next year the duke 
 of Savoy, tired of the war, and terrified 
 at the approach of Catinat, who was only 
 six miles from Turin, made peace with 
 France ; and the following year hostilities 
 ceased among all the confederates by the 
 treaty of Rvswick. The death of Charl'^'^ 
 
LOU 
 
 LOG 
 
 U. of Spain without children, unhappily re- 
 newed again hostilities ; and when the 
 duke, of Aigou, grandson of the French 
 monarch, assumed the title of king, agreea- 
 ble to the will of the Spanish prince, under 
 the name of Philip V. the powers of Eu- 
 rope rose up to defend the claims of the 
 archduke Charles to the vacant throne. 
 Eugene, at the head of the imperial forces 
 in Italy in 1702, conquered the country be- 
 tween the Adige and the Adda ; and in the 
 North, Marlborough in 1704 gained the 
 great battle of Hochstet, and totally cut in 
 pieces the French army under Tallard and 
 Marchin. In 1705 France conquered Nice 
 and Villefranche, and defeated Eugene at 
 Cassano, while on the other hand Barcelona 
 and Gironne submitted to the allies. Ville- 
 Toy lost the battle of Ramilies against 
 Marlborough, and Ghent, Ostend, Ant- 
 werp, and other towns were snatched from 
 the French dominions. Success continued 
 to attend the allies ; Alcantara and Madrid 
 fell into their hands, and the Milanese and 
 Modena were subdued; but in 1707 the 
 battle of Almanza was gained by the 
 French, and the squadrons of Forbin and 
 Duguay Trouin were successful at sea. 
 The campaigns of 1708 and 1709 were disas- 
 trous to the French arms ; the victory of 
 Oudenarde was followed by the fall of 
 Tournay, and the battle of Malplaquet ; 
 and Louis, disheartened by his misfortunes, 
 sued for peace, and even offered nloney to 
 the allies to enable them to dethrone his 
 grandson. The pride of the allies con- 
 tinued the war, and the success of Villiers, 
 who forced the camp of Denain, and the 
 taking of Douay, Quesnoy, and Bouchain, 
 reanimated the French monarch, whose 
 spirits domestic calamities, as well as pub- 
 lic disasters, had broken down. The treaty 
 of Utrecht was at last signed 1713 with 
 the allies, and proved more favourable to 
 France than she expected ; and the fol- 
 lowing year peace was concluded with the 
 empire at Radstadt. Louis died soon after, 
 1st Sept. 1715, aged 77, in the 73d year of 
 his reign ; during which he had seen four 
 kings in Sweden, four in Denmark, five 
 in Poland, five in Portugal, three in Spain, 
 four in England, three emperors, and nine 
 popes. Louis, by his first wife, had one 
 son, the dauphin, who died 1711, leaving 
 three sons, Louis, Philip, and Gaston, and 
 by his mistresses he had several natural 
 children. The character of this monarch 
 is entitled to praise. Though fond of 
 military glory, and too often awake to the 
 voice of flattery, he yet had the sagacity 
 to discern merit, and to patronise virtue. 
 His reign is as illustrious for great names in 
 literarj pursuits and in science, as for able 
 characters in the field and in the cabinet. 
 Though unhappily too much given to sen- 
 •nlaJ pleasures in the midst of a voluptuotts 
 
 court, yet Louis sought for fricndHhip, and 
 the reciprocity of kindncHS ; and m the last 
 part of his life he becHnic penitent, f^erious, 
 and devout, by the intluence of his mis- 
 tress, Madame de Maintcnon, whom, it is 
 said, he privately married. 
 
 Louis XV. son of the duke of Burgundy, 
 was born 15th Feb. 1710, and in 1715 .suc- 
 ceeded his great-grandfather, Louis XIV. 
 as king of France. Philip, duke of Or- 
 leans, wa.s appointed his guardian, and he 
 laboured earnestly to restore the impaired 
 finances of the kingdom, but the schemes 
 of Law, and the Mississippi projects 
 brought desolation and ruin upon above 
 100,000 families in France. In 1723 the 
 king was declared of age, and the affairs of 
 the kingdom, after passing into the hands 
 of Dubois, uere intrusted, after Orleans' 
 death, to the care of the duke of Bourbon, 
 as prime minister. In 1725 the king mar- 
 ried Mary, the daughter of Stanislaus, no- 
 minal king of Poland, and cardinal Fleury 
 succeeded to the disgraced and unpopular 
 Bourbon in the management of public af- 
 fairs. The death of Augustus, king of Po- 
 land, in 1733, was fatal to the peace of Eu- 
 rope ; Louis supported the pretensions of 
 his father-in-law, and was opposed by the 
 emperor of Germany, who upheld the 
 claims of the elector of Saxony. The 
 French troops were successful in Italy, but 
 in 1738 a treaty restored tranquillity ; and 
 while Stanislaus renounced the throne of 
 Poland, he was permitted to retain the title 
 of king, and to become duke of Lorraine 
 and Bar, which, after bis death, were to 
 descend to France. On the death of the 
 emperor, Charles VI. in 1740, new dissen- 
 sions arose, and Louis, who had guaran- 
 teed the pragmatic sanction, and the suc- 
 cession of Maria Theresa, very dishonoura- 
 bly united with Prussia and Poland to place 
 the duke of Bavaria, Charles Albert, on 
 the imperial throne. Thus protected, the 
 new monarch quickly seized Passau and 
 Prague, and caused himself to be crowned 
 king of Bohemia, and emperor ; but his tri- 
 umph w as of short duration ; the conquer- 
 ed towns were recaptured, and the battle 
 of Dettinge^, in 1743, gained by the allies, 
 shattered all his hoped. Though Louis ap- 
 peared at the head of his armies in 1744, 
 and took Courtray, Menin, Yprcs, and Fri- 
 burg, and witnessed the defeats of Fonte- 
 noy and Lawfeld, and the conquests of 
 Ghent, Ostend, Brussels, Brabant, Bergen- 
 op-Zoom, and other places, yet he found 
 reverses in Italy and Provence. His com- 
 merce was ruined by the English, and the 
 peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, was wel- 
 comed by all the powers of Europe. In 
 1755 a new war was kindled between Eng- 
 land and France about their possessions in 
 Canada, and while Prussia supported the 
 English, the emperor declared hinself in 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 favour of Louis. At the first the French 
 were very successful ; Portmahon surren- 
 dered to their arms, Galissonniere obtain- 
 ed some advantage over the English fleet, 
 the duke of Cumberland was defeated at 
 Hastenback, and the English army submit- 
 ted to a disgraceful capitulation at Closter- 
 seven. The conquest of Hanover, however, 
 ■was followed by the defeat of the French 
 forces at Rosbach, by the king of Prussia, 
 in 1757, and they experienced another loss 
 at the battle of Crevelt, in 1758. The next 
 year Broglie defeated the allies at Bergen, 
 near Frankfort ; but after various disasters 
 on both sides, the rival powers grew tired 
 of the war ; and though the famous family 
 compact, joining in one bond of union all 
 the branches of the house of Bourbon, 
 seemed to promise much, it contributed 
 little to the glory of France ; and Spain lost 
 Havanna, Cuba, and the Philippines. At 
 last a treaty of peace was signed in 1763, 
 by which England acquired great additions 
 to her colonies ; and the succeeding years 
 presented little interesting in the history 
 of France, except the conquest of Corsica, 
 and the final banishment of the Jesuits 
 from the country. In May, 1774, Louis 
 was attacked a second time by the small- 
 pox, which proved fatal on the 10th of that 
 month. He was then 65 years old, and 
 had reigned upwards of 59. Louis was a 
 weak character, and though possessed of 
 some good qualities of heart, he suffered 
 himself too patiently to be governed by his 
 favourites and his mistresses. He wrote a 
 book on the course of the principal Rivers 
 of Europe, 8vo. He had two sons and 
 eight daughters by his wife. 
 
 Locis XVL son of the dauphin, and of 
 Mary Josephine, of Saxony, the daughter 
 of Frederic Augustus, king of Poland, was 
 born 23d August, 1754, and in consequence 
 of the death of his father, 1765, he ex- 
 changed the title of duke of Berry for that 
 of oauphin, and ascended the throne of 
 France on the death of his grandfather, 
 1774. His union with Marie Antoinette, 
 of Austria, in 1770, was attended by the 
 unfortunate death of above 4000 persons, 
 who had assembled to behold the public 
 rejoicings at Paris. On the day of his eleva- 
 tion to the crown, the young monarch, as 
 if foreboding the miseries which awaited 
 him, exclaimed, my God, how unfortu- 
 nate for me ! Nevertheless, to repair the 
 misconduct of his predecessors, and to 
 meet the exigencies of an exhausted trea- 
 sury, a ruined commerce, a shattered ma- 
 rine, and the discontents of a nation loaded 
 with taxes, the new king called around him 
 ministers of credit and ability. Vergennes 
 took the charge of foreign affairs, Turgot 
 presided over the finances, Malesherbes be- 
 came counsellor of state, Sartine directed 
 the affairs of the marine, and Maurepas 
 232 
 
 was made prime minister. The first act of 
 hb reign endeared Louis to his people, and 
 he nobly remitted the tribute which was 
 expected on the accession of a new mo- 
 narch. Already abuses began to be re- 
 dressed, the exiled parliament was recall- 
 ed, and commerce and industry began to 
 recover their usual activity, but unfortu- 
 nately the American war broke out. Eager 
 to humble England by assisting her revolt- 
 ed colonies, the ministers of Louis pursued 
 a course which was to prove fatal to their 
 master, and disastrous to Europe. By sup- 
 porting the Americans, they kindled a 
 dreadful war against England, which, while 
 it separated the colonies from the mother 
 country, increased, in a more intolerable 
 degree, the debts of France, and the mise- 
 ries of her subjects. To repair the ruined 
 finances proved too mighty a labour for the 
 abilities of Colonne, and the cardinal de 
 Brienne, wishing to gain by violence what 
 his predecessor sought by persuasion, laid 
 severe imposts, which the poverty of the 
 people, and the dissatisfaction of the great, 
 could not discharge. The parliament of 
 Paris was exiled to Troyes, for refusing to 
 register these unpopular taxes ; and when 
 recalled by the fatal moderation of the mo- 
 narch, they, instead of complying, called 
 for the meeting of the states general of the 
 kingdom, to assist in the difficulties of the 
 government. Obedient to the general 
 voice of the people, Louis convoked the 
 states general, which met at Versailles, 5th 
 May, 1789. But while the three orders, the 
 nobles, the clergy, and the commons, dis- 
 puted which should be exempted from con- 
 tributing to the burdens of the state, dis- 
 sension arose between them, and instead of 
 labouring earnestly all for the public good, 
 each sought the aggrandizement of his own 
 order, and listened to the voice of the fac- 
 tious and the intriguing. The troops which 
 surrounded Paris gave offence to the depu- 
 ties ; and at the voice of the hypocritical 
 democrat, Mirabeau, the people of Paris 
 arose, and on the 14th July, 1789, they 
 seized the Bastile, and after the most atro- 
 cious barbarities, bid defiance to the go- 
 vernment. Though the mild character of 
 the monarch, and the hesitating measures 
 of his ministers, seemed to promise every 
 concession, the factious leaders of the po- 
 pulace determined to attempt new crimes. 
 On the 5th of October following, an armed 
 multitude, with women of the most aban- 
 doned and ferocious character, set out from 
 Paris for Versailles. The guards of the 
 palace were murdered, the doors of the 
 apartments were broken open, and the bed, 
 from which the unhappy queen scarce could 
 escape, was pierced through with a thou- 
 sand stabs. The monarch, surrounded by 
 his terrified family, was with diflSculty 
 55pare(l, but it was to suffer new indignities. 
 
LOU 
 
 l.OV 
 
 lie was immediately hurried to Paris, pre- 
 ceded by tiie insulting cavalcade ; uhilc 
 around his carriage were presented on 
 pikes, with the grossest exclamations, the 
 heads of his faithful servants who had been 
 murdered in defence of his person. Placed 
 as a prisoner in the palace of the Thuillc- 
 lies, he made every sacrifice which could 
 restore tranquillity ; and on the 14th Feb. 
 1790, 'ho gave his assent to the new consti- 
 tution, which reduced his power to a mere 
 shadow. Notwithstanding these humiliat- 
 ing concessions, he was still insulted ; 
 murder and insurrection still continued, or 
 rather were encouraged ; and at the last, 
 tired of a situation which left him no pros- 
 ,pect of liberty, the monarch escaped pri- 
 vately from Paris, 21st June, 1791, and 
 nearly reached the frontiers of France. His 
 i)erson, however, was recognised at Va- 
 rennes, and he was brought back to Paris 
 to endure fresh indignities. Though treat- 
 ed with seeming respect by the national as- 
 sembly, the insults of the populace were 
 not checked, and on the 20th June, 1792, 
 a ferocious mob forced its way to the pa- 
 lace, and threatened the destruction of the 
 royal family. Louis, undismayed, present- 
 ed himself to these barbarians, and for two 
 hours, disarmed them of their murderous 
 fury, till Petion, with hypocritical marks of 
 respect, came to liberate the monarch from 
 this perilous situation. The events of this 
 ilay warned Louis of his approaching fate, 
 and it is said, that now he began to write 
 his will, and to prepare himself for death. 
 The declaration of war by the emperor and 
 Prussia against France, and the threats of 
 the duke of Brunswick, and his invasion of 
 Champagne, roused more powerfully the 
 resentment of the mob, as they were 
 taught, by their flagitious leaders, that these 
 measures were dictated by their imprison- 
 ed monarch. In the midst of these events, 
 with a victorious enemy approaching the 
 capital, and an ungovernable multitude 
 thirsting for blood, the 10th of August, still 
 more terrible than all other.?, came ; the 
 tocsin Avas sounded, the Thuilleries attack- 
 ed, and the faithful Swiss guards murdered 
 in every avenue of the palace. Already the 
 cannon was pointed against the apartments 
 of the monarch, when he was persuaded to 
 fly for safety to the hall of the assembly, 
 and though often interrupted by the sight 
 of heaps of slain, by the shrieks of the dying, 
 and by the outrageous insults of the mob, 
 he reached this spot, where he hea.d his 
 name treated with studied indignity, his 
 power suspended, and his sentence of im- 
 prisonment pronounced. Confined in one 
 of the towers of the Temple, he for some 
 time was permitted to enjoy the soothing 
 company of his family ; but as his tyrants 
 increased in power, they decreased in coin- 
 i«a>sion ana humaitiiv. The convention 
 \ 01.. I). Mt 
 
 succeeiiod the assembly, and t'.iey not only 
 ilccreed the abolition of royally in France, 
 but they prochumed the necessity of trying 
 their fallen monarch. Depicted, in thr, 
 speeches of this vile assembly, as a tyrant 
 and a traitor, Louis had no mercy to expect 
 from such perjured judges. Though depri- 
 ved of pen and paper, and of every meant 
 by which he might have prepared himseli", 
 he appeared with his usual serenity befor.; 
 this murderous tribunal, and in his answers 
 to interrogatories, he maintained the digni- 
 ty of the monarch, and the tirmness of thii 
 Christian. Though thus insulted, yet an ap- 
 parent show of candour in the convention, 
 permitted his faithful ministers, Male- 
 sherbes, Tronchet, and Deseze, to appear 
 at their bar as his defenders ; but neither 
 the tears nor the venerable appearance of 
 these aged and illustrious men, nor the 
 present misfortunes of the past greatness, 
 and the well known innocence of Louis, 
 could avail. On the 17th Jan. 1793, hi: 
 was condemned to death, but only by a 
 majority of five voices. He heard of his 
 fate with composure and resignation ; but 
 his parting with the queen and with his fa- 
 mily, was tender and alfecting beyond the 
 potver of description. On the 21st he was 
 conveyed to the scafiblJ, attended by M. 
 Edgeworth, a catholic priest, and on the 
 fatal spot he attempted to address the mul- 
 titude which surrounded him, but the beat- 
 ing of drums drowned his voice. As he 
 placed himself on the machine, his confes- 
 sor fervently exclaimed, son of St. Louis, 
 ascend to heaven, and that moment his 
 head was severed from his body. His re- 
 mains were conveyed to the churchyard oC 
 St. Magdalen, and immediately consumetl 
 in quicklime. He left a son, who in his- 
 tory bears the name of Louis XVH. and as 
 if to offer new indignity to a throne that 
 had crumbled to the dust, this young prince, 
 aged eight, was intrusted to the care of Si- 
 mon, a shoe-maker, and died soon after 
 from the rude treatment he received, or a-f 
 some suppose, from poison. His daughter, 
 after seeing the murder of her parents, and 
 of her aunt, was exchanged with Austria 
 for the deputies detained by the imperial- 
 ists, and she married her cousin, the duke 
 of Angouleme. Louis, regarded as a mo- 
 narch, but not contemplated with the mis- 
 fortunes which closed his life, must be ac- 
 knowledged to be a virtuoiis and amiable 
 man. His letters display the goodness of 
 a benevolent heart, attached to religion, 
 anxious to do good, and eager to maintain 
 integrity and uprightness. If as a monarch 
 he had possessed greater resolution, and 
 more firm consistency of chai-acter, he 
 might have averted the miseries whicli 
 awaited him ; and instead of marching to 
 a scaffold, he might have upheld the honour 
 of Ihe throne, repressed insurrection, anc^ 
 
 23:{ 
 
LOU 
 
 LOV 
 
 restored the kingdom to tranquillity, hop- 
 piness, and prosperity. 
 
 Louis L called the Pious, king of Germa- 
 ny, was third son of Louis the Debonnaire, 
 and was proclaimed king of Bavaria, S17. 
 He joined his brother Charles the Bald, and 
 at the battle of Fontenai defeated his half 
 brother Lothaire, 841, and rendered him- 
 self poAverful and formidable to his neigh- 
 bours. He died at Frankfort, 28th Aug. 
 876, aged 70. 
 
 Louis n, son of the preceding, and his 
 successor on the throne of Germany, de- 
 feated his uncle Charles the Bald, and died 
 «t Frankfort, 20th Jan. 882. 
 
 Louis IIL king of Germany, vid. Louis 
 IIL emperor. 
 
 Louis 1. of Anjou, king of Hungary and 
 Poland, succeeded Charles H. 1342, and 
 after expelling the Jews from his kingdom, 
 he made war against the Transylvanians, 
 the Croats, Tartars, and Venetians, and 
 was elected king of Poland, after his uncle 
 Casimir, 1370. He died at Tirnau, 12th 
 Sept. 1382, aged 57, leaving two daughters, 
 one of whom, Mary, inherited Hungary, 
 and the other, Hedwige, married Ladislaus, 
 king of Poland. 
 
 Louis n. was king of Hungary after his 
 father Ladislaus, 1516, and was defeated 
 hy the Turks under Solvman, at Mohatz, 
 1526. He was drowned in a marsh, as he 
 fled from the field of battle, 29th August, 
 aged 22. 
 
 Louis, prince of Tarentum, nephew of 
 Robert, king of Sicily, married Jane, the 
 queen of Naples, and after the invasion, and 
 the defeat of the Hungarians, was crowned 
 king of Naples, 1352. He died 25th May, 
 13G2. 
 
 Louis L duke of Anjou, second son of 
 John, king of France, was regent of the 
 kingdom during the minority of his nephew 
 Charles VL He afterwards attempted to 
 gain possession of the kingdom of Naples, 
 left him by the will of queen Jane, but could 
 not succeed. He died of a broken heart in 
 ponsequence of the ill success of his mea- 
 sures, at Paris, 20th Sept. 1384. 
 
 Louis, Antony, secretary of the academy 
 of surgeons at Paris, and member of that 
 of sciences, became one of the most intelli- 
 gent anatomists of Europe. He was born 
 at Metz, and died of a dropsy, 20th May, 
 1792, aged 69. He was a man of great in- 
 tegrity, as well as of extensive knowledge 
 in the medical profession. He wrote a 
 Course of Practical Surgery on Gunshot 
 Wounds, 4to. — Essay on the Nature of the 
 Soul and its Union with the Body, 12mo. — 
 (observations on Electricity, and its Effects 
 on the Animal Economy, 12mo. — Observa- 
 tions on the Effects of the Cancerous Virus, 
 l2mo. — Refutations of Combalusier — Posi- 
 tiones Anatomico-chirurgica? de Capit.e, 
 4to. — dc Partiuin Externanmi Generar 
 234 
 
 ratione in Mulieribus, 4to. — Eloges de Bas- 
 suel, Molaval, et Verdier— Dissertatio de 
 Apoplexia curanda, and other medical 
 works. 
 
 Love, James, an actor, whose realnam^ 
 was Dance, the son of Mr. Dance, the city 
 surveyor, and the ungraceful architect of 
 the London mansion-house. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster school, and Cam- 
 bridge, but took no degree. He expected 
 patronage from Walpole, in consequence of 
 his answering an attack against the minis- 
 ter, but was disappointed, and at last turn- 
 ed his thoughts to the stage. He was on 
 the Dublin and Edinburgh theatres, and 
 appeared at Drury-lane, 1762. His Falstaff 
 was much admired, till eclipsed by the bet- 
 ter acting of Henderson. He died 1774. 
 He wrote Pamela, a comedy, 1742, and 
 some other dramatic pieces. 
 
 Love, Christopher, rector of St. Anne's, 
 Aldersgate, and St. Laurence, Jewry, and 
 author of 3 vols, of sermons, was accused 
 of correspondence with the king against 
 CromweU's government. He was con- 
 demned, and lost his bead, July, 1651, 
 though several parishes, and 54 ministers 
 interested themselves in his behalf. 
 
 Lovelace, Richard, an English poet, 
 born at Woolridge, in Kent, 1618, and edu- 
 cated at the Charter-house, and Gloucester 
 hall, Oxford, where he took the degree of 
 M.A. 1636. He embraced the cause of 
 the king during the civil wars, and was a 
 great sufferer for his loyalty. The perse- 
 cutions which he endured, and the poverty 
 to which he was reduced, at last brought on 
 melancholy, and produced a consumptiouo 
 He died in a very poor lodging. Gunpowder- 
 alley, Shoe-lane, 1658, and was buried in 
 St. Bride's church. His poetry was very 
 spirited and elegant. He wrote, besides 
 poems, two plays, the Scholar, a comedy — - 
 and the Soldier, a tragedy. 
 
 Lovelace, Francis, governor of New- 
 York, under the duke of York, succeeded 
 Richard Nicholls in May, 1667. He con- 
 tinued in office until the surrender of the 
 colony to the Dutch in 1673, when he was 
 ordered to depart from the province, and 
 return to England. He was a man of great 
 moderation, and his administration was 
 quiet and happy, but was distinguished by 
 no transaction of great importance. The 
 most memorable act which took place under 
 it was the purchase of Staten-Island from 
 the natives. fC3^ L. 
 
 Lovelace, John, lord baron of Hurley, 
 governor of New- York, arrived in the colo- 
 ny in December, 1708, as the successor of 
 lord Cornbury. He died on the 5th of 
 May following. He was succeeded in the 
 barony of Hurley by Navil, his son, who 
 dying July 28, 1736, the title became ex- 
 tinct. He had a daughter married into the 
 fnmilv of the earl of Strafl'ord. |CP L. 
 
l.OU 
 
 i.OW 
 
 LoMBOND, Edward, an Ei.t;li.sh pod, 
 born in Middlesex, and educated at King- 
 ston school. Besides an elegant collection 
 ol' poems, published 1785, he contributed 
 several papers to the periodical newspaper, 
 called the World, and he died at his house 
 near Hampton, 1775. 
 
 Loui'TiERE, John Charles dc Relongue 
 de la, of the Arcadian academy at Rome, 
 was born at Louptiere, in the diocess of 
 Sens, and died 17S4, aged 57. He wrote 
 a collection of poems, 2 vols. 8vo. which 
 possess spirit, ease, and delicacy ; besides 
 the six first parts of the journal des Dames, 
 1761. 
 
 LorvET, Peter, a native of Reinville, 
 near Beauvais, was master of lequests to 
 queen Margaret, and died 1646. He wrote 
 the History and Antiquities of Beauvais, 2 
 vols. 8vo. — Nomenclatura et Chronologia 
 Renmi Ecclesiast. Dioc. Bellovae, 8vo. — 
 Remarques sur la Noblesse Beauvoisine et 
 plusieurs Families de la France, 8vo. in a 
 style not very elegant. — A physician of 
 Beauvais bore also that name, and was 
 professor at Montpellicr, 1680. He wrote 
 various works on the history of Provence 
 and Languedoc, &c. possessing little merit. 
 
 l\.ouvET DE CouvRAT, John Baptist, a 
 native of Poitou, author of a licentious 
 work, the Amours of Faublas. During the 
 revolution he was an active member of the 
 convention, and though proscribed in 1793 
 he had the art to escape the guillotine. As 
 the editor of the Sentinelle, he acquired 
 popularity with the vulgar ; and he soon 
 had the boldness to accuse Robespierre, sur- 
 rounded with his satellites, and by his 
 firmness to overturn the tyrant. He is 
 praised for the steadiness of his principles ; 
 and Madame Roland says of him, that he 
 was courageous as a lion, and simple as a 
 child. He died at Paris, 25th Aug. 1797, 
 of an asthmatic disorder, as he was going 
 consul to Palermo. Besides his Faublas, 
 and his Sentinelle, he wrote, Paris justi- 
 fic, 8vo. 1789 — Emilie de Vannont, ou 
 le Divorce necessaire, 3 vols. 12mo. 1794 
 — Notice pour le Recit de mes Dangers, 
 1795, 8vo. 
 
 LouviLLE, Eugene d'Allonviile, Cheva- 
 lier de, a native of Beauce, of a noble fa- 
 mily, who served, as colonel of dragoons, 
 Philip V. of Spain. At the peace of 
 Utrecht he devoted himself to mathematics 
 and astronomy, and after making observa- 
 tions at Marseilles, he came to London, 
 1715, to see with greater efi'ect, the total 
 eclipse of the sun. While in England he 
 was made member of the Royal Society of 
 London, as he had before been of the 
 Academy of Sciences, at Paris. He after- 
 wards fixed his residence near Orleans, and 
 devoted himself to astronomical pursuits. 
 He died there, of a fever, at the end of 
 1732, ased 61. He wrote various curious 
 
 dissertations, inserted in the nicmous of the 
 academy, &,c. 
 
 Lowe, Peter, a Srolrh .surgeon, who for 
 22 years wa.s in fon-ign ^«•^vi^•l•, ui Flanders 
 and France. He afterwards sellLed at (ilai- 
 gow, 1612, and was enipowcrccl l)y ihe kin;; 
 to examine all persons who wislicii lu prac- 
 tise surgery in the western part.-j of thf; 
 kingdom. He wrote some books on bin 
 profession. 
 
 Lowell, John, LL.D. judge of the Uni- 
 ted States' circuit court, was born at New- 
 bury, in 1744, and graduated at ll.irv.irj 
 college in 1760. He studied law, and soon 
 after entering on its practice, rose by his 
 superior abilities and integrity to distinc- 
 tion. In 1761 he removed to Boston, and 
 distinguished himself as a representative of 
 the town in the general court, and in the 
 convention which formed the constitution, 
 by his political knowledge and eloquence. 
 In 1781 he was elected a member of con- 
 gress, and the next year appointed by that 
 body a judge of the court of appeals from 
 the courts of admiralty of the states ; and 
 on the establishment of the federal govern- 
 ment a judge of the United States' circuit 
 court, in which situations he was highly 
 respected for his legal knowledge, candour, 
 and dignity. He died on the 6th of May, 
 1802. ICCF-L.' 
 
 LowEN, John Frederick, a native of 
 Klansthal, who wrote a collection of poems, 
 printed at Hamburgh, 1765 — Romances, 
 printed at Leipsic, 1774, a valuable work. 
 He died at Rostock, 1773, aged 44. 
 
 Lower, Sir William, a loyalist, under 
 Charles I. born at Tremare, in Cornwall. 
 When his master's affairs were ruined, he 
 retired to Holland, and applied himself to 
 literature. He formed the plan of the four 
 of the six plays which he has written in the 
 manner of Corneille and Quinault, his fa- 
 vourite authors. He died 1662. 
 
 Lower, Richard, son to the above, was 
 a physician, educated at Westminster 
 school, and Christ church, and instructed 
 in medical and anatomical knowledge, by 
 Dr. Willis. He settled in London, and 
 practised with great reputation. His books, 
 " De Corde," " Et dc Motu et Colore San- 
 guinis, et Chyli in Eum Transitu," are much 
 admired. He practised the transfusion of 
 blood from one animal to another. He 
 died 1691. Some of his papers appear in 
 the philosophical transactions. 
 
 LowMAN, Moses, for upwards of 40 years 
 dissenting minister of a conaregation at 
 Clapham, Surrey, was well skilled in Jew- 
 ish history and antiquities. He died 175?, 
 aged 72. He wrote a valuable book on 
 Revelation — a tract, now scarce, provinj; 
 mathematically the Unity and Perfection of 
 God a priori — and after his death appeared 
 his three treatises on the Shechinah and 
 Logos. 
 
 235- 
 
T.OW 
 
 LOV 
 
 Lon'NDEs, William, LL.D. a native of 
 South Caroliii?, %vas lor several years a re- 
 presentative from that state in congress, 
 s*nd one of the most eloquent and influen- 
 tial members of that bodv. He sustained 
 no other appointment of importance, but 
 his splendid talents, wisdom, moderation, 
 eloquence, and devotedness to the duties of 
 his station, gave him a rank among the 
 most able and useful statesmen of the na- 
 tion. In private life he was amiable, mo- 
 dest, and blameless. Owing to the decline 
 of his health he resigned his seat in con- 
 gress in 1822, and embarked for Europe, 
 but died on his passage, Oct. 27th, 1(3^ I-" 
 
 LowTH, William, B.D. a learned divine, 
 born in St. Martin's parish, Ludgate, Lon- 
 don, 11th Sept. 1661. He was first educa- 
 ted under his grandfather, the rector of 
 Tilehurst, Berks, and then sent to Mer- 
 chant-tailors' school, where he so distin- 
 guished himself, that at 14 he was elected 
 to St. John's, Oxford. His great merit 
 recommended him to bishop Mew, of 
 Winchester, who made him his chaplain, 
 and gave him a prebend in his cathedral, 
 and the rectoi'y of Buriton, with the chapel 
 of Petersfield, Hants. This worthy and 
 exemplary clergyman died 1732, and was 
 buried in the churchyard, Buriton, leaving 
 three daughters and two sons. He is the 
 author of Commentaries on all the Pro- 
 phets, first published 4to. afterwards folio 
 — a Vindication of the Divine Authority 
 and Inspiration of the Old and New Testa- 
 ments, 12mo. in answer to Le Clerc — Di- 
 rections for the profitable reading of the 
 Scriptures — sermons, &.c. — the character 
 of an Apostolical Church, &c. which en- 
 gaged him in a controversy with a dis- 
 senting minister of Porstmouth, called 
 Norman. 
 
 LowTii, Robert, a learned prelate, son of 
 the above, born in the Close, Winchester, 
 ?th Dec. 1710. He was educated at Vv'in- 
 thester school, and passed to New college, 
 Oxford, where he soon began to display the 
 native powers of his ardent mind. In 1741 
 he was elected Hebrew professor of poetry, 
 and in that character delivered his admira- 
 ble lectures, '* De Sacra Poesi Hebraeo- 
 lum," published 4to. afterwards in 8vo. and 
 tdited with additions, by Michaelis, in Ger- 
 many. His great reputation recommended 
 Iiim to the duke of Devonshire, who a],- 
 pointed him tutor to his son, marquis Ilart- 
 ington, and with whom he made the tour of 
 Europe. In 1750 he was appointed arch- 
 deacon of Winchester, by bishop Hoadly, 
 and in 1754 he was honourably created by 
 diploma D.D. by the university of Oxford. 
 In 1755 he went as chaplain to his pupil, 
 now lord lieutenant of Ireland, and there 
 soon obtained the bishopric of Limerick, 
 which he afterwards exchanged for a pre- 
 bend of Durham. His "Life of William 
 236 
 
 of Wykchani," appeared in 1758. In 1766 
 he was made bishop of St. David's, two 
 months after ti'anslated to Oxford, and in 
 1777 to London. On the death of Corn- 
 wallis, the primate, 1783, he was offered 
 the archiepiscopal chair, which his infirmi- 
 ties obliged him to decline. His domestic 
 peace had been deeply wounded by the 
 death of his eldest daughter, in 1768, on 
 whose grave at Cuddesdon he inscribed 
 those beautiful and pathetic verses, begin- 
 ning with " Cara, vale," &c. and his other 
 daughter died suddenly, 1783, while presi- 
 ding at his tea-table, and in conversation 
 with bishop Newton. This truly venerable 
 prelate and most amiable man died 3d Nov. 
 1787, aged nearly 77. He published, be- 
 sides " Isaiah," translated from the He- 
 brew, a most masterly performance — an 
 English Grammar, universally esteemed — a 
 Poem on the Genealogy of Christ — some 
 Controversial Papers with Warburton — Oc- 
 casional Sermons, &c. — His father's life, 
 for the Biogr. Britan. 
 
 LoYER, Peter le, a native of Anjou, au- 
 thor of a curious History of Spectres, 4to. 
 — Edom, or the Idumean Colonies in Eu- 
 rope and Asia, 8vo. and other works, in 
 verse and prose. He died at Angers, 1634, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Loyola, Ignatius of, the founder of the 
 order of the Jesuits, was born of a respect- 
 able family at Loyola in the province of 
 Guipuscoa, in Spain, 1401. The early part 
 of his life was spent in the military service, 
 and in a conspicuous manner, but when his 
 leg was broken by a cannon-ball, at the 
 siege of Pampeluna, 1521, he made a vow 
 to renounce the world, to make a pilgrim- 
 age to Jerusalem, and to devote himself to 
 the service of God. He dedicated his arms 
 to the Virgin at Montserrat, and hanged 
 them on her altar, and began his career of 
 devotion by the most severe mortifications. 
 He embarked at Barcelona, and after ob- 
 taining the pope's blessing at Rome, he pro- 
 ceeded to Jerusnlem, and after many ex- 
 traordinary visions, and miraculous adven- 
 tures, he returned to Barcelona. In 1524, 
 he, it is said, began to study the rudiments 
 of Latin grammar, but the wise rules con- 
 tained in the Enchiridion of Erasmus, were 
 soon laid aside for the reveries of Thomas 
 h. Kcmpis. He now became so popular 
 among his followers, that he was thrown 
 into the prison of the inquisition, and esca- 
 ped only upon promise of not publishing 
 his opinions for four years. From Spain 
 he passed to Paris, 1528, and there gained 
 some converts, but the number of those 
 who wished to bind themselves to the aus- 
 terities of a new mode of life, amounted 
 only to seven, and afterwards to ten. These 
 religious men at last met one another from 
 various quarters, at Venice, 1537, and there 
 bound themselves bv five rules, which in- 
 
1. 1 i; 
 
 LLii 
 
 culcated tbc duties of seh-moiiilicauou, 
 and of charity, aiul enforced the precepts 
 and practice of virtue, and laboured assi- 
 duously without the hope of reward, for 
 the glory of CJod. They called thcuiselves, 
 therefore, the Society of Jesus, and soon 
 their zeal was increased by the sanction of 
 Paul III. who confirmed the order in 1540, 
 on condition that tlieir members should not 
 exceed GO, and in 1543, without restric- 
 tion. Loyola was deservedly created gene- 
 ral of this new order, and his companions 
 quickly spread themselves over the world 
 to convert inlidels and heretics, and to pro- 
 mote the cause of virtue and piety. His or- 
 der was again confirmed 1550 by Julius III. 
 and he then wished to resign his oilice as 
 general, but was prevented by the afiection 
 of his followers. He died 31st July, 155G, 
 aged 66, 35 years after his conversion, and 
 16 after the foundation of his society. Be- 
 fore his death he had the satisfaction to 
 know that his zealous associates were re- 
 spected all over the world, and gave laws 
 wherever they appeared. He was canoni- 
 zed 1609, and then all the miracles of the 
 apostolic ages were said to have been 
 wrought by the influence of his superior 
 sanctity. In 1622 his name was inserted by 
 Gregory XV. among the saints, and greater 
 honours were decreed to his memory by In- 
 nocent X. and Clement IX. The Jesuits, 
 so inconsiderable in their origin, grew to 
 an astonishing number : at the death of 
 their founder, 1556, they amounted to 
 10,581, and in 1679 to 17,655. The causes 
 which contributed to their increase were, 
 besides the great patronage of Rome, of 
 Spain, and Portugal, the wish to convert the 
 newly discovered territories of America to 
 the Christian faith, and in Europe, to op- 
 pose the progress of Lutheranism, and no 
 order of men for zeal, for ability, for perse- 
 verance, were more capable of undertaking 
 the arduous task. After, however, long 
 2;iving secret laws to the world, and influen- 
 cing the afTections of men by their exter- 
 nal piety and discipline, the Jesuits have 
 fallen into disrepute. They not only pro- 
 moted the cause of religion, but they fre- 
 quently encouraged plots and machinations 
 against existing governments, and there- 
 lore, in 1773, Clement XIV. was obliged to 
 yield to the representations of the house of 
 Bourbon, and on the 21st July, to issue a 
 ?jull for the suppression of this famous or- 
 der. Their last general was L. Ricci, who 
 died in confinement that same year. The 
 Jesuits of late years have again met en- 
 couragement ; they are tolerated in Rus- 
 sia, and maintain a secret influence in 
 other countries. 
 
 LuciENETSKi, Theodore, a native of 
 Cracow, eminent as a painter in portraits, 
 and in history. He died 17 16, aged 63. 
 
 His brother Clirislophcr was equally kuowii 
 as an able artist. 
 
 LuniE.vicTSKi, Stanislaus Lubieniecius, 
 a Socinian divine, born at Cracow, in Po- 
 land, of a noble family, 1623. He studied 
 at Thorn, and afterwards visited Prance 
 and Holland, as a IravtUing tutor, and in 
 1648, on the death of his father, returned 
 to Poland. He was highly favoured by the 
 king of Sweden, while he was in Poland, 
 but he exerted his influence in vain with 
 that monarch, that the Unitarians might be 
 included in the general amnesty granted to 
 all those who dissented from popery. In 
 consequence of this disappointment he 
 went to Copenhagen, 1660, and was there 
 honourably received by the Danish king, 
 who granted him a pension. The Lutheran 
 divines, however, saw with jealousy the 
 influence he had acquired, and the new fa- 
 vourite yielding to the general odium, reti- 
 red to Hamburg, 1662, where he held a 
 conference with queen Christina. In 1667, 
 he again returned to Copenhagen, and from 
 thence to Fredericksburg, but persecution 
 followed him every where, and another 
 time he attempted to find an asylum at 
 Hamburg. Here he did not long enjoy 
 tranquillity ; he was ordered by the ma- 
 gistrates to leave the city, but before he 
 removed, the unfortunate man was poison- 
 ed by his maid servant. May iSth, 1675. 
 His two daughters had fallen victims, two 
 days before, to the same diabolical mea- 
 sures, and his wife with difficulty recover- 
 ed from the eftects of the poison. His 
 death prevented his completion of the His- 
 tory of the Reformation in Poland. Of the 
 many books which he wrote, a few have 
 been printed. He is regarded by the Socl- 
 njans, as a martyr to their tenets. The 
 best known of his works is " Theatrum 
 Cometicum," 1667, folio, which contain? 
 an account of comets, from the flood ta 
 1665. 
 
 LuBiN, Eilhard, a learned protestani. 
 born at Wcsterstcd, in Oldenburg, 24th 
 March, 1556. He studied at Leipsic and 
 Cologne, and other universities, ajid in 
 1595 was made professor of poetrj at Ros- 
 tock, and ten years after raised to the divi- 
 nity chair. He died of a tertian ague, June. 
 1621. To his extensive knowledge of Greek 
 and Latin, he added the graces of poetry 
 and oratory, and was also a good mathe- 
 matician and divine. His publications arc 
 13, containing notes on Anacreon, Juve- 
 nal, and Persius — a Translation of the An- 
 thologia — Clavis Graecae Lingua;, &c. be- 
 sides a curious Treatise, called "Phospho- 
 1 us, &c." in which he maintained two co- 
 eternal principles, God and Nothing, of 
 which he considered God as the good prin- 
 ciple, and Nothing, as the evil principle 
 He supposed tliat sin was only a tendcncv 
 
 237 
 
LUC 
 
 LLC 
 
 towards nothing, and that sin was neces- 
 sary to make known the nature of good. 
 By his first wife he had no children, by his 
 second, nine. 
 
 Ldbin, Augustin, an Augustine friar, 
 geographer to the French king, was born 
 at Paris, 29th Jan. 1624. He applied him- 
 self to ecclesiastical history and wrote the 
 Geographical Mercury — Present State of 
 Abbeys in France, and in Italy — a Descrip- 
 tion of Lapland, — Notes an Plutarch's 
 Lives, and other works. He died at Paris, 
 17th March, 1695. 
 
 LucA, John Baptist, a native of Venosa, 
 in the Neapolitan territory. He quitted 
 the profession of the law for the church, 
 and became a cardinal. He died 1683, aged 
 66. The best known of his numerous 
 works is an Analysis of the Civil Law, 4 
 vols. 4to. — a composition of great merit, 
 and properly called the Philosophy of Ju- 
 risprudence. 
 
 LucAN, Marcus Anneeus, a Latin poet 
 born at Cordova, A. D. 39. He was the fa- 
 vourite of Nero, but afterwards offended 
 and joined Piso's conspiracy against the 
 tyrant. He was obliged to destroy himself 
 and was suffocated in a bath, 65. The best 
 edition of his Pharsalia is that of Straw- 
 berry-hill, 1760, 4to. 
 
 Lucas, Tudensis, bishop of Tudae or 
 Tuy in Gallicia, in the 13th century, was 
 author of an History of Spain from Adam 
 to the vcar 1236 — the Life of Isidorus of 
 Seville — a work againSt the Albigenses, 
 1612. 
 
 Lucas, Van Leyden, a painter and en- 
 graver, born in 1494. His works procured 
 him celebrity, and Albert Durer visited 
 Holland merely to see him. The last six 
 years of his life he spent in his bed, pre- 
 tending that he had been poisoned. His 
 time, however, was devoted to his pencil, 
 and he said that his bed should still be a 
 bed of honour. He died 1533. Though his 
 figures abound in expression, yet the whole 
 wants correctness. 
 
 Lucas Brugensis, Francis, dean of St. 
 Omer, was a learned orientalist, and the 
 author of Critical Notes on the Scriptures 
 — Commentaries on the New Testament, 
 3 vols, folio. — Concordance of the Bible, 
 &c. He died 1619, aged 67. 
 
 Lucas, Richard, a learned divine born 
 at Presteign, Radnorshire, 1648. He was 
 educated at Jesus college, Oxford, where 
 he took the degree of D. D. He was for 
 some time master of Abergavenny free- 
 school, but afterwards obtained the vi- 
 carage of St. Stephens, Coleman-street, 
 and the lectureship of St. Olave, South- 
 wark, and in 1696 became prebendary of 
 Westminster. He died June 1715, after 
 having been afflicted for some years with 
 blindness, and was buried in Westminster 
 abbey. He was author of some valuable 
 238 
 
 compositions, — Practical Christianity— ail 
 Inquiry after Happiness, 2 vols. Svo.— 
 5 vols of Sermons, Svo. — the Morality of 
 the Gospel, &c. 
 
 Lucas, Paul, a French traveller, born at 
 Rouen, 1664. He several times visited 
 the Levant, Egypt, Turkey, and other coun- 
 tries, where he made a valuable collection 
 of curiosities, which he presented to the 
 French king, who in 1714 appointed him 
 his antiquary. He extended his travels to 
 Spain, and died, after an illness of eight 
 months, at Madrid, 1737. His travels, 
 though not very accurate, are yet interest- 
 ing. They have appeared in 7 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Lucas, Charles, an Irishman, who, from 
 an apothecary became a physician, and af- 
 terwards obtained a seat in the House of 
 Commons, where he displayed his zeal in 
 his opposition to the measures of govern*- 
 ment. He died 1771, aged 58, and his re- 
 mains were honoured by the attendance of 
 the Dublin corporation, who liberally con* 
 ferred a pension on his widow. He pub- 
 lished some Medical Tracts, &c. 
 
 LuccHEsiNi, John Vincent, a historian^ 
 born of a noble family at Lucca. He was 
 educated at Sienna and at Pisa universities, 
 and became secretary to the pope, and ca- 
 non of St. Peter's at Rome. He died 1744, 
 aged 84. Besides a Latin translation of 
 Demosthenes, 1712, much and deservedly 
 commended by Rollin, he wrote Historia 
 sui Temporis, published 1738, 3 vols. 4to; 
 a work of merit. 
 
 LuciAN, a Greek writer, born at Samo- 
 sata. He left the business of sculpture for 
 the life of an author, and became the favour- 
 ite of M. Aurelius, who appointed him re-* 
 gistrar of Egypt. His satires are very 
 severe on heathen religion, but often ob- 
 scene and profane. He died 180 A. D. 
 aged 90. His works were well edited by 
 Reitzius, Amsterd. 4 vols. 4to. 1743. 
 
 Lucifer, bishop Cagliari, in Sardinia, 
 refused to admit the apostate Arian bishops 
 to communion, according to the decree of 
 the council of Alexandria, 362. Rather 
 than to yield in opinion he resigned his see, 
 and became the author of a new schism, 
 whose supporters were called Luciferians. 
 He died 370. His works appeared at Ve- 
 nice, 1779. 
 
 LuciLius, Caius, a Roman satirist, who 
 was with Scipio in his expedition against 
 Numantia. He died 103 B.C. Fragments 
 of his poetry remain. 
 
 Lucius I. pope and saint, was elected 
 253, after Cornelius, and the next year suf- 
 fered martyrdom. 
 
 Lucius II. Gerard de Caccianemici, a na* 
 tive of Bologna, elected pope after Celesti-* 
 nus II. 1144. He died 25th Feb. the next 
 year, in consequence of a blow from a stonS 
 in a popular commotion. 
 
 L'JCRs III. Humbaldo Allineigoli, a na-- 
 
LUb 
 
 LUD 
 
 live of Lucca, succeeded pope Alexander 
 III. 1181. He was obliged in a popular tu- 
 mult to fly from Rome to V crona, but he 
 afterwards returned, supported by the 
 princes of Italy, and he punished the sedi- 
 tious disturbers of (he public peace. Ano- 
 ther commotion afterwards again occasion- 
 ed his flight, and he died at Verona, 25th 
 Nov. 1185. He established, with the em- 
 peror Frederic, constitutions for the punish- 
 ment of heresies, which may be considered 
 as the origin of the inquisition. 
 
 LucRETiA, a celebrated Roman lady, 
 wife of Collatiuus. Violence was ollered 
 to her person by Sextus the son of Tarquin, 
 and in consequence of this she stabbed her- 
 self after she bad related the horrid indig- 
 nity to her father and husband. Her death 
 was avenged by the expulsion of the Tar- 
 quin:i from Rome, and the establishment of 
 the consular government, A.U.C. 244. 
 
 Lucretius, Titus Carus, a Roman poet, 
 educated in the epicurean school of Zeno 
 and Phsedrus. He wrote a beautiful poem, 
 De Rerum Natura, founded, however, on 
 the atheistical doctrine of Atoms. It is 
 supposed that he became mad by drinking 
 a philter given him by his mistress Lucilia. 
 He died B.C. 54, aged 42. The best edi- 
 tion is that of Wakefield, 4 vols. 4to. The 
 work has been translated into English verse 
 by Creech. 
 
 LucuLLUs, Lucius Licinius, a Roman 
 general, celebrated for his conquests over 
 Mithridates in Bithynia and Armenia. Af- 
 ter the honours of a triumph he retired to 
 privacy, and patronised learned men. He 
 died aged 68. 
 
 Ludlow, Edmund, a republican chief in 
 the civil wars, born at Maiden Bradley, 
 Wilts, 1620. He was educated at Trinity 
 college, Oxford, where he took his first de- 
 gree in 1636, and then removed to the Tem- 
 ple to study the law, but on the breaking 
 out of the civil war, by the advice of his 
 father, who was representative in the long 
 parliament, for Wiltshire, he became a vo- 
 lunteer in lord Essex's life guards. He 
 distinguished himself at the battle of Edge- 
 hill, and in the siege of Wardour castle, of 
 which he was made governor, and after- 
 wards he was made by the parliament high 
 sheritf of his native county. He was at the 
 second battle of Newbury, and in 1643 suc- 
 ceeded, on his father's death, as represen- 
 tative for Wiltshire, but while he opposed 
 on the one hand the dark designs of Crom- 
 well, he on the other voted for the a!)olition 
 of royalty, and for the establishment of a 
 pure commonwealth. With these princi- 
 ples it is not to be wondered at that he was 
 one of the unfortunate king's judges, and 
 that he concurred in voting the house of 
 peers not only useless but dangerous. He 
 ivas employed by Cromwell as lieutenant 
 
 general of horse in Ireland, and on Ire- 
 ton's death he succeeded him in the chief 
 command of the island. The elevation of 
 Cromwell to the protectorate was particu- 
 larly displeasing to him, but hin attempts to 
 oppose it rendered him su-j)«;rtcd to the ty- 
 rant, who at last ensured his traiKpiillity, 
 by seizing his person, and then obliging him 
 to give a security not to act against the go- 
 venuiient. Thus bound to inactivity, he 
 lived in Essex till the death of the usurper, 
 and then, under Richard, appeared in par- 
 liament, and was violent in the disturbed 
 state of aflairs for the restoration of the 
 rump parliament. By the influence of 
 the Wallingford house party he was pre- 
 vailed upon to resume the chief command 
 in Ireland, but here he met with some op- 
 position, and on his return to England soon 
 after he found himself accused of various 
 misdemeanors. Sensible that the nation, 
 and the army headed by Monk, had deter- 
 mined to restore the king, be left the king- 
 dom by the advice of his friends, and retired 
 to Dieppe. A reward of 300/. was offered 
 by proclamation for his apprehension, but 
 he escaped his pursuers, and flying to Ge- 
 neva, he at last settled at Vevay in Switz- 
 erland. At the revolution he ventured to 
 return to London, but though he was re- 
 garded as a proper person to reduce Ireland 
 from the power of the papists, some of the 
 commons moved an address to W^illiam to 
 seize him, in consequence of which he re- 
 tired again to Vevay, where he died, 1693, 
 aged 73. A monument was erected over 
 his body by his widow. After his death 
 appeared his " Memoirs," in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 1698, to which another was added on the 
 following year. This work is curious and 
 valuable, and in communicating important 
 particulars concerning the civil wars, exhi- 
 bits the author as a stern, unshaken repub- 
 lican, not, like Cromwell, turning every 
 accident to his own views and interest, but 
 regarding the democratical government, 
 pure and uncornapted, as the most perfect 
 system of political union. 
 
 Ludlow, Roger, a native of the west of 
 England, came to Dorchester, Massachu- 
 setts, in 1630, and was immediately elected 
 a magistrate of the colony, and four years 
 after deputy governor. Soon after, re- 
 moving to Fairfield, Connecticut, he was 
 appointed a number of years to the same 
 offices there, and rendered the most im- 
 portant services to the colony, by assisting 
 in forming its civil constitution, for which 
 he was happily fitted by an extensive know- 
 ledge of jurisprudence. He compiled the 
 first code of laws of Connecticut, printed 
 in 1672. In 1648 he was appointed one of 
 the commissioners of the United Colonies, 
 and repeatedly aftenvards. But becoming 
 disipleased with the conduct of the people, 
 
 939 
 
LUD 
 
 LUI 
 
 iii the war with the Dutch, he left the colo- 
 ny in 1654, and went to Virginia. 
 
 ICP L. 
 LuDOLPH, Job, the well-known Etbiopic 
 historian, was born at Erfurt in Thuringia, 
 15th June, 1624. Though his countrymen 
 were unfortunately engaged in military af- 
 fairs, he devoted himself to studious pur- 
 suits, and at the age of 20 was a perfect 
 master of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and 
 then employed himself assiduously in the 
 study of the Ethiopic language, of which 
 he wrote a grammar. He studied also the 
 law under the famous professor MuUer, and 
 after spending about six years in travelling, 
 and visiting France, Holland, Rome, and 
 the residence of Christina, the celebrated 
 patroness of learning in Sweden, he return- 
 ed to Erfurt, and gained applause in the 
 office of counsellor of state. After 18 years 
 devoted to the public service he returned to 
 Frankfort, with the intention of cultivating 
 literature, but the elector Palatine placed 
 him at the head of his administration, and 
 twice employed his abilities as negotiator in 
 France. The last years, however, of his 
 life, were spent in the perfecting of his 
 works. He died universally lamented, 8th 
 April, 1704, nearly 80 years old. It is 
 said that he was well versed in 25 lan- 
 guages. His character in private life was 
 as respectable as his public fame as a scho- 
 lar and a politician. He wrote Historia 
 Ethiopica, fol. 1631 — Commentaries in 
 Hist. Ethiopic. folio — Dissertatio de Lo- 
 custis, folio — Grammatica Amharicae Lin- 
 gua;, &c. fol. — Grammatica Linguae Ethio- 
 pic. folio, and other learned publications. 
 
 LuDOLPH, Henry William, nephew to the 
 preceding, was born at Erfurt, 1655. He 
 was secretary to the Danish envoy in Lon- 
 don, and afterwards filled the same office 
 near the person of George of Denmark, 
 who married queen Anne. He visited 
 Russia, and was presented to the Czar, who 
 expressed astonishment at his great know- 
 ledge of music and of various languages, 
 and in gratitude for the civilities which he 
 had received, he wrote a grammar of the 
 Russian language, which was printed at 
 Oxford, 1696. In 1698 he determined to 
 Iravel into the East to see the state of the 
 Christian church in those remote regions. 
 He visited Smyrna, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Cai- 
 ro, and Alexandria, and returned well ac- 
 quainted with the laws, manners, and reli- 
 gion of those countries. He wished the 
 establishment of a Christian college at Je- 
 rusalem, and, to disseminate the knowledge 
 of pure Christianity, he zealously under- 
 took the impression of the New Testament 
 into modern Greek, which was happily 
 completed by the assistance of the bishop 
 of Worcester, and other learned and chari- 
 table persons. This benevolent man died 
 :^5th Jan. 1710, aged 51. His other works 
 240 
 
 are, Meditations on Retirement from the 
 World — Reflections on the Present State of 
 the Church, &c. 
 
 LuDWELL, Philip, governor of the Caro- 
 linas, succeeded Sothel in South Carolina 
 in 1692, but incurring the displeasure of 
 the proprietors, Thomas Smith succeeded 
 him in 1693, when Ludwell returned to 
 Virginia, where he continued to reside du- 
 ring most of his administration in Carolina. 
 In North Carolina he was four years go- 
 vernor, although he continued but a short 
 time in the colony. He was succeeded by 
 Thomas Harvey, as deputy governor. 
 
 ICF-L. 
 
 LuDWiG, John Peter, professor of law, 
 chancellor of Magdeburg, and privy coun- 
 sellor to the king of Prussia, died 1743, 
 aged 73. He wrote Scriptor. Rerum Grer- 
 manicai-um, 2 vols. — Manuscripta Omnis 
 ^vi, Diplomata et Monumenta inedita, 12 
 vols. 8vo. — Lives of Justinian and Tribo- 
 nian — Miscellaneous Works, 2 vols. &c. 
 
 Lugo, John, a Spanish Jesuit, born at 
 Madrid, 2Sth Nov. 1533. He studied at 
 Pampeluna, Salamanca, and Seville, and 
 taught divinity at Valladolid. He after- 
 wards went to Rome, where he filled the 
 theological chair for 20 years with great 
 popularity, and was, in 1643, made a car- 
 dinal by pope Urban VIII. This honour he 
 was willing to decline ; he regarded the 
 coach sent for him as his coffin, and con- 
 sented at last in submission to the pope's 
 commands. In this new dignity he did 
 not display the pomp or pride of a cardinal, 
 he was meek in his conduct, and charita- 
 ble in the highest degree. He died at 
 Rome, 20th Aug. 1660, and was buried at 
 the feet of Loyola, the founder of his order. 
 He was the first who introduced bark into 
 general use in France, in 1650. He was 
 not only an able divine, but an expert phi- 
 losopher and mathematician. His works 
 aje on theological subjects, and fill up 7 
 vols, folio. 
 
 Lugo, Francis, elder brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Madrid, 1580, and be- 
 came a Jesuit at Salamanca, 1600. He 
 went as missionary to the Indies, and was 
 promoted to the divinity chair at Mexico 
 and Santa Fe. He returned to Spain, and 
 was afterwards employed on ecclesiastical 
 affairs at Rome. He was made rector of 
 two colleges in Spain, and died 1652. He 
 wrote commentaries on Thomas Aquinas, 
 2 vols, folio — On the Sacraments, &.c. 
 
 LuisiNO, or LuisiNi, Francis, an eminent 
 scholar of Udino in the Venetian states. 
 He taught Greek and Latin at Reggio, and 
 was afterwards secretary to the duke of 
 Parma, and died 1568, aged 45. He wrote 
 Illustrations of Obscure Passages in An- 
 cient Authors, found also in Gruter's Fax 
 Artium — a Commentary on Horace's Art 
 
LtiL 
 
 J.UT 
 
 ot Poetry — a treatise dc Coraponeiidis Aiu- 
 lai Affectibus, Hvo. 
 
 LuisiNUs, Aloysius, a Venetian phyai- 
 . ian, who published " dc Morbo Ciallico," 
 &.C. 1566, republished by Boerhaave, 1728, 
 folio. — the Aphorisms of Hippocrates in 
 Latin verse, 8vo. 
 
 LuiTPRAND, a king of Lombardy after 
 his father Ansprand, 712. He is known 
 for his conquests in Italy, and for the code 
 of laws which he digested for his kingdom. 
 He died 744. 
 
 LuiTPRANDUS, a Lombard historian, born 
 at Pavia. He was bred up at the court of 
 the Italian kings, and was in 948 sent by 
 Berengarius H. as ambassador to Constan- 
 tine Porphyrogenitus. He was afterwards 
 disgraced by his master, and fled to the 
 emperor Otho, who avenged his cause by 
 dethroning Berengarius, and making him 
 bishop of Cremona. In 968 he went again 
 as ambassador to Constantinople from 
 Otho, but he was rudely treated by Nice- 
 phorus Phocas, the emperor of the East, 
 and thrown into prison because he defend- 
 ed the right of his master to the title of 
 emperor of the West. The time of his 
 death is unknown. He wrote, in a harsh 
 but vehement style, the History of his own 
 Times, in six books, printed Antwerp, fol. 
 1640, a valuable work, found among Mu- 
 ratori's Rerum Italicaium Scriptores. 
 
 Luke, St. the evangelist, was a physician 
 of Antioch in Syria, converted to the 
 Christian faith by Paul, of whom he after- 
 wards became the faithful associate. Be- 
 sides his gospel which is composed in very 
 pure language, he wrote the Acts of the 
 Apostles. He lived according to Jerome 
 to his 83d year. Some have called him 
 falsely a painter. 
 
 Lulle, Raymond, a learned native of 
 Majorca, called, on account of his great 
 abilities. Doctor Illuminatus. After ex- 
 celling as a divine, he applied himself to 
 physic and chymistry, that he might be 
 enabled to cure the cancer of a young wo- 
 man, of whom he was enamoured. He 
 afterwards went as a missionary to Mau- 
 ritania, where the barbarian natives stoned 
 him to death, March, 1315, at the age of 
 80. His remains were brought back to 
 Majorca, where he was regarded as a mar- 
 tyr. His works on theology, history, me- 
 dicine, law, philosophy, were collected to- 
 gether, and lately published at Mentz, but 
 they are very obscure and in a barbarous 
 style. 
 
 LuLLi, John Baptist, an eminent musi- 
 cian, born at Florence, 1634. At the age 
 of 10 he became page to Mad. de Mont- 
 pensier, niece to Louis XIV. but from the 
 meanness of his appearance he was remov- 
 ed to be under scullion in the kitchen. 
 His fondness for music, however, soon dis- 
 tinguished him ; he received instructions 
 Vol. IL 31 
 
 irum a master, and was soon so gfcai a 
 proficient on tlui violin that the kin;? noticed 
 him, and made him .sup.;rintendent of mu- 
 sic in the royal chambm-. He became now 
 eminent as a composer, and was employed, 
 on the recovery of Louis from his indispo- 
 sition, to compose a Te Deum, which iu 
 the performance proved fatal to him, a.s he 
 struck the end of his foot, and thus pro- 
 duced a gangrene, of which he died •22d 
 March, 1687. He is deservedly esteemed 
 as the master who brought French music 
 to perfection. His great operas, in five 
 acts, such as Cadmus, Alceste, Theseus, 
 Psyche, &c. are highly admired, as well as 
 his pastorals, ballets, &c. He composed 
 also the music for Moliere's plays, and was 
 in his private character a witty and face- 
 tious companion. 
 
 LuMLEY, Joanna lady, eldest daughter 
 of Henry Fitz- Allan, earl Arundel, mar- 
 ried John lord Lumley. She was very 
 learned, and translated into Latin, from 
 the Greek, three of the orations of Isocrates, 
 of which the MS. is still preserved in 
 Westminster library. She also translated 
 into English Euripides' Iphegenia, and died 
 1620, about 11 years after her husband. 
 
 LuNEAU DE BoisjERMAiN, Peter Joseph 
 Francis, a voluminous French writer, who 
 died suddenly at the end of 1802. He 
 wrote a course of History and Geography, 
 2 vols. 12mo. — True Principles of Reading 
 and Orthography, 4 vols. 8vo. — Course of 
 the Italian Language — Course of the Eng- 
 lish Language, 2 vols. 8vo. — Racine's 
 Works, edited 7 vols. Svo. — Musical Al- 
 manac, &c. 
 
 LusiGNAN, Guy, a celebrated French 
 warrior, during the crusades. He espous- 
 ed, in the Holy Land, Sibylla, daughter of 
 Amaury king of Jerusalem, whom he suc- 
 ceeded in the kingdom. He afterwards 
 resigned his regal honours to Richard I. of 
 England, and assumed in return the title of 
 king of Cyprus. He died 1194. 
 
 LussAN, Margaret de, a female writer, 
 born 1682. Her father was coachman to 
 cardinal Fleury. Her abilities were early 
 seen and improved by bishop Huet, and 
 she in consequence excelled as a writer of 
 history and of romances. She wrote for 
 her support, and therefore wrote much, 
 yet though often in want, her character 
 was charitable, virtuous, and benevolent. 
 She died 175S, aged 75. Her works are 
 very numerous. The best known are An- 
 ecdotes of the Court of Philip Augustus, 6 
 vols. 12mo. — les Veillees de la Thessalie, 
 4 vols. &c. 
 
 Luther, Martin, the celebrated re- 
 former, was born at Isleben in Saxony, 10th 
 Nov. 1483. Though but the son of a mi- 
 ner, he rose from obscurity, and received 
 a good education at Magdeburg, and at 
 Evsenach in Thuringia, Avhich he quitted 
 
 241 
 
LUT 
 
 LtFT 
 
 in 1501, for the university of Erfurt, where 
 he studied logic and philosophy, and paid 
 particular attention to the writings of Ci- 
 cero, Virgil, Livy, and other illustrious 
 classics. His parents wished him to de- 
 vote himself to the labours of the bar, but 
 an extraordinary accident diverted his pur- 
 pose. As he walked one day in the fields 
 with a fellow student he was struck down 
 by lightning, and his companion killed by 
 his side, and this had such efi'ect upon his 
 mind that without consulting his Iriends he 
 retired from the world, into the order of 
 the Augustines. In this seclusion he found 
 by accident a Latin Bible, which he never 
 before had seen, and in perusing it he was 
 astonished at the little knowledge of Scrip- 
 ture and of Christianity which the clergy 
 then imparted to the people. From the 
 convent of Erfurt he was removed to 
 "VVittemberg university, just founded by 
 Frederic the elector of Saxony, and here he 
 read lectures on philosophy for three years 
 to numerous and applauding audiences. 
 In 1512, he went to Rome to settle some 
 disputes which seven convents of his order 
 had with their vicar general, and on his 
 return he was created D.D. at the request 
 of the elector of Saxony. Employed as 
 professor of divinity, he explained with 
 clearness and ease the Psalms and the epis- 
 tles to the Romans, and supported his 
 celebrity by the most rigid morality, and 
 the most exemplary conduct. The com- 
 pletion of St. Peter's church at Rome at 
 this time required extraordinary sums, and 
 the pope, Leo X. to fill his coffers with 
 greater facility, published general indul- 
 gences for the forgiveness of sins to such 
 as would contribute to the pious work. 
 The Dominicans were intrusted with the 
 selling of these indulgences in Germany, 
 and in paying their money the good friar 
 Tetzel informed the superstitious people 
 that they might release themselves not only 
 from past, but also future sins. This pious 
 imposition did not escape the discerning 
 eye of Luther, he published in 1517 a the- 
 sis, containing 95 propositions on indul- 
 gences, and challenged opposition. Tetzel 
 was not silent on the occasion, but while 
 he with the voice of authority called his 
 opponent a damnable heretic, and whilst 
 he burnt the thesis with all possible igno- 
 miny, Luther asserted boldly the inefficacy 
 of indulgences, and regarded penitence and 
 works of mercy and charity alone capable 
 of forming a reconciliation with heaven. 
 This seemingly trifling dispute between two 
 obscure monks led to great events, and 
 created a revolution in the religious opi- 
 nions of mankind. Though attacked by 
 numbers, Luther had the satisfaction to 
 see his sentiments embraced with eager- 
 ness by the body of the people ; and when 
 •summoned by the pone to appear at Rome 
 242 
 
 10 answer for his conduct, he had the hrm- 
 ness to refuse, though he at the same time 
 in the most submissive manner exculpated 
 himself, and deprecated the resentment of 
 the supreme pontiff. Maximilian the em- 
 peror was anxious to support the cause of 
 Rome, but Luther happily found a protector 
 and friend in the elector of Saxony, and 
 upon an assurance of personal safety, he 
 did not refuse to appear at Augsburg before 
 the papal legate Cajetan. Here when ex- 
 horted in three propositions to retract his 
 errors, and to submit to the authority of the 
 pope, he declared that he was not guilty of 
 any errors, and that while he paid defer- 
 ence to the head of the church, he yet as- 
 serted that he had advanced nothing which 
 was contrary to the Scriptures, or to the 
 doctrines of the fathers. The conference 
 thus ended by the refusal of Luther to sub- 
 mit implicitly to the pleasure of the papal 
 see ; but when the pope in a brief declared 
 himself as the vicar of Christ, authorized 
 to forgive sins by the power of indulgences, 
 and that whosoever opposed this doctrine 
 was excommunicated as a heretic, the re- 
 former published an appeal from the preju- 
 diced pontiff' to a general council. The 
 pope, however, finding that violence could 
 not destroy the obstinacy of Luther, had 
 recourse to milder means, and his agent 
 Miltitius was employed to visit the reform- 
 er, to argue with him, and to offer terms of 
 reconciliation. Luther was struck with 
 the civilities and the temper of the papal 
 missionary, but instead of making submis- 
 sion, he was roused to greater opposition 
 by the exhortations of the Bohemians, and 
 the able support of Malancthon, Caro- 
 lostadius, and other learned men. In 1519 
 he was engaged in a personal controversy 
 at Leipsic with Eccius, divinity professor 
 at Ingolstadt, but it tended only to sow 
 greater enmity and deeper variance be- 
 tween the disputants. The same year his 
 book against indulgences was censured by 
 the divines of Louvain and Cologne, but 
 Luther disregarded their opinions, and ap- 
 pealed for protection to the new emperor 
 Charles V. Though he had written, at the 
 suggestion of Miltitius, a letter to the pope, 
 not indeed of submission, but rat er of ex- 
 culpation, in language bold and energetic, 
 he was in 1 520 formally condemned by a 
 bull from Rome, which after enumerating 
 41 of his heretical opinions, denounces 
 against him the vengeance of the church, 
 and excommunication, if within sixty days 
 he did not make a due submission. This 
 violent conduct Luther answered by " the 
 cajitivity of Babylon," a book in which he. 
 inveighed bitterly against the abuses of 
 Rome, and then calling the students of Wit- 
 temberg together, he flung into the fire the 
 offensive decree which he called the exe- 
 crable bull of antichrist. In 1521 he was 
 
LLT 
 
 LLT 
 
 siinjnioned to appear before the emperor at 
 the diet oi Worms, with a promise of pro- 
 tectiou, and though his friends dissuaded 
 him, and told him that as his opponents had 
 burned his writings, so they wouUl treat 
 him, after the manner of iluss, he declared 
 %vith fearless voice, If I knew there were as 
 many devils at Worms as tiles on the houses, 
 I would go. At Worms he was required by 
 Eccius to retract his opinions, but he de- 
 clared that except what he advanced could 
 be proved contrary to Scripture he neither 
 could nor would recant, ilis obstinacy 
 proved ortensive to the emperor, but as he 
 had promised him his protection, he per- 
 mitted him to depart. On his return to Wit- 
 temberg, however, the reformer was attack- 
 ed in a wood by a number of horsemen, 
 and violently taken away, and what became 
 of him remained unknown to the public. 
 In the mean time Charles published his 
 edict against him and his adherents, and 
 placed him under the ban of the empire. 
 Luther, however, remained secure under 
 the protection of the elector, who had thus 
 effected his deliverance, and in the castle 
 of Wittemberg which he denominated his 
 hermitage and his Patmos, he held a secret 
 correspondence with his friends, or com- 
 posed books in defence of his opinions. At 
 the end of ten months, when the emperor 
 was departed for Flanders he again appear- 
 ed publicly at Wittemberg, and had the sa- 
 tisfaction to find that instead of being 
 checked, his doctrines had gained ground, 
 and were universally embraced through 
 Germany. He next attacked Henry VIII. 
 who had defended the seven sacraments, 
 and he treated his book and his person with 
 such contempt, that the monarch complain- 
 ed of it to the princes of Germany. In 1522 
 he published in conjunction with Melanc- 
 thon, a Latin translation of the New Tes- 
 tament, and the work was read with avidi- 
 ty by the German nation. In 1524 he had» 
 to contend with Erasmus, a man who had 
 apparently adopted his sentiments, though 
 he had not the manliness to acknowledge 
 them, and he now found in him an able 
 antagonist enlisted in defence of the pope. 
 The subject of their dispute was free will, 
 and it is to be lamented that it was attended 
 with great asperity of language, between 
 men who respected and admired each 
 other. In 1 524 Luther threw aside the mo- 
 nastic habit, and the next year he married 
 Catherine de Bore, a nun who had escaped 
 from a convent, and though he was ridicu- 
 led by his enemies, and censured as incon- 
 tinent for taking a young Avife of 26, when 
 he himself had reached his 42d year, he 
 defended his conduct by Scriptural texts, 
 ajid again set at nought the authority of 
 Rome and the cavils of her advocates. In 
 1525 the emperor called a diet at Spires, 
 in consequence of the war with the Turks, 
 
 as well as the troubled stale ol Gerraau> 
 in consequence of religious dispute)*, and 
 in the sitting of the next year he proposed 
 that the edict of Worms should be duly (en- 
 forced, the catholic religion supported, and 
 heretics punished. The new doctrines 
 though thus openly attacked by the head 
 of the empire were ably defended by the 
 electors of Saxony, and Brandenburg, the 
 landgrave of Hesse, the prince of Anhalt, 
 and others ; and in another diet held again 
 at Spires, these dissentient princes pro- 
 tested against the measures of the empire, 
 and were consequently called Protestants. 
 This celebrated union, published 19th April, 
 1529, was joined by 14 cities, Strasburg, 
 Ulm, Constance, Nuremburg, Retlingen, 
 &c. In the midst of the confusion of Ger- 
 many, a Confession of Faith was drawn up 
 by Melancthon, the mildest and most mo- 
 derate of Luther's followers, and as it was 
 presented to the emperor at Augsburgh, it 
 has been called the Augsburgh Confession. 
 Thus the opposition raised against the 
 mighty empire of spiritual Rome by an ob- 
 scure monk, was supported by intelligent 
 princes and powerful nations, and Luther, 
 now regarded as the champion of the faith 
 through Germany, had nothing to appre- 
 hend from his persecutors, but had only to 
 labour earnestly to confirm what had been 
 so happily established. His German trans- 
 lation of the Bible appeared in 1535, and 
 was received with grateful raptures by the 
 Germans. In 1 537 he and Melancthon were 
 present at the assembly held at Smalkald 
 on religious matters, and it was here that 
 he was attacked with a severe disorder and 
 a stoppage of urine, which seemed for 11 
 days to threaten his life ; but by travelling 
 he recovered. He was again attacked in 
 1546, as he was visiting his native coun- 
 try, where he was i-eceived with much ho- 
 nour, and he died at Isleben, 18th Feb. 1546, 
 aged 63, and his body, which his friends 
 wished to deposite in his native town, was 
 conveyed by order of the elector of Saxony 
 to Wittemberg, and interred with great 
 ceremony. This illustrious man engaged, 
 as Atterbury has observed, against the uni- 
 ted forces of the papal world, stood the 
 shock with bravery and success. He was 
 a man of high endowments of mind, and 
 great virtues : he had a vast understanding 
 which raised him to a pitch of learning un- 
 known in the age in which he lived. His 
 knowledge of Scripture was admirable, his 
 elocution manly, and his way of reasoning 
 was argumentative, powerful, and convin- 
 cing. He had no ambition but in the ser- 
 vice of God ; he was of a temper averse to 
 covetousness, or any base sin, and charita- 
 ble even to a fault. When religion was 
 concerned, he regarded not whose love or 
 hatred he incuned. He treated the pope's 
 bulls and the emperor's edicts with cqua 
 
 243 
 
LYC 
 
 LYD 
 
 harshness, and while he laboured to resiore 
 religion to its original purity, he spared 
 neither friends nor foes. His works collect' 
 ed after his death appeared at Wittem- 
 berg, in 7 vols. fol. By his wife who sur- 
 vived him till 20th Dec. 1 552, and was bu- 
 ried at Torgau, he had three sons, whose 
 descendants arc still respected in Germany. 
 LuTTi, Bendetto, an Italian painter, 
 born at Florence 1666. He studied at Rome 
 and acquired such celebrity that the em- 
 peror knighted him, and the elector of 
 Mentz sent him a cross set with diamonds. 
 He was slow in his work, but his touch was 
 tender and delicate, and his pieces exhibit- 
 ed harmony and correctness in the highest 
 degree. The best of his paintings is his 
 miracle of St. Pio, in the Albani palace at 
 Rome. His Magdalen, at Naples, his 
 Isaiah, and his Anthony of Padua, at 
 Rome, are also much admired. He died at 
 Rome 1724, aged 58, of chagrin in conse- 
 quence of a dispute about finishing a pic- 
 ture of Eusebius bishop of Vercelli, for the 
 people of Turin. 
 
 Luxembourg, Francis Henry de Mont- 
 morency duke of, a famous general and 
 marshal of France, the posthumous son of 
 Montmorency count of Bouteville, who 
 was beheaded for fighting a duel under 
 Lewis XIII. He was, though but 15, at the 
 battle of Rocroi, 1643, under the famous 
 Conde, whose fortunes he followed, and 
 whose genius, abilities, coolness and ardour 
 he seemed to possess. He distinguished 
 himself at the conquest of Franche Comte, 
 1668, and in the Dutch campaigns of 1672, 
 and completed the expedition by a bold and 
 unprecedented retreat with 20,000 men, in 
 face of an army of 70,000. In 1675, he was 
 raised to the dignity of marshal, and in the 
 war against the allied powers, again ren- 
 dered his name illustrious by the battle of 
 rieurus, over prince Waldeck, 1690. In 
 1691 he gained the battles of Leusen, Stein- 
 kirk, and Nerwinde, and continued to dis- 
 tinguish himself in the field though opposed 
 by William III. He performed another fa- 
 mous retreat to Tournay, 1694, and died 
 the next year, aged 67. 
 
 LuTKEN, John, a Dutch engraver, born 
 at Amsterdam. His plates illustrative of 
 the Scriptures, and a theatre of martyrs are 
 among the rest of his works particularly 
 admired. He died 1712, aged 63. 
 
 LuTTS, John, a native of North Holland, 
 professor of mathematics and philosophy at 
 Utrecht, where he died 1721, aged 66. His 
 works are Astronomica Institutio, 4to. in 
 which he refused to admit the Copernican 
 System — Introductio ad Geographiam No- 
 vam et Veterem, 4i:o, 
 
 Ltcophron, son ofPeriander of Corinth, 
 
 B. C. 628, resented the fate of his mother 
 
 Melissa, who had been cruelly put to death 
 
 hr his father, and hp refused to speak to 
 
 9dA 
 
 him. The father afterwards wished to be 
 reconciled to his son, whom he had banish- 
 ed into Corcyra, and offered to resign his 
 crown to him ; but the Corcyreans afraid 
 of changing masters murdered the young 
 prince. 
 
 Ltcophron, a Greek poet of Chalcis in 
 Euboea, author of Alexandra, a very ob- 
 scure poem, which has been rendered more 
 intelligible by the learned notes of Tzetzes. 
 Lycophron was slain by an arrow, B.C. 304. 
 
 Ltcurgus, a celebrated lawgiver of 
 Sparta. He refused to take possession of 
 the kingdom, at the invitation of his sister- 
 in-law, and preferred the character of a 
 faithful guardian to his nephew the young 
 king. During the popular tumults which 
 agitated his country where the monarchs 
 and the people each aspired to unlimited 
 power, he was called upon by the general 
 voice to establish a system of laws to re- 
 strain the violence of each order of the 
 state. After the institution of his salutary 
 but severe law^, Lycurgus retired from 
 Sparta, and is supposed to have died in 
 Crete in a good old age, B. C. 870. 
 
 Ltcurgus, an Athenian orator, B. C 
 408. He studied under Plato and Isocra- 
 tes, and was the friend of Demosthenes. 
 One of his orations is preserved. 
 
 Ltde. Vid. Joiner. 
 
 Ltdgate, John, an Augustine monk of 
 St. Edmundsbury, Suffolk, in the reign of 
 Henry VI. He was the disciple of Chau- 
 cer, whom he excelled, according to some, 
 in the graces of versification. He travelled 
 abroad, and died 1440, aged 60, and was 
 buried in his convent, Bury. He was also 
 a philosopher and divine ; but he is chiefly 
 known as a poet, and his eclogues, odes, 
 satires, &c. are said to possess merit, and 
 to have been written in such smooth style 
 that his wit as his contemporaries observed, 
 ^ was fashioned by the muses. 
 ♦ Ltdiat, Thomas, an English chronolo- 
 ger, born at Okerton, Oxfordshire, 1572, 
 and educated at Winchester school, and 
 New college, Oxford, where he became fel- 
 low, 1591. He devoted himself early to li- 
 terature, and was cosmographer and chro- 
 nologer to Henry, son of James I. and in 
 1609, went to Ireland, and was two years 
 at the college of Dublin, under the patron- 
 age Usher. On his return to England, he 
 accepted, in 1612 the rectory of Okerton, 
 which some years before he had refused in 
 consequence of his difliculty of utterance. 
 His engagement to pay the debts of a near 
 relation brought him afterwards into great 
 diihculties, and he was for some time im- 
 prisoned at Oxford, and in the king's 
 bench, till liberated by the contributions of 
 his friends. He petitioned the king to be 
 permitted to travel into Turkey, Ethiopia, 
 and Abyssinia, in search of MSS. but w^as 
 unsuccessful ; and in tUo civil wars- v^hv^'Q. 
 
L\N 
 
 L\^ 
 
 desolated the country, he was a severe suf- 
 ferer for his loyalty. He died very poor, 
 3d April, 1646, and was buried in his 
 church, Okcrton. He was an able scholar 
 and deservedly esteemed by the learned of 
 ♦he times, Usher, Newton, Brij^gs, Turner, 
 &.C. He wrote de Variis Annorum Formis, 
 1605, 8vo. which he afterwards defended 
 against Scaliger and Clavius — On the Ori- 
 gin of Fountains, 8vo. — Various treatises on 
 philosophical and astronomical subjects, &c. 
 
 Lte, Edward, a learned linguist, born at 
 Totneso, Devonshire, 1704, and educated 
 under his father, and afterwards at Hart- 
 hall, Oxford, where he took his degree of 
 M. A. 1732. He devoted himself to the 
 study of antiquities, and published the Ety- 
 mologicum Anglicanum of Francis Junius 
 from the MS. in the Bodleian. He after- 
 wards employed himself in the compilation 
 of his great work, the Anglo-Saxon and 
 Gothic Dictionary, which received the 
 finishing hand of its author before his 
 death, but was published in 1772, by the 
 Rev. Owen Manning, 2 vols, folio, with a 
 grammar of the two languages. Lye was 
 in 1750, presented by lord Northampton, 
 to the living of Yardley Hastings, where 
 he died 1767. 
 
 Ltllt, or Lilly, John. Vid. Lilly. 
 
 Lynde, sir Humphry, an English writer, 
 born in Dorsetshire 1579. He was educa- 
 ted at Westminster school, and Christ 
 church, Oxford. In 1613 he was knighted 
 by James I. and was member of the house 
 of commons in several parliaments. He 
 died 14th June, 1636, and was buried in 
 Cobham church, Surrey. He wrote various 
 books against popery, the best known of 
 which is " Via Tuta," often reprinted, and 
 translated into Dutch, French, and Latin. 
 
 Lynde, Benjamin, chief justice of Mas- 
 sachusetts, was descended from an ancient 
 family in Dorsetshire, England, and was 
 born at Salem in 1666. He was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1681, and after com- 
 pleting his studies in law, during which he 
 resided several years at the Temple, re- 
 turned to America, and settled in his na- 
 tive town. In 1712, he was appointed a 
 judge of the superior court, and in 1729, 
 chief justice. He was also a member of the 
 council from 1723 to 1737, a period of four- 
 teen years, when he resigned. He died 
 March 28th, 1745. fCy L. 
 
 Lynde, Benjamin, chief justice of Mas- 
 sachusetts, was the son of the preceding, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1718. 
 He was elected into the council in 1737, 
 and continued in it for many years. In 1739 
 he was appointed a justice of the Essex 
 county court, and subsequently chief jus- 
 tice of the province, but resigned the office 
 in 1772. idp' L. 
 
 Lyndon, Josias, governor of Rhode-Is- 
 hnd» in 1768, -<vas a member of the Bao- 
 
 tist society in Providence, to which he ieil 
 his mansion house and other property at 
 his death in 1778, aged 74. {Lj^ L. 
 
 Lyonnet, Peter, a native of Maestricht, 
 born 22d July, 1707. He possessed great 
 abilities, and was not only acfjuainted with 
 nine languages, but well skilled in music, 
 in painting, in sculpture, and engraving. He 
 quitted the study of divinity for the law, 
 and was appointed secretary to the States 
 of Holland, and also interpreter for the 
 French and Latin languages. He after- 
 wards turned his attention to natural His- 
 tory, and examined the insects in the 
 neighbourhood of the Hague, and made a 
 collection of curious shells. His abilities 
 and reputation procured him admission to 
 the learned academies of London, Rouen, 
 Berlin, Vienna, Petersburg, &c. After b 
 life devoted to science, this learned man, 
 equally respectable in private life, died at 
 the Hague, 10th Jan. 1789, aged 81. He 
 wrote Observations on Insects — Theologie 
 des Insectes, &c. 
 
 Lyons, Israel, son of a Polish Jew, who 
 was a silversmith, and taught Hebrew at 
 Cambridge, was born at Cambridge 1739, 
 He early displayed great abilities, and dis 
 tinguished himself as a mathematician and 
 botanist. In 1758 he published a treatise 
 on Fluxions, inscribed to his friend and pa- 
 tron. Dr. Smith, master of Trinity college, 
 and in 1763, appeared his Fasciculus Planta- 
 rum circa Cantabrigiam Nascentium, 8vo. 
 About 1762 he read lectures on botany, at 
 Oxford, at the request of Mr. Banks, and 
 afterwards received a salary of 100/. per 
 ann. for calculating the Nautical almanac. 
 In 1773 he was sent by the board of longi- 
 tude with captain Phipps, now lord Mul- 
 grave, to the north Pole and after his re- 
 turn he married, but died about 1775, of 
 the measles. His father was the author of 
 a Hebrew Grammar — and of Observations 
 and Inquiries on Various Parts of Scrip- 
 ture History, 1761. 
 
 Lysander, a famous Spartan general, 
 who made an alliance with Cyrus the 
 younger, and defeated the Athenian fleet at 
 the battle of ^gospotamos, which put an 
 end to the Peloponnesian war, after a dura- 
 tion of 27 years. He aimed at the sove- 
 reignty at home and became unpopular. He 
 fell in battle at Haliartus, B. C. 396. 
 
 Lyserus, Polycarp, an able theologian, 
 born at Winendeen in Wittemberg, 1552. 
 He was educated at Tubingen, and became 
 minister of Wittemberg 1577. He died 
 minister of Dresden 1601. He is author 
 of several learned Commentaries on the 
 Scriptures, &c. 
 
 Lyserus, John, a protestant divine of the 
 same family as the preceding. He was &. 
 man of great learning, but deformed in his 
 person, thin and pale. He wrote sonie 
 books under fictitious names, and was f"- 
 
 245 
 
LYt 
 
 LIT 
 
 mous fbr his works in defence of polygamy. 
 He died at Paris, 1684. 
 
 Lysias, an Athenian orator, known for 
 iiis eloquence and integrity. He died B.C. 
 378, aged 81. Of his orations 34 are ex- 
 tant, best edited by Taylor, 8vo. 1740. 
 
 Lysimachus, one of Alexander's gene- 
 rals, who, after his master's death obtained 
 Thrace, and afterwards Macedonia. He 
 was killed in battle by Seleucus, 281 B.C. 
 
 Lysippus, a tireciaui sculptor of Sicyon, 
 who alone had the privilege of making a 
 statue of Alexander. His best piece was 
 the representation of a man wiping himself 
 after bathing. 
 
 Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, the 
 master of Epaminondas. The golden 
 verses of Pythagoras are attributed to him, 
 S.C. o8o. 
 
 Lysons, Daniel, gentleman commoner of 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, became fellow of 
 All-Souls, and took his degree of LL.B. 
 1755, and that of doctor four years after. 
 He afterwards studied medicine and took 
 his doctor's degree 1764. He settled at 
 Gloucester, and afterwards went to Bath, 
 where he acquired considerable eminence, 
 and where he died 1800. He was author 
 of an Essay on tte Effects of Camphire 
 and Calomel in Fevers, 8vo. — Practical 
 Essays on Intermitting Fevers, Dropsies, 
 Diseases of the Liver, Epilepsies, Cholic, 
 Dysenteric Fluxes, and the Operation of 
 Calomel, 8vo. — Further Considerations on 
 Camphire and Calomel, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Lysons, Samuel, an antiquary, was the 
 son of a clei'gjman, and born at Rodmar- 
 ton, in Gloucestershire, in 1763. He was 
 educated at Bath, and afterwards entered 
 as a student of the Middle Temple, where 
 lie was called to the bar. On the death of 
 Mr. Astle, he was appointed keeper of the 
 records in the Tower. He died April 10th, 
 1819. His works are — 1. The Antiquities 
 of Gloucestershire, fol. 2. The Roman 
 Remains discovered by him at Woodches- 
 ter. 3. Collection of Roman Remains. 
 4. Magna Britannia ; in conjunction with 
 his brother. — W.B. 
 
 Lyte, Henry, a native of Somersetshire, 
 educated at Oxford. He travelled abroad 
 to improve his knowledge of botany, and 
 at his return he settled on his estate and 
 established one of the most valuable and 
 best arranged gardens of botany in Eng- 
 land. He was author of a translation of 
 Dodoen's Herbage, Antwerp, 4to. 1578, 
 Avith additions and figures, afterwards re- 
 printed in England, but without plates. 
 He died 1607, aged 78. His son formed a 
 genealogy for James L with which the king 
 was so pleased that he presented him his 
 picture in gold set with diamonds. 
 
 Lyttleton, Edward, keeper of the great 
 seal under Charles L was the descendant 
 '>46 
 
 of judge Littleton, by a collateral brancU.. 
 Vid. Littleton. 
 
 Lyttelton, George lord, an able writer, 
 eldest son of Sir Thomas Lyttleton, of 
 Hagley, Worcestershire, was born 1709. 
 He was educated at Eton and Christ church, 
 Oxford, where he distinguished himself as 
 a polite scholar and a good poet. In 1728 
 he began his travels, and visited Italy and 
 France. On his return home he obtained 
 a seat in parliament, and became a popular 
 opponent of Sir Robert Walpole. In 1737 
 he was made secretary to the prince of 
 Wales, who now extended his patronage to 
 opposition, and by his means the heir ap- 
 parent acquired popularity in his protec-' 
 tion of Pope, Mallet, Thomson, and other 
 learned men. In 1741 he married Lucy, 
 sister of lord Fortescue, whom after a few 
 years of connubial felicity, he lost in child- 
 bed 1747. He lamented her loss in a pa- 
 thetic "Monody," and in 1749 sought 
 again the happiness which he had lost, but 
 it is said unsuccessfully, by marrying the 
 daughter of Sir Robert Rich. In 1744, on 
 the fall of Walpole, he was made one of 
 the lords of the treasury, in 1754 was ap- 
 pointed cofferer and privy counsellor, and 
 the next year chancellor of the exchequer, 
 a responsible situation for which his abili- 
 ties were not fully calculated. In 1757, 
 when his friends were turned out of power, 
 he was raised to the peerage, and thus re- 
 tired from political turbulence. In his 
 honourable retirement his time was usefully 
 employed. In 1764, he published his ela- 
 borate History of Henry II. which had en- 
 gaged his attention for 20 years. The 
 work came from the press with the charac- 
 ter of great accuracy, so that the whole was 
 printed twice, some of the sheets four or 
 five times, and for this affectation of cor- 
 rectness his lordship lost above lOOOZ. as 
 the printer paid only for the first impression 
 which was destroyed. The Avork was be- 
 gun 1755 ; 3 vols, appeared 1764, a second 
 edition 1767, a third next year, and the 
 conclusion 1771. When the third edition 
 appeared, Reid, who corrected and printed 
 the first, was dead, and his place was so ill 
 supplied by Dr. Saunders, originally a comb- 
 maker, that a list of errata of 19 pages A\-as 
 annexed to the work. Lyttleton in the 
 former part of life had been a skeptic, but 
 his rnature. age viewed with concern the 
 levities and dangerous tenets of dissolute 
 companions, and after a studious applica- 
 tion, he produced in 1747, Observations on 
 the Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul, 
 a valuable book, which infidelity will never 
 be able to answer. His father whom he 
 succeeded in 1751, read the book, and in 
 the overflowings of a pious heart called 
 down for blessings on his head, and thank- 
 ing God that he had given him so good ff 
 
LYV 
 
 LYT 
 
 ion, prayed that he might but be found wor- 
 thy to be eye-witness of that happinLss no 
 doubt reserved for so able an advocate for 
 Christianity. His lordship died Aug. 22d, 
 1773, aged 64. On his death-bed he dis- 
 played all the calmness and resignation of 
 a great mind. He again reminded his phy- 
 sician, Dr. Johnson, that he died a sincere 
 Christian, and with composure giving his 
 blessings to thos>; around him, he told lord 
 Valentia, who with his lady was at his bed- 
 side, witli a voice of solemn affection, "be 
 good, be virtuous, my lord, you must come 
 to this." He was buried at Hagley by the 
 remains of his lady. This great and wor- 
 thy peer wrote besides, " Dialogues of the 
 Dead," — Persian Letters — poems, &c. By 
 his first wife he had a son and two daugh- 
 ters. 
 
 Ltttelton, Thomas lord, son of the 
 preceding, was remarkable for his dissipa- 
 ted conduct, which unhappily obscured his 
 ^eat powers of mind. His death, which 
 happened in 1779, when he was 35 years 
 old, is said to have been very extraordinary. 
 He supposed that he saw in a dream a 
 vision of a young woman dressed in white, 
 who told him that his dissolution would 
 t^kt place in three days. The third day 
 
 arrived, and hia lordship engaged in a con- ■ 
 vivial party of friends, obserNtd jocularly 
 that he thought he should jockey the ghost, 
 a few minutes alter which he was seized 
 with a sudden faintness, and hcing removed 
 to his bed, never rose again. 
 
 Lytt ELTON, Charles, an Kngliah prelate, 
 third son of Sir Thomas, and brother to 
 tieorge lord Lyttclton. He was educated 
 at Kton and University college, and after- 
 wards went to the Inner Temple, where be 
 became a barrister. He soon, however, 
 relinquished law for divinity, and wa.^ col- 
 lated to Alve-church rectory, Worcester- 
 shire, by bishop Hough. In 1745 he took 
 the degree of LL.D. in 1747 became king's 
 chaplain, the next) ear dean of Exett r, and 
 in 1762 he was raised to the see of Carlisle. 
 In J 765 he succeeded lord VVilloughby of 
 Parham as president of the Antiquarian 
 society, to whose learned memoirs he made 
 some valuable contributions, and whose use- 
 ful labours in historical research he in some 
 degree rewarded by the bequest of choice 
 printed books and of MSS. This good 
 man, much respected in private life, and de- 
 servedly praised by his lear: ed successor 
 dean Milles, died unmarried 22d December^ 
 1768. 
 
 MAB 
 
 iVlAAS, Dirk, a Dutch painter, whose 
 battles and landscapes were much admired. 
 He was bom at Haerlem, 1656. ^ 
 
 Ma AS, Arnold, a Dutch painter, whose 
 abilities were displayed in the happiest re- 
 presentation of conversations. 
 
 Maas, Nicholas, a Dutch portrait painter 
 of eminence, v/ho died 1693, aged 61. 
 
 Mabillon, .John, a learned Frenchman, 
 born 23d Nov. 1632, at Pierre-mont on the 
 frontiers of Champagne. He was educated 
 at Rheims, and took the Benedictine habit 
 at St. Remi, 1653. He was for one year 
 employed in showing to the public the 
 treasures and the monuments of the king of 
 France at St. Dennis, and afterwards assist- 
 ed father d'Acheri, in the completion of his 
 " Spicilegium." He next was engaged by 
 the congregation of St. Maur in publishing 
 the works of St. Bernard which appeared 
 in 1667, 2 vols. fol. and nine 8vo. and after- 
 wards he undertook an edition of the " Acta 
 Sanctorum" of the Benedictine order, 9 
 vols. fol. a work which displayed great 
 merit in learned notes and valuable disqui- 
 sitions. In 1682 he went, by the direction 
 of Colbert, into Burgundy, and the year 
 following to Germany, to make researches 
 about the history of the church, and of the 
 French monarchy. Of this employment he 
 
 MAB 
 
 published an interesting account. In 1685 
 he visited Italy in the same historical re- 
 search, and enriched the king's library with 
 above 3000 valuable and rare books, printed 
 and in MS. This truly learned but very 
 modest man, to whom, says Du Pin, it 
 would be difficult to give all the praises he 
 deserves, died 1707, of a suppression of 
 urine. His other works were Analecta, 4 
 vols. 8vo. — de Re Diplomatica, 2 vols, folio, 
 a most valuable work — Musaeura Italicum, 
 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Mably, Bonnot de, a French ecclesiastic, 
 born 1709 at Grenoble. He lived chiefly at 
 Paris, where he devoted himself to literary- 
 pursuits. He died 1785 much respected. 
 He wrote a Parallel between the Romans 
 and the French, 2 vols. l2mo. — the Public 
 Rights of Europe, 2 vols.— Entertainments 
 of Pbocion, &.c. 2 vols, a work which ob- 
 tained a prize at Berne ; Observations ou 
 the Greeks ; on the Romans ; on the His- 
 tory of France, kc. ; Discourses on His- 
 tory, translated into English. 
 
 Maboul, James, a native of Paris, who 
 distinguished himself as an eloquent 
 preacher, and on account of his merit was 
 raised to the see of Aeth, where he died 
 21st May, 1723. His Oraisons Funebre!* 
 
 247 
 
^AC 
 
 :^Ac 
 
 have been published in 12mo. and display 
 his powers of oratory to great advantage. 
 
 Mabuse, John, a Hungarian painter, so 
 called from the place of his birth . He tra- 
 velled into Italy, and died 1562. He was 
 in the latter part of life much addicted to 
 wine. Some of his pictures are preserved at 
 Amsterdam, the best of which is said to be 
 the decapitation of St. John. 
 
 Mac Ardell, James, an English mez- 
 zotinto engraver. His portraits exhibit 
 great correctness, ease, and expression. 
 He also executed some fine prints after 
 Rembrandt, and other masters, and died 
 1765. 
 
 Macarius, St. the elder, a native of 
 Alexandria, who from a baker became a 
 hermit, and passed sixty years of his life in 
 a monastery on mount Sceta. He died 
 391. Fifty of his homilies in Greek were 
 published, 2 vols. 8vo. Leipsic, 1698. 
 
 Macarius, St. the younger, a friend of 
 the former, born also at Alexandria. He 
 presided over 5000 monks, and died 394. 
 He was banished by the Arians to a hea- 
 then island, all whose inhabitants he con- 
 verted to Christismity. 
 
 Macartney, George, earl, only son of 
 George Macartney, of Auchinleck, in Scot- 
 land, was born in Ireland, 1737. He was 
 educated at Trinity college, Dublin, where 
 he took the degree of M.A. 1759, and af- 
 terwards he attended the two sons of the 
 late lord Holland in their European travels. 
 He went in 1764 as envoy extraordinary to 
 the empress of Russia, and three years af- 
 ter he was named ambassador extraordina- 
 ry, and in 1766 he was made knight of the 
 white eagle by the king of Poland. In 1769 
 he was secretary to lord Townshend, in 
 Ireland, in 1772, he was made knight of 
 the bath, and three years after appointed 
 governor of Grenada, Tobago, and their de- 
 pendencies. On the capture of those islands 
 by the French, in 1779, he was taken pri- 
 soner, and conveyed to France ; but the 
 next year he was nominated governor of 
 fort St. George, and in 1785 declared go- 
 vernor-general of Bengal, a high office, 
 which he modestly declined, though he ac- 
 cepted from the company a pension of 
 15001. per annum, in reward for his meri- 
 torious services. In 1792 he was selected 
 as the ambassador extraordinary of Great 
 Britain to the emperor of China, and this 
 mission, which engaged much of the atten- 
 tion of the world, was completed in about 
 three years, but brought little advantage to 
 the commercial interests of the country. Sir 
 George sat in the English parliament in 
 1767, for Cockermouth, and in the Irish for 
 Armagh, and again in the English for Ayr, 
 &c. 1774, and in 1776 he was created an 
 Irish baron, and in 1792 advanced to the 
 dignity of an earl. He married in 1768 
 lord Bute's daughter, and died 31st March, 
 54ft 
 
 1806, leaving no issue. His remains werp 
 interred privately at Chiswick, and a ceno- 
 taph, with an elegant Latin epitaph, by the 
 pen of Mr. Glasse, perpetuates his memory 
 in Lissanoure church, in the county of 
 Leitrim. An interesting account of his 
 embassy was published in 1797, in 3 vols. 
 4to. with plates, by Sir George Staunton. 
 For the distinction which he held in the 
 world lord Macartney was principally in- 
 debted to his connexion with the family of 
 lord Holland, though it must be acknow- 
 ledged that he possessed virtues which qua- 
 lified him for the most eminent situation in 
 the service of his country. 
 
 Macaulay, Catherine, a female histo- 
 rian, and political writer, daughter of John 
 Sawbridge, Esq. of OUantigh, in Kent. In 
 1760 she married Dr. George Macaulay, a 
 physician of some reputation, and after his 
 death she took for her second husband, 
 1778, the Rev. Mr. Graham, brother to the 
 celebrated empiric of that name. Her con- 
 duct was often romantic, so that in 1785 
 she passed over to America to become ac- 
 quainted with the great Washington, who 
 continued one of her regular correspond- 
 ents. She died 23d June, 1791. She pub- 
 lished the history of England from James I. 
 to the Brunswick line, 8 vols. 8vo. once a 
 popular work, but now acknowledged a 
 virulent attack on the Stuarts, and sinking 
 fast into oblivion — Remarks on Hobbes' 
 Rudiments of Government, &c. 8vo. — 
 Thoughts on the Causes of the present Dis- 
 contents, 1770— a Modest Plea for the Pro- 
 perty of Copy Right, 8vo. 1774 — History of 
 England from the Revolution to the present 
 Time, in a series of letters to Dr. Wilson, 
 prebendary of Westminster, 8vo. — Address 
 to the People of England — Letters on Edu- 
 cation, 8vo. — Observations on Mr. Burke's 
 Pamphlet on the French Revolution — a 
 Treatise on the Immutability of Moral 
 Truth, 8vo. &c. Her friend Dr. Wilson so 
 much admired her enthusiasm in favour 
 of liberty, that he set up a statue to her in 
 that character, in the chancel of his parish 
 church of Walbrook, which unbecoming 
 mark of homage was properly removed by 
 the next incumbent. 
 
 Macbeth, a tyrannical usurper of Scot- 
 land in the 11th century, who obtained the 
 kingdom by the murder of his relation 
 Duncan, at Inverness. Banquo and Mac 
 Gill shared the fate of their sovereign, and 
 Mac Duff, another powerful baron, escaped 
 only by flying into England ; but his wife 
 and children suffered all the vengeance of 
 the tyrant, and were murdered. Macbeth 
 afterwards retired into the Highlands upon 
 the invasion of the English, headed by 
 Malcolm, son of the murdered Duncan, and 
 at last fell in battle by the hand of Mac 
 Duff. His history is become very familiar 
 and interesting to Englishmen, by the. 
 
MAC 
 
 M \r 
 
 «ublimc delineations of Shalcspearc's tragic 
 
 muse. 
 
 Macbridb, David, a native of Ballymo- 
 iiy, in Ireland, descended from an ancient 
 Scotch family. He studied medicine at 
 ijlusgow, and for some years was employed 
 as a surgeon in the navy. He settled in 
 1749 in Dublin, and acquired celebrity as a 
 ^practitioner, and as a man of letters, and 
 of general information. He turned his 
 thoughts also to chymical and philosophical 
 subjects, and regardless of private emolu- 
 ment, he nobly communicated to the public 
 the result of his important discoveries. He 
 published a valuable Treatise on the Sea 
 Scurvy, and a Methodical Introduction to 
 ,the Theory and Practice of Medicine, a 
 work of singular merit ; and he made some 
 ingenious improvements in the mode of 
 tanning leather. This respectable man, 
 amiable in his private character, and de- 
 servedly beloved by his relatives and 
 friends, fell a prey to a nervous fever, which 
 proved fatal, Dec. 1788, in his 62d year, 
 
 Maccabees, seven brothers, Jews, who 
 were cruelly put to death one after the 
 other, with their mother and the aged 
 Eleazer, at Antioch, during the persecu- 
 tion of Antiochus Epiphanes, B.C. 168. 
 / There were chief men among the Jews of 
 the same name who bravely supported the 
 -honour of their country. Their names 
 were Judas, Simon, Matthias Maccabaeus. 
 
 Macdiarmid, John, an ingenious wi'iter, 
 was born in 1779, at Weem, in the county 
 of Perth, of which parish his father was 
 minister. He was educated for the church, 
 but relinquished that pursuit ; and, on 
 coming to London, became editor of the St. 
 James's Chronicle. In 1083 he published 
 *' An Inquiry into the System of Military 
 Defence," 2 vols. 8vo. ; which was followed 
 by " An Inquiry into the Nature of Civil 
 and Military Subordination." His last 
 work was entitled " Lives of British States- 
 men," 4to. He died in 1808.— FT. B. 
 
 Mace, Francis, a writer of the Sorbonne, 
 who died at Paris, 1721. His best Avorks 
 are Chronological Abridgment of the Old 
 and New Testament, 2 vols. 4to. — a Moral 
 History, called Melania — the History of 
 the Four Ciceros, 12mo. a curious work — 
 an analysis of St. Augustine's works. 
 
 Mace, Thomas, an English musician, 
 born 1613. He was one of the clerks of 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, and is known 
 by his work called " Music's Monument," 
 or a Remembrancer of the best practical 
 Music, &c. The book was printed 1676, 
 when he was 63. The time of his death is 
 unknown. He had a wife and children. 
 
 Macedo, Francis, a Jesuit, l)orn at Co- 
 imbra, in Portugal, 1596. He quitted his 
 order for that of the Cordeliers, and went 
 in the employment of his patron, the duke 
 of Bragajiza, to Rome, where he gained the 
 
 Viu. IT. ' 35 
 
 friendship ol Alexander Ml. AAer bcin<; 
 promoted to oftires of inist and importance 
 he fell out with IIm- pope and ntin-d to Ve- 
 nice, and afterwards IxMimie professor of 
 moral philosophy at Padua. By his inter- 
 ference in the state aH'airs of Venire, he 
 otiended the magisti^ates, and was thrown 
 into prison, where he died 1691, aged 85. 
 It is said in the " Bibliotheqne Portugaise," 
 that he published 109 difl'erent works, most 
 of which are now forgotten. He possessed 
 abilities and a very great memory, as he 
 boasts some where that he had written or 
 pronounced 150,000 verses extempora- 
 neously. His brother Anthony was also a 
 Jesuit, in the confidence of Christina queen 
 of Sweden, as to him were intrusted her in- 
 tentions of renouncing the protestant faith. 
 Among other things he wrote Lusitania In- 
 sulata et Purpurata, 4to. 
 
 Macedonius, Arian, bishop of Constan- 
 tinople, in 341, in opposition to Paul. He 
 was deposed by a council 359, after causing 
 great troubles in his diocess by his ambi- 
 tion, as well as his opinions. In conse- 
 quence of his disgrace he became the foun- 
 der of a new sect, which supported that the 
 Holy Ghost was a mere creature, only a 
 little superior to the angels. 
 
 Macer, iEmilius, a Latin poet of Vero- 
 na, in the age of Augustus. He wrote 
 poems on birds, herbs, serpents — on the 
 ruin of Troy, &c. now lost. 
 
 Macer, Lucius Claudius, a proprastor of 
 Africa, who declared himself emperor on 
 Nero's death. He was put to death by Gal- 
 ba's order, A.D. 68. 
 
 Macfarlane, Henry, a Scotch "vvritoi-.. 
 educated at Edinburgh. He came to Lon- 
 don early in life, and acquired some cele- 
 brity as an accurate reporter of the parlia- 
 mentary speeches. He was afterwards en- 
 gaged in the care of a school at Waltham- 
 stow, and died 1804. He wrote a History 
 of the Reign of George III. in 4 vols. Svo. 
 and also published aTraisslation of Ossian's 
 Poems into Latin. 
 
 Macham, Robert, an Englishman, in the 
 age of Edward III. It is said that he 
 eloped for France with his mistress, Anne 
 Dorset, a lady of quality, against the consent 
 of her parents, and that the ship in which 
 they were, long driven out by unfavourable 
 winds, stopped at an island, which was called 
 Madeira. The crew escaped to the coast 
 of Morocco, where in a state of slavery 
 they related their adventures to Morales, a 
 Spaniard, and after his return to Europe, 
 ships were sent to the newly discovered 
 island, where the remains of the unfortu- 
 nate Macham and his mistress were found 
 buried at the foot of a tree. 
 
 Machault, John dc, a Jesuit, rector of 
 tlie Jesuits' college at Rouen, and after- 
 wards of that of Clermont at Paris. He 
 died 1619, aared 5S, He wrote Latin notes> 
 
 249 
 
MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 on tbc History of Thuanus, ivbich ivere 
 pronounced seditious, and burned by the 
 hands of the hangman. Two other Jesuits 
 bore his name, and were able writers, John 
 Baptist, who died 1640, and James, who 
 died 1680, and was author of de Missioni- 
 bus Paraguaviae et Americ. &c. — de Rebus 
 Japonicis — de Provinciis Goannae — de Reg- 
 no Cochinchin — de Missione Religiosorum, 
 
 Machet, Gerard, a native of Blois, dis- 
 tinguished as an ecclesiastic. He became 
 principal of the college of Navarre, confes- 
 sor to Charles VII. and bishop of Castres. 
 He died at Tours, 144S, aged 68. He was 
 one of those who revised the trial of the 
 raaid of Orleans, and declared in favour of 
 that unfortunate heroine. 
 
 Machiavel, Nicholas, a celebrated wri- 
 ter, born of a noble family at Florence, 
 1469. His first efforts were a comedy 
 called Nicias, which proved so popular on 
 account of its satire at Florence, that Leo 
 X. sent for the actors to exhibit it to a Ro- 
 man audience. Machiavel acquired, how- 
 ever, greater fame by his political writings. 
 By the influence of the Medicis, and to re- 
 compense the sufferings which he endured 
 on the rack, on suspicion of conspiracy 
 with the Soderini, against Julius, after- 
 wards Clement VII. he was made secretary 
 and historiographer to the republic of Flo- 
 rence. He died in 1530, of a medicine which 
 he had taken by way of prevention. The 
 latter part of his life, it is said, was spent in 
 poverty in the character of a profane scoffer 
 and atheist. He declared, it is said, that 
 he would rather be sent into hell after death 
 tiian to paradise, because he should find 
 nothing in heaven but beggars, poor monks, 
 hermits, and apostles : but in hell he should 
 live with popes, cardinals, kings, and 
 princes. Besides Nicias, he wrote Man- 
 dragola and Clitia, two plays — the Golden 
 Ass, in imitation of x\puleius and Lucian — 
 a History of Florence, 4to. — a Discourse 
 on the first Decade of Livy — a Treatise on 
 the Militarj' Art — the Life of Castruccio 
 Castracani — a Treatise on the Emigration of 
 the Northern Nations — but of all his works 
 his treatise called " the Prince," is the most 
 famous. This book, Avhich describes the 
 j»rts of government, as usually exercised by 
 wicked governors and by tyrants, is still a 
 cause of dispute, and while some suppose 
 that he merely exposed the arts of politi- 
 cians to excite abhorrence of tyranny, and 
 a love for genuine libei'ty, others imagine 
 that he prescribed rules for governing, and 
 tlie only method by which mankind could be 
 managed, so that Machiavelism and tyranny 
 are synonymous expressions. It is remark- 
 able, however, that among those who com- 
 mend him, he has Bacon, Clarendon, and 
 Harrington, who consider him as an able 
 and ingenious writer, and an enemv to tv- 
 2^.0 
 
 ranny and injustice, and as frankly warning; 
 us against what men do, that we may be 
 the better able to guard against their insi- 
 dious conduct. The book, first published 
 1515, and long patronised by popes and 
 great men, to whom it was dedicated, was 
 at last censured under the pontificate of 
 Clement VIII. by the insinuations of the 
 Jesuit Possevin, and of Bozius. His works 
 were translated into English, with notes, 
 &,c. by Mr. Farneworth, 1761, 2 vols. 4to. 
 and republished, 1775, 8vo. 
 
 M'Kean, Thomas, LL.D. governor of 
 Pennsylvania, was born in Delaware, of an 
 Irish family, and educated at Philadelphia, 
 under Dr. Allison. As early as 1762 he 
 was a representative from the county of 
 Newcastle, and previous to the revolution, 
 speaker of the assembly of Delaware, and 
 in 1765 was a delegate to the congress 
 which met at New- York. On the approach 
 of the revolution, he appeared among the 
 first to espouse the cause of his country, 
 and held, during the whole period of the 
 important struggle, a high rank in the pub- 
 lic councils. In 1773 he was a member of 
 the committee of correspondence of Penn- 
 sylvania and Delaware, and of the congress 
 which convened in May, 1775. When the 
 question' was proposed to be decided re- 
 specting the declaration of independence, 
 Mr. Reed, one of the delegates from Dela- 
 ware, opposed the measure, Mr. Rodney 
 was absent, but through the exertions of 
 Mr. M'Kean, his casting vote was procured 
 in its favour. During a short time, he 
 commanded a regiment in the army, but 
 the various important civil offices to which 
 he was called led to the relinquishment of 
 his military command. In 1776 he was a 
 member of the convention which framed 
 the constitution of Delaware. That instru- 
 ment was drawn up by him, and under it 
 he was appointed the fn*st governor of the 
 state. In 1773 he was one of the conven- 
 tion which framed the articles of confede- 
 ration, and from July to October, 1781, 
 was president of congress. In 1789 he 
 was a member of the convention of Penn- 
 sylvania which ratified the constitution 
 of the United States, and of that which 
 framed the constitution of Pennsylva- 
 nia. In addition to these offices, he 
 held that of chief justice of Pennsylvania 
 from 1776 to 1799, a period of 23 years, 
 at the close of which he was elected go- 
 vernor of that state, as the successor of ge- 
 neral Mifflin, and held the office till 1808. 
 The character of govei'nor M'Kean was 
 marked by great energy and decision, and 
 a warmth of feeling which sometimes be- 
 trayed him into acts of rashness and eccen- 
 tricity, but not less often led to those of be- 
 nevolence. He was a profound lawyer, 
 attoched to the system and forms of pro- 
 ceeding established in England, and unde- 
 
MAC 
 
 uaiin2;ly upright. The iiidcpcmience he 
 rnaiiitaiiicd during tlw. party animosities 
 Hhich prevailed towards the close oC his 
 administration as governor, created him 
 many enemies, and led the legislature to 
 threaten his impeachment, but the design 
 was relinquished, and when from his re- 
 moval from oflire passion subsided, he 
 again became the object of esteem and 
 veneration. He died June 24th, 1817, 
 aged 84. icj^ L. 
 
 M'Kean, Joseph, D.D. LL.D, Boylston, 
 Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory in Har- 
 vard University, Massachusetts, succeeded 
 Mr. John Quincy Adams in that office, and 
 was inaugurated Oct. 31, 1809. He was 
 born at Ipswich, Massachusetts, April 19, 
 1776. His father was a native of Glas- 
 gow, and came to America in 1 763. Dr. 
 M'Kean was educated at Cambridge, and 
 graduated in 1794. His studies in divinity 
 were commenced under Dr. Dana, of Ips- 
 wich, and completed under Dr. Eliot, of 
 Boston. He was settled over the church at 
 Milton, in November, 1797. In 1804 in 
 consequence of ill health, he obtained a dis- 
 mission. After six years assiduous atten- 
 tion to his duties as professor of rhetoric, 
 his health began rapidly to decline. He 
 went to Havanna and there died, March 
 17, 1818. He held a high rank among the 
 learned men of his country, was one of the 
 most active members of the Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, and also a member of 
 the Historical Society of New- York, and 
 one of the American academy. He wrote 
 a continuation of Goldsmith and Wood's 
 History of England, from the treaty of 
 Amiens to that of Ghent, published in Bos- 
 ton in 1815. iCIP' L 
 
 M'Keen, Joseph, D.D. first president of 
 Bowdoin college, Maine, was a native of 
 Londonderry, New-Hampshire, and born 
 in 1757. He received his education at 
 Dartmouth, where he was graduated in 
 3 774. After spending several years as a 
 school teacher, he studied theology, and 
 was settled at Beverley, in May, 1785, 
 where he remained seventeen years, highly 
 respected. He then received his appoint- 
 ment to the presidency of the college, and 
 was inaugurated September 2d, 1802. He 
 retained the office till his death, July 15, 
 1807. He possessed a strong mind, amia- 
 ble manners, and respectable leainino- • 
 and was much esteemed aiid highly useful' 
 
 MAL 
 
 prcssions uhilc defending the cause of the 
 marquis of Argyje, impea.hrd for high 
 treason, upon which he (juicklv and smart- 
 ly replied that, " it was impossible t.) plead 
 foratraitor without speaking trcxson." He 
 was afterwards made a judge in the erimi- , 
 nal court, king's advocate in l»;74, and one 
 of the lords of the privy council for Scot- 
 land. On the abrogation of the penal laws 
 by James II. sir George resigned his office, 
 but was soon after reinstated by the kin^! 
 At the revolution, however, he again quit- 
 ted his situation, and unable to apjirove 
 public measures, he retired to Oxford, 1689, 
 where he proposed to end his davs in lite- 
 rary ease and tranquillity. He died in Lon- 
 don, May 2d, 1691, and was carried to 
 Edinburgh, where he was buried with great 
 pomp and solemnity. As a writer, sir 
 George was very respectable. He wrote, 
 Aretino, a serious romance — Religio Stoici 
 —Moral Essays, &c.— a Defence of the 
 Antiquity of the Royal Race of Scotland— 
 Cfflia's Country-House and Closet, a poem 
 — some pieces on the laws of Scotland, &c. 
 Though censured by Burnet as a superficiai 
 man, and though blamed by some as a se- 
 vere judge, sir George is represented by 
 Wood as a man of great abilities, of un- 
 shaken integrity, the friend of his country, 
 and of religion and virtue. He founded 
 the advocates' library in Edinburgh. 
 
 Mackey, John, an Englishman, who fol- 
 lowed the fortunes of James II. in his exile. 
 He proved, however, unworthy of his 
 master's confidence, as he dishonourably 
 betrayed all his secrets to William III. 
 He wrote, Picture of the court of St. Ger- 
 main, 1691— Memoirs of the Court of 
 
 iC3^ L. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir George, a Scotch ad- 
 vocate of eminence, born at Dundee, 1636 
 and educated at the universities of St An- 
 drews and Aberdeen. He travelled abroad 
 and studied at Bourges ; and in 1656 was 
 ca led to the bar, where he soon acquired 
 celebrity. In 1661 he was reprimanded by 
 the court for dropping some unwary ex- 
 
 England in the reigns of William and 
 Anne, published at the Hague, 1733, works 
 curious and interesting, and he died at 
 Rotterdam, 1726. 
 
 Macklin, Charles, a dramatic writer 
 and comedian, born in the north of Ireland. 
 May, 1690. He altered his name of Mac 
 Laughlin to the more agreeable sound of 
 Macklin ; and after various adventures in 
 Ireland, appeared on the Lincoln's Inn 
 theatre, 1725, as Alcander in (Edipus. Na- 
 ture, it seems, had been unfriendly to the 
 actor, as Quin, with his usual humour, ob- 
 served at the sight of his harsh forbidding 
 features, " if God writes a legible hand, 
 that fellow is a villain." He was unfortu- 
 nately engaged in a quarrel with a fellow 
 comedian, whom he killed in the heat of 
 passion, for which he was tried and found 
 guilty of manslaughter. He became, by 
 degrees, a popular actor ; but his chief cha- 
 racter was Shylock, which he performed to 
 such advantage, that Pope honoured his 
 exertions with these two quaint lines ; 
 
 This is the Jew 
 
 That Shakspearc drew. 
 
 25 J 
 
MAC 
 
 JAiAe 
 
 INlacklin, long a favourite with the public, 
 at last retired from the stage ; but to im- 
 prove a little more his narrow income, and 
 to take a last farewell of the public, he was 
 prevailed upon to appear once more, for his 
 benefit, 10th Jan. 1790, at Covent-Garden. 
 The character was his favourite Shylock, 
 but the efforts required were too great for the 
 powers of an exhausted old man. He found 
 his memory fail him, and unable to sup- 
 port his part, he retired amid the plaudits 
 of a commiserating audience. He died in 
 a very great age, 11th July, 1797. He is au- 
 thor of two comedies, Love-a-la-Mode, and 
 the Man of the World, which are still 
 favourites with the town, but which re- 
 flect with severity upon the conduct of 
 courtiers, and particularly of Scotch sy- 
 cophants. 
 
 M'Knight, Charles, physician, was born 
 at Cranbury, New- Jersey, October lOth, 
 1750, and graduated at Princeton, in 1771. 
 He studied Medicine under Doctor Ship- 
 pen of Philadelphia, and entered the army, 
 where his abilities soon attracted the atten- 
 tion of the commander-in-chief, and pro- 
 cured his appointment to the office of se- 
 nior surgeon of the flying hospital of the 
 middle department, the duties of which he 
 discharged with distinguished ability. At 
 the conclusion of the war, he settled in 
 New- York, and became one of the most 
 eminent of the profession in that city, par- 
 ticularly as a surgeon. He, for some time, 
 delivered a course of lectures to a class on 
 anatomy and surgery. He died in his forty- 
 first year. ICp' L. 
 
 Macknight, James, a learned divine, 
 was born at Irvine, in Argyleshire, in 1721, 
 and educated at Glasgow, after which he 
 went to Leyden. In 1753, he was ordain- 
 ed minister of Maybole, where he continued 
 sixteen years, and produced his " Harmo- 
 ny of the Gospels ;" and " A new Transla- 
 tion of the Epistles." In 1763 he publish- 
 ed " The truth of the Gospel History ;" 
 for which the university of Edinburgh con- 
 ferred on him the degree of doctor in divi- 
 nity. In 1769 he removed to the living of 
 Jedburgh, and three years afterwards he 
 became one of the ministers of Edinburgh, 
 where he died in 1800.— fT. B. 
 
 Maclaine, Archibald, an able divine, 
 born at Monaghan, where his father was a 
 dissenting minister. He was intended for 
 his father's profession, and was, therefore, 
 sent to Glasgow university, after which he 
 went to Holland, as assistant minister to 
 his uncle. Milling, the pastor of the English 
 church at the Hague. He succeeded his 
 uncle, and married at the Hague the 
 daughter of Mr. Chais, the minister ef the 
 French protestant church, by whom he had 
 four children. He continued the zealot's 
 and active pastor of his church, till the trou- 
 bles of 1796, when he came over to Eng- 
 252 
 
 land, and retired to Bath, where he dietf, 
 1804. He is known not only as an ex- 
 emplary and pious minister, but as the 
 intelligent author of Letters to Soame 
 Jenyns, on his View of the Internal Evi- 
 dence of Christianity. He also publish- 
 ed some sermons, and gave to the public » 
 valuable translation of Mosheim's Ecclesi- 
 astical History. 
 
 Maclaurin, Colin, an able mathemati- 
 cian and philosopher, born at Kilmoddan, 
 in Scotland, Feb. 1698. He was educated 
 at Glasgow, where he early distinguished 
 himself by his genius, and by his great 
 application : and in 1717 he honourably 
 obtained the professorship of mathematics 
 in the Mareschal college of Aberdeen. In 
 1719 he came to London, where he became 
 acquainted with the great literary charac- 
 ters of the age. Bishop Hoadley, Newton, 
 Clarke, and sir Martin Folkes; and in 
 1722 he went abroad as tutor to the eldest 
 son of lord Polwarth. On the death of his 
 pupil at Montpellier, he returned to his pro- 
 fessorship at Aberdeen, and was soon after, 
 by the interest of his friends, and the re- 
 commendation of sir Isaac Newton, elected 
 assistant professor of mathematics in Edin- 
 burgh, to James Gregory, whose infirmi- 
 ties rendered him incapable of lecturing. 
 In 1745 he was very active in fortifying 
 Edinburgh against the rebels, and this ren- 
 dered him, for some time, unpopular, so 
 that he fled to England, and found an ho- 
 nourable asylum with Herring, archbishop 
 of York. The fatigues, the troubles, and 
 uneasiness which he had endured, however, 
 proved too strong for his delicate constitu- 
 tion, and laid the foundation of a dropsy in 
 the abdomen, of which he died 14th June, 
 1746, aged 48. The best known of his 
 works are. System of Fluxions, 2 vols. 4to. 
 1742 — Geometria Organica, or the Per- 
 cussion of Bodies, which obtained the prize 
 of the Royal Academy of Sciences, 1724 — 
 a treatise of Algebra — an Account of sir 
 Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, 
 4to. and Svo. — and various valuable com- 
 munications, published in the philosophical 
 transactions. His abilities were very great 
 and universal, and in the perfecting of ma- 
 chines, the working of mines, the improving 
 of manufactures, and in hydraulic experi- 
 ments, and in all public works of utility 
 and science, he was ever willing to lend 
 his ingenious and powerful assistance. 
 If his life had been longer he would have 
 favoured the world with a course of prac- 
 tical mathematics. Of seven children, two 
 sons and three daughters, with his widow, 
 survived him. 
 
 Maclean, John, M.D. was the son of 
 an eminent surgeon of the same name, in 
 the city of Glasgow, Scotland, where he 
 was born in March, 1771. After pursuing 
 his literary, philosophical, and medical stn* 
 
MAC- 
 
 MAC 
 
 difs Micccjisivcly at Glasgow, Edinbm-gb, 
 London and Paris, he commenced the prac- 
 tice of surgery at Glasgow, in 1791. In 1795 
 he came to America ; and in the same year 
 was appointed professor of chymistry and 
 natural history in the college of New-Jer- 
 sey, at Princeton. Two years afterwards, 
 he was chosen professor of natural philoso- 
 phy and mathematics in the same institu- 
 tion, the duties of which oflice he continued 
 to discharge with great reputation to him- 
 self, and advantage to the college until the 
 yiear 1812, when he resigned his office at 
 Princeton, in consequence of being ap- 
 pointed professor of natural philosophy and 
 chymistry in the college of William and 
 Mary in Virginia. Here, however, he re- 
 mained but a few months. His health de- 
 clining, he returned to Princeton, where 
 he died in February, 1814, in the forty- 
 third year of his age. As a physician, a 
 surgeon, a natural philosopher, a mathema- 
 tician, and above all, as a chymist, Doctor 
 Maclean was very eminent. As a college 
 oflficer he was uncommonly popular and 
 useful. He received the degree of M.D. 
 from the university of Aberdeen, in 1797. 
 His principal publication bore the title of 
 *' Lectures on Combustion," intended to 
 support the Lavosierian system of chymis- 
 try, in opposition to Doctor Priestley. Be- 
 sides this he wrote several other papers in 
 controversy with Dr. Priestley, which were 
 published in the New- York Medical Repo- 
 sitory. ICT^ L. 
 
 Macon, Anthony le, a native of Dauphi- 
 ny, who translated the Decameron of Bo- 
 tace, to please Margaret of Valois, queen of 
 Naples, to whom he was private secretary. 
 He wrote also the Loves of Phydias and 
 Gelasine. 
 
 Macpherson, James, a Scotch writer, 
 "born in 1738. He first claimed general no- 
 tice 1762, by the publication of some poems, 
 attributed to Ossian, the son of Fingal, 
 which, though beautiful and deservedly ad- 
 mired, soon excited a violent controversy 
 about their authenticity. Dr. Johnson, with 
 forcible arguments, attacked them, and 
 \vhen censured in an angry and menacing 
 letter by Macpherson, he returned that ce- 
 lebrated reply preserved by Boswell. The 
 poems, however, were ably defended by Dr. 
 Hugh Blair, and though for some time it 
 appeared rather a national question, in fa- 
 vour of Scotland, Mr. WHiitaker, among the 
 English writers, has warmly espoused the 
 cause of their authenticity. In 1773 Mac- 
 pherson published a translation of the Iliad, 
 in heroic prose, which is no longer held in 
 t'steera. His introduction to the History 
 of Great Britain and Ireland appeared in 
 1771, and his History of Great Britain 
 from the Restoration to the accession of 
 the house of Hanover, was published 1773, 
 in 2 vols. 4to. In 1775 he supported the 
 
 nkcasurcs of lord North, by his "Rights 
 of Groat Britain over her Colonies assert- 
 ed," and was rewarded by the ministers 
 with a seat in the House of Commons, in 
 1780, and the lucrative oHice of agent to 
 the nabob of Arcot. He died in Scotland, 
 17th Feb. 1796, and was buried in West- 
 minster-abbey. 
 
 Macpherson, sir John, bart. governor- 
 general of India, was bom in the Isle of 
 Sky, about the year 1767, and was educat- 
 ed at Aberdeen. He embarked in the ser- 
 vice of the East India company, and sig- 
 nalized himself at the capture of Monga- 
 lon. In 1781 he was appointed a member 
 of the supreme council of Bengal, and in 
 1785, the charge of the office of governor- 
 general of India was devolved on him as the 
 senior member of that body, and he dis- 
 charged its duties two years. He spent 
 the latter part of his life in England, and 
 died Jan. 12, 1821. fcj^ L. 
 
 Macquart, James Henry, a native of 
 Rheims, eminent as a physician. He trans- 
 lated into French, Haller's Medical Thesis, 
 5 vols. l2mo. and died universally respect- 
 ed, at Paris, 1768, aged 46. 
 
 Macquer, Philip, a French lawyer, de- 
 scended from a Scotch family, who follow- 
 ed the fortunes of the house of Stuart. He 
 wrote an abridgment of Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory, 3 vols. 8vo. — Roman Annals, 8vo. — 
 Abridgment of the History of Spain and 
 Portugal, 2 vols 8vo. all after the manner of 
 Henault. He died at Paris, 27th Jan. 1770, 
 aged 50. 
 
 Macquer, Peter Joseph, brother to the 
 preceding, was born at Paris, 9th Oct. 1718, 
 and was made professor of physic in the 
 royal gardens, and member of the Academy 
 of Sciences. He published Elements of 
 Chymistry, Theoretical and Practical, 3 
 vols. — a Dictionary of Chymistry, 2 vols. 
 — Formulae Medicament. Magistral. — and 
 other works, and died at Paris, 16th Feb. 
 1784. 
 
 Macret, Charles Francis Adrian, an 
 engraver of eminence, born at Abbeville. 
 He died of a slow fever, Dec. 1783, aged 
 33, in consequence of the lamented death 
 of an amiable wife. His engravings are 
 highly esteemed. 
 
 Macrianus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an 
 Egyptian, who, from a private soldier, be- 
 came a general; and on the captivity of Va- 
 lerian, declared himself emperor, 258. He 
 was defeated and put to death by Gallienus, 
 262. 
 
 Macrincs, Marcus Opilius Severus, an 
 African, who rose from the obscurest situa- 
 tion to the dignity of Emperor on the death 
 of Caracalla, 217. He was put to death bv 
 his soldiers, 218. 
 
 Macrincs, John, a Latin poet, whose 
 real name Avas Salmon. He died 1557, at 
 an advanced age, at Loudon, his native 
 
 25-5 
 
MAD MAD 
 
 place. Uia hymns, Naeniae, and other and manufactures, or excelled in painting 
 
 pieces, were much admired ; so that he was and in sculpture ; a noble example, which 
 
 called the French Horace. His son Charles, was copied by the English nation in the 
 
 was equally eminent as a poet. After as- establishment of the society for the encou- 
 
 sisting in the education of Catherine of Na- ragement of arts and sciences in London, 
 
 varre, sister to Henry IV. he was sacrificed This truly worthy, benevolent, and virtuous 
 
 at the massacre of St. Bartholomew. man, after thus proving himself the bene- 
 
 Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurel. Theodos. factor of Ireland, died there 30th Dec. 
 
 a Latin writer in the fourth century, author 1765. He had some valuable church pre- 
 
 of a Commentary on Cicero's Somnium ferment, and was a man of property. He 
 
 Scipionis— and of Saturnalia, or Miscella- wrote 1732, Memoirs of the twentieth cen- 
 
 nies, best edited 1694, 8vo. tury, being original letters of state under 
 
 Macwhorter, Alexander, D.D. pres- George VI. &c. 6 vols. 8vo. which it ap- 
 byterian minister of Newark, New-Jersey, pears was printed with great despatch by 
 was a native of Delaware, and born in 1734. three printers, and four days after the pub- 
 He received his collegial education at Prince- lication, of the 1000 copies issued out, 890 
 ton, where he was graduated in 1757 ; and were recalled and suppressed by the author, 
 having studied theology with the reverend He published also in 1743 or 4, a long 
 William Tennent, was settled in the mi- poem, called, Boulter's Monument, 
 nistry at Newark in 1759. He left his Maddersteg, Michael, a native of Am- 
 people in 1778, and became chaplain to sterdam, eminent as a painter. He was 
 general Knox's brigade, and in the follow- the pupil of Ludolph Backhuysen, and his 
 ing year removed to North Carolina, and sea pieces were deservedly admired. He 
 settled at Charlotte, but in 1781 returned died 1709, aged 50. 
 
 to Newark, where he continued till his Maddox, Isaac, an English prelate, born 
 
 death in 1807. He was highly respectable in London, 27th July, 1697. His parents 
 
 for the vigour and soundness of his mind, were very humble, and he lost them both 
 
 and the extent of his learning, and was early, upon which he was placed by an aunt 
 
 very successful in his ministry. |C3^ L. with a pastry-cook, who refused to keep 
 
 Madan, Martin, an eminent preacher, him because he paid more attention to his 
 born about 1726. He was brought up to the books than his business. He afterwards 
 bar, but through the conversation of Jones was sent to a Scotch university, but disli- 
 and Romaine, two ministers of influence king their tenets, he entered Queen's col- 
 among the Methodists, he took orders. He lege, Cambridge, under the patronage of 
 had the care of the patients of the Lock bishop Gibson, and obtained a doctor's de- 
 hospital, and by his strenuous exertions, a gree at Lambeth. He obtained the rectory 
 chapel was built for the institution, and of St. Vedast, Foster-lane, London, and 
 opened in 1761, with a sermon from him. in 1729 was appointed clerk of the closet 
 In 1767 he exposed himself to much oblo- to the queen, in 1733 dean of Wales, bishop 
 quy by advising his friend Mr. Haweis, to of St. Asaph 1736, and translated to Wor- 
 retain the rectory of Aldwinckle, against cester 1743. In 1733 he published a Vin- 
 his solemn engagements. He was, in his dication of the Church of England, against 
 opinions, a strong Calvinist, and published Neal's history of the Puritans ; and pub- 
 some occasional sermons — a Comment on lished besides, 14 single sermons, preach- 
 the 39 Articles — Letters to Dr. Priestley — a ed on various occasions. He was a great 
 translation of Juvenal and Persius, 2 vols, benefactor to several hospitals ; he encou- 
 Svo. — Thoughts on Executive Justice. His raged the British fisheries, and promoted 
 work, however, in 3 vols. 8vo. 1781, called the erection of the Worcester infirmary. 
 Thelyphthora, excited universal attention. He died 27th September, 1759, and of one 
 and drew upon him severe animadversions, son and two daughters, only one daughter 
 In this book the author, by some acute ar- survived him. 
 
 gumentation, supports polygamy ; and con- Madison, James, D.D. president of the 
 
 sidering the first cohabitation with a woman college of William and Mary, and bishop 
 
 a virtual marriage, he thus wishes to re- of the episcopal church in Virginia, was 
 
 move or lessen the causes of seduction, born about the year 1749. He enjoyed 
 
 He died after a short illness, May, 1790, the advantages of a fine education, and 
 
 aged 64. early became distinguished for talents and 
 
 Madden, Samuel, D.D. a name which, learning. He was appointed a professor 
 
 according to Dr. Johnson, " Ireland ought in the college of William and Mary about 
 
 to honour," was of French extraction, and the commencement of the revolution, and 
 
 was educated at Dublin. In 1731 he ap- not long after president of that institution, 
 
 peared as a benefactor to Dublin college, in which office he continued till his death 
 
 by offering premiums for the promotion of and was highly useful and popular. As a 
 
 learning ; and in 1740 he appropriated the minister he was enlightened, candid, cour- 
 
 yearly sum of lOOZ. as a proffered premium teous to other sects, devout, and a rich 
 
 to such natives of Ireland as improved arts blessing to the church over which he prc^ 
 254 
 
MAK 
 
 MAI" 
 
 s^ided. lie died March 6th, 1812, in his 
 C3d year. tC^Jp* L- 
 
 Madison, Gcort;c, governor of Ken- 
 tucky, was the son olbit^hop Madison. At 
 tlie age of seventeen he volunteered as a 
 soldier, and accompanied the Urcen-Briar 
 nulitia to the defence of the western fron- 
 tier. He was engaged in several l)attlcs 
 with the Indians, and was wounded in St. 
 Clair's defeat. In the war of 1812 he was 
 an oflicer in the Inittlc of Raisin. He had 
 been twenty years auditor of the jwiblic ac- 
 counts, when he was called to the ollice of 
 governor, in 1816. His death took place 
 soon after at Paris, Kentucky, and he was 
 buried at Frankfort. ICP" L. 
 
 Madog, son of Owen Gwynedd, a Welsh 
 prince, who is said to have sailed with 10 
 ships and 300 men, about the year 1170, 
 and never to have returned. Some authors 
 imagine that he went to the American con- 
 tinent, as they report that a tribe of White 
 Indians, speaking the Welsh language, now 
 inhabit the country about the northern 
 branches of the Mississippi. 
 
 Madox, Thomas, a famous antiquarian, 
 and historiographer-royal. He was most 
 indefatigable in the study of the laws and 
 constitutions of the country, and in 1702 
 distinguished himself under the patronage 
 of lord Somers, by the publication of his 
 " Collection of Antique Charters and In- 
 struments of divers kinds, taken from the 
 originals, from the Norman conquest, to 
 the end of the reign of Henry VIII." In 
 1711 he published the History and Anti- 
 quities of the Exchequer, from the Norman 
 conquest to the end of the reign of Edward 
 II. folio, dedicated to queen Anne, and re- 
 printed 1769, 4to. His last work was, 
 Firma Burgi, or Historical Essay concern- 
 ing the cities, towns, and boroughs of Eng- 
 land, inscribed to George I. This most 
 active and laborious historian was prevent- 
 ed by death from completing other valuable 
 works. His Collection of Transcripts in 
 94 folio and quarto volumes, the labour of 
 30 years, was presented by his widow, to 
 the British Museum. 
 
 M.tCENAS, Caius Cilnius, the friend of 
 Augustus, is particularly known as the pa- 
 tron of Virgil and Horace, and of the other 
 learned men of his age. From this liberal 
 protection afforded to learning, all patrons 
 of literature have deservedly received the 
 name of Ma?cenas. This illustrious Ro- 
 man was distinguished at the battles of 
 Mutina and Philippi, and in the civil 
 government of Rome ; but his chief 
 pleasure was literary retirement, in the 
 company of his learned friends. He died 
 eight years B.C. 
 
 Maes, Godfrey, a native of Antwerp, 
 inco, eminent as a historical painter. He 
 was director of the academy of painting at 
 Antwerp. 
 
 M.*:STi.iNus, Michael, a German astro- 
 nomer, born in the duchy of VVirtemburg, 
 and educated in Italy. He became pro- 
 fessor of mathematics at Tubingen, and had 
 among his pupils the great Kepler. Ho 
 published several very vulual)lc workn ia 
 astronomy and mathemalies, and deserved, 
 for his learning and genius, the unreserved 
 commendations of Tyclio lirahe and Kep- 
 ler. He died 1590, aged 48. 
 
 Mai FF.i, Vegio, a Latin poet, born at 
 Lodi, in Lombardy, 1407. He studied ju- 
 risprudence, and was profe'3sor of law at 
 Pavia, after which he went to Rome, where 
 he was made chancellor under Martin V. 
 where he died 1459. His prose works are, 
 Dialogus de Misei'iaet Felicitate — de Edu- 
 catione Liberorum, 4to. — Disputatio inter 
 Solem, Terram, &c. — de Perseverentia 
 Religionis — besides many admired poetical 
 pieces, and epigrams, and the 13th book, 
 or continuation of the vEneid, translated 
 into English burlesque by Mr. John Ellis. 
 Jul. Scaliger and Ger. Vossius highly com- 
 mend him. 
 
 Maffei, Bernavdin, author of a Com- 
 mentary' on Cicero's Epistles — and a trea- 
 tise on Medals and Inscriptions, was a car- 
 dinal, and died at Rome, 1558, aged 40. 
 
 Mafff-i, Raphael, a learned author, who 
 died at Volaterra, 1521, very old. 
 
 Maffei, John Peter, a Jesuit, born at 
 Bergamo, 1536. He wrote, the Life of Igna- 
 tius Loyola — History of the Indies — trans- 
 lation of some letters, &.c. in Latin, and died 
 atTivoli, 1603, much esteemed by the pope. 
 
 Maffei, Francis Scipio, marquis, an 
 Italian nobleman, born at Verona, 1075. 
 He distinguished himself at Verona, on a 
 thesis on love, where the umpires were la- 
 dies, and afterwards displayed great valour 
 in the army at the battle of Donawcrt, 
 1704. He returned, however, to litera- 
 ture ; wrote an able treatise " on Duelling," 
 and then produced " Merope," a tragedy, 
 and " Ceremonia,'' a comedy, which were 
 represented with applause, and by their 
 delicacy, and purified language, seemed to 
 correct and reform the licentious extrava- 
 gance of the stage. In 1732 he travelled 
 through France, and after visiting England, 
 Holland, and Germany, and receiving eve- 
 ry where the respect and attentions due to 
 his rank, his merits, and his virtues, he re- 
 turned to Italy, to the cultivation of his fa- 
 vourite studies. He died 1755, and car- 
 ried with him the regret and the aflections 
 of the Veronese, who honoured his remains 
 with the most solemn obsequies, and pro- 
 nounced an oration over him in their ca- 
 thedral. This amiable writer published 
 besides, History of the Diplomatic Science 
 — Musaeum Veronense, folio — Verona H- 
 lustrata, folio — a translation" of the first 
 book of the Iliad — a selection of Italian 
 tragedies, 3 vol?. 8vo. and other works. 
 
MAG 
 
 MAG 
 
 Magalotti, Lorenzo, count, a native 
 of Florence, member of the academies of 
 Crusca and Cimento. He was an elegant 
 poet, and possessed merit as a curious natu- 
 ralist. He died 1712, aged 75. The best 
 known of his works is, Canzonette Ana- 
 creontiche, 8vo. published under his Arca- 
 dian name of Lindoro Elateo. 
 
 Maganza, John Baptist, a historical 
 painter of Vicenza, in Italy, who died 
 1617, aged 40. 
 
 Magelhaens, John Hyacinth de, a Por- 
 tuguese ecclesiastic, member of the royal 
 London society, and other learned bodies. 
 He was author of some valuable works in 
 natural and experimental philosophy, and 
 died 1790, in London, where he had been 
 settled for many years. 
 
 Magellan, Ferdinand, a celebrated Por- 
 tuguese navigator, who served with dis- 
 tinction under Albuquerque, in the con- 
 quest of the Indies. On his return home, 
 his services were neglected, and his active 
 mind therefore sought protection and em- 
 ployment at the court of Charles V. who 
 sent him in 1519, with a fleet, on a voyage 
 of discovery. Magellan passed, in his 
 expedition, through those straits at the 
 southern extremity of America which still 
 bear his name, and advanced through the 
 south seas to the Ladrone islands, of which 
 he took possession in the name of the 
 Spanish monarch. Here he was slain in 
 1520, either by the natives, or, as some ac- 
 counts say, by his own rebellious crew. 
 One of his ships only, with 18 men, esca- 
 ped, and after sailing round the world, 
 reached Seville, 8th Sept. 1521. 
 
 Maggi, Charles Maria, an Italian poet, 
 born at Milan, 1630. He was secretary to 
 the senate of his native town, and died 
 there 1699. He may be styled one of the 
 most active restorers of elegant taste in 
 Italy, after the frivolities and barbarisms of 
 the school of Marini. Ilis works have 
 been published, with an account of his life, 
 byMuratori, 4 vols. 12mo. Milan, 1700. 
 
 Maginus, John Anthony, a native of 
 Fadua, mathematical professor at Bologna, 
 and author of Astronomical tables — Ephe- 
 merides — and otherworks. He died 1617, 
 and it is reported that he ascertained the 
 time of his death by the accuracy of his as- 
 trological calculations. 
 
 Magistris, Simon de, a native of Serra, 
 who died at Rome, 6th Oct. 1802, aged 75. 
 He was well known for his deep acquaint- 
 ance with the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, 
 and his services to literature were liberally 
 rewarded by Pius VI. who made him bishop 
 of Cyrene. He published a Greek edition 
 of Daniel, folio, 1772 — and also edited Acta 
 Martyrum, &c. — and Dionysii Alexandr. 
 fjiifp supersunt, &c. 
 
 JMagius, or Maggi, Jerome, a learned 
 2.76 
 
 Italian, born at Anghiari, in Tuscany. He 
 was eminent in the circle of the sciences, 
 and was sent by the Venetians as judge- 
 martial to the isle of Cyprus, where he dis- 
 tinguished himself as an active engineer, 
 in the defence of the town of Famagusta 
 against the Turks. When at last his efforts 
 failed, he was in 1571 thrown ignominious- 
 ly into prison, where, however, his mental 
 resources soothed his sufferings, and ena- 
 bled him to write two treatises, upon bells, 
 and upon the wooden horse, which he de- 
 dicated to the ambassadors of the emperor, 
 and of the French king. These learned 
 labours, however, hastened his end ; for no 
 sooner did the ambassadors interfere for 
 his release, than the bashaw Mahomet or- 
 dered him to be strangled in prison, 1572 
 or 3. Magius wrote besides, de Mundi 
 Exitio per Exustionem, Libri quinque, 
 1562, folio — Vitae Illustrium Virorum, 
 jEmilio Auctore,cum Commentariis — Com- 
 mantarii in quatuor Institutionem Civilium 
 Libros, Svo. — Miscellanea, &c. 
 
 Magius, Bartholomew, brother to the 
 above, was a physician, and died at Bolog- 
 na, 1552. He was author of a treatise oa 
 Gunshot Wounds, 4to. 
 
 Magliabecchi, Antony, a learned Ita- 
 lian, born at Florence, 1636. He was 
 bound apprentice to a goldsmith at Flo- 
 rence, but his fondness for books prevailed 
 over the attentions of manual labour, and 
 at the death of his mother, he, as his own 
 master, devoted himself totally to learning. 
 He soon distinguished himself among the 
 learned, by a strong, and incredibly asto- 
 nishing memory ; and became known to 
 Cosmo III. duke of Florence, who appoint- 
 ed him his librarian. Simple in his man- 
 ners of life, he disregarded the luxuries and 
 conveniences provided for him by his pa- 
 tron, and remained satisfied with an humble 
 habitation, containing a straw chair for his 
 table, and another for his bed, while an old 
 cloak served him for a gown by day, and 
 for a covering by night. The liberal offers 
 of preferment made by the pope, and 
 by the emperor, were rejected with similar 
 indifference, and he showed that the com- 
 pany of his books to him was greater gra- 
 tification than the most elevated situation. 
 Though leading a sedentary life, he lived to 
 the great age of 81, and at his death left the 
 valuable library which he had collected, for 
 the public use, with a decent fund for its 
 maintenance. Though he published no work 
 himself, he encourged the publication of oth- 
 ers, and to him we are indebted for the Latin 
 poems of Settimello — the dialogue of Bene- 
 dict Aretin, and other works. A collection 
 of letters, written to him by various learned 
 men was published at Florence, 1745, Svo. 
 
 Magnentius, a German, who, from a 
 private soldier, became emperor of Rome, 
 after the murder of his benefactor Con- 
 
MAll 
 
 MAU 
 
 suus, onO. He was defeated by Couslan- 
 lius, the brother of the murdered Constans, 
 and was put to death at Lyons, 3C)i. 
 
 Ma(;ni, Valerian, a native of Milan, em- 
 ployed in the service of Urban VIU. as a 
 missionary in the north of Europe. The 
 Jesuits, with whom he was engaged in con- 
 troversial disputes, prevented his obtaining 
 a cardinal's hat. He died at Saltzburg, 
 1661, aged 75. He wrote some controver- 
 sial works, and was a zealous defender of 
 Des Cartes's philosophy. 
 
 Magnon, John, a French poet, who for 
 some time was an advocate at Lyons, and 
 then became a dramatic writer. His pieces 
 were very indifferent ; the best is Artax- 
 erxes, a tragedy. He formed the plan of 
 writing an Encyclopedia, in verse, but was 
 prevented, as he was murdered by thieves 
 in the streets of Paris, 1662. He was the 
 friend of Moliere. 
 
 Magnus, John, archbishop of Upsal, 
 was born at Lincoping, 1488. He warmly 
 opposed ihe reformation in Sweden, and 
 when he found himself exposed to persecu- 
 tion in consequence, he retired to Rome, 
 where he died, 1544. He wrote a History 
 of Sweden, in 24 books, folio — a History 
 of the Archbishops of Upsal to 1544, folio. 
 
 Magnus, Olaus, brother of the prece- 
 ding, and his successor as archbishop. He 
 was at the council of Trent, and distin- 
 guished himself also by his opposition to the 
 protestants. He died at Rome, 1560. He 
 is author of a History of the Manners, 
 Customs, and Wars of the People of the 
 North, folio, 1555. 
 
 Mahmed, Aga, a noble Persian, made 
 eunuch by Kouli-Khan, who had murdered 
 his father and his brothers. He became a 
 warrior of renown, and waged successful 
 war against the Russians. He made him- 
 self master of the best part of Persia, and 
 already prepared to seize Astracon, and to 
 shut the Caspian sea against the Russian 
 commerce, when death stopped the progress 
 of his conquests, 1788. 
 
 Mahomet, or Mohammed, the celebra- 
 ted imposter, was born 571 A.D. at Mecca, 
 in Arabia, and was of the tribe of the 
 Korashites, and the noblest and the most 
 powerful of the country. He lost his fa- 
 ther before he was two years old, and his 
 mother before he was eight ; but their af- 
 fectionate attention was supplied by the 
 care of his uncle, Abu Taleb, a merchant. 
 In the family of this friendly protector, he 
 was employed to travel with his camels be- 
 tween Mecca and Syria, till his twenty-fifth 
 year, when he entered into the service of 
 Cadiga, a rich widow, whom though 12 
 years older than himself, he married three 
 years after. Thus suddenly raised to af- 
 fluence and consequence above his country- 
 men, he formed the secret plan of obtain- 
 ing for himself the sovereign power. In 
 
 Vol. II. 33 
 
 his frequcni journeys through the dcserti 
 of Arabia, he had obs«;rved the various 
 sects which divided the opinions of the 
 Eastern Christians ; and in the ardent pur- 
 suits of ambition, he consider* •! that no- 
 thing could so firmly secure to him the re- 
 spect and the attachment of the world as lay- 
 ing the foundation of a new religion. The 
 plan was bold, but it was pursued with 
 vigour, and executed with slow and cau- 
 tious steps. Withdrawing himself, there- 
 fore, from the society of the dissipated and 
 licentious, he assumed the imposing cha- 
 racter of superior sanctity, and every morn- 
 ing retiring to a solitary cave near Mecca, 
 he devoted the day to prayer, abstemious- 
 ness, and holy meditation. Well tutored 
 in the arts of imposture and hypocrisy, he, 
 in his 40th year, assumed the title of the 
 apostle of God, and gradually increased his 
 fame and his followers by perseverance, 
 and by the aid of pretended visions. Though 
 his doctrines were embraced at first only by 
 his wife Cadiga, and eight other dependents, 
 yet in the fifth year of his assumed mis- 
 sion, he found his followers increased to 
 the number of 39, among whom were men 
 of rank and of consequence. Enemies, how- 
 ever, were not wanting to oppose the self- 
 delegated prophet of God ; and while some 
 heaped on him the odious appellations of an 
 impostor, a liar, and magician, others sus- 
 pected his designs, and foresaw his bold 
 and rapid strides to the sovereign power. 
 Mahomet, notwithstanding, overcame all 
 opposition : in proclaiming himself the fa- 
 vourite prophet appointed by God to propa- 
 gate a new religion, he flattered the pas- 
 sions and prejudices of his nation ; and 
 among a people whose climate is exposed 
 to the dry heats of a scorching sun, he al- 
 lured the imagination by painting rivers of 
 cooling waters, shaded retreats, luxurious 
 fruits, and all the sensual delights of the 
 immaculate houris, for the happy proselytes 
 of his doctrine ; while he denounced 
 against his enemies not only temporal pun- 
 ishments, and dreadful visitations in the 
 present life, and exclusion from paradise, 
 but the most excruciating torments, a habi- 
 tation in a continual fire, surrounded with 
 a black, hot, salt smoke, without the ability 
 of breathing any but the most noxious heat- 
 ed air, and of drinking the most foul and 
 nauseous water. Tliese promises and 
 threatenings were not announced as the 
 figurative language of an impostor, but the 
 prophet delivered them as the command of 
 God, and produced occasionally various 
 chapters, which had been copied from the 
 archives of heaven, and were brought down 
 to him by the angel Gabriel. Whatever 
 difficulties arose, either from the doubts or 
 the suspicion of the new converts, were 
 quickly removed by the condescension of 
 the obedient angel, and a fresh revelation 
 
 S57 
 
3VIAH 
 
 MAH 
 
 was sent down from heaven on every trying 
 occasion, to support the character and 
 maintain the sanctity of Mahomet. When 
 the wavering proselytes seemed to demand 
 miracles from a prophet who called himself 
 superior to Moses and to Christ, the im- 
 postor, with an air of authority, declared 
 that God had sent Moses and Jesus with 
 miracles, and yet that men would not be 
 obedient to their word, and that therefore 
 he had sent Mahomet in the last place, with- 
 out miracles, to force them by the power of 
 the sword to do his will. Thus commission- 
 ed by heaven to enforce his religion by the 
 sword, he refused longer to answer ques- 
 tions, and to indulge disputes, and when he 
 found himself exposed to danger at Mecca, 
 he left the city, and retired to Medina, 
 where his doctrines had found a more 
 friendly reception. This event, which hap- 
 pened about the 16th July, 622, forms the 
 celebrated era of the Mahometans, called 
 the Hegira, or flight from Mecca. At Me- 
 dina the prophet erected his standard ; and, 
 as for the preceding 13 years he had en- 
 deavoured to spread his doctrines by per- 
 suasion, he now determined to propagate 
 them by the sword. The two first years 
 after his flight were employed in predatory 
 excursions against the travelling caravans, 
 and those of his neighbours who refused to 
 embrace his tenets ; but after subduing and 
 exterminating several of the tribes of Ara- 
 bia, he at last marched against Mecca, and, 
 after fighting a battle, granted a truce to 
 his enemies, by which he not only confirm- 
 ed his power as a prophet, but established 
 his authority in assuming the title of inde- 
 pendent sovereign over his nation. Thus 
 formidable by his conquests, and dreaded for 
 his cruelty, he next turned his arms against 
 Caibar, a city inhabited by Jewish Arabs ; 
 and after he had taken it by storm, he fixed 
 his abode in the house of one of the princi- 
 pal men of the place, whose daughter placed 
 before him a poisoned shoulder of mutton, 
 which she had prepared for his supper. 
 The poison was so powerful that Basher, 
 one of the attendants of the prophet, died 
 immediately ; but the impostor himself, 
 though he only tasted the meat, never fully 
 recovered his strength, and perished three 
 years after in consequence of the fatal food. 
 The accident might have shaken the faith 
 of his followers, as the woman declared, 
 that if he were a prophet, he would have 
 known that the meat was poisoned : but 
 Mahomet enforced the tenets of predestina- 
 tion in his favour, and converted even his 
 misfortunes into an engine of punishment 
 against his enemies. His next expedition 
 ■was against Mecca, which, as he pretended, 
 had broken the truce, and though defeated 
 in one battle, he had the good fortune to se- 
 cure the victory ; and at last, so to exert 
 his power over the neighbouring tribes, that 
 2^9 
 
 in the 10th year of the Hegira, his empii-e 
 and his religion had enslaved the whole of 
 Arabia. Ashe had recommended to his fol- 
 lowers a pilgrimage to Mecca, he himself 
 performed it, while his lieutenants and offi- 
 cers were employed around in the destruc- 
 tion of heathen temples, and the abolition 
 of idolatry ; and after instructing the va- 
 rious devotees which flocked to him from 
 all parts of Arabia, he returned to Medina. 
 It was his last journey ; he soon after fell 
 sick, the poison which three years before he 
 had taken, began to operate more power- 
 fully, and, after a confinement of 13 days, 
 the prophet died, A.D. 632, aged 62. He 
 was buried in the same place where he died, 
 in the chamber of the most beloved of his 
 wives at Medina, where his remains are 
 still preserved, and not in an iron coffin 
 suspended in the air, between two load- 
 stones, as is vulgarly reported. By Cadiga, 
 Mahomet had six children, one of whom 
 only grew up, Fatima, but survived him 
 only 60 days. After the death of Cadiga, 
 the prophet, who had hitherto been satis- 
 fied with one wife, married several, and 
 kept besides a great number of concubines. 
 By none of his wives, who, according to 
 some, were 15, and according to others, 
 21, he left no issue ; but of the ten who 
 survived him, Ayesha, the daughter of 
 Abubeker, his successor, was the most be- 
 loved. So great was the influence of this 
 celebrated female among the faithful, that 
 she prevented AH, the husband of Fatima, 
 from succeeding to the throne of his father- 
 in-law, because he had revealed her incon- 
 tinence to the prophet. The success of 
 Mahomet's imposture during his life time, 
 is not more astonishing than the permanent 
 establishment which his doctrines have 
 maintained over one of the fairest portions 
 of the globe, during nearly 1200 years. 
 The Koran, in which ai'e contained the 
 tenets of his religion, is a compound of 
 sublime truths, of incredible tales, and lu- 
 dicrous events, but the whole is delivered 
 m a pleasing, elegant, and nervous style. 
 That Mahomet, who was rude and illite- 
 rate, should compose a book, deservedly 
 esteemed the standard of elegance among 
 the Arabians, without divine assistance, 
 was considered as impossible among his 
 followers, and therefore they believed the 
 sublime composition to be the work of God, 
 as the prophet informed them. Those, 
 however, who were acquainted with the 
 retreat of Mahomet before he assumed his 
 prophetic character, know that he was as- 
 sisted in the framing of his work by a Per- 
 sian Jew, who was well versed in the 
 learning of his country, and the laws of 
 Moses ; and by a Christian Monk of the 
 Nestorian sect. To the labours of these 
 two men the prophet was indebted for the 
 composition of the Koran, and hence we 
 
iVIAH 
 
 VAH 
 
 trace the frequent allusions to the Mosaiual 
 institutions, and the history of Christ. By 
 the help of these associates, the artful Ara- 
 bian was enabled to impose upon his fol- 
 lowers, by interpreting various passages of 
 the Scriptures in his own favour, and by 
 accusing the Jews and Christians of muti- 
 lation and interpolation, where he thought 
 he (ound his character obscurely delinea- 
 ted. By calling himself the comforter, 
 whom Christ, at his ascension, had pro- 
 mised to his disciples, he mightily prevailed 
 with the credulous ; and every true Mus- 
 sulman believes, that several copies of the 
 New Testament still contain an original 
 text, which expressly foretells the future 
 coming of a prophet of the name of Maho- 
 met. As Mahomet was subject to the fall- 
 ing sickness, he had the art to persuade 
 his disciples, that in those moments of sus- 
 pended animation, he accompanied the an- 
 gel Gabriel in various journeys ; and that 
 borne by the celestial beast Alborak, he as- 
 cended up into the highest heavens where 
 he conversed familiarly with the Almighty, 
 and received friendly communications with 
 respect to the laws and the religion with 
 which he was to bless the earth. In these 
 spiritual conferences, he saw the most re- 
 nowned prophets of old j he spoke to Eli- 
 jah, Moses, and Christ, and was honoured 
 by the Creator himself, with privileges 
 above the rest of mankind. The Koran 
 has been elegantly translated into English, 
 by Sale, in 2 vols. 4to. and 2 vols. 8vo. 
 There are also French translations by Du 
 Ruyer, and by Savary. The best edition 
 of the original, in Arabic and Latin, is by 
 Maracci, at Padua, 2 vols, folio, 1698. 
 
 Mahomet I. emperor of the Turks, was 
 son of Bajazet I. and succeeded his bro- 
 ther Moses, whom he put to death, 1413. 
 He was a brave, just, and politic monarch. 
 He restored to its ancient glory, the power 
 of the Ottomans, which civil war, and the 
 ravages of Tamerlane, had enfeebled and 
 disgraced, and he conquered Cappadocia, 
 Servia, VVallachia, and other provinces, 
 and fixed his residence at Adrianople. He 
 was at peace with the emperor Manuel 
 Palaeologus, to whom he restored some of 
 his provinces. He died at Adrianople, of 
 a bloody-flux, 1421, aged 47. 
 
 Mahomet H. emperor of the Turks, 
 was born at Adrianople, 24th March, 1430, 
 and succeeded his father Amurath, 1451. 
 His reign was begun with the most active 
 preparations for war, Constantinople was 
 besieged, and the indefatigable Turk, not 
 satisfied to insult the walls with his nume- 
 rous soldiery, conveyed at great expense 
 and labour over the land, some of his gal- 
 lies into the harbour, which the Greeks 
 Lad shut up by strong iron chains against 
 the attacks of their invaders. Constanti- 
 nople yielded to the conqueror. 1453, and 
 
 lu her lall poured forth her fugitive philo, 
 sophers and learned men to propagate and 
 to revive literature in iju; western world- 
 Afterwards Mahomet extended his armH 
 against the neighbouring nations, and by 
 his victories, deserved the Hiimc of great, 
 and the appellation of grand signior, which 
 he assumed, and which has descended to 
 his less worthy successors. Greece and 
 Asia had already submitted to the conquer- 
 or, who after subduing two empires, 12 
 tributary kingdonjs, and 200 towns, was 
 preparing the subjugation of Italy, ai»d the 
 destruction of the papal throne, when u 
 colic proved fatal to this formidable hero, 
 3d May, 1481, after a reign of 31 years. 
 His death was the cause of universal re- 
 joicing over the Christian world, whose re- 
 ligion he had sworn to exterminate, to en- 
 force the tenets of Mahomet. Though a 
 great warrior, Mahomet was cruel and 
 tyrannical, and that he might glut his rage, 
 his lust, and his ambition, neither rank, nor 
 sex, nor age were spared. Though bv 
 habit and religion hostile to the Christians, 
 he yet admired the arts and the languages 
 of polished Europe, and read with great 
 rapture the history of her heroes. Some 
 of his letters were collected by a knight 
 of Rhodes, and translated into Latin, from 
 the Syriac, Greek, and Turkish originals. 
 
 Mahomet HI. succeeded his father 
 Amurath III. 1595. He began his reign bv 
 ordering 19 of his brothers to be strangled", 
 and 10 of his father's wives to be drowned. 
 He made war against Rodolphus II. and in- 
 vaded Hungary with an army of 200,000 
 men, and after taking Agria, he basely mur- 
 dered the garrison which he had pledged 
 himself to spare. His progress was check- 
 ed by the opposition of Maximilian, the 
 emperor's brother, who would have obtain- 
 ed a most decisive victory had not his 
 troops abandoned themselves to pillage, 
 and thus given the Turks the opportunity 
 to rally and to overwhelm their whole army. 
 Other battles proved less favourable to Ma- 
 homet, who was obliged to retire from 
 Hungary, Moldavia, and the neighbouring 
 provinces, and after suing in vain for peace 
 from the Christian princes, he buried him- 
 self in the indolence, and the licentious- 
 ness of his seraglio, regardless of the 
 murmurs of his people, and the threats of 
 his enemies. He died of the plague, 20th 
 Dec. 1603, aged 39. 
 
 Mahomet IV. succeeded to the throne 
 at the age of seven, 1649, on the death of 
 his father Ibrahim I. who had been stran- 
 gled by his janissaries. He pursued with 
 vigour the war with the Venetians, and af- 
 ter reducing Candia, with the loss of 200, 
 000 men, he invaded Poland. His arms 
 proved here victorious, he not only subdued 
 the provinces, 167'2, but imposed on the 
 kingdom an annual tribute of 20,000 
 
 ?59 
 
MAI 
 
 MAI 
 
 crowns. This disgrace, however, was 
 wiped off by the valour of Sobieski, who 
 the next year pursued his enemies, and 
 totally routed them at the fatal battle of 
 Choczim. Though peace was re-establish- 
 ed in 1G76, the restless ambition of the 
 Turks again invaded the Austrian domin- 
 ions, and Vienna would have fallen 1683, 
 if the great Sobieski had not hastened to 
 its relief, and destroyed the numerous army 
 of Mustapha, the Turkish general. The 
 decisive blow was followed by the union of 
 the emperor, the king of Poland, and the 
 Venetians, and Mahomet every where 
 defeated, found his people dissatisfied, and 
 his soldiers rebellious. The calamities of 
 the state were attributed to him by his 
 janissaries, who deposed him 8th Oct. 1687, 
 and sent him to the prison, from which 
 they drew his brother Solyman III. to place 
 him on the throne. He died in his con- 
 finement, 22d June, 1691. 
 
 Mahomet V. son of Mustapha II. suc- 
 ceeded in 1730, on the deposition of his 
 uncle, Achmet III. His janissaries expect- 
 ed from his exertions, the recovery of the 
 provinces conquered by the imperialists, 
 but the insurrections in the east, and the 
 ivar with Persia, prevented his success 
 against the European powers. He lost 
 Georgia and Armenia, which were con- 
 quered by the arms of Kouli-Kban. Ma- 
 homet was more respectable for his pacific 
 disposition, than his military exploits. He 
 died after a mild reign, in 1754. 
 
 Mahddel, Nicholas, a native of Lan- 
 gres, who from a Jesuit became a monk of 
 La Trappe, and then a physician. He was 
 author of a Historical Dissertation on the 
 ancient Spanish Money — a Letter on a Me- 
 dal of the city of Carthage, &c. He prac- 
 tised physic at Paris, but w^as for some time 
 confined in the Bastille. He died 1747, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Maier, Michael, a celebrated German 
 alchymist, and rosy crucian of the l7th 
 century, who ruined his health and his for- 
 tune in the pursuits of absurdities. He 
 wrote ten different treatises on his profes- 
 sion, and on his favourite pursuits. 
 
 Maignan, Emanuel, a philosopher and 
 ecclesiastic, born at Toulouse, 1601. He 
 was educated among the Jesuits, and from 
 his early youth showed great fondness for 
 learning, and at the age of 18 he took the 
 habit of a Minim. He warmly opposed 
 the doctrines of Aristotle, and his reputa- 
 tion as a philosopher and mathematician 
 was so widely extended, that he was call- 
 ed, in 1636, to fill a professor's chair at 
 Rome. In 16.')0 he returned to Toulouse, 
 from Rome, and was honourably received 
 by his countrymen ; but when the French 
 king and his minister Mazarine, admiring 
 his learning, and the yarious machines and 
 curiosities contained in his cell, expressed 
 
 a desire to draw him out of his obscurity, 
 and patronise him in Paris, he modestly, 
 but firmly declined their offer. This wor- 
 thy man, so much above the temptations 
 of the world, whose sole employment was 
 to be useful to mankind, died at Toulouse, 
 much respected, 1676. Father Sagueni pub- 
 lished, in 1697, an account of his life and 
 writings. He published " De Perspective 
 Hororari^," 1648 — a Course of Philosophy, 
 4 vols. 8vo. 1652, republished in folio, 
 1673, &c. 
 
 Maigrot, Charles, a learned doctor of 
 the Sorbonne, bishop of Conon, and vicar 
 apostolic. He went as Missionary to Chi- 
 na, where he opposed the Jesuits, who per- 
 mitted the Chinese converts to pay ho- 
 mage and adoration before the sepulchres 
 of their forefathers. He wrote an Exami- 
 nation of the Chinese worship, &c. and 
 died at Rome, 1720, universally respected. 
 
 Mailla, Joseph Anne Maria de Moy- 
 rice de, a Jesuit, born in the province of 
 Bugey, on the borders of Savoy, 1670. He 
 applied himself so assiduously to the Chi- 
 nese, that his great knowledge of the lan-» 
 guage recommended him as a missionary 
 to China, in 1703. The emperor Kam-Hi 
 esteemed him so much, that he employed 
 his abilities in the construction of a map of 
 China, and of Chinese Tartary, which was 
 engraved in France, 1732. He also trans- 
 lated the Great Annals of China, which he 
 transmitted to Europe, and which were to 
 comprehend 12 vols. 4to. the first of which 
 was published in 1777, under the care of 
 Grosier. This amiable man died at Pekin, 
 1748, after a residence of 45 years there. 
 
 Maillard, Oliver, a French cordelier, 
 and doctor in divinity, eminent as a preach- 
 er. Ke was in the service of Innocent 
 VIII. Charles VIII. and Ferdinand of Arra- 
 gon. He died at Toulouse, June 13th, 
 15G2. His Latin sermons, in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 were published 1730. 
 
 Maille de Breze, Simon de, bishop 
 of Viviers, and archbishop of Tours, was at 
 the council of Trent, and distinguished 
 himself by his learning and devotion. He 
 translated some of Basil's homilies into 
 Latin, and died 1597, aged 82. 
 
 Maille, Urban de, marquis de Breze, 
 was known as a warrior. He gained the 
 battle of Avein, 1635, and was afterwards 
 ambassador of France, to Sweden, and Hol- 
 land. He died 1660, aged 53. His son 
 AiTnand was duke of Fronsac and Cau- 
 mont, and distinguished himself as a naval 
 officer in the sei-vice of France. He de- 
 feated the Spanish fleet near Cadiz, 1640, 
 but after some other important advantages 
 at sea, in the following years, he suffered a 
 defeat before Tarragona. He was killed by 
 a cannon shot, l4th June, 164G, at the siege 
 of Orbitello, aged 27. 
 
 Maille, Francis, a native of Ponteveyr. 
 
iVIAl 
 
 MAI 
 
 111 Provence, celebrated for his longevity, 
 and his gallantries in old age. He died 
 1709, aged 119. 
 
 Maii-lkbois, N. count de, lieutenant- 
 general in the French armies, distinguished 
 himself in thv (ierman wars, and was in 
 1784 sent to Holland, to resist the attempts 
 of Prussia against the Dutch patriots. At 
 the revolution he left France, and died at 
 Maestricht, 1792. 
 
 Maillebois, John Baptist Desmarets, 
 marquis of, son of Nicholas Desmarets, the 
 comptroller-general, first distinguished him- 
 self in the wars of the Spanish succession, 
 and in Italy, and by the conquest of Cor- 
 sica, for which he was made marshal of 
 France. In the war of 1741 he again sig- 
 nalized himself, but was defeated by count 
 Brown, at the battle of Placentia, 1746. He 
 died Feb. 1762, aged 80. His Campaigns 
 in Italy were published, 3 vols. 4to. 1775, 
 by marquis de Pezay. 
 
 Maillet, Benedict de, a learned French- 
 man, born in Lorraine, 1659. He was six- 
 teen years consul general in Egypt, and was 
 removed to the same honourable appoint- 
 ment at Leghorn. He retired on a pension 
 in 1716, and died at Marseilles, 1738, aged 
 79. From his papers were afterwards pub- 
 lished, a Description of Egypt, in 4to. 
 1743, and also in 2 vols. l2mo. and a work 
 on the origin of the Globe, in the form of a 
 Dialogue, 1 vol. 8vo. by Telliamed, the 
 name of De Maillet reversed. 
 
 Maimbourg, Lewis, a learned native of 
 Nancy, in Lorraine, born 1610. He be- 
 came a Jesuit, 1626, but was expelled from 
 the society by Innocent XI. for his bold op- 
 position to Rome in favour of the Gallican 
 church. The French king comforted him 
 in his disgrace by an honourable pension, 
 and he retired to the abbey of St. Victor at 
 Paris, where he died 1686. He was emi- 
 nent as a preacher, but more as a writer. 
 He published Histories of Arianism, of the 
 Iconoclasts, of the Crusades, of the Schism 
 of the West, of the Schism of the Greeks, 
 of the Decay of the Empire, of the League, 
 of Lutheranism, of Calvinism, of the Ponti- 
 ficate of St. Leo. He had many enemies 
 as a writer, but Bayle commends him as a 
 candid, learned, and well-informed his- 
 torian. 
 
 Maimonides, Moses, or Moses son of 
 Maimon, commonly called Moses Egypti- 
 cus, because physician to the sultan of 
 Egypt, was a Jewish rabbi, born at Cor- 
 dova, in Spain, 1131. He opened a school 
 in Egypt, and as his skill, not only in lan- 
 guages, but in all branches of science and 
 of philosophy, was very great, his instruc- 
 tions were attended by numerous and res- 
 pectable pupils. Thus eminently distin- 
 guished as a scholar, as a physician, and 
 also as a divine, so as to be called inferior 
 only to the legislator Moses : he beheld 
 
 with intliilerencc, and even contempt, the 
 fables and traditions of his countrjnicn, 
 and applied all thr powers of learning, and 
 the vast resources ol his mind, in the cause 
 of truth, virtue, and philosophy. Some of 
 his works were written in Arabic, but are 
 extant now in Hebn;w only. The most 
 famous of these are his Commentaries on 
 the Misna— Jad, a complete pandect of the 
 Jewish law — More Ncvochim, a valuable 
 work, explaining the difficult passages, 
 phrases, parables and allegories in scrip- 
 ture, and several other works. This great 
 and learned man died in Egypt at the age 
 of 70, and was buried with his nation in the 
 land of Upper Galilee. His death was 
 mourned for three whole days by Jews and 
 Egyptians, and the year in which he died, 
 in respect of his great virtues and learning, 
 was called Lamentum Lamentabile. 
 
 Mainfroy, prince of Tarento, was natu- 
 ral son of the emperor Frederic II. After 
 the death of Conrad IV. of Sicily, in 1254, 
 he was made guardian of the minority of 
 his son Conradin ; but his ambition soon 
 prompted him to ascend the throne, and he 
 was crowned king of Sicily, at Palermo. A 
 quarrel with Innocent IV. kindled a war, in 
 which the papal troops were defeated, and 
 Rome besieged ; but the next successor, 
 Urban IV. undismayed, excommunicated 
 his enemy, and bestowed his crown of Na- 
 ples and Sicily, on Charles of Anjou, the 
 brother of Lewis of France. The new king 
 attacked the usurper, and in a battle at 
 Benevento, 26th Feb. 1266, Mainfroy was 
 defeated and slain, and his body was cast 
 indignantly into a ditch, as he was excom- 
 municated. Though an usurper, Mainfroy 
 possessed many virtues, he patronised lite- 
 rature and the arts, and was an able war- 
 rior. His *' Chasse aux Oiseaux," ap- 
 peared 1696. 
 
 Maintenov, Frances d' Aubigne, Ma- 
 dame de, a famous French lady, was born 
 November 27th, 1635, in the prison of 
 Niort, where her father was confined for 
 some ill conduct against Richelieu. The 
 father, after his enlargement took all his 
 family, 1639, to America, and settled at 
 Martiniquo, -where he might have become 
 respectable and independent, had he not 
 ruined himself by gaming. On his death, 
 in 1646, the widow returned to France, 
 leaving her daughter as a pledge in the 
 hands of her creditors, but the child was 
 soon after sent after the mother, and taken 
 under the hospitable protection of he.- 
 aunt, Madame Villette, at Poietou. As, 
 however, she was brought up in the princi- 
 ples of the protestants, an order from the 
 court was obtained to remove her, and by 
 artifice and persuasion, she was converted 
 to the Roman ratholic religion, by her bi- 
 goted relation, Madame de Neuillant. In 
 1651 she preferred, to this irksome con- 
 
 9^1 
 
:mai 
 
 iVIAl 
 
 finemeut, an union with the abbe ScaiTon, 
 Tvho was old and deformed, but witty, and 
 the favourite of the court. On the death of 
 her husband, 1660, her distresses returned, 
 and though for a while supported at the 
 Hospitaler's convent at Paris, she solicited 
 in vain for a small pension from the court. 
 In 1671, however, she had the good fortune 
 to be appointed over the education of the 
 young duke De Maine, the king's son, by 
 his mistress, Madame de Montespan, and 
 from this situation arose her greatness. 
 The king saw her, and was captivated with 
 her manners and person, and in 1679 he 
 purchased for her the estate of Maintenon, 
 ten leagues from Versailles, from which she 
 derived her new title. In this dangerous 
 elevation, Madame Maintenon conducted 
 herself with great propriety ; she never in- 
 terfered with the politics or inti'igues of the 
 court, her sole wish was to please and 
 amuse the king, and in this she so happily 
 succeeded, that though she was two years 
 older than himself, he married her private- 
 ly, 1685. Now raised from a mistress to 
 the honourable rank of a wife, a secret, 
 however, which w^as never revealed, she 
 applied herself more frequently to acts of 
 religion and of piety, and she founded an 
 abbey for women of quality, afterwards 
 called St. Cyr, of which she called herself 
 the superior, and for the government of 
 which, she, together with Desmarets, bishop 
 of Chartres, formed good and strict regula- 
 tions. She also prevailed upon Racine, who 
 was now become a courtier, to write a trage- 
 dy upon some striking subject from the bible, 
 and in consequence of this he produced his 
 Esther, and also his Athaliahj which were 
 originally acted by the religious devotees of 
 St. Cyr. Upon the king's death, in 171 5, she 
 retired to privacy at St. Cyr, and long fa- 
 tigued with the splendour of intolerable 
 greatness, she ackno\vledged the emptiness 
 of human distinction, and ended her days 
 in penitence and devotion. Though the king 
 had made no particular provision for her, yet 
 she refused to accept from the bounty of the 
 duke of Orleans, more than 80,000 livres. 
 She died 15th April, 1719. Some have accu- 
 sed her of causing the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, but it is certain that she extended 
 her protection and liberality, to those who 
 suffered persecution for their religion. She 
 was generally the friend of virtue and me- 
 rit, and she treated with particular atten- 
 tion and favour, ?vladame de Guyon, and 
 also the great Fenelon, though afterwards 
 she was weak enough to join his persecu- 
 tors. The happiest part of her life was 
 spent, says Voltaire, in the company of the 
 buffoon Scarron, and in a letter to her 
 friend, Madame de la Maisonfort, she de- 
 clares that her grandeur was productive 
 only of melancholy, and that though court- 
 ed, flattered, and admired, she felt in her 
 2S2 
 
 mind a dismal vacuity. Some of Irer let- 
 ters have been published. 
 
 Major, John, a divine, born 1469, at. 
 Gleghorn, near North Berwick, and not at 
 Haddington. He studied at Oxford, and 
 Cambridge, and also at Paris, under Boulac 
 and Standouk, and on his return to Scot- 
 land, became divinity professor at St. An- 
 drews, and afterwards provost of the uni- 
 versity. He died about 1550. He was a 
 very learned man, and wrote in a barbarous 
 style, " De Historia Gentis Scotorum," 
 4to. — Commentarius in Physica Aristote- 
 lis, &c. — Literalis in Matthjeum Exposi- 
 tio, &c. 
 
 Major, John Daniel, a native of Bres- 
 law, was medical professor at Kiel, where 
 he founded a botanical garden. He wrote 
 Lithologia Curiosa, sive de Animal, et 
 Plantis in Lapidem conversis, 4to. — De 
 Caneris et Serpent. Petrifact. 4to. — Histo- 
 ria Anatomae, fol. &.c. and died at Stock- 
 holm, 1693, aged 59. 
 
 Majoragius, Mark Anthony, so named 
 from a village near Milan, where he was 
 born, 1514, taught belles lettres at Milan 
 with great reputation, and died 1555. He 
 was author of learned Commentaries on 
 Aristotle's Rhetoric — on Cicero's Oratory 
 — on Virgil, fol. besides some other tracts. 
 
 Majorianus, Julius Valerius, emperor of 
 the West, was successful in his war against 
 the Vandals. He was murdered by his 
 general Ricimer, 461, universally respected 
 for his virtues. 
 
 Mairan, John James d' Ortons de, a 
 French philosopher, born at Beziers, 1678. 
 He succeeded, in 1741, Fontenelle, as sec- 
 retary to the academy of sciences, and dis- 
 played in that situation, great abilities. He 
 died at Paris, 20th Feb. 1771. He wrote 
 Dissertation on the cause of Phosphoric 
 Light — on the Aurora Borealis— on Ice- 
 Letters concerning China, and other things, 
 published in the memoirs of the acade- 
 
 my, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Maire, John le, a French poet, born at 
 Bavai, in Hainault, 1473. He wrote an 
 allegorical poem, called Three Tales of Cu- 
 pid and of Atropos, and other poems, in 
 which he too often oflended against deli- 
 cacy. He died 1524, or according to 
 others, 1548. 
 
 Maire, James le, a Dutch navigator. 
 "With two vessels he sailed 14th June, in 
 
 1615, from the Texel, and discovered in 
 
 1616, the straits to which he gave his name, 
 in South America, and after touching at 
 New Guinea, he reached Batavia. Here, 
 though among his countrymen, he was 
 seized as a spy, as violating the rights of 
 the Dutch East India company, and his 
 ship was confiscated. He died in his re- 
 turn to Europe, 22d January, 1617. His 
 voyage is published in a Latin collection^ 
 Amstej-clam. 1622, folio- 
 
MAI 
 
 ),IM. 
 
 Mairh, N. Ic, a surgeon of Lyons, who 
 acquired eminence by his Treatises on the 
 Nervous Fluid, and on Magnetism. He 
 died at Lyons, Aug. 1787. 
 
 Maiukt, John, a French poet, born at 
 Besan(,on, 1604. He was page to the duke 
 of Montmorency, and distinguished himself 
 against the Huguenots, and as a negotiator. 
 He received a pension from the duke, and 
 was patronised by cardinals Richelieu, and 
 La Valette, and the count of Soissons. He 
 died 1686. He wrote some poems and 
 miscellanies, besides twelve tragedies of no 
 great merit. 
 
 Maisieres, Philip de, a native of Mai- 
 sieres, in the diocess of Amiens. He served 
 in the army in Sicily and Arragon, and af- 
 terwards he went to the Holy Land, and 
 was among the forces of the infidels, that 
 he might ascertain their number and dis- 
 cipline. After being employed by Peter, 
 king of Cyprus, he returned to France, in 
 1372, and was made by Charles V. coun- 
 sellor of state, and governor to the dau- 
 phin. Disgusted with the world, he re- 
 tired among the Celestines, in 1380, and 
 died 1405. He wrote some devotional 
 tracts, &c. 
 
 Maistre, Anthony le, born at Paris, 
 1608, from a pleader became a member 
 of the Port Royal Society, and led a life 
 of austerity. He died 1658. He wrote 
 a Life of St. Bernard — a Translation of 
 Chrysostom de Saceniotio, &c. and other 
 works. 
 
 Maistre, Lewis Isaac le, better known 
 by the name of Sacy, was brother to the 
 preceding, and was born at Paris, 1613. 
 He took orders, but on suspicion of Jan- 
 senism, he was in 1666 thrown into the 
 Bastille. During his confinement of two 
 years he composed several works, and 
 translated the Bible, with annotations, in 
 32 vols. 8vo. He translated besides, some 
 of Chrysostom's Homilies, three of Te- 
 rence's Plays — Kempis, on the Imitation of 
 Christ — an Attack on the Jesuits — Letters 
 of Piety, 2 vols. &c. He died at Pompona, 
 1684, aged 71. 
 
 Maitland, John, lord of Thyrlestane, 
 was born 1 545. He was educated in Scot- 
 land, and studied the law afterwards in 
 France, and practised with such success 
 that James VI. made him his secretary of 
 state, 1584, and the next year lord chan- 
 cellor of the kingdom. He attended his 
 master to Denmark in 1589, where the 
 princess, his bride, was detained by con- 
 trary winds. He died much regretted, 
 1595. He wrote EpigrammataLatina, pub- 
 lished in the Delicise Scotornm Poetarum, 
 Amst. 1637. 
 
 Maitland, William, a Scotch antiqua- 
 rian, born at Brechin, Forfarshire, 1693. 
 From a hair merchant he became a man of 
 betters, and settled in London, where he 
 
 published his History of London, folio, 
 1739. In 1753 appciircd hi-. History of 
 Edinburgh, folio, and in 1757 his History 
 and Antiquities of Scotland, 3 vols. fol. He 
 died at Montrose, aged 64, and left behind 
 him a fortune, it is said, of 1U,0(M)/. 
 
 Maittaire, Michael, a learned writer, 
 born in London, 1668. He was educated 
 at Westminster school and Christ church, 
 Oxford, where he was made studf-nt, by the 
 friendship of Dr. South, the canon. He was 
 appointed second master of Westminster 
 school, 1695, and continued four years in 
 that oflice. He distinguished himself as a 
 writer by two pamphlets against Whiston, 
 in 1711, and by his Stephanorum Historia, 
 &c. — Annales Typographici, 5 vols. 1719- 
 1741 — Opera Veterum Poetarum, 2 vob. 
 folio — the Greek Testament, edited, 2 vols- 
 1714 — Editions of Justin, Lucretius, Pater- 
 culus, Catullus, Terence, Virgil, Ovid, Mar- 
 tial, and other Latin classics — Grajca; Lin- 
 gua; Dialecti, 8vo. — Anacreon — Miscella- 
 nea Urajconim, &c. He was patronised by 
 the first and second lords Oxford, and was 
 Latin tutor to lord Chesterfield's favourite 
 son. He died greatly respected, 7th Aug. 
 1747. His valuable library, the collection 
 of 50 years, was sold after his death, 
 during 44 nights, by auction, by Cock and 
 Langford. 
 
 Maius, John Henry, or May, a Lutheran 
 divine, born 1653, at Pfortzheim, in Ba- 
 den-Dourlach. He was professor of orien- 
 tal languages in several universities, and 
 lastly at Giessen where he died 1719. He 
 wrote Historia Animalium Scripturae Sacrae, 
 8vo. — Vita Johannis Reuchlini, 8vo. — Sy- 
 nopsis Theologiae Symbolicae, 4to. — His- 
 toria Reformationis Lutheri, 4to. &c. 
 
 Makin, Thomas, a poet, and one of the 
 earliest settlers of Pennsylvania, who em- 
 ployed himself a number of years in teach- 
 ing a public grammar school in that colony, 
 and for some time held the office of clerk of 
 the provincial assembly. He published two 
 Latin poems in 1728 and 1729, entitled 
 " Encomium," and " Discriptio Pennsylva- 
 niae.'' ICJ^ L. 
 
 Malachi, the last of the 12 minor pro- 
 phets, prophesied after Haggai and Zecha- 
 riah, under Nehemiah. Some doubt 
 whether there was such a prophet. He 
 was supposed to have died young. He 
 foretold chiefly the coming of John the 
 Baptist. 
 
 Malacht, St. a native of Armagh, suc- 
 cessively abbot of Benctor, bishop of Con- 
 nor, and archbishop of Armagh, which he 
 resigned 1135. He died at Clairvaux, in 
 the arms of his friend St. Bernard, 1148. 
 He was a very learned man, and introduced 
 some wise regulations in his diocess. The 
 predictions attributed to him are properly 
 considered as impositions. 
 
 Malacrida, (jrabriel, an Italian Jesuit, 
 
 W3 
 
MAL 
 
 MAL 
 
 sent by his superiors into Portugal as a 
 missionary. Hia zeal and his eloquence 
 soon rendered him popular, and he became 
 so ambitious that, it is said, he, with Alex- 
 ander and Mathos, joined the duke d'Aveiro 
 in his conspiracy against the king of Portu- 
 gal. When the Jesuits were banished, he 
 and his two companions were permitted to 
 continue to reside in the kingdom, and there 
 he became soon known as a violent enthu- 
 siast ; he declared himscif the ambassador 
 and immediate prophet of God, and even 
 pretended to work miracles. His extrava- 
 gant conduct and his writings were at last 
 noticed by the inquisition, and when he de- 
 clared that the king's death had been re- 
 vealed to him, he was condemned by the 
 arbitrary tribunal, and was burnt alive, 2lat 
 Sept. 1761, aged 75, as a false prophet. 
 
 Malaval, Francis, a native of Mar- 
 seilles, who though he lost his sight at the 
 age of nine months, acquired some celebrity 
 as a mystical writer on quietism. He pub- 
 lished Spiritual Poetry re-edited Amster- 
 dam, 1714 — Lives of Saints — Life of Philip 
 Benizzi. He died at Marseilles, 15th May, 
 1719, aged 92. 
 
 Malaval, John, a native of Pezan, 
 near Nismes, who came early to Paris, and 
 gained eminence as a surgeon. He con- 
 tributed some valuable observations to the 
 memoirs of the academy of surgery, and 
 died 1758, aged 89, after surviving for some 
 years the sound use of his faculties. 
 
 Malbone, Edward G. miniature painter, 
 was born in Newport, Rhode-Island, and 
 educated at a common school. He early 
 discovered a taste for painting, and em- 
 ployed himself in drawing likenesses, in 
 which he at length became highly skilful. 
 In 1800 he visited London, and improved 
 his knowledge of his profession by inter- 
 course with Mr. West, and other distin- 
 guished artists. He returned to the United 
 States in 1801, and continued in his pro- 
 fession chiefly in New- York and Charles- 
 ton until his death. He was one of the best 
 in that branch of the art among his cotem- 
 poraries. His taste was fine, and he ex- 
 celled in the expression of character. He 
 died at Savannah, May 7th, 1807, aged 31. 
 
 ICT" L. 
 
 Malcolm, James Peller, an artist and 
 antiquary, was a native of America, from 
 whence he came when young to study paint- 
 ing at the Royal Academy. But failing in 
 that line, he had recourse to engraving, and 
 executed a number of topographical plates, 
 chiefly for the works of Mr. Gough and Mr. 
 Nichols. He also became a member of the 
 Society of Antiquaries, and published — 1. 
 " Londinum Redivivum ; or an ancient and 
 modern Description of London," 4 vols. 
 4to. — 2. Letters between the Rev. James 
 Granger and many eminent men, 8vo. — 3. 
 First Impressions, or Sketches from Art 
 2fi4 
 
 and Nature, 8vo. — 4. Anecdotes of the 
 Manners and Customs of London, 4to. — 
 5. Miscellaneous Anecdotes, 8vo. — 6. A 
 historical Sketch of the Art of Carricatu- 
 ring, 4to. He died in indigent circum- 
 stances in 1815. — W.B. 
 
 Malcolm IV. grandson of David, king 
 of Scotland, 1153. He was a liberal and 
 benevolent prince, and founded several 
 monasteries, and died 1165. 
 
 Maldonat, John, a Spanish Jesuit, born 
 at Fuente del Maestro, in Estramadura, 
 1534. He was an able scholar, and dis- 
 tinguished himself at the universities of 
 Salamanca and Rome, and became a popu- 
 lar professor in 1d63 at Paris, and after- 
 wards in 1570 at Poictiers. He was also 
 in the Jesuits' college at Bourges, and then 
 went to Rome, by order of Gregory XIII. 
 to superintend the publication of the Sep- 
 tuagint. He there finished his Commentary 
 on the Gospels, and died 1583. He wrote 
 besides Commentaries on Jeremiah, Ba- 
 ruch, Ezekiel, and Daniel — Various trea- 
 tises on Grace — on Justice — Original Sin, 
 &c. He is deservedly respected as an 
 acute critic, an excellent theologian, well 
 skilled in the learned languages, and he 
 possessed moreover, says Thuanus, singular 
 piety, and purity of manners. 
 
 Malebranche, Nicholas, a French phi- 
 losopher, born at Paris, 6th Aug. 1638. He 
 studied at the colleges of la Marche, and 
 Sorbonne, and in 1660 was admitted into 
 the congregation of the oratory. He ap- 
 plied himself at first to ecclesiastical his- 
 tory, and afterwards to rabbinical learn- 
 ing, but found these pursuits not congenial 
 to his mind, till in the perusal of Des 
 Cartes's treatise upon Man, he discovered 
 that philosophy was the science in which 
 he was destined to be illustrious. He now 
 devoted himself to serious meditation, and 
 even closed his windows not to be inter- 
 rupted by the light. His first and greatest 
 work is " de la Recherche de la Verite," or 
 Search after Truth, printed at Paris, 1674. 
 In this celebrated work the author proves 
 that our senses and passions lead us to 
 error, and that truth can be discovered on- 
 ly by thinking in God. Of human know- 
 ledge he speaks with contempt, but pays 
 adoration to that sublime light which pro- 
 ceeds from the ideal world. In this, and 
 in his other works, he shows himself, says 
 Locke, an acute and ingenious author, 
 abounding in fine thoughts, judicious rea- 
 sonings, and uncommon reflections. His 
 other works are all on the same metaphysi- 
 cal subjects, and are nothing but explana- 
 tions of the principles laid down in his 
 " search," with much depth of reasoning, 
 and force of genius. He died 1715, aged 55. 
 
 Maleguzzi-valeri, Veronica, a learned 
 lady, born at Reggio. She supported in 
 public in a very satisfactory manner two 
 
MAL 
 
 MAL 
 
 ihcses on the liberal arts, which have been 
 published, besides Innocence Kecogniaed, a 
 drama, and she died 1G90, in the convent 
 of Modena, where she had retired. 
 
 Malelas, John, author of a chronicle 
 from the creation, to the reign of Justinian, 
 taught rhetoric at Antioch about 900. His 
 works appeared at Oxford, IGUI. 
 
 Mai.ekmi, or Malekbi, Nicholas, a Ve- 
 netian monk, who translated into Italian 
 the Bible, printed at Venice, 2 vols. fol. 
 1471. He also wrote " the Legends of the 
 Saints," 1474, fol. 
 
 Malesherbes, Christian William La- 
 moignon, a celebrated Frenchman, son of 
 the chancellor of France. He was born at 
 Paris 16th Dec. 1721, and brought up to the 
 bar. He gradually rose to the office of lirst 
 president of the court of Aides, 1750, and 
 for 25 years was thus zealously engaged in 
 the service of his country, in supporting 
 and invigorating the industry of her inha- 
 bitants. After he had retired from this la- 
 borious duty to his estate, he was recalled 
 in 1775, by Louis XVI. to become the 
 minister of the interior, and in this high 
 situation he conducted himself with the 
 humanity and attention of a great and a 
 good man. The prisons were visited, and 
 no longer contained any but criminals who 
 had violated the law ; various employments 
 were introduced to recommend habits of 
 industry, and the apartments were render- 
 ed more commodious for the unfortunate 
 captives. The retirement of Turgot from 
 office was attended by that of his friend 
 Malesherbes, who now employed himself 
 in travelling under an assumed name and in 
 a plain dress over France, Switzerland, and 
 Holland, and in examining the various 
 manufactures, curiosities, and arts of each 
 province. He hailed the revolution as the 
 forerunner of blessings to France, but soon 
 saw his hopes vanish ; yet while others fled 
 from the field of danger, he boldly appeared 
 before the convention ; and actuated by 
 gratitude and humanity, he no sooner saw 
 his sovereign dragged as a criminal before 
 his subjects, than he demanded the privi- 
 lege and the honour of being his defender. 
 The heroic conduct of this venerable man, 
 while it drew admiration from all, had no 
 effect on the bloody convention. His ap- 
 peals in favour of Louis and of virtue were 
 of no avail, and he was the first to an- 
 nounce to the unfortunate monarch the ill 
 success of his defence. So much goodness 
 it might have been expected ought to have 
 met respect among a civilized nation, but 
 it proved otherwise. No sooner was his 
 daughter, the wife of the president Rosam- 
 bo, accused of treason and hurried to prison, 
 than the aged father requested he might 
 accompany his beloved child. The request 
 was granted, and in a few days, alas, he 
 appeared with her and her child before the 
 
 Vol. II. 31 
 
 revolutionary tribunal, and with her and 
 her innocent child he ascended tlic scaflTold. 
 These illustrious victims sud'ered 22d 
 April, 1793. He was author of a trcatiiC 
 on Rural Economy ; Thouj^hts and Max- 
 ims ; Two Memoirs on the Civil State of 
 the Protestants. 
 
 Malezieu, Nicolas de, a French author, 
 born at Paris 1650. He was tutor to the 
 dukes of Maine and Burgundy, and the 
 distinguisheil friend of Bossuet, and of 
 Montausier. He was involved in the dis- 
 grace of his patron the duke of Orleans, 
 and died 4th March, 1727, aged 77. He 
 published Elements of Geography, 8vo. ; 
 several pieces in prose, &.c. He was mem- 
 ber of the French academy, and of that of 
 sciences. 
 
 Malfillastre, James Charles Lewis, 
 a French poet, born 8th Oct. 1732, at St. 
 John de Caen. He died at Paris 6th March 
 1767. He was patronised by count Laura- 
 guais, and his poem on Narcissus in the 
 isle of Venus, acquired him celebrity. He 
 wrote besides, odes, sonnets, &c. and in 
 the midst of that retirement which he pre- 
 ferred to public life, he rendered himself 
 amiable and respected by the benevolence 
 of his heart, and the innocence and simpli- 
 city of his manners. 
 
 Malherbe, Francis de, a French poet, 
 who according to Bayle, Balzac, ar.d Boi- 
 leau formed the taste and judgment of his 
 countrymen in matters of polite literature, 
 and introduced, with purity of language, 
 harmonious numbers and a just cadence. 
 He was born at Caen, about 1555, and died 
 at Paris 1623. He was patronised by Hen- 
 ly the Great, and Mary de Medicis, and 
 the particulars of his life were written by 
 his friend and companion Racan. Though 
 an elegant writer, he composed verses w ith 
 great labour. His poetical works, divided 
 into six books, consist of paraphrases on 
 the psalms, odes, sonnets, and epigrams, 
 published 1666, with the notes of Menage, 
 and 1757, 8vo. He also translated some 
 of Seneca's works, and some of Livy's de- 
 cades. 
 
 Malingre, Claude, a French historian, 
 born at Sens. His best work is said to be 
 the Histoiy of the Honorary Dignities of 
 France, 8vo. His other composition.^, 
 which are numerous on historical subjects, 
 are far from respectable. He died 1C55. 
 
 Malipierra, Olympia, a Venitian lady 
 of noble birth, who wrote poems of some 
 merit, inserted in Bulifon's collection, pub- 
 lished at Naples, and died 1559. 
 
 Mallemans, Claude, a native of Bcaunc, 
 member of the congregation of the oratory, 
 and professor of Philosophy at Pai-is, where 
 he died 1723, aged 77. He is author of a 
 New Philosophical System of the World, 
 l2mo, — the Famous Problem of the Quad- 
 rature of the Circle, l2mo. ^c. 
 
 265 
 
MAL 
 
 MAL 
 
 Mallemaks, John, brother to the pie- 
 t-eding, took orders after being captain of 
 dragoons. Besides a translation of Virgil 
 into French, he wrote a History of Reli- 
 gion from the Creation to the Reign of Jo- 
 vian — Dissertations on Difficult Passages 
 in the Scriptures, kc. He died 1740, aged 
 91. 
 
 Mallet, David, or Malloch, an En- 
 glish poet, born in Scotland about 1700, 
 and educated at Edinburgh. He was re- 
 commended by his college to become tutor 
 to the sons of the duke of Montrose, and 
 after travelling with his pupils, he settled in 
 London, where he was the companion of 
 the gi*eat, the learned, and the witty. In 
 1724, he commenced author, and in 1733, 
 paid his court to Pope in his " Verbal Ci-i- 
 ticism," a woi'k of little merit. In 1740, ap- 
 peared his life of lord Bacon, displaying 
 moi'e ' knowledge of history than of scien- 
 ces, and soon after he undertook the life of 
 the duke of Marlborough, at the request of 
 the Duchess ; but, says his biographer, 
 many were apprehensive that as he had for- 
 gotten Bacon was a philosopher, he might 
 not recollect that Marlborough Avas a gene- 
 ral. The work never appeared. Mallet 
 afterwards became secretary to the prince 
 of Wales with a salary of 200/. a year, and 
 assisted Thompson in the composition of 
 his Masque of Alfred, which was repeatedly 
 acted before the pi-ince at Cliefden, 1740, 
 and also at Drury-lanc, 1751. The poet 
 flied 1765. His works have been collected 
 in 3 vols. 12mo. but possess little poetical 
 merit. He published lord Bolingbroke's 
 works, 5 vols. 4to. as his lordship had left 
 the cai-e of them to him as his property. 
 
 Mallet, Edmuuf', a French divine, 
 born at Melun, 1713. He was in 1751, 
 made pi'ofessor of divinity in the college of 
 Navarre, at Paris, where he died, 1755. 
 He was one of the writers of the Encyclo- 
 pedia, on the articles of divinity and belles 
 lettres, and composed besides several works 
 on the principles of poetry and eloquence — 
 Essay on the best Orators — a History of 
 the civil Wars under Francis II. Charles 
 IX. &.C. from the Italian of Davila. 
 
 ?»Iallet, Paul Henry, an historian, was 
 born at Geneva, in 1730. He became pro- 
 fessor of the belles lettres, at Copenhagen, 
 and v/as a member of several learned so- 
 cieties. He died in 1807. His works are 
 — 1. Histoire de Danemarck. 2. Histoire 
 de Hesse, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. Histoire de 
 la Maison de Brunswick, 3 vols. 4. His- 
 toire des Suisses, 4 vols. 5. Histoire de 
 la Ligue Aneeatique, 2 vols. 8vo. Bishop 
 Percy translated Mallet's Introduction to 
 his History of Denmavjf, with the title of 
 *' Northern Antiquities," 2 vols. — W. B. 
 
 Mallet du Pan, James, a native of 
 fJpneva, educated under the patronage of 
 
 Voltaire, at Cassel, where he became por- 
 fessor of belles lettres. Afterwards as the 
 continuator of the annals of Linguet, and 
 the conductor of the Mercure de France, 
 he acquired celebrity, but when the French 
 revolution broke out, his attachment to the 
 royal cause exposed him to the severest 
 persecutions of the republicans. After be- 
 ing 115 times denounced as a dangerous 
 man, and finding no safe asylum either in 
 France, or in Switzerland, or at Geneva, 
 he came to London, where he conducted 
 the Mercure Britannique. In this periodi- 
 cal work, by wishing to please every party 
 he offended all : the jacobins were disgust- 
 ed with the details which recalled to mind 
 their cruel excesses, and the emigrants were 
 displeased that opinions were entertained 
 which discouraged the introduction of the 
 ancient government of France. Notwith- 
 standing these jarring opinions it was evi- 
 dent that he possessed great powers of 
 mind, independence of sentiment, and in- 
 tegrity of character. This learned but 
 persecuted man died at Richmond, 15th 
 May, 1800, in the house of his friend Lalli- 
 Tollendal, leaving a wife and five children, 
 for whose maintenance a handsome sub- 
 scription was raised. He wTote besides, 
 the Influence of Philosophy on Literature, 
 Svo. — Discourse on Eloquence and Politi- 
 cal Systems, 12mo. — Considerations on 
 the French Revolution, 8vo. — Correspon- 
 dence for an History of French Republi- 
 canism, Svo. &c. 
 
 Mallinkrott, Bernard, dean of the 
 cathedral of Munster, was very learned but 
 very turbulent. He was nominated to two 
 bishoprics, but his ambition was to be 
 bishop of Munster; yet he was defeated in 
 his intrigues, and 1650, in consequence of 
 his seditious conduct he was degraded, and 
 afterwards imprisoned by his rival in the 
 castle of Ottinzheim, where he died 1664. 
 He wrote de Natura et Usu Literarum, 4to. 
 de Orto et Progressu Artis Typographicae, 
 4to. — Paralipomenon de Historicis Graecis, 
 4to. and other works. 
 
 Malone, Edmund, the son of an Irish 
 judge, was born at Dublin, in 1741. He 
 was educated at the university of his native 
 city, from whence he removed to the Inner 
 Temple, and in 1767 was called to the bar ; 
 but being possessed of an independent for- 
 tune, he retired from the profession, and 
 devoted himself to literature. In 1780 he 
 published two supplementary volumes to 
 Steevens's Shakspeare, and a detection of 
 Chatterton's forgeries. In 1790 appeared 
 his edition of Shakspeare ; and in 1795 he 
 exposed the imposture of the Irelands. In 
 1797 he published the life of Sir Joshua 
 Reynolds ; in 1800 that of Dryden, pre^ 
 fixed to an edition of his prose works ; and 
 in 1808 he printed the Life and Tracts o( 
 
MAI. 
 
 MAN 
 
 VVilHum (icranl Iluinilton ; and in l.-ill a 
 Ihograpliiciil Sketch of the risht Hon. Wil- 
 liam Wiiulhaui. Mr. Malonc died May 
 25, lSV2.— iy. B. 
 
 Malouin, Paul James, a native of Caen, 
 professor of Medicine in the royal college 
 at Paris, and physician to the queen. He 
 nrotc a treatise on Chymistry — on Medical 
 Chymistry — and the Chymical Articles in 
 the Encyclopedic. He died at Paris 1777, 
 aged 76. Another of the same name and 
 family was author of a Treatise on Solid 
 and Fluid bodies, and practised as a physi- 
 cian. He died 1718. 
 
 Malpighi, Marcello, an Italian physi- 
 cian, born 10th March, 1628, at Creval- 
 cuore, near Bologna. He studied anatomy 
 and physic at Bologna, under Massari and 
 Mariano, and took there his doctor's de- 
 gree 1653. In 1656, he was appointed 
 professor, by the senate of Bologna, but 
 soon left it by the invitation of the grand 
 duke of Tuscany, to settle at Pisa, where 
 his curious experiments were assisted by 
 his friend Borelli. In 1659, as the air of 
 Pisa did not agree with him, he returned to 
 Bologna, where he practised with great 
 popularity. In 1662, he was prevailed upon 
 to go to Messina as professor, and in 1691, 
 the new pope Innocent XII. sent for him 
 to Rome, and made him his physician. He 
 died 29th Nov. 1694, in consequence of a 
 paralytic stroke. His discoveries in ana- 
 tomy were curious and important. By 
 his delicate dissections he found out the 
 lobules of the liver, and the nature of the 
 formation and mechanism of the kidneys, 
 and of the reins, and of the heart. His 
 works were printed together, London, 
 1697, folio, and reprinted more correctly, 
 Amst. 1698, in 4to. 
 
 Malus, Stephen Louis, a mathemati- 
 cian, was born at Paris in 1775. He be- 
 came a professor in the military school at 
 Metz ; after which he served as an engi- 
 neer in the army, and went to Egypt, where 
 he discovered a new branch of the Nile. 
 He also drew a map of the country, on 
 which he wrote a memoir, inserted in the 
 " Decade Egyptienne." After distinguish- 
 ing himself in several actions, he returned 
 to Europe, and in 1811 obtained the Cop- 
 leyan medal fiom the Royal Society, for 
 Lis discoveries and experiments on double 
 refraction. He was director of the Poly- 
 technic school, a major of engineers^ and 
 superintendent of the fortifications. He 
 died in 1812.— IF. B. 
 
 Malvasia, Charles Caesar, a native of 
 Bologna, author of an Italian History of 
 the Painters of Bologna, 2 vols. — and Alar- 
 mora Felsinea, 4to. 1660. He was canon 
 of Bologna cathedral. 
 
 Malvezzi, Virgilio, marquis of, an Ita- 
 lian writer, born at Bologna, 1599. He 
 studied the law and took his doctor's dc- 
 
 giee, 1616, L»ul afterwards he applied linn 
 self to arms, and was employed by Philiji 
 IV. of Spain, and a.linittr d into his council 
 of war. He dit:(l at IJulogna 11th Aug. 
 1654. He wrote various works in Spanish 
 and Italian, and was author of a discourse 
 on Tacitus' first book of Annals, translated 
 into English. 
 
 Mambrun, Peter, a French Jesuit, born 
 at Clermont, 1581. He has written some 
 elegant Latin eclogues and georgics in the 
 style of Virgil, besides a heroic poem in 12 
 books, called Constantine, and a valuable 
 " Peripatetic Dissertation." He died 1661. 
 
 Mammea, Julia, mother of tlie emperor 
 Severus, is known for her virtues, and the 
 judicious conduct which she dij-played du- 
 ring the minority of her son. She was a.--- 
 sassinated by the rebellious soldiers with 
 her son, at Mayence, 235. 
 
 Man*, Cornelius de, a native of Delft) 
 who, after studying painting in Italy and 
 France nine years, returned to his country 
 where he settled, and acquired celebrity by 
 his representation of historical pieces, con- 
 versations, &c. He died 1706, aged 85. 
 
 Manaua, Prosper, an Italian poet and 
 marquis, was born in the duchy of Parniaj 
 in 1714. He became chamberlain to the 
 duke, and was intrusted with the educa- 
 tion of the young prince Ferdinand, whii-h 
 office he discharged with such satisfaction, 
 that he was advanced to several places of 
 distinction. He died in 1800. His works 
 were published by Bodcui, in 4 vols. r2mo. 
 1801, with his life prefixed.— IT. B. 
 
 Manasseh, succeeded his father Heze- 
 kiah, at the age of 12. Disgraced by his 
 ill conduct, he was, 677 B. C. carried by 
 Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, a captive to 
 Babylon. His misfortunes and bis capti- 
 vity produced reflection and repentance^ 
 and when restored to his kingdom he be- 
 came an exemplary monarch, and re-esta- 
 blished the worship of the God of his fa- 
 thers. There is an excellent prayer by him 
 preserved in the Apocrypha. He died B. 
 C. 643. 
 
 Mancinelli, Antonio, an Italian poet 
 and orator, born at Velitri, 1452. He i»ub- 
 lished a poem, " Silva Vitae Suae," and 
 other pieces, and died 1506. 
 
 Manco-Capac, founder of the Peruvian 
 empire, declared himself to lie the descend- 
 ant of the sun. After civilizing his sub- 
 jects, and uniting their scattered tribes un- 
 der one monarchy, he was regarded and 
 worshipped as a deity after his death. 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John, a famous En- 
 glish traveller, born at St. Alban's, 1300. 
 He left England 1332, and during an ab- 
 sence of 34 years he visited the various 
 countries of Scythia, Armenia, Egypt, Ara- 
 bia, Media, Persia, Chaldea, Greece, &c. 
 and made himself well acquainted with 
 their language and manners. At his re 
 
 267 
 
MAJS 
 
 MAN 
 
 Uxeu he wrote an ** Itinerary," or account 
 of his travels, in English, French, and La- 
 Jin, which is interesting and curious, but 
 abounds with the marvellous and the ficti- 
 tious. He died at Liege, 17th Nov. 1372. 
 Mandeville, Bernard de, M. D. a 
 Dutch physician, born at Dort, 1670. Af- 
 ter studying in Holland, he came over to 
 England in the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century, where he wrote scvei-al books. 
 His " Virgin Unmasked," a most licentious 
 performance, was published 1709, and in 
 1711, his "Treatise of the Hypocondria 
 and Hysteric Passions," a work of some 
 merit. In 1723, he published his poem 
 with notes, called " the Fables of the Bees, 
 or Private Vices made Public Benefits," a 
 work which was reprehended by the grand 
 jury of Middlesex, and attacked from va- 
 rious quarters. The author took no notice 
 of his opponents till 1728, when he pub- 
 lished another volume called the second 
 part of the Fables of the Bees. It has been 
 observed that he improperly confounds su- 
 perfluities and faults, and by representing 
 human nature as low and vicious, and men 
 as knaves and libertines, he destroys all 
 the noble incentives to virtue. In 1720, he 
 published " Free Thoughts on Religion," 
 and in 1732, an Inquiry into the Origin of 
 Honour, &c. He died Jan. 1733. The 
 literary opponents of Dr. Mandeville, were 
 Dr. Fiddes, J. Dennis, W. Law, Bluet, 
 Hutcheson, A. Campbell, and Berkeley, 
 bishop of Cloyne. 
 
 Manduillon, I. a native of Bourg-en- 
 Bresse, who embraced the mercantile pro- 
 fession, and travelled in America and Hol- 
 land. He settled in Holland, but his oppo- 
 sition to the Stadtholder made him unpopu- 
 lar, and he returned to France, where the 
 independence of his character rendered him 
 suspected to Robespierre, who ordered him 
 to the guillotine, 1793. He wrote the Ame- 
 rican Spectator, 8vo. a work of merit, and 
 other things. 
 
 Manes, the founder of a sect of the Ma- 
 liichees. He began to pi'opagate about the 
 year 277, his doctrines which indeed he had 
 derived from others, especially one Scythi- 
 anus, whose works had fallen into his hands. 
 Mingling the pure doctrines of Christianity 
 ivith the fables of paganism, he taught that 
 there were two principles of all things, co- 
 cternal and coeval, that is, God and the 
 devil, that from the former all good, and 
 from the latter all evil proceeded. The 
 good being he called the author of the 
 New Testament, the bad of the Old. God, 
 Le added, created the soul, the devil the 
 body. The followers of these superstitious 
 and incongruous notions were at one time 
 ^ery numerous. Manes pretended also to 
 work miracles, and he was therefore sent 
 for by Sapor king of Persia to cure his son, 
 but his pretended power failed him, the 
 268 
 
 child died in his arms, and the disappointed 
 father ordered the prophet to be flayed alive, 
 and his skin stuffed with chaff", to be hung 
 up at the gates of the capital, wherie Epi- 
 phanius who refuted his doctrines and ex- 
 posed his follies, saw it. 
 
 Manetho, an Egyptian historian, author 
 of a Greek history of his country, B.C. 
 304. His works are lost, except a poem 
 on the influence of the stars, published 
 Leyden, 1698. 
 
 Manetti, Gianozzo, a native of Flo- 
 rence, illustrious as one of those active 
 men to whom the revival of literature may 
 be attributed. He studied under Chryso- 
 loras, and read lectures at Florence, on the 
 philosophy of Aristotle, and assisted in the 
 affairs of the government. He afterwards 
 retired to Rome, where he became secre- 
 tary to pope Nicholas V. and next went inta 
 the service of Alphonso king of Naples, 
 where he died 1459, aged 63. Besides a 
 Latin translation of the Greek Testament, 
 he wrote the lives of Dante, Petrarch, Boc- 
 cacio, Nicholas V. ; a treatise against the 
 Jews ; on the Dignity of Man ; on the 
 Works of Aristotle, &c. 
 
 Manetti, Rutilio, a native of Siena, 
 eminent as a painter. His works adorn the 
 palaces of Florence and Pisa. He died 
 1639, aged 68. 
 
 Manetti, Xavier, professor of botany 
 and medicine at Florence, was keeper of 
 the imperial garden, and author of Cata- 
 logus Horti Academiae Florent — Viridarium 
 Florent, 8vo. — Ornithologiae Tomus Quin- 
 tus et Ultimus, fol. 1775. He died 1785, 
 at Florence. 
 
 Manfredi, Eustachio, an Italian mathe- 
 matician, born 1674, at Bologna, where he 
 became mathematical professor. He was 
 member of several learned societies, and 
 died 1739. He wrote Ephemerides, 4 vols. 
 4to. — de Transitu Mercurii per Solem, 
 1723 — de Annuis Stellarum Aberrationibus, 
 4to. and also sonnets and canzonets, edited 
 1713. 
 
 Manfredi, Bartholomew, a painter, 
 born at Mantua 1574. He successfully 
 imitated his master Michael Angelo, of 
 Caravaggio, and in his representation of 
 soldiers, sailors, peasants, and drunken 
 scenes, &c. was much admired, 
 
 Mangeart, Thomas, a learned Benedic- 
 tine, greatly honoured by the duke of Lor- 
 raine, to whom he was antiquary, librarian 
 and counsellor. He died 1763. His great 
 work is " Introduction to the Science of 
 Medals," folio, besides sermons, &c. 
 
 Mangenot, Lewis, a native of Paris, 
 author of eclogues, fables, tales, and madri- 
 gals, &c. published Amsterdam 1776. He 
 was an ecclesiastic, and died at Paris 1768, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Manget, John James, an eminent phy- 
 sician, born at Geneva 1652^ He was phy- 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 ^iclan to the elector of Brandcnljurg, and 
 died at Geneva 1742, aged 90. lie pub- 
 lished Bibliotheca Anatomica-Pharniaeeu- 
 tica-Medica — Chirurgica — Scriptorum Me- 
 dicorum ; Chymicaet Pharmacopeia, works 
 of more labour than genius, and compre- 
 hended in 14 folio vols. 
 
 Mangey, Thomas, fellow of St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, and D.D. became rec- 
 tor of St. Mildred's Bread-street, vicar of 
 Yealing, and prebendary of London. lie 
 published an edition of Philo-Judajus, 2 
 vols, folio ; Remarks upon Nazarenus, 
 against Toland, 8vo. ; and Practical Dis- 
 courses on the Lord's Prayer, preached at 
 Lincoln's Inn, of which the third edition 
 appeared 1721. He died 11th March, 
 1755. 
 
 Manilius, Mai'cus, a poet in the reign 
 of Tiberius. His Astronomicon, which 
 was discovered by the learned Poggio in the 
 16th century, is best edited 1787, at Stras- 
 burg, Svo. 
 
 Manley, Mary, an English writer, born 
 at Guernsey, where her father Sir Roger 
 was governor. She lost, when very young, 
 her mother, and her father some time after, 
 and in this distressing situation she was en- 
 ticed into a marriage with a relation of the 
 same name, to whose care her unprotected 
 innocence had been intrusted by her dying 
 pai-ents. The new husband, who had 
 already another wife, took his bride to 
 London, and soon after cruelly deserted 
 her. She afterwards became acquainted 
 with the dutchess of Cleveland, one of the 
 king's mistresses, but upon being dismissed 
 by her, she determined to spend the rest of 
 her life in retirement and obscurity. This 
 might have succeeded, but her " Royal 
 Mischief," a tragedy, when represented at 
 Lincoln's-Inn-fields theatre, proved so 
 popular that she was now courted and flat- 
 tered by men of wit and gallantry, and she 
 in an evil hour yielded her virtue to the lure 
 of temptation. But though engaged in 
 intrigues, she still continued to be an au- 
 thor, and her "Memoirs of the New Ata- 
 lantis," a romance in 4 vols, in which she 
 described in wanton language the amours 
 of some distinguished characters, but in 
 feigned names, drew upon her a prosecu- 
 tion. Her printer and publisher were ap- 
 prehended, but she nobly appeared before 
 the king's bench to take the blame upon 
 herself, and after answering with spirit 
 various interrogatories before the privy 
 council, and being held in strict confine- 
 ment, she was at last admitted to bail, and 
 finally liberated. She afterwards wrote in 
 favour of queen Anne's ministry, and died 
 the mistress of alderman Barber of London, 
 nth June, 1724. She was author of Lu- 
 cius king of Britain, a tragedy, acted 1717 ; 
 Lost Lover, or the Jealous Husband, acted 
 1696, beside? letters, &c. 
 
 Manliuh, a famous Roman, who derivctJi 
 the name of Torcjuatus from his conquest, 
 in single combat, of a gigantic (Vaul whose 
 collar, toninis, he carried away in triumph. 
 When dictator he cruelly put his son to 
 death for fighting without his orders, a 
 circumstance which rendered hun odious to 
 his countrymen, B.C. 340. 
 
 Manlius Capitolinus, Marcus, a Ro- 
 man consul, who being suddenly awakened 
 by the cackling of geese, preserved the 
 capitol when besieged by the Gauls. He 
 afterwards aspired to the sovereignty of 
 Rome, and was thrown down from the 
 Tarpeian rock, 384 B.C. 
 
 Manly, John, captain in the navy of the 
 United States, was a native of Massachu- 
 setts, and born in 1733. He became a 
 mariner in early life, and in 1775 at the 
 recommendation of Washington, was ap- 
 pointed a captain in the navy, and given 
 the command of the schooner Lee, in which 
 he performed a hazardous cruise in Massa- 
 chusetts bay during a whole winter, and 
 rendered essential service to the colonics 
 by his numerous captures, particularly by 
 taking a brig laden with munitions of 
 war, the possession of which enabled the 
 American army to drive the British from 
 Boston, In reward for these services he 
 was promoted to the command of the fri- 
 gate Hancock, in which he captured the 
 British frigate " Fox," but before he cotild 
 return to port, fell with his prize into the 
 hands of a superior British force, and was 
 carried to Halifax, where he was long held 
 a prisoner. On returning, in 17S2, he was 
 intrusted with the frigate Hague, with 
 which he sailed to the West Indies, and to 
 avoid capture by a vessel which was pursu- 
 ing him, ran onto a sand bank in the rear 
 of Guadaloupe, where he was for four days 
 fought by four line of battle ships, from 
 which he however escaped, and returned 
 to Boston. He was there impeached be- 
 fore a court martial for improper conduct, 
 and failed of accomplishing his entire jus- 
 tification. He then retired from public 
 employment, and died in 1793. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Manners, John, marquis of Granby, son 
 of the duke of Rutland, was born, Jan, 
 1721. He distinguished himself as a sol- 
 dier, and went to the German wars under 
 Ferdinand of Brunswick, as general of the 
 British forces ; and during the campaigns 
 on the continent obtained great and de- 
 served popularity by his conduct in the bat- 
 tles of Minden, Warburg, Kirk-Denkern, 
 Gra'bestein, and Homburgh. He died 1770, 
 highly respected by the nation and by the 
 government. 
 
 Manning, James, D.D. first president of 
 the college of Rhode-Island, was born in 
 New- Jersey in 1738, and graduated at 
 Princeton in 1762. He entered the minis- 
 try and became highly popular. On the 
 
 269 
 
Man- 
 
 man 
 
 organization of a college by the Baptists in 
 Khode-Island, to which sect he belonged, 
 he was selected to be its president, and re- 
 moved in 1765 to Warren, in that state, 
 where it was at first placed. Soon after 
 the removal of the institution to Provi- 
 dence, in 1770, he was chosen pastor of a 
 congregation there, and discharged the du- 
 ties of both offices, with great ability and 
 acceptance. In 1786 he was chosen a 
 member of congress, but soon resigned the 
 appointment. He died in July, 1791. 
 
 Manningham, Thomas, D.D. a learned 
 prelate, educated at Winchester school, 
 and New college, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He became rector of East 
 Tystead, Hants, preacher of the Rolls, 
 1684, rector of St. Andrews, Holborn, 
 1691, the next year canon, and afterwards 
 dean of Windsor, and 1709, bishop of Chi- 
 chester. He published some occasional 
 sermons, and died 25th Aug. 1722, and was 
 buried in St. Andrew's church. 
 
 Mannori, Lewis, author of Memoirs 
 and Pleadings, in 18 vols. 12mo. a work cu- 
 rious and interesting, was an advocate of 
 the parliament of Paris, and died in that 
 city, 1778, aged 82. He exposed himself 
 to the satire of Voltaire, for being engaged 
 in a cause against him. 
 
 Mannozzi, John, a painter, born at St. 
 John, a village near Florence. He was pa- 
 tronised by Lorenzo de Medicis, whose 
 palace he adorned by the labours of his art, 
 particularly in fresco. He was a man of 
 capricious and irascible character. He died 
 1636, aged 46. 
 
 Mansard, Francis, a French architect, 
 born 1598. His genius was displayed in the 
 erection of the gate of the church of th6 
 Feuillans, of the church of les Fillers Ste. 
 Marie, the hotels de Bouillon, Toulouse, 
 and Jars, and other edifices in Paris, and 
 in the provinces. He was first architect to 
 the king, and superintendent of the royal 
 buildings, in which he was succeeded by his 
 nephew, of the same name, also an inge- 
 nious man, who was honoured with the 
 order of St. Michael. He died 1666, and 
 his nephew 170S, aged 69. 
 
 Mansfeld, Peter Ernest, count de, an 
 able statesman in the service of the empe- 
 ror of Germany. He was made prisoner at 
 Ivoy, 1552, and when restored to liberty, 
 he obtained the government of Luxem- 
 bourg, where his administration was con- 
 ducted with prudence and ability, to the 
 maintenance of tranquillity, in the midst of 
 the troubles of Brabant. His services were 
 considered as so meritorious that he was 
 appointed governor of the whole country. 
 He died 1604, aged 87. 
 
 Mansfeld, Ernest de, natural son of 
 count Mansfeld, distinguished himself so 
 aiuch that he was legitimated bv the cmpe- 
 270 
 
 ror Rodolphus IL He was refused the 
 succession of his father's honours and pos- 
 sessions, in consequence of which he join- 
 ed the protestants in 1610, and showed 
 himself a vigorous enemy of the house of 
 Austria. He died at a village in the terri- 
 tory of Venice, Nov. 1626, aged 46. 
 
 Mansfield, earl of. Vid. Murray. 
 
 Manstein, Christopher Herman de, a 
 Russian writer, born at Petersburgh, 1711. 
 He was a brave officer, and distinguished 
 in the service of the Russian and Prussian 
 monarchs. He was shot in the war of 1757, 
 while serving as major-general at the head 
 of a Prussian regiment, leaving two sons 
 and four daughters. He wrote a valuable 
 work, Memoirs of Russia, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 printed at Lyons, 1772, and Leipsic, 1781, 
 and published in English in 2 vols. 4to. 
 under the care of Mr. Hume. 
 
 Mantegna, Andrea, an Italian painter, 
 born at a village near Padua, 1451. He 
 was originally a shepherd, but the rough 
 drawings which he made for his amuse- 
 ment, were seen and admired : he was 
 placed under a master, and improved so 
 much, that at the age of 17 he painted the 
 altar piece of the church of St. Sophia, in 
 Padua. He painted also another celebra- 
 ted piece for the duke of Mantua, the tri- 
 umphs of Julius Caesar, which have been 
 placed in the collection of Hampton-court. 
 He died at Mantua, 1517. 
 
 Mantica, Francis, a native of Udina, 
 professor of law at Padua. He afterwards 
 went to Rome under the patronage of Six- 
 tus VI. and of Clement VIII. who made 
 him a cardinal. He wrote de Conjunc- 
 
 turis Ultimarum Voluntatum, folio 
 
 Lucubrationes Vaticinae — Decisiones Rotae 
 Rom. &c. and died 1614, aged 30. 
 
 Mantinus, James, author of a book on 
 the Republic of Plato, and translator of the 
 works of Avicenna, and Averroes into La- 
 tin, was a Spanish physician in the 16th 
 century, who practised with great reputa- 
 tion at Venice. 
 
 Man TON, Thomas, D.D. a native of 
 Lawrence Lydiard, Somersetshire, edu- 
 cated at Wadham college, Oxford. He 
 was ordained by bishop Hall, and had first 
 the cure of Colyton, Devonshire, after 
 which he settled at Stoke Newington, and 
 became a popular preacher in London, 
 and before the parliament. He was, 
 at the restoration, chaplain to the king, 
 but lost his preferment in 1662, for non- 
 conformity, and in 1671 was imprisoned 
 for officiating in a conventicle. He died 
 1677, aged 57, and was buried in Stoke 
 Newington church. His works, consisting 
 of Sermons, and other Calvanic tracts, were 
 edited in 5 vols, folio. 
 
 Mantuan, Baptist, an Italian poet, born 
 at Mantua, 1448, the natural son of Peter 
 Spagnolo, a man of distinctioir. He w?-s= 
 
MAS 
 
 AJ.Ui 
 
 atlectionately educated by his father, ami 
 artcrwards entered amoiii? the Carmelites, 
 of uhose order he becunie f^eiu-ral. He, 
 however, (juitted them in disii;usl, 151 5, 
 and devoted himself to literatnre. He died 
 the next vear. I lis works, which })os.se3s 
 not nmch animation, were printed at 
 Paris, 1513, 3 vols, folio. A more perfect 
 edition appeared at Antwerp, 1576, in 4 
 vols. Svo. 
 
 Manuel, Commenus, emperor of the 
 east, after his father John, 114, and to the 
 prejudice of his elder brother Isaac, whom 
 his father had disinherited. After repel- 
 ling the invasion of Roger, king of Sicily, 
 he made war against Dalmatia, Hungary, 
 and Egypt, which he might have con- 
 quered, if not perfidiously abandoned by 
 Amoury, king of Jerusalem, on whose 
 assistance he too strongly relied. He died 
 1180. 
 
 Manuel, Pala.>ologus, son and successor 
 of John on the throne of Constantinople, 
 took the monastic habit, and retired to a 
 monastery, after resigning his dignity to 
 his son, John > II. whom he considered as 
 more capable than himself to repel the in- 
 vasion of the Turks. He died 1425, aged 75. 
 
 Manutius, Aldus, a celebrated printer, 
 born at Bassano. He was the first who 
 printed Greek with correctness and ele- 
 gance ; and he introduced that form of let- 
 ters, still in use, called Italics. His editions 
 of the classics were held in high estimation. 
 He died at Venice, where he had long ex- 
 ercised his profession with much success, 
 1516. One copy of his capital works was 
 always printed on vellum. 
 
 Manutius, Paul, son of Aldus, was of 
 the same profession. He was librarian to 
 Pius IV. and seconded his attempts to print 
 all the Fathers in a new and elegant man- 
 ner. He was far more learned than his 
 father, and acquired, by the frequent read- 
 ing of Cicero, such facility of elegant com- 
 position, that Scaliger says, a Roman could 
 not have written better. He wrote epistles, 
 very laboured — and Commentaries on Cice- 
 ro, 4 vols, folio. He wrote, besides, other 
 works, the best of which is perhaps his 
 book do Lcgibus Romanorum. He died 
 1574; and it is said his days were short- 
 ened in consequence of youthful follies, 
 and of domestic calamities. 
 
 .Manutius, Aldus, the younger son of 
 Paul, was also a printer. He promised in 
 his youth to obtain greater celebrity than his 
 father and grandfather ; but he proved un- 
 fortunate. Negligence produced distress, 
 and he at last became so indigent, that he 
 sold the excellent library of 80,000 volumes, 
 collected by his ancestors, to maintain him- 
 self. Pope Clement VIII. made him direc- 
 tor of the Vatican press. He died very 
 poor, 1597, at Rome. He wrote Com- 
 mentaries on Cicero — a treatise on Ortho- 
 
 graphy—Notes on Ancient Writers — three 
 books of Epistles— the Lives of Cosmo dc 
 Medicis, and lif Castrnccio Castricani, &.c. 
 
 Manzo, John liapiist, manjiiis de \ ilia, 
 an Italian, who ufter serving with credit in 
 the Spanish army, devoted himself to lite- 
 rature at Naples, where he assisted in the 
 foundation of the Degli Otiosi academy. Ho 
 wrote a Life of Tasso, 12m(). — Del Amore 
 Dialogi, Svo. — Rime, Tinio. and died at 
 Naples, 1645, aged 84. 
 
 Manzoum, Tojnaso, an Italian painter, 
 whose historical pieces, landscapes, &c. 
 were much admired. He died 1570, 
 aged 39. 
 
 Mapes, Walter, a poet, chaplain to Hen- 
 ry II. Under John he was made canon of 
 Salisbury, precentor of Lincoln, and arch- 
 deacon of Oxford. He wrote in Latin, in a 
 satirical style, and some of his verses are 
 still read and admired. He was a facetious 
 companion. 
 
 Mapletoft, John, M. D. an English 
 divine, born June, 1631, at Margate-Inge, 
 in Huntingdonshire, and educated at West- 
 minster school, and Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. He tra- 
 velled with the sons of the earl of Northum- 
 berland, and at his return he took his de- 
 grees in medicine, and settled as a practi- 
 tioner in London. Here he was distinguish- 
 ed as the friend of \\'illis, Sydenham, 
 and Locke : of Tillotson, Patrick, Sher- 
 lock, and other learned men, and in 1670 he 
 went with lord Essex, the ambassador, to 
 the court of Denmark. In 1675 he was 
 chosen professor of physic of Gresham col- 
 lege, and in 1676 attended the ambassador 
 Montague to France. He married in 1679, 
 and then abandoning medicine, applied him- 
 self to divinity , took orders, 1682, and ob- 
 tained the rectory of Braybrook, Northamp- 
 tonshire, and some other preferment. When 
 William was at Cambridge, 1689, he took 
 his degree of D.D. and in 1707 was presi- 
 dent of Sion college. He continued to 
 preach in his church of St, Lawrence, Jew- 
 ry, till he was turned of 80, and died 1721, 
 at W^estminster, aged 91. He translated 
 Sydenham's Medical Observations into La- 
 tin, and wrote besides the Principles and 
 Duties of the Christian Religion, Svo. — and 
 other things. 
 
 Mahacci, Lewis, rid. Marracci. 
 
 Maracci, John, a painter, born at Lucca. 
 His historical pieces exhibited great taste 
 and judgment. He died 1704, iiged 67. 
 
 Marais, Marin, a celebrated musician, 
 born at Paris, 1656. He composed some 
 admired pieces for the theatres, especially 
 Alcides — Ariadne and Bacchus — Semele 
 and Alcyone, the last of which is his best 
 performance. He died 15th Aug. 1728, aged 
 72, leaving nine children, some of whom 
 inherited part of his great musical talents. 
 
 Maralpi, James Philip, a mathemati^ 
 
 "in 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 eian, bom at Perinaldo, near Nice, 1665. 
 He studied in France, and was engaged with 
 Cassini, in constructing the great meridian 
 line through France. He died 1729, aged 
 64, leaving behind him a catalogue of the 
 fixed stars, and curious observations, print- 
 ed in the memoirs of the academy of 
 sciences, and pieces on bees, and petri- 
 factions. 
 
 Marana, John Paul, author of the Turk- 
 ish Spy, a work once read with great avidi- 
 ty, and considered as authentic, but now 
 regarded as half fictitious, was born at Ge- 
 noa. He resided for some time at Paris, 
 and again returned to his own country, 
 where he died 1693, aged 51. The Turkish 
 Spy was first published in 6 vols. l2mo. and 
 in 1742, when the last edition appeared, 
 another volume was added. 
 
 Marat, John Paul, one of the atrocious 
 leaders of the French revolution, was born 
 at Beaudry, near Neufchatel, in Switzer- 
 land, 1744. He studied medicine, but with 
 little knowledge of it, he acquired public 
 notice by passing as an empiric, and by 
 selling at a high price a water which he pre- 
 tended could cure all diseases. After visit- 
 ing England he returned to Paris, at the 
 time that the revolution broke out, and with 
 all the ardour of a man who wishes to profit 
 by the miseries of the public, he began to 
 attack the character of the ministers, espe- 
 fially Necker, in his Publiciste Parisien. 
 To this vile but popular publication succeed- 
 ed L'Ami du Peuple, in which he recom- 
 mended in seditious language, revolt, pillage, 
 and mui'der ; he excited the soldiers to as- 
 sassinate their generals, the poor to seize 
 the property of the rich, and the profligate 
 to cut off their enemies. Though the assem- 
 bly viewed his conduct with detestation, 
 and seized his papers, he continued his peri- 
 odical labours, under the patronage of the 
 jacobins, and when elected deputy to the 
 convention, he appeared in the hall, armed 
 with pistols. Delighting in blood, he pro- 
 moted the murders of September, and never 
 satisfied with carnage, he, by repeated ac- 
 cusations, carried the most virtuous of the 
 citizens, and the bravest of the generals, to 
 the guillotine, and declared with exultation, 
 that the happiness of France required for 
 its consolidation the sacrifice of 300,000 
 more lives. This execrable wretch might 
 still have added to the number of his vic- 
 tims, but a heroine arose to rid the world of 
 the blood-thirsty tyrant. Charlotte Corday 
 obtained access to him while he was in his 
 bath, and with a blow of a dagger she laid 
 the monster dead at her feet, 14th July, 
 1793. His remains were honoured by his 
 sanguinary accomplices, with all the distinc- 
 tion due only to a hero, and were deposited 
 in great pomp, in the pantheon. But though 
 prejudice or fear exalted this monster to the 
 rank of a god, and dedicated busts, pyra- 
 579 
 
 mids, and temples to his honour, the publiu 
 opinion soon changed, his memory was in- 
 sulted, and his very body dug up, and 
 thrown into a common sink. This worth- 
 less tyrant was, in his person, disagreeable 
 and ferocious ; he spoke with animation, 
 but his looks betrayed the black purposes of 
 his heart, and the words of an acient author 
 have been properly applied to him ; 
 
 Corpore cumfcedo, species estfadoir oris, 
 Fadum pectus habet, fxdius ingenium. 
 
 He wrote Man, or the principles of the In- 
 fluence of the Soul on the Body, and of the 
 Body on the Soul, 1775, 2 vols. 12mo. a 
 work severely criticised by Voltaire — Dis- 
 coveries on Fire, Electricity, and Light, 
 8vo. 1779 — Discovery on Light, 8vo. in 
 which he attacks Newton's System — Me- 
 moirs on Electricity, &.c. 
 
 Maratti, Carlo, an Italian painter, born 
 1625, at Camerino, in the march of Ancona. 
 His fondness for painting was early dis- 
 covered, and he was sent to Rome, where 
 he became pupil to Andrea Sacchi, and 
 soon acquired celebrity by the grace and 
 beauty of his figures. He was knighted, 
 and received a pension from Clement XI. 
 and was appointed painter in ordinary to 
 Lewis XIV. He studied the pieces of Ra- 
 phael, the Caraccis, and Guido, with asto- 
 nishing success, and chiefly excelled as the 
 painter of female saints and madonnas. He 
 died at Rome, loaded with honours and op- 
 pulence, 1713, aged 38. 
 
 Marbach, John, a protestant divine, a 
 native of Lindau, author of a curious book, 
 called Fides Jesu et Jesuitarum, in which he 
 compared the doctrines of Jesus with those 
 of the Jesuits. He died at Strasburg, 1581, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Marbodus, or Marbod^us, surnamed 
 Gains, a monk of Angers, bishop of Ren- 
 nes, an honour which he resigned some 
 time before his death. He wrote a book, 
 " De Gemmis" — the Life of Magnoboldus, 
 bishop of Angers — some sacred poems, &c. 
 and died 1123. 
 
 Marca, Peter de, an eminent French 
 writer and prelate, born 1594, at Gart, in 
 Beam. He studied the law, and in 1621 
 was made president of the parliament of 
 Beam, and in 1639 counsellor of state at 
 Paris. He published in 1640 " the History 
 of Beam," v/hich widely established his re- 
 putation as an elegant writer, and a good 
 politician, and was then engaged to defend 
 and explain the liberties of the Galilean 
 church, which some enemies of cardinal 
 Richelieu represented as desirous of sepa- 
 rating in an independent patriarchate from 
 the see of Rome. His book, "De Con- 
 cordia Sacerdotii et Imperii," 1641, though 
 written with moderation, and at the com- 
 mand of the French king, gave some oflence 
 to the pope, and when the author in conse. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 quencc of bis services was nominated to the 
 see of Conseraus, his consecration was de- 
 layed till he had made his peace with his 
 ecclesiastical master, by the publiciition of 
 another treatise, De Singiilari Primatu Pe- 
 tri, ill which he asserted the supremacy of 
 the pope, lie was sent in 1644 as visiter 
 general to Catalonia, and executed his office 
 with such popularity, that when ill, the pub- 
 lic prayers of the province were ollered for 
 his recovery. He took possession of his bi- 
 shopric in 1G48, and soon after was raised to 
 the see of Toulouse, where he was admitted 
 in 1655. He afterwards distinguished him- 
 self in the general assembly of the clergy in 
 opposition to the Jansenists, and in 1658 
 was made minister of state. In 1600 he 
 was engaged at Rosillon, on determining 
 the boundaries of the French and Spanish 
 territories in the Pyrenees, in which he was 
 greatly assisted by his classical knowledge. 
 He obtained in 1662 the high dignity of 
 archbishop of Paris, but died there in June, 
 on the same day that the bulls arrived from 
 Rome to confirm his elevation. De Marca 
 was a man of extraordinary talents, which 
 he had assiduously cultivated at Toulouse. 
 He was married, and had seven children, 
 but on the death of his wife, 1632, he be- 
 came an ecclesiastic, and rose to the digni- 
 ties we have mentioned. 
 
 Marcel, N. a painter of Frankfort. His 
 vases, filled with fruits and flowers, his 
 shells, &c. were finished in a pleasing style. 
 He died 1683, aged 55. 
 
 Marcel, William, author of a History 
 of the Origin of the French monarchy, 4 
 vols. 12mo. — Chronological Tables of An- 
 cient History, sacred and profane, was a 
 French advocate, and died commissary at 
 Aries, 1708, aged 61. 
 
 Marcelli, Benedict, the prince of mu- 
 sic, according to the flattery of the Italians, 
 was a noble Venetian, who excelled not 
 only in music, but also in philosophy, and 
 in poetry. His " Fashionable Stage," in 
 Italian, in which he ridicules modern ope- 
 ras, is his best prose composition, and his 
 chief poetical work is the comedy Tosca- 
 nismo, &c. He died 1739, aged 53. 
 
 Marcellinus, succeeded Caius in the 
 popedom, 296, and died eight years after. 
 He is vindicated by Augustine against the 
 Donatists, who accuse him of offering sa- 
 crifices to the idols. 
 
 Marcellus, a physician of Side, in 
 Pamphylia, whence he is surnamed Si- 
 detes. He flourished under Adrian and 
 the Antonines, and wrote a poem on medi- 
 cine, now lost. A i)hysician of Bourdeaux, 
 author of some medical works, lived about 
 381 A.D. 
 
 Marcellus, I. pope after Marcellinus, 
 308, was banished by Maxentius, the em- 
 peror, for excommunicating a worthless 
 apostate, and he died 310, 
 
 Vol, n. 35 
 
 Marcellus II. pope afier Julius III. 
 died a few weeks after his elevation, 1555. 
 He was a native of Montc|)ulei:uio, nud 
 was secretary to Paul III. ulio created him 
 a cardinal, and made him pnrsident of the 
 council of Trent. 
 
 March, Ausias, a poet of Valentia in the 
 15th century. He wrote amatory verses 
 in praise of his fair country woman, The- 
 resa Bon, as Petrarch celebrated his Laura, 
 and, in consequence of the similarity of 
 their poetry, they have been accused of 
 stealing one from the other, though it is 
 probable that they both borrowed from 
 some earlier poet. 
 
 Marchand, Prosper, a French writer, 
 who quitted France to profess the piotest- 
 ant religion in Holland. He published 
 there, " the Literary Journal," and died at 
 a sreat aaie, 1756. He published besides, 
 
 '3^» 
 
 " the History of Printing," — Dictionaire 
 Historique, two small folio vols, and a 
 new edition of the dictionarj' and letters of 
 Bayie. 
 
 Marcfie, Oliver de la, a French writer, 
 gentleman to Philip the Good, duke of Bur- 
 gundy, and afterwards in the service of 
 Charles the Rash^ who was slain at the 
 battle of Nancy, 1477, and next in the em- 
 ployment of Maximilian of Austria, and 
 of the areh-duke Philip. He died at Brus- 
 sels, 1501. His works are " Memoirs or 
 Chronicles," 4to. 1610 — a Treatise on 
 Duels, 8vo. — the Triumph of Virtuous 
 Women, 8vo. 1529, &c. 
 
 Marchetti, Alexander, a physician and 
 poet, born at Pontormo, near Pi^a, 1(533. 
 He succeeded his friend Borelli as profes- 
 sor of Mathematics at Pisa, and in his lec- 
 tures preferred reason and experiment to 
 authority, and to Aristotle. He died 1714, 
 He wrote poems in 4to. — treatises on phi- 
 losophical subjects — a translation of Lucre- 
 tius, in Italian verse, 4to. — a translation of 
 Anacreon. 
 
 Marchin, Ferdinand count, a native of 
 Liege, who signalized himself in the French 
 armies at the battles of Fleurus and Ner- 
 winde, and at the siege of Charleroi. He: 
 was sent in 1701, as ambassador from 
 Lewis XV. to the king of Spain, and be- 
 haved with great disinterestedness in re- 
 fusing the rank of nobility from tlie Spanish 
 court. He was afterwards in the army in 
 Germany, and commanded the retreat at 
 the fatal battle of Hockstet. He was 
 wounded at the battle of Turin, which had 
 been fought against his advice, 7th Sept. 
 170G, and he died soon after the amputa- 
 tion of his thigh. 
 
 Marcianus, an obscure Thracian, raised 
 to imperial dignity on the death of Theo- 
 dosius II. His virtues were many, and the 
 expectations of Rome were great, but he 
 unfortunately died while preparing to re- 
 
 273 ■ 
 
MAK 
 
 MAR 
 
 ^cl the barbarians, who had invaded Africa, 
 457, aged 69. 
 
 Marcilius, Theodore, a learned Ger- 
 man critic, born at Arnheim, in Gueldres, 
 1548. He was educated under his father, a 
 man of learning, and afterwards at Deven- 
 ter and Louvain. He visited Paris, and 
 taught belles-lettres there, and in 1602 
 was made royal professor of the Latin 
 tongue. He died 1617. Though abused 
 by Scaliger, he was a learned man, and 
 published Pythagoras' Golden Verses, with 
 Annotations, besides Historia Stenarum, 
 8vo. — some poems and orations, &c. 
 
 Marcion, a heretic of the second centu- 
 ry. He was born at Sinopc, in Paphlago- 
 nia, where his father was bishop, and de- 
 voted himself to a life of mortification. 
 Breaking, however, his vows of conti- 
 nence, he was excommunicated by his fa- 
 ther, who never would again re-admit him 
 within the pale of the church, in conse- 
 quence of which he went to Rome, where 
 his disgrace followed him. Unable to be 
 reconciled to the church, he embraced the 
 heretical opinion of Cerdo, to which he af- 
 terwards added the wild principles of 
 Manes, with some incoherent doctrines of 
 his own. It is said, that before his death 
 he wished to renounce all his errors. The 
 time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Mardonius, son-in-law of Darius, ivas 
 at the head of the army of Xerxes, in his 
 invasion of Greece, and he was killed at 
 the battle of Plataa, B. C. 479. 
 
 Marduel, John, a native of Lyons, who 
 studied for the ecclesiastical profession at 
 Villefranche, Beaujolois, and Paris. He 
 became minister of St. Roch, where his 
 conduct as a pastor, as a peace-maker, and 
 as a man, was most exemplary. He died 
 universally respected, 1787, aged 88. 
 
 Mare, William de la, or Mara, a Latin 
 poet, of noble birth in the Cotentin. Dis- 
 gusted with the court, where he was secre- 
 tary to the cbancellorj he retired to Caen, 
 where he became rector of the university, 
 and in 1510 treasurer and canon of Cou- 
 tances. He wrote two poems, Chimaera, 
 1514, 4to. — De tribus fugiendis, Venere, 
 Ventre, et Pluma, 1512, 4to. 
 
 Mare, Philibert de la, counsellor in the 
 pai'liament of Dijon, was an elegant Latin 
 writer, and died 1687. He wrote commen- 
 taries, De Bello Burgundico, 4to. — Histo- 
 ricorum Burgund. Conspectus, &c. 
 
 Mare, Nicholas de la, principal magis- 
 trate of the Chatelet, under Lewis XIV. 
 with whom he was in great favour, died 
 1723, aged 82. He was author of a valu- 
 able Treatise on the Police, 3 vols, folio, to 
 which a foiath was added after his death. 
 Marechal, George, a native of Calais, 
 son of a poor officer. His skill in surgical 
 , operations was very great, especially in 
 lithotomy, and his attention to Lewis XIV. 
 274 
 
 when attacked by an abscess in the neck, 
 1696, was rewarded with the appointment 
 of surgeon to the royal household, in 1703 
 he was made maitre d' hotel, and received 
 a patent of nobility. He died at his seat at 
 Bievre, 1736, aged 78. The memoirs of 
 the academy of surgery at Paris were en- 
 riched by some of his papers. 
 
 Marechal, Peter Sylvan, a native of 
 Paris, who studied the law, and afterwards 
 became a periodical writer at the revolu- 
 tion. He wrote nineteen different things, 
 some of which were very profane and inde- 
 cent, among which Avere, a book escaped 
 from the Deluge — the Pantheon — Diction- 
 ary of Atheists — Voyage of Pythagoras, 6 
 vols. 8vo. a weakimitationof Barthelemy's 
 Anarcharsis, &c. He died at Paris, 18th 
 Jan. 1803. 
 
 Marets, Roland des, a native of Paris, 
 author of Latin philological letters of great 
 merit. He died 1653, aged 59. 
 
 Marets, John des, a French writer, very 
 debauched in his youth. He afterwards 
 became a great saint, and a fanatic, and 
 prophesied as from divine revelation, that 
 the French king would destroy the Turkish 
 empire, and the religion of Mahomet, after 
 uniting all the princes of Europe in one 
 common cause to profess and support the 
 catholic tenets of the see of Rome. He 
 wrote some dramatic pieces, of which " Les 
 Visionaires," particularly was acted with 
 great applause, besides a Paraphrase of 
 David's Psalms — the Christian Virtues, a 
 poem in eight cantos — Clovis, an epic 
 poem, in 26 books — Les Delices de I'Es- 
 prit, a wild performance — some romances, 
 &c. He was a great enemy of the Jansen- 
 ists, and died 1676, aged 81. 
 
 Marets, Samuel des, a protestant di- 
 vine, born at Oismond, in Picardy, 1599. 
 He studied belles lettres at Paris, and divi- 
 nity at Saumur and Geneva. He took or- 
 ders in 1620, though he was of small sta- 
 ture, and went by the name of the little 
 preacher ; but he grew up to his 25th year, 
 and attained nearly the full size. He was 
 minister successively at Laon, Falaise, Se- 
 dan, and, in 1642, became professor at 
 Groningen, where his abilities were dis- 
 played to the great advantage and celebrity 
 of that university. He was afterwards in- 
 vited to Lausanne, and, in 1663, to Ley- 
 den, but as he prepared to remove to this 
 place, he died at Groningen, May 18th, the 
 same year. In his literary labours he was 
 engaged in controversies for 18 years, with 
 Boetius, and for a little time with Daille. 
 He also attacked Grotius, for his explana- 
 tions about Antichrist, and also waged a 
 paper %var with Comenius and Labadie and 
 Peter Serrarius, among those enthusiasts 
 who in favour of their reveries consider 
 the striking events of human governments^ 
 as influenced by the position or motion of 
 
MAk 
 
 MUt 
 
 Ihc stars. His works were very numerous, 
 and on various subjects, and showed asto- 
 nishini^ murks of knowletlp;e and erudition. 
 He had formed a plan for their republica- 
 tion, and had collected materials for four 
 folio volumes, when he died. He left two 
 sons, Henry, who published a French edi- 
 tion of the Bible, with notes, 3 vols, folio — 
 Latin Catechism on Grace — and Daniel. 
 
 Margaret, sister of Edgar Athelin^, 
 fled to Scotland on the invasion of William 
 the Conqueror, and married Malcolm, king 
 of the country. She was a very amiable 
 and benevolent princess. Her three sons, 
 Edgar, Alexander, and David, successively 
 filled the throne of Scotland, and her 
 daughter Matilda married Heiny I. of Eng- 
 land. She died 16th Nov. 1093, aged 47. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Waldernir HI. 
 king of Denmark, and wife of Haquin, king 
 of Norway, ascended, in 1387, the throne 
 of Denmark, and that of Norway, on the 
 death of her son, Olaus. When the 
 Swedes, dissatisfied with the conduct of 
 Albert, their king, oflercd her the crown of 
 the country, she accepted the conditions, 
 and after a bloody war of seven years, she 
 placed it on her own head, 1394, and by 
 her valour and heroic deeds deserved and ob- 
 tained the surname of the Semiramis of the 
 North. Thus mistress of three kingdoms, 
 she took measures to render their connec- 
 tion indissolublej by the celebrated law 
 railed the union of Calmar, but unfortu- 
 nately for herself and her successors, she 
 regarded little the solemnity of her agree- 
 ments, and by violating the laws Avhich she 
 liad enacted, and by oppressing her sub- 
 jects, she rendered herself unpopular, and 
 her government odious. She died little 
 lamented, 141 2 j aged 59, after a reign of 
 26 years. She was succeeded by her ne- 
 phew, Eric, duke of Pomerania. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Raymond Be- 
 ifenger, count of Provence, married St. 
 Louis, 1254, and attended him in his wars 
 in the Holy Land, against the Saracens, 
 where, on his captivity, she behaved w ith 
 heroic intrepidity in the defence of Damiet- 
 ta. She died at Paris, 1285, aged 76, 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Robert, duke of 
 Burgundy, married Lewis Hutin, king of 
 France, 1305. She possessed great per- 
 sonal charms, bat unfortunately disgraced 
 herself by the grossest sensuality. Her 
 lover was condemned to be flayed alive, 
 and she herself was strangled to death, 
 1315. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of the emperor 
 Maximilian I. was betrothed to the dauphin 
 of France, afterwards Charles VHI. but did 
 not marry him. She was afterwards mar- 
 ried to the infant of Spain, and after his 
 death she took for her next husband, Phili- 
 bert, duke of Savoy. She was governess 
 of the Netherlands, and displayed her reli- 
 
 gious /cal against the Lutherans. She 
 died 1st Dec. 1530, aged 50. 
 
 Margarkt of V alois, sister of Francis I. 
 married, 1509, tlu; duke of Alen'.on, and 
 afterwards, in 1526, Henry d'All)crt, king 
 of Navarre, by whom she had Jane, mo- 
 ther of the celebrated Henrv IV. She was 
 a great jirincess, and paid particular utlcn- 
 tion to the encouragement of commerce, of 
 agriculture, and of the arts, among her sub- 
 jects. Her partiality for the protestants 
 was so great, that she wrote the Mirror of 
 a Sinful Soul, which was censured and con- 
 demned by the Sorbonne. She died at the 
 castle of Odos, 2d Dec. 1549, aged 57, of 
 a catarrh, which it is said she caught in 
 making observations on a comet. She was 
 not only the patroness of learning, but her- 
 self learned. She wrote Heptameron, after 
 the manner of Bocace, a work which, how- 
 ever, though in a pleasing style, is dange- 
 rous, from the licentious sentiments and 
 indelicate expressions with which it occa- 
 sionally abounds. She wrote besides, poe- 
 tical pieces, called Les Marguerite de la 
 Marguerite des Princesses, published 1547, 
 &c. the Triumph of the Lamb, &c. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Francis I. of 
 France, married Emanuel Philibert, duke 
 of Savoy, and died highly respected, 14th 
 Sept. 1574, aged 51. 
 
 Margaret of France, daughter of Hen- 
 ry II. married Henry IV. but unhappily dis- 
 graced herself by the levity and licentious- 
 ness of her character, whieh the inconsta-i- 
 cy-of her husband, perhaps, tended to in- 
 crease. She was afterwards divorced, 
 1599, and devoted the rest of her life to li* 
 terary pursuits and religious exercises. 
 She died at Paris, 27th March, 1613, aged 
 &5. She wrote poetical pieces — Memoirs 
 from 1565 to 1582, &c. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Florent, count 
 of Holland, is reported to have refused alms 
 to a beggar, who implored the punishment 
 of hea.ven upon her head, in consequence of 
 which, it is said, she gave birth to 365 
 children, all of which were baptized. This 
 ridiculous story has been gravely related by 
 some authors. 
 
 Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rem'", 
 king of Sicily, married Henry VI. of Eng- 
 land. She was a woman of masculine cha- 
 racter, but her heroism was unhappily 
 tainted with cruelty, as she inhumanly 
 caused to be strangled the duke of Glouces-^ 
 ter, who had opposed lur marriage. More 
 calculated to govern than to obey, she 
 guided the counsels of her weak and pusil- 
 lanimous husband during the wars of VorU 
 and Lam;aster, and when he fell a captive 
 into the hands of the duke of York, in 
 1455, she levied an army to rescue him, and 
 ftfter defeating her enemies, entered triuin- 
 phantly into the submissive capital. In 
 1460 she had the mortitication to see hev 
 
 275 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 troops loiitfd by Warwick, at NortUamp- 
 lon, and her husband again a captive ; but 
 undismayed, she traversed the kingdom, 
 and every where collecting her adherents, 
 gave battle to her opponents at Wakefield, 
 and left the duke of York dead in the field. 
 Warwick was next defeated near St. Al- 
 ban's, but another battle at Santon, in York- 
 shire, proved fatal to her cause, and she 
 fled from the kingdom to implore the as- 
 sistance of her brother, Lewis XI. Though 
 unsuccessful in her request, she returned 
 to England again, to lose the battle of Hex- 
 ham. Other encounters proved equally 
 unfortunate, and at last Margaret was taken 
 prisoner in ihe field of battle, 1471, but re- 
 covered her liberty, four years after, by 
 paying a ransom of 50,000 crowns. After 
 thus defending the cause of her husband in 
 12 battles, she retired to France, where she 
 died 25th Aug. 1482, aged 59. 
 
 Margaret of York, sister of Edward 
 IV. married Charles the Rash, duke of 
 Burgundy. She rendered herself known 
 by the opposition which she made to the 
 elevation of Henry VII. to the throne of 
 England, and the impostures which she 
 supported to disturb the government, and 
 undermine the popularity of that respecta- 
 ble monarch. 
 
 Margaret, countess of Richmond and 
 Derby, was born at Bletsoe, Bedfordshire, 
 1441. She married Edmund, earl of Rich- 
 mond, half brother to Henry VI. and by 
 him had Henry VII. After her husband's 
 death she married sir Henry Stafford, and 
 for her third husband, in 1482, took Tho- 
 mas Stanley, created earl of Derby, who 
 died 1504. To all the virtues of private 
 and domestic life, she united great intelli- 
 gence, and a deep regard for learning. She 
 not only founded two colleges at Cam- 
 bridge, St. John's and Christ's, but also 
 established there, and at Oxford, a theolo- 
 gical professorship. She also endowed a 
 school at ToiTington, and at Wymborn. 
 She died at Westminster, 29th June, 1509, 
 surviving only three months, her son, the 
 king. She is described by bishop Fisher, 
 who preached her funeral sermon, as allied 
 to 30 kings and queens, &c. Her will, 
 which is very curious, is preserved in the 
 collection of noble works, 1780, 4to. She 
 translated from the French, the Mirror of 
 Gold for the Sinful Soul, besides the fourth 
 book of Gerson's or Kempis' Treatise on 
 imitating the Life of Christ, printed 1504, 
 &c. 
 
 Margaritone, a native of Arezzo, emi- 
 nent as a painter. It is said that he invent- 
 ed the mode of gilding with gold leaf on 
 Annenian bole, and he displayed great 
 taste in his representation of historical 
 subjects, in fresco and in distemper. He 
 died 1275, aged 77. 
 
 Margon, William Plantavit de la Pause 
 276 
 
 de, a French author and journalist, born af 
 Languedoc. He published, at Paris, such 
 severe reflections in favour of the Jesuits, 
 against the Jansenists, that the court ba- 
 nished him to the isle of Lerins, but res- 
 tored him to liberty, 1740, provided he re- 
 moved to the monastery of the Benardines, 
 where he died, 1760. He wrote Memoirs 
 of Marshal Villars, 3 vols. 12mo. — Me- 
 moirs of the duke of Berwick, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 — Memoirs of Tourville, 3 vols. — Letters 
 of Fitz Moritz, and other Tracts. 
 
 Margraaf, Andrew Sigismund, a native 
 of Berlin, who studied chymistry under 
 Newman, Juncker, and Heuckel, and ac- 
 quired celebrity by his many ingenious ex- 
 periments. In his mineralogical research- 
 es he discovered that semi-metal, called 
 manganese, and by his assiduity and la- 
 bours, he rendered more easy and plain, 
 the various operations of the chymical sys- 
 tem. This able and indefatigable man 
 died in his native city of Berlin, director of 
 the academy, 1782, aged 73. 
 
 Margunio, Massineo, son of a marshal 
 of Candia, established, in 1747, a printing- 
 office at Venice, and devoted himself to the 
 printing of Greek books. AVTien his house 
 and property were destroyed by the villany 
 of an incendiary, he returned to Candia, 
 and became an ecclesiastic and bishop of 
 Cerigo. He died 1602, aged 80. He wrote 
 Greek Anacreontic Odes, Augsburg, 1592, 
 8vo. — poems preserved in the Corpus Poe- 
 tarum Grascorum, Geneva, 2 vols. fol. 1606. 
 
 Maria Theresa, empress, queen of 
 Hungary and Bohemia, daughter of the 
 emperor Charles VI. and Elizabeth Chris- 
 tina of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, was born 
 13th May, 1717. On the death of her bro- 
 ther she was destined by her father to suc- 
 ceed to all his honours, as the famous prag- 
 matic sanction in 1713 had declared that 
 in failure of issue male the eldest of his 
 daughters was to ascend the throne. In 
 1736 Maria Theresa married Francis Ste- 
 phen, of Lorraine, and on her father's death, 
 in 1740, she was raised to the throne. Her 
 elevation was attended with the most dis- 
 astrous effects of war, the king of Prussia 
 immediately seized Silesia, and subdued 
 Moravia, and on the other side, Charles 
 Albert, duke of Bavaria, supported by 
 France, made rapid conquests in the impe- 
 rial dominions, and was crowned king of 
 Bohemia at Prague, and emperor by the 
 title of Charles VII. at Frankfort, 1742. 
 Maria, in the midst of these disasters, quit- 
 ted Vienna, and throwing herself with her 
 infant son in her arms in the midst of the 
 assembled states of the Hungarian nation, 
 she addressed them in these pathetic words, 
 in Latin : " Abandoned by my friends, 
 persecuted by my enemies, attacked by my 
 nearest relations, I have no resource left 
 but in your fidelity, courage, and constancy : 
 
MAU 
 
 MA It 
 
 1 imrnsi into your hands tlie children of 
 jour kings, they depend on you for life and 
 safety." The appeal was received with 
 shouts of applause. Let us die for our 
 queen Maria Theresa was the general reply, 
 and soon after, Maria, who had lately 
 scarce a town where to give birth in securi- 
 ty to her child, saw her faithful Hungarians 
 headed by the brave Kevenhuller, advance 
 to her aid. Lintz, Passau, Munich, opened 
 their gates to the conqueror, and I'y a trea- 
 ty with England, Maria obtained succours 
 in money and in troops, and was enabled 
 to defeat the king of Sardinia, and to de- 
 tach the king of Prussia from the general 
 alliance, by ceding to him the provinces of 
 Silesia and Glatz. Flushed with success, 
 Maria was crowned queen of Bohemia, at 
 Prague, on 11th May, 1743, and the fol- 
 lowing 11th of June she had the happiness 
 to see the king of England in person obtain 
 in her cause the famous victory of Dettin- 
 gen, over the allied forces. But though 
 she gained to her side the king of Sardinia, 
 she had the mortification to sec the king of 
 Prussia again in arms, and while she ce- 
 mented an alliance with the king of Poland, 
 she was informed that Boheniia, and the 
 Low Countries were invaded by her pow- 
 erful enemies. The battles of Fontenoy, 
 Rocoux, and la Feldt, were fought ; but 
 though victory might seem doubtful, she 
 had the satisfaction to place the imperial 
 crown on the head of her husband, at 
 Frankfort, 4th Oct. 1745, and she again 
 detached from the number of her enemies 
 the king of Prussia, by the treaty of Dres- 
 den. At last, after a war of eight years, 
 the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, l8th Oct. 
 1748, settled the dissensions of the conti- 
 nent, and Maria Theresa, now delivered 
 from the enemies who had once meditated 
 her destruction, devoted herself to repair 
 the ravages of war among her oppressed 
 subjects. But while the ports of the Medi- 
 terranean and of the North were open to 
 commerce, and while arts wei-e every where 
 munificently encouraged, the empress did 
 not forget that power is best protected by 
 vigilance, and therefore her armies conti- 
 nued to be well disciplined, and military 
 institutions encouraged with particular at- 
 tention. Not only fortifications were built 
 in the most impregnable places, but obser- 
 vatories for the encouragement of science 
 and astronomy were erected at Vienna, 
 Gratz, and Tyrnau. Hospitals were open- 
 ed for the friendly reception of those brave 
 men who had fought and bled for their 
 country, and the relations of the infirm and 
 meritorious soldier were rewarded with all 
 the munificence which became a great, a 
 patriotic, and humane princess. These 
 days of happiness were unfortunately 
 clouded by the irruption of the king of 
 Prussia into Saxonv. 1756. Brown checked 
 
 his career by the undecided battle ol Lo- 
 wositz ; btit the followifig year Frederic 
 renewed his attack, and under the walls of 
 Prague obtained some achuntage o>er 
 Brown, who was wounded in the fi;.'ht. 
 Daun succeeded to the command, and by 
 the successful battle of ('hot/cniit/, obliged 
 the Prussians to retreat, and dcli\cred Bo- 
 hemia from her invaders in so masterly a 
 maimer, that Maria Theresa, to oonniKimo- 
 rate the heroic exploit, established the mi- 
 litary order of her name, 1757. The bat- 
 tles of Hock-kirchen, Kunnersdorf, Maxen, 
 Landshut, and Siplitz, were favourable to 
 the cause of the empress, and though her 
 forces were defeated at Lissa, and Breslaw, 
 she maintained her superiority, and at the 
 peace of Hubertsburg, in 17G3, she kept 
 possession of the same territories which 
 she held before the war. In 1764 she 
 caused her son JosepK to be crowned king 
 of the Romans ; but the death of her hus- 
 band, the next year, plunged her into the 
 deepest sorrow. In 1772 she joined Prus- 
 sia and Russia in the dismemberment of 
 Poland, and made Lemberg the capital of 
 these new dominions. The death of Maxi- 
 milian Joseph, elector of Bavaria, rekin- 
 dled war between her and Prussia ; but the 
 peace of Teschen, tAvo years after, restored 
 tranquillity to the empire, and gave her a 
 small portion of the Bavarian dominions. Af- 
 ter a long reign, checked by prosperity and 
 adversity, Maria Theresa met the approach 
 of death with the same fortitude with which 
 she had viewed the accidents of life. She 
 died at Vienna, 29th Nov. 1780, aged 63. 
 She had the singular felicity, if it deserve the 
 name of felicity, of seeing all her children, at 
 her decease, placed on thrones, or allied to 
 crowned heads. Of her daughters, Antoin- 
 ette was queen of France ; Charlotte, queen 
 of Naples ; Mary Amelia, allied to the duke 
 of Parma ; Joseph, her son, was king of the 
 Romans, and of Hungary ; Leopold was 
 grand duke of Tuscany ; Ferdinand was go- 
 vernor of Lombardy ; INIaximilian, grand 
 master of the Teutonic order, and coadjutor 
 of Cologne and Munsler ; and Maria Chris- 
 tina, the Avife of the duke of Saxe Teschen, 
 was governor of the Low Countries. 
 Such was the glorious situation of this il- 
 lustrious character when she died. She 
 deserved and reccivea the appellation of 
 mother of her country, and the purest vir- 
 tues of charity and benevolence, profusely 
 exercised, rendered her dear and esteemed 
 among all ranks of her subjects. 
 
 Mauia Antoinette, queen of France, 
 arch-dutehess of Austria, daughter of the 
 emperor Francis I. and of Maria Theresa, 
 was born at Vienna 2d Nov. 1 755. On the 
 16th May 1770 she married the dauphin of 
 France, afterwards Lewis XVI. and her ar- 
 rival in France was celebrated with every 
 demonstration of public iov. On that re- 
 
 277 
 
Mar 
 
 MAR 
 
 markable occasion, however, it was ob- 
 served by those who seek for calamitous 
 events in the fortuitous accidents of time, 
 that the two tempestuous storms of thun- 
 der and rain which prevailed, forebode her 
 future misfortunes, and on the festivities of 
 the city of Paris, on the 30th of the same 
 month, more than 1200 persons were 
 crushed to death by the falling of a tempo- 
 rary building erected on the occasion, and 
 numbers perished in the waters of the Seine 
 by being precipitated from the Pont royal. 
 These melancholy accidents were alleviated 
 as much as possible by the humanity of the 
 foreign princess, who sent all her money to 
 the lieutenant of police, for the relief of 
 the unfortunate sufferers, and every where 
 conciliated the affection and the esteem of 
 the people. Other acts of charity have 
 been recorded to her honour, and form 
 some of the most pleasing subjects which 
 employed the pencil of Dagoti, and on 
 the death of Lewis XV., when according 
 to ancient usage a tax is contributed by 
 the people for the girdle of the new queen, 
 as it is called, Maria nobly declined the 
 compliment. In the severe frost of 1788 
 she contributed much to the relief of the 
 suffering poor, and her munificence was ac- 
 knowledged by the gratitude of the Pari- 
 sians who erected a pyramid of snow in the 
 street of St. Honore to her honour. These 
 marks of respect were nearly as transitory 
 as the snowy pyramid ; Antoinette, unfor- 
 tunately surrounded by flatterers Avho fan- 
 ned her pleasures, and gratified her incli- 
 nations, was represented as voluptuous and 
 criminaJ, and the celebrated trial concern- 
 ing the necklace, served in some degree to 
 raise the indignation of the public against 
 her conduct. The poverty of the treasury 
 was invidiously attributed to her extrava- 
 gance ; but though she was too liberal in her 
 expenses, nothing criminal could be proved 
 against her. As if foreseeing the calami- 
 ties of the state, she opposed with all her 
 influence the convocation of the states 
 which were to lead her and her husband to 
 the scaffold ; but though cahimniated and 
 insulted, she maintained her dignity, and 
 made the happiness of her husband the first 
 wish of her heart. The ferocious events of 
 the revolution, brought on the 6th of Octo- 
 ber, when the sanguinary cannibals of Pa- 
 ris, appeared at Versailles, threatening 
 aloud that they would tear her to pieces. 
 The doors of her apartment were battered 
 down, and the bed from which she had just 
 escaped was pierced through with a thou- 
 sand stabs ; yet in the midst of this dread- 
 ful attack Antoinette exhibited her usual 
 serenity, and presenting herself alone on 
 the balcony, she changed by her noble de- 
 meanour, the fury of the populace info ad- 
 miration and shouts of applause. Forced 
 to accompany the king to Paris, in a jour- 
 
 ney of six hours, while the heads of two of 
 her murdered body-guards were raised on 
 pikes by the side of her carriage, and while 
 insults, threats, and blasphemies every mo- 
 ment rent the air, she preserved the same 
 undaunted courage. After the flight to Va- 
 rennes her magnanimity did not desert her, 
 and when questioned by the insidious depu- 
 ties, she replied with becoming dignityo 
 On the 20th June, and the 10th August, 
 
 1792, those days of horror and anarchy, 
 she again saw herself insulted, and with 
 difficulty saved from the hands of assassins, 
 and in the assembly she heard, unmoved, 
 the decrees which robbed the monarch 
 of his throne, and which called on the 
 most worthless of his subjects to try 
 him as a criminal. She no sooner heard 
 of the condemnation of her husband, than 
 she congratulated him on the termination 
 of his sufferings, and after parting from 
 him in an agony of grief, her only request 
 to his murderers was to give her a suit of 
 mourning, which she wore till her own fate 
 was decided. That she might not feel the 
 comforts of the afiiicted, in sharing her 
 sorrows with her family, she was torn from 
 her son, 4th July, 1793, and a month after, 
 an armed force entered her cell in the mid- 
 dle of the night, and forced her from hei^ 
 bed of straw to a low and damp dungeon. 
 On the 3d of October she was carried before 
 the revolutionary tribunal, and accused of 
 squandering the public money, and of ex- 
 hausting the treasury to enrich her brother 
 the ernperor, and of holding a traitorous 
 correspondence with the enemies of her 
 country ; but the crimination could not be 
 proved, and her sufferings failed not to ex- 
 cite interest in her favour even among her 
 prejudiced jtidges. It was then that the 
 miscreants charged the unhappy queen with 
 attempts to corrupt the morals of her own 
 son ; a scandalous imputation, which roused 
 all her feelings ; I appeal, exclaimed she, 
 in a burst of noble indignation, I appeal to 
 all mothers, whether an action so odious is 
 possible. Nothing, however, could avail, 
 she retired fatigued to her dungeon, after 
 being detained 18 hours before her cniei 
 judges, and the following morning, at II, 
 she was summoned to ascend the cart which 
 was to conduct her to the scaffold. She 
 obeyed with dignity, and in profound si- 
 lence, and after viewing with unusual at- 
 tention, as she passed the palace of the 
 Thuillcries, the former scene of her great- 
 ness and of her pleasures, she mounted the 
 scaffold with precipitation, and falling on 
 her knees, prayed for forgiveness on her 
 murderers, and bidding adieu to her absent 
 children, to whose father she was again to' 
 be united, she laid down her head on the 
 fatal machine, and lifting up her eyes to' 
 heaven, ciosed them in death, l6th Oct. 
 
 1793. She was then near 38, but it is r?- 
 
 27^ 
 
MAJl 
 
 .MAR 
 
 markable that her misfortunes had chauf^td 
 the colour of her hair to a silvery white, 
 and her countenance, which, with every 
 feature of beauty, once beamed benignity 
 and love, had assumed an aspect of dejection 
 and settled melancholy, and she had nearly 
 lost the use of one of her eyes from the 
 damp and unwholesome air to which she 
 ■was exposed. Her body was thrown into 
 the Ma{>;dalcn church-yard and immediately 
 consumed with quick lime. In the powers 
 cf her mind, Antoinette had been carefully 
 cultivated, she spoke French with purity, 
 and the Italian as her native tongue, and 
 she was so well acquainted with Latin, that 
 when twice addressed in that language, she 
 made an immediate extemporaneous reply 
 in the same language, and with elegance. 
 She was well versed in geography, and had 
 bestowed also much time on the reading of 
 history. She had four children, Maria 
 Theresa Charlotte, born 1778, who mar- 
 ried her cousin the duke of Angouleme ; 
 Louis, born 1781, who died 1789; Charles 
 Louis, born 1785, who died 1793 ; and a 
 daughter who died an infant. Her life has 
 been published by various authors, but that 
 of Mad. Guenard, 3 vols. 12mo. is recom- 
 mended by the French biographers. 
 
 Mariamne, wife of Herod the Great, 
 and mother of Alexander and Aristobulus, 
 and of two daughters, was cruelly put to 
 death by her husband, B.C. 28. 
 
 Mariana, John, a Spanish historian, 
 Lorn at Talavera, in Castile, 1537. He en- 
 tered into the society of the Jesuits, and 
 ivas a most able divine ; he was professor 
 of divinity four years at Rome, two in Si- 
 cily, and five at Paris, after which he re- 
 turned to Spain, and spent the remainder 
 of his life at Toledo. He made himself 
 particularly known by his tract, " dc Rege 
 et de Regis Institutione," in which he de- 
 fended the assassination of Henry III. of 
 France, and supported, that the authority 
 of the people was superior to that of the 
 prince. This work, which, it is said, in- 
 spired Ravaillac with the diabolical scheme 
 of murdering Henry IV. was burnt at Paris 
 by order of the parliament, and drew upon 
 the author and the Jesuits very severe cen- 
 sures. His greatest performance is the 
 History of Spain, in 30 books, originally 
 written by him in Latin, but also published 
 in Spanish. In this work he brought the 
 history to the end of Ferdinand's reign, as 
 he dreaded to treat about more modern 
 times. He, however, afterwards wrote a 
 supplement, and came down to the year 
 1621, when Philip IV. succeeded to the 
 crown ; and the work was, after his death, 
 continued by Salcedo, and after him, by 
 Voren de Soto, to the year 1669. This ex- 
 cellent history, commended by Rapin, and 
 by others, for the greatness of the design, 
 and the nobleness of the style, everv 
 
 where sublime and interesting, has, like ull 
 other works of genius, uu.i with cuvillers. 
 Mariana died at Toledo, 1624, aged 87. 
 He wrote also, a treatise on Weights and 
 Measures— Notes on the Old Testament, a 
 very valuable work, and after his death ap- 
 peared in Latin, French, and Italian — a 
 Treatise on the Faults of the Government 
 of the society of the Jesuits. The best edi- 
 tion of his " History," in Spanish, is that 
 of Ibarra, Madrid, I7h0, 2 vols, folio ; and 
 in Latin, that of the Hague, 1722, 4 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Marianus, Scotus, a Scotch monk, re- 
 lated to the venerable Bede, and author of 
 a Chronicle from Jesus Christ to 1083, 
 continued by some other author to 1200. 
 He died 1086, aged 58. 
 
 Mariette, Peter John, son of a Paris 
 bookseller and engraver, was secretary to 
 the French king, and chancer)- comptroller, 
 and died 1774. He wrote, Traitc des Pier- 
 res Gravoes, 2 vols, folio — Lettres sur la 
 Fontaine de la Rue Grenelle — Lettres ii 
 Caylus — besides a catalogue of M. Basan's 
 Plates, 8vo — and an account of the Engrav- 
 ings from M. Crozat's pictures, 2 vols, 
 folio. His collection of engravings was 
 said to be very valuable. 
 
 Marignan, John James Medichino, 
 marquis dc, a native of Milan, who by his 
 valour was recommended to the favour of 
 Francis Sforza, duke of Milan, Sforza 
 prevailed upon him, and upon another of 
 his officers, to become the murderers of 
 Visconti, a Milanese noble, and after this 
 horrid deed, took measures to destroy both 
 of them, that the suspicion might never at- 
 tach to him. One fell, but Marignan es- 
 caped, and was made governor of Musso, 
 on the lake Como, which he in 1528 ex- 
 changed for the service of the emperor, 
 and the command of Marignan, of which 
 he assumed the title. He was successful 
 in 1554 against the French troops under 
 Strozzi, whom he defeated in Tuscany, 
 and he took Sienna, where he permitted 
 his troops to commit horrid cruelties. He 
 died at Milsn, 1555, aged 60. 
 
 Marignt, James Carpenlier dc, an ec- 
 clesiastic, born at Marigny, near Nevers. 
 He became the friend of cardinal de Retz, 
 and severely satirical against Mazarin. He 
 died of an apoplexy, 1670, distinguished 
 more for his wit, than the purity of his mo- 
 rals. His letters appeared at the Hague, 
 1678. He wrote also some poems, and ac- 
 cording to some, he is author of " Alleyn's 
 book," in which the killing of a tyrant, af- 
 ter the example of Moses, is defended as 
 lawful. The author of the History of the 
 12th Century — and of the History of the 
 Arabs, and their revolutions, in 8 vols, was 
 an ecclesiastic, who bore this name, and 
 died at Paris 1762. 
 
 Marikowskt, Martin, a native of Ro-? 
 
 •:>79 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 senau in Hungary, eminent as a pbysician. 
 He was actively employed in examining 
 the causes and the progress of the epidemic 
 diseases ^vhich proved so fatal to the Hun- 
 jjarian and Turkish armies ; in consequence 
 of which he published his Observations in 
 the Ephemerides Sirmienses, 1763. He 
 translated Tissot's Advice on Health, into 
 the Hungarian language ; and died at Sir- 
 mich in Sclavonia, 1772, aged 44. 
 
 Marillac, Louis de, a French officer, 
 patronised by Henry IV. and raised under 
 Louis XHL to the rank of marshal of 
 France. Though he owed much of his 
 good fortune to the favour of Richelieu, it 
 is said, that he conspired with his brother 
 Michael, again-t that powerful minister. 
 The cardinal was informed of the machi- 
 nations of his enemies, and the two bro- 
 thers were brought to a severe trial, and on 
 pretence of being guilty of various acts of 
 extortion and peculation, they were con- 
 demned. Louis was beheaded at Paris, 
 10th May, 1632, and the other died in a 
 dungeon soon after. 
 
 Marin, Michael Angelo, a novel writer, 
 born at Marseilles. He became an eccle- 
 siastic, and obtained the confidence and pa- 
 tronage of pope Clement XHL by whose 
 advice he began to publish the Acts of Mar- 
 tyrs, which, however, he did not finish. 
 His romances are esteemed, and they great- 
 ly promote the cause of virtue and religion. 
 This amiable character died of a dropsy in 
 the heart, April, 1767, in his 70th year. 
 
 Marinari, Honorio, an Italian painter, 
 the pupil and happy imitator of Carlo 
 Dolce. His portraits and historical pieces 
 were much admired. He died 1715, aged 88. 
 
 Marinella, Lucretia, a Venetian lady, 
 who in 1601, wrote a book, in which she 
 asserted the superiority of the female sex 
 above the male. She also published, " La 
 Colomba Sacra" — the Life of the Holy 
 Virgin — and of St. Francis, &c. 
 
 Marini, John Ambrose, a native of Ge- 
 noa, author of il Caloandre Fidelle, 1641, 
 8?o. a romance, translated by Scuderi and 
 Caylus into French — Nuova Gare de Dis- 
 perati, ten times edited, also translated in- 
 to French. These romances were popular, 
 and were the first to describe the manners, 
 dangers, and heroic deeds of ancient chi- 
 valry. 
 
 Marino, John Baptist, an Italian poet, 
 born at Naples, 1569. His father, who was 
 a lawyer, intended him for his own profes- 
 sion, but the youth had imbibed such fond- 
 ness for literature, that he sold his law 
 books to purchase poetry. This so exas- 
 perated his father, that he turned him away 
 from his protection ; but he found, by the 
 bri'iliancy of his genius, patronage with the 
 duke of Bovino, the prince of Conca and 
 Trescentio, and at last with cardinal Aldo- 
 brandini, nephew to the pope. With this 
 2Sn 
 
 patron he visited Turin, and gained there 
 the friendship of the duke, Charles Ema- 
 nuel ; but in the midst of his prosperity 
 he excited the jealousy of Murtola, the 
 duke's secretary, who, as a poet, viewed 
 with envy the honours heaped on him. 
 From abusive language and satirical son- 
 nets, little mischief could be expected, but 
 Murtola at last discharged a pistol at his 
 rival, and nearly killed him. After this 
 Marino went to Paris, at the invitation of 
 queen Margaret, and found after her death 
 a liberal patroness in Mary de Medicis. 
 He returned to Rome 1622, and went af- 
 terwards to Naples, where he died of a re- 
 tention of urine, 1625. His works are nu- 
 merous. He wrote, Strage degli Innocen- 
 ti, a poem, 1533 — Rime, in three parts — 
 la Murtoleide, 4to. — Letters — but the best 
 of his works is, " Adone," a heroic poem, 
 which ranks with the Aminto of Tasso, and 
 the Pastor Fido of Guarini. The best edi- 
 tion is the Elzevir, 4 vols. 16mo. 1678. 
 
 Mario Nuzzi, or Mario de Fiori, an 
 eminent painter, whose flowers and land- 
 scapes were deservedly admired. He died 
 at Rome, 1673, aged 70. 
 
 Marion, Francis, a distinguished officer 
 in the American army, was born near 
 Charleston, South Carolina, in 1732. He 
 first served in the expedition in 1761, 
 against the Cherokees, as a lieutenant. On 
 the commencement of the revolution he 
 was appointed captain in the regiment of 
 colonel Moultrie. He soon after received 
 a major's commission, and assisted at the 
 defence of Sullivan's Island in 1776. Be- 
 ing promoted to a lieutenant colonelcy, he 
 was intrusted with a small corps employed 
 in harassing the British and Tories, and 
 gained a number of important advantages, 
 which procured him in 1780, the commis- 
 sion of brigadier general. He continually 
 surprised and captured parties of the Bri- 
 tish and their friends, by the secrecy and 
 rapidity of his movements. In 1781, his 
 troops which had amounted to only a few 
 hundred, and often to only a few dozens, 
 were reinforced by the legion of general 
 Lee, and he soon after captured a number 
 of forts, and forced the British to retire to 
 Chai'leston. He joined the main army un- 
 der general Green a short time before the 
 battle of Eutaw spi-ings, and received the 
 thanks of Congress for his intrepid conduct 
 in that action. After the British evacuated 
 Charleston, he retired to his plantation, 
 and resided there till his death in 1795. 
 He was one of the ablest partisan officers 
 of the revolution, and one of the most suc- 
 cessful. He seldom failed of capturing 
 his enemy, and almost always did it by sur- 
 prise. His courage was the boldest, his 
 movements the most rapid, his discipline 
 severe, and his humanity most exem» 
 plary. scp' L. 
 
MAU 
 
 vlAK 
 
 Mario 1 IK, Ijilmc, a native o( Dijon, 
 )neml)cr of tli<! Paris academy of sriences, 
 and known as an able niullicniatician, and 
 a learned ecclesiastic. He wrote a treatise 
 on tlic nicttioii of Waters — on the inove- 
 mcnt of rendiilums — on Philosophy — on 
 Levels — Experiments on Colours, &.c. pulj- 
 lished together at Leyden, 1717, 2 vols. 
 4to. His experiments on Hydraulics were 
 very ingenious. He died 1G84. 
 
 BIarivaux, Peter Carlet de Chamblain 
 de, a learned dramatic writer, born at Pa- 
 ris, IGSS. He was very successful in his 
 theatrical pieces, as well as his romances ; 
 and as he conveyed an useful moral under 
 the veil of wit and sentiment, he wished, 
 as he said, to make men more Just and 
 more humane. He joined de la Motte in 
 the well-known dispute about the superiori- 
 ty of the ancients over the moderns. This 
 amiable author, so strenuously the advo- 
 cate of religion and virtue, died at Paris, 
 11th of Feb. 1763, aged 75. His works 
 are, Pieces de Theatre, n vols. 12mo. — Ho- 
 mere Travesti, an indifferent performance 
 — the French Spectator, 2 vols. l2mo. — 
 Vie de Marianne, 4 vols. 12mo. left un- 
 finished, but one of the best French ro- 
 mances — le Paysan Parvenu, 12mo. a much 
 admired composition — New Don Quixote 
 — the Poor Philosopher, 2 vols. i2mo. &,c. 
 
 Marius Caius, a celebrated Roman, 
 seven times consul. He first distinguished 
 himself in Africa against Jugurtha, and by 
 a series of heroic exploits against the Cim- 
 bri and Teutones, and the other enemies of 
 his country, he became the most popular 
 commander of Rome. His disputes with 
 Sylla proved fatal to the Roman people. 
 He died 86 B. C. His son inherited his 
 ferocious character, and at last slew him- 
 self when defeated at Pra'neste, 82 B. C. 
 
 Marius, Marcus Aurelius, a common 
 soldier, Avho rose to the imperial purple af- 
 ter Victorinus. He was a man of astonish- 
 ing strength. He was slain by a soldier 
 soon after his elevation. 
 
 Mark, St. an evangelist, the disciple of 
 Peter, by whose directions he is supposed 
 to have written his gospel for the use of 
 the Roman Christians, A. D. 72. Some 
 imagine that he is the person to whose 
 mother's house Peter, when released from 
 prison by an angel, went. The foundation 
 of the church of Alexandria is attributed 
 to him. 
 
 Mark, pope, after Silvester I. 335, died 
 the same year, 7th Oct. An epistle, ad- 
 dressed to Athanasius, is ascribed to him. 
 
 Markham, Gervase, an English author, 
 in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. 
 born at Gotham, Nottinghamshire. He 
 was captain under Charles in the civil wars, 
 and distinguished himself for his valour as 
 well as learning. He wrote, " Herod and 
 A ntipater," a tragedv — some books on Hus- 
 
 VoL. J[. 36 
 
 bandiy— on HoL^i-uanship— oa Military 
 Discipline— on the Art of Fowlin?, &« . 
 and was well sUillrdin Krcn* h, Italian, an;t 
 Spanish. 
 
 Maukiiam, "\Villi;<m, was appoi/itcd ic- 
 cretary of Pennsyhauia in ICS J, and was 
 deputy governor from June 16li.5 to De- 
 cember 1099. H(; was a nephew of VVil- 
 liani Penn, and died June 12th, 1704. 1 . L, 
 
 Makhland, Jeremiah, a learned critic, 
 born 2yih Oct. 1693, one of the 12 children 
 of the Rev. Ralph M. the author of the 
 Art of Shooting (lying. He was educated 
 at Christ's hospital, London, and Peter- 
 house, Cambridge, of which he became fel- 
 low. He was first distinguished by his 
 Epistola Critica, 1723, addressed to bishop 
 Hare ; and his literary fame was afterwards 
 supported by the Publication of Statius' 
 Sylva; — and of Remarks on the Epistles of 
 Cicero to Brutus, and of Bnitus to Cicero 
 — and a Dissertation on the Four Orations 
 ascribed to Cicero. In 1761 he published 
 his excellent little Treatise de Grajcorum 
 quintti Declinatione Impari Syllabicii ct 
 Inde Formata Latinorum Tertia Qua^stio 
 Grammatica, of which oidy 40 copies wer(! 
 printed ; but it appeared at the end of Eu- 
 ripides' Supplices Mulieres, 1763. After 
 being an active tutor at Cambridge, Mark- 
 land retired to Twyford ; but though his 
 finances were scanty, he refused to take 
 orders, and thus lost the preferment which 
 his friend, bishop Hare, was ready to be- 
 stow upon him. From the year 1744 to 
 52, he resided at Uckfield Sussex, and after- 
 wards boarded in a farm-house, at Milton, 
 near Dorking, in Surrey, where he died of 
 a severe attack of the gout, attended with 
 fever, 7th July, 1776, in his S3d year. Ho 
 was buried in Dorking church. Some of his 
 learned notes on the two Iphigeniae, were 
 printed by Dr. Heberden, his friend, 1771. 
 He wrote some other things, and was very 
 liberal of his assistance to his literary 
 friends, especially Dr. Taylor, in his Ly- 
 sias and Demosthenes, Dr. Musgrave in 
 Hippolytus, Bowyer in Sophocles, and Ar- 
 nold in the Commentary on the book of 
 Wisdom, &.C. 
 
 Marloe, Christopher, a dramatic wri- 
 ter, in the reign of Edward VI. educated 
 at Cambridge. He afterwards became a 
 player, and trod the stage with Shakspeare. 
 In his opinions and conduct he was an 
 atheist, therefore deservedly exposed to the 
 satirical reflections and abhorrence of the 
 world. It is said by Wood, that he was 
 fond of some vulgar female, but that ho 
 found a rival in his footman, and when full 
 of jealousy, he attempted to stab him, his 
 opponent wrested the dagger from his hand, 
 and plunged it into his heart. He died 
 of the wound, 1693. His plays were se- 
 ven in number, and he wrote besides, some 
 poetical pieces, &c. 
 
 281 
 
MAR 
 
 lAIAR 
 
 Marlohat, Augustin, an Augustine 
 monk of Lorraine. He embraced the te- 
 nets of the protectants, and distinguished 
 himself ?.t the conference of Poissy, 15G1. 
 He was murdered at Rouen, when the 
 place v/as taken by the king, 1562. His 
 ■works, which possess great merit, are. 
 Thesaurus Locorum Commun. S. Scrip- 
 turae, 1574, London, folio, Geneva, 1624 
 - -Commentaries on the Bible. 
 
 Marmion, Shakerley, a dramatic writer, 
 born at Aynhoc, Northamptonshire, Jan. 
 1602. He was educated at Thame school, 
 and Wadham collcge,Oxford, where he took 
 his master's degree. He squandered his 
 propei-ty, which amounted, says Wood, to 
 700/. a ycra- ; and afterwards served in the 
 army in the IS^etherlands, and against Scot- 
 land under Charles L He died in London, 
 1639. He Avrotc four comedies much es- 
 teemed in his time ; Holland's Leaguer — 
 a Fine Companion — the Antiquary — the 
 Crafty Merchant, or the Soldiered Citizen 
 — besides Cupid and Psyche, an epic poem, 
 &c. 
 
 Marmol, Lewis, a native of Grenada, 
 taken prisoner at the siege of Tunis, and 
 detained in slavery for eight years. He 
 Avrote, a General Description of Africa, 
 Grenada, 1573, 3 vols, folio, &c. 
 
 Marmontel, John Francis, an eminent 
 French writer, born at Bort, in Limousin, 
 in 1719. Though but the son of a tailor, 
 he was well educated at the college of Tou- 
 louse, where he obtained some poetical 
 prizes, and afterwards in 1745, he came to 
 Paris in the habit of an abbe. The friend- 
 ship of Voltaire, and his own merits, soon 
 procured him the favour of the great ; he 
 was rewarded with a small pension, and 
 obtained the place of historiographer to the 
 king's buildings, and was for two years 
 conductor of the periodical joiu'nal, called 
 Mercury. A severe parody from one of 
 Cinna's scenes, in which he satirized a 
 courtier of influence, drew upon him the 
 displeasure of the government, and he was 
 sent to the Bastille. His literary faiTie was 
 established by his tragedies and his operas, 
 but his Contes Moraux procured him 
 {greater celebrit)', and more advantage. He 
 was honoured for his meritorious labours, 
 with the place of perpetual secretary to the 
 French academy : but the revolution, which 
 ;)roved fatal to somanymen of character and 
 of merit spared his life. He retired into ob- 
 s^curity from the observationsof the world ; 
 and though reduced by the national bank- 
 ruptcy to indigence, he bore his misfor- 
 tunes with great composure, and in the en- 
 joyment of undisturbed domestic tranquil- 
 lity. He was in 1797, elected to be a 
 member of the council of ancients, and 
 as a politician he showed himself firm, 
 correct in his opinions, and the friend of 
 ^ irtue and religion. Me died of an apo- 
 
 plcxy, 1798, at Abbeville, near Gaillon, 
 where he had retired, when his coUeaguesi 
 in the assembly had disputed the regularity 
 of his election. His other works are, Beli- 
 sarius, a romance — the Charms of Study — 
 the Literary Observer — Lucan's Pharsalia 
 translated — the Incas, or Destruction of 
 Peru, 2 vols. — Poetique Fran<^oise, 3 vols, 
 8vo. — Essay on the Revolutions of Music, 
 8vo. — Elements of Literature, 6 vols. — be- 
 sides some articles in the French Ency- 
 clopedic. His literary character chiefly 
 depends on his Contes Moraux, 3 vols. 
 12mo. which have been translated into 
 every European language, and are know^ii 
 to every reader as full of agreeable and 
 pleasing delineations of character, but too 
 often artfully fascinating and immoral in 
 their tendency. His works have been 
 published altogether, in 17 vols. Svo. 
 
 Marnezia, N. de Lezia, a native of Be- 
 sanqon, who, from a soldier became a states- 
 man during the revoluiion. As a member 
 of the national assembly, he reprobated 
 the violent measures of his colleagues, and 
 retired in disgust to America. On his re- 
 turn in 1793, he fell under the displeasure of 
 the ruling tyrants, and was sent to prison ; 
 but though he had the good fortune to sur- 
 vive the fall of Robespierre, he never re- 
 covered his health. He died 1797. He 
 wrote, le Bonheur dans les Campagnes — 
 la Nature Champetre, a poem — Plan of 
 Education for a young Lady — Essay on 
 the Mineralogy of Orgelet in Franche 
 Compte — the Virtuous family, a romance, 
 &c. 
 
 Marxix, Philip de, a native of Brussels, 
 who ^varmly embraced the tenets of Cal- 
 vin. He became consul of Antwerp, and 
 ably defended that city against the attacks of 
 the duke of Parma, 1584. He died at 
 Leyden, 1598, aged 60. He wrote Contro- 
 versial Theses — Aniurium Romanum — and 
 other tracts. 
 
 Maroiles, Michael de, a French wri- 
 ter, born 1600. He employed his learning 
 chiefly in translations from the classics ; 
 and Terence, Plautus, Lucretius, Horace, 
 Virgil, Juvenal, Persius, &c. appeared in a 
 French dress under his hands, but not al- 
 ways with success. He also collected prints, 
 one hundred thousand of which afterwards 
 adorned the king's cabinet. He wrote also 
 Memoirs of his own Life, edited by Gou- 
 jet, 1775, 3 vols. l2mo. besides some indif- 
 ferent poetry. He died 1681. 
 
 Marot, John, a French poet, born near 
 Caen, in Normandy, 1463. His abilities 
 recommended him to Anne of Bretagne, 
 queen of France, and he attended Lewis 
 XH. to Genoa, and was in the service of 
 Francis L He died 1523. His poems are 
 preserved with those of his son Clement. 
 
 Marot, Clement, son of the above, was 
 horn at Cahors. in Qucrci, 1496. and be* 
 
MAIi 
 
 \l.\li 
 
 ^au^e valel-de-chambre to Francis I. He 
 was wounded at tlu; battle of Pavia, wLcrc 
 his master was taken prisoner ; and as he 
 had embraced the opinions of the protes- 
 tants, he found his residence at the court of 
 Francis not very safe. He therefore re- 
 tired to Geneva, where it is said by Cayet, 
 that his licentious conduct exposed him to 
 much danger, and even drew upon him the 
 punishment of public whipping in all the 
 crossways of the city. From Geneva, Ma- 
 rot went to Piedmont, and died at Turin, 
 1544, aged 49, very poor. His poetical 
 powers were so highly esteemed, that he 
 was called in France the poet of princes, and 
 the prince of poets. To his fertile inven- 
 tion the French poets are indebted for the 
 rondeau, and also for the modern form of 
 the sonnet, the madrigal, &c. Though 
 licentious in his character and opinions, 
 Marot undertook to translate the Psalms of 
 David into French verse, dedicated to 
 Francis I. The version, though elegantly 
 and faithfully completed, met with much 
 censure and abuse, as the work of a liber- 
 tine poet ; but it was recommended by a 
 preface written by Calvin himself, at Ge- 
 neva, 1543. His works, consisting of epi- 
 grams, sonnets, elegies, and ballads, were 
 published with those of his father, and 
 those of his son Michael, who was also a 
 poet, but of inferior merit, at the Hague, 
 1731, 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Marot, Francis, a French painter, the 
 pupil of la Fosse. He was associate and 
 professor in the French academy of paint- 
 ing, and died at Paris, 1719, aged 52. 
 There was also an architect of that name, 
 •whose designs have appeared engraved, in 
 4to. 
 
 Marquard-Freher, a native of Augs- 
 bur^h, who studied law and belles lettres 
 under Cujas, at Bourges, and became 
 counsellor of state to the elector pala- 
 tine, and professor of civil law at Heidel- 
 berg. He died at Heidelberg, universally 
 respected, 13th May, 1614, aged 49. He 
 ivrote Origines Palatinte, folio — de Inqui- 
 sitionis Processus — de Re Monetaria Ro- 
 man, &c. — Rerum Bohemiae Scriptores — 
 Rerum German. Scriptores, 3 vols, folio. 
 &c. 
 
 Marquet, Francis Nicholas, a native of 
 Nancy, eminent as a physician and a bo- 
 tanist. He wrote an Account of Plants in 
 Lorraine, 10 vols. 8vo. — Observations on 
 the Cure of several Diseases, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 —Method to learn the state of the Pulse 
 by the Musical Notes, 12mo. He died 
 1759, aged 72. 
 
 Marrier, D. Martin, an ecclesiastic of 
 Cluni, who died at Paris, his native town, 
 1644, aged 72, He made a curious collec- 
 tion of ancient ecclesiastical writers, which 
 he published under the title of Bibliotbcca 
 <~'luniacensi;'. 
 
 Marracci, Luie;i, a learned Italiuu, buj ii 
 at Lucca, 1612. H,. ,v;i^ professor of rhe- 
 toric, and applied iiini-clf to the study of 
 ancient and eastern lancijungc.s. He was 
 confessor to pope Innocent \l. and di«(l 
 at Rome, 1700. He bctame known as thi* 
 editor of the Koran, printf;J iu Fadua, in 
 Latin and Arabic, 2 vols, folio, 169b, willi 
 learned notes. He also assisted in the 
 publication of the Arabic Bible, 3 vols, 
 folio, Rome, 1671. 
 
 Marsais, Cajsar Chesneau du, a Front U 
 grammarian, born at Marseilles, 1676. 
 He was of the congregation of the oratory, 
 which he quitted and went to Pariy, where 
 he practised as an advocate. He after- 
 wards maintained himself by being tutor 
 in noble families, and by keeping a school, 
 till, after many adverse accidents, he re- 
 ceived from the count de Lauragais, an aji- 
 nuity of 1000 livres. He was engaged in 
 the Encyclopedic, and his Articles on 
 Grammar, &c. are drawn up with great 
 precision, correctness, and judgment. He 
 was at first a sceptic, but in the latter part 
 of life became strictly religious. He died 
 1756, aged 80. He wrote an explanation 
 of the Doctrines of the Gallician Churcii, 
 with respect to the Pretences of the 
 Court of Rome, 12mo. — a Rational Me- 
 thod of learning the Latin Language, l2mo. 
 — a Treatise on Tropes, 8vo. — the True 
 Principles of Grammar, 4to. — Logic, or 
 Reflections on the Operations of the Mind, 
 12mo. — Abridgment of Jouvenci's Mytho- 
 logy, 12mo. 
 
 Marsh, Narcissus, an Irish prelate, 
 born atHannington, Wiltshire, 163S. He 
 was admitted at Magdalen hall, Oxford, 
 1654, was elected fellow of Exeter, 165S, 
 took his degree of D.D. 1671, and in 1673 
 was made principal of St. Alban's hall. Hi.> 
 patron the duke of Ormond, in 1678, ap- 
 pointed him provost of Dublin college, and 
 in 1682, he was made bishop of Leighlin 
 and Ferns, in 1690 translated to Cashel, to 
 Dublin 1699, and in 1703 to Armagh, lu 
 the midst of these high promotions, the 
 bishop was very charitable. He built a noble 
 library at Dublin, which he enriched wilb 
 valuable books ; he repaired several 
 churches and aims-houses in his diocesses, 
 and erected and endowed an alms-house 
 for 12 clergymen's widows, at Drogheda. 
 He died 2d Nov. 1713, aged 75, and 
 was buried in a vault in St. Patrick's 
 churchyard. He was an able scholar, a 
 good orientalist, and a well-informed philo- 
 sopher. He published Institutioncs Lo- 
 gicae in Usum .luventutis Academica', Dub- 
 lin, 1681 — an Introduction to the Doctrine 
 of Sounds, with Proposals for the Improve- 
 ment of Acoustics — Manuductio ad Logi- 
 cam, &c. 
 
 Marsh, Ebenezcr Grant, professor of 
 languages and ecclesiastical historv in 
 
 283 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Yale college, Connecticut, was tbe son of 
 the Rev. Sr. Marsh of Wetbersfield, and 
 graduated at New-Haven in 1795. In 
 1798 be was appointed teacher of Hebrew, 
 ajiU the foUowiiig year tutor. In 1802 he 
 received his appointment to the professor- 
 ship, but died in November of the next 
 year, in the twenty-seventh year of his age. 
 His talents were of a very superior order, 
 and his literary acquisitions uncommonly 
 great. He published a catalogue of the his- 
 torians of this country, and had made con- 
 siderable progress in collecting materials 
 for an American Biography. iC3^ L. 
 
 Marshal, Walter, an English divine, 
 educated at Winchester and New college, 
 of which he was made fellow, and also of 
 Winchester. He was ejected from his 
 living at Hursley, Hants, for non-confor- 
 mity, 1662, and afterwards took the care of 
 a dissenting congregation at Gosport, where 
 he died IGDO. He wrote the Gospel Mystery 
 of Sanctification, 1692, 8vo. reprinted by 
 Hervey, the author of Meditations, in 12mo. 
 
 Marshal, Andrew, a physician, was 
 born in Fifeshire, in 1742. After studying 
 at Gla?gow, and Edinburgh, he visited Lon- 
 don, where he attended the lectures of the 
 Hunters, and then became surgeon to a 
 regiment. At the conclusion of the peace 
 he took his doctor's degree, and commenced 
 lecturer in anatomy, in which line he was 
 very successful. He died in London in 
 1813. After his death was published his 
 treatise on " The Morbid Anatomy of the 
 Brain," with his life prefixed. 
 
 Marshall, Thomas, D.D. an English 
 divine, born at Barkly, Leicestershire, 1621. 
 He was admitted of Lincoln college, Ox- 
 ford, and bore arms in the defence of king 
 Charles, but afterwards he left the univer- 
 sity, and went to Rotterdam, where he be- 
 came minister to the merchants there and 
 atDordt. He returned to England in 1661, 
 and in 1663 was chosen fellow, and in 
 1672, rector of his college. In 1681 he was 
 made dean of Gloucester, and died at Lin- 
 coln college, 1685. He was a harned man, 
 well skilled in the Saxon, and in the Ori- 
 ental languages. He published Observa- 
 tiones in Evangeliorum Versiones per An- 
 tiquas duas, scilicet Gothicas et Anglo- 
 Saxonicas — an Explanation of the Cate- 
 chism — Epistle prefixed to Dr. Hyde's 
 translation into the Malayan language, of 
 the four Gospels and the Acts — besides 
 which he completed archbishop Usher's life, 
 published by Dr. Parr. 
 
 Marshall, Nathanael, D.D. an English 
 divine, appointed chaplain to George II. at 
 the recommendation of the princess of 
 Wales. He held some preferment in Lon- 
 don, and was canon of Windsor. He pub- 
 lished the works of St. Cyprian, folio, 1717 
 — a Defence of our constitution in church 
 and State, 8vo. 1717 — Sermons on several 
 
 occasions, 3 vols. 8vo. 1730. These were 
 posthumous, and inscribed to queen Caro- 
 line, by his widow, who was left with eight 
 children. 
 
 Marsham, Sir John, a learned author, 
 born 1602, in London, and educated at 
 Westminster school, and St. John's college^ 
 Oxford. In 1625 he went to France, and 
 afterwards again visited that kingdom, Italy, 
 and Germany, and was in 1629, at the 
 siege of Boisleduc. He studied the law at 
 the Middle Temple, and in 163S was one of 
 the six clerks in chancery. During the 
 civil wars he followed the king to Oxford, 
 and was a great sufferer by the plunder of 
 the republicans ; but in 1660, after leading 
 a life of retirement and solitude under the 
 usurpation, he was elected member for the 
 city of Rochester, and was knighted, and 
 made a baronet by Charles II. He died at 
 Bushy hall, Herts, May, 1 685, and was 
 buried at Cuckstone, near Rochester. He 
 is celebrated in literature for his excellent 
 work, called Diatriba Chronologica, or a 
 Chronological Dissertation, wherein he 
 examines the principal difficulties which 
 occur in the chronology of the Old Testa- 
 ment, 4to. 1649. The work was afterwards 
 altered in his Canon Chronicus J^gyptiacus, 
 Ebraicus, Graecus, ct Disquisitiones, Lon- 
 don, 1652, folio, reprinted Leipsic, 1676, 
 and at Franeker, 1696, 4to. Sir John left 
 two sons, John, his successor in the title, 
 who collected materials for a History of 
 England, never published, and wrote a 
 History of English Boroughs ; and Robert, 
 created a baronet by queen Anne, also a 
 learned man, whose son was made lord 
 Romney, 1716. 
 
 Marsigli, Lewis Ferdinand, an Italian 
 author, born of a noble family at Bologna, 
 1658. He v.as carefully educated, and 
 then visited Constantinople, 1679, with the 
 eyes of a philosopher and of a military 
 man, and at his retui-n, offered his services 
 to the emperor of Germany against the 
 Turks. He distinguished himself greatly 
 in the field, but in 1683 he was taken by 
 the Tartars, who sold him to the Turks. 
 The next year he obtained his ransom, and 
 immediately repaired to Vienna, where the 
 emperor made him a colonel, and after- 
 wards advanced him to the rank of mar- 
 shal. In the war about the Spanish suc- 
 cession, he was, however, unfortunate. 
 Brisac surrendered in 1703, after a siege 
 of 13 days, when a longer and more ef- 
 fectual resistance was expected, and the 
 count D'Arco, the governor, was condemn- 
 ed to lose his head, and Marsigli the next 
 in command, was stripped of his honours, 
 and had his sword broke over him. He 
 attempted in vain to justify his conduct be- 
 fore the emperor, and even published a 
 memorial to defend himself; but finding 
 the tide of unpopularify against him, he r*'- 
 
iMAK 
 
 MAK 
 
 turned to privacy. He went to Paris and 
 Marseilles, and then retired to Bologna, 
 where he founded 1712, with the consent 
 of the senate, as patrons, an academy of 
 arts and sciences, with a museum for the 
 advancement of knowledge, and of the 
 arts. He also erected a printing-house, 
 ivhere the memoirs and writings of the 
 academy were to be published, which he 
 intrusted to the care of the Dominicans. 
 He died 1st Nov. 1730. His learning re- 
 commended him to the academies of Paris, 
 MontpcUier, and London, of which he was 
 elected a member. He wrote a Philosophi- 
 cal Essay on the Sea, translated into French 
 by Le Clerc, published folio, Amst. 1725 — 
 a Description of the Danube, 6 vols. fol. — 
 a Latin Treatise on Coffee, 12mo. — on 
 Mushrooms, folio — on the Bosphorus. 4to. 
 — on the Ottoman Forces, fol. 
 
 Marsollier, James, a French histo- 
 rian, born at Paris, 1647. He was arch- 
 deacon of Usez, and died there, 1724. 
 7Iis works, though occasionally incorrect, 
 are still read with applause. He is author 
 of a History of Cardinal Ximenes, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — History of Henry VH. of Eng- 
 land, 2 vols 12mo. — History of the Inquisi- 
 tion, l2mo. — Life of Sir Francis de Sales, 
 2 vols. 12mo. — Life of Madame de Chantel, 
 2 vols. — Life of Dom Ranee of La Trap- 
 pe, 2 vols. — Dialogues on the Duties of 
 Civil Life — History of Henry de la Tour 
 D'Auvergne — an Apology for Erasmus, to 
 prove that he was a good Catholic — a 
 History of the Tenths and Goods of the 
 Chui'ch. 
 
 Marston, John, an English dramatic 
 author. He wrote eight plays, which were 
 acted with applause at the Black-friars 
 theatre. He was of Corpus Christi col- 
 lege, Oxford, and was the friend of Ben 
 Jonson, but the time of his death is un- 
 known, though he was living in 1633. 
 He wrote besides three books of satires, 
 called the Scourge of Villany, and reprint' 
 ed 1764. 
 
 Marst, Francis Marie de, distinguished 
 among the Jesuits, from whose society he 
 was expelled, was born at Paris. His 
 "Analysis of Bayle," 4 vols. 12mo. was 
 proscribed by the parliament of Paris, and 
 produced his confinement in the Bastille. 
 He died suddenly, December, 1763. He 
 is author of the History of Mary Stuart, 3 
 vols. l2mo. — Memoirs de Melville, from 
 the English, 3 vols. 12mo. — Abridged Dic- 
 tionaiy of Painting and Architecture, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — The Rabelais Moderne, 8 vols. 
 12mo. — the Prince, from Father Paul — 
 Pictura, an elegant poem — Modern His- 
 tory, as a continuation of RoUin, 26 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Marst, Baltbasar, a native of Cambray, 
 eminent as a sculptor. He died 1674, 
 a?ed 64. His brother Caspar, who died 
 
 1681, aged 50, wa-s also an able scuiptoi 
 The vase, with a representation of La- 
 tona and her children, in the gardens of 
 Versailles, is by the chisel of the»e two 
 brothers. 
 
 Martel, Francis, surgeon in the ser- 
 vice of Henry IV. of France, was author 
 of an Apologv for Surgeons— of Paradoxes 
 on the Practice of Surgery, and other works, 
 printed at Paris, together, 1635, 12mo. 
 
 Marteliere, Peter de la, an advocate 
 of the parliament of Paris, who distinguish- 
 ed himself in the celebrated trial between 
 the university of Paris and the Jesuits. 
 The speech which he made on the occasion, 
 was published, and much applauded. He 
 died 1631. 
 
 Martelli, Lewis, an Italian, whose 
 poems, serious and grotesque, and drama- 
 tic pieces, were published at Florence, ho 
 was born at Florence, and died at Salerno, 
 1527, aged 23. His brother Vincent was 
 also a poet, whose pieces appeared at Flo- 
 rence, 1607, 8vo. 
 
 Martelli, Peter James, author of seven 
 volumes of prose and verse, was secretary 
 to the senate of Bologna, and professor of 
 belles lettres there. He died 1729. His 
 poems, according to Maffei, possessed great 
 merit. 
 
 Martenne, Edmund, a Benedictine 
 monk of St. Maur, born 1654, at St. Jean 
 de Laune, Langres. He was author of a 
 Commentary on the Rules of St. Benedict 
 — de Antiquis Monachorum Ritibus, 2 vols. 
 4to. — Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novus, and 
 other works, he died of an apoplexy, 1739. 
 
 Martial, D'Auvergne, a French poet, 
 author of Arrets de L'Amour — a Histori- 
 cal Poem on Charles VII. — L'Amant Ren- 
 du Cordelier — Devotes Louanges a la 
 Vierge Marie, &c. reprinted at Paris, 2 
 vols. 8vo. 1724. He was procurator of the 
 parliament, and notary of the chatelet at 
 Paris, and died there 1508, much beloved. 
 
 Martialis, Marcus Valerius, a Span- 
 iard celebrated as a great Latin epigram- 
 matist, in the reign of the emperor Domi- 
 tian. He died in his native country, 104 
 A.D. His epigrams are severe, and often 
 licentious, best edited 1701, Amst. 8vo. 
 
 Martianay, John, a Benedictine of the 
 congregation of St. Maur, who ably edited 
 the works of Jerome, 5 vols, folio, with a 
 life of that father, 4to. 1706, and publish- 
 ed also other works. Ho was born at St. 
 Sever, in Gascony, and read lectures at 
 Aries, Avignon, and Bourdeaux. He died 
 of an apoplexy, 1717, aged 70. 
 
 Martignac, Stephen Algai lord of, a 
 French writer, who published the Lives of 
 the Bishops of Paris, in the l7th century, 
 4to. and translated besides into prose, Ho- 
 race, Terence, Juvenal, Persius, Ovid, Vir- 
 gil, in 9 vols. 12mo. He died 1693, aged 
 70. 
 
 28.^ 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Martix, St. a native of Sabt;.ria, in Paii- 
 nonia, who, from a soldier, became a con- 
 vert to Christianity at Amien?, and in 
 374 was made bishop of Tours. He found- 
 ed the monastery of Marmontier, and is 
 regarded as the apostle of Gaul. His con- 
 fession of faith with respect to the Trinity 
 is still extant. He died 397. 
 
 Martin I. pope after Theodore, 649, 
 caused the doctrines of the Monothelites 
 to be condemned in a synod at Rome. 
 He was sent by Constantius to the Crimea, 
 where he died through ill treatment, 16th 
 Sept. 655. 
 
 Martin II. pope after John VIII. 8S2, 
 died two years after, in Feb. 884. Under 
 bim Photius, patriarch of Constantinople 
 was condemned. 
 
 Martin III. a native of Rome, pope 
 after Stephen VIII. 942. He was a benevo- 
 lent pontiff, and founded several churches, 
 &c. He died 4th August, 946. 
 
 Martin IV. a Frenchman, made pope 
 after Nicholas III. 1281. He passed a 
 sentence of excommunication against the 
 emperor Michael Palaeologus, and against 
 Peter III. of Arragon, whose kingdom he 
 bestowed on Charles Valois son of Philip 
 the Hardy of France. He died at Pe- 
 i-ouse, 28th March, 1285. 
 
 Martin V. Otho Colonna, an illustrious 
 Roman, made pope after the abdication of 
 Gregory XII. 1417. The emperor and 
 the elector palatine, with the deference of 
 subjects attended upon him at his inaugu- 
 ration, and he knew well how to improve 
 the submissive conduct of catholic po- 
 tentates. He persecuted the adherents of 
 Huss, in Bohemia, and presided in person 
 at the council of Constance, 1418. He 
 died of an apoplexy, 20th Feb. 1431, aged 
 63. 
 
 Martin, David, a protestant divine, 
 born at Revel, in Languedoc, 1639. He 
 left his country at the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, and settled at Utrecht, 
 where he gave lectures, and acted as pastor. 
 On the second edition of the dictionary of 
 the French academy he communicated to 
 the publishers, some valuable remarks, and 
 died at Utrecht, of a violent fever, 1721. 
 He was a most amiable character. He 
 published a History of the Old and New 
 Testament, 2 vols, folio, with 424 plates — 
 EightSermons, 8vo. — a Treatise on Natural 
 Religion — Two Dissertations, which have 
 been translated into English, one on the 
 disputed passage of St. John 1, c. 6. v. 7. 
 and the other on the testimony of Jose- 
 phus to the character of Christ — a Treatise 
 on Revealed Religion, 2 vols. 8vo. — a Bible, 
 ivith notes. 
 
 Martin, Dom James, a Benedictine of 
 
 the congregation of St. Maur, born at Tan- 
 
 jaux, Upper Languedoc. After teaching 
 
 the languages in his native province, he 
 
 286 
 
 removed to Paris where he died a martyii' 
 to agonizing sufferings from the gout and 
 gravel, 1751, in his 70th year. He wrote a 
 Treatise on the Religion of the Ancient 
 Gauls, 2 vols. — a History of the Gauls, 2 
 vols. — Explication of difficult Texts of 
 Scripture, 2 vols. 4to. — Explanation of An- 
 cient Monuments — a project for an Alpha- 
 betical Library. 
 
 Martin, Thomas, an antiquarian, born 
 atThetford, 8th March, 1697, the seventh 
 of nine children. He was for some time 
 with his brother as an attorney, but dis- 
 liked the employment, and wished for a 
 Cambridge education, in which, however, 
 he was not gratified, as he in 1722 married 
 at Thetford. By his wife who died 1731, 
 he had eight children, and by the widow of 
 Peter le Neve, Norroy king at arms, whom 
 he soon after took for his second wife, he 
 had as many children, nine of all whom 
 reached the years of manhood. By his 
 second marriage he obtained a large collec- 
 tion of English antiquities, pictures, &c. 
 which have since his death passed into the 
 hands of private families. He died 7th 
 March, 1771, and was buried in Palgrave 
 church, where many of his family were in- 
 terred before him. He ^Tote Monumenta 
 Anglicana — the History of his Native 
 Town, 4to. — and contributed much to the 
 Fasti of Le Neve. 
 
 Martin, Benjamin, an optician and 
 globe maker of Fleet-street, and the pub- 
 lisher of a Scientific Magazine, was origi- 
 nally a schoolmaster of Chichester, and was 
 born in 1704. He acquired afterwards 
 some reputation as a travelling lecturer in 
 experimental philosophy, and then settled 
 in London, where he made some improve- 
 ments in philosophical and mathematical 
 experiments. In his old age he was afflict- 
 ed with domestic losses in consequence of 
 trusting too much to false friends, and 
 though he had more than sufficient to dis- 
 charge his debts, he became a bankrupt. 
 In a fit of delirious despair he attempted his 
 life ; the wound, though not mortal, has- 
 tened his death. He died 9th Feb. 1782. 
 His fossils and curiosities were sold for 
 little after his death. He published a Phi- 
 losophical Grammar — Young Gentleman 
 and Lady's Philosophy, 2 vols. Svo. — Philo- 
 sophia Brilannica, 3 vols. 8vo. — Treatises 
 on Decimal Arithmetic, Svo. — on Optics, 
 Svo. — on Trigonometry, 2 vols. Svo. — Ma- 
 thematical Institutes, 2 vols. — Natural 
 History of England, 2 vols. — Biographia 
 Philosophica, Svo. and other miscellanies, 
 all useful and ingenious. 
 
 Martin, Claude, a native of Lyons, of 
 mean parentage. He had happily the ad- 
 vantage of a good mathematical education, 
 and at the age of 20 he embraced the pro- 
 fession of arms, and embarked for India 
 inth hi? brother under general Lally. In 
 
MAU 
 
 MAII 
 
 ilic uuv of 17"»6 lie conducted hims'-ll' uitli 
 s;reat valour, Inii ill treatment dis<j;ustcd 
 liim with the service, and he at the siege of 
 I'oiidichenv deserted to the Kiij;iish, in 
 \vhose forces he obtained the rank of colo- 
 nel. Assiduous and intelligent, he was now 
 employed to make a map of the territories 
 of the Nabob of Oudc, and under liis jju- 
 tronagc he introduced the arts and com- 
 mercial institutions of Europe, and opened 
 a bank, which proved highly productive. 
 He afterwards settled at Lucknow, where 
 he built a magnificent cdiiice for his resi- 
 dence, and another also on the banks of the 
 Ganges, and then devoting his time to the 
 natural productions of the country, he 
 formed in his museum a very curious and 
 valuable collection. His garden was also 
 enriched with all the beautiful productions 
 and varieties of the climate ; his observatory 
 was provided with the most useful and the 
 best instruments for making observations 
 on the heavens, and he exhibited the first 
 balloon that ever floated in the atmosphere 
 of Asia. This remarkable character died 
 in 1799, and with the most benevolent in- 
 tentions divided his immense property 
 rmong his children, and for charitable pur- 
 poses in the towns of Lyons, of Calcutta, 
 and of Lucknow. 
 
 Martin, Alexander, LL.D. governor of 
 North Carolina from 17S2 to 1785, was 
 previously speaker of the senate of the 
 state, and afterwards a delegate to the con- 
 vention which framed the constitution of 
 the United States. He was a second time 
 governor on the appointment of Mr. Jolin- 
 son to the senate in 1789. In 1792 Mr. 
 Martin, was elected a senator from North 
 Carolina. He died November, 1807. 
 
 iCj^ L. 
 
 Martindale, Adam, a mathematician 
 and divine, master of a mathematical school 
 at Warrington, and then at Dunham, was 
 ejected from the living of Rosthorn, Che- 
 shire, for non-conformity, 1662. He after- 
 wards lived as chaplain in the family of lord 
 Delaware, and died 1700. He is author of 
 the Land Meter's Vade Mecum, 12mo. — 
 two County Almanacks — 12 Problems 
 about Interest — Divinity Knots Unloosed 
 1649, 8vo. — Truth and Peace promoted, 
 1G82, &c. 
 
 Martinf.au, Isaac, a Jesuit of Angers, 
 who died 1720, aged 80. He was patro- 
 nised by the court, and became confessor 
 and friend to the duke of Burgundy. He 
 wrote Psalms of Penitence — Meditations on 
 Retirement, &c. 
 
 Martini, Raymond, a Dominican friar, 
 born at Sobirat, in Catalonia. He was one 
 of those Avho were laboriously engaged in 
 the study of Arabic and Hebrew to confute 
 the Jews and Mahometans in their own 
 language on religious subjects, and he was 
 %n\t by the king of Arvaomn n? a mi-isiDnarv 
 
 to Tunis in 12G8. He died l2Pf;. Hi> ex- 
 cellent treatise against the Jews, called 
 Pugio Fidei Christiana; was brouj^ht to 
 light by Bosquet, bishop of Montpellier, 
 and published 1651 at Paris, and the best 
 edition at Leipsic, 1G87. 
 
 Martini, Martin, a Jesuit, long resident 
 in (yhina, where he wrote some valuable 
 books. He returned to Kuropc in IGjI, 
 and again, as some suppose, revisited 
 China, where he died, aged 74. He pub- 
 lished " Sinica; Historia; Decas prima a 
 gentis Origine ad Christum Natum, 4to. — 
 China Illuatrata, fol. — a Latin History of 
 the Wars of the Tartars against China, 8vo. 
 — a Relation of the Number and Quality of 
 the Chinese Christians. 
 
 Martiniere, rid. Bruzen. 
 
 Martinius, Matthias, a native of Wal- 
 deck, the disciple of Piscator, became a re- 
 spectable divinity professor at Paderborii 
 and Bremen, and distinguished himself at 
 the synod of Dordt. He wrote Lexicon 
 Philologicum, 2 vols. fol. and died 1630, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Martinusius, George, or Vtisino- 
 viscii, a native of Croatia, who from a 
 lighter of stoves became a learned ecclesi- 
 astic, bishop of Great Waradin, and at last 
 the minister and friend of John Zapol, 
 king of Hungary. At his death, 1540, the 
 king left him guardian of his son John 
 Sigismuud, but a quarrel with Isabella the 
 queen mother obliged him to leave the 
 kingdom, and he retired to the court of the 
 emperor Ferdinand I. who obtained for him 
 a cardinal's hat from pope Julius III. He 
 was afterwards suspected of plotting with 
 the Turks against his benefactor, and in 
 consequence of this probably false accusa- 
 tion he was meanly assassinated in his 
 castle of Vints, 1551. 
 
 Martirelli, a landscape painter of 
 great eminence, born at Naples, where he 
 died 1720, aged 60. 
 
 Martyn, John, an English botanist, 
 born in London, 1699. He early showed a 
 fondness for botanical pursuits, and by the 
 friendship of Dr. Sherard, his attention 
 was directed to literary and not to mercan- 
 tile concerns. By publishing, in 1720, 
 Tournefort's History of the Plants in the 
 neighbourhood of Paris, he formed the plan 
 of composing a catalogue of those near 
 London. The society of botanists in Lon- 
 don, which continued in its original form 
 till 1726, was established by him and Dilic- 
 nus ; but afterwards he left the metropolis, 
 where he had given some lectures, to suc- 
 ceed Bradley as botanical professor of Cam- 
 bridge. He acquired some reputation as a 
 physician in London and Chelsea, but re- 
 tiring to Streatham, in 1752, he abandoned 
 the more laborious parts of his profession. 
 He resigned, in 1761, his Cambridge pro- 
 fessorship, in which he was succeeded bv 
 
 287 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 his son Thomas Marty n, B.D. and he 
 died at Chelsea, 1768. Dr. Martyn had 
 been elected member of the royal society 
 in 1727, and was so useful in the regula- 
 tions made to complete the library and the 
 museum, that his bond for annual payment 
 was honourably cancelled by the council of 
 that learned body. His works are Tabulai 
 Synoptical Plantarum Officinal, ad method. 
 Itay. fol. — Methodus Plantarum circa Can- 
 tabrig. Nascent. l2mo. — Historia Planta- 
 rum Rariorum, Decad. 5 fol. — first Lecture 
 of a Course of Botany, Introductory, Svo. 
 — Virgil's Bucolics and Georgics translated 
 with notes, 2 vols. Svo. and 4to. a valuable 
 and entertaining work — Dissertations on 
 the ^neid, 12mo. — Abridgment of Philoso- 
 phical Transactions — Translation of Hanis 
 on the Diseases of Infants — do. of Boer- 
 haave's Treatise on the powers of Medicine 
 — Philosophical Papers of the Memoirs of 
 the Paris Academy of Sciences, abridged, 
 5 vols. Svo. — Various Curious Papers in the 
 Philosophical Transactions — some Articles 
 in the General Dictionary, &c. 
 
 Martyr, Peter, a native of Anghierra 
 in the Milanese, employed as an able nego- 
 tiator by Ferdinand V. of Castile and Ar- 
 ragon, and also engaged in the education 
 of the princes his children. In conse- 
 quence of his services he obtained some 
 ecclesiastical honours, and died 1525, aged 
 70. He was author of a History of the 
 Discovery of America, under the name of 
 de Navigatione et Tcrris de Novo Repertis, 
 1587 — Letters respecting the History of 
 Spain, Amsterdam, 1670, fol. — an interest- 
 ing Relation of his Embassy to Egypt, 
 1500, in fol. 
 
 Martyr, Peter, a most eminent divine, 
 born at Florence, 1500. His family name 
 was Hermilius, but he received from his 
 parents that of Martyr, from Peter, a mar- 
 tyr, whose church was near the house in 
 which he was born. He became an Au- 
 gustine monk at Fiesoli, and afterwards 
 .studied at Padua, and at the age of 26 was 
 admitted public preacher. He distinguish- 
 ed himself by his eloquence in the pulpit, 
 and as a professor of philosophy and divi- 
 nity, at Brixia, Rome, Venice, -Mantua, 
 and other cities ; but the writings of Zuin- 
 glius and of Bucer, and the conversation of 
 Valdes shook his faith in the papal infalli- 
 bility, and after preaching the doctrines of 
 the protestants in secret, he found it dan- 
 gerous to continue south of the Alps, and 
 therefore removed to Zurich. He next 
 visited Basil, and then Strasburg where he 
 married a nun who, like himself, had es- 
 caped from the superstitions of a convent. 
 From Strasburg, Martyr was invited by 
 Cranmer to England, and honourably ap- 
 pointed divinity professor at Oxford by Ed- 
 ward VI. in 1 549. Though insulted and ri- 
 diruled by the papists, he boldly continued 
 '_'8« 
 
 his lectures, and, in approbation of his zeal, 
 the king made him canon of Christ church. 
 At the accession of Mary, however, the 
 learned professor found it unsafe to remain 
 at Oxford, and he therefore privately re- 
 tired to Strasburg, and to Zurich, where, 
 for seven years, he became a popular di- 
 vmity professor. He had liberal oifers af- 
 terwards to settle at Geneva, awd his friend 
 Jewel solicited him with zealous affection 
 to return to England after Mai-y's death, 
 but he declined those honourable testimo- 
 nies of respect, and continued at Zurich, 
 where he died 1562, aged 63. His wife 
 died at Oxford during his residence there. 
 On Mary's accession, such was the impo- 
 tent virulence of the papists, her bones were 
 dug up and buried in a dunghill by cardinal 
 Pole, till the happier days of Elizabeth re- 
 stored them to consecrated ground in the 
 cathedral. On his return to Zurich, Mar- 
 tyr took a second wife, by whom he had 
 three children, the youngest of which only 
 survived him. Martyr, as a writer, was 
 learned and ivell informed ; as a disputant 
 he was acute, sensible, and penetrating, as 
 much admired by the protestants as he was 
 dreaded by the papists. He was zealous 
 as a reformer, but sincere, and in his great- 
 est triumphs over superstition and error, 
 wisely moderate and humble. He wrote 
 several books against the papists, or in ex- 
 planation of the Scriptures, but his " De- 
 fence of the Orthodox Doctrine of the 
 Lord's Supper," against Gardiner, is parti- 
 cularly famous. He is, however, accused 
 by father Simon, of making a vain and un- 
 necessary display of his learning in his 
 commentaries, though it must be confessed, 
 in the words of bishop Jewel, that he is a 
 man never to be named without the 
 highest respect and honour. 
 
 Marucelli, John Stephen, an Italian 
 painter of eminence, who died 1706, aged 
 60. One of his best pieces is Abraham en- 
 tertaining the Angels. 
 
 Marvell, Andrew, an ingenious writer, 
 born 1620, at Kingston upon Hull, where 
 his father was minister and master of the 
 school. The strong powers of his mind 
 were so early displayed, that at 13 he was 
 sent to Trinity college, Cambridge, but 
 here unexperienced and thoughtless he fell 
 into the hands of the Jesuits, till his father 
 interfered and restored him to the whole- 
 some tenets of the university. He took his 
 bachelor's degree, 1638, and about that 
 time lost his father, who was drowned in 
 crossing the Humber, while attending a 
 female friend's daughter. The afflicted 
 mother being now childless, bestowed all 
 her property on the son of her deceased 
 friend, and Marvell was thus enabled to 
 travel and improve himself in visiting fo- 
 reign countries. He passed through France, 
 visited Rome, and extended his travels to 
 
MAU 
 
 MAH 
 
 Conslanliuo|jlc. Ab«ut 1653 lie returued 
 boiiii;, ami was inailc assistant to Milton, 
 the Latin senetary of Cromwell. Ht was 
 clioscn nuMiilxT of parliament for his native 
 town in HJOO, and continued to represent 
 it, and witij the honourable grant of a pen- 
 sion from his approving electors, till his 
 death, and thougli he seldom spoke in the 
 Louse, his opinion was respected out of 
 doors, and oi'tcn influenced prince Rupert, 
 and other inilependcnt members. He 
 claimed the piiblic attention as a writer, 
 by a severe anonymous attack on Dr. Par- 
 ker, who was virulent in favour of arbitrary 
 government, and by another pamphlet 
 against bishop Croft's " Naked Truth," but 
 his most violent composition was "an 
 Account of the Growth of Popery and Ar- 
 bitrary Government in England, &c." for 
 the discovery of the author of which the 
 offended ministry offered a reward. These 
 tracts were written not only with severity, 
 but in a strain of humour and sarcasm, 
 "which rendered them very popular, and ex- 
 posed to derision those against whom the 
 satire was directed. Though an enemy to 
 the ministry, Marvell was courted and 
 admired, and even the king himself was 
 pleased with his conversation and conduct, 
 and endeavoured by all means in his power 
 to gain him to espouse the measures of the 
 court. After enjoying the company of 
 this facetious subject, Charles the next 
 morning sent to him his minister Danby, 
 who with difficulty found his obscure lodg- 
 ing, up two pair of stairs, in one of the 
 courts of the Strand. Marvell supposed 
 his visiter had lost his way, but when in- 
 formed that Danby came from the king, 
 who wished to know what he could do to 
 serve him, he answered that it was not in 
 his majesty's power to serve him. When 
 pressed farther to accept any office the 
 court could give, Marvell answered, that he 
 could not with honour accept the offer, 
 since if he did, he must prove either un- 
 grateful to the king in voting against him, 
 or false to his country in giving into the 
 measures of the court. To conquer this 
 obstinate integrity Danby declared that he 
 was the bearer to him of 1000/. from the 
 king as a mark of his respect, but this the 
 unshaken patriot rejected, though after the 
 courtier was gone he was obliged to bor- 
 row a guinea of a friend. This great man 
 died 1678, aged 58, not without strong suspi- 
 cions of being poisoned, and he was buried 
 in St. Giles's church, in the fields. His 
 friends afterwards wished to erect a monu- 
 ment to his memory in the church of his 
 native town, but the minister of the parish 
 refused his consent. Some papers were 
 afterwards imposed upon the public as his, 
 by a woman with whom he lodged, and who 
 imprudently asserted those papers to have 
 been in the handwriting of her late dear 
 Vol. it. -.7 
 
 busliand. His poems und letters vv<-re pub- 
 lished, London, 172t;, in 2 \oh. 12mo. with 
 an account of his life, by Mr. Cooke, and 
 since, a handsomr edition has appeared 
 by captain Thompson, 3 vols. Ito. Some 
 of his recommendatory verses generally 
 appear before the great work of his friend 
 Milton. 
 
 Marvielles, N. de, a French officer, 
 better known as the author of some poetical 
 pieces of merit, in Latin and in French, con- 
 sisting of stories well told, epigrams, kr. 
 He died about 1775. 
 
 Marullus, Tacitus, a poet of the fifth 
 century, who wrote a panegyric on Attila, 
 king of the Huns, and waited upon him at 
 Padua in expectation of a liberal reward. 
 The fierce barbarian rewarded his flattery 
 by throwing the poem and the writer into 
 the flames. 
 
 Marullits, Michael Tarchanistis, a 
 learned Greek who left his native town, 
 Constantinople, when it fell under the 
 power of the Turks. He distinguished him- 
 self as a soldier, as well as a poet in Italy, 
 but in his principles he was an impious 
 blasphemer and atheist. He was drowned 
 on horseback in the river Ca;cina near Vo- 
 laterra, 1500. His poems and epigrams 
 both in Greek and Latin were printed at 
 Florence 1497, 4to. and Paris, 1561. They 
 are elegant, but very licentious. He was 
 a great adm.rer of Lucretius, and used to 
 say that other poets were to be read, but 
 Lucretius and Virgil to be got by heart. 
 
 Mary, the mother of our blessed Saviour, 
 was of the tribe of Judah, and of the royal 
 race of David. She was betrothed to Jo- 
 seph, and her miraculous conception was 
 announced to her by the angel Gabriel. 
 From Bethlehem where the Saviour was 
 born, she went to Egypt, and afterwards 
 returned to Nazareth where she saw her 
 son grow up in stature and in wisdom. 
 Little is mentioned of her in the gospels, 
 but that she was present at the crucifixion, 
 when Jesus recommended her to his fa- 
 vourite disciple, John, who took her to his 
 own house. The papists assert, that she 
 continued immaculate, and on the supposi- 
 tion that she was taken up to heaven, with- 
 out dying, they celebrate a feast called the 
 assumption of the virgin. 
 
 Mart, wife of Cleophas, is called in 
 scripture the sister of the virgin, and the 
 mother of the apostles, James the less, Si- 
 mon, and Jude, and Joseph. She early be- 
 lieved in the miracles, and the mission of 
 our Saviour, she attended hi^ crucifixion, 
 and the burial of his body, and she was one 
 of the women to whom his resurrection 
 was announced at the a«pnlchre by a vision 
 of angels, and she immediately after met 
 him, and falling at his feet paid him adora- 
 tion. 
 
 Mart, queei^ of England, eldest daiigh- 
 
MAR 
 
 MAK 
 
 tcr of Henry VIII. by Catharine of Arra- 
 gon, was born at Greenwich, 18th Feb. 
 1517. She was educated under the care 
 of the celebrated Linacer and Vives, and 
 she acquired so perfect a knowledge of 
 Latin that she undertook to translate Eras- 
 mus's Paraphrase of St John's Gospel, 
 which was finished by her chaplain Mallet. 
 The treatment of her mother by her father 
 totally alienated her heart from filial duties, 
 and so exasperated was the monarch at 
 her violent and obstinate conduct, that he 
 would have publicly put her to death had not 
 the virtuous Cranmer interfered. Bred up 
 in the bigoted principles of the Romish 
 church, she refused to join the protestant 
 communion, as well under her brother as 
 under her father, and in consequence of 
 this obstinacy the young king, at the per- 
 suasion of the duke of Northumberland, set 
 her aside in the succession, and appointed 
 the lady Jane Gray for his successor. 
 Though Jane was proclaimed on Edward's 
 death, yet Mary's interest prevailed, and in 
 a few days she entered London in triumph. 
 The partialities which she had shown for 
 the popish tenets in a private station, now 
 displayed themselves on the throne, and 
 guided by the counsels of the sanguinary 
 Gardiner, she assented to those horrible 
 excesses which have so deservedly fixed 
 upon her the appellation of the bloody 
 Mary. The faggot and the stake were the 
 instruments used to make converts to the 
 church of Rome, and not only the innocent 
 lady Jane and her husband were sacrificed 
 to the mean jealousy of the queen, but the 
 great Cranmer who had saved her from de- 
 struction was condemned to the flames. In 
 1554 she married Philip of Spain, son of 
 Charles V. but the happiness which she ex- 
 pected from this union was destroyed by the 
 coldness of her phlegmatic husband, and 
 her disappointment in child-bearing added 
 to the studied absence of Philip, and the 
 disgraceful loss of Calais, so preyed upon 
 her spirits, that she fell a sacrifice to the at- 
 tacks of a fever, 7th Nov. 1558. In her 
 character, Mary was violent, superstitious, 
 and bigoted, she thought it her duty to sa- 
 crifice the calls of humanity to her zeal for 
 what she considered the interests of true 
 religion, and from the influence of her 
 popish advisers, she was often prevailed to 
 commit what was dishonourable, flagitious, 
 and oppressive. Three books of devo- 
 tion are mentioned by Strype as written 
 by her. 
 
 Mary, queen of England, wife of William 
 III. was daughter of the second James, by 
 the daughter of lord Clarendon. She mar- 
 vied at the age of 15 William, prince of 
 Orange, and at the revolution, when her 
 father had abdicated the throne, she ac- 
 companied her husband, and was crowned 
 queen. Mary is represented as of a meek 
 290 
 
 inotfensive characteV, little inclined to med- 
 dle with public affairs except when party 
 influenced her, or the absence of her hus- 
 band rendered it necessary. She died 28th 
 Dec. in 1694, at the age of 32, of the small- 
 pox, leaving no issue. She was, in her 
 character, benevolent and humane, exhi- 
 biting in her conduct great gravity, and 
 little attachment to the feminine trifles and 
 levities which fashion or caprice too often 
 recommend. 
 
 Mary, daughter of Henry III duke of 
 Brabant, married Philip the Bold of France, 
 1274. She was accused of poisoning the 
 eldest of her husband's sons by a former 
 marriage, but her innocence was proved 
 by a knight sent by her brother, in those 
 days of chivalry, to challenge her accusers. 
 Sh- died 1321, 36 years after the death of 
 her husband. 
 
 Mary, of Anjou, daughter of Lewis II. 
 and wife of Charles VII, of France. She 
 was a woman of a very heroic character, 
 and though insulted and despised by her 
 husband, she applied all the powers of her 
 great mind to secure the crown to him. She 
 died 1463, aged 59. 
 
 Mary, daughter of Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land, married Lewis XII. of France. After 
 his death she took for her second husband, 
 Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, by whom 
 she had a daughter, who was the mother of 
 the unfortunate lady Jane Gray. She died 
 1534, aged 37. 
 
 Mary de Medicis, daughter of Francis 
 II. duke of Tuscany, was born 1573, and 
 married, in 1600, Henry IV. of France. 
 After her husband's death she was declared 
 regent of the kingdom, but weakness 
 marked her administration, and her partial- 
 ity for the worthless marshal D'Ancre, ex- 
 cited against her the indignation of the peo- 
 ple, and the opposition of her son Lewis 
 XIII. Though a reconciliation was effect- 
 ed between her and her son, by the means 
 of Cardinal Richelieu, she afterwards con- 
 ceived so great a hatred against this her 
 former favourite, that all her powers and 
 influence were directed to seek revenge. 
 Lewis at last supported the cardinal, as the 
 best means of consolidatinghis government, 
 and Mary was banished, and her attendants 
 and favourites, and even her physician, 
 were sent out of the kingdom, or confined 
 in the bastile. From Compiegne, where 
 she was exiled, she retired to Brussels, and 
 died in poverty at Cologne, 3d July, 1642, 
 aged 69. Though obstinate and revenge- 
 ful, Mary was, on some occasions, very 
 humane and benevolent, she patronised 
 the arts, and by her munificence Paris was 
 adorned by the splendid palace of Luxem- 
 burg, and some religious establishments. 
 
 Mart Theresa, of Austria, daughter 
 of Philip IV. of Spain, married,- in 1660, 
 
MAK 
 
 \JAU 
 
 )-.ewi3 XIV. of Franco, and tlieil lUSJ, aged 
 45. 
 
 Mart Lkczi.vska, dauglitcr of Stanis- 
 laus, of Poland, married Lewis XV. kint; of 
 France, 1725. She is represented as a 
 ^ery amiable and virtuous princess. She 
 bore to Lewis XV. two sons and eight 
 daughters. She died univerbaily regretted, 
 •24th dune, 1768, aged G5. 
 
 Maky of Cleves, married Henry L 
 prince of Conde. She was loved with such 
 ardi'ur by the duke of Anjou, afterwards 
 Henry IlL that when called to the throne 
 of Poland, ho wrote to her with all the 
 ivarmth of aticction, and signed his name 
 "with his blood. When raised to the French 
 throne, he formed the design of annulling 
 Mary's maiTiagc Avith his rival, but Catha- 
 rine de Medicis opposed it, and the sudden 
 death of Mary, 30th Oct. 1571, at the age 
 of 18, as is supposed by poison, left hun 
 disconsolate and Avretehed. 
 
 Mart, of Arragon, daughter of Sancho 
 in. wife of Otho, is said to have been put 
 to death, 998, for causing the destruction 
 of the count of Modena, whom she falsely 
 accused of attempts on her virtue. 
 
 Mart, daughter of Charles, duke of Bur- 
 gundy, married Maximilian, son of the em- 
 peror Frederic, and thus transferred the 
 dominions of Burgundy to the house of 
 Austria. She died at Bruges, 1482, in 
 consequence of a fall from her horse. 
 
 Mart, of Austria, daughter of Philip, 
 king of Spain, married, 1521, Lewis, king 
 of Hungary, who was slain five years after, 
 at the battle of Mohats. She was made 
 governess of the Netherlands, by her bro- 
 ther, Charles V. where she behaved with 
 great courage, and opposed with success 
 the arms of Henry IL of France. She was 
 the friend of the protestants, and a great 
 patroness of literature. Her fondness for 
 the sports of the field procured her the 
 name of Diana, and from her military prow- 
 ess she was called by the Spaniards the mo- 
 ther of the camp. She left her government 
 in 1555, and died three years after, in 
 Spain. 
 
 Mart Stuart, queen of Scots, daughter 
 of James V. of Scotland and Mary of Lor- 
 raine, was born 1552, and eight days after 
 her birth inherited the throne by the death 
 of her father. Henry VHL of England so- 
 licited her hand for his son Edward, and 
 when refused he invaded Scotland and 
 plundered Edinburgh. Uninfluenced by 
 the momentary successes of the English, 
 the Scotch regency betrothed their young 
 queen, in 1558, to Francis, the dauphin of 
 France, and she was educated there, and 
 imbibed those principles of bigotry and 
 foolish levity wh;-]; afterwards embittered 
 her life. The marriage was celebrat-d in 
 1558, but two years after, the youthful wi- 
 dowed queen left, with tenrs of regret, thaf. 
 
 country where some of the happiest of her 
 days had been passed. Returned to Scot- 
 land, she found hf-r subjects agiUited by 
 party zeal and civil dissension, and she dis- 
 covered a powerfid rival and secret enemy 
 in her neighbour Elizalteth of England, 
 whom she had seriously ofiended by as- 
 suming in France the empty title of queen 
 of England, on an ill-founded pretence of 
 Elizabeth's illegitimacy. To distracted 
 councils was added religious animosity, 
 and by pidjlicly celebrating the mass in her 
 chapel, Mary ofiended the feelings of her 
 subjects, who were stern and rigid presby- 
 terians, and who, in their zeal in favour of 
 the reformation, had spared neither cathe- 
 drals nor abbeys, nor monuments which 
 bore the marks of popish superstition. 
 Thus exposed to fanatical violence, and 
 even insulted by the followers of Knox, the 
 celebrated reformer, Mary could pursue no 
 better step than to call to share her throne, 
 a man of sagacity, firmness, and virtue. 
 In this she was unfortunate ; in marrying 
 Henry, lord Darnlev, son of the earl of 
 Lennox, a youth of engaging appearance, 
 but of weak intellects, and impetuous pas^ 
 sions, she is accused of consulting her li- 
 centious desires. Fondness and rapture 
 soon gave way to indilTerence and disgust. 
 Darnley became disagreeable in the eyes of 
 the queen, and their mutual discontents 
 were kindled and increased by the insidious 
 arts of their respective flatterers. As Ma- 
 ry had placed her confidence on an Italian 
 musician, of the name of David Rizzio, 
 whom she had appointed her secretary, 
 Darnley was easily persuaded that her at- 
 tachment was criminal. Determined on 
 revenge, he abruptly entered her apart- 
 ments with some assassins, and seizing the 
 terrified favourite, plunged a dagger into 
 his heart, though the queen, then far ad- 
 vanced in her pregnancy, implored in vain 
 for mercy. Mary felt the indignity oflfered 
 to her person and dignity, and instead of 
 reconciliation, she looked with horror on 
 the murderer, and failed not on every occa- 
 sion to manifest her displeasure and abhor- 
 rence. Darnley, despised at court, retired 
 to his country house near Edinburgh, 
 where his life was terminated by a most 
 fatal catastrophe. The house was blown 
 tip in the night by gunpowder, and the un- 
 fortunate monarch's body was found in the 
 garden adjoining, but without any marks 
 of violence upon it. This foul deed was 
 fixed, with some degree of truth, upon 
 James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, who had 
 succeeded Rizzio in the favour of the 
 queen, and Mary herself escaped not the 
 imputation of accessary guilt. Bothwell 
 w-as tried and acquitted, but as if rejoicing 
 in the iniquity of his conduct, he seizecl 
 the person of the queen, 24th April, 1567, 
 and prevailed upon I'er, at the castle r( 
 
 291 
 
MAR 
 
 Mi:& 
 
 Dunbar, to marry him. This violent pro- 
 ceeding, which some historians assert, but 
 with little probability of truth, to have been 
 with the consent of Mary, roused the in- 
 dignation of the Scotch nobles, and Both- 
 well, unable to stem the torrent of popular 
 fury, left the kingdom, and tied to Den- 
 mark, where he died, wretched and desti- 
 tute. Mary, in the mean time, had fallen 
 into the hands of her enemies, and was 
 compelled by Murray, the regent, her 
 greatest enemy, to resign the croAvn in fa- 
 vour of her infant son, James VI. who was 
 crowned king, at Dunbar. To render 
 these measures agreeable to the nation, and 
 to make the unfortunate Mary odious, she 
 was now publicly accused of being the 
 murderer of her husband, and letters were 
 produced, which, if true, would have 
 proved most fully her guilt. Time, how- 
 ever, has shown these to be gross forgeries, 
 in the hands of those who had suffered the 
 real murderer, Bothwell, to escape, and 
 had punished with death some inferior cha- 
 racters, who were arraigned as accessaries. 
 Mary, a prisoner in Lochleven island, un- 
 der the care of Murray's mother, who had 
 been the concubine of James V. found 
 means to escape to Hamilton, where she 
 declared the acts extorted from her to be 
 illegal. Though here joined by above 6000 
 men, she found herself unable to cope with 
 the regent, who dispersed he. raw troops, 
 and obliged her to fly. Unknowing where 
 to retire, she came towards England, and 
 landed at Workington, in Cumberland, 
 l7th May, 1568, and implored the friend- 
 ship and protection of Elizabeth of Eng- 
 land. Elizabeth, with hypocritical condo- 
 lence, welcomed her on her escape, but af- 
 ter drawing her to Carlisle for greater se- 
 curity, she refused to see her till she had 
 cleared herself of the imputations cast 
 upon her character. Mary, who expected 
 to be respected as a sovereign, found, unfor- 
 tunately too late, she was to be treated as 
 a criminal ; but after she had submitted to 
 a trial which was to investigate her inno- 
 cence, and had heard Elizabeth declare, that 
 nothing had appeared which could impeach 
 the good character of her sister, she still 
 felt that she was a prisoner in England. 
 Her innocence and misfortunes roused the 
 generous feelings of the nation towards 
 her, but while she hoped for deliverance, 
 from the offers of the duke of Norfolk to 
 marry her, she had the mortification to 
 know that Elizabeth not only v/antonly 
 opposed the union, but imprisoned her suit- 
 or, and afterwards, on some trifling accu- 
 sation, put him to death. Not satisfied 
 with the degradation of her rival, Elizabeth 
 assumed now the part of a tyrant, and had 
 her arraigned on pretence of conspiring 
 against her life. Forty-two members of 
 parliament and five judges w^re sent to 
 
 Fotheringay castle, Northamptonshire, 
 where the unhappy princess was immured, 
 and though she refused to acknowledge the 
 authority of her judges, and asserted her 
 innocence, the matter was removed to 
 Westminster, where she was declared guil- 
 ty. Mary, who had lingered more than 
 eighteen years in confinement, heard of the 
 sentence with pleasure, and rejoiced at an 
 event which was to terminate her sufferings 
 and her misfortunes. Though some fo- 
 reign powers interfered, and though James, 
 with noble and ardent indignation, pro- 
 tested against the tyranny of Elizabeth's 
 conduct, the bloody sentence was carried 
 into execution. Mary, in her last mo- 
 ments, behaved with great dignity and be- 
 coming composure, and though her perse- 
 cutors Tvished to insult her attachment to 
 the popish faith, she asserted her devotion 
 to the church in whose tenets she had been 
 educated. She suffered in Fotheringay 
 castle, 8th February, 1587, imploring for- 
 giveness on her murderers. Her remains 
 were interred in Peterborough cathedral, 
 but afterwards removed to Westminstei* 
 abbey, by her son, when raised to the Eng- 
 lish throne. Mary, distinguished by all 
 those superior charms of person which 
 command and secure admiration, possessed 
 high qualities of mind. She was well ac- 
 quainted with Latin, French, and Italian, 
 and besides her letters, many of which are 
 still extant, she wrote some poems not de- 
 void of merit. Her character has been at- 
 tacked by various writers, but ably vindi- 
 cated by Whitaker and others, who recom- 
 mend her to the notice of posterity more 
 as unfortunate than guilty, and more the 
 victim of dangerous times than the licen- 
 tious and profligate culprit. 
 
 Mary, a French poetess, who resided in 
 England in the 13th century. Her poems 
 on chivalry, &c. are still preserved in the 
 British museum. She wrote besides, ia 
 French verse, a tale on St. Patrick's pur- 
 gatory, and fables in French prose, pub- 
 lished by le Grand. 
 
 Mas, Lewis du. Fid. Dumas. 
 
 Masaccio, Thomas, an eminent Italian 
 painter. He was regarded as the chief ar- 
 tist of the second age of modern painting, 
 since the revival of the art by Cimabue. He 
 died 1443, aged 26. 
 
 Mascardi, Augustine, a learned Italian, 
 born at Sarzane, in the city of Genoa, 1591. 
 He was early connected with the Jesuits, 
 and Ijccame chamberlain to Urban VIII. 
 who founded a professorship of rhetoric in 
 the college of Sapienza, for the exercise of 
 his great talents. He was author of the 
 History of the Conspiracy of de Fiesque — 
 and of an able work, called " Dell' Arte 
 Historica," besides some poems, &c. He 
 was so fond of studious pui'suits, and so 
 negligent of his atfairs, th^t he was always 
 
^lAS 
 
 A»AS 
 
 yvor and in debt. He died in his native 
 town, 1610. 
 
 Mascaron, Julius, a French bishop, 
 born at Marseilles, 1634. He was mem- 
 ber of the oratory, and, in his ecelesiastical 
 duties as preacher, displayed so nuich 
 eloquence, that the court, in admiration of 
 his abilities, §avc him the bishopric of Tulle, 
 1671, from which he was translated to 
 Agen. He died in his diocess, of a dropsy 
 in the chest, 16th December, 1703. His 
 eloquence was so powerful, that, it is said, 
 he converted 28,000 out of 30,000, of the 
 Huguenots whom he found in his diocess. 
 His funeral orations on the queen mother 
 — on Turenne — Seguier, &c. were publish- 
 ed, and are admired. 
 
 Mascheroni, Laurent, a native of Ber- 
 gamo, eminent as a mathematician, and 
 the well-knowti author of Geometria del 
 Compasso, or Compass Geometry. He 
 assiste.l in the various experiments made 
 by the academy of Bologna, to ascertain 
 the figure of the earth by the descent of 
 bodies. He published also, some note^ on 
 the Calculus Integer of Euler, and died at 
 Paris, 1800, aged 50. 
 
 Masclef, Francis, a French theologian, 
 made canon of Amiens by bishop dc Bron. 
 He was removed from this office by the 
 next bishop, who accused him of being a 
 Jansenist. He died Nov. 1728, aged 66. 
 He wrote a Hebrew Grammar, improved 
 by de la Bletterie, 1730, 2 vols. l2mo.— 
 the Catechism of Amiens — Conferences of 
 the Diocess of the Amiens, &c. 
 
 Mascrikr, John Baptist de, a French 
 writer. He was born at Caen, and died at 
 Paris, 1760, aged 63. He wrote a descrip- 
 tion of Egypt, from Mallet's Memoirs, 4to. 
 — an Idea of the Ancient and Modern Go- 
 vernment of Egypt, l2mo. — Christian Re- 
 flections on the Truths of Faith — Caesar's 
 Commentaries translated, &c. 
 
 Masenius, James, a Jesuit, born at Da- 
 len, dutchy of Juliers, 1606. He was pro- 
 fessor of eloquence and poetry at Co- 
 logne, and wrote good poetry. He was 
 author of Sarcoth'-a, a Latin poem, on the 
 Fall of Man, from which Lauder supposed 
 that Milton had drawn the subject of his 
 
 celebrated poem Palaestra Eloqumtiae 
 
 Ligatae, 4 vols. 12mo. — Palaestra Styli Ro- 
 mani — Anima Historiae, seu Vita Caroli 
 V. et Ferdinandi, 4to. — Notes, &c. on the 
 Annales Trevirensium, folio — and Epitome 
 Annal. Trevirensium, 8vo. He died 1681. 
 Masham, lady Damaris, daughter of Dr. 
 Ralph Cudworth, and second wife of sir 
 Francis Masham, of Gates, bart. was a 
 most learned lady, born at Cambridge, 18th 
 Jan. 1658. Her knowledge of history, 
 geography, and philosophy, was greatly en- 
 larged by the attention of Mr. Locke, who 
 lived several years in her family, and died 
 fn hdr house, at Gates, She wrote a Dis- 
 
 course concerning the Love of Sod, 8vu. 
 —Occasional ThoiightH in reference to a 
 Virtuous and Cbri^,iiuti Life, Hvo. and was 
 deservedly respected not only for learning, 
 but for every virtue. Much of her tnne 
 and attention was employed in the educa- 
 tion of her only son. She died at B;ith, 
 20th April, 170S, and was buried in the 
 abbey church, where a moimm»fnt records 
 her virtues. 
 
 Masius, Andrew, counsellor to the duke 
 of Cleves, was born at Linnich, n^ar Brus- 
 sels, and died, April, 1753, aged 57. He 
 wrote, a collection of various pieces, trans- 
 lated from the Syriac— a Syriac Lexicon — 
 Grammatica Linguae Syrica;, folio — a Com- 
 mentary on the Book of Joshua, and on 
 some Chapters of Deuteronomy — Disputa- 
 tio de Coena Domini, kc. He was a most 
 learned orientalist. 
 
 Maso, Thomas, or Finiguerra, a gold- 
 smith of Florence, who is said to have in- 
 vented, by accident, the art of taking im- 
 pressions from engravings on copper. He 
 flourished about 1480. 
 
 Mason, Francis, a native of Durham, 
 educated at Oxford, where he became fel- 
 low of Merton. In 1599, he obtained the 
 living of Oxford, Suffolk, and was after- 
 wards made chaplain to James I, and arch- 
 deacon of Norwich. He died on his living, 
 1621, aged 55. His Vindiciae Ecclesiae 
 Anglicanae, a work of great merit and au- 
 thenticity, has been translated by Lindsay, 
 with valuable notes. 
 
 Mason, sir John, a statesman of emi- 
 nence in the reign of Henry VIII. and of 
 his successors. Though but of obscure ori- 
 gin at Abingdon, in Berkshire, he received a 
 good education under his uncle, who was 
 one of the monks of the Abingdon abbey; 
 and after being at AU-Soui's, Oxford, he 
 rose in the service of the king, who em- 
 ployed him in several embassies abroad, and 
 made him a privy counsellor. He main- 
 tained his influence at court under Edward 
 and Mary, and Elizabeth appointed him 
 treasurer of her chamber. He was also 
 made chancellor of the universitv of Ox- 
 ford, and died 1566. His favourite maxim 
 was, do, and say nothing. In gratitude for 
 the blessings of the education which he had 
 received at Abingdon, he was a munificent 
 benefactor to this his native town, and left 
 a handsome estate for the endowment of an 
 hospital, which still shelters under its roof, 
 the infirm, the aged, and the indigent. 
 
 Mason, John, a dissenting minister, au- 
 thor of some works of merit. He was ho- 
 noured witli the degree of .M. A. from a 
 Scotch university, and died 1763 He wrote 
 Self- Knowledge, a valuable ethical work — 
 Essay on Elocution, 8vo. — Fifty-two Prac- 
 tical Discourses for the Use of Families, 2 
 vols. 8vo. — the Power of Poetical and Pro- 
 saic Numbers, 8vo. — Plain and Mode^f 
 
 29.'? 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 Plea for Christianity, 8vo. — Student and 
 Pastor, or directions to attain to eminence 
 in those characters, 12mo. &c. There was 
 a fanatic of that name, of Water Stratford, 
 near Buckingham, who, in the wildness of 
 his Calvinistical reveries, believed himself 
 to be Elias, the forerunner of Christ, &c. 
 He died 1695. 
 
 Mason, William, an English poet of emi- 
 nence. He was son of a Yorkshire clergy- 
 man, and was educated at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and in 1 749, by the inte- 
 rest of his friend Gray he was elected fellow 
 of Pembroke-hall. He was admitted into 
 orders in 1754, and became chaplain to the 
 king, and obtained the valuable living of 
 Aston, in Yorkshire, and afterwards the 
 precentorship of York cathedral. During 
 the American war, he showed himself a 
 zealous advocate for the liberties of the sub- 
 ject, and his conduct was so offensive to the 
 gx)vernment, that his name was erased from 
 the list of king's chaplains. The censure 
 was too severe ; Mason was the friend of 
 political freedom and rational government ; 
 but that he was the enemy of fanciful and vi- 
 olent innovations, is abundantly proved by 
 the abhorrence which he expressed against 
 the vn\d theories of the supporters of the 
 French revolution. He died in l'/97, in con- 
 sequence of a wound which he had acciden- 
 tally received in getting out of his carriage, 
 and which, from being neglected, became 
 gangrenous and fatal. The abilities of Ma- 
 son as a poet, are highly respectable. He 
 first attracted the public attention in 1748, 
 by his Isis, a poem, which the Oxonians 
 considered as an attack on their Alma Ma- 
 ter, and which therefore Avas answered in a 
 verj' spirited and beautiful poem, by Tho- 
 mas Wharton, called the Triumphs of Isis. 
 His Elfrida, and Caractacus, on the model 
 of the Greeks, possess great merit, for 
 boldness of conception, nervous language, 
 and sublime description. He wrote besides, 
 the English Garden, a poem — Du Fresnoy's 
 Art of Painting, translated into English 
 verse, with learned notes from sir Joshua 
 Reynolds — a Book on Psalmody, &c. As 
 the friend of Gray, Mason was one of his 
 executors, and he evinced his respect for 
 the departed bard, by publishing his letters, 
 with his life, and by writing the epitaph 
 which records his virtues in Westminster 
 Abbey. 
 
 Mason, George, an English writer, 
 known as the author of an Essay on De- 
 signs in Gardening, 1796, with appendix — 
 Answer to T. Paine. — Supplement to John- 
 son's English Dictionary, 4to. Life of 
 
 lord Howe, 1803, &c. He made a valuable 
 collection of English and foreign literature, 
 and died at Aldenham lodge, Herts, of a 
 fit ofapoplexy, 4th Nov. 1806, aged 71. 
 
 Mason, John, who commanded the ex- 
 pedition against the Pequot Indians, and 
 294 
 
 published a history of that war, was born in 
 England, about the year 1600, and was 
 bred to arms in the Netherlands. He came 
 to Massachusetts in 1630, and settled at 
 Dorchester. He removed thence to Wind- 
 sor, Connecticut, in 1636, and the next 
 year was appointed captain of the forces 
 employed to subdue the Pequots. Descend- 
 ing Connecticut river with his troops, 
 amounting only to 90 men, ivith a few 
 friendly Indians, he sailed to Narraganset, 
 and marching thence by land, surprised the 
 Pequot fort near New-London, and com- 
 pletely vanquished that nation, which be- 
 fore threatened to destroy the colony. Soon 
 after the close of the war, he was appointed 
 major-general of the forces of Connecticut, 
 and held the appointment till his death. 
 He was a magistrate for near 20 years, 
 and from 1660 to 1670 deputy-governor. 
 He resided during the latter part of his life 
 at Norwich, where he died about the year 
 1673, in the seventy-third year of his age. 
 At the request of the general court, he pub- 
 lished a history of the Pequot war, which 
 was afterwards republished both by Doctor 
 Mather, and Mr. Prince. IC3^ L. 
 
 Mason, John, D.D. was a native of Scot- 
 land, and born in 1734. He was connected 
 with that branch of the secession from the 
 established church of North Britain, known 
 by the name of Antiburghers. By a presbyte- 
 ry in that connexion he was licensed, and 
 not long afterwards ordained, with a view to 
 his taking the pastoral charge of a congre- 
 gation in the city of New- York, where he 
 arrived in 1761, and resided greatly re- 
 spected and eminently useful until his death 
 in 1792. Doctor Mason was a man of a 
 sound strong mind, extensive learning, and 
 fervent piety ; and his scholarship was un- 
 commonly accurate and mature. At the 
 age of twenty he spoke the Latin language, 
 on all the higher subjects of discourse, with 
 equal ease, and greater elegance than his 
 mother tongue. In Greek his proficiency 
 was but little inferior ; and he was familiar 
 with the Hebrew. At the age of twenty- 
 four he taught logic and moral philosophy 
 with reputation in the theological seminary 
 of the Antiburghers at Abernethy. His 
 lectures were in Latin. As a preacher he 
 was uncommonly judicious and instructive ; 
 as a pastor, faithful and diligent ; and as a 
 friend and companion amiable, benevolent, 
 and generous. fCI?' L. 
 
 Mason, George, of Virginia, a statesman 
 of distinction, was a member of the general 
 convention which formed the Constitution 
 of the United States, and refused his signa- 
 ture to that instrument. The next year, in 
 union with Henry, he opposed its adoption 
 by the Virginia convention, on the ground 
 that the government of the States would be 
 consolidated, instead of federal, and be 
 liable to conversion into a monarchv. Hr 
 
AIAb 
 
 ^AS 
 
 ulso opposed with great xeal the sectiou 
 allowinfj; a rontinuance of the slave-trade. 
 He held a hi<!;h rank anions the great men 
 of that state with whom he was eotempo- 
 rary, in intellectual energy, dclicaey of wit, 
 extent of politieal knowledge, and elo- 
 quence. He died at his seat at (iunslon 
 Hall, in the autumn of 1792, aged sixty- 
 seven years. *Cy L. 
 
 Masque de Fer, or Iron Mask, a per- 
 son confined in the castle of Pignerol, and 
 afterwards in the isles of St. Margaret, and 
 always disguised in a mask with steel 
 springs, which concealed his features, with- 
 out incomtiioding him in iec<!iviiig his nour- 
 ishment. He died in the Bastille, 1703, 
 and was privately buried under the name 
 of Marchiali. Though no person ever 
 couid discover who he was, it is certain 
 that he was a man of high birth, as he was 
 treated with singular respect by his keep- 
 ers, and as infinite pains were taken to 
 prevent his holding communicatiou with 
 any other person. 
 
 Massac, John Baptist, an eminent 
 French painter, born at Paris, Dec. 1687. 
 He died, Sept. 1767. He was a protestant, 
 and a man of great integrity. The pictures 
 of Le Brun at Versailles, were copied by 
 him, and the engravings published, 1753. 
 
 Massaniello, or Anello, Thomas, a 
 Neapolitan fisherman. Vid. Anello. 
 
 Massari, Lueio, a native of Bologna, 
 eminent as a historical painter. He stu- 
 died under Ludov. Caracci, and at Rome, 
 and died 1633, aged 64. 
 
 Massaria, Alexander, a physician, born 
 at Vicenza. He wrote Latin treatises — on 
 the Plague, 4to. — on Bleeding in Fevers — 
 on Purging in the Beginning of Diseases, 
 4to. — Practiea Medica, foho. He died very 
 old, at Padua, 1598. 
 
 Masse, John Baptiste, a Parisian, mini- 
 ature painter to the French king. He died 
 at Paris, 17<)7, aged 80. Some engravings 
 were published 1753, from the copies which 
 he took of Le Brun's famous pictures at 
 Versailles. 
 
 Massei, Raymond, author of Paean Au- 
 relianus, 4to. — Pugeae, sive de Lymphis Pu- 
 giacis, lib. 2, 1599, &,c. was a physician of 
 Orleans. 
 
 Masseville, Louis le Vavasseur de, a 
 uative of Montebourg, who died at Valogne, 
 1733, aged 66. He was an able topogra- 
 phical writer, and composed a History and 
 Geography of Normandy, 8 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Massieu, William, a French writer, 
 born at Caen, and educated by the Jesuits, 
 whose society he left to apply himself more 
 intensely to belles lettres. He became tutor 
 to M. de Sacy's children, and afterwards 
 ■was made pensionary of the academy of in- 
 scriptions, professor royal of the Greek lan- 
 guage, and member of the French academy. 
 He was afflicted in the latter part of life. 
 
 with two cataracts, which deprived lum of 
 his .^ight, and Im^ died of u paralytic Mroke, 
 Sept. 2Gth, 1722. He published, an edition 
 of the Greek Te.stament- History of 
 French Po<;try — a translation of Pindar — 
 a Latin poem on Cotlee- Dissertations in 
 the Memoirs of the Academy. His Lec- 
 tures on Pindar, Homer, Theocritus, and 
 Demosthenes, were much admired. 
 
 Massillon, John Baptiste, a famous 
 French preacher, born at Hieres, in Pro- 
 vence, 1663. He was admitted into the 
 congregation of the oratory in 168', and 
 distinguished himself so much at Vienne, by 
 his funeral oration on \ illars, the arch- 
 bishop of that city, that he was called to 
 Paris, where his eloquence charmed and 
 astonished crowded audiences. His mode 
 of preaching w 's peculiarly his owfi ; inte- 
 resting, natural, and simple, his appeals 
 were directed to the heart, and succeeded 
 far above the efforts of all other competi- 
 tors. The court heard him with applause, 
 and Louis XIV. paid him this sincere com- 
 pliment, '* Father," said the king, *' whexi 
 I hear other preachers, I go away much 
 pleased with them, but whenever I hear 
 you, I go away much displeased with my- 
 self." On one occasion, when discoursing 
 on the small number of the elect, his elo- 
 quence was so awfully striking, that an 
 involuntary murmur of applause arose in 
 the congregation, and assisted the preacher 
 more forcibly to convey his pathetic appeal. 
 Uninfluenced by popularity, he followed his 
 duty with modesty, but conscious dignity, 
 and in 1717 was appointed by the regent, 
 bishop of Clermont. In 1719 he was ad- 
 mitted member of the French academy ; 
 and after pronouncing his last oration in 
 Paris, on the dutchess of Orleans, in 1723, 
 he retired to his diocess, where he presided 
 with mildness, piety, and benevolence. He 
 died Sept. 1742, aged 79, and his name is 
 almost become proverbial as a powerful 
 master of eloquence. His works were pub- 
 lished by his nephew, 1745, 14 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Massinger, Philip, a dramatic poet, boru 
 at Salisbury, 1585. He entered at St. Al- 
 ban's hall, Oxford, which he left without a 
 degree, and then came to London, where 
 he Avrote for the stage. He was courted by 
 the wits and the learned men of the times, 
 and was assisted in some of his plays by 
 Fletcher, Middleton, Rowley, Field, and 
 Decker. He died suddenly at his house, 
 Bankside, Southwark, and was buried 
 March, 1639, at St. Mary Overy, or St. 
 Saviour's church, Southwark, in the same 
 grave which also received the remains of 
 his friend Fletcher. He wrote 14 plays oi" 
 his own, besides those in which he was 
 assisted by his friends. His works ap- 
 peared in 4 vols. Svo. by Henry Dell, 1761, 
 and by Mason and T. Davies in 1779. 
 
 Massinissa, king of part of Africa, from 
 
 '?9.5 
 
MAS 
 
 ^AY 
 
 the enemy, became the most faithful ally, 
 of Rome, when Scipio had sent him back, 
 •jvithout ransom, his nephew, taken pri- 
 soner in battle. At his death, he left Sci- 
 pio iEmilianus the guardian of his king- 
 dom, B. C. 149. 
 
 Massolino, de Panicale, a native of Flo- 
 rence, admired as a painter. He died 1460, 
 aged 37. His best piece is a large repre- 
 sentation of St. Peter's History. 
 
 Masson, Anthony, a French engraver, 
 whose plates of Turenne — of the duke 
 d'Harcourt — of the disciples at Emmaus, 
 are his best performances. His portraits 
 %vere also admired. He died at Paris, 1702, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Masson, Innocent le, general of the Car- 
 thusian order, rebuilt the Grande Char- 
 treuse when destroyed by fire, and died 
 170 i, aged 75. He made a collection of 
 the statutes of his order, enriched with 
 notes, and printed at Paris 1703, folio. 
 
 Masson, Anthony, a Minim, who died 
 at Vincennes, 1700, w^as author of a His- 
 tory of the Deluge, and of Noah, 12mo. — 
 History of Abraham, &c. 
 
 Masson des Granges, Daniel, author of 
 the Modern Philosopher, or the Unbeliever 
 condemned at the Tribunal of Reason, 
 1765, 12mo. was a French ecclesiastic, 
 who died 1760, aged 60. 
 
 Masson, Francis, a gardener and bo- 
 tanist, was born at Aberdeen in 1741. He 
 •was sent, in 1771, to the Cape of Good 
 Hope, to collect plants for the royal gar- 
 dens ; after which he went to the Canary 
 Islands and the West Indies with the same 
 object. He next visited Portugal and Ma- 
 deira, and returned to the Cape in 1786, 
 •where he remained till 1795; and, on his 
 return, made a voyage to North America. 
 He died at Montreal, in 1805. He pub- 
 lished a splendid volume on the genus 
 '* Staphelia," 1796, Mio.—W.B. 
 
 Masson, Papirius, a French writer, born 
 at Forez, May, 1544. He was educated by 
 the Jesuits, and entered into their society, 
 but after some time left it, and applied him- 
 self to the law. He became librarian to the 
 duke of Anjou's chancellor, and in 1576, 
 was made advocate of parliament, though 
 he never pleaded but one cause, and that 
 successfully. He died 9th June, 1611. He 
 wrote, four books of French Annals, from 
 Pharamond to Henry II. 1598, 4to. — and 
 Elegia Virorum Clarissimorum, much ad- 
 mired, and other works. 
 
 Masson, John, a reformed minister, who 
 quitted France to enjoy liberty of opinion 
 in England, and died in Holland about 
 1750, He wrote, in French, a Critical 
 History of the Republic of Letters, 15 vols. 
 12mo. — Vitae Horatii, Ovidii, et Plinii, jun. 
 3 vols. 8vo. — History of Bavle, and of his 
 works, 12mo. 
 '?9fi 
 
 Massuet, R6ne, a learned Benedictine 
 of St. Maur, born at St. Ouen de Macelles, 
 1665. He is known by his edition of Irae- 
 naeus, 1710, folio, with learned disserta- 
 tions — a fifth volume of the Acts of the 
 Saints of St. Benedict — and other works. 
 He died 19th Jan. 1716, aged 50. 
 
 Mastelleta, John Andrew, a painter, 
 born at Bologna, 1577, who after studying 
 under the Caraccis, improved himself fur- 
 ther by copying the works of Parmesan. He 
 is blamed for employing too much black in 
 his paintings. He died in a monastery, 
 where under a fit of melancholy, he ha(J 
 retired. 
 
 Matani, Anthony, a physician, born at 
 Pistoia, in Italy, 2.th July, 1730. He be- 
 came professor of medicine at Pisa, where 
 he took his degrees, and died universally 
 respected at Pistoia, June, 1769. He pub- 
 lished de Aneurismaticis Praecordiorum 
 Morbis Animadversiones — Heliodori Laris- 
 saei Capita Opticorum e Grasco Latine 
 conversa — Account of the Natural Produc- 
 tions of Pistoia — de Nosocomiorum Regi- 
 mine — de Remediis Tractatus, and left 
 some MSS. besides. 
 
 Maternus De Cilano, George Chris- 
 tian, a native of Presburgh, who died at 
 Altena, in Lower Saxony, 1773. He was 
 author of treatises de Terrae Concussioni- 
 bus — de Causis Lucis Boreal. — de Motu 
 Humorum progress. Veteribus non Ignoti. 
 — de Saturnalium Origine et celcbrandi 
 Ritu apud Romanos, &c. 
 
 Mather, Richard, minister of Dorchester, 
 Massachusetts, was a native of Lancashire, 
 and born in 1596. He was educated at 
 Oxford, and entered the ministry at an early 
 age. Being suspended for non-conformity 
 he came to New- England in 1635, and was 
 the next year settled at Dorchester, where 
 he continued to labour with ability and ac- 
 ceptance till his death in 1699. He assist- 
 ed in making the New-England version of 
 the Psalms. He was a member of the several 
 synods which met during his ministry at 
 Dorchester, and was greatly respected for 
 his piety, knowledge, and good sense. He 
 was the principal author of the plan of 
 church discipline adopted by the synod of 
 1648, and he published several controver- 
 sial and practical works, which were 
 esteemed. sCZP' L. 
 
 Mather, Samuel, son of the preceding, 
 was born in Lancashire, in 1626, and coming 
 to America with his father, was educated 
 at Harvard college, where he was graduated 
 in 1643. He was appointed the first fel- 
 low of that institution. He engaged in the 
 ministry, and after preaching a short time 
 in Boston, went to England in 1650, and 
 was soon appointed chaplain of Magdalen 
 college. He afterv/ards preached two years 
 at Leith, in Scotland. In 1655 he went to 
 Dublin, and bename a senior fellow rf 
 
MAT 
 
 MAT 
 
 Trinity colleen. He was seUI(ul in tin; 
 nuiiistry, but siispeiideil at the restoration 
 for noiiconloriuity. He antrwanls preach- 
 ed at IJurtonwood, but rcturuiii;^ to Dublin, 
 died in 1071. H • was a preaclicr oC tbc 
 first rank in force and perspicuity of mind, 
 learning, and piety. L^T' I- 
 
 Mathkk, Increase, D.D. presiilent of 
 Harvard college, was a brother of the prc- 
 cedini;, and born at Dorchester, June 21st, 
 1631i. He was graduated at the college, 
 over which he afterwards presided, in 
 1656. The next year he went to Kngiand, 
 and returned in 1661. He was settli^d in 
 the North church, Boston, in which he had 
 before preached several years, in 1664, and 
 continued there in the labours of the mijiis- 
 try sixty-two years, with great reputation 
 for talents and piety. He exerted a great 
 and useful influence both in ecclesiastical 
 and civil aflairs. He was in 1688 agent to 
 the court of England, and rendered impor- 
 tant services by procuring the redress of 
 grievances. He returned in 1692. He op- 
 posed the violent measures pur-^ued against 
 those who were accused of witchcraft. He 
 was appointed to the presidency of the col- 
 lege in l68o, and held the office till 1701, 
 when he resigned in consequence of an act 
 of the legislature, requiring the president 
 to reside at Cambridge. He died in 1723. 
 Doctor Mather Avas eminent for the supe- 
 riority of his talents, the extent of his 
 learning, the excellence of his character, 
 and great usefulness. He was an indefati- 
 gable student, and gave to the world a great 
 number of useful publications on religion, 
 politics, history and philosophy. fCJ^ L. 
 Mather, Cotton, D.D. F.R S. minister 
 in Boston, Massachusetts, and son of the 
 preceding, was born 12th February, 1663. 
 He became pious at an early age, and was 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1678. He 
 displayed at that age the superiority of his 
 genius by an almost unequalled proficiency 
 in his studies. In 1684 he was ordained 
 colleague with his father, and laboured 
 with the most exemplary diligence, till his 
 death in 1728. He is justly reputed the 
 most distinguished minister of New-Eng- 
 land. He acquired knowledge with extra- 
 ordinary facility, had a most retentive re 
 collection and luxuriant fancy, and was un- 
 exampled in industry, and the extent and 
 variety of his learning. The value of his 
 endowments was, however, greatly abated 
 by a mixture of extraordinary credulity, 
 pedantry, and false taste. His eccentrici- 
 ties made him the object of ridicule to the 
 profane, but he enjoyed the high respect of 
 liis acquaintance and countrymen at large, 
 on account of his great benevolence and 
 unfeigned piety, as well as superior genius 
 and learning. He was a most volurninous 
 •writer, having given to the world 382 ptib- 
 licatlons, several of ivhicb, as his Magnalia, 
 Vol. II. 38 
 
 or the Ecclesiastical History of New-Eng- 
 land, were large. JCF" L. 
 
 Matiiias, St. one of the 12 apostles in 
 the room of the traitor .Judas. He suflered 
 martyrdom when; he preached the gospel. 
 A gospel was preserved among some sects, 
 said to have been writtru by liini. 
 
 Mathias, son of Maximilian II. was em- 
 peror of Germany after his brother Kodul- 
 phus II. 1612. He made peace with the 
 Turks 1615, but a new war arose which 
 contiiuied for 30 years till the peace of 
 Westphalia. Mathias died at Vienna, 10th 
 March, 1616, aged 63. 
 
 Mathias Corvinus, king of Hungary 
 and Bohemia, was the second son of John 
 Huniadcs, and obtained the kingdom, 1458, 
 after escaping from the confinement where 
 his enemies detained him. He broke the 
 conspiracy of Hungarian lords who invited 
 Frederic III. to take possession of the 
 crown, in opposition to him, and he bravely 
 defeated the Turks, who, invited by the 
 dissensions of the country, had invaded the 
 kingdom. He obliged also his rival to re- 
 sign the consecrated crown of Stephen, 
 which he had seized, and in a new war he 
 attacked the Austrian dominions and pene- 
 trated to Vienna, which he took, and also 
 Neustadt. The emperor, terrified and sub- 
 dued, made peace agreeable to the terms 
 dictated by the conqueror, 1487. After 
 establishing wise regulations, reforming 
 abuses, and checking duels and litigious 
 quarrels, this great man was seized with an 
 apoplexy, which carried him ofl' 16tb 
 April, 1490, at Vienna, as he was preparing 
 to make war against the Turks. 
 
 Mathias, Christian, a native of Mel- 
 dorp, in Holstein, professor of philosophy 
 and divinity in various universities, died at 
 Utrecht, 1655, aged 71. He wrote Histo- 
 ria Patriarcharum, 4to. — Thcatrum Histo- 
 ricum, 4to. 
 
 Mathon de la Cour, James, a mathe- 
 matician, born at Lyons, 28th Oct. 1712, 
 and died there 177Q. He was an active mem- 
 ber of the academy of Lyons, and wrote a 
 memoir on the best method of supplying; 
 the Action of Wind on large ^ cssels — Ele- 
 ments of Dynamics and Mechanics, 3 vols. 
 12mo. — Essay on Calculating the Move- 
 ments of Machines by the Reaction of 
 Water. 
 
 Matiion de la Cour, Charles Joseph, 
 son of the preceding, was born at Lyons, 
 1738. He came early to Paris, and there 
 distinguished himself by his literary la- 
 bours, and the prizes which he obtained in 
 various learned academics, and on his re- 
 turn to his native city he gained universal 
 esteem by the benevolenco, hospitality, 
 and the amiable virtues of liis character. 
 The revolution at last came to embitter his 
 days ,• after the siege of Lyons, in 1793, he 
 ■was condemned to death by the bloodv 
 
 297 
 
MAT 
 
 MAT 
 
 tribunal, and shared with several others and afterwards translated into Greek. He 
 the fatal blow which hurried so many un- preached the gospel in Persia, and in Par- 
 happy victims to an untimely grave, thia, and is there supposed to have suffered 
 Among his elegant and ingenious pieces martyrdom. 
 
 these rank high, Dissertation on the Matthew Cantacuzenus, son of John, 
 
 Causes which altered the Laws of Lycur- emperor of Constantinople, was partner on 
 
 gus, at Lacedeemon, a prize essay, 1771 — the throne with him 1354. On the father's 
 
 Discourse on the Danger of reading Books abdication Matthew took for his associate 
 
 hostile to Religion, a prize composition — 
 Testament de Fortune Ricard, in 1781, long 
 ascribed to Franklin — Idylles in prose- 
 
 John Palaeologus, but the divided power 
 produced quarrels ; a battle was fought in 
 Thrace, and Matthew being defeated, re- 
 
 Eloges — Letters on the Public Pictures ex- signed the crown to his opponent and re- 
 
 hibited in 1763, o, and 7, kc. 
 
 Matignon, James de, prince of Mon- 
 tague, count of Thorigiii, was born at Lon- 
 ray, in Normandy, 15-26, and early became 
 eminent as a soldier. He was distinguished 
 at the battles of Jarnac, Roche-abeille, and 
 Moncontour, and was commander-in-chief 
 
 tired to the monastery of Mount Athos, 
 where he composed some commentaries on 
 Solomon's Song. 
 
 Matthew, of Westminster, a Benedic- 
 tine of the abbey of Westminster, known 
 as a historian. His work called " Flores 
 Historiarum," &c. treats of English affairs 
 
 in Normandy, 1572, and made a marshal by from the beginning of the world to the year 
 
 Henry HL 1579. He assisted at the coro- 
 nation of Henry IV. as constable, and died 
 July, 1597, aged 73. 
 
 Matilda, or Maud, daughter of Henry 
 L king of England, married Henry IV. 
 emperor of Germany, and was in 1135 pub- 
 licly announced as her father's heir and 
 successor on the English throne, after the 
 death of his favourite son Henry. On her 
 
 1307, and was published in London, 1567, 
 and at Frankfort, 1601, folio. The work 
 is divided into three books, the first ex- 
 tends from the creation to the Christian 
 aera, the second to the Norman conquest, 
 the third to the beginning of the second 
 Edward's reign, afterwards continued to the 
 death of Edward III. 1377. The author, 
 though occasionally credulous, is universal- 
 
 father's decease, Stephen, who was on the ly respected as a faithful, accurate, regu- 
 
 spot, seized the kingdom, and Matilda lar, and candid historian, 
 
 came at last with an army to conquer her Matthews, Tobias, an able and elo- 
 
 father's inheritance, Stephen was defeated, quent Oxford divine in the reign of James 
 
 and Matilda was in 1141 acknowledged I. made bishop of Durham, and in 1606 
 
 queen, but her pride offended the nobles, 
 and Stephen, who had conciliated the affec- 
 tion of all parties by his courteous beha- 
 \io\ir, and by the arts which an usurper 
 can occasionally employ, was taken from 
 his dungeon to be restored to the throne, 
 and the queen fled from the kingdom. Af- 
 ter Stephen's death, Henry II. the son of 
 Matilda by Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of 
 Anjou, whom she had married after her 
 
 translated to York, where he died 1628, 
 aged 82» A Latin sermon of his, against 
 Campian, has been published. His son 
 Tobias, after receiving his education at 
 Christ church, Oxford, became a catholic, 
 and entered among the Jesuits. He dis- 
 graced his name, and abused his talents by 
 being the intriguer and spy of the court of 
 Rome in England. He died 1655. 
 
 Matthews, Thomas, a native of Gla- 
 
 first husband's death, was appointed king of morganshire, eminent as a naval comman- 
 
 England. Matilda died 1167, aged 67. der. He fought in the Mediterranean in 
 
 Matsys, Quintin, a native of Antwerp, 1744, a most obstinate battle off Toulon, 
 who from a blacksmith became an eminent but as he was unfortunately not ably sup- 
 painter. His works were chiefly portraits ported by his second in command, Lestock, 
 and historical pieces, and in a very master- instead of obtaining a glorious victory, as 
 ly style. The best of his pieces is a he expected, he had only an indecisive 
 Descent from the Cross, preserved in Ant- action. Though he had done his duty, he 
 werp cathedral. He died 1529, aged 69. was dismissed from the service byacourt- 
 Hia son John was also a good artist, though martial, and Lestock was acquitted. He died 
 inferior to his father. on his estates in Glamorganshire, 1751. 
 
 Mattei, Paolo da, a native of Naples, Matthews, Samuel, governor of Vir- 
 
 who studied painting under Luka Giordano, 
 and excelled by the correctness of his pie- 
 ces, and the accuracy with which he copied 
 the works of the ablest masters. He died 
 1728, aged 67. 
 
 Matthew or Levi, son of Alpheus, a 
 tax gatherer, who was called by our Sa- 
 viour to become a disciple. He wrote his 
 gospel about 64, and some imagine it was 
 originally written in Hebrew or Svriac, 
 29S 
 
 ginia, was one of the counsellors of that 
 colony, appointed in 1624. He was elect- 
 ed governor in 1656, but soon after went 
 to England as agent of the province, and 
 died there. He was succeeded by Berkley. 
 
 Matthews, John, governor of South 
 Carolina, was one of the most active and 
 influential individuals of that state in pro- 
 moting the revolution. He was the first 
 
MAT 
 
 MAU 
 
 speaker of the house of representatives 
 after the dissolution of the royal jijovern- 
 m< lit, in 177 G, and wa.s appointed the same 
 year an associate justice of the supreme 
 court. In 17H0 he was elected a delegate 
 to congress, and was one of the committee 
 of that body appointed to visit the army, 
 and to report what defects existed in the 
 system adopted for its support, and the al- 
 terations necessary for its improvement. 
 He was also a number of the commiitee 
 sent by congress to eflect an accommoda- 
 tion with the troops of Feimsylvania, which 
 had mutinied, when at the suggestion of 
 the French anibassador, as was alleged, a 
 proposition was contemplated to be brought 
 forward in congress to purchase the inde- 
 pendence of the other portion of the union, 
 by sacrificing to Great Britain Georgia and 
 the Carohnas, Mr. Matthews repaired to 
 Philadelphia, and in conjunction with Mr. 
 Bee and Colonel Eveleigh, adopted such pre- 
 cautions relative to the subject that the in- 
 trigue, if it really existed, was abandoned. 
 In 1782 he succeeded Mr. Kutledge as 
 governor of the state. Mr. Guerard suc- 
 ceeded him in the following year. In 1784, 
 on the first establishment of the court of 
 equity, Mr. Matthews was appointed one of 
 the judges. He died at Charleston, Nov. 
 1802, aged 58. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Matthieu, Peter, a French historian, 
 principal of the college of V'erceil. He fa- 
 voured the league and the Guises, and af- 
 terwards became historiographer to Henry 
 IV. and attended Lewis XIII. at the siege 
 ofMontauban. He died at Toulouse, 12th 
 Oct. 1621, aged 58. He wrote a History 
 of Memorable Events in the Reign of Hen- 
 ry the Great, 8vo. — the History of Henry's 
 Death, folio — the History of St. Lewis, 
 8vo. — the History of France from Francis 
 I. to Lewis XIII. 2 vols, folio — laGuisiade, 
 a tragedy, &c. 
 
 Matthiolus, Peter Andrew, an able 
 physician, born at Sienna. He published 
 some valuable commentaries in Italian on 
 Dioscorides, Lyons, 1548, 4to. translated 
 into Latin by Desmoulins, 1572, folio. His 
 works were collected and appeared at Ba- 
 sil, 1598, folio, enriched with the notes of 
 Gaspard Bartholin. He died of the plague 
 at Trent, 1577, aged about 77. There was 
 another physician of the same name, pro- 
 fessor of medicine at Padua, where he died, 
 1498. He wrote Ars Memorativa, 4to. a 
 curious book. 
 
 Matti, Don Emanuel, a Spanish poet of 
 eminence, born at Oropesa, New Castile, 
 1663. He was member of the Arcadia at 
 Rome, and Innocent XII. pleased with his 
 poetry, made him dean of.Alicant, where 
 he died 18th Dec. 1737. His letters and 
 poetry were published at Madrid, 2 vols. 
 12mo. 1735. 
 Mat[trino, a native of Florence, emi- 
 
 nent as a painter. He assisted his mastPi 
 Raphael in .several of bis design.-*, and after- 
 wards ofiered his serviees to Polidoro de 
 Carravaggio, whose work.s hv rivalled in 
 correctness and execution. He died 1527, 
 aged :i7. 
 
 Maty, Matthew, an eminent physician, 
 born in Holland 1718. He took his doc- 
 tor's degree at Leyden, and in 17U), came 
 to settle in England. He introduced him- 
 self to public notice 1759, by his " Jouniul 
 Britannique," a periodical paper printed at 
 the Hague, and giving an account of Eng- 
 lish publications. In 17.')8, he was chosen 
 fellow, and 1765, secretary of the Royal 
 society, and in 1772, he became chief li- 
 brarian of the British museum. He unfor- 
 tunately fell a victim to a languishing dis- 
 order 1776, after a life devoted to the of- 
 fices of humanity, and the labours of sci- 
 ence. He was a great advocate for the in- 
 oculation of the small-pox, when it was 
 considered as dangerous. His memoirs of 
 the earl of Chesterfield, nearly finished be- 
 fore his death, were prefixed by his son-in- 
 law Justamond to the works of that noble- 
 man, 1777, 2 vols. -Jto. 
 
 Maty, Paul Henry, son of the above, 
 was born 1745, and educated at Westmin- 
 ster school, and Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 He obtained there a travelling fellowship, 
 which enabled him to go abroad, and in 
 1774, he went as chaplain to lord Stormont 
 ambassador to the court of France. His 
 rise in the chuich might have now been en- 
 forced by the influence of his powerful 
 friends, but he expressed some conscien- 
 tious scruples about those articles of faith, 
 to which before he had subscribed, and in 
 1776, he totally withdrew himself from the 
 duties of a minister of the church of Eng- 
 land. The rest of his life was devoted to 
 literary pursuits. He became assistant li- 
 brarian to the British museum, and in 1778, 
 succeeded Dr. Horsley as secretary to the 
 Royal society. He began Jan. 1782, a 
 monthly review of new publications^, which 
 from ill health he discontinued in 1786. In 
 the disputes which unfortunately prevailed 
 in the Royal society in 1784, about the re- 
 admission of Dr. Hutton, he took a warm 
 part, and resigned his office in disgust, 
 when good sense would have dictated a 
 more moderate and prudent conduct. A 
 sedentary life had weakened hij constitu- 
 tion, and he fell a martyr to an asthmatic 
 complaint, 16th Jan. 1787, aged 42. He 
 translated Riesbach's Travels through Ger- 
 many, and after his death a volume of his 
 sermons appeared, in which were those of 
 Seeker and other authors which his editors 
 suspected not to have been transcribed by 
 him. 
 
 Mauchard, Burchard David, a native of 
 Marbach, professor of physic and anatomy 
 in Tubingen university, and physician to 
 
 299 
 
MAU 
 
 MAU 
 
 the duke of Wirtemburg. He wrote vari- 
 ous tracts on his profession, and died at Tu- 
 bingen 1751, aged 55. 
 
 Maucroix, Francis de, a French transla- 
 tor, born at ^ovon, 1619. He died canon 
 of Rheims, 1708. He translated the Phi- 
 lippics of Demosthenes — the Euthydemus, 
 and the greater ilippias of Plato — some 
 Orations of Cicero — the Rationarium Tem- 
 poruni of Petau, 3 vols. &,c. He was inti- 
 mate with Boileau and Racine, and publish- 
 ed, in conjunction with la Fontaine, mis- 
 cellaneous and poetical works, 2 vols. 
 12mo. 
 
 Mauduit, Michael, an eminent divine, 
 born at Vire, in JNormandy, 1634. He died 
 at Paris 1709. He wrote some useful 
 works — a Treatise on Relig on against Athe- 
 ists, Deists, &c. 1098 — a Translation of the 
 Psalms into French Verse, not very respect- 
 able — Analyses of some of the Books of 
 the New Testament, 8 vols. 12mo. — Dis 
 sertatioiis on the Gout, &c. 
 
 Mauduit, Israel, apolitical writer, born 
 at Exeter 1703. He was educated for the 
 ministry among the dissenters, but soon 
 after quitted his clerical employment, and 
 became partner with his brother Jasper, a 
 London merchant. In 1760 he excited the 
 public attention by his "Considerations on 
 the German War," and he was afterwards 
 appointed agent for the province of Massa- 
 chusetts, and consequently became a warm 
 partisan in the disputes with the mother 
 country. In 1769, he wrote his Short View 
 of the History of the New-England Colo- 
 nies, and in 1774, he espoused the cause of 
 the dissenters by his pamphlet "on the 
 Case of the Dissenting Ministers," &c. He 
 published various other pamphlets which are 
 now deservedly forgotten, and died 14th 
 June, 1787, aged 79. 
 
 Maugin, John, surnamed Angevin, or of 
 Anjou, where he was born, translated Ma- 
 chiavel's Discourses on I^ivy into French. 
 He published his new Tristan Prince of 
 Leonnois, &,c. 1554, which he dedicated to 
 M. Maupas, who is the hero of the book. 
 Maupertuis, Peter Lewis Moreau de, 
 an able philosopher, born of a good family 
 at St. Malo's 1698. He was for three 
 years engaged in a military life, but quitted 
 it for the labour of science. He was ad- 
 mitted member of the French academy 
 1723, and some years after, when visiting 
 London, he was honoured with the title of 
 fellow of the Royal society. In 1736, he was 
 at the head of the French academicians, sent 
 by the king of France, to the North, to as- 
 certain the figure of the earth. He was af- 
 terwards invited by the prince of Prussia 
 to Berlin, to become president of the learn- 
 ed society there, and with a spirit of ad- 
 venture he accompanied his royal friend 
 10 the war against the Germans. He was 
 taken prisoner at the battle of Molwitz. 
 300 
 
 and conveyed to Vienna, but soon honour^ 
 ably set at liberty by the emperor, and 
 permitted to return to Berlin. He return- 
 ed to Paris, but instead ol quietly settling 
 in his country, in the pursuit of science and 
 philosophy, he wt nt back to Berlin, and 
 was soon after unlbrtunately engaged in 
 some literary quarrels with Koenig, pro- 
 fessor of philosophy at Franeker, and with 
 Voltaire. The roving and uns-ettled dispo- 
 sition of Maupertuis was not indeed calcu- 
 lated to conciliate esteem and affection ; 
 but Voltaire was so severely satirical on 
 him whom he had long called his friend 
 and mathematical instructer, that even 
 the king of Prussia thought it his duty to 
 interfere and arre^t the malevolent poet at 
 Frankfort. Maupertuis went afterwards on 
 a visit to his philosophical friends the Ber- 
 nouillis at Basil, and died at their house, 
 July, 1759. His works are very valuable 
 and display every where a great, weli-in- 
 formed, and penetrating mind. They have 
 been collected into 4 vols. 8vo. 1756, con- 
 sisting of the Figure of the Earth deter- 
 mined — the Measurement of a Degree of 
 the Meridian — Discourse on the Figure of 
 the Stars — Elements of Geography — Nauti- 
 cal Astronomy — Elements of Astronomy — 
 Physical Dissertation on a White Negro — 
 Essay on Cosmography — Reflections on the 
 Origin of Languages — Essay on Moral 
 Philosophy, and various other dissertations, 
 &c. inserted in the Berlin Memoirs. 
 
 Maupertut, John Baptist Drouet de, 
 a native of Paris, who studied the law, and 
 afterwards held a place under government, 
 and then entered into orders and obtained 
 a canonry. He wrote the History of the 
 Holy Church at Vienne — a Christian's Sen- 
 timents on the True Love of God — the 
 Dangerous Commerce between the two 
 Sexes — Veneration due to Relics, &c. He 
 died 1736, aged 86. 
 
 Maupin, N. Aubigny, a celebrated sing- 
 er at the Paris opera. She possessed great 
 personal courage, and she on some occa- 
 sions assumed a man's dress to avenge 
 boldly on her opponents those insults which 
 her sex forbade her openly to resent. Her 
 best character was Medea in the opera of 
 Medus by la Grange. She left the stage in 
 1705, and died two years after, aged 33. 
 
 Maur, St. a disciple of St. Benedict, 
 who died about 584, abbot of Glauseuil in 
 Anjou. A congregation bearing his name 
 was formed in France in the seventeenth 
 century, which was approved by the pope, 
 and has produced some learned men. 
 
 Maur, Don Charles de, an eminent ma- 
 thematician and engineer, whose abilities 
 were employed not only in the Spanish 
 army, but in the construction of canals, of 
 public roads, and other great national works. 
 He wrote a Treatise on Dynamics, and Ele- 
 
MAI/ 
 
 MAU 
 
 ments of Mathematics, and died 2r)th Nov. 
 
 Mauran, Peter, a leading man among 
 the Albigenscs iii Langueduc in the liith ccn- 
 tur>, who, because he denied tlan^uLl^tan- 
 tiatioii, was stripped of his property, and 
 condemned, alter severe trials, to Uiake a 
 pilgrimage to the holy land, aiid there to 
 adminisler to the reliel of the indigent. 
 
 Maurepas, John Frederic Philippeaux, 
 count of, a French statesman, born 1701. 
 In 1715 he was made secretary at court, 
 and was afterwards appo.nted superinten- 
 dent of the king's household, and ol the ma- 
 rine, 1723, and minister of state, 1733. 
 Though he evinced sagacity and genius in 
 his master's service, he was exiled to Bour 
 ges by the intrigues ol Madame Pompa- 
 dour, and continued in disgrace till Lewis 
 XV I. in 1774, recalled him to enjoy his con- 
 fidence, and to direct public aHairs. The 
 spirited measures, however, which he re- 
 commended in favour of the Americans 
 against their parent country were very im- 
 prudent, and have since produced the ruin 
 of his master. He died Nov, 1781, aged 
 SO. His correspondence, which was very 
 precise and correct, together with his me- 
 moirs, which are very negligently Avritten, 
 appeared at Paris 1792, 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 Maurice, of Nassau, prince of Orange, 
 succeeded though only 18 on his father's 
 murder, 1584, to the government of the 
 Low Countries. Treading in the glorious 
 steps of his father, he as captain general of 
 the United States strengthened and con- 
 firmed the newly established republic, sup- 
 ported its liberties and privileges, and en- 
 larged its provinces by the conquest of Bre- 
 da, in 1590, and of Zutphen, Deventer, 
 Hulst, Nimeguen, Gertruydenburg, &c. 
 His successes were rapidly continued, the 
 archduke Albert was defeated in 1597, and 
 the Spaniards were forced to evacuate Hol- 
 land, and though obliged to raise the siege 
 of Dunkirk in 1600, Maurice avenged this 
 trifling disaster by the total defeat of Albert, 
 near Nieuport. The conquest of Rhinberg, 
 Grave, and other places followed these 
 glorious labours ; but while Maurice, re- 
 spected by the soldiery for his valour and 
 services, aimed at the sovereignty of his 
 country, his views Avere vigorously opposed 
 T)y the unyielding integrity of Barneveldt, 
 who, unhappily for the memory of his 
 rival, was sacrificed in an unguarded mo- 
 ment. The Dutch mourned the loss of 
 their virtuous pensionary, and Maurice, 
 sensible of his cruelty, and still more dis- 
 pleased by the loss of Breda, which after a 
 siege of six months fell into the hands of 
 the Spaniards, became the prey of sudden 
 grief, and died of a broken heart 1625, 
 aged 55, leaving behind him the character 
 of being the ablest general of the age. 
 
 Mauricrau, Francis, a French surgeon, 
 
 chiefly eminent in ruidwifcry, and in an ex- 
 tensive kiiowlidge of female diseases. He 
 wrote a treatise on the Disorders of Preg- 
 nant Women — on Mithvifery — Diseaaes of 
 Mothers and New liorn Infants, 4to. 1694, 
 a very useful work, translated into atvtral 
 languages. He died at Paris 1709. 
 
 Mauritius Tidkhius, a Cappadocian, 
 who distinguished himself at the head of 
 the Roman armies, and received in mar- 
 riage the daughter of thi- emperor Tiberius 
 Constantiiie. He was made emperor 582, 
 but though valiant and successful against 
 the Persians and Arabs, he was unlortu- 
 nately defeated by Phocas his general, 
 who had proclaimed himself emperor, and 
 he was put to death with his five sons, A. 
 D. 602, aged 63. 
 
 Maurolico, Francis, abb6 of Santa Ma- 
 ria del Porto, in Sicily, and professor of 
 mathematics, was born at Messina, 1494, 
 and died 1575. He is author of an edition 
 of the Spherics of Theodosius — Emenda- 
 tio et R<-stitutio Conicorum Apollonii Per- 
 goei — Archin!i:dis Momenta Oumia — Eu- 
 clidis Phaenomena — Martyrologium, kc. 
 
 MAtruus, Terentianu'^, a Latin poet un- 
 der Trajan His poem De Literis, Sylla- 
 bus, &c. is preserved in Maittaire's Corpus 
 Poet. Lat. 
 
 Maury, Jean Siffrein, a French cardi- 
 nal, was born in 1746 at Vabees, in the an-^ 
 cient comte at V'enaisson. He studied at 
 Lyons, and, on entering into orders, be- 
 came a celebrated preacher at Paris, where 
 he obtained a place in the academy, and 
 obtained an abbey. When the revolution 
 broke out, he became one of the representa- 
 tives of the clergy in the States-general, 
 where he distinguished himself by his 
 eloquence in behalf of his order, as he 
 afterwards did in defence of royalty. On 
 the dissolution of the constituent assem- 
 bly, he went to Italy, where he was nomi- 
 nated bishop of Nicaja, and a cardinal. 
 In 1807 he made his submission to Buona- 
 parte, who in 1810 appointed him archbi- 
 shop of Paris , but when the usurper fell^ 
 the cardinal was obliged to leave France. 
 He died at Rome, in 1817. He published 
 several works, the best of which is, *' An 
 Essay on Eloquence." — W. B. 
 
 Maussac, Philip James, a counsellor in 
 the parliament of Toulouse, president of 
 the court of aids at Montpellier, and a most 
 elegant Greek scholar, died 1650, aged 70. 
 He published notes on Haipoi ration, Paris, 
 1614, 4to. — Remarks on Plutarch's Treatise 
 on Mountains and Rivers, &c. 
 
 Mautour, Philibert Bernard Moreau de, 
 auditor of the Paris chamber of accounts, 
 andmember of the academy of inscriptions, 
 was born at Beaunc, 1654, and died, 1737. 
 He published a translation of Petau's Ra- 
 tionarium Temporum, 4 vols. 12mo. and 
 wrote some poems and some dissertations^, 
 
 ?ni 
 
MAX 
 
 MAX 
 
 iiiserted in the memoirs of the belles let- 
 tres' academy. 
 
 Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 
 son of Maximianus Hercules, declared 
 himself emperor, 306. Though opposed 
 by Galerius, he established his power, but 
 becoming odious by his cruelty, he was at 
 last attacked aud defeated by Constantine, 
 and was drowjied as he crossed the Tiber 
 in his flight, 31*2. 
 
 Maxcy, Jonathan, D.P. president of the 
 college of South Carolina, was born at At- 
 tleborough, Massactiusetts, in 1768, and 
 was ordained pastor of the baptist church 
 in Providence, September 8th, 1791. He 
 Tvas the sam ' year elected professor of di- 
 vinity in the college of Rhode Island, of 
 which he was afterwards president. He 
 resigned this oSice in 1802, and was pre- 
 sident of Union college at Schenectady 
 until the appointment of Dr. Nott in 1804. 
 On the organization of the college at Co- 
 lumbia, South Carolina, he was elected 
 president of that institution, and continued 
 there until his death, June 4th, 1820. He 
 was a very useful college oflBcer, and much 
 esteemed in the various institutions over 
 which he presided. He married a daugh- 
 ter of commodore Hopkins, of Providence. 
 Several of his occasional sermons and ora- 
 tions were published. ICIP' L. 
 
 Maximianus, Marcus Aurel. Valer. Her- 
 cul. a Romnn emperor, who rose to that 
 dignity from the rank of a common soldier. 
 He possessed valour and prudence, but as 
 the associate of Diocletian, he was induced 
 to lay down the ensigns of his office, 304, 
 though afterwards he had the ambition to 
 resume his power. His troops, however, 
 rebelled against him, and he was put to 
 <ieath at last by order of Constantine, his 
 son-in-law, 310, aged 60. 
 
 Maximianus, Galer. Valer. a shepherd 
 of Dacia, distinguished by his valour, and 
 at last raised to the throne by Diocletian, 
 who gave him his daughter in marriage. 
 After conquering the Goths, Dalmatians, 
 and Persians, it is supposed that be obliged 
 his father-in-law Diocletian to abdicate the 
 crown. He died 311, in a miserable man- 
 ner, calling upon the God of the Christians, 
 whose religion he had hitherto persecuted. 
 
 Maximilian I. archduke of Austria, son 
 of Frederic IV. was born 1459. By his 
 marriage with Mary daughter of Charles, 
 last duke of Burgundy, he rose to conse- 
 quence as an mdependent prince, and in 
 1486, he was elected king of the Romans, 
 and in 1493, emperor. He was successful 
 in his war against France, but his forces 
 were defeated in Italy and Switzerland. 
 In his eagerness to enlarge his dominions 
 he expressed a wish to be the coadjutor of 
 Julius II. on the papal throne, and like 
 some of the Roman emperors, he assumed 
 the title of pontifex maximns. He after- 
 
 wards made an alliance with Henry VlIL 
 against France, and even served as a pri- 
 vate individual in the English army on the 
 continent He was unsteady in his attach- 
 ments, and though possessed of good sense 
 and great qualities, little to be depended 
 on in political affairs. He died at Inspruck, 
 loth January, 1519, in consequence of 
 eating melons to excess. He was author 
 of some poems, aud of memoirs of his own 
 life. 
 
 Maximilian II. son of Ferdinand I. was 
 elected king of the Romans, 1662, and 
 succeeded his father two years after as king 
 of Hungary and Bohemia, and emperor of 
 Germany. He was of a peaceful disposi- 
 tion, and therefore suffered from the in- 
 roads of the Turks upon his dominions. 
 He died at Ratisbon, 12th October, 1576, 
 aged 50. By his wife, Mary of Austria, 
 sister of Philip II. of Spain, he had several 
 children. 
 
 Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, deserved 
 by his courage the title of defender of Ger- 
 many, and by his wisdom that of Solomon. 
 He gained the battle of Prague, 1620, and 
 for his services as a warrior and as the sup- 
 porter of the Catholic faith, he was raised 
 to the dignity of an elector of the German 
 empire. He died 1651, aged 70. 
 
 Maximilian, Emmanuel, elector of Ba- 
 varia, distinguished himself by his many 
 services in the cause of the emperor Leo- 
 pold. He was at the siege of Neuheusel, 
 in 1685, when the Turkish forces were de- 
 feated, and the next year he was at the 
 siege of Buda, and the year after at the 
 battle of Mohatz. His merits placed him 
 at the head of the Hungarian army, and in 
 1689 he took from the Turks the city of 
 Belgrade, and afterwards commanded the 
 imperial troops at the siege of Mentz, 
 and on the banks of the Rhine. In 1692 
 he was made governor of the Low Coun- 
 tries by the king of Spain ; but during the 
 war of the Spanish succession he sided with 
 France, and exposed himself to the resent- 
 ment of the emperor, who deprived him of 
 his electoral honours, to which he was re- 
 stored at the general peace. He died at 
 Munich, 26th Feb. 1726. 
 
 Maximilian, Leopold, elector of Bava- 
 ria, son of the emperor Charles VII. suc- 
 ceeded to the electorate of Bavaria, 1746. 
 He died 30th December, 1777, and as he 
 left no issue, the succession to his domi- 
 nions occasioned a war between the empire 
 and Prussia, which was terminated by the 
 peace of Teschen, 1779. 
 
 Maximinus, Caius Jul. Verus, son of a 
 Thracian peasant, rose by his valour in the 
 Roman armies, and on the death of Alex- 
 ander Severus, was proclaimed emperor, 
 235. He was of gigantic size and propor- 
 tionable strength, but a great tyrant. He 
 
MAk 
 
 A1A\ 
 
 waa at last tissassinated by his soldiers, 
 near AquiU'.ia, 256. 
 
 Maximum, Magnus, a Spaniard, pro- 
 claimed emperor of ilome, by his troops in 
 Britain, 383. Thou;;li opposed by liratian, 
 he proved victorious, and at last marching 
 into Italy, he was besieged in Aquileia, and 
 defeated by Theodosius, who caused his 
 head to be cut oil', 3SS. 
 
 Maximus, of Tyre, a Platonic philoso- 
 pher, who was at Rome, 146, A. D. His 
 Discourses, 41 in number, have been edited 
 by Reiske, 1774, and translated into French 
 by Formey. 
 
 Maximus, the Cynic, a native of Ephe- 
 sus, tutor to the apostate Julian, whom he 
 encouraged in his opposition to Christiani- 
 ty, and flattered by his magic arts, assuring 
 him, when going on his Persian expedi- 
 tion, that he would prove victorious, and 
 that he was animated by the soul of Alex- 
 ander. He was put to death by the em- 
 peror Valens, 366. 
 
 Mat, Thomas, an English writer, born 
 at Mayfield, in Sussex, 1594. He was of 
 Sidney college, Cambridge, where he took, 
 1612, his bachelor's degree, and afterwards 
 entered at Gray's Inn. His genius recom- 
 mended him to the notice of the great of 
 those times. He was the friend of Sir 
 Kenelra Digby, Sir R. Fanshaw, Thomas 
 Carew, Ben Jonson, Sir John Suckling, and 
 others, and became the favourite of Charles 
 I. and of his queen. Under the sunshine 
 of royal patronage he wrote " The Heir," 
 a comedy, acted 1620 — Cleopatra, a trage- 
 dy, acted- 1626 — Antigone, a tragedy — 
 Agrippina, a tragedy — the Old Couple, a 
 comedy, &c. and also by the king's com- 
 mand, " the Reign of Henry II." a poem 
 in 7 books, and " the Reign of Edward III." 
 a poem in 7 books. As a translator, May 
 acquired some reputation. Virgil's Geor- 
 gics appeared 1622, with notes, and his 
 Lucan's Pharsalia, 1627. This last work 
 is a very respectable performance, and the 
 poet greatly increased his literary fame by 
 a continuation of the poem to the death of 
 Julius Caesar, in verses which were much 
 admired, and which Dr. Johnson preferred 
 to the Latin of Cowley or of Milton. May, 
 respected as the friend of the monarch, to 
 ■whom he dedicated the best part of his pub- 
 lications, became despicable in the civil 
 wars. He embraced the party of the par- 
 liament, was made their secretary and his- 
 toriographer, and as such published the 
 " History of the Parliament of England," 
 •which began Nov. 3d, 1640, to the first 
 battle of Newbury, 1643. He wrote also a 
 " Breviary of the History of the Parliament 
 of England," a few months after the publi- 
 cation of which he died suddenly, 13th No- 
 vember, 1650, aged 55. He was buried in 
 Westminster abbey, but at the restoration 
 
 his body was dug up, and deposited la a 
 pit in St. Margaret's chiirrhyaid. 
 
 May, Lewis dii, a prot.staiit French'his- 
 torian, who spent the best part of his life 
 in Germany, lie died IBSI. llis works 
 are " State of the Empire, or Abridgment 
 of the Public Law of G(;rmany" — Science 
 des Princes, Svo. — the Prudent Voyager, 
 r2mo. 
 
 Mayrnne, Charles of Lorraine, duke of, 
 son of Francis, duke of Guise, was borii 
 26th March, 1554. He distinguished him- 
 self as a heroic soldier at the sieges of 
 Poictiers and Rochelle, and at the battle of 
 Moncontour, and defeated the protestants 
 in Guienne, Dauphine, and Saintonge. 
 When his brothers were assassinated at the 
 council of Blois, he proclaimed himself 
 chief of the league, declared Cardinal 
 Bourbon king, under the name of Charles 
 X. and prepared to support his power by 
 the force of arms. He opposed, with an 
 army of 30,000 men, Henry IV. but was 
 defeated at the battle of Arques, and again 
 at Ivry, and after many losses, he was at 
 last reconciled to his victorious enemy, 
 who in the goodness of his heart made him 
 his friend, and added the government of the 
 Isle of France. He died at Soissons, 3d 
 Oct. 1611, and his family was extinct in his 
 son, who died 1621. 
 
 Mater, John Frederic, a Lutheran di- 
 vine, born at Leipsic, 1650. He was suc- 
 cessively professor at Wittemberg, Ham- 
 burg, and Stettin, and became superinten- 
 dent of the churches of Pomerania. He 
 died 1712. He wrote a Treatise on the 
 method of studying Holy Scripture — Dis- 
 sertations on Particular Parts of the Bible 
 — Tractatus de Osculo Pedum Pontificis 
 Romani, 4to. but his great work is Bilic- 
 theca Bihlica, 4to. 1713, in which he exa- 
 mines the character of the various com- 
 mentators on the Bible. 
 
 Mater, Tobias, an eminent astronomer, 
 born at Maspach, in the dutchy of Wir- 
 temburg, 1723. He was self-instructed, 
 and in the formation of machines and in- 
 struments, displayed wonderful ingenuity. 
 He also applied himself to the Latin lan- 
 guage and belles lettres, and in 1750 was 
 appointed professor of mathematics in Got- 
 tingen university. He died 1762, exhaust- 
 ed by his uncommon application. He stu- 
 died the nature of the moon, and its influ- 
 ence upon the earth with such ability, and 
 approached so nearly the problem of lon- 
 gitude, that his widow obtained an honour- 
 able reward of 3000/. from the British 
 parliament. His discoveries in astronomy 
 and geometry were very great and impor- 
 tant. He published Tables of Refractions 
 — Theory of the Moon — Astronomical Ta- 
 bles — a Mathematical Atlas, &c. There 
 was also a Jesuit of the same name in Mo- 
 ravia, professor of philosophy at Heidle- 
 
 303 
 
MAY 
 
 x\IAY 
 
 bei'g, for whom an observatory was built at 
 Manheim by the elector Palatine. He 
 wrote Basis Palatina — De Transitu Veneris 
 '-De Novis in Caelo Phoenomenis, and died 
 1783. 
 
 Materne, Sir Theodore, an eminent 
 physician, born of most respectable parents 
 at Geneva, 2Sth S pt. 1573. He bad 
 Theodore Beza for his godfather. He stu- 
 died at Heidelberg, and afterwards w; nt 
 to Montpellier, where he took his d' gree 
 ofM.D. 597. He went to Paris, where 
 he r commended himself to notice by his 
 lectures, and became physician to Henry 
 IV. w lo promised him bis patronage, and 
 endea\oured by the means of cardinal 
 Perron aid other priests, to convert him to 
 the catholic faith. He came over in 1616 
 to settle in England, and was in the ser- 
 vice of James I. and of his queen. He died 
 at Chelsea, loth March, 1655, leaving to 
 inherit his large fortune only one daughter, 
 %vlio married the marquis de Montpouvillan, 
 and died at the Hague, 1661, of a child of 
 which she could not be delivered. His 
 works were printed at London, 1700, in one 
 folio volume. 
 
 Mayhew, Thomas, governor of Martha's 
 Vineyard, Massacliusetts, obtained a grant 
 of that and the neighbouring islands in 
 1641, and commenced a settlement at Ed- 
 garton. He devoted himself much to the 
 civilizing and Christianizing the Indians 
 who lived within his government, and in- 
 duced them to adopt the Fnglish mode of 
 administering justice. He died in 1681, in 
 the 93d year of his age. iC3^ L. 
 
 M*YHEW, Thomas, the son of the prece- 
 ding, accompanied him to Martiia's Vine- 
 yard in 1642, and beca ne the first minister 
 of that islan.'l. He began his labours 
 among the Indians in 1646, and devoted 
 himself to their instruction with unwearied 
 diligence and self-denial. In 1650 one 
 hundred had made profession of faith in 
 the gospel, and during the next year one 
 hundred and eighty more. Encouraged by 
 this success, he embarked for England to 
 solicit aid fiom the society for propagating 
 the gospel, and was lost at sea, in the 37th 
 year of his age. fCP' L- 
 
 Mathew, John, minister of Martha's 
 Vineyard, and son of the preceding, was 
 born in 1652, and entered the ministry at 
 the age of twenty-one, at Fisbury. He la- 
 boured with great diligence in instructing 
 the Indians. His annual salary was, for a 
 long time, only five pounds. He died in 
 1689, in the sixteenth year of his ministry, 
 leaving an Indian church of one hundred 
 communicants, and several well-instructed 
 Indian teachers. iC?* L. 
 
 Mathew, Experience, minister of Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard, was the eldest son of the 
 preceding, and born in 1673. In 1694 he 
 '>pgan to preach to the Indians, taking the 
 304 
 
 care of several of their congregations, and 
 devoted a ministry of more than sixty 
 years to their instruction. In 1709 he 
 translated the Psalms and John into the 
 language of the Indians, at the expense of 
 the society for propagating the gospel. In 
 1727 he published a relation of the success 
 of the gospel among the aborigines, in 
 which he gives the biograpliy of more than 
 thirty Indian mmisters, and about eighty 
 other converts, who w-ire worthy of com- 
 memoration for their piety. He possessed 
 superior endowments, and exhibited a 
 most exemplary life of zeal, activity, and 
 self-denial in the ministry. ;C3^L. 
 
 Mathew, Jonathan, D.D. minister in 
 Boston, Massachusetts, was the son of the 
 preceding, and born in Martha's Vineyard, 
 8th October, 1720, and graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1744. He was ordained 
 pastor of the west church, at Boston, in 
 1747, and continued there til! his death in 
 1766. He possessed a mind of great force 
 and acuteness, was equalled by few of his 
 cotemporaries in the extent of his classical 
 and theological knowledge, and was parti- 
 cularly distinguished for the originality and 
 independence of his investigations, and his 
 love of civil and religious liberty. He 
 published a number of controversial and 
 practical works, characterized by unusual 
 perspicuity and force of reasoning, and 
 liveliness of fancy, and which gave him a 
 high reputation in Great Britain, as well 
 as in his own country, and procured for 
 him a diploma of doctor of divinity, from 
 the U'liversity of Aberdeen. iCZT^ L. 
 
 Matnard, sir John, an able English 
 lawyer, celebrated for his eloquence, his 
 integrity, and his public spirit. He waited 
 upon William with an address of congratu- 
 lation, after the abdication of James, and 
 when the new king, observing his age, told 
 him he must have outlived many of the 
 judges, and of the lawyers of the state, of 
 his own standing, yes, replied sir John, and 
 I should have outlived the law too, if your 
 majesty had not come to the throne of this 
 country. He died 1690, aged 88. 
 
 Matnard, Francis, a poet, one of the 40 
 of the French academy, born at Toulouse, 
 1582. He was secretary to queen Marga- 
 ret, and by his wit and gayety was the de- 
 light of the court, who flattered him with 
 compliments, but settled no favour on him. 
 He retired in disgust, and died in his pro- 
 vince, 1646. His odes, songs, epigrams, 
 &c. were much admired. 
 
 Matne, Jasper, an English poet and di- 
 vine, born at Hatherleigh, Devonshire, 
 1604, and educated at Westminster school, 
 and Christ church, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came student. He was presented to the 
 livings of Cassington, and of Pyrton, near 
 Watlington, Oxfordshire, and, in 1640, 
 was crented D.D. He distinguished him- 
 
MAY 
 
 MAZ 
 
 self as tbe author of the " City Match," a 
 comedy, and the "Amorous Work," a 
 tragi-comcdy, and drew upon himself some 
 severe reflections from Cheynell, in conse- 
 quence of his sermon against false prophets 
 at Oxford. In 164S he was deprived of his 
 studentship and of his livings ; but at the 
 restoration he was reinstated, and made 
 canon of Christ church, archdeacon of 
 Chichester, and chaplain to the king. He 
 died Dec. 6th, 1672, and was interred at 
 Christ church. In his character he was 
 cheerful, and, in those times of fanatical 
 melancholy, very facetious. In his will he 
 left to his servant, who had long lived with 
 him, and was too fond of drinking, a trunk, 
 with something in it which he said would 
 make him drink. No sooner was his mas- 
 ter dead, than the servant ran eagerly to 
 the valuable trunk, but instead of a trea- 
 sure he found a red herring. He wrote, 
 besides, a poem on the naval victory ob- 
 tained by the duke of York over the Dutch 
 — sermons — Luciau's Dialogues translated, 
 
 Matnwaring, Arthur, a learned Eng- 
 lishman, born at Ightfield, Shropshire, 
 166S. He was educated at Shrewsbury 
 school, and Christ church, Oxford, and af- 
 terwards studied the law in London. An 
 acquaintance with the earls of Dorset and 
 Burlington, and the duke of Somerset, ba- 
 nished his strong prejudices against the 
 revolution, and afterwards he became a 
 commissioner of the customs, and in the 
 beginning of Anne's reign, auditor of the 
 imprest, an office worth 2000^ per annum. 
 He sat in the parliament of 1705, for Pres- 
 ton, in Lancashire, and died at St. Alban's, 
 13th Nov. 1712. His executrix was Mrs. 
 Oldfield, the actress, by whom he had one 
 son, and with whom he had lived, before 
 his death, about nine years, much against 
 the representations and wishes of his 
 friends. He wrote various pieces in prose 
 and verse, especially epilogues, &c. which 
 were delivered with particular effect by his 
 favourite actress. 
 
 Mayo, Richard, an English divine, 
 ejected from his living of Kingston, Surrey, 
 for nonconformity, 1662. He wrote a Life 
 of Dr. Staunton — Two Conferences be- 
 tween a Jew and a Papist, and between a 
 Protestant and a Jew — Comment on the 
 Epistle to the Romans, in Pool's Annota- 
 tions — sermons, &c. He died 1695. 
 
 Matow, John, a learned physician, born 
 iu Cornwall, 1645. He was of Wadham 
 college, Oxford, and became fellow of All- 
 Souls, where he took his degrees in civil 
 law, after which he practised physic chiefly 
 at Bath. He died in York-street, Covent- 
 garden, Sept. 1679, and was buried in the 
 parish church there. His works were col- 
 lected and published at Oxford, 1674. He 
 was a man of extensive powers, and well 
 
 Vol. IL 39 
 
 skilled in chymLstry, accordii.:; trt tUc opi- 
 nion of Dr. Beddocs, who, in a will-written 
 pamphlet, in 1790, proved that the best 
 part of modern di>.covrries with respect to 
 air, was known to this active experimen- 
 talist. 
 
 Mazard, Stephen, a native of Lyons, 
 who greatly improved the miinufactun' of 
 hats in France. He was in Enj^land, to 
 make observations on the genius of th^ 
 English manufacturers, and he carried back 
 with him several a!)le workmen. He dici 
 1736, aged 76, and left his large property 
 to endow a public charity at Lyons. 
 
 Mazarine, Julius, cardinal, and chief 
 minister of France, was born at Piscina, in 
 the province of Abruzzo, Italy, July 14th, 
 1602. His abilities were conspicuous even 
 in early life, and under Jerome of Colonna 
 he made great and important progress in 
 literature. He recommended himself t(» 
 the notice of the pope, and by his negotia- 
 tions and intrigues, was happily successful 
 in preventing a battle between the French 
 and Spaniards before Cassel, and he effect- 
 ed a reconciliation between them. This 
 gained for him the good opinion of Riche- 
 lieu, and of Lewis XIII. and from keeper 
 of the seals, and vice legate to Avignon, he 
 was, in 1641, raised to the dignity of car- 
 dinal. On the death of Richelieu, I\Iazarine 
 became the prime minister of Lewis XIII, 
 and continued in that high office during 
 the minority of Lewis XIV. and the regen- 
 cy of Anne of Austria. Though at first po- 
 pular, the jealousy of the nobles, and the 
 distressed state of the poor, raised a cla- 
 mour against him, and he at last yielded to 
 the public voice, and retired from the king- 
 dom. But though a price was set upon 
 his head, the general hatred subsided, his 
 abilities were acknowledged and regretted, 
 and by degrees his return to power became 
 the popular wish. Mazarine, restored to 
 greatness, applied himself to consolidate 
 the happiness of France ; he effected a 
 peace between his country and Spain, and 
 cemented the union of the two monarchies 
 by the marriage of his master with the in- 
 fanta of Spain. Excessive application at 
 last produced disorders which proved Aita!. 
 He died at Vincennes, 9th March, 1661, 
 aged 59, highly respected by the king and 
 nation. He was buried in the college 
 which he had founded. His letters, 103 in 
 number, were published, 1694, and agaia 
 by Chatelan, Amsterdam, 1745, 2 vols. 
 12mo. Mazarine had a brother and twa 
 sisters. His niece, Hortensia Manrini, 
 dutchess of Mazarine, married, in 1661, 
 Armand Charles dc la Porte de la Meille- 
 raie, from whom she was separated, and 
 afterwards settled in England, where she 
 patronised St. Evremond. She died at 
 London, 1699. 
 
 Mazeas, John Mathurin, a nativr o*^" 
 
 305 
 
MAZ 
 
 MEA 
 
 J^aiKlernau, in Britany, who died at Pa- 
 ris, 1802, aged 88. He wrote Elements 
 of Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, with an 
 Introduction to Conic Sections — Institu- 
 tioncs Philosophicae, 3 vols. l2mo. He 
 was professor in the college of Navarre, 
 nnd canon of Notre Dame, at Paris ; but 
 when the revolution robbed him of his 
 offices, and of his income, he retired into 
 ibe country, where the kindness of a faith- 
 ful servant administered to all his wants 
 and infirmities. 
 
 Mazeline, Peter, a sculptor of Rouen, 
 member of the academy of painting and 
 sculpture, died 1708, aged 76. His works 
 were highly esteemed, and are still admired 
 in the gardens of Versailles, especially Euro- 
 pa, a Pythian Apollo, &c. 
 
 Mazochi, Alexius Symmachus, an Ita- 
 lian antiquary, born at Santa Maria, near 
 Capua. He died at Naples, where he was 
 divinity professor, 1771, aged 87. His 
 works on ancient medals and inscriptions 
 were valuable. His last, and perhaps his 
 best publication, was the Antiquities of the 
 Camjtagna di Roma. 
 
 Mazuier, Claude Lewis, a native of 
 Bcllevre, who became judge of Louhans, 
 and during the French revolution was 
 elected to the convention. His conduct, in 
 this violent assemblj', was firm and mode- 
 rate, and he not only voted for the banish- 
 ment of the king, but defended the measure 
 as the most salutary for the honour and the 
 happiness of the nation. His boldness in 
 accusing the public plunderers of the state 
 marked him for destruction, and he was 
 dragged to the guillotine, Feb. 1 794, aged 
 34.^ 
 
 MazzuciIelli, Grammaria, or John Ma- 
 ria, a nobleman of Brescia, eminent as a 
 philologer and historian. He died Nov. 
 1765, and left several works, highly es- 
 teemed by the Italians. 
 
 Mazzuchelli, Peter Francis, a native 
 of Rome, eminent as a painter. He was 
 knighted by Charles Emanuel, duke of 
 Savoy, and died 1626, aged 55. Some of 
 the beautiful altar pieces at Milan are by 
 him. 
 
 Mazzuoi.i, Francesco, better known hy 
 the name of Parmeggiano, or Parmesan, 
 was an eminent painter, born at Parma, 
 1604. His application to his art was so 
 great that when Rome was sacked by 
 Charles V. he remained engaged with his 
 pencil, like another Protogenes, uncon- 
 scious of surrounding dangers. He excel- 
 led also in etching, of which he has, by 
 some, been called the inventor. He died 
 of & violent fever, at the early age of 36, 
 1540. For sweetness of manner, elegance, 
 and grace, he has been regarded by several 
 .'.udgcs as the rival of Corregio, and in ge- 
 nius and invention, he had few equals. 
 Thric was another artist of the 16th cen- 
 
 tury, of the same name, and related to him 
 who excelled chiefly in historical painting. 
 
 Mead, Matthew, an English divine, rec- 
 tor of Great Brickhill, Bucks, and after- 
 wards of Stepney, near London, from 
 which he was ejected, in 1662, for non- 
 conformity. His principles rendered him 
 suspected during the Rye-house plot, but 
 after appearing before the council, he was 
 honourably dismissed. He died 1699, at 
 Stepney, where he had continued to preach 
 to a congregation of dissenters. He was 
 author of the Almost Christian tried and 
 cast, 8vo. a work of some merit — Sermons 
 on Ezekiel's ^Mieels — the Good of Early 
 Obedience, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Mead, Richard, a distinguished physi- 
 cian, son of the preceding, was born at 
 Stepney, 11th Aug. 1673. From a private 
 school, he went, in 1689, to Utrecht, where 
 he studied under Graevius, and three years 
 after, he removed to Leyden, where he at- 
 tended the medical lectures of Pitcairn 
 and Herman, and contracted a strong inti- 
 macy with the celebrated Boerhaave. From 
 Holland he visited Italy, and took his de- 
 gree of M.D. atPadua,'l695, and then re- 
 turned to England. The next year he set- 
 tled in his native place, where he practised 
 with increasing reputation for seven years. 
 His " Mechanical Account of Poisons," 
 1702, was received by the public with avi- 
 dity ; and he, in 1704, was admitted into 
 the Royal Society, in 1707 chosen one of 
 the council, and, in 1717, appointed vice- 
 president. From Stepney he removed to 
 Crutched Friars, and seven years after, to 
 Austin Friars. In 1707 he was honoured 
 with the diplomatic degree of M.D. by the 
 university of Oxford ; and such was his ce- 
 lebrity, that he was one of the physicians 
 who attended queen Anne in her last ill- 
 ness. He was made fellow of the college 
 of physicians in 1716, and, in 1719, he was 
 consulted by government upon the best 
 means of preventing the importation of the 
 plague, which raged with such fatality at 
 Marseilles, and he published, in conse- 
 quence, his Discourse on Pestilential 
 Contagion, which, in one year, passed 
 through seven editions. In 1727 he was 
 appointed physician to George II. and had 
 the satisfaction of seeing placed in the same 
 situation, his two sons-in-law, Drs. Wilmot 
 and Nicholls. He died 16th Feb. 1754, 
 and was buried in the Temple church, near 
 his brother Samuel, a counsellor; but 
 though no stone is placed over his remains, 
 there is a monument erected to his honour 
 in Westminster abbey, by the gratitude of 
 bis son, with an inscription by Dr. Ward. 
 He was twice married ; by his first wife he 
 had ten children, three only of whom sur- 
 vived him, a son, and the tAVO daughters 
 whose husbands we have mentioned ; and 
 bv his second wife he had no family. Dr. 
 
MKI) 
 
 mi: I) 
 
 Meail altaiuod high honours and cclebnly in 
 his profession, so that in one year he made 
 more than 70001. by his practice. As a man 
 of letters, he was highly respectable, and 
 as the friend and the patron of the learned, 
 universally admired ; so that no foreigner 
 of eminence ever came to London without 
 soliciting, as an honour, an introduction to 
 him. His collection of books and prints 
 was very valuable, and sold, after his 
 death, for more than it had cost him. 
 With the most pleasing manners, Dr. Mead 
 united the greatest liberality, and most ex- 
 tensive benevolence ; he gave his advice 
 to the poor with pleasure and gratis, and 
 it is remarkable that he never would re- 
 ceive a fee from any clergyman, except one, 
 who disputed with him on the pi'opricty of 
 lus prescriptions. His works were, a trea- 
 tise dc Imperio Solis et Lunae — de Morbis 
 Biblicis — Monita Medica. Ail his medical 
 works were published together in 1762, 1 
 vol. 4to. 
 
 Meadowcroft, Richard, an English di- 
 vine, born at StaiFordshire, and educated at 
 Merton College, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came fellow. In 1733 he was made canon 
 of Worcester, where he died 1769. He 
 published in 1732, Notes on Milton's Para- 
 dise Regained, edited again in 1748, and 
 mentioned with commendation by bishop 
 Newton. lie wrote also other small tracts, 
 besides 11 Sermons, &c. 
 
 Mechain, M. a native of Lyons, whose 
 Observations on the eclipse seen at Ver- 
 sailles, 1774, procured him the applauses of 
 the French academy. His work on the 
 great comet of 1661, whose appearance 
 was again expected in 1790, procured him 
 the prize of the academy in 17S2 ; and in 
 consequence of his great astronomical ta- 
 lents, he was employed by the nation in 
 1792, to measure a degree of the meridian 
 between Dunkirk and Barcelona. He 
 finished the work in 1798, and then pro- 
 posed to extend it to the Baleares, but he 
 died before the completion of his useful 
 labours, of a fever on the coast of Valencia, 
 1805. He edited and improved the Con- 
 noissance des Temps, and was much re- 
 spected for the general information which 
 he possessed, and the abilities which he 
 displayed in difficult and intricate calcula- 
 tions for the marine,and other public pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Mede, Joseph, B.D. a native of Berden, 
 Essex, educated at Christ's college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow. He 
 devoted himself to the study of divinity, and 
 refused the preferment which the kindness 
 of his friends oflered him, especially Usher, 
 the primate, who wished him to accept the 
 provostship of Trinity college, Dublin. His 
 works, in 1 vol. fol. are chiefly on divinity ; 
 and in his Commentary on the Apocalypse, 
 lie has been followed by bishop Newton, 
 
 «/»d other learned divine.-. He died 163S. 
 aged r)2. 
 
 Medicis, Cosmo, .suniaincd the Elder, 
 was the founder of \n» illu!,trious family. 
 He was so successful in commerce, that hiti 
 riches were superior to ihosc; of the poten- 
 tates of his times, and h«; iiidult;f d the noblr 
 sentiments of applying the resourccH of his 
 ample fortune to the patronage of the sci- 
 ences and of htarned n»en. He collected a 
 most valuable library, which he enrichetl 
 with rare and curious manuscripts ; but 
 while he expected respect and gratitude 
 from bis countrymen, he found that hih 
 conduct was viewed with jealousy by the 
 arts of his enemies. Yielding to the pre- 
 vailing ingratitude of his countrymen, Ik. 
 retired in honourable exile to Venice, where 
 he was received with the homage due to a 
 sovereign prince ; i)ut the Florentines at 
 last became sensible of their cruelty ; Cosmo 
 was recalled, and made for 34 years the ar- 
 biter of the destinies of his country. He 
 died Aug. 1464 aged 75, and the gratitude 
 of his fellow-citizens engraved on his tomb 
 these glorious words " the father of his peo- 
 ple, the deliverer of his country." 
 
 Medicis, Lorenzo de, surnamed the 
 Great, and the father of letters, was born 
 1448. He wa.s son of Peter, and the grand- 
 son of Cosmo, and he was brother to .Julian 
 de Medicis. The great influence which he 
 and his brother exercised in Florence, was 
 viewed with jealousy by Ferdinand IV. of 
 Naples, and by Pope Sixtus IV. and a dread- 
 ful conspiracy was formed against them by 
 the Piazzi, at the base instigation of these 
 two foreign potentates. Julian fell by the 
 dagger of an assassin, while celebrating 
 mass 1478, but Lorenzo, who was then 
 with him, had the good fortune to escape, 
 though wounded, with his life ; and such 
 was his popularity, that he was conducted 
 back to his palace by the multitude, in the 
 general acclamations of condolence and ol" 
 joy. Inheriting the beneficent and honour- 
 able qualities of his grandfather, he devotee! 
 himself to the patronage of literature, and 
 was regarded as the Maecenas of the age. 
 The Florentines saw with pride their opu- 
 lent countryman selling in one hand the 
 products of the East, and with the other 
 supporting and guiding the public concerns 
 of the state ; at one time giving audience to 
 ambassadors, at another splendidly enter- 
 taining merchants, and now relieving the 
 necessities of the poor, exhibiting public 
 shows to the multitude, or adorning hi-i 
 native city with the most splendid buildings, 
 for the purposes both of magnificence and 
 hospitality. These high and meritoriou.s 
 services were not lost in the gratitude of 
 the Florentines ; Lorenzo was named chief 
 of their republic, and so mild and equitable 
 was his government, and so respectable his 
 character, that foreign princes often suh- 
 
 307 
 
MED 
 
 ME I 
 
 iiiittcd tLeir disputes to his final aud impar- 
 tial decision. Ardent in the cause of sci- 
 ence, Lorenzo was surrounded by the 
 learned, the brave, and the ingenious ; and 
 to render Florence the emporium of what- 
 ever was rare in literature, John Lascaris, 
 a man of classical taste, was sent, in the 
 most honourable manner, into the East, to 
 collect the choicest manuscripts to enrich 
 the librar)'. Lorenzo was himself a man 
 ©f karning. He wrote poetry with success, 
 and his sonnets, songs, &c. in Italian, have 
 often been printed, and are deservedly ad- 
 mired. This illustrious character died 9th 
 April 1492, aged 44 : but though so univer- 
 sally respected and admired, his glory was 
 obscured by his passion for the female sex, 
 and by his great indifference in religious 
 duties. He left two sons, Peter, who 
 succeeded him at Florence, and who was 
 banished 1494, and died 1504, and John, 
 ■who filled the papal chair under the name 
 of Leo X. His history has become parti- 
 cularly interesting in the luminous pages of 
 Mr. Roscoe. 
 
 Medicis, John, surnamed the Invincible, 
 was son of John, and first learnt the art of 
 war under Lorenzo, against the duke of Ur- 
 Vtino. He afterwards was in the service of 
 the pope, and of Francis I. of France, and 
 «listinguished himself against the armies of 
 the emperor. He died at Mantua, 29th Nov. 
 1526, aged 28, in consequence of a wound 
 which he had received in the knee, at the 
 «ege of Governolo. 
 
 Medicis, Lorenzo de, descended from 
 the brother of the great Cosmo, aspired to 
 the name of popular. He caused to be as- 
 sassinated, in 1537, Alexander de Medicis, 
 whom Charles V. had appointed duke of 
 Florence, and he courted popularity by his 
 patronage of literature. He died without 
 posterity. 
 
 Medicis, Hippolyto do, natural son of 
 Julian, was raised to the rank of cardinal 
 by his cousin, Clement VII. in 1529, and 
 sent as legate to Germany. He possessed 
 great abilities as a negotiator and also as a 
 military man ; so that when the pirate Bar- 
 fcarossa threatened the coast of Italy with 
 devastation, Hippolyto was usefully em- 
 ployed against him, and obliged him to re- 
 tire without even meeting him in the field. 
 He contributed to the elevation of Paul III. 
 to the papal chair, and afterwards formed a 
 ylan for the assassination of Alexander de 
 Medicis, the governor of Florence, which 
 Jailed. He died suddenly at Itri, as some 
 imagine, in consequence of poison, 13th 
 Aug. 1 535, aged 64. 
 
 Medicis, Sebastian de, of the same illus- 
 trious family, was distinguished by his learn- 
 ing. He wrote, de Vcnatione, Piscatione, 
 pt Aucupio, 8vo. — de Fortuitis Casibus— de 
 SepuUnris, 1580, &c. 
 
 Medicis, Peter de, a painter, born at 
 308 
 
 Florence, 158G, of the same illusti'ioas fa- 
 mily. He studied under Cigoli, and as a 
 historical painter, possessed celebrity from 
 the strong expression, as well as the grace 
 of his characters, and the correctness of 
 his style, and his judicious colouring. 
 
 Medina, John Baptiste, a painter of 
 Brussels, who studied the works of Rubens 
 wiih such effect, that his own pieces pos- 
 sessed all the beauties and correctness of 
 that illustrious master. He was for some 
 years settled in England, and was the last 
 knight created in Scotland by the high com- 
 missioner of that kingdom. He died 1711, 
 aged 51. 
 
 Meen, Henry, a learned divine, who 
 was educated at Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he obtained a fellowship, and 
 took the degree of bachelor of divinity in 
 1776. He afterwards became minor eanon, 
 and lecturer of St. Paul's cathedral, which 
 chapter presented him to the rectory of St. 
 Nicholas Cole-abbey and the prebend of 
 Twyferd. He died Jan. 3, 1817, aged 72. 
 Mr. Meen completed Fawkes's translation 
 of the Argonautics of ApoUonius Rhodius ; 
 and published "Remarks on the Cassandra 
 of Lycophoron." He was also the author 
 of "Successiva Opera; or Selections from 
 ancient Authors, sacred and profane," 8vo. ; 
 and a poetical piece entitled " Happiness J' 
 — W.B. 
 
 Megasthenes, a Greek historian, about 
 292 B. C. His History of Judea, which was 
 once held in high esteem, is now lost. 
 
 Mehegan, William Alexander, a French 
 historian, of Irish extraction, born at Salle, 
 in the Cevennes, 1721. He was an elegant 
 writer, though perhaps too affected in the 
 attempt of rendering his style graceful and 
 brilliant. He wrote, the Origin of the 
 Guebres — Considerations on the Revolu- 
 tions of Art — the Origin and Progress of 
 Idolatry — a Picture of Modern History, the 
 best of his works, translated into English. 
 He died 23d Jan. 1766. 
 
 Meibomius, John Henry, a learned pro- 
 fessor of physic at Helmstadt, his native 
 place, was afterwards first physician at Lu- 
 beck. He wrote, a Latin Life of Maecenas — 
 de Cerevisiis, 4to. — Tractatus de Usu Flag- 
 rorum in Re Medica et Venereaj 4to. and 
 8vo. edited by Th. Bartholin. He died 1655, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Meibomius, Henry, son of John Henry, 
 was born at Lubeck> and studied at Gronin- 
 gen, Franeker, and Leyden. He married in 
 1664, and had 10 children, and died professor 
 of medicine, history, and poetry, at Helm- 
 stadt, 1700, aged 62. His publications are, 
 Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum, 3 vols, 
 folio. — ad Saxoniae Inferioris Historiam In- 
 troductio, 4tu. — Valent. Hen. Vogleri Intro- 
 ductio Univers, in Notitiam Bonorum Serip- 
 torum,4to. — Chronicon Bergense — De Vasis 
 Palpebrarum Novis, 4to. 
 
MEL 
 
 M£i. 
 
 Meibomius, Marcus, a learned critic, of 
 the same- family as the prcccdiiis. He piib- 
 lislied a translation of Greek authors who 
 had written on Music — an edition of the 
 Greek Mythologists — de Fabrica Triremi- 
 um, 4to. — Corrections for an edition of a 
 Hebrew Bible, &.c. He was for some time 
 at the court of Christina, queen of Sweden, 
 but left it in disgust. He died 1711. 
 
 Meibomius, Henry, a native of Helm- 
 stadt, celebrated for his knowledge of medi- 
 cine, as well as for his great learning, and 
 his critical powers. His works, which are 
 valuable, are preserved in the Germanicarum 
 Rerum Scriptores, 4to. He died 1625. 
 
 Meir, George Frederic, a German philo- 
 sophical writer, born at Ammendorff', in 
 Saxony, 1718. His best works are, a Re- 
 presentation of a Critic — Instructions how 
 any one may become a Modern Philosopher 
 — Introduction to the Elegant Arts and 
 Sciences, &c. He died 1777. 
 
 Meisner, Balthasar, a Lutheran divine, 
 theological professor at Wittemberg, was 
 author of, Anthropologia, 2 vols. 4to. — Mo- 
 derate Philosophy, 3 vols. 4to. — and died 
 1628, aged 41. 
 
 Meissonier, Justus Aurel. a native of 
 Turin, eminent as a painter, sculptor, gold- 
 smith, and architect. His abilities recom- 
 mended him to the French king, who ap- 
 pointed him his designer and goldsmith, in 
 which employment he exhibited the most 
 beautiful specimens of his ingenuity and of 
 his art. He died at Paris, 1750, aged 55. 
 
 Mela, Pomponius, a Latin geographer, 
 born in Spain. His work, de Situ Orbis, is 
 best edited by J. Gronovius, 1653. He 
 flourished A. D. 45. 
 
 Melanchthon, Philip, a celebrated re- 
 former, born 16th Feb. 1497, at Bretten, in 
 the Palatinate of the Rhine. His father's 
 name was Schwartserdt, which signifies 
 black earth ; but the word was changed, ac- 
 cording to the affectation of the times, by his 
 friend Reuchlin, into Melanchthon, which in 
 Greek expresses the same meaning. He 
 studied at Bretten, Pfortsheim, and Heidel- 
 berg, and with such success, that at 13 he 
 wrote a comedy of some merit. He left 
 Heidelberg in 1512, because he was refused 
 a degree on account of his youth, and then 
 passed to Tubingen, where he resided for 
 six years, and gave public lectures on Vir- 
 gil, Terence, and other classics. In 151S, 
 by the recommendation of his friend Reu- 
 chlin, he was appointed by the elector of 
 Saxony, Greek professor at Wittemberg ; 
 and here began that intimacy with Luther, 
 which contributed so much to the progress 
 of the reformation. He was in 1527 ap- 
 pointed by his patron, the duke, to visit the 
 thurches of the electorate, and afterwards 
 he was employed in the arduous labours of 
 preparing those articles of faith which have 
 received the name of the Augsburg Confes- 
 
 sion, because presented to the emperor at 
 the diet of that city. In the disputes 
 which he inaiiitaiucd in those days of con- 
 troversial enmity, he displayed gnat can- 
 dour and mildness, which his friend Luther 
 attributed more to a spirit of timidity, 
 than to the meekness of the Christian cha- 
 racter. His moderation as well as his 
 learning, where so universally acknow- 
 ledged, that he received a liberal invitation 
 from Francis I. to come to France, to set- 
 tle the disputes of the protestants ; but 
 through the interference of the duke of Sax- 
 ony, the otTer was declined ; as likewise a 
 similar invitation from the king of England. 
 He was engaged in the various conferences 
 which took place on religious subjects at 
 Frankfort, Reinspurg, Worms, Spires, and 
 Ratisbon ; and every where evinced the 
 deepest learning, the most peaceable tem- 
 per, and the strongest moderation. The 
 character of the times, and not inclination, 
 rendered him a controversialist, and his 
 answer to his mother, displayed the great 
 and the good man. When asked by the 
 aged woman, who repeated before him her 
 prayers in a simple but pious manner, what 
 she must believe in this great confusion of 
 creeds, he replied, " Go on, mother, to be- 
 lieve and pray as you have done, and never 
 trouble yourself about controversies." He 
 died at Wittemberg, 19th April, 1560, and 
 was buried by the side of his friend Luther, 
 in the church of the castle. Among the rea- 
 sons which on his death-bed, he assigned 
 for considering dissolution as happiness, he 
 said, that it delivered him from theological 
 persecutions. By his wife, the daughter of a 
 burgomaster of Wittemberg, he had two 
 sons and two daughters. His works were 
 very numerous, and as they were written in 
 the midst of controversy, and ecclesiastical 
 avocations, they were not always so cor- 
 rect in language, as they proved useful in 
 advancing the reformation. A chronologi- 
 cal catalogue of these was published in 
 1582, and they appeared altogether in 4 
 vols, folio, at Wittemberg, 1601. 
 
 Melanippides, two Greek poets of 
 merit. The one grandfather, B. C. 520, 
 the other his grandson, 460 B. C. Their 
 works are lost. 
 
 Melchisedeck, high-priest of God, and 
 king of Salem, met Abraham after his defeat 
 of the king of Sodom, and gave him his 
 blessing. As he is represented by St. 
 Paul without father and without mother, 
 some heretics have imagined that he was no 
 other but Jesus Christ ; and hence arose 
 the sect called Melchisedecians, in ancient 
 times. 
 
 Melcthal, Arnold de, one of the foun- 
 ders of Swiss liberty. His father was cruelly 
 deprived of his eyes by the order of Gris- 
 ler, the Austrian governor ; and the son, 
 irritated at the sufferings of his parent, 
 
 309 
 
MEL 
 
 MEN 
 
 united in 1307, with StouflUcker, Furst, and 
 Tell, to break the chains of their servitude, 
 and after defeating an army of 20,000 men 
 at thepass ofMorgartern,with only 500 men, 
 the liberty of Switzerland was established. 
 
 Meleager, a Greek poet of Syria, 186 
 B. C. His epigrams, which possess great 
 merit, are preserved in the Anthologia, 
 printed by Brunck, 1739, with notes. 
 
 Meletius, bishop of Lycopolis, in 
 Egypt, was deposed by an Alexandrian 
 ♦Synod, and became the founder of a new 
 sect which supported the Arians against 
 Athanasius. He died about 346. 
 
 Melissus, a philosopher of Samos, who 
 maintained that the universe is infinite and 
 immoveable, and that the knowledge of a di- 
 vinity is improper. He flourished about 
 444 B. C. 
 
 Melito, St. bishop of Sardis in Asia, A. 
 D. 170, was author of several works, which 
 have perished. 
 
 Melitus, an Athenian orator, the chief 
 accuser of Socrates. His conduct appeared 
 afterwards so odious to the Athenians, that 
 they put him to death B. C. 400. 
 
 Mellan, Claude, a French engraver and 
 designer, born at Abbeville, 1601. He died 
 at Paris 16S8. Charles H. wished in vain 
 to invite him to settle in England. His mode 
 of engraving was peculiar to himself. His 
 most admired piece is a head of our Sa- 
 viour, formed of one spiral line, beginning 
 at the top of the nose. 
 
 Melmoth, William, a learned man, 
 born 1666. He was bencher of Lincoln's- 
 inn, and joined Peere Williams to publish 
 Vernon's Reports. He is deservedly celebra- 
 ted for his treatise of " the great Import- 
 ance of a Religious Life," a work of infinite 
 merit, and of the most benevolent tenden- 
 cy, of which, besides large editions, not less 
 than 42,000 copies were published in the 
 18 years preceding 1784. Melmoth died 
 6th April 1743, and was buried in the clois- 
 ter of Lincoln's-inn chapel- 
 
 Melmoth, William, son "of the prece- 
 ding, was born 1710. He distinguished 
 himself as the translator of Pliny's and Ci- 
 cero's epistles, in a very neat and elegant 
 •style, and published besides, Memoirs of his 
 Father — some poems in Dodsley's collec- 
 tion — and Letters under the name of Sir 
 Thomas Fitzosborne. This worthy and 
 amiable character died 1799. 
 
 Melon, John Francis, a native of Tulle, 
 who settled at Bourdeaux, as secretary to 
 the learned academy which, by his influ- 
 ence with the duke of la Force, had been 
 founded there. He wrote, a Political Es- 
 say on Commerce, 12mo. a work of merit 
 — Mahoud, the Gasnevide, an Allegorical 
 History of the duke of Orleans' Regency — 
 Dissertations, &c. This learned and well 
 informed man died at Paris, 1738. 
 
 Melot, John Baptist, a French writer, 
 310 
 
 esteemed for his memoirs inserted in the 
 volumes of the academy of inscriptions, of 
 which he was a member, and for an edition 
 of Joinville's Life of St. Lewis, with a Glos- 
 sary. He was librarian to the king, and 
 was employed to make a catalogue of the 
 royal collection. He was born at Dijon, 
 1697, and died at Paris 1760, much res- 
 pected. 
 
 Melvil, Sir James, third son of lord 
 Keith, was born at Halhill, Fifeshire, 1530. 
 He was page to Mary queen of Scots, when 
 dauphiness of France, and was afterwards 
 in the service of Montmorency, prime mi- 
 nister of France ; and after travelling over 
 Italy, Switzerland, and Germany,^ he re- 
 turned again to Scotland, to attend his wi- 
 dowed mistress. He became distinguished 
 at the Scotch court, was made a privy coun- 
 sellor, and intrusted with the most impor- 
 tant affairs of the kingdom. He merited 
 this confidence by his loyalty to the unfor- 
 tunate queen, whom he attended till her 
 confinement at Lochleven, and he held the 
 same rank of trust and of honour in the 
 cabinet of her son. When James suc- 
 ceeded to the English crown, Melvil, too 
 infirm to share in the affairs of state, came 
 to England, to pay a visit of respect and 
 duty to his sovereign, and returned to Scot- 
 land, where he devoted himself to the wri- 
 ting of his memoirs for the Information and 
 Instruction of his son. These valuable 
 memoirs were published by his grandson, 
 1683, in folio, and contain a very interest- 
 ing detail of the state affairs of Scotland, for 
 several years. Sir James died at Halhill, 
 1606, aged 76. 
 
 Memmi, Simon, a portrait painter of Si- 
 enna, who died 1345, aged 60. He painted 
 Laura, Petrarch's mistress. 
 
 Memnon, a Rhodian, general of Darius, 
 opposed Alexander's invasion of Asia. He 
 ably defended Miletus against the conquer- 
 or, and subdued the isles of Chios and 
 Lesbos ; but died suddenly, when his va- 
 lour might perhaps have impeded the rapi- 
 dity of the Macedonians. 
 
 Menage, Giles, a learned Frenchman, 
 the Varro of his time, was born at Angers, 
 15th Aug. 1613. After a rapid progress in 
 belles lettres and philosophy, he applied 
 himself to the law, and becoming an advo- 
 cate he pleaded with great popularity at 
 Angers, Paris, and other places. But the 
 laborious profession of the law was disa- 
 greeable to a man who had a strong incli- 
 nation to devote himself to polite literature, 
 he therefore quitted it, much against his 
 father's desire, and took orders. He was 
 for some time in the family of cardinal de 
 Retz, but on the death of his father, he 
 converted all his property to an annuity 
 that his literary engagements might be less 
 disturbed with family affairs. He became 
 the companion of the great and the learned. 
 
MEN 
 
 .mi:n 
 
 afid oMaincd some ecclesiastical prefer- 
 ment, but the wit of his conversation, and 
 the propensity of uttering a joke cvt-n at 
 the expense of a friend, brought upon him 
 many enemies, and among them, d'Aul)ig- 
 nac, Boileau, Cotin, Sulo, Bouhours, liuillct 
 and others. Mazarine too in the midst of 
 his greatness was jealous of his influoncc, 
 and a Latin elegy addressed to him by the 
 poetical ecclesiastic was almost eonsideredas 
 a satire, not a compliment to the all-power- 
 ful minister. Menage was honoured with 
 a place at the Florentine academy, 
 but when his friends proposed him for 
 the French academy, his name was reject- 
 ed. He unfortunately, late in life, put his 
 thigh out of joint, by a fall, and died 23d 
 July, 1692, of a defluxion of the stomach, 
 aged 79. This ingenious and learned wri- 
 ter, it is said, possessed a most retentive 
 memory, and from his great storehouse, 
 and the inexhaustible resources of a polish- 
 ed mind, could say, as Bayle observes, a 
 thousand good things in a thousand pleasing 
 ■ways. His works are numerous, the best 
 known of which are, Origines de la Langue 
 Fran<^oise, 4to. — Miscellanea, or a collec- 
 tion of some of his poetical and prose pieces 
 in Greek, Latin, and French — la Requete 
 des Dictionaires, an ingenious satire about 
 IheFrench Academy's Dictionary — Poema- 
 ta, 12rao. 1656 — Origini della Lingua Ita- 
 liana, 4to. — Observations sur la Langue 
 Franqoise, 2 vols. 12mo. — Juris Civilis 
 Amoenitates, 8vo. — Histoire de Sabl6, folio. 
 — an edition of Diogenes Laertius — Mena- 
 giana, published after his death, &c. 
 
 Menander, a celebrated Greek poet, 
 prince of the new comedy. All his plays 
 have perished, and as he was esteemed su- 
 perior to Aristophanes it is an irreparable 
 loss. Terence is said to have borrowed his 
 six plays from him. He flourished at Athens 
 about 342 B. C. 
 
 Menandrino, Marsilio, or Marsilius 
 of Padua, a learned lawyer of the 14th 
 century. He was excommunicated by the 
 pope 1327, for writing " Defensor Pacis," 
 a work in favour of his master the emperor 
 Lewis of Bavaria, in which he boldly main- 
 tained that the imperial power was superior 
 to that of the pope, both in temporal and 
 spiritual affairs. He wrote besides de 
 Translatione Imperii, &c. and died at Mon- 
 temalto 1328. 
 
 Menard, Claude, a French magistrate 
 at Angers, eminent as an antiquarian. He 
 lost his wife in b^s old age, and in conse- 
 quence quitted the world and became an 
 ecclesiastic. He died 20th Jan. 1652, aged 
 72. He'published Joinviile's Historj- of St. 
 Lewis, 4to. with learned notes — St. Aus- 
 tin's books against Julian — Researches 
 about the Body of St. James the elder, 
 said to have been buried at Angers — His 
 tory of Bertrand de Gueschlin, 4to. 
 
 Mbkaud, Dom Nicholas Huguca, a Be- 
 nedictine of St. Maiir, born at Pariw. He 
 wrote a Martyrolo^^y of tiie Benedictines 
 of his order, and other works, and died 
 21st Jan. 1644, aged f.T. 
 
 Menard, Leo, a eounsellor of Nismes, 
 born at Tarascon, 170G. He wrote the 
 History, &c. of Nismes, 7 vols. 4to. — Cus- 
 toms and Manners of the Greeks, 12mo. 
 — the Loves of Calisthenes and Aribtoclea, 
 a novel, l2mo. — some fugitive pieces, &.c. 
 He died 1767. 
 
 Menasseh-Ben, Israel, aPortuguese rab- 
 bi, of the sect of the Pharisees, son of a 
 rich merchant. He was succcsoor to Isaac 
 Urrie, in the care of the synagogue of Am- 
 sterdam, and afterwards went toBasil, and 
 attempted in London, against the wish of 
 the presbyterians, to obtain from Crom- 
 well a toleration of the Jew s. He died at 
 Middleburg, 1G60, aged 56. He published 
 an edition of the llebrew Bible without 
 points, 2 vols. 4to. Amsterd. with a Latin 
 preface — the Talmud with Notes, Svo. — 
 El Conciliador, 4to. — de Resurrectione, 
 Svo. de Fragilitate Humana, &c. — Spes 
 Israelis, 12rno. — the Breath of Life, in 
 Hebrew, 12mo. — the End of Life, 12mo. 
 translated into English by Pococke with 
 a life. 
 
 Mencke, Otto, a learned German, born 
 at Oldenburg, Westphalia, 1644. He stu- 
 died at Rome, and at Bremen, and Leipsic, 
 and afterwards visited the other German 
 universities. He became in 1668 profes- 
 sor of morality at Leipsic, was five times 
 rector of the university, and seven times 
 dean of the faculty, and died there 1707. 
 He published Marsham's Canon Chronicus, 
 4to. — Camden's Annals of Elizabeth — Jus 
 Majestatis circa Venationem, 4to. — Res- 
 publica in Microcosmo conspicua, 4to. and 
 was the first author of the " Acta Erudi- 
 torum," of Leipsic, a valuable work which 
 established a correspondence with the 
 learned of Europe, and first appeared 
 1682, 4to. 
 
 Mencke, John Burchard, son of Otto, 
 was born at Leipsic 1674. After travelling 
 into Holland and England, he settled at 
 Leipsic, where in 1699 he was appointed 
 professor of history, and in this office he 
 acquired great reputation. Frederic Augus- 
 tus, king of Poland, made him his historio- 
 grapher and aulic counsellor as a mark of 
 his esteem, and the royal societies of Lon- 
 don and Berlin enrolled him among their 
 members. He died April 1, 1732. His 
 works are numerous and learned. He 
 wrote de Charlataneria Eruditorum Dc- 
 elamationes dua;, Svo. — Scriptores Rerum 
 Germanicarum, 3 vols, folio. — two Latin 
 Discourses on the empiricism of learned 
 men, 1 2mo. a weak performance. He con- 
 tinued also the "Acta Eruditorum,'* and 
 
 311 
 
MEN 
 
 MEN 
 
 bad some share in the dictionary of learned 
 men, Leipsic, folio, 1715. 
 
 Mendajors, John Peter de, a native 
 of Alais, in Languedoc, who became mem- 
 ber of the academy of inscriptions at Pa- 
 ris, and was known as the author of an 
 history of Gaul Narbonensis, 12mo. — Arle- 
 quin, Valet de deux Maitres, &c. He 
 died in his native town 15th Nov. 1747, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Mendez Pinto, Ferdinand, a Portu- 
 guese, who from a menial servant, became 
 celebrated in consequence of his adven- 
 tures. He embarked for the Indies 1537, 
 and after a residence of 21 years he re- 
 turned to Portugal. He published an ac- 
 count of his adventures, in which he as- 
 serts that he was thirteen times made a 
 slave, and sold 16 times. The work is in- 
 teresting from the particulars which it com- 
 municates of the history of Japan, Brama, 
 Pegu, Siam, Java, Achem, &.c. 
 
 Mendez, Moses, an English writer of 
 Jewish extraction, known as a poet and dra- 
 matic writer. He was, on account of his 
 abilities, honoured with the degree of M.A. 
 by the university of Oxford, and he died 
 1758. He wrote also some poems pre- 
 served in Dodsley's collection. 
 
 Mendelsohn, Moses, a Jew of Berlin, 
 of obscure origin at Dessau. He quitted 
 commerce for literature, and acquired great 
 reputation. He died 1785, aged 56. He 
 published, Jerusalem, 1755, supporting that 
 the Jewish religion is but deism — Phaedon, 
 8vo. in which he maintains the spirituality 
 and immateriality of the soul, in such 
 senoiblc language and powerful argumenta- 
 tion, that he has been called the Socrates 
 of the Jews — Philosophical works, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — Letter to Lavater, 8vo. — Translation 
 of Genesis — Commentary on Ecclesiastes 
 — treatise on the Sublime — Letters on Sen- 
 sations, &c. 
 
 Mendoza, Gonzales Peter le, arch- 
 bishop of Seville and afterwards of Tole- 
 do, chancellor of Castile and Leon, was 
 born at Guadalajara 1428. He early dis- 
 tinguished himself by his progress in lite- 
 rature, and his fidelity in the service of the 
 kings of Castile, by whose interest he ob- 
 tained a cardinal's hat from pope Sixtus IV. 
 He also ably served Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella, and after a life of great virtue, wis- 
 dom, and moderation, died 11th Jan. 1495. 
 He translated in his youth Sallust, Homer's 
 Iliad, Virgil, and some parts of Ovid. 
 
 Mendoza, John Gonzales, an Augus- 
 tine friar of Castile, sent by the king of 
 Spain as his ambassador to China, 1584. 
 He wrote a History of China, 1689, 8vo. 
 in Spanish, which has been translated into 
 other languages. His last preferment was 
 the bishopric of Propajan in the West 
 Indies. 
 
 Menecrates, a physician of Svracuse, 
 312 
 
 who, proud of the success of his medical 
 prescriptions, assumed the title of Jupiter, 
 in the age of Philip, father of Alexander, 
 who deservedly ridiculed him. 
 
 Menedemus, a Greek philosopher of 
 Eubcea, who died in the age of Alexander 
 the Great. 
 
 Menedemus, a cynic philosopher who 
 pretended with fanatic zeal, and in all the 
 eccentricity of dress, to have been sent 
 from hell to observe the actions of man- 
 kind. 
 
 Meneses, Alexis de, a Portuguese Au- 
 gustine monk, of noble birth at Lisbon. 
 He was sent to Goa as archbishop, and 
 there he held a synod, the acts of which 
 were called Synodus Dianperensis. On 
 his return to Europe he was pr^r;! ted to 
 the see of Braga, and was made virf roy of 
 Por'ugal by Philip II. of Spain. He com- 
 piled a history of his order in Portugal, 
 and died at Madrid 1617. 
 
 Menestrier, John Baptist le, a French 
 antiquarian, author of medals, coins, and 
 ?ncient monuments of the Roman emper- 
 ors, and of illustrious medals of emperors 
 of Rome. He was born at Dijon, and died 
 1634, aged 70. 
 
 Menestrier, Claude Francis, a Jesuit, 
 born at Lyons 1633. He wrote. History of 
 Lewis XIV. by medals, emblems, &c. — 
 Consular History of Lyons — the Art of 
 Heraldry — the Philosophy of Images, &c. 
 He possessed a very astonishing memory, 
 and it is said that to try him Christina of 
 Sweden pronounced in his presence 300 
 unconnected words, which he immediately 
 repeated in the same order. He died 1705. 
 There was another author born at Dijon, 
 called also Claude. He wrote Symbolica 
 Dianoe Ephesiae Statu* exposita, 4to. and 
 died 1657. 
 
 Mengoli, Peter, a learned and popular 
 lecturer on mechanics at Bologna, died 
 about 1690. He was author of Geometria 
 Speciosa, 4to. — Arithmetica Rationalis — 
 Musaea Speculativa — a treatise on the Cir- 
 cle, &c. 
 
 Mengs, Antony Raphael, a famous 
 painter born at Aussig, in Bohemia, 1726. 
 His father, who was painter to Augustus 
 III. king of Poland, saw and encouraged 
 his rising abilities, and after studying at 
 Rome for four years, the young painter re- 
 turned to Dresden, where his genius soon 
 displayed itself. He %vas patronised by 
 Charles III. of Spain, who granted him a 
 pension with a house and equipage ; but 
 though thus favoured by the monarch he 
 resided not in Spain, but at Rome, where 
 grief for his amiable wife and the ignorance 
 of an empiric put an end to his life 1779. 
 His five daughters and two sons were ho- 
 nourably provided for by the king of Spain. 
 The chief of his paintings are preserved 
 
-MEN 
 
 MEN 
 
 at Madrid and Rome,an(linthom he success- Menochiu.s, Jamns, a civilian of Paviu, 
 
 fully united the graces and the l)eauties of possessed of such rcHpectable abilities, that 
 
 his great masters Raphael, Correggio, and he was called the Baldus and Bnrtholus of 
 
 Titian. The altar piece of All-Soul's his age. He was profcHsor ofltiw in several 
 
 uhapcl, Oxford, is also one of his admired universities of Italy, and at last settled at 
 
 pieces. He was also an author. His Milan, where he was made president of the 
 
 works were published with notes by d'Azara council, and where he died lOth Aug. 1607, 
 
 at Parma 1780, 2 vols. 4to. containing Re- aged 75. He wrote de recupcrandn Pos- 
 
 fleetions on Beauty and Taste in Painting ; sessione, de adipiscenda Possessione, 8vo. ; 
 
 Xhe Life of Correggio ; the principal Pic- de Praesunitionibus, 2 vols, folio ; de Arbi- 
 
 tures at Madrid, &c. The works have trariis Judicum Qua;stionibus et Causis 
 
 been translated into French, and also into 
 English, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 McNiNSKi, Franciscus a Mesgnien, or 
 Menin, an eminent German orientalist, 
 born in Lorraine 1623. He studied at 
 Rome, and learned the Turkish language 
 at Constantinople, and from interpreter to 
 the Polish embassy, became himself am- 
 bassador to the Porte, and for his services 
 ivas honoured with the addition of ski to 
 his name. He was afterwards in the em- 
 peror's service, and in 1669 went to Jeru- 
 salem. He obtained the dignity of coun- 
 sellor of war to the emperor, and died at 
 Vienna 169S. His great and very impor- 
 tant work " Thesaurus Linguarum Orien- 
 talium," appeared at Vienna 1 630 in 4 vols, 
 folio, and in 1687 another volume was 
 added. This valuable work was begun to 
 be re-printed in 1780 at the expense of 
 Maria Theresa, who thus favoured the 
 wishes of Sir William Jones, and of the 
 learned, who had expressed a desire to see 
 the scarce volume re-published. Meninski 
 was unfortunately engaged in a controversy 
 ivith Podesta, oriental secretary to the em- 
 peror, and much acrimony was shown on 
 both sides. 
 
 Menippus, a cynic philosopher, born at 
 Gadara, in Palestine. He was so severe in 
 his satires, that the epithet of Menippean 
 has been applied to harsh reflections. 
 
 Menno, Simonis, an ecclesiastic of 
 Friesland, who embraced the tenets of the 
 
 Conciliorum, folio. His son, John Ste- 
 phen, was born at Pavia, and became a Je- 
 suit, which profession he adorned by his 
 learning and his virtues. He died 4th 
 Feb. 1656, aged 80. He was author of Po- 
 litical and (Economical Institutions ; a 
 learned treatise on the Republic of the 
 Hebrews ; a Commentary on the Scrip- 
 tures, 2 vols, folio, and 4 vols, 4to. all in 
 Latin, and works of merit. 
 
 Mentel, John, a printer of Strasburg, 
 to whom some authors have attributed the 
 invention of printing, but not on sufficient 
 grounds. He was originally a writer and 
 illuminator of manuscripts in the service 
 of the bishop of Strasburg, and he was the 
 first who introduced the art of printing 
 there. His first publication was a Bible, 
 1466, in 2 vols, folio, and other works fol- 
 lowed. He obtained great celebrity, and 
 equal opulence by his profession, and was 
 ennobled by the emperor Frederic IV. He 
 died at Strasburg, 1478. 
 
 Mentzel, Christian, a native of Furs- 
 ten wal, in Germany, celebrated for his 
 great knowledge of medicine and botany, 
 which he improved by travelling into 
 foreign countries. He wrote. Index Nomi- 
 num Plantarum, 1696, folio, reprinted and 
 improved, 1715 — a Chronology of China, 
 4to. — Natural History of Brazil, 4 vols, 
 folio — on the Flowers and Plants of Japan, 
 2 vols, folio, &c. These two last works 
 are preserved in MS. in the Berlin library. 
 
 anabaptists, and after being again baptized 
 
 by LTjbo Philippi, became a powerful leader ^^ died 1701, aged 79 
 
 of his sect. He denied that Jesus Christ Menzikoff, Alexander, a Russian 
 
 I'eceivcd a human shape from his mother prince. His father was a poor peasant, 
 
 the Virgin Mary ; and while he maintained and he himself was apprentice to a pastry- 
 
 the necessity of again baptizing adults, he cook, and carried pies about the streets, 
 
 inveighed against the custom of infant bap- till the Czar Peter saw and admired his wit 
 
 tism, which he regarded as popish innova- and liveliness. From this low situation, 
 
 tion. His eloquence and his learning were or as others say, from the place of groom 
 
 so much admired, that he gained a great in the royal stables, young Alenzikoff soon 
 
 number of followers in Westphalia, Guel- became a favourite, and was appointed go 
 
 derland, Holland, and Brabant ; but though 
 
 .1 price was set on his head, he had the good 
 
 fortune to escape his persecutors. He 
 
 was, in his opinions, more moderate than 
 
 the rest of the anabaptists. His followers 
 
 vernor of Ingria ; and in rewai-d for his 
 services, his abilities, and his zeal, was 
 raised to the rank of prince and of major- 
 general. He also distinguished himself in 
 Poland 1708, but his enemies accused him 
 
 are still to be found in the Low Countries, of peculation, and he was fined and dis- 
 
 under the name of Mennonites, divided graced, till the favour of his master again 
 
 into two distinct sects. He died at Oldeslo, restored him to power, and sent him as 
 
 betiveen Lubec and Hamburgh, 1565. His ambassador to Poland, 1722. He also 
 
 works were published at Am5terdam,l68l. cained the good graces of the empress Ca- 
 
 Vol,. TI. 10 313 
 
MER 
 
 MER 
 
 tLerinc, and after the death of Peter, the 
 imperial heir, afterwards Peter II. was des- 
 tined to marry the daughter of the favour- 
 ite. At the accession of the young Czar, 
 Menzikoff conducted himself with impru- 
 dence, and instead of securing the marriage 
 of his daughter, he behaved with haughti- 
 ness, and even treated the monarch with 
 contempt, so that his enemies, especially 
 the Dolgorucki, took advantage of his folly, 
 and he was soon banished from the court, 
 and sent at last to end his days in the dis- 
 tant deserts of Siberia. He bore his mis- 
 fortunes with great resignation, and died in 
 his exile, 2d Nov. 1729, a victim to his 
 ambition and the intrigues of a court. In 
 his rise, in his ostentatious display of pow- 
 er, and in his fall, he is not very dissimilar 
 to the favourite of our Henry VIII. 
 
 Menzini, Benedict, an Italian poet, born 
 at Florence 1646. His origin was humble, 
 but his genius rose superior to poverty, and 
 though unnoticed by those to whom he de- 
 dicated the efforts of his muse, and obliged 
 to maintain himself occasionally by dicta- 
 ting extempore sermons to various ecclesi- 
 astics, he gained the patronage of Chris- 
 tina, queen of Sweden, and afterwards was 
 made canon of St. Angelo, in Piscina, by 
 the pope. He was made member of the 
 society of Arcadi, and of the Delia Crusca 
 academy. He died of a dropsy 1704, aged 
 58, and left nothing behind him but his 
 works. His poetry was much admired, 
 and his satires possessed great spirit. His 
 works, containing elegies, hymns. Art of 
 Poetry — a treatise on the Irregular Con- 
 struction of the Tuscan Language, &c. 
 have been collected in 4 vols.4to. 1731, by 
 Fabroni. 
 
 Mercado, Michael de, or Moercati, a 
 native of St. Miniato in Tuscany, who be- 
 came first physician to pope Clement VIII. 
 and his successors, and inspector of the 
 botanical garden of the Vatican, where he 
 formed a valuable cabinet of metals and 
 fossils, of which a description appeared at 
 Rome in fol. I7l7, with an appendix in 
 I7l9. He was so highly esteemed that 
 Ferdinand, grand duke of Tuscany, as well 
 as the Roman Senate, raised him to the 
 honours of nobility. He wrote some 
 works on botany, besides a learned treatise 
 in Italian on the Obelisks of Rome. He 
 diedl593, aged53. 
 
 Mercator, Marius, an ecclesiastical 
 author, the friend and the pupil of St. Au- 
 gustine. He wrote against the Nestorians 
 and Pelagians, and died about 451. His 
 works have been published by Garnier the 
 Jesuit, in folio, 1673, and again by Baluze, 
 1684, 8vo. 
 
 Mercator, Gerard, an eminent geogra- 
 pher, born at Ruremonde 1512. He com- 
 Vosed a Chronology ; Geographical Tables; 
 Atlas, larger and smaller ; Harmonia 
 314 
 
 Evangelistarum, 4to. ; a treatise on ths 
 Creation, &c. and he engraved and colour- 
 ed his own maps himself. He died 1594, 
 aged 82. 
 
 Mercator, Nicolas, a well-known ma- 
 thematician and astronomer. He was 
 born in Holstein, and settled in England 
 about the restoration, and became a fellow 
 of the Royal Society. He published Cos- 
 mographia ; Rationes Mathematicae ; de 
 Emendatione Annua Diatribae duae, &c. ; 
 Hypothesis Astronomica ; Logarithmo 
 Technia ; Institutionum Astronomic. &c. 
 With all his learning he was very credu- 
 lous, and a great friend to Astrology. He 
 died about 1690. 
 
 Mercer, Hugh, a brigadier-general in 
 the ai*my of the American revolution, was 
 a native of the north of Scotland, and re- 
 ceived his education at the university of 
 Aberdeen.' He studied medicine, and serv- 
 ed as a surgeon's mate at the battle of 
 CuUoden. Soon after ho came to America, 
 and settled in Pennsylvania as a physician. 
 He served in the army under Braddock in 
 1755, and the following year in the expe- 
 dition under Col. Armstrong. After the 
 peace of 1763, he removed to Fredericks- 
 burgh in Virginia. On the opening of the 
 war of the revolution, he entered the army, 
 and soon received the commission of bri- 
 gadier-general. His brigade formed a part 
 of the left wing of the army at the battle 
 of Trenton in 1776, and commenced the 
 action at Princeton on the 3d of January 
 of the following year, when, in attempting 
 to rally his troops, which had been thrown 
 into disorder, he was mortally wounded, 
 and died a week after at about the 55th 
 year of his age, greatly lamented by the 
 army. He was characterized in private 
 life by amiableness, humanity, and gene- 
 rousness, and as an officer was surpassed 
 by few in talents and education, integrity 
 and patriotism. Congress, in testimony of 
 the respect in which they held the recollec- 
 tion of his services, made in 1793 provi- 
 sion for the education of his youngest 
 son. ItrF' L. 
 
 Mercier, John, a philologcr, born at 
 Ufez, Languedoc, where he died 1562. He 
 was Hebrew professor at the Royal Col- 
 lege of Paris, 1547, after Vatablus, and 
 distinguished himself by his great learning. 
 He wrote Lectures on Genesis, and on the 
 Prophets, Geneva, 1598 ; Commentaries on 
 Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Canticles, 
 2 vols, folio ; Tabulae in Grammaticam 
 Chaldaicam, 4to. His son Josins publish- 
 ed notes on Ancient Authors ; and an Edi- 
 tion of Nonius Marcellus, 4to. and died 
 1626. 
 
 Mercier, Bartholomew, known under 
 the name of abbe de St. Leger, was 
 born at Lyons, 1st April, 1734, and enter- 
 ed into the society of St. Genevieve, where 
 
MEU 
 
 MEK 
 
 he became librarian. He was noticed in 
 1764 by Lewis \\ . and made abbot of St. 
 Legcr in Soissons. lie was a very learned 
 and intelligent man, and wrote Letters on 
 the Bibliography ot Debure, 17G3, 8vo. ; 
 Letter to Caperonier , Letters on tbe true 
 Author of Richelieu's Political Testament ; 
 Supplement to iMarchand's History of 
 Printing, 4to. ; Letter on the Maid of Or- 
 leans ; Dissertation on the Author ol" the 
 Book of the Imitation ol J. C. by Kempis ; 
 Notice on the curious Book called Pedis 
 Adniiranda;, by J. d'Artis ; Letters on the 
 Letters attributed to Pope Ganganelli ; 
 Motiee on the Tombs of the dukes of Bur- 
 gundy ; Library of Romances from the 
 Greek, 12 vols. ; Letters on Different rare 
 Editions of the 15th century, 8vo. &c. 
 He was also engaged in the Journals de 
 Trevoux and des Savans, and the Magazine 
 Encyclopedique. This worthy man whom 
 the revolution reduced from comfort and 
 independence to poverty and wretchedness, 
 died 13th May, 1799. 
 
 Mercurialis, Jerome, an Italian physi- 
 cian, born at Forli, 30th September, 1330. 
 He studied and took his doctor's degree at 
 Padua, and practised at Forli, where he 
 became so popular that his countrymen 
 sent him in 1562 as ambassador to pope 
 Pius IV. His abilities rendered him every 
 where respected, and after being courted 
 and patronised by cardinal Farnese, by the 
 emperor Maximilian, and by the V^enetians, 
 and after being professor at Padua, Bologna, 
 and Pisa, he retired to Forli, where he 
 died of the stone, 9th November, 1606. 
 His chief works are de Arte Gymnastica — 
 de Morbis Mulierum — de Morbis Puero- 
 rum — Consultationes et Responsa Medici- 
 nalia — Medicina Practica — de Hydropho- 
 bia, &.e. collected together and published, 
 Venice, folio, 1644. He also edited Hip- 
 pocrates' works, Greek and Latin, with 
 notes, 1588. 
 
 Mercy, Francis de, a native of Longwy, 
 who became general of the Bavarian army, 
 and distinguished himself in various cam- 
 paigns. He took Rotwell and Friburg, 1643, 
 but lost the battle near Friburg soon after, 
 and was mortally wounded at the battle of 
 Nordlingen, 3d Aug. 1645. His body was 
 buried on the field of battle, where these 
 words marked the spot : 
 
 Sta ! Viator, Heroem calcas. 
 
 His grandson Florimond, became by his 
 valour marshal of ihe empire, and obtained 
 the command of the German forces. He 
 took the lines of Psaffenhoven, and after- 
 wards signalized himself in the wars against 
 the Turks. He fell gloriously at the battle 
 of Parma, 29th June, 1734. 
 
 Merddin, son of Mervyn, a Welsh poet, 
 called with Merdyn Emris, and Taliessin, 
 one of the three great bards of Wale^^^. He 
 
 was so unfortunate as to kill his nepiiew iu 
 battle, and this had such an eH'cct upon him 
 that he retired from the sorii:ty of mankind 
 to conceal himself iu a wood, for whirh 
 circumstance he is called the Wild. He 
 nourished about 560, A.D. 
 
 Mere, George Bros^in, Chevalier de, a 
 French writer, much admired at court for 
 his rank, and for his learning. He wrote 
 Discourses of Wit and Conservation — 
 the Elegances of Discourse — Treatises on 
 Politeness, Eloquence, and Speech — Let- 
 ters, &.C. but though once applauded, his 
 works are now forgotten. He died at his 
 estate in Poictou, 1690, at an advanced a^e. 
 
 Merian, Maria Sibylla, a lady celebra- 
 ted for her skill in drawing insects, flowers, 
 &c. daughter of an engraver, was born at 
 Frankfort on the Maine, 1647, and married 
 John Andriez Graff, a painter and archi- 
 tect at Nuremberg. The fame which she 
 had acquired before her marriage was not 
 lost in her husband's name, and she has 
 preserved her maiden appellation as her 
 public character. In her zeal for reputation 
 she went on a voyage to Surinam, accom- 
 panied by her two daughters, to delineate 
 with greater accuracy the insects, reptiles, 
 and other natural curiosities of that coun- 
 try, and after two years' residence she re- 
 turned to Holland, and obliged the world 
 with the publication of her Dissertatio de 
 Generatione et de Metamorphosibus In- 
 sectorum Surinamensium, folio, containing 
 sixty plates, to which her daughters Doro- 
 thea and Helena afterwards added twelve. 
 She wrote besides the Origin of Caterpil- 
 lars, &c. in Dutch, 2 vols. 4to. The two 
 works have appeared united under the title 
 of Histoire des Insectes de I'Europe et de 
 I'Amerique, Amst. 1730, Paris, 1768, 1771. 
 She died at Amsterdam, 1717, aged 70. 
 Her father Matthew Merian, published the 
 Topography of the Universe, 31 vols, folio, 
 ami a Florilegium, 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Merlin, Ambrose, a British writer about 
 the year 480. Little but what is fabulous 
 is known of that celebrated character who 
 was and is still regarded as a prophet and 
 magician. Superstitious tales represent 
 him as begotten by an incubus, and it is 
 said that he did not die but fell asleep, and 
 after a certain period he will again rise to 
 life. Some suppose that by the power of 
 magic he placed the stupendous stones of 
 Stone- Henge in Salisbury plain from Ire- 
 land. Merlin's hall near Caermarthen is by 
 some considered as his burial-place. His 
 prophecies were printed at Paris, 1530, in 
 folio. 
 
 Merov.ecs, king of France after Clo- 
 dion, 448, defeated Attila, 451, near Mery- 
 sur-Seine, and extended the limits of his 
 kingdom from the Sonmie to Treves, a 
 town which he took and plundered. He died 
 456;, and was succeeded bv his son Childe ^ 
 
 315 
 
MEK 
 
 MES 
 
 rrc. He was the progenitor of the Mero- 
 vingian race. 
 
 Merret, Christopher, a native of Winch- 
 combe, Gloucestershire, educated at Ox- 
 ford. He practised physic in London, and 
 became fellow of the college of physicians 
 and of the Royal Society. He wrote Pinax 
 Rerum Natural. Britaimic. continens Ve- 
 getabil. Anim. Fossil. 8vo. — Short View of 
 the Frauds and Abuses practised by Apo- 
 thecaries, 4to. — Collection of Acts, Char- 
 ters, &c. belonging to the College of Physi- 
 cians, 4to. — Neri's Art of Colouring Glass, 
 translated — Papers in the Philosophical 
 Transactions, &c. He died 1695, aged 81. 
 
 Merrick, James, an English poet, born 
 about 1718. He was educated at Trinity 
 college, Oxford, where he took his master's 
 degree 1742, and became a fellow 1744. 
 He published a translation of Tryphiodo- 
 rus, 1739 ; Prayers, &c. ; Poems on Sa- 
 cred Subjects, &.C. ; Annotations on John, 
 1, c. i. 14, &c. ; the Psalms translated and 
 paraphrased with Annotations, a most ex- 
 cellent work, breathing piety in the noblest 
 accents of poetry. This amiable man died 
 at Reading, where he had been educated, 
 Jan. 5th, 1769. 
 
 Merry, Robert, son of a London trades- 
 man, received a good education at Harrow 
 and at Christ church, Oxford, after which 
 he became an officer in the guards and a 
 man of fashion, of wit, and gallantry. He 
 wrote Lorenzo, a tragedy, performed at 
 Covent garden, and various trifling poems 
 in the newspapers under the signature of 
 Delia Crusca. He married Miss Brunton 
 the actress, and with her passed to Ame- 
 rica, where he died 1798. 
 
 Mersennus, Marin, of the religious or- 
 der of Minims, and eminent as a mathema- 
 tician and divine, was born at Oyse, in the 
 province of Maine, Sept. 8th, 1588. He 
 studied at La Fleche with Des Cartes, and 
 afterwards at the Sorbonne, and then taught 
 philosophy at Nevers. He settled at Paris 
 1620, and there gained great reputation by 
 his learning, so that he had an extensive 
 correspondence with the literati of Europe, 
 and his friend Des Cartes never ventured to 
 publish any thing without his previous ap- 
 probation. He is chiefly known for his 
 discovery of the curve called a cycloid, to 
 which he gave the name of Roulette, and 
 which excited much admiration among the 
 learned of Europe. He published — Quaes- 
 tiones in Genesim, in fol. 1623, in which 
 he mentions that there were in his time 
 50,000 atheists in Paris — Universal Har- 
 mony, on the Theory and Practice of Mu- 
 sic, 2 vols. fol. — de Sonorum Natura — the 
 Truth of Sciences — Recreations of Learn- 
 ing — the Spherics of Menelaus — Cogitata 
 Physico-raathematica — Impiety of Deists 
 refuted, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. He died of an 
 abscess in his side, 1643, aged about 60. 
 3l« 
 
 Merville, Michael Guyot de, a FrencL^ 
 journalist, born at Versailles, 1696. After 
 travelling through Germany, Italy, Holland, 
 and England, he settled as bookseller at 
 the Hague, and in 1726, began to publish a 
 journal. He afterwards went to Paris, 
 where he wrote for the stage, but finding 
 his circumstances involved, he returned to 
 Smtzerland, and, in a fit of melancholy, 
 drowned himself in the lake of Geneva, 
 
 1765. He wrote besides his Journal, His- 
 toire Literaire, 6 vols. 12mo. — Voyage His- 
 torique, 2 vols. 12mo. several comedies, &c. 
 His dramatic works were published, Paris, 
 
 1766, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Merula, George, an Italian, born at 
 Alexandria, in the dutchy of Milan, 1420. 
 He taught youth at Venice and Milan for 
 40 years, and published Antiquitates Vice- 
 comitum Mediolanensium, fol. — Descrip- 
 tion of Vesuvius and Montserrat — Com- 
 mentaries on Martial, Statins, Juvenal, 
 Plautus, Varro, Columella, &c. — Epistles, 
 &c. He died at Milan of a quinsey, 1494, 
 respected by Erasmus, and other learned 
 men. 
 
 Merula, Paul, a learned Hollander, 
 born at Dort, 1558. After travelling to 
 France, Germany, Italy, and England, he 
 settled at Dort as an advocate, and after- 
 wards became professor of history at Ley- 
 den, after Justus Lipsius. He died 1607, 
 from excessive application. He published 
 Ennius, 1595, 4to. — Urbis Romae Deline- 
 atio, 1599 — Vita D. Erasmi — Cosmogra- 
 phia Generalis, 4to. &c. — Opera Posthu- 
 ma, 4to. 
 
 Mery, John, a native of Vatan in Berry, 
 member of the academy of sciences, and 
 principal surgeon of the hospital of invalids 
 at Paris. He was very eminent in his pro- 
 fession, and wrote Physical Problems on 
 the Foetus — Observations on the Operation 
 for the Stone, &c. — Disssertations in the 
 Memoirs of the Academy. He died 1 700, 
 aged 55. 
 
 Messenguy, Francis Philip, a French 
 ecclesiastic, born at Beauvais, Aug. 1677. 
 He was for some time professor of belles 
 lettres at Beauvais, and at Paris, and died 
 at the latter place, Feb. 1769. He wrote 
 Exposition of the Christian Doctrine, 6 
 vols. 12mo. a work disapproved at Rome, 
 and condemned 1761, by Clement Xlli. — 
 Abridgment of the History of the Old and 
 New Testament, 10 vols. 12mo. — the New 
 Testament with notes, 3 vols. — Discourses 
 on Religion — the Constitution Unigenitus, 
 with remarks, &c, 
 
 Mesnager, Nicholas, a native of Rouen, 
 of a respectable mercantile family. He was 
 made knight of the order of St. Michael, 
 and raised to the honour of nobility by 
 Lewis XIV. by whom he had been employ- 
 ed as a negotiator on the commercial affairs 
 of India with Spain, and afterwards with 
 
>ME& 
 
 ML'l 
 
 Holland. He was one of the plcnipoteu- 
 tiaries that signed the treaty oC peace be- 
 tween England and France in 1711, and 
 he afterwards was with Poligiiac at the 
 conferences at Utrecht. He died at Paris 
 1714, aged 5(3. His memoirs have been 
 published. 
 
 Mesnardiere, Hippolytus Julius Piilet 
 do la, a French poet, born at Loudun, IGIU. 
 He studied medicine, which he quitted for 
 literature, and he was patronised by Riche- 
 lieu, and became maitre d'hotel to the king. 
 He died 16G3. He wrote a treatise on Me- 
 lancholy, 8vo. — Poetique, 4to. — Alinde, et 
 la Pucelle d'Orleans, two indifferent trage- 
 dies — Pliny's three First Books of Letters 
 translated — a Collection of Poems — Rela- 
 tions of War, &c. 
 
 Messalina, Valeria, daughter of Mes- 
 sala, and wife of the emperor Claudius, is 
 infamously known for her libidinous pro- 
 pensities. She was repudiated by the em- 
 peror, and afterwards put to death with 
 her favourite Silius, A. D. 46. — Another, 
 the third wife of Nero, who, after the ty- 
 rant's death, devoted herself to studious 
 pui'suits. 
 
 Messenius, John, a learned Swede, ap- 
 pointed by Gustavus Adolphus professor of 
 law in Upsal university. The celebrity 
 which he acquired, and the abilities which 
 he displayed, excited the envy of his rivals 
 in the public favour, and he was at last cru- 
 elly and falsely accused of traitorous cor- 
 respondence with the enemies of his coun- 
 try. The accusation was believed, he was 
 thrown into prison 1615, and died there 21 
 years after. He is author of Scandia Illus- 
 trata, 14 vols. fol. Stockholm, 1714, a work 
 of merit. His son Arnold was historiogra- 
 pher of Sweden, and wrote a History of the 
 Swedish Nobility, fol. 1616. He wrote 
 some satires, reflecting on the royal fami- 
 ly, for which he was beheaded, 1648. His 
 .son, though but 17 years old, sufTered with 
 him. 
 
 Messier, Charles, an astronomer, was 
 born at Badonvilliers, in Lorraine, in 1730. 
 At an early age he became a pupil of De- 
 lisle, who employed him to watch the re- 
 turn of the comet predicted by Halley ; but 
 ■when Messier discovered it his preceptor 
 took the credit to himself. Messier, however, 
 was not discouraged ; and almost all the 
 succeeding comets being first discovered by 
 him, procured him admission into several 
 societies. In 1770 he was chosen member 
 of the French academy ; but in the revolu- 
 tion he lost all his property. He was af- 
 terwards elected a member of the National 
 Institute, and had a seat at the Board of 
 Longitude. He became blind before his 
 death, which happened in 1817. He com- 
 municated numerous papers on astronomi- 
 cal subjects to the Memoirs of the Academy 
 of Sciences. — W, B. 
 
 Messih, Quintin. Vid. Matsys. 
 
 Meston, Williarii, a Scotch poet, born 
 at Midmar, Aberd( enshire, Hi88. He waa 
 educated at Aberdeen Marischal college, 
 and by the interest of hh friend Marshall 
 Keith, and fainil\, where he had hcin pri- 
 vate tutor, he obtained, in 171 1, a profes- 
 sorship of philosophy there. He followed 
 the principles of his patrons in 171;"), and 
 consequently was deprived of his profeHsor- 
 ship, and after concealing himself, escaped 
 by the act of indemnity. He afterwards 
 attempted a school at Elgin, and in other 
 places, but as he was more fond of ctmvi- 
 viality than regularity and application, his 
 labours did not succeed, and he subsisted 
 upon the liberality of his friends. He died 
 of a languishing disorder in the spring of 
 1745. His poetical pieces were chiefly sa- 
 tirical, and possess merit. His works were 
 published, Edinburgh, 1765, in 12mo. 
 
 Metastasio, Pietro Bonaventura, the 
 most illustrious poet of modern Italy, was 
 born at Rome 6th Jan. 1698. His genius 
 early developed itself, and at the age of ten 
 he often collected little audiences in the 
 streets, who listened with attentive admira- 
 tion to the sweetness of his extemporary 
 verses. The celebrated Gravina witnessed 
 and admired his rising talents, he became 
 his instructer and friend, but while he 
 wished him to follow the law, he found 
 poetry his favourite pursuit. This propen- 
 sity was indulged, and Metastasio at 14 
 produced his tragedy of Giustino. He ac- 
 companied his patron to Naples, and with- 
 out forsaking the muses, he again applied 
 himself to the law, and at last assumed the 
 clerical habit, and entered into the minor 
 order of priesthood. The death of his 
 friend left him disconsolate in 1718 ; he be- 
 wailed his misfortune in his elegy " la Strada 
 della Gloria," and found afterwards that he 
 was the heir of his fortune, worth 15,000 
 crowns, which, in two years disappeared in 
 the midst of cheerful conviviality and hos- 
 pitable attention. Again reduced to de- 
 pendence, he wished to study the law, but 
 found poetry more pleasing, and when, by 
 the acquaintance of Bulgarella delta Ro- 
 manina, the celebrated singer, he was 
 prevailed upon to write for the stage, he 
 found himself admired, courted, and flatter- 
 ed as a poet, and more fully devoted to the 
 muses. He now united his establishment 
 with that of Bulgarella and her husband, 
 and lived with them in the closest intimacy, 
 till an invitation from the emperor, in 1729, 
 removed him to Vienna, as assistant im- 
 perial laureate, with Apostolo Zeno. He 
 quitted Italy, and his friends with reluc- 
 tance, and settled at Vienna, where he 
 constantly resided with the greatest regu- 
 larity, dividing, with punctilious exactness, 
 his hours of study, of recreation, and of re- 
 pose. In this honoLU'able abode he was de- 
 
 317 
 
MET 
 
 MET 
 
 servedly respected; the city of Assisi, 
 Tvhere his family had long lived, granted 
 him the honour of nobility, he was affec- 
 tionately patronised by the emperor Charles 
 VI. and by his successors, Charles VII. and 
 Francis I. and the empress Maria Theresa, 
 and Ferdinand VI. king of Spain, were 
 also among tlie number of hi^ fnends and 
 benefactors. In 1734, his favourite Bulga- 
 rella died and left him heir to all her pro- 
 perty, which he, with becoming propriety, 
 immediately bestowed on her husband. He 
 died after a short illness, 12th April, 1782, 
 and was buried in the parish chui'ch of St. 
 Michael, Vienna. His death was soon after 
 followed by that of Farinelli, the well- 
 known singer, who about 1723 had begun 
 bis theatrical career with him, and on such 
 friendly terms, and such continued corres- 
 pondence, that they called each other Ge- 
 melli. His works consist of 26 operas, 
 eight oratorios or sacred dramas, besides 
 masques, sonnets, and other poetical mis- 
 cellanies. Of his operas he regarded Atilio 
 Regolo, as the best, of the oratorios Betalia 
 Liberata, and Artaserse as the most fortu- 
 nate of his dramas. Several editions have 
 appeared of his wurks, and they have been 
 translated into various languages. Metas- 
 tasio has found in Dr. Burney an able and 
 impartial historian, and it is evident that 
 bis character was most amiable as a man 
 and as a writer. The superior excellence 
 of his abilities may in some degree be attri- 
 buted to his patron and friend Gravina , but 
 for the sublimest flights of his muse, he was 
 indebted to the powers of his genius ; and 
 the pictures of virtue and morality so sweet- 
 ly delineated in his writings were drawn 
 from the goodness of his heart. It has 
 been questioned Avhether his regard for 
 Bulgarella was purely platonic ; but the 
 character of a theatrical heroine, and the 
 manners of Italy forbid the supposition. 
 The heir of his fortune was Joseph Marti- 
 netz, at whose house he lived at Vienna ; 
 but he reserved 20,000 florins for each of 
 his own sisters, and 3000 for each of his 
 younger brothers. 
 
 Metelli, Augustino, a painter, disciple 
 of Gabriello d'Ochiali, born at Bologna, 
 1609. His excellence was in the perspec- 
 tive, and in architecture ; and with Michael 
 Angelo Colonna, he completed several 
 magnificent buildings, especially under the 
 patronage of Philip IV. of Spain. He died 
 at Madrid, 1660. 
 
 Metellus, Q. Caecilius, a celebrated 
 Roman, called Numidicus, from the war 
 •which he carried on against Jugurtha of 
 Numidia. Though superseded in the com- 
 mand of the war by his lieutenant Marius, 
 yet he deserved and obtained the gratitude 
 of the Roman nation. 
 
 Meteren, Emanuel Van, a native of 
 Antwerp, who on account of his attacU' 
 318 
 
 ment to the protestant faith fled to England 
 for an asylum, where he died 1612, aged 
 77. He wrote the History of the Low 
 Countries, from 1500 to 1612, in Latiny 
 fol. a work of merit, translated into various 
 languages. 
 
 Metezeau, Clement, a native ofDreuXj 
 in the reign of Lewis XIII. His abilities 
 as an engineer were usefully employed, and 
 he has immortalized his name by the fa- 
 mous dyke or canal which he constructed 
 near Rochelle, 4882 feet long, which he 
 completed in 1628. The labour seemed so 
 difficult that his meritorious services were 
 acknowledged in this elegant distich j 
 
 Dicitiir Archimedes terram potuisse movere, 
 t^quora qui potuit sistere non minor est. 
 
 His brother Paul was an ecclesiastic of the 
 congregation of the oratory, who died at 
 Calais 1632, aged 50, author of some theo= 
 logical books. 
 
 Methochitus, Theodore, an officer at 
 the court of Andronicus, the emperor of 
 Constantinople, where he died 1332. He 
 wrote a Roman Histoiy, from Caesar to 
 Constantine, 4to ; Sacred History ; His- 
 tory of Constantinople, &.c. 
 
 Methodius, bishop of Patara, in Ly- 
 cia, and of Tyre, suffered martyrdom at 
 Chalas 311. Only fragments of his works 
 remain edited with notes, Paris, 1644, 4to. 
 
 Metius, James, the inventor of teles- 
 copes about 1609, was born at Alcmaer in 
 Holland. His brother Adrian was professor 
 of mathematics at Franeker, where he died 
 1636, author of Doctrina Sphaerie. Astro- 
 nomiae Universae Institutio, 8vo. ; Arith- 
 met. et Geometr. Practica, 4to. ; de Ge- 
 mino Usu utriusque Globi, 4to ; Geome- 
 trices per Usum Circini Nova Praxis, 8vo. 
 
 Meton, inventor of the golden num- 
 bers, was an Athenian mathematician, B. 
 C. 432. 
 
 Metrodorus, a physician of Chios, the 
 disciple of Democritus. He supported the 
 doctrine of the eternity of the universe. 
 
 Metrodorus, a philosopher and painter 
 of Athens, employed by Paulus the con- 
 queror of Perseus, to instruct his children, 
 and to paint his battles, B. C. 171. 
 
 Mettrie, Julian Offray de la, a physi- 
 cian, born at St. Maloes 1709. He studi- 
 ed under Bocrhaave, and was patronised 
 by the duke of Grammont. His book " the 
 Natural History of the Soul," in which he 
 maintained the materiality of the soul, was 
 regarded as impious, and when persecution 
 threatened him he wrote against the medi- 
 cal profession in a book called " Penelope, 
 or the Machiavel in Medicine," 3 vols. 
 12mo. In consequence of this work he 
 was obliged to leave France, and at Leyden 
 he published " I'Homme Machine," a per- 
 nicious treatise of Materialism which was 
 
MEY 
 
 MIC 
 
 publicly burnt, anil drove the author to 
 Berlin. At Berlin he was patronised by 
 the skeptical monarch, and he died there in 
 consequence of his violent system of bleed- 
 ing, 17ol, aged 49. His works appeared 
 at Berlin, 1 vol. 4to. or two in r2nio. and 
 Frederic himself wrote his funeral or lion. 
 
 Metzu, (jiabriel, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Leydcn 1G15. He excelled as an imita- 
 tor of Dow and Micris, and his women 
 selling fish, fowls, and game, his patients 
 and attending physician^, his cbymists and 
 their laboratories, his shops, &c. were much 
 admired. He died in consequence of being 
 cut for the stone, 1658. 
 
 Meursius, John, a learned Dutchman, 
 born at Losdun near the Hague 1579. He 
 was educated at the Hague and Le- den, 
 and made such rapid progress in classical 
 literature, that at the age of IG he wrote a 
 commentary on Lycophron. He was af- 
 terwards tutor to the children of the fa- 
 mous Barncvelt, and with them for 10 
 years travelled over the best part of Eu- 
 rope. On his return to Leyden in I^IO, 
 he was appointed professor of history and 
 next of Greek, and historiograplier to the 
 states of Holland, but the unsettled affairs 
 of the times brought him into trouble, and 
 upon the execution of Barnevelt he was 
 accused as a partisan of that unfortunate 
 remonstrant, and his enemies endeavoured 
 to expel him from the professorial chair. He 
 resigned in 1625, and on the invitation of 
 the king of Denmark accepted a professor- 
 ship at Sora. He was there highly respect- 
 ed and beloved, and died Sept. 20tti, 1639. 
 In the knowledge of Greek and of antiqui- 
 ty Meursius possessed superior merit, 
 though J. Scaliger has rudely stigmatized 
 him as an ignorant and presumptuous pe- 
 dant. His works were printed in 12 vols, 
 folio, Florence, 1741. They contain trea- 
 tises de Populis Atticae ; Archontes Athe- 
 nienses ; Fortuna Attica ; de Athenarum 
 Origine ; de Festis Graecorum ; Historia 
 Danica, &c. His son of the same name 
 who died in Denmark very young, published 
 Arborentum Sacrum, sive de Arborum Con- 
 servatione, 1642, 8vo. ; De Tibiis Vete- 
 rum. 
 
 Meusnier, Philip, a French painter, 
 born at Paris 1655. He studied at Rome, 
 and was patronised by Lewis XIV. and XV. 
 and adorned their palaces at Marly, Louvre, 
 and Versailles. His architecture and views 
 of perspective are much admired. He was 
 of the French academy, and died at Paris 
 1734. 
 
 Meter, James, a Flemish historian, 
 born 1491, near Bailleul, whence he is call- 
 ed Baliolanus. He died Feb. 5th, 1552, 
 rector of Blankenburg. He wrote Annates 
 Rerum Flandricarum, folio. — Flandricarum 
 Rerum Decas, 4to. 
 
 Meter, Felix, a German painter, born 
 
 at Winterthur, 1653. He studied in Italv 
 and Switzerland, aii<l in bin landscapes of 
 Alpine grandeur exhibited the noblest ideas. 
 He died in Germany 1713, aged 60. 
 
 Mezerai, Francis Fudes de, a French 
 historian, born at Ky, near Argentau, Lower 
 Normandy 1610. He was educated at Caen, 
 where he began to distingui.-.h liimself as a 
 poet, but on going to Pans he was persua- 
 ded by des Vvcteaux to devote hiniself to 
 history and to politics. He was commis- 
 sary of war for two or three campaigns, 
 and afterwards determined to employ him- 
 self in studious retirement. The narrow- 
 ness of his circumstancs was removed by 
 the publication of some severe but popular 
 satires against the court, and at the age of 
 26 Mezerai entered upon the laborious cha- 
 racter of historian of France. He was 
 encouraged by Richelieu, and when his 
 history appeared, the first volume of which 
 was published 1643, the second in 1646, 
 and the third in 1653, in iolio, it was re- 
 ceived with universal applause, and was re- 
 warded with a handsome pension from the 
 king. In 1668, he published an abridg- 
 ment of the History of France, 3 vols. 4to. 
 but as he had spoken in some parts with 
 more boldness than could please the court, 
 Colbert retrenched his pension, and at last 
 totally withdrew it. He was in 1649, ad- 
 mitted member of the French academy in 
 the room of Voiture, and in 1675, chosen 
 perpetual secretary, and he deserved it, as 
 he contributed much to their dictionary. He 
 died lOth July. i683. He wrote besides a 
 treatise on the Origin of the French ; a 
 Continuation of the History of the Turks j 
 History of a Mother and Son, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 — the Vanities of the court ; a Translation 
 of Grotius de Veritate Chr. Relig. As a 
 historian Mezerai is deservedly esteemed, 
 and in integrity, candour, and faithfulness 
 he is inferior to none. 
 
 Meziriac, Claude Gaspar Bachet, sieur 
 de, known as a poet, in French, Latin, and 
 Italian, as a good Greek scholar, and able 
 critic, was born of a noble family at Bres- 
 se. He was of the order of the Jesuits, 
 and was admitted into the French acade- 
 my. He died at Bourg in Bresse, Feb. 
 26th, 1638, aged 45. He was universally 
 esteemed and respected, so that at one time 
 it was in agitation to appoint him precep- 
 tor to Lewis XIII. an honour from which 
 he shrunk with diffidence and terror. Ho 
 wrote various poems in Italian, Latin, and 
 French, he also published the six books of 
 Diophantus, with notes ; a Life of iEsop, 
 besides several works not printed, and a 
 translation of Plutarch's works, just com- 
 pleted when he died. In arithmetic and in 
 geometry Mezeriac was also respectable. 
 
 MiCAH, the sixth of the minor prophets, 
 foretold the captivity of his nation, their 
 deliverance, and the coming of the pra- 
 
 319 
 
MIC 
 
 MIO 
 
 roised Messiah, in the reigns of Jotbain, 
 Ahaz, and Hezekiah. 
 
 MiCAL, N. abbe, a celebrated French 
 mechanic. He constructed two heads of 
 brass which had the power of articulation, 
 and by means of springs could repeat vari- 
 ous passages from authors. These curious 
 but useless labours of human ingenuity 
 were disregarded by the government, and 
 the artist in disappointment, broke them to 
 pieces, and died in the greatest indigence, 
 1789. 
 
 Michael I. succeeded Stauracius on the 
 throne of Constantinople, 811. He was a 
 mild and virtuous monarch, and after esta- 
 blishing regularity and promoting happiness 
 at home, he made war against the Sara- 
 cens, whom he defeated by his general Leo, 
 the Armenian. He was less successful 
 against the Bulgarians, and Leo taking ad- 
 vantage of his distress, declared himself 
 against him. Michael descended without re- 
 gret from the throne, 813, and retired to a 
 monastery, where he took the religious ha- 
 bit, and ended his days in peace. 
 
 Michael IL a Phrygian of obscure ori- 
 gin, raised to consequence and patrician 
 honours by Leo the Armenian. His ele- 
 vation created him enemies, and Leo was 
 persuaded to send him to prison, and to 
 order him to be burnt. The night preced- 
 ing the fatal day the emperor was strangled 
 in his bed, and Michael dragged from pri- 
 son, was seated on the imperial throne, 
 820. Though hitherto the protector of the 
 Christians he became their persecutor, and 
 obliged them to observe the sabbath and the 
 other holy days of thf Jewish law. This 
 and other acts of cruelty and oppression 
 rendered him unpopular, and Eiiphemius 
 his general, spurred on by personal re- 
 venge, proclaimed himself emperor near 
 Syracuse, but was slain soon after. Re- 
 gardless of the murmurs of his subjects, 
 Mjchael gave himself up to every extrava- 
 gance and licentious debauchery, and died 
 1st Oct. 829. 
 
 Michael IIL surnamed the Dninkard, 
 succeeded his father Theophilus, 842, 
 though only six years old. His minority 
 Tvas governed by his mother Theodora, a 
 woman of distinguished abilities, but he no 
 sooner arrived to years of maturity than he 
 obliged her to resign the reins of govern- 
 ment and retire into a monaster^'. He next 
 took for his associate Bardas, his mother's 
 brother, who persuaded him to send into 
 exile, St. Ignatius, the patriarch of Con- 
 .stantinople, and to place in his seat Pho- 
 tius, which proved the cause of the sepa- 
 ration of the eastern and western churches. 
 Michael aftfrwards put to death his asso- 
 ciate, and created Basil, the Macedonian, 
 Caesar in his room, but soon after medita- 
 ted bis destruction because he reproved his 
 vicious and profligate habits. Basil, how- 
 320 
 
 ever, averted the blow, and caused the ty- 
 rant to be assassinated, 24th Sept. 867. 
 
 Michael IV. called the Paphlagonian, 
 from his birth place, ascended the imperial 
 throne, 1034, by the favour of Zoe, the em- 
 press, who having fallen in love with him 
 caused her own husband the Emperor Ro- 
 manus Argyrus to be assassinated, that she 
 might gratify her criminal desires. Though 
 successful in his wars against the Saracens 
 and Bulgarians, he found unhappiness on 
 the throne which he had gained by mur- 
 der, and at last in 1041, stung by remorse 
 of conscience, he retired to a monastery, 
 where he died soon after. 
 
 Michael V. surnamed Calafates, suc- 
 ceeded his uncle Michael IV. in 1041, by 
 the intrigues of Zoe. The great qualities 
 which he had displayed in private life dis- 
 appeared on the throne. He became sus- 
 picious, cruel, and revengeful, and dreading 
 the power of Zoe he sent her into exile. 
 This measure, however, was so offensive to 
 the people that she was recalled, and Mi- 
 chael exposed to the popular fury had his 
 eyes put out, and was in 1042 sent to a mo- 
 nastery, where he ended his days. 
 
 Michael VI. or Warrior, was raised to 
 the throne by the empress Theodora. He 
 was old and weak, and though he chose his 
 officers from among the senators he became 
 unpopular, and was obliged to resign the 
 crown in favour of Isaac Comnenus, 1057. 
 He afterwards retired to a monastery, 
 where he died. 
 
 Michael VII. Palaeologus, son of Con- 
 stantine Ducas and Eudoxia, was deprived 
 of his throne by the arts of his mother, 
 who soon after his father's death married 
 Romanus Diogenes, whom she proclaimed 
 emperor. The defeat and captivity of Ro- 
 manus by the Turks in 1071, enabled Mi- 
 chael to re-ascend the throne, but he was 
 so weak and unpopular that Nicephorus re- 
 volted against him, and obliged him in 
 1078 to fly to a monastery. He died arch- 
 bishop of Ephesus. 
 
 Michael VIII. Palaeologus, was regent of 
 the eastern empire during the minority of 
 John Lascaris, but taking advantage of the 
 young monarch's weakness and inexperi- 
 ence, he dispossessed him of his throne, 
 and put out his eyes, 1260. In 1261 he 
 retook Constantinople from Baldwin II. 
 after it had been for 58 years under the 
 power of the French, and he laboured ear- 
 nestly to procure a reconciliation between 
 the eastern and western churches. As the 
 plan was not approved by the Greeks, Mar- 
 tin IV. excommunicated Michael under 
 pretence that he was insincere. He died 
 11th Dec. 1282. 
 
 Michael Pal^ologus, son of Androni- 
 cus the elder, was crowned I2l4, emperor 
 under his father, and shared the sovereign 
 power with him, and died 1220. 
 
AficMAicL FoEDEKCWiTz, was elected 
 Czar of KuHsia, 1613. Though raised to 
 power in times of great danger, he showed 
 himself hrave, prudent, and sagacious, and 
 after making peace with the Poles and the 
 Swedes, he laboured for the happiness of 
 his subjects in the establishment of wise 
 and salutary regulations. He died 1G45. 
 He was the son of the daughter of John 
 Basilowitz. 
 
 Michael Angelo, of Battles, a Roman 
 painter, who exchanged his name of Cer- 
 quozzi, for that of Battles, as expressive 
 of the subjects which employed his pencil. 
 His pieces were much admired for bold- 
 ness, spirit, and correctness. He died at 
 Rome, 1660, aged 58. 
 
 Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Con- 
 stantinople in 1043, prevented by his wri- 
 tings the union which the emperor Michael 
 VI. wished to effect between the eastern 
 and western churches. He was banished 
 for his intrigues by Isaac Comnenus, 1059, 
 and died of chagrin, in the island of Pro- 
 conesus. 
 
 Michael Angelo Buanarotti. Vid. 
 Angelo. 
 
 Michael Angelo du Caravagio. Vid. 
 Caravaoio. 
 
 Michaelis, John David, a celebrated 
 divinity professor in Gottingen university, 
 who died 22d August, 1791, aged 75. His 
 works are 49 in number, and are valuable, 
 as chiefly designed to explain and illustrate 
 the Holy Scriptures. The work most 
 known in England, is his Introduction to 
 the New Testament, published in 1750, and 
 translated into English, 1761. The work 
 has lately been again recommended to the 
 notice of the public in a translation, 3 vo's. 
 8vo. with valuable notes, by the Rev. Her- 
 bert Marsh, fellow of St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, for some time resident at Leip- 
 sic. The work exhibits great learning and 
 deep research, but doubts and skepticisms 
 are occasionally introduced, which capri- 
 ciously altering the text or the sense, un- 
 dermine the authority of Scripture, and 
 lessen the respect which should be paid to 
 inspired writings. 
 
 Miciieli, Peter Anthony, an able bota- 
 nist, born at Florence, of mean parentage. 
 He was at first an errand boy in a book- 
 seller's shop, but showing great zeal in ob- 
 taining the Tithymalus Characias, a plant 
 which it is said intoxicates fish, that he 
 might angle with greater success, he was 
 noticed by the monks of the abbey of Val- 
 Jombrossa. Under the care of these be- 
 nevolent fathers he greatly improved him- 
 self, and was enabled to follow his inclina- 
 tions in the science of botany. By degrees 
 his reputation was spread abroad. Tour- 
 nefort, Sherard, and other learned men ad- 
 mired his taste and botanical knowledge, 
 which proved so respectable as to recom- 
 You IT, 41 
 
 MIC 
 
 mend him to tho grand duke of riorcuce, 
 who appointed him director with Tilly, of 
 the botanical gardens at Pisa and I'lo- 
 rence. Under the patronage of the duke 
 he also visited Egypt, Greece, and olhei 
 parts of the world, in pursuit of liutanieul 
 discoveries, and died 1737, aged 58. He 
 wrote various botanical works, the best 
 known of which are Nova Plantaruni (ic- 
 nera, 1729, Florence — Catalogus Plant. 
 Horti Caesar. Florcnt. fol. 1748, Ike. 
 
 Micheli, James Bartholomew, a Genc- 
 vese of an ancient respectable family. He 
 served as captain in the French army, but 
 afterwards in 1738, retired to his native 
 country, and devoted himself to philosophi- 
 cal and mathematical pursuits. Though 
 absorbed in literary cares, he felt the trou- 
 bles of civil dissension, and was for some 
 time imprisoned by the Bernese govern- 
 ment. He died March, 1766. Besides 
 Tracts on Meteorology — the Power of the 
 Tides — the Temperature of the Globe — 
 Light— the Comet of 1680— the Deluge- 
 Views of the Glaciers of Switzerland, &c. 
 he constructed some ingenious maps, and 
 invented a new thermometer. 
 
 MiCKLE, William Julius, a poet known 
 as the translator of the Lusiad, was born at 
 Langholm, in the county of Dumfries, 29th 
 Sept. 1734. He was educated under his 
 father, who had been one of Bayle's trans- 
 lators, and after his death he was placed in 
 the high school of Edinburgh, where, about 
 the age of 13, he accidentally met with 
 Spenser's Faery Queene, and was enchant- 
 ed with the poetical imagery. He settled 
 at Edinburgh as a brewer, first for his 
 aunt, and then for himself ; but his indus- 
 try proved unsuccessful in trade, and in 
 1763 he left Scotland, for London. He 
 introduced himself to the notice of lord 
 Lyttleton, but was disappointed in his ex- 
 pectations of going to the East or West In- 
 dies in some mercantile occupation, and at 
 last accepted the offer of corrector of the 
 Clarendon press, at Oxford. In this 
 learned employment, so congenial to his 
 taste, he published various things, and, in 
 1771, after he had acquired a perfect know- 
 ledge of the Portuguese, he published the 
 first book of the Lusiad as a specimen. 
 The work was applauded and continued, 
 and in 1775 was favourably received by the 
 public, and again edited in 1778. Mickle 
 afterwards went to Lisbon as secretary to 
 his friend governor Johnstone, and there, 
 in 1781, he wrote his Almada Hill, a poem, 
 4to. At his return, he married Miss Tom- 
 kins, June, 1782, daughter of the person 
 with whom he resided at Forest Hill, after 
 he had retired from Oxford, for the more 
 peaceful completion of his Lusiad, and witli 
 her he settled at Wheatley, near Oxford. 
 He here wrote some few things, and made 
 several communications to the European 
 
 321 
 
MID 
 
 MID 
 
 Magazine. He died at Wheatley, 25th Oct. 
 1789, aged 55, leaving a son, but with scan- 
 ty resources. By his Lusiad, an elegant 
 and classical work, rivalled only by the 
 Iliad of Pope, Mickle has obtained immor- 
 tal fome. His poems were published 1794, 
 in one vol. 4to. and appear among the 
 English poets of Dr. Anderson. Rewrote, 
 besides, a letter to Dr. Harwood, on the 
 Arian Controversy, 1769 — Voltaire in the 
 Shades, or Dialogues on the Deistical Con- 
 troversy, 1770 — a pamphlet on the Affairs 
 of the East India Company. In his private 
 character Mickle was very amiable ; he 
 lived without reproach, and wrote nothing 
 but what virtue approved. 
 
 MiCRELius, John, professor of divinity 
 at Stettin, was born at Custin, Pomerania, 
 1597. He distinguished himself as a theo- 
 logical disputant, and was honourably no- 
 ticed by Christina of Sweden. He had 
 three wives, and died 3d Dec. 165S. His 
 works are, Lexicon Philosophicum, 4to. — 
 Syntagma Historicum Mundi et Ecclesise, 
 8vo. — Tractatus de Copla Verborum — 
 Ethnophronium contra Gentiles, &c. — Ar- 
 chaeologia — Historia Ecclesiastiea, 2 vols. 
 4to. — Orthodoxia Lutherana contra Ber- 
 gium. 
 
 MiDDLETON, Richard, of the order of 
 the Cordeliers, was called the Profound, 
 from his extensive learning. He was dis- 
 tinguished in the universities of Oxford and 
 Paris, and wrote a Commentary on Peter 
 Lombard, and other theological works, and 
 died 1304. 
 
 MiDDLETON, sir Hugh, a native of Den- 
 bigh, well known for his public spirit. He 
 formed the project of supplying London 
 with water, and though he met with nume- 
 rous difficulties, from the prejudices and 
 the envy of others, and from the exhausted 
 state of his affairs, he triumphed over all 
 opposition, and brought the united streams 
 of two rivulets in the painshes of Ware and 
 of Amwell, in Hertfordshire, through a 
 course of 20 miles, to the capital. The 
 work was begun 20th Feb. 1608, and on 
 Michaelmas day, 1613, water was brought 
 into the great cistern at Islington. This 
 honourable completion of a useful work 
 was rewarded by king James, who had libe- 
 vally supported the projector, and erected, 
 by charter, a company of proprietors. He 
 was knighted, and afterwards made a ba- 
 ronet, and under Charles, the moiety of 
 the property, which he had given to the 
 king's father for his assistance, was recon- 
 veyed to him for an annual sum, and is 
 now become a source of princely fortune 
 to the proprietors. Sir Hugh gave one 
 share of the property to the company of 
 
 foldsmiths, to which he belonged, for the 
 enetit of their poor members. He died 
 aiioutl636. 
 322 
 
 MiDDLETON, William, a native of Crwen^ 
 ynog, Denbighshire, who served in the 
 army under Elizabeth, and afterwards had 
 the command of a ship of war. He em- 
 ployed his leisure hours at sea in composing 
 a version of the psalms into Welch verse, 
 which he completed, 1595, in the West In- 
 dies. He also wrote a grammar, and art 
 of poetry, 1593, &c. 
 
 MiDDLETON, Thomas, a dramatic writer 
 in the reign of James I. He joined Jon- 
 son, Massinger, and Fletcher, in the com- 
 position of some dramatic pieces, and died 
 1630. 
 
 MiDDLETON, Conyers, an eminent critic 
 and able divine. He was the son of the 
 rector of Hinderwell, near Whitb'. , and 
 was born at York, 27th Dec. 1683. At the 
 age of 17 he was sent to Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow, 
 and in 1707 he took his degree of M.A. 
 In 1709 he joined the other fellows of the 
 society in opposition to Dr. Bentley, the 
 master ; but, soon after, he retired from 
 college, by marrying Mrs. Drake, a widow 
 of large property. In 1717 he was, on the 
 visit of George I. to the university, created 
 D.D. by royal mandamus, and on this oc- 
 casion he resisted the demand of Dr. Bent- 
 ley for extraordinary fees. This affair en- 
 gaged much of the public attention, and 
 was at last decided against Dr. Bentley, 
 who behaved with great contumacy towards 
 the university, in consequence of which he 
 was degraded. In this dispute Middleton 
 published some pamphlets, and when 
 Bentley made proposals for a new edition 
 of the Greek Testament, and a Latin ver- 
 sion, 1720, he was treated with such seve-? 
 rity by his antagonist, in " Remarks, &c." 
 that he totally abandoned the plan. In 1723 
 Middleton was elected principal librarian at 
 Cambridge, and the following year, in con- 
 sequence of his wife's death, he visited the 
 continent, where he was received with great 
 respect by men of learning and of rank. 
 Soon after his return, in 1725, he drew upon 
 himself the resentment of the medical world 
 by an attack on Dr. Mead, Spon, and others, 
 and in 1729 he highly offended the catholics 
 by publishing his letters from Rome, show- 
 ing an exact conformity between popery 
 and paganism. In 1731 he incurred the 
 public displeasure in a high degree, by pub- 
 lishing his letter to Dr. Waterland, who had 
 attacked Tindal's Christianity as old as the 
 Creation, and in his pamphlet he spoke 
 with such freedom of religion, and with 
 such contempt of his respectable antagonist, 
 that he not only was severely censured as 
 an infidel, in an answer by bishop Pearce ; 
 but when known to be the author of the 
 obnoxious tract, he was very nearly strip- 
 ped of his academical honours. In 1731, 
 notwithstanding his unpopularity, he was 
 appointed Woodwardian professor at Cam? 
 
MW 
 
 mi) 
 
 bridge, but as bis pursuits were very ditter- 
 ent from tbe study of fossils and minerals, 
 he resigned the place in 1734. About this 
 time be married a second wife, after wbose 
 death he took a third, who survived him. 
 In 1735 be published a Dissertation on the 
 Origin of Printing in England, and in 17-U 
 appeared bis great work, the History of tbe 
 Life of M. Tullius Cicero, 2 vols. 4to. re- 
 printed in 3 vols. 8vo. This performance is 
 of superior eminence, written in correct 
 and elegant language, and abounding in 
 every thing which can interest the heart, 
 inform the understanding, and polish the 
 taste, though it must be confessed, that with 
 all the partiality of an author, he has drawn 
 the character of the orator with more glit- 
 tering ornaments than belong to bim, and 
 in concealing his defects has magnified bis 
 virtues. In 1743 be published Cicero's 
 epistles to Brutus, and those of Brutus to 
 Cicero, in Latin and English, with a vindi- 
 cation of their authenticity in answer to 
 Tunstall's objections. In 1745 appeared 
 his Germana quzedam Antiquitates Eruditaj 
 Monumenta, inc. and 1747 his Treatise on 
 the Roman Senate. That same year was 
 also remarkable for tbe publication of tbe 
 introduction of bis discourse on the miracu- 
 lous powers supposed to have existed in 
 tbe Christian church from the earliest ages, 
 &c. 4to. a work which excited in the high- 
 est degree the reprehension of tbe clergy, 
 and drew upon him severe and well direct- 
 ed reflections, two of which procured to 
 tbe authors, Dodwell and Church, tbe de- 
 gree of D.D. honourably conferred by tbe 
 university of Oxford. While preparing to 
 answer his opponents he made a petulant 
 attack on Sherlock's Discourses, once his 
 friend and companion, 1750 , but before his 
 reply to Dodwell, Church, and others, could 
 be completed, he was seized with a hectic 
 fever, and a disorder in his liver, which 
 proved fatal, 28tb July, 1750, in his 67tb 
 year, at Hildersbam, Cambridgeshire. His 
 miscellaneous works, not including the life 
 of Cicero, appeared together in 1752, with 
 several new pieces, in 4 vols. 4to. Dr. 
 Middleton left no children by bis three 
 wives. As a writer he ranks high, for ele- 
 gance of language, animated description, 
 and all the graces of profound learning and 
 extensive information. Though attacked 
 and reviled as an infidel, and an enemy to 
 Christianity, by his opponents, it appears 
 from bis letters to bis friend and patron 
 lord Hervey, that his opinions were not 
 fully orthodox, and though he speaks with 
 indifierenee of tbe preferment which was 
 conferred on others not so well entitled to 
 it for learning and abilities as himself, yet 
 it is plain, that bis language is the language 
 of a disappointed man, who aifected to 
 despise what his intemperate writings had 
 reiiderccl it impossible for bim to obtain. 
 
 MiDDLKTON, Erasmus, rector of Tur- 
 vey, Bedfordshire, and author of a diction- 
 ary of arts and sciences, uf little merit, of 
 sermons on Jackson and Binns, and editor 
 of Biographia Evangelica, 4 vols. 8vo. died 
 25th May, 1905. lie was one of the six 
 young men expelled sonic years ago from 
 Oxford, in consequence of which Macgow- 
 an's Satire, called the Shaver, was publish- 
 ed. Me was in his principles a strong fol- 
 lower of tbe Methodists. 
 
 Middleton, Arthur, was at tbe bead of 
 the government of South Caroliiia after the 
 departure of Nicholson, in 1725, until the 
 appointment of governor Johnson in 1730. 
 VVhen the revolution took place in that 
 colony in 1719 he was a member of the 
 legislature which assumed the name of tbe 
 convention, and was elected president. 
 After tbe arrival of governor Johnson, he 
 continued a member of tb« council. 
 
 ICT- L. 
 Middleton, Arthur, one of the vene- 
 rable signers of the declaration of Ameri- 
 can independence, was a native of South 
 ' Carolina. He was the son of Henry Mid- 
 dleton, Esq. one of tbe presidents of tbe 
 first continental congress, and grandson of 
 Arthur Middleton the first royal governor of 
 South Carolina. He was born in tbe year 
 1747 ; received the principal part of his 
 education in England ; and spent several 
 years in travelling over Europe. Soon" 
 after returning to bis native country, be 
 took an active and promising part in the 
 revolutionary movements, which bad then 
 begun to be very serious in their aspect. 
 In 1776 be was chosen one of the delegates 
 from South Carolina to the American con- 
 gress ; and in that capacity had the honour 
 of co-operating with that distinguished 
 band of worthies, who declared the colo- 
 nies free and independent states. He had 
 a seat in congress again in 1777, and also 
 in 1781, and 1782. In the latter year, on 
 relinquishing his seat in congress, he was 
 solicited to accept the office of governor of 
 his native state, but declining this offer, he 
 retired to his residence in the neighbour- 
 hood of Charleston, where be died in 1787, 
 in tbe fortieth year of bis age. The history 
 of Mr. Middleton's life, both private and 
 official, plainly shows that bis education, 
 bis talents, and his influence were of a very 
 high order. rCJ^ L. 
 
 Middleton, Thomas Fanshaw, bishop 
 of Calcutta, was the only child of the Rev. 
 Thomas Middleton, chaplain of the earl of 
 Scarsdale, and minister of Keddleston, 
 Derbyshire ; and was born in the year 
 1769. He was a descendant of the cele- 
 brated Sir Richard Fansbawe, and through 
 that ancestor related to some of the first 
 families in England. He was educated at 
 Christ's hospital, and thence went to Pem- 
 broke ball, Canibrids??, In 1792 he tool? 
 
 323 
 
MiF 
 
 mil 
 
 the degree of A.B. was ordained, and began 
 to officiate at Gainsboro. He was soon 
 afterwards nominated to the livingofTanor, 
 Northamptonshire. In 1802 he was collated 
 to the rectory of Little Bytham, with By- 
 tham castle annexed, and in 1308 took the 
 degree of D.D. The next year he resigned 
 his two livings on being preferred to St. 
 Pancras, near London. In 1812 he was 
 made archdeacon of Huntington by the bi- 
 shop of Lincoln. The English ministry 
 having now resolved on establishing a bi- 
 shopric in India, he received the appoint- 
 ment from the king in 1814, and was con- 
 secrated to the holy office by the bishop of 
 Exeter. He was elected at this time fellow 
 of the Royal Society, and embarked imme- 
 diately for India. For seven years he ex- 
 ercised the functions of his office with dis- 
 tinguished zeal and fidelity. His talents, 
 acquirements, perseverance, and piety, 
 gained him the most unqualified praise. 
 He died at Calcutta on the 8th July, 1822, 
 aged 55 years. A splendid monument by 
 Chantrey is now erecting to his memory in 
 St. Paul's, at the instance of the " Society 
 for promoting Christian Knowledge." His 
 plan of an East India mission college, with 
 an endowment of five scholarships has re- 
 cently been carried into execution. He 
 was the author of the Country Spectator, a 
 periodical essay. A letter respecting the 
 best method of propagating Christianity in 
 India. Several charges to missionaries. 
 Sermons, and a most learned work on the 
 "Doctrine of the Greek Article," which 
 established his reputation as a scholar. He 
 was also for some time editor of the British 
 Critic. iCF' L. 
 
 MiEL, Jan, a Flemish painter, born 1599, 
 near Antwerp. He was the disciple of 
 Ger. Segers, and copied at Rome the works 
 of the Caracci and Corregio. He was pa- 
 tronised by Charles Emanuel, duke of Sa- 
 voy, and died at Turin, 1664. lie excels 
 in his historical, hunting, and conversation 
 pieces, and his animals are particularly ad- 
 mired for spirit, and for all the graces of 
 nature. Several engravings have been made 
 from his works. 
 
 MiERis, Francis, called the Older, was 
 born atLeyden, 1635. He was the disciple 
 of Ger. Douw, whom he is said in some 
 degree to have excelled. His pictures are 
 very scarce and valuable. He died 1681, 
 leaving two sons, both eminent painters. 
 
 MiERis, William, the Younger, son of 
 the above, was also an eminent painter, and 
 born at Leyden, 1662. He also excelled in 
 completing models of clay and wax, and de- 
 served the name of a good sculptor. He 
 died 1747. His son Francis, called the 
 young Francis, was also a painter, but his 
 pieces have not the same excellence as those 
 of his father and grandfather. 
 
 Mifflin, Thomas, a maior-gencral in 
 324 
 
 the ai-my of the American revolution, v/ns 
 born about the year 1744. His parents 
 were Quakers. He engaged at an early 
 period in opposing the arbitrary measures 
 of the British government, and was in 1775 
 appointed quarter-master-general of the 
 army. He was elected a member of the 
 congress of 1774, and of the convention 
 which formed the constitution of the United 
 States. In 1788 he became president ot' 
 the supreme executive council of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and presided the next year in the 
 convention, which formed the constitution 
 of that state. He was elected the first go- 
 vernor under that constitution, and held 
 the office till 1799. He died on the 20th 
 January, 1800. He was brave, patriotic, 
 and eloquent. ICIP' L. 
 
 MiGNARD, Nicholas, a French paintefj 
 born at Troyes, 1608. He studied in Italy, 
 and married at Avignon, and at last became 
 rector of the Paris academy of painting. 
 His portraits and historical pieces were 
 much admired. He died of a dropsy, 1668. 
 
 MiGNARD, Peter, called the Roman, as 
 for 20 years a resident at Rome, was the 
 younger brother of Nicholas, and was also 
 born at Troyes, 1610. He was much es- 
 teemed at Rome, and afterwards at Paris, 
 where Lewis XIV. sat ten times to him, en- 
 nobled him and made him his chief painter 
 at the death of Le Brun. He died 13th 
 March, 1695. 
 
 MiGNON, Abraham, a painter born at 
 Frankfort, 1639. His flowers and insects 
 were much admired, especially the drops of 
 dew on fruit, which displayed all the trans- 
 parency of real water. He died 1679. 
 
 MiLBouRNE, Luke, M.A. an English 
 divine, educated at Pembroke hall, Cam- 
 bridge, became rector of St. Ethelburgh, 
 and lecturer of St. Leonard's, Shoreditch. 
 He published a poetical Translation of the 
 Psalms — some Latin Verses — Notes on 
 Dryden's Virgil — thirty-one single sermons, 
 &c. His name is frequently mentioned 
 with that of Blackmore, by Dryden, and 
 has been introduced by Pope in his Art of 
 Criticism, and in the Dunciad. Dr. John- 
 son speaks in Dryden's Life, with no great 
 respect of his abilities. He died 15th 
 April, 1720. His father Luke was a non- 
 conformist, and in consequence, ejected 
 from the living of Wroxall, Warwickshire. 
 1662. He diedat Newington, 1667. 
 
 MiLDMAY, Sir Walter, surveyor of the 
 court of augmentations under Henry VIII. 
 and under Elizabeth, privy counsellor, 
 chancellor, and under treasurer of the ex- 
 chequer, was a man of great public and 
 private worth, and immoi-talized his name 
 by the foundation of Emanuel college at 
 Cambridge. He died 1589. 
 
 Mill, John, a learned English divine- 
 born at Shap, in Westmoreland, 1645. Hr 
 entered as servitor at Queen's college. Ox- 
 
-MIL 
 
 AITJ- 
 
 lord, of which society he became fellow. 
 In 1681 he took his degree of D.l). and 
 was appointed chaplain to Charles 11., and 
 in 1686 Hjade principal of Ednuind hall. 
 He was a good preacher, and published 
 some sermons ; but the work for which he 
 in deservedly celebrated in his edition of 
 the New Testament. This very valuable 
 work, which was first begun by the advice 
 of Fell, bishop of Oxford, and partly print- 
 ed at his expense, was the labour of 30 years 
 of application, and was- published about a 
 fortnight before his death, which happened 
 23d June, 1707. It is remarkable that bi- 
 shop Fell's executors refused to complete 
 the work which his lordship had so honour- 
 ably begun, and Dr. Mill therefore repaid 
 them what had been expended, and finished 
 the whole at his own charge. These la- 
 bours so popular and so useful, were not, 
 however, received without censure. Dr. 
 Whitby attacked the notes, and the 30,000 
 various readings which had been collected 
 by the indefatigable editor, were considered 
 as likely to open the way for cavil and skep- 
 ticism among free-thinkers and wanton po- 
 lemics. These arguments were ably refu- 
 ted by Dr. Bentley, and Dr. Mill's Greek 
 Testament is now deservedly regarded as a 
 most valuable book. 
 
 Mill, Henry, an eminent engineer, born 
 about 1680, near, or in Red Lion square, 
 Holborn. He was well educated, and pass- 
 ed some time at one of the universities, 
 and his mechanical abilities became so emi- 
 nent that he was, when very young, employ- 
 ed as engineer by the new river company. 
 His labours were there so usefully directed 
 in the improvement of the concern, that by 
 gradual increase the original shares of 100/. 
 are now sold for upwards of 8000/. His 
 abilities were also employed in supplying 
 the town of Northampton with water, for 
 which he was presented with the freedom 
 of the corporation, and he likewise orna- 
 mented Houghton, the seat of Sir Robert 
 Walpole, with an excellent stream. This 
 worthy man was seized with a fit on Christ- 
 mas day, 1770, and expired before the next 
 morning. A monument was erected to him 
 by his sister, in Bicemoore church, near 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Millar, John, a popular professor of 
 law at Glasgow. He practised also at the 
 Scotch bar, and for 40 years maintained 
 the high reputation of an able and intelli- 
 gent professor. He was author of a Histo- 
 rical View of the English Government, 4to. 
 — and on the Origin of Distinction of Ranks 
 in Society, 1 vol. 8vo. He died 1801. 
 
 MiLLEDGE, John, governor of Georgia, 
 was elected in 1802. He was a native of 
 that state, and a descendant from one of 
 the early settlers of the colony. In 1780 
 he was appointed attorney general of the 
 state* He was afterwards a member of the 
 
 senate, and a representative in conprcsts. 
 On the death of general Jackson in 1806, 
 he was elected a senator. This office he 
 resigned in 1809. He wan the principal 
 founder of the university of Georgia, and 
 presented the land which forniM its site. 
 He died at his seat at the Sand Hills, Feb, 
 9th, 1818, aged 61. {cp- L. 
 
 Miller, James, a dramatic poet, born in 
 Dorsetshire, 1703. He was intended for 
 a merchant, but he preferred literature, and 
 was sent to VVadiiam college, Oxford, 
 where he began his famous comedy, " the 
 Humours of Oxford," performed 1729, 
 He wrote besides some other comedies, oc- 
 casional pieces, and Mahomet the Impos- 
 tor, a tragedy, during the popular run of 
 which the author died. Miller was a cler- 
 gyman, and published some sermons ; but 
 he had no preferment till a few weeks be- 
 fore his death he was presented to the liv- 
 ing of Upcerne, Dorsetshire, which his 
 father had held. He died 1 744. 
 
 Miller, Philip, author of the Gardener's 
 Dictionary, was born 1691, in Scotland. 
 He succeeded, in 1722, his father, as gar- 
 dener of the company of apothecaries' 
 garden at Chelsea, and united the know- 
 ledge and information of a botanist to the 
 practice and mechanical drudgery of a gar- 
 dener. He was well acquainted with the 
 plans of Ray and Tournefort, and by the 
 advice of Sir William Watson and Mr. 
 Hudson, with difiiculty adopted the system 
 of Linnaus, with whom he afterwards cor- 
 responded as a scientific and experienced 
 botanist. He was made fellow of the 
 Royal Society, member of the Florence 
 botanical society, and honoured with the 
 correspondence of several learned men in 
 Europe, who called him, with flattery but 
 truth, Hortulanorum Princeps. Linnaeus 
 said of his dictionary, Non erit Lexicon 
 Hortulanorum, sed Botanicorum. He re^ 
 signed through infirmity, some time before 
 his death, his place at Chelsea, and died 
 18th Dec. 1771, aged 80. He published 
 his Gardener's Dictionary, 1731, folio, 
 which has passed through various editions, 
 and has been translated into several Ian- 
 guages ; the Gardener's Calendar, 8vo. ; a 
 Short Introduction to Botany ; Figures of 
 Plants, 2 vols, folio, vvitli 300 pliites ; be- 
 sides Papers in the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions, &c. and a laige Herbarium of Exotic? 
 in MS. 
 
 Miller, lady, a woman of respectable 
 abilities who resided at Bath-Easton, near 
 Bath, and published Letters from Italy, 3 
 vols. 8vo. A collection of poems appeared 
 in her name, and in the name of some of 
 her literary friends who frequented her 
 house. She died 1781. 
 
 Miller, Edward, doctor of music, was 
 the son of a pavicr at Norwich, and bred 
 to the ?ame business : but having a dislike 
 
 325" 
 
MtL 
 
 MIL 
 
 to it, he absconded, and became a pupil of 
 Dr. Burney, who was then resident at Lynn. 
 In 1756 he became organist of the church 
 of Doncaster, where he continued the rest 
 of his life. In 1786 he obtained his degree 
 of doctor of music at Cambridge ; and died 
 at Doncaster in 1807. Dr. iVliiler publish- 
 ed— 1. Institutes of Mu^ic. 2. The Ele- 
 ments of Thoiough-Bass and Composition. 
 3. The Psalms of David, set to music and 
 arranged for every Sunday in the ^ear. 4. 
 The History and Antiquities of Doncaster. 
 — W. B. 
 
 Miller, Edward, M.D. professor of the 
 practice of medicine in the college of phy- 
 sicians of New- York, was born at Dover, 
 Delaware, May 9th, 1760, and received a 
 classical education. He commenced the 
 practice of medicine in 1780, as a sur- 
 geon's mate in the service of the United 
 States, and continued m that situation until 
 the close of the war of the revolution, 
 soon after which he established himself in 
 Somerset county, Maryland, but in 1786 
 returned to his native town, and enjoyed a 
 successful practice there till 1796, when he 
 removed to New-York, and soon became 
 one of the most distinguished physicians of 
 that city. In the following year he in con- 
 junction with several others commenced 
 the publication of the Medical Repository, 
 ■which he assisted to sustain to the close of 
 his life. He was appointed resident physi- 
 cian in 1805, and in 1809 professor of the 
 practice of medicine in the college of phy- 
 sicians in New- York. The latter station 
 be continued to hold till his death on the 
 17th of March, 1812, in the fifty-second 
 year of his age. His endowments were 
 excellent, he was an accomplished classical 
 scholar, well versed in several of the mo- 
 dern languages, and in general literature, 
 and held the first rank among his cotempo- 
 raries in the knowledge of his profession. 
 He was amiable, polished in his manners, 
 upright, and liberal to the poor, an able 
 lecturer in the department of which he 
 "u'as professor, and, his contributions to the 
 Medical Repository, which were nume- 
 rous, belong to the most respectable portion 
 of that work. His most important pub- 
 lication is a report on yellow fever. 
 
 ICP-L. 
 MiLLES, Jeremiah, D.D. a native of 
 Highcleer, Hants, where his father was 
 minister. He was made dean of Exeter 
 after Lyttleton, and became president of the 
 antiquarian society, to whose literary la- 
 bours he contributed very largely. He was 
 also engaged in the Chattertonian contro- 
 versy, and warmly supported the authen- 
 ticity of those ancient poems imposed upon 
 the world as the works of Rowley. His 
 edition of the poems in 4to. with annota- 
 tions, displayed his abilities as an editor. 
 
 but exposed him to the severity of criticisiUv 
 He died 1784, aged 71. 
 
 MiLLETiERE, Thcophilus Brachet, sieur 
 de la, a protestant, who studied law at Hei- 
 delberg, and practised as advocate, and af- 
 terwards became a divine. He wrote at 
 Rochelle against Tilenus, and asserted that 
 it was lawful for the protestants to resist, by 
 force of arms, the persecutions raised against 
 them. He was, in consequence of this, 
 suspected of disloyalty to the government, 
 and sent as prisoner to Tuulouse, where he 
 was put to the rack. He was at last, by 
 th« intercession of friends, liberated, and 
 then turned catholic, and endeavoured by 
 his writings to reconcile the Huguenots and 
 his new friends to the same faith. He de- 
 dicated one of his books to Charles II. in 
 his exile, and advised him to embrace the 
 catholic tenets, that faith in which he in- 
 solently aflfirmed his father Charles I. h-\d 
 died. Milletiere died 1665, little respected. 
 
 MiLLOTjClaude Francis Xavier, a French 
 historian, born at Besan(^on, March, 1726. 
 He was for some time among the Jesuits, 
 but quitted their society, and was after- 
 wards appointed professor of history at 
 Parma, by the interest of the duke af Ni- 
 vernois. After acquiring reputation as a 
 professor, he returned to France, and was 
 made preceptor to the duke of Enghein, ia 
 which situation he died 1785. In his man- 
 ners he was a very diffident man, though 
 amiable and benevolent. His works are 
 valuable, and written with spirit, and in an 
 elegant style. He published Elements of 
 the History of France, 3 vols. 12mo. — 
 Elements of the History of England, 3 
 vols. — Elements of Universal History, 9 
 vols. — History of the Troubadours, 3 vols. 
 — Memoirs for the History of Lewis XIV. 
 and XV. 6 vols. — Translation of Orations 
 from Latin Historians — Discourses on Aca- 
 demical Subjects, &c. 
 
 Mills, Samuel J. agent of the American 
 colonization society, was born at Torring- 
 ford, Connecticut, April 21st, 1783. He 
 was educated at Williams college, and stu- 
 died theology at the seminary at Andover, 
 Massachusetts. The great benevolent in- 
 stitutions established in England near the 
 close of the last, and beginning of the pre- 
 sent century, having early suggested to him 
 the desirableness of instituting similar ones 
 in the United States, he resolved to make 
 the accomplishment of it the first object of 
 his attention, and was highly successful in 
 his exertions. He employed himself chief- 
 ly in exciting persons of wealth and in- 
 fluence to execute his plans, and by that 
 means had an important agency in promo- 
 ting the establishment of the foreign mis- 
 sionary society of New-England, under the 
 superintendence of the American board of 
 comnji^sioners. and the united foreign 
 
Mil. 
 
 MIL 
 
 missionary society of New- York ; the 
 school lor the education of heathens at 
 Cornwall, and the African school, in New- 
 Jersey, and also the American Bible So- 
 ciety. On the organization of the Ameri- 
 can colonization society, he with Mr. Bur- 
 gess was appointed an agent to visit the 
 coast of Alnca, and select a place for the 
 establishment of a colony. I'hey embark- 
 ed in November, 1817, and proceeded to 
 Africa by the way of England, and having 
 accomplislicd the oiiject of the mission, 
 commenced their homeward voyage liom 
 Sierra Leone in May, l8iC3, during which 
 Mr. Mills died on tue Ibth of June, in the 
 thirty-hfth year of his aj,e. He was mo- 
 dest and 
 
 retiring 
 
 his manners, emi- 
 
 nently pious, and ardently zealous to me- 
 liorate the miseries of mankind, and pro- 
 mote the progress of religion. [Lf L. 
 
 Milne, Colin, a divine and naturalist, 
 was born at Aberdeen, and educated at 
 the Marischal college there, under his un- 
 cle, Dr. Campbell. From tbence he re- 
 moved to Edinburgh ; after which, on be- 
 coming tutor to lord Algernon Percy, he 
 took orders in the church of England, and 
 was presented to the rectory of North 
 Chapel in Essex. He wa^ also chosen lec- 
 turer of Dcptford, and obtained the degree 
 of doctor ol laws from Aberdeen. He 
 died in 1815. He published — 1. " A Bo- 
 tanical Dictionary," 8\o. 2. Linnaei In- 
 stitutiones Botanical, 4to. 3. Indigenous 
 Botany, or the Habitats of English Plants. 
 4. A volume of sermons. 8vo. — W. B. 
 MiLNEK, Isaac, was brought up to the 
 
 for bis prodigious strength. lie obtained 
 the prize seven times at thcr Pythian games, 
 and six times at Olympia, and vv.ui devour- 
 ed by wild beasts, 5U() b.C^ 
 
 MiLO, Titus Aniuus, a Roman, who 
 killed Clodius in the Appiaii VVa\, in con- 
 secpience ol a violent iivalship wUich ex- 
 isted between them in the solicilatiun of 
 public honours. Though defended by Ci- 
 cero, he was banisUed lu Marseilles. The 
 oration delivered by Cicero on the occasion 
 IS much admired. 
 
 MiLTiADEs, an Athenian general, cele- 
 brated for the great victory which he, at 
 the head of 1U,U00 men, obtained over the 
 numerous forces of the Persians at Ma- 
 rathon, 490 B. C. He was afterwards 
 cruelly imprisoned by his suspicious coun- 
 trymen, and died in continement, 489 B.C. 
 
 Milton, John, a celebrated English poet, 
 descended from an ancient family at Mil- 
 ton, Oxfordshire. He was born Dec. 9th, 
 1608, in Bread-street, where his father, a 
 scrivener, was sett.ed, and after receiving 
 instruction from a private tutor, he went 
 to St. Paul's school, and in 1625 removed 
 to Christ-college, Cambridge. He was in- 
 tended by his father for the church, and he 
 took his master's degree in 1632 ; but ho 
 expressed an aversion for the ecclesiastical 
 profession, and by degrees grew diseatis- 
 tied with the established form of church 
 govi;rnment. When he left Cambridge he 
 returned to his father, who had settled with 
 a competent fortune at Horion, near Coin- 
 brook in Buckinghamshire, and in this re- 
 
 weaving business; but even vv hue at the lecm tirement he laboriously devoted himself 
 
 bis mind was intent upon study, and all the 
 time he could obtain from labour, was de- 
 voted to the classics and mathematics. Such 
 was his progress, that his brother took him 
 for an assistant in the grammar-school, and 
 afterwards sent him to Queen's college, 
 Cambridge, where in 1774, he was senior 
 wrangler, and gained the first mathematical 
 prize. He also became a tutor in that 
 science ; and, among other pupils, bad 
 Mr. Wilberforct and Mr. Pitt, with whom 
 he made a tour on the continent. In 1783 
 
 for five years to reading the purest classics 
 in Greek and Latin. Here likewise be 
 produced his Comus ; L' Allegro ; II Pen- 
 seroso ; and Lycidas, poems of such in- 
 trinsic merit as would have transmitted his 
 fame to the latest period of time, if he had 
 written nothing besides. On his mother's 
 death he obta.ned his father's permission 
 to travel abroad, and in 1638 he embarked 
 for the continent, attended by one servant. 
 From Paris, where he was introduced to 
 the great Hugo Grotius, he proceeded to 
 
 Mr. Milner was appointed professor of na- Nice, and by sea to Genoa, Leghorn, Pisa, 
 
 tural philosophy ; and in 1788 elected mas 
 ter of his college, on which he took bis 
 doctor's degree. The same year he was 
 made dean of Carlisle ; in 1792 he served 
 the office of vice-chancellor; and in 1798 
 be succeeded Waring as Lucasian professor 
 of mathematics. He died in 1820. His 
 publications are — 1. Animadversions on 
 Hawker's Church History. 2. A continu- 
 
 and then passed to Florence, where he spent 
 two months, respected and beloved by per- 
 sons of eminence, rank, and learning. 
 His next visit was through Sienna to Rome, 
 where be passed two months, delighted 
 with the vast treasure.-, of the Vatican, and 
 honoured with the kindness and civilitie5 
 of cardinal Barberini, Holstenius, and 
 other learned men. From Rome he went 
 
 ation of his brother's Ecclesiastical History, to Naples, and formed the design of visit- 
 o o*_:„,. .!-_ _....•_.■ ._ ing Sicily ; but the disturbed state of af- 
 
 Strictures on the publications of Dr 
 Marsh, respecting the Bible Society. 4. 
 Life of Mr- Joseph Milner, prefixed to his 
 sermons. — W. B. 
 
 MiLO, an athlete of Crotona, celebrated 
 
 fairs at home engaged now all his intention, 
 and be determined to hasten back. He 
 passed through Rome, Bologna, Ferrars^, 
 Venice, Verona, Milan, Geneva, and Franf&, 
 
 3'27 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 and reached England after an absence of 
 fifteen months. Instead, however, of re- 
 turning to live with his father, who had 
 retired to Reading, from Horton, he settled 
 in St. Bride's churchyard, to educate his 
 sister's two sons, Edward and John Phil- 
 lips. Afterwards, with the intention of 
 taking a greater number of pupils, he re- 
 moved to a large house in Aidersgatc-street, 
 and published his tractate of education, 
 which proved how well qualified he was to 
 instruct others, though from a dislike of uni- 
 versity rules, he adopted a mode of edu- 
 cation totally the reverse of wuat was prac- 
 tised in schools. la 1641 he published 
 some pamphlets, in which he vented his 
 virulence against the cburcii, and supported 
 the republican principles of the times. In 
 1643 he married the daughter of .r. 
 Powell, a justice of peace in Oxfordshire ; 
 but as she had been educated a firm royal- 
 ist, this union proved unhappy, and after 
 cohabiting with him about a month, she 
 left him and would not return. Disgusted 
 with this conduct, the poet thought tliat he 
 might be permitted to take another wife ; 
 and he not only wrote some strong tracts 
 in favour of divorce, but paid his addresses 
 to another lady, of great wit and beauty. 
 This had due effect ; and his wife, after 
 long despising his invitations, relented, 
 and throwing herself at his feet, obtained 
 his forgiveness and reconciliation in 1645. 
 From Aldersgate-street he removed to Bar- 
 bican, and then to a smaller house in Hol- 
 born, where in the midst of his studies, he 
 rejoiced at the prospect of the fall of re- 
 gal government, and the future establish- 
 ment of his favourite republic. The mo- 
 mentous events of the times gave full 
 scope for the exertion of his literary abili- 
 ties ; he defended the trial and the execu- 
 tion of the king, and animadverted in se- 
 vere terms on every measure which might 
 tend to disturb the popular government. 
 His talents were too great to be neglected, 
 and therefore he was appointed Latin sec- 
 retary to the council oi' state, and in this 
 office he answered the Icon Basilicon, by 
 his Iconoclastes, 1649, and two years after 
 published his celebrated work against Sal- 
 masius, pro Populo Anglicano Defensio, 
 which not only spread his fame through 
 Europe as an elegant Latinist, and able 
 disputant, but procured for him from the 
 government, a present of 1000/. About 
 this time he lost his eye-sight, which had 
 been gradually decaying from his severe 
 application to his studies ; but he neverthe- 
 less continued zealous and active in the 
 support of his principles. In 1652 his wife 
 died soon after the delivery of her fourth 
 child, and some time after he married a 
 second. But though patronised and raised 
 to independence by the favour of Cromwell, 
 ^r)(\ of Richard, Milton saw with terror ih^ 
 ^9ft 
 
 dissolution of his favourite republic ap'- 
 proaching, and not all the respectable la- 
 bours of his pen could uphold the crumbling 
 fabric. Anxious to ensure his safety, on 
 the restoration, he concealed himself in a 
 friend's house in Bartholomew close , but 
 though his sentiments and his active con- 
 duct Had marked him out at first for destruc- 
 tion, yet by the interest and influence of 
 his friends, especially sir Andrew Marvell, 
 Davcnant, and others, who respected his 
 learning and his abilities, while they detest- 
 ed his principles, be was included in the 
 act of amnesty, and permitted to appear 
 in public. Removing therefore from Petty 
 France, Westminster, where he had lived 
 since 1652, he took a house in Holborn, and 
 then removed Jewin-street, where he 
 took a third wife, and then settled in a 
 house in the Artillery walk, Bunhill 
 fields. In this place, which was his last 
 stage, and where he lived longer than in 
 any other, he was accustomed, as Phillips 
 observes, to sit at the door in the summer, 
 in a gray coarse cloth coat, and while he 
 enjoyed the fresh air, many persons of 
 rank and of eminence have been known 
 to pay their respect of admiration to the 
 blind but venerable bard. Though re- 
 duced in his circumstances by the restora- 
 tion he refused to accept the Latin secreta- 
 ryship which was honourably offered him 
 by Charles II. and he devoted himself ear- 
 nestly to the completion of his great poem, 
 on which he had already bestowed much 
 labour. He was assisted in his literary 
 pursuits by Thomas Ellwood, a quaker, 
 who acted as an amanuensis, and daily vi- 
 sited him. In 1665, during the plague, 
 the poet retired to a small house at St. 
 Giles, Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, and 
 while in this place, he was visited by his 
 friend, into whose hands he put his Para- 
 dise Lost, now finished, and modestly re- 
 quested his opinion. Ellwood read the 
 work with approbation, and in returning it 
 to the poet, told him that he had said much 
 about Paradise Lost, but, added he, what 
 hast thou to say of Paradise Found. The 
 hint was not lost ; Paradise Rega'ned was 
 begun, and afterwards, when visited by 
 Ellwood, Milton presented him the poem 
 which originated in his conversation. The 
 poet returned to London, 1666, and the 
 Paradise Lost was first printed the follow- 
 ing year, in 10 books, afterwards swelled 
 to 12, and Paradise Regained in 1670, in 
 four books, to which was added, Samson 
 Agonistes, a dramatic poem. Milton re- 
 ceived for this great work only 15/. and the 
 money was paid by instalments. It is sin- 
 gular that the poet considered Paradise 
 Regained as a superior performance to Pa- 
 radise Lost, but posterity have decided 
 otherwise ; and this matchless poem, 
 which Ion a; remained unknown from the 
 
Mil. 
 
 MIN 
 
 ^icjudices cutfrtaincd an;ainst tkc author, 
 gradually rose to notice, to fame, and im- 
 mortality. Dryden had, indeed, recom- 
 mended its great merits to the public, in the 
 six beautiful lines, " Three poets in three 
 distant ages born," &c. wiiich arc generally 
 prefixed to the work, and which are bor- 
 rowed from the distich which Salvaggi 
 wrote at Rome on the youthful bard ; but 
 it was not till the days of Addison that 
 England became sensible of the greatness, 
 of the beauties, and the sublimity of her 
 poet. The critique of the Spectator opened 
 the eyes of the nation, and, in banishing 
 prejudice, liberally proved that however 
 violent the publications of Milton were, 
 however biassed in his love of republican 
 principles, and however biamable in some 
 parts of his political life, yet his merits as a 
 poet cannot be affected ; he must shine as 
 the greatest ornament of the British Isles, 
 and, in the ranks of immortality, be placed 
 by the side of Homer, of V irgil, and of Tas- 
 80. Milton died at his house near Bunhill 
 fields, in the beginning of Nov. 1674, and 
 was buried near his father, in the chancel 
 of St. Giles', Cripplegate, where a monu- 
 ment has been lately erected to his memo- 
 ry, and another, with greater propriety, 
 among the great departed dead of West- 
 minster abbey, raised in 1737 by Mr. Ben- 
 son. It is supposed that Milton drew his 
 idea of his great work from an Italian tra- 
 gedy on the Loss of Paradise, on which he 
 originally intended to compose a tragedy ; 
 but as his matter enlarged, his genius gave 
 it the form of an epic poem. His Samson 
 Agonistes was written after the Greek mo- 
 del, but is unfit for representation ; the 
 Comus was first acted for the benefit of his 
 grand-daughter, Mrs. Clarke, a widow in 
 indigent circumstances, and the public sup- 
 port was earnestly solicited by a prologue 
 from the nervous pen of Dr. Johnson. His 
 poetical works have been often and elegant- 
 ly edited ; the latest edition is that by 
 Todd, 6 vols. 8vo. To the edition of bi- 
 shop Newton a well written life was pre- 
 fixed, and Mr, Hayley has also given a 
 poetical life of the author ; but the critique 
 of Johnson can never be surpassed. The 
 smaller poems were edited by Thomas 
 Wharton, 8vo. with valuable notes. The 
 prose works of Milton are numerous and 
 highly respectable. Besides his political 
 tracts, he wrote a History of England, 4to. 
 down to the conquest — Areopagitica, or 
 , the Liberty of unlicensed Printing — Letters 
 — History of Muscovy, &c. His political 
 works have appeared in 3 vols, folio, and 
 in 4to. and in 8vo. Dr. Newton's edition 
 of all his works was comprehended in 5 
 vols. 4to. The person of Milton was fair, 
 so that he was called, at Cambridge, the 
 lady of Christ college ; his hair was light 
 brown, and his features exact and pleasing. 
 Vol, II. 48 
 
 He was of the middle ai/e, v.< 11 propor- 
 tioned, ncrvouN, and active ; but hi* con- 
 stitution was tender, anil his health conno- 
 qututly weak. In his mode of living Ur. 
 was economical, abstemious, and averse to 
 strong liquors. Though he did not inherit 
 much from his lather, yd frii;;;ility main- 
 tained him in a respectable niiiuncr, and at 
 his death he left about 1500/. besides the 
 value of his household good.s. lie had no 
 children except by the first of his three 
 wives. Three daughters survived him, 
 and of these the two youngest were well 
 employed by him to read ; and though they 
 could read with ease eight different lan- 
 guages, yet they understood nothing but 
 English, as their father used to say that 
 one tongue was enough for a woman. In 
 his religious opinions, Milton was incon- 
 sistent. In his early years he favoured the. 
 puritans, afterwards he inclined to the te- 
 nets of the independents and anabaptists, 
 whose liberty of worship he greatly .id- 
 mired ; but in the latter part of life, ke 
 professed no attachment to any particular 
 sect, and he neither frequented any publi<- 
 place of worship, nor ol»servcd in hi.s own 
 house any of the religious rites of the 
 times, though it is fully evident that he waj> 
 sensible of the gi-eat truths of revelation, 
 and hoped for salvation through the merits 
 of a Redeemer. 
 
 MiMNERMUs, a Greek poet of Colophon, 
 in the age of Solon. His elegies are lost, 
 except a few fragments, preserved in Sto- 
 baeus. 
 
 MiNELLius, John, a Dutch grammarian, 
 born at Rotterdam. The best part of his 
 life was engaged in teaching the classics, 
 and he facilitated the labours of future iu- 
 structers, by publishing editions of Viigi!, 
 Terence, Sallust, Horace, Florus, and 
 other works, with notes, and adapted to 
 the capacity of school boys. He died 1 6S'o. 
 
 Minos, a fabulous son of Jupiter, king of 
 Crete, celebrated for the laws which he 
 established in his country, which arc said 
 to have continued in force above a thou- 
 sand years. He lived 1432 B.C. — The se- 
 cond of that name was king of Crete about 
 1300 B.C. He made war against the 
 Athenians and Megareans. The histor>- 
 of these monarchs is greatly involved in 
 fable. 
 
 MiNOT, Lawrence, an English poet, 
 whose works were discovered by Mr. Tyr- 
 whit, in the Cottonian library, and presented 
 by him to the puldic, 179j. He died about 
 1352. 
 
 MiKOT, George Richards, an American 
 lawyer and historian, was born in Boston, 
 Massachusetts, 28th December, 17j8, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1773. In 
 1781 he was appointed clerk of the house 
 of representatives, and a few years after 
 published a history of the iosurrection \r\ 
 
MIR 
 
 MIR 
 
 That state, v>iih the particulars of ^vliich his 
 tjffice made him accurately acquainted. He 
 ivas appointed secretary of the convention 
 which assembled, in 1787, to consider the 
 constitution of the United States. In 1792 
 he received the office of judge of probate, 
 »nd after^vards of the municipal court of 
 Boston. He nas distinguished for aniia- 
 blcness and integrity, and had enriched hi? 
 mind "ivith useful and ornamental know- 
 ledge. He v.rote a valuable continuation 
 of Hutcliinson's history of Massachusetts, 
 from 174S to 1765, the last volume of 
 which has been published since his death, 
 stnd which, as well as his narrative of the 
 insurrection, does much credit to his ta- 
 lents. He died on the second of January, 
 1S02. ICJ^- L. 
 
 MiNTO, Walter, LL.D. professor of ma- 
 thematics and natural philosophy in the 
 college of New-Jersey, was a native of 
 Scotland, and born in 1753. He was edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh, and afterwards travel- 
 led as a preceptor into Italy, where he 
 Jievoted himself with great zeal to the study 
 of mathematics and philosophy. After his 
 return to Edinburgh, in 1782, he wrote, by 
 the persuasion of the carl of Buchan, a vo- 
 lume to prove that the honour of the first 
 discovery of logarithms belonged to Na- 
 pier. At the instance of the same nobleman 
 he came to America, in 17S6, and was soon 
 appointed to the professorship of mathema- 
 tics and philosophy in the college at Prince- 
 ton, where he continued much respected 
 tUl his death in 1796. Id^ L. 
 
 MiNOTius Felix, a Roman orator in 
 the third century. His Octavius, with 
 Christian and Pagan Disputations, is a 
 work of merit, and in favour of Christian- 
 ity ; edited, Cambridge, 1707, andLeyden, 
 1709, 8vo. 
 
 MiRABAUD, John Baptist, perpetual se- 
 cretai'y to the French academy, was born 
 in Provence, 1674, and lived to the age of 
 86. He published a translation of Tasso's 
 Jerusalem — and also of x\riosto's Orlando 
 Furioso — Alphabet de la Fee Gracieuse, 
 12mo. 1734. The System of Nature, an 
 Jitheistical book, published in 1770, was 
 falsely ascribed to him, and has been trans- 
 lated into English. 
 
 MiRABEAU, Victor Riquetti, marquis de, 
 of an ancient family of Provence, originally 
 from Naples, was one of the chief insti- 
 lutors of the political assembly called eco- 
 nomists. He published, in 1755, I'Ami des 
 Hommes, 3 vols. l2mo. a work of some 
 merit, containing, with much crude and 
 extraneous matter, fine ideas on rural and 
 political economy, and judicious remarks 
 on the interests of society. His Theorie 
 del'Imp6t, in l2mo. proved so offensive to 
 the government, on account of the freedom 
 and boldness of his opinions, that he was 
 • onfined in the bastile. He wrote, besides. 
 
 Hommes Celebres, published by his friend 
 Boscowich, at Bassano, in 2 vols. 8vo. His 
 works, collected together, except the last 
 mentioned, have been published in 8 vols. 
 l2mo. He died at Paris, 1790. 
 
 MiRABEAU, Honore Gabriel Riquetti, 
 count de, son of the preceding, and deputy 
 of Provence to the states general, was born 
 1749. After serving for some time in the 
 army, during the war of Corsica, he married 
 a rich heiress of Aix ; but a fondness for 
 dissipation soon squandered away the pro- 
 perty which he had lately acquired, and he 
 left his country, overwhelmed in debts, and 
 in poverty. After being confined for some 
 time in the prisons of If, and of Joux, he 
 had an amour with the wife of Monnier, 
 the president of the parliament of Besan<jon, 
 and carried away the frail one to Holland. 
 For this crime he was condemned to lose 
 his head, and consequently was doomed t» 
 spend the rest of life in a foreign country. 
 He was, however, seized in 1777, and con- 
 fined in the castle of Vincennes, and three 
 years after, by the power of interest, re- 
 stored to liberty. Undismayed by reflec- 
 tions on his flagitious conduct, he appeared 
 at Aix, before the Parliament, to demand 
 his wife, who indignantly refused to live 
 with him, and he personally pleaded his 
 own cause, which proved deservedly unsuc- 
 cessful. The French revolution now arose 
 to give employment to the talents of this 
 depraved and ambitious man ; and when 
 rejected by the nobility of Provence, he, in 
 contempt of their order, opened a shop, 
 over which he inscribed, Mirabeau, mar- 
 chand de draps. This probably recom- 
 mended him to the populace of Aix, whose 
 deputy he was elected to the third estate, 
 and consequently called, by the court, with 
 contempt, the plebeian count. In the as- 
 sembly, by his abilities, his eloquence, and 
 his intrigues, he became a leading member ; 
 but though he aimed at populai'ity, he yet 
 wished for power, and secretly planned the 
 destruction of the monarchy, and the rege- 
 neration of the state under a new order of 
 things. His ambition displayed itself in 
 spite of his hypocrisy, and when the unfor- 
 tunate Lewis appeared in the assembly, all 
 covered with diamonds, the aspiring de- 
 puty could not help exclaiming to one of 
 his accomplices, behold the victim. Thus, 
 by his intrigues, and by the vast re- 
 sources of his mind, he was capable of 
 being apparently the friend and the lead- 
 er of all parties ; and while he created, 
 as one of his biographers has observed, 
 volcanoes, for the pleasure of extinguish- 
 ing their flames, he flattered himself, se- 
 cretly, with the hope of being one day, 
 like another Cromwell, the protector of 
 France. While the favourite of the mul- 
 titude, he did not hesitate to accuse the 
 Jacobins, and to denounce vengeance 
 
MIK 
 
 MIK 
 
 agamst the lactious ; but his throats wuie 
 the signal of his death, lie was attacked 
 by a sudden disease, which in a few lioins 
 proved fatal, 2d April, 1791, and though 
 the physicians, who opened his body, at- 
 tributed his death to the violence of a fever, 
 the public believed that he had been cut off 
 by poison. His funeral was conducted 
 with all the pomp of republican pride, and 
 his remains were deposited near those of 
 Des Cartes ; but as he had observed that 
 near the capitol was the Tarpeian rock, 
 this same fickle populace dispersed, the 
 following year, his ashes in the air, with 
 every mark of ignominy. Mirabeau wrote, 
 a Comparison between the great Conde 
 and Scipio Africanus — History of Prussia 
 under Frederic the Great, 8 vols. 4to. — 
 Collection of his Labours in the National 
 Assembly, 5 vols. 8vo. — Original Letters, 
 containing an Account of his Life and 
 Amours, 4 vols. 8vo. — Secret History of 
 the Court of Berlin, 2 vols. 8vo. a work 
 burnt by the hands of the hangman — a trea- 
 tise on Lettres de Cachet, 8vo. — Political 
 Pamphlets, besides some indecent books, 
 &c. 
 
 Mirabeau, Boniface Riquetti, viscount 
 de, brother to the preceding, served with 
 distinction in America, and, at the time of 
 the French revolution, was elected deputy 
 of the nobility of Limousin to the states 
 general. He ably opposed the union of 
 the three chambers, and when the king, in 
 an evil hour, sanctioned it, he, in quitting 
 the room, broke his sword, and declared 
 that the monarchy was at an end. The 
 innovations introduced by the demagogues 
 were resisted by him with equal boldness, 
 and when he found that attachment to the 
 throne became a crime, he emigrated, and 
 raised a regiment, which served with cre- 
 dit under the prince of Conde. He died at 
 the end of 1792, at Friburg, in the Brisgaw. 
 He was author of some songs and other 
 temporary satires, at the beginning of the 
 revolution. He was much addicted to 
 drinking, and was, it is said, a man of little 
 courage. When he paid a visit to his bro- 
 ther, who had been wounded in a duel, he 
 was received with great politeness, and 
 thanked earnestly for his attention, be- 
 cause, observed, with keen satire, the 
 wounded man, I am afraid I shall never 
 have the opportunity of returning your 
 visit. 
 
 MiRABELLA, Vinccnt, an Italian, author 
 of the Ancient History of Syracuse, 1713, 
 folio, Naples, a scarce book. He died 1674. 
 
 Mir.*: us, Aubertus, a learned German, 
 born at Brussels, 1573. He was almoner 
 and librarian to Albert, archduke of Aus- 
 tria, and died, 1640, at Antwerp. He 
 wrote, Opera Historica et Diplomatica, 2 
 vols, folio — Elogia Illustrium Belgii Scrip- 
 torum, 4to.— Vita Justi Lipsii, 8vo.— Ori- 
 
 fiinea Bencdictinaj — Origincs tarihusiauu- 
 rum, 8vo.— Bil.liothcru Ecclc>ia«tica, 2 
 vols, folio — Itcruiu iielgicarum Chronicon 
 — de Rebus Bohemicis. 
 
 MiuANDui.A, Jolm Pirus, carl of, a cele- 
 brated Italian nobleman, born 24th Feb. 
 1463. He lost his father early, but he 
 found in his mother a most attentive guar- 
 dian, and the care which she took of his 
 education was repaid by the most astonish- 
 ing improvement. To strong natural pow- 
 ers, Mirandula united unceasing applica- 
 tion, and he possessed, besides, a memory 
 so retentive, that nothing which he heard 
 or read was ever forgotten. After studying 
 the law at Bologna, he visited the most ce- 
 lebrated universities of France, and by 
 conversation, and by study, still enlarged 
 the resources of his capacious mind. At 
 his return to Rome, though only 23, he 
 published 900 propositions in logic, mathe- 
 matics, divinity, physics, &c. drawn not 
 only from classical, but Jewish and Arabian 
 authors, and challenged, through the uni- 
 versities of Italy, any philosopher or divine 
 to enter the lists with him in disputation. 
 This public exhibition of learning was anti- 
 cipated not only with astonishment but 
 envy, and enemies soon arose, who per- 
 suaded pope Innocent VII. that 13 of the 
 propositions were heretical ; and the dis- 
 appointed Mirandula, though he explained 
 in a submissive " Apology," was forbidden 
 to read or dispute upon these theses. In 
 1491 Mirandula bid adieu to profane litera- 
 ture, to devote himself more attentively to 
 divinity. He declared war against astro- 
 logers, because, it is said, they had foretold 
 his death at the end of his 33d year. The 
 prophecy was too true ; this amiable scho- 
 lar died at Florence, 17th Nov. 1494, in 
 his 32d year. He was buried in the 
 cemetry of St. Mark, in the habit of a Jaco- 
 bin, an order to which he wished, on his 
 death-bed, to belong, and these lines were 
 engraved on his tomb : 
 
 Joannes jacet hie Mirandula, ccttera nunmt 
 Et Tagus el Ganges, for san el Antipodes. 
 
 Though he died so young, he wrote several 
 works, which w^ere printed together at Bo- 
 logna, 1496, folio, and latterly at Basil, 
 161)1. They arc written in elegant Latin, 
 and have been translated into French and 
 Italian, and they display profound learning, 
 acuteness, and vivacity. 
 
 Mirandula, John Francis Picus, prince 
 of, son of Galeoti Picus, the eldest brother 
 of John, just mentioned, was born 1469. 
 He succeeded in 1499 to his father, as the 
 head of his principality, but he met with 
 opposition in his lamily, and by the assist- 
 ance of the emperor Maximilian I. and of 
 the duke of Ferrara, his two brothers, Lew- 
 is and Frederic, obliged him to fly from his 
 country. Thus a fugitive in various coun- 
 
 331 
 
mr 
 
 iMOE 
 
 hies lor liiuc yt-arp, he was at last reinsta- 
 ted in 1511, by the assistance of pope Julius 
 II. but the next year the papal troops were 
 defeated at liav»nnia, and Mirandula again 
 sent into banishment. The expulsion of 
 the French from Italy in 1515, restored him 
 again to power, and he eontinued in pcace- 
 t'til possession of his principality till Oct. 
 1533, when his nephew Galeoti, the son of 
 J.cwis, supported by forty assassins, entered 
 his castle in the night, and murdered him, 
 with his eldest son. Though tossed in the 
 troubles of political life, he was a great 
 lover of learning, and was a more volumi- 
 nous writer than his uncle ; and though he 
 was inferior to him in wit, sprightliness, 
 and information, yet he was his superior in 
 solidity. Ilis works have been generally 
 edited with those of his uncle. 
 
 MiREVELT, Michael Jansen, a portrait 
 and historical painter, was born at Delft, 
 and died there 1741, aged 53. 
 
 MissoN, Francis Maximilian, a lawyer, 
 flistinguishcd for his eloquence in favour of 
 the protestants, before the parliament of 
 Paris. At the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, he came to England, and engaged 
 as travelling tutor to an English nobleman, 
 through Italy, in 1688 and 9. He died at 
 London, 16th Jan 1721. He published, a 
 New Voyage to Italy, 3 vols. 12mo. Hague, 
 a work commended by Addison, and trans- 
 lated into English — the Sacred Theatre of 
 Cevennes, or Account of Prophecies and 
 Miracles performed at Languedoc, 1707, a 
 weak performance — Observations of a Tra- 
 veller, 12mo. a posthumous work. 
 
 Mitchell, Joseph, a poet, born in 
 Scotland about 1684. He came to London, 
 and was patronised by lord Stair, and by 
 Sir Ilobert Walpole ; but the liberality of 
 his friends, and particularly of Aaron Hill, 
 was wasted away in extravagance and li- 
 centiousness, and thus by his improper con- 
 tluct, he remained always involved in dis- 
 tress and difficulties. He died Feb. 6th, 
 1738. He is described by Gibber as a poet 
 of the third rate, whose versification was 
 in a style of mediocrity, and exhibited few 
 marks of genius. He published the Fatal 
 Extravagance, a tragedy, properly belong- 
 ing to Aaron Hill — the Highland Fair, a 
 haTlad opera — and poems, 2 vols. 8vo.l729. 
 
 Mitchell, John, M.D. a native of Eng- 
 land who came to America in 1741, for the 
 purpose of investigating its botanical trea- 
 sures, and took up his residence at Urban- 
 na, in Virginia. He was a great botanist, 
 and paid particular attention to the Hybrid 
 productions. He wrote a useful work on 
 the general principles of Botany, contain- 
 ing descriptions of a number of new genera 
 of plants, which was published in quarto in 
 1769, and also in 1743, an " Essay on the 
 Causes of the different colours of people in 
 different climates," which was sent over to 
 
 332 
 
 Mr. Collinson and published in thephiloso-^ 
 phical transactions, volume 43d. He was 
 an eminent physician as well as botanist. 
 He returned to England about the year 
 1748, having transmitted not only to his 
 friends in Great Britain, but also to Lin- 
 naeus, much valuable information concern- 
 ing American plants. The Swedish bota- 
 nist took care to perpetuate his name by 
 giving it to a beautiful American plant, the 
 MitchelUi Repens. It is believed that he 
 was the author of the map of North Ame- 
 rica published in 1755. jCZP" L. 
 
 MiTHRiDATES, king of Pontus, was 
 surnamed the Great. He made war against 
 the Romans, which continued for several 
 years, and though defeated by LueuUus, 
 Sylla, and Pompey, he still maintained his 
 armies in the field, and threatened to carry 
 invasion into the heart of Italy. He put 
 an end to his life, when his son Pharnaces 
 rebelled against him, B. C. 64. 
 
 Mittarelli, John Benedict, a native 
 of Venice, general of the order of the Cal- 
 mudenses, of which he published a history, 
 in 8 vols, folio. He wrote other works, 
 and died 1777, aged 69. 
 
 MoAViA, general of the caliph Omar, 
 avenged his master's death, and seized his 
 kingdom, 643 A.D. After taking Rhodes, 
 and destroying the colossus, he attacked 
 Sicily, and afterwards carried devastation 
 to the gates of Constantinople. He was, 
 however, unsuccessful, and after besieging 
 in vain the capital for seven years, he pur- 
 chased peace by paying an annual tribute 
 to the eastern emperor. He died 680. Du- 
 ring this siege the Greek fire is said to have 
 been invented, and to have been used with 
 peculiar eftect against the besiegers. 
 
 MocENiGo, Lewis, a Venetian, like many 
 of his family raised to the dignity of doge 
 1570. Supported by the pope, and by 
 Spain, he attacked the Turks who had 
 seized Cyprus, and their combined fleet de- 
 feated the infidels at the celebrated battle 
 of Lepanto, Oct. 7th, 1571, the doge died 
 1576. One of his family, Andrew, was an 
 able negotiator, and wrote two historical 
 works, de Bello Turcarum ; la Guerra di 
 Cambrai. 
 
 MoDREVius, Andreas Fricius, secretary 
 to Sigismund Augustus, king of Poland, 
 was a learned man, and wrote vai'ious 
 works, of which that " de Republicri Emen- 
 dendii," in five books, printed 1554, is 
 highly esteemed as a most able political 
 performance. In his religious opinions he 
 showed himself very inconsistent, and 
 while he inclined to the Lutherans he ren- 
 dered himself suspected by the catholics, 
 and exposed to the resentment of Pius V. 
 He is regarded by Grotius as a person who 
 wished to reconcile the different schemes 
 of x'cligion. 
 
 MoEBic!5, Godfrey, a native of Thuringia. 
 
MOL 
 
 MOL 
 
 find medical professor at Jena, ua« author 
 of Physiological Principles of Medicine, 
 4to. ; Abridgment of tiie Elements of Medi- 
 cine, fol. 5 Anatomy of Camphire, 4io. in 
 Latin. His son of the same name was 
 also a physician, and published Synopsis 
 Medicina' Practice, fol. 1G67. He died at 
 Ilalle 16G4, aged 53. 
 
 MoEBius, George, a native of Lauchan, 
 in Thuringia, professor oftheology at Leip- 
 sic, where he died 1697, aged 81. He 
 wrote on the Origin, Propagation, and 
 Continuance of Pagan Oiaclcs, against 
 Vandale, l2mo. 
 
 MoiNE, Stephen le, a learned protestant, 
 born at Caen 1G24, He became professor 
 of divinity at Leyden, and died there 1689. 
 He wrote " Varia Sacra," 2 vols. 4to. and 
 other theological works. 
 
 MoiNE, Peter, le, a French poet born at 
 Chaumon, in Bassigny 1602. He was a 
 Jesuit, and was the first of that society who 
 acquired reputation as a French poet. His 
 greatest work is " St. Lewis," an epic poem 
 in IS books. His works are not highly ap- 
 proved by Boileau, and are therefore only 
 above mediocrity. He died at Paris 22d 
 Aug. 1672. 
 
 MoiNE, Francis le, a French painter, 
 born at Paris 1688. He was the pupil of 
 Galloche, and was professoi- of the academy 
 of painting. His famous apotheosis of 
 Hercules in the grand saloon of V ersailles, 
 in which he was engaged four years, was 
 so much approved by the French king that 
 he made him his painter, with a liberal 
 pension. In a fit of llunacy this unfortu- 
 nate man stabbed himself with his sword, 
 and died 4th June, 1737, aged 49. 
 
 MoiNE, Abraham le, a French divine, 
 Tvho left France on account of his religion, 
 and became the minister of a protestant 
 corgregation in London, where he died 
 1760. He translated into French Gibson's 
 Pastoral Letters ; Sherlock on the Wit- 
 nesses of the Resurrection, and on the Use 
 and End of Prophecy, with learned and va- 
 luable notes and dissertations. 
 
 MoivRE, DE. Vid. Demoivre. 
 
 MoLA, Pietro Francesco, a painter born 
 at Lugano, in Switzerland, 1609. He was 
 the pupil of Arpino, and of Albano at Rome, 
 and he afterward.-; studied the worlcs of Ti- 
 tian, and acquired a peculiar style of his 
 own which ensured him success and repu- 
 tation. He died 1665. He chiefly excel- 
 led in history, and also in landscape. 
 
 MoLA, Giovanni Battista, the brother, 
 according to some, of the preceding, was 
 also an eminent painter. He studied un- 
 der Vouet at Paris, and afterwards under 
 Albano, and was much admired for his 
 landscapes, and the foliage of trees. He 
 was born about 1620 ; but the year of his 
 death is not known. 
 
 MoLANUs, or VtRMEULiN, John, an 
 ecclesiastic, professor of theology at Lou- 
 
 valne. He was born at Lisle, and died 
 18th Septcml)er, 15S5, aged 52. He pub- 
 lished L'snard's Murtyrology, with notes 
 and an appendix, 8vo. ; Nutales Sanctorum 
 Belgii, l2mo. ; Historia S. S. Imaginum et 
 Picturarum, 8vo. and 1771, 4io. with a 
 Supplement by Paquot ; de Canonicii, a 
 work of merit ; dc Fide Hereticis servan- 
 dA ; de Piis Testamentia ; Theologiat Prac- 
 ticae Compendium ; Militia Sacra Ducum 
 Brabant. ; Rei'um Lovaneng. fee. 
 
 MoLANUs, Gerard Walter, a Lutheran 
 divine, abbot of Locuum. He wa.-. the cor- 
 respondent of Bossuet, with respect to an 
 union between the catholics and protes- 
 tants. He wrote some theological works, 
 and died 1722. 
 
 MoLAT, James de, the last grand master 
 of the Templars. The riches, as well as 
 the pride of his order, excited the suspicion 
 and the jealousy of Philip the Fair, who, 
 with the consent of the pope, seized their 
 property, and summoned the master to ap- 
 pear at Paris, to answer for his conduct. 
 Molay came, attended by sixty knights, 
 but they were no sooner in the power of 
 their persecutors, than they were seized, 
 and all burnt alive, falsely accused as being 
 guilty of atrocious crimes. Molay sufler- 
 ed 11th May, I3l4, and before the fatal 
 torch was lighted, declared his innocence, 
 and the innocence of his order. 
 
 MoLEswoRTH, Robert, viscount, an able 
 statesman, descended from an ancient fa- 
 mily in Northamptonshire, ^vas born De- 
 cember 1656, in Dublin, where his father 
 who died before his birth had settled as a 
 merchant. He was educated at Dublin, 
 and displayed so much zeal and patriotism 
 at the revolution, that James's parliament 
 sequestered his property. The victorious 
 William, however, rewarded his fidelity, 
 made him one of his privy counsellors, and 
 sent him as his ambassador to Denmark. 
 After a residence of three years Moles- 
 worth offended the Danish court by not 
 sufficiently respecting the customs and the 
 privileges of the country, and left the place 
 abruptly, and on his return to England 
 published "an Account of Denmark." The 
 book, though well received and translated 
 into several languages, offended prince 
 George of Denmark, by representing the 
 Danish government as tyranical, and a 
 memorial of complaint was presented to 
 king William, and an answer prepared to 
 it by Dr. King. But Molesworth disregard- 
 ed these measures, safe in the public appro- 
 bation and the f-icndship of Shaftesbury. 
 He was member of the Commons in seve- 
 ral parliaments, but rendered himself ob- 
 noxious to the clergy, by an affectation of 
 popularity, and by profane insinuations 
 that religion is a pious craft, a useful state 
 engine, but far inferior to the principles 
 which in the school of Athens and Rome, 
 incited their attentive youth to the love of 
 
 333 
 
MUL 
 
 MOL 
 
 their country, and to the practice of the 
 moral virtues. As he strongly supported 
 the Hanoverian succession, notwithstand- 
 ing the eccentricity of his principles, he 
 could not but be acceptable, for his abilities 
 and influence, to George I. by whom he 
 was made a privy counsellor, and created a 
 peer of Ireland 1716. He died 22d May, 
 1725, at his seat neai Dublin, leaving by 
 his wife seven sons and four daughters. 
 He published besides, an address to the 
 House of Commons, and translated Hotto- 
 man's " Franco-Gallia." 
 
 MoLEviLLE, Bertrand de, a French 
 statesman, was born in 1744. He was mi- 
 nister of the Marine in the reign of 
 Louis XVI. ; and when the Revolution 
 broke out he sought an asylum in England ; 
 where he published Memoirs of the Revo- 
 lution, and several other works on that sub- 
 ject. He died at Paris, Oct. 19th, 1819.— 
 W. B. 
 
 MonERE, John Baptist Pocquelin de, a 
 celebrated French comic writer, born at 
 Pari3, 1320. His real name was Pocquelin, 
 and his father who was a tapestry maker to 
 the court, intended him for his own busi- 
 ness. The boy, however, being frequently 
 taken by his grandfather to the theatre, 
 acquired such a taste for dramatic represen- 
 tations that his contempt for tapestry ma- 
 king prevailed, and he was sent to study 
 under the Jesuits at the college of Cler- 
 mont. In five years he here completed his 
 education, and further improved his mind 
 by attending with his friends Chapelle and 
 Bernier, the lectures of Gassendi the cele- 
 brated philosojAer. He afterwards applied 
 himself to the law, but after his father's 
 death, he renounced all other employments 
 for the stage, and uniting himselt with one 
 of those small theatrical parties which 
 were now patronised by Richelieu, he as- 
 sumed the name of Moliere, which he has 
 rendered so illustrious. He joined La Be- 
 jart, an actress of some merit, and with her 
 went to Lyons, in 1653, where he produced 
 his first play called i'Etourdi, or the Blun- 
 ■derer, which was received with universal 
 applause. He performed afterwards at 
 Languedoc, was at Grenoble in 1657, and 
 the next year went to settle at Rouen. 
 Some visits to Paris recommended him to 
 the great, he was noticed by the duke of 
 Conti, by the king's brothers, and at last 
 patronised by the monarch himself. He 
 exhibited before the king, and with such 
 success that he received a pension, and 
 continued from that time to entertain the 
 court, by a rapid production of new plays. 
 The last comedy which he produced was le 
 Malade Imaginaire, or the Hypocondriac, 
 and on the fourth night of its being acted, 
 17th Feb.1673, the author died. It has been 
 said that he exerted himself much in the 
 chief character, and that as in a part of the 
 334 
 
 play the actor pretends to be dead, Moiierc 
 was discovered to be not only a theatrical, 
 but a real corpse. This incident has given 
 occasion to the following beautiful lines : 
 
 Roscins hie situs est, triste Molierus in urnd, 
 Cui genus humanum ludere, Indus erat. 
 
 Dum ludit mortem, mors indignata jacentem 
 Corripit, et mimum Jingere s(Bva negat. 
 
 It is, however, certain that during the re- 
 presentation the author had a severe deflux- 
 ion on his lungs, and that after the con- 
 clusion of the piece, he went to bed and 
 expired half c.n hour after, by the bursting 
 of a vessel in iLe lungs through excessive 
 coughing. The death of their favourite ac- 
 tor deeply affected the Parisians, and Lewis 
 XIV. interested himself much in the ho- 
 nours to be paid to hi^ memory. Though 
 the archbishop would not permit his body 
 to be deposited in consecrated ground, the 
 severe sentence was reversed by the king's 
 command, and the lamented poet was bu- 
 ried in St. Joseph's chapel. Moliere by his 
 " Tartuffe" had drawn upon himself the in- 
 dignation of the clergy, and that of the 
 other orders, by the severity with which he 
 lashed their follies and extravagant conduct. 
 He was, says Voltaire, the best comic poet 
 that ever lived in any nation, and it must 
 be confessed that he retrieved comedy out 
 of chaos, as Corneilie had tragedy. He 
 married the daughter of his fellow-come- 
 dian, La Bejart, who was suspected of be- 
 ing his own child, and with her be led a 
 very unhappy life, ever haunted by jealousy, 
 and too sensible of the fair one's frailties. 
 To his own experience some attribute the 
 great success with which he paints the 
 broils of domestic life, and the varying pas- 
 sions which agitate the jealous breast. Mo- 
 liere's widow married afterwards a come- 
 dian namea Guerin, and died 1728, aged 
 92. The plays of Moliere have frequently 
 been printed, the best edition is that of Pa- 
 ris, 1772, in 6 vols. 8vo. They have ap- 
 peared also in an English dress, and several 
 of them have been introduced on our stage. 
 
 MoLiEREs, Joseph Privat de, a French 
 philosopher of noble birth. He was born 
 at Tarascon, and was educated at the ora- 
 tory, after which he went to Paris. As the 
 friend of Malebranche, and a man of great 
 abilities, he was admitted into the academy 
 of sciences, and in 1723, made philosophi- 
 cal professor of the Royal college. He 
 wrote Mathematical Lessons to understand 
 Philosophy, l2mo. — Lessons of Philosophy, 
 or Elements of Physics, &c. to explain and 
 improve the systems of Des Cartes and New- 
 ton, 3 vols. 8vo. — Elements of Geometry, 
 12mo. He died 1742, aged 65. 
 
 Molina, Lewis, a native of Cuenza, 
 New Castile, of noble birth. He studied 
 at Coimbra, and was admitted among the 
 Jesuits, and for twenty years was professor 
 
MOL 
 
 ilOL 
 
 of divinity at Ebora, He died at Madrid, 
 IGOO, aged 65. He wrote besides Commen- 
 taries on the Summaof A(niinas— a treatise 
 de Justitia & Jure — de Concordia Gratia; 
 & Libcri Arbitrii, 4to. a work in which the 
 author is accused by the Dominicans of re- 
 viving Pelagiaiiism. A Spanish author of 
 that name, wrote a valuable work on the 
 hereditary property of the Spanish nobles. 
 MoLiNiEUs, Carolus, or Charles du Mou- 
 lin, a French lawyer, born at Paris, 1500. 
 An impediment in his speech prevented his 
 displaying his abilities at the bar ; but he 
 wrote on jurisprudence with such success 
 that he was called the Papinian of France. 
 In 1552, in consequence of the persecution 
 of the protestants he removed to Basil and 
 other places, and on his return to Paris was 
 confined in the Conciergerie for some se- 
 vere reflections on the council of Trent, 
 but was restored to liberty by the interces- 
 sion of the queen of Navarre. In his old 
 age he conformed to the Roman catholic 
 tenets, and died 1566. His works were 
 published 1681, in 5 vols, folio. It is said 
 that he was allied to Elizabeth queen of 
 England. 
 
 MoliNjEus, or DU Moulin, Peter, apro- 
 testant minister, of the same family as the 
 preceding, born at Bcchny in the Vexin, 
 1568. He studied at Sedan, and afterwards 
 at Christ college, Cambrid^^e, and obtained 
 the professorship of philosophy at Leyden, 
 where he had among his pupils the celebra- 
 ted Grotius. In 15S9 he became minister of 
 Charenton, and chaplain to Catherine of 
 Bourbon, the sister of Henry IV. whom 
 he preserved in the protestant faith, against 
 all the machinations of the catholics. In 
 1615 he was invited to England by James 
 I. who greatly honoured hirp, and gave him 
 a prebend of Canterbury. He was after- 
 wards deputed by the GaUican church to 
 the synod of Dort, where the affairs of the 
 reformed churches were to be discussed, 
 but was prevented by intrigues and mena- 
 ces. He was offered in 1618, the divinity 
 chair of Leyden, but declined it, though he 
 afterwards settled at Sedan, as theological 
 professor, and minister of the church. He 
 died thei'e 10th March 1658, aged 90. He 
 wrote among other things, a treatise on the 
 Keys of the Church ; the History of the 
 Monks ; a Defence of the Reformed 
 Churches ; the Anatomy of Arminianism, 
 folio ; Novitas Papismi. 
 
 MoLiNET, John, librarian to Margaret of 
 Austria, and canon of Valenciennes, died 
 1607. He wrote several things, the best 
 known of which are, les Dits et Faits de 
 Molinet, 8vo. ; a Paraphrase of the Ro- 
 mance of the Rose. His poems were re- 
 printed, Paris, 1723. 
 
 Molinet, Claude du, canon of St. Ge- 
 nevieve, was born at Chalons 1620, and 
 died 1687. He published the Epistles of 
 
 Stephen, bishop of Tournay ; a Latin His- 
 tory of the popt a from Medals, folio ; Re- 
 flections on the Origin and Antiquity of 
 the Canons ; on the Mitre o( the Ancients ; 
 the cabinet of St. Genevieve, &.c. 
 
 Molinetti, Anthony, a nativ»r of Ve- 
 nice, who practised mfMliciuc at Padua 
 with great reputation. He wrote a Latin 
 treatise on the Organs of Sense, Padua, 
 16G9, 4to. &.C. and died at Venice 1675. 
 
 MoLfNiER, John Baptist, a native of 
 Aries, distinguished as a preacher at Tou- 
 louse, Aix, Lyons, Orleans, and Pari?. He 
 was author of some valuable sermons, 14 
 vols. 12mo. ; Penitential Prayers, &c. He 
 died at Paris, 15th March 1745, aged 70. 
 
 MoLLiNOS, Michael, a Spanish ecclesias- 
 tic, born at Sarago«;sa 1627. He was the 
 cause of great controversies in the church 
 by his ** Spiritu Alguide," first published in 
 Spanish, and alterwards in other languages. 
 He inculcated in this famous work that 
 man must annihilate himself in order to be 
 united to the deity ; and this passive doc- 
 trine, called quietism, had many abettors, 
 and among them Fenelon, and Madame 
 Guyon. The author of it, however, fell into 
 the hands of the inquisition, and was forced 
 to abjure his errors, and sentenced to perpe- 
 tual imprisonment in which he died, 1696. 
 
 Moll, Herman, an English geographer, 
 who died 1732. His maps were once in 
 high esteem. 
 
 MoLLER, Henry, a protestant Hebrew 
 professor at Wittemberg, and author of 
 Commentaries on the Psalms, and Isaiah^ 
 some Latin poems, &c. He was born at 
 Hamburgh and died there 1589, aged 59. 
 
 MoLLER, Daniel William, a celebrated 
 traveller, professor of metaphysics and his- 
 tory, and librarian in Altorf university, was 
 born at Presburg, and died at Altorf, 1712, 
 aged 70. He wrote Opuscula Ethica, &c. 
 12mo. ; Opuscula Medico-historico-philolo- 
 gica, 12mo. ; Men aPoetica ; IndiculusPhi- 
 lologorum ex Germania oriundorum, 4to. ; 
 Meditatio de Insectis ex Acre delapsi?, 
 12mo. &c. 
 
 MoLLER, John, an able writer, born at 
 Fleinsbourg in Sleswick dutchy, died 1725, 
 aged 64. His son has published his life 
 at Sleswick, 1734. He wrote a Latin His- 
 tory of the Dutchies of Holstein and Sles- 
 wick, 8vo. ; Ciiiibria Literata, 3 vols. fol. ; 
 de Cornutis & Hermaphroditis, 4to. ; Isa- 
 goge ad Historiam Cbersonesi Cimbri- 
 cae, &c. 
 
 MoLLOT, Charles, an English dramatic 
 writer, born at Dublin, and educated at the 
 college there, of which he became fellow. 
 He entered ?t the Middle Temple, London, 
 and was engaged as the conductor of the 
 periodical paper *' Fog's Journal," and af- 
 terwards of " Common Sense." Ho mar- 
 ried a lady of fortune, and died 16th July, 
 1767. He wrote the Perplexed Couple — 
 
 335 
 
MOL 
 
 MON 
 
 the Coquet — Half-pay officer, three co- 
 medies. 
 
 MoLO, a rhetorician celebrated for his 
 learning, and for the number of his pupils, 
 among whom was Cicero. He chiefly resi- 
 ded at Rhodes. 
 
 MoLSA, Francis Maria, an Italian poet, 
 born at Modena. He possessed very great 
 talents, but unfortunately his manners and 
 conduct were licentious, and stopped the 
 way of his preferment. He died of a foul 
 disease contracted by his intemperate 
 pleasures, 1544. His poems, both Latin 
 and Italian, possess merit, and are to be 
 found tije first in the Deliciae Poetarum Ita- 
 lorum, and the latter in 2 vols. 8vo. 1750. 
 
 MoLSA, Tarquina, granddaughter of the 
 preceding, was deservedly celebrated for 
 her learning, her wit, her beauty, and her 
 virtues. She was highly esteemed at the 
 court of Alphonsus, duke of Ferrara, and 
 honoured with the appellation of singular, 
 by the Roman senators, who bestowed on 
 her and her family the rights of a citizen, 
 Dec. 8th, 1600. Besides some elegant trans- 
 lations from Greek and Latin authors, she 
 wrote some original pieces, and was equally 
 admired for her superior knowledge of mu- 
 sic. She was married, but had no children, 
 and losing her husband, she refused, though 
 young, again to marry. 
 
 MoLYNEUx, William, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, born 17th April, 1656, at Dublin, 
 and educated at Trinity college there. He 
 came to London, 1675, and entered at the 
 Middle Temple, and after three years' resi- 
 dence there, he returned to Ireland. The 
 bent of his genius led him to mathematics 
 and Astronomy. He was the correspon- 
 dent of Flamstead, and other learned men ; 
 and to his exertions Ireland v,'as indebted 
 for the establishment of her philosophical 
 society, of which he became the first secre- 
 tary, and sir William Petty the president, 
 1683. In 1685, he was elected fellow of 
 the Royal Society of London, and then tra- 
 velled to Flanders to improve himself in the 
 knowledge of engineering, as he was sur- 
 veyor of the works, and chief engineer of 
 Ireland. In 1689 he fled from the political 
 and religious disturbances which agitated 
 Ireland, and settled at Chester, where he 
 devoted himself to literature and science. 
 He returned to Dublin in 1692, and was 
 chosen member for the city ; and in 1695, 
 for the university. In 1698 he came to 
 England to pay a visit to the great John 
 Locke ; but on his return to Ireland he was 
 attacked by a severe fit of the stone, and 
 during his agony broke a blood-vessel, of 
 which he died I'lth Oct. 1698. He wrote 
 besides some papers in the philosophical 
 transactions, a treatise on Dioptrics, pub- 
 lished at Chester, 1692 ; Sciothericum 
 Telescopicum, or a description of the tele- 
 scope dial he had invented j the Case of 
 336 
 
 Ireland stated as being not bound by acts of 
 parliament in England, &c. Some of his 
 letters to Locke were also published. 
 
 MoLYNEux, Samuel, the only son of the 
 above by Lucy, daughter of sir William 
 Domville, was born at Chester, July, 1689, 
 and lost his mother a few days after. His 
 education was conducted after his father's 
 death by his uncle Dr. Molyneux the phy- 
 sician, and he afterwards became secretary 
 to George II. when prince of Wales. He 
 devoted much of his time to the sciences 
 and to astronomy, and brought to greater 
 perfection the method of making tele- 
 scopes, one of which he presented to John 
 V. king of Portugal. Wlien appointed one 
 of the commissioners of the admiralty, 
 public affairs superseded private studies, 
 and he gave his papers to Dr. Smith, astro- 
 nomy professor at Cambridge, by whom 
 they were published in his *' Complete 
 Treatise of Optics." 
 
 MoLTNEUx, sir William, a gallant sol- 
 dier in the service of Henry VIII. at the 
 battle of Flodden-field. On his death-bed 
 he gave this advice to his son " let the un- 
 derwood grow, the tenants are the support 
 of a family, and the commonality are the 
 strength of a kingdom. Improve this 
 fairly, but force not violently either your 
 bounds or rents above your forefathers." 
 
 MoMBRiTius, Monimus, a writer of Mi- 
 lan, author of some verses, and of a scarce, 
 but curious work called the Lives of the 
 Saints, printed 1479. 
 
 MoNALDESCHi, Lcwis, a native of Ovi- 
 etta, who settled at Rome, where he died 
 1380, aged 54. He wrote Roman Annals 
 from 1228 to 1340, in Italian. 
 
 MoNALDESCHi, Johu, the equerry of 
 Christina queen of Sweden, was cruelly 
 put to death at Fontainbleau, lOth Oct. 
 1657, for writing an account of the in- 
 trigues and licentiousness of his mistress. 
 The step was rash and vindictive, and 
 Christina was justly blamed, and felt the 
 displeasure of government for such violence 
 in a country where she was but a guest. 
 
 MoNAMT, Peter, a painter of sea pieces, 
 born at Jersey. He learnt first of a sign 
 painter on London bridge. He died at 
 Westminster 1749. One of his pieces, 
 finished 1726, is preserved in Painter's 
 hall. 
 
 MoNANTHEUiL, Henry de, professor of 
 mathematics, and dean of physic in the 
 university of Paris, 1577, translated Aris- 
 totle's Mechanics, with a Commentary. 
 
 MoNARDES, Nicholas, a physician of 
 Seville, whose works were greatly esteem- 
 ed, especially his Treatise on the Virtues 
 of the American Drugs, which have been 
 translated into English, Latin, and Italian, 
 He died 1578. 
 
 MoNBRON, N. Fougeret dc, a native of 
 Peronne, known for his virulence as an auv 
 
MON 
 
 \iUN 
 
 thor. He travestied the Henriadc of \ ul- 
 taire, and wrote besides, the Cosmopolite 
 — Preservation against Anglomania— and 
 some indelicate romances. He died little 
 respected, 1760. 
 
 Monceaux, Francis de, ambassador 
 from Alexander Farnese, to Henry IV. was 
 born at Arras. He is author of Bucolica 
 Sacra, 8vo. 15S9; Aaron Purgatus, sive 
 de Aureo Vitulo, 8vo. ; Tcmplum Justitiaj, 
 a poem ; Lucubrationcs in Cantica Cantic. ; 
 and the History of the Divine Apparitions 
 to Moses. 
 
 MoNCKTON, Robert, governor of New- 
 York, was appointed in 1761, and took on 
 him the administration in June, 176-2. He 
 had previously been lieutenant governor 
 of Nova Scotia, appointed in 1755, and 
 had the same year the command of the ex- 
 pedition against the French settlements 
 and forts south of the St. Lawrence. In 
 1758 he was appointed colonel of the royal 
 American regiment, and was a brigadier 
 general in the expedition against Quebec, 
 under general Wolfe. In 1702 he was en- 
 gaged in the successful expedition against 
 the French West India Islands, and com- 
 manded the land forces on that occasion. 
 He remained governor of New-York but 
 one year, and was succeeded by Sir Henry 
 Moore. In 1765 he was appointed gover- 
 nor of Herbert castle. He died governor 
 of Portsmouth, May ^Sd, 1782. He was 
 the son of John, lord viscount Monckton, 
 of Ireland, by a daughter of the duke of 
 Newcastle. IC?' L. 
 
 MoN'coNYS, Balthasar de, a native of Ly- 
 ons, who travelled into the East, and pub- 
 lished in 3 vols. 4to. an account of his ad- 
 ventures. He died at Lyons, 1665. 
 
 MoNCRiF, Francis Augustin Paradis de, 
 member of the French academy, was born 
 at Paris, and died 1770, aged 83. He wrote 
 an Essay on the Means of Pleasing ; the 
 Friendly Rivals, a Romance ; the Abder- 
 ites, a comedy, besides poems and smaller 
 pieces, collected, 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 MoNDONviLLE, John Joseph Cassanca 
 de, a musician of eminence, born at Nar- 
 bonne. Besides sonatas, symphonies, ope- 
 ras, he composed Magnus Dominus, the 
 Jubilate, Domiims Regnavit, and other re- 
 ligious pieces, and died at Belleville, near 
 Paris, 1772, aged 57. He was an excellent 
 and judicious player on the violin. 
 
 MoNGAULT, Nicolas Hubert, a learned 
 Frenchman, born at Paris 1674. He stu- 
 died under the fat'aers of the oratory, and 
 at Mans, and boldly opposed the philosophy 
 of Aristotle by that of Des Cartes. In 1710, 
 he was appointed by Orleans, regent of the 
 kingdom, to be preceptor to his son, the 
 duke de Chartres, and in consequence of 
 his faithful services he received tbc abbej' 
 of Chartreuve, 1714, and that of Ville- 
 neuve, I7l9. He publrsh'^d u valuable edi- 
 
 Voi. IL 4"^ 
 
 tion of Cicero's Letters to Atlicus, 6 vols. 
 r2mo. and translated Ht;rodian, and wrote 
 two learned dissertations in the memoirs 
 of the academy of inscriptions. He wa^ 
 member of this society, and alio of the 
 French Academy, and died 15lh Aug. 1746, 
 aged 72. 
 
 MoNiN', John Edward du, a native of 
 Gy, in Burgundy, author of some el»;gant 
 poems, in French and Latin, flourished un- 
 der Henry III. of France. He was assas- 
 sinated 1586, aged 29. 
 
 MoNis, Judah, a Jew of Italy, who cume, 
 to America, and was appointed, in 172f-», 
 the fjrst teacher of Hel)rew in Harvard 
 college. Two years after he embraced 
 Christianity, and was baptized. After sus- 
 taining his office nearly forty years, he re» 
 signed, in 1761, and died three years after, 
 in his eighty-secomi year. He published 
 in 1735, a Hebrew Grammar. ll.i'L. 
 
 Monk, George, duke of Albemarle, cele- 
 brated for restoring Charles II. to his 
 throne, was born of an ancient family at 
 Potteridgc, Devonshire, 6th Dec. 1608. As 
 he was a younger son, he devoted himself 
 to the profession of arms, and accompanied 
 as a volunteer, sir Richard Grenville in hi* 
 Spanish expedition, and the following year, 
 1626, he was made ensign in the expedi- 
 tion against the isle of Illic. After some 
 campaigns in Flanders, and great expe- 
 rience, he returned to England at the 
 breaking out of the civil wars, and he ob- 
 tained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the 
 king's expedition against the Scotch. In the 
 Irish I'ebeliion his services were so merito- 
 rious, that he was made governor of Dub- 
 lin by the lords justices ; but afterwards 
 giving otTence for making peace with the 
 rebels, he fell under tem})orary disgrace, 
 and then was appointed major-general, and 
 intrusted with a command at the siege ol" 
 Nantwich. Here he was surprised by Fair- 
 fax, and sent a prisoner to Hull ; but in 
 1646, he subscribed to the covenant, and 
 was employed by the republicans in the 
 Irish station. Though thus a friend to the 
 parliament, it is to be observed that the 
 king's power was now abolished, and that 
 in serving his former enemies he had no 
 other source of promotion or maintenance. 
 He had, in 1648, the chief command of the 
 army in the North of Ireland ; but his 
 treaty with the Irish rebel O'Neal, gave 
 great oftencc to the parliament, yet Crom- 
 well, who knew his abilities, reconciled him 
 to his situation, and left him at the head of 
 the army in Scotland, after the second 
 Charles's invasion. In 1653, he was uni- 
 ted with Blake and Dean in the command 
 of the sea forces, and by courage and good 
 conduct he obtained a victory over the 
 Dutch fleet. Though suspected by Crom- 
 well, he ivas invested still with the chief 
 commaml of the North, ftn<l for five year* 
 
MUN 
 
 UOh 
 
 recommended liimself to the love of his ar- 
 my and the affection of the people by his 
 affability, and conciliating manners. His 
 popularity indeed gave uneasiness to the 
 jealous protector, who is said in one of his 
 letters to him to have added this postscript, 
 " there be that tell me that there is a cer- 
 tain cunning fellow in Scotland, called 
 George Monk, who is said to lie in wait 
 there to introduce Charles Stuart ; I pray 
 you use your diligence to apprehend him, 
 and send him up to me." Monk, however, 
 knew how to dissemble, and when Charles 
 wrote to him, he sent the letter to the pro- 
 tector, and evinced his devotion to his ser- 
 vice by promoting addresses from the army 
 to him. After Cromwell's death he con- 
 gratulated his successor ; but when Richard 
 dropped the reins from his hand. Monk 
 conducted himself with deep and artful 
 caution, and while he listened to some who 
 ■wished him to seize upon the government, 
 lie seemed to pay little attention to those 
 who recommended the establishment of a 
 republic, or to those who sighed for the 
 restoration of royalty. Apparently unde- 
 cided he marched towards London, and be- 
 ing secure of the affection of his soldiers, 
 afid sensible of the general wishes of the 
 nation, he called a free parliament, and en- 
 sured the restoration of the exiled mo- 
 narch, with whom he had long secretly 
 corresponded. Replaced on the throne of 
 bis ancestors without bloodshed, Charles 
 showed his gmtitude to the illustrious cha- 
 racter who had so prudently effected it. 
 Monk was loaded with pensions and ho- 
 nours ; he became knight of the garter, 
 privy counsellor, master of the horse, first 
 lord of the treasury, and was created baron 
 Monk, earl of Torrington, and duke of Al- 
 Ijemarle, with a grant of 7€00/. to him and 
 liis posterity. His elevation gave pleasure 
 to the whole nation, and the commons in 
 full body attended the new peer to the 
 Tiouse of lords, where his modesty and un- 
 affected behaviour were the admiration of 
 all. Deservedly popular. Monk was con- 
 sulted and employed in every affair of im- 
 f»ortance. He was placed at the head of 
 the admiralty, and afterwards with prince 
 Rupert contributed much to the defeat of 
 the Dutch fleet. During the plague, the 
 liing, who retired to Oxford, intrusted him 
 ■with the care of London, and when the 
 city was burnt in his absence in 1666, the 
 people, fond of their favourite hero, ex- 
 claimed, that if he had been there, the 
 dreadful calamity would have been avoided. 
 This great man was attacked by a dropsy 
 which proved fatal, 3d Jan. 1669-70, in his 
 €2d year, and his remains were honoured 
 by the most magnificent pomp, and after 
 lying in state at Somerset house, were de- 
 posited in the royal vault of the chapel of 
 Heru-y VIL in Westmirrsster. Monk, who 
 33B 
 
 displayed s6 much moderation, and refused 
 to step to a throne, which was within his 
 reach, was fully entitled to all the honours 
 paid to him. In his private character he 
 was amiable, and he possessed also some 
 learning, as is proved by his book, " Obser- 
 vations on Military and Political Affairs," 
 &c. published after his death, in fol. 1671, 
 and a collection of letters which appeared 
 in 1715. He married the daughter of a 
 blacksmith who had been a milliner and his 
 mistress, but who ensured his affection and 
 his gratitude by her attendance upon him 
 when confined by the parliament in the 
 tower. She was a woman of great intrigue, 
 and of so violent a temper that the general, 
 who never dreaded a cannon shot, trem- 
 bled at the sound of her voice. He had 
 by her a son, Christopher, duke of Albe- 
 marle, who died governor of Jamaica, 1668, 
 when the family became extinct. 
 
 Monk, Nicholas, brother to the great 
 Monk, was educated at Wadham college, 
 and made rector of Kilkhampton, Corn- 
 wall. As he assisted his brother in the 
 restoration of the king, his services were 
 rewarded by Charles with the provostship 
 of Eton, and the bishopric of Hereford. 
 He died 1661. 
 
 Monk, the Hon. Mrs. daughter of lord 
 Molesworth, and wife of George Monk, 
 ■ was well acquainted with the Latin, Spa- 
 nish, and Italian languages, and wrote po- 
 etry with elegance and spirit. She died 
 about 1715, and her poems, under the title 
 of " Miranda, Poems and Translations on 
 several occasions," 8vo. appeared 1716, de- 
 dicated by her father to queen Caroline. 
 
 INIoNMOUTH, James, duke of, natural son 
 of Charles H. was born at Rotterdam, 1649, 
 and educated among the Roman catholics. 
 On his restoration Charles showed him va- 
 rious marks of kindness, and created him 
 earl of Orkney, knight of the garter, and 
 afterwards duke of Monmouth. He had 
 the care of an expedition in Scotland, and 
 afterwards served in an English regiment 
 in France, and obtained the rank of gene- 
 ral. In 1679, he defeated some of the 
 Scotch rebels ; but afterwards forgetting 
 his duty, he entered into a conspiracy to 
 dethrone his father. This ingratitude was 
 forgiven by Charles, but Monmoulh still 
 intent on schemes of ambition, retired into 
 Holland, and as soon as he heard that 
 James II. had ascended the throne, he de- 
 termined to invade the kingdom, and he 
 landed in Dorsetshire. He had the rash- 
 ness with few followers to attack the king's 
 forces, and he was defeated at Sedgmoor, 
 in Somersetshire, and taken afterwards In 
 disguise in a field, with some peas in his 
 pocket for his sustenance. He made the 
 most humiliating petitions to James ; but 
 his death Avas determined upon, and he 
 cam'*", out of the tower to ascerrd the «-'rar- 
 
MON 
 
 "MON 
 
 ^Ul. He Avavs beheaded 25th July, 16Sj, 
 juni in his lust moments showed resigna- 
 tion and fortitude. 
 
 MoNMKR, Peter le, professor of philoso- 
 |)hy in l!ie llareourt college, at Paris, was 
 iiuthor of Cursus Philosophious, 6 vols, 
 limo. and died at Paris, 1757, aged 82. 
 His son Charles was also a man of science. 
 He was professor of philosophy in the 
 royal college, member of the academy of 
 sciences, and was one of those sent by 
 the government in 1736, to measure a de- 
 gree of the meridian near the pole. He 
 died 1799. 
 
 MoNNOTE, Bernard de la, a learned 
 Frenchman, born at Dijon, 15th June, 
 1641. He obtained in 1671 the first prize 
 of poetry oflered by the French academy, 
 on the suppression of duelling, and again 
 gained the same honours in 1675, and in 
 1677. Besides his poetry in French, 
 and also in Greek, Latin, and Italian, in 
 all of which he evinced the greatest ele- 
 gance, united with sweetness and sim- 
 plicity, he wrote various other prose com- 
 positions. His Remarks on the Menagiana ; 
 his Dissertation on the Book de Tribus 
 Impostoribus ; his Dissertation on Pompo- 
 jiius Laetus, are well known, and to his 
 extensive information and assiduity, Bayle 
 was indebted for several curious particu- 
 lars in his dictionary. He left in MS. 
 some dissertations, epigrams, a collection 
 of letters, and other things. His poems 
 were edited at the Hague by Sallingre, with 
 an eulogium. He died at Paris, 15th Oct. 
 1728, aged 87. 
 
 MoNNOTER, John Baptist, a painter, 
 born at Lisle, and educated at Antwerp. 
 He was admitted into the academy at Pa- 
 ris with great applause, and afterwards 
 came to England, where he was much flat- 
 tered and approved. Several of his pieces 
 are preserved in the collections of lord 
 Carlisle, the duke of St. Albans, and others. 
 He died in Pall-Mall, 1669. 
 
 MoxRo, Alexander, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born in Scotland, 1697. He studied 
 at Paris and Leyden, and was the intimate 
 friend of Boerhaave. In 1719 he returned 
 to Edinburgh, and began those lectures in 
 anatomy and on chirurgical subjects, 
 which have rendered his fame so celebrated 
 as a man of science, and a skilful inquirer 
 after truth. He died 1767. His works 
 are Osteology ; Anatomy of the Nerves ; 
 Medical Essays and Observations ; Success 
 of Inoculation in Scotland, most of which 
 have been republished in one vol. 4to. 
 1781, by his son, who was also successor 
 in the professorial chair. 
 
 Monro, John, an able physician, of 
 Scotch extraction. He was born 16th 
 Nov. 1715, at Greenwich, in Kent, and 
 educated at Merchant-tailors' and St. 
 .Wm's roUege, 0\forcU of wWchhe beoamc 
 
 feUow. He was, by ilip int( rest which hit 
 father possessed with sir Robert Wulpole, 
 elected in 17 43, to oucjni' Dr. Uadrlifle's 
 travelling fellowship, and in r oiiscquenco 
 of the appointment went Hbroiul, and 
 studied under the famous Hocrhaavc at 
 Leyden. After visiting France, (itrmany, 
 and Holland, he returned to England, and 
 in 1751, was elected joint physician with 
 his father, to Bridewell and B<thl»-m hos- 
 pitals. In this oflice he devoted the whole 
 of his attention to cases of insanity, and in 
 1758, he published Remarks on Dr. liatlie's 
 Treatise on Madness, in which, in bold and 
 elegant language he retorted the censures 
 thrown on lijs predecessors by his adversa- 
 ry, and at the same time paid an honourable 
 and well-merited compliment to the memo- 
 ry of his father. He had by his wife six 
 children. The death of his eldest son, and 
 soon after of bis daughter Charlotte, had 
 a powerful influence on his spirits, and 
 brought on a paralytic stroke in Jan. 1783, 
 in consequence of which he gradually with- 
 drew himself from the labours of public 
 business, and retired to the village of Had- 
 ley, near Barnct, where he died 27th Dec. 
 1791, aged 77. Though he published only 
 the work already mentioned, be possessed 
 very extensive informatioiv, and great 
 abilities, and from his knowledge of the 
 early history of engraving, Mr. Strutt de- 
 rived much assistance in his history ef 
 engravers. 
 
 Monro, Alexander, D.D. a learned 
 divine, born in Rosshire, 1648, and educa- 
 ted at King's college, Aberdeen, where he 
 became professor of philosophy. In 1686 
 he was made principal of the university of 
 Edinburgh, but unwilling to comply with 
 the revolution, he was expelled, and be- 
 came an episcopal preacher. He wrote an 
 Inquiry into the New Opinions, in which 
 he attacked the Presbyterians with such 
 severity that he was obliged to fly from 
 their resentment. He returned after- 
 wards to Edinburgh, where he died 1713, 
 aged 65. 
 
 MoNSEY, Messenger, an eminent physi- 
 cian of extensive practice, and in his cha- 
 racter very singular and eccentric. He 
 was for many years physician at Chelsea 
 hospital, and died 1788, aged 96, ordering, 
 as he disapproved of interment in churches, 
 that his body should be anatomized, and 
 the skeleton hung up in Chelsea hospital, 
 for the benefit of the students. 
 
 MoNSiGNORi, Francis, a native of Vero- 
 na, eminent as a portrait and historical 
 painter. He was the disciple of Andrew 
 Mantagna, and died 1519, aged 64. 
 
 MoNSON, Sir William, a brave admiral, 
 born at South Carlton, Lincolnshire, 1569. 
 He was for two years at Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford ; but the love of adventure, and the 
 participtitjon of <^angcr were more conge^ 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 nial to his feelings, and therefore unknown 
 to his friends he enlisted for a common sol- 
 dier. He was afterwards in the sea ser- 
 vice, and engaged in the expedition of the 
 duke of Cumberland against the Azores, 
 and at the taking of Fayal. His bravery 
 and undaunted spirit in the various expe- 
 ditions in which he was employed strongly 
 recommended him to the notice and favour 
 of queen Elizabeth, by whom he was 
 knighted. Under James I. he was appoint- 
 ed admiral of the narrow seas, and distin- 
 guished himself against the Dutch and the 
 French. His services, however, were dis- 
 regarded, and through the jealousy of the 
 courtiers he was in 1616 imprisoned in the 
 tower, but soon after discharged. He was 
 consulted afterwards by the ministry on 
 jiaval subjects, and he opposed as impracti- 
 cable and improper the expeditions against 
 Algiers, 1617, and against Cadiz, 1625, and 
 Rh6, in 162S. In 1635 he was successfully 
 employed against the French and the Dutch, 
 and then retired to privacy. He died at 
 his seat, Kinnersley, in Surrey, February, 
 1642-3, aged 73. ' He published "Naval 
 Tracts," a valuable performance, printed 
 1682, folio. 
 
 Mont, Deodate de, a native of St. Fron, 
 celebrated as a painter. He travelled into 
 Italy with his master Rubens, and acqui- 
 red eminence by copying the beauties of 
 this great painter. He died 1634, aged 53. 
 Montague, Richard, an English pre- 
 late, born 1577, at Dorney, Buckingham- 
 shire, where his father was minister. From 
 Eton he went to King's college, Cambridge. 
 of w hich he became fellow, and afterwards 
 he was made chaplain to James i. and in 
 1616 installed dean of Hereford. He pos- 
 sessed other ecclesiastical preferment be- 
 sides, and in 1621 he distinguished himself 
 by his Diatribe on the first part of Selden's 
 History of Tithes, which so pleased the 
 king that he engaged him to write his Ana- 
 lecta Eccleiastic. Exercitationum, which 
 appeared 1622. In 1624 he attacked some 
 popish and Jesuit missionaries who attempt- 
 ed to gain over his flock at Stanford Rivers, 
 Essex, and in consequence of the contro- 
 versy which took place his enemies select- 
 ed some passages from his writings, which 
 they threatened they would submit to the 
 parliament as heretical, and inclined to 
 popery and Arminianism. With the king's 
 approbation he withstood their attacks, and 
 published his Appello Caesarem, 1625, which 
 as being more objectionable, brought him 
 before the first house of commons of 
 Charles I. where he was censured by the 
 speaker, and obliged to give a security of 
 2000/. for his appearance. Though prose- 
 cuted by the commons, he, however, found 
 a patron in the king, and he was in 1628, 
 promoted to the see of Chichester, and 10 
 vrars after translated f» Norwteh, where 
 
 he died 1641. He wrote besides Versio et 
 Notae in Photii Epistolas, and assisted Sa- 
 ville in his edition of St. Chrysostom's 
 works. He was an excellent scholar, and 
 Selden himself, his great antagonist, owns 
 him to have been a man well skilled in an- 
 cient learning. 
 
 Montague, Charles, earl of Halifax, 
 was born at Horton, Northamptonshire, 
 16th April, 1661, and from Westminster 
 school he went in 1682 to Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. His poem on the death of 
 Charles II. in 1684, recommended him to 
 the notice of the earl of Dorset, and of the 
 learned wits of the time, and the assistance- 
 which he gave to Prior in the composition of 
 the Country and City Mouse, 1687, to ridi- 
 cule Dryden's Hind and Panther, contri- 
 buted still more to his celebrity. On James 
 I.'s abdication of the throne he was ap- 
 pointed one of the members of the conven- 
 tion, and on William's arrival he was pre- 
 sented to him by lord Dorset, and received 
 a pension of 500Z. In 1691 he began to 
 display his oratorical powers in the house 
 of commons, and was made that same year 
 one of the lords of the treasury, and 
 three years after chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer. In 1695 he began the recoining 
 of the current money of the kingdom, and 
 completed it through all difficulties ; and in 
 1696 he projected the scheme of a general 
 fund, which has proved so essential to mo- 
 dern financiers under the name of the sink- 
 ing fund. In 1698 he was appointed first 
 commissioner of the treasury, the next 
 year auditor of the exchequer, and in 1700 
 raised to the peerage by the title of baron 
 Halifax. Though attacked by the com- 
 mons in 1701, as guilty of high crimes and 
 misdemeanors, the accusation was dis- 
 proved, and he gained in a stronger degree 
 the confidence and protection of the mo- 
 narch. His zeal in the cause of the Hano- 
 verian succession procured him the favour 
 of George I. on whose accession he was 
 created earl of Halifax, and made knight of 
 the garter, and first lord of the treasury. 
 He did not long enjoy his honours, as he 
 died suddenly, after an illness of four days, 
 May 19, 1715. Halifax owed his elevation 
 and his honours to his merits. As a man 
 of learning he was highly respectable, and 
 the patronage which he extended to Addi- . 
 son, to Steele, Pope, Swift, and the other 
 wits of the age, will extend his fame to the 
 latest posterity. His poems, speeches, &c. 
 and memoirs of his life have been collected 
 among the works of English poets. 
 
 Montague, Edward, earl of Sandwich, 
 an illustrious character, who, though he 
 fought against Charles I. and advised Crom- 
 well to assume the crown, was zealous for 
 the restoration of the royal family. Distin- 
 guished as a general and as a statesman, he 
 was cgually so as an admiral, aad in thf- 
 
MON 
 
 .MON 
 
 Dutch war, which Charles II. undertook 
 by his advice, he behaved with astonish- 
 ing valour in the battle of Southwold 
 bay. After extricating his fleet, how- 
 ever, from the most imminent danger, his 
 ships caught fire from one of the fire-ships 
 of the enemy, and in the general confusion 
 he leaped overboard, and was drowned, 
 1672. He had been created an carl by 
 Charles II. He was distinguished also as 
 a writer, and gave to th(; world Letters to 
 Secretary Thurloe — Letters during his Em- 
 bassy in Spain — the Art of Metals, &c. 
 translated from the Spanish, a book of merit 
 — original letters, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Montague, lady Mary VV^ortley, eldest 
 daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, earl, and 
 afterwards duke of Kingston, was born 
 at Thoresby, in Nottinghamshire, 1690. 
 She received a very learned education, and 
 was instructed with her brother lord New- 
 ark in the knowledge of the Greek and 
 Latin classics. She married in 1712, Ed- 
 ward Wortley Montague, a gentleman of 
 great political knowledge and influence, 
 find distinguished not only as an eloquent 
 and upright member of parliament, but as 
 the friend of Addison, and in 1716 she 
 accompanied him in his embassy to Con- 
 stantinople. In this distant i*e2;ion she ex- 
 amined with accuracy the manners and 
 habits of the natives, and communicated 
 by letter her judicious observations to her 
 friends in England. To her sense and dis- 
 cernment Europe is indebted for the happy 
 introduction of the smallpox ; but it is to 
 be remarked that before she recommended 
 it she made the first experiment upon her 
 own son, and its success proved the means 
 of disseminating the blessings and the con- 
 tinuation of life to thousands. In 17 IS, 
 she returned to England, and settled at 
 Twickenham, where she formed a strong 
 intimacy with Pope. This proved, how- 
 ever, of short duration, the poet was iras- 
 cible, and he soon vented the severity of his 
 satires against his fair friend, and when 
 charged with the scurrility of his writings 
 he had the meanness to deny them. In 
 1739, .lady Mary went to settle at Brescia 
 near Venice for the benefit of her health, 
 ■where she continued till 1761, when she 
 returned to England to see her daughter 
 who had married lord Bute. She died the 
 following year. The letters of lady Mon- 
 tague appeared before the public in a sur- 
 reptitious edition in 1763, in 4 vols. 12mo. 
 under the care of the infamous Cleland, and 
 were read with such avidity that they were 
 translated into several languages. They 
 have made their appearance in a more cor- 
 rect and perfect form under the approbation 
 of her grandson lord Bute, in 5 vols. 8vo. 
 1803. These letters exhibit her powers 
 in a very pleasing view. The many ad- 
 v^oturea which attended her in her travels 
 
 are presented in interesting descriptiori, anU 
 prove thut with a warm un<l rouimiitic ima- 
 gination she possesj^cd great talents, and 
 inexhaustible powers of lai.^njage. Many 
 passages, however, it mu-t be acknow- 
 ledged, especially in her poetry, cannot be 
 read without a blush by a person of deli- 
 cacy, and it is to be lamented na much, 
 that such ofiVrisive pages should \<v present- 
 ed to the public eye, as that they should 
 issue from the pen of a lady of resprctable 
 character, of elegant taste, and solid judg- 
 ment. 
 
 MoNTAGirE, Edward Wortley, son of 
 the above, born at Warncliffe lodge, York- 
 shire, was remarkable for his eccentrici- 
 ties. He ran away from Westminster 
 school to become a chimney-sweeper, and 
 when restored by accident to hi*" parents 
 ho again left them to join himself to a fisher- 
 man, after which he embarked as a cabin 
 boy for Spain, and hired himseli there as a 
 servant to a muleteer. Here again he was 
 discovered and prevailed upon to return to 
 his friends, who placed him under the care 
 of a tutor, and with him he visited the 
 West Indies, and other foreign countries. 
 On his return he was elected member of 
 parliament, and conducted himself with all 
 the propriety becoming his birth and for- 
 tune ; but soon his fondness for novelty- 
 gained its usual ascendency, and he em- 
 barked for the East. At Constantinople 
 he adopted the dress and the manners of 
 the Turks ; he kept a numeious seraglio of 
 wives, he sat cross-legged, he wore a long 
 beard, and behaved with all the pomp of 
 oriental consequence. In early life he had 
 married a woman of mean birth, with 
 whom, however, he had never cohabited, 
 and hearing, while at Constantinople, of 
 her death, he determined, by a most ex- 
 traordinary plan, to alienate his fortune 
 from his relations, against whom he had a 
 particular dislike. He caused, therefore, 
 to be inserted in the English newspapers, 
 an advertisement for a young woman as a 
 wife, who was already advanced in her 
 pregnancy, and a proper person was ac- 
 cordingly provided ; btit before the roman- 
 tic hero could return thus to impose on the 
 world his false heir, death arrested his pur- 
 poses. He died in Italy, 1776, aged about 
 62. He was author of an Examination 
 into the Causes of Earthquakes — and of 
 Observations on the Rise and Fall of the 
 Roman En)pire — Account of the Moun- 
 tains of Arabia, which possess some merit, 
 besides some interesting papers inserted in 
 the philosophical transactions. 
 
 Montague, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Matthew Robinson of Horton, Kent, was 
 a lady of great accomplishments, which 
 were much improved under the tuition of 
 Dr. Conyers Middleton. About 1742, she 
 married Edward Montague, of Allertherpe, 
 
 341 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 Yorkshire, son of Charles, the fifth sou of 
 the first earl of Sandwich, and by him she 
 had only one son who died in his infancy. 
 She soon became a widow with an ample 
 fortune, and numerous connexions, and re- 
 spected by the great, the learned, and the 
 gay. She showed now greater attachment 
 to literature than to the amusements of the 
 fashionable world, and she formed among 
 her friends a literary club, which received 
 the singular appellation of the blue stock- 
 ing club, because one of the members, a 
 gentleman, generally wore stockings of 
 that colour. Her abilities and correct taste 
 W'eie evinced in her essay on the writings 
 and genius of Shakspeare, 1769, a valuable 
 work which .acquired deserved celebrity. 
 She was much courted by lord Lyttleton, 
 whom it is said she assisted in the composi- 
 tion of his dialogues of the dead. This 
 very respectable lady died in 1800, much 
 lamented by the tribe of chimney-sweepers 
 in the metropolis, to whom she had for 
 many years, with great humanity, and with 
 some show of ostentatious vanity, given a 
 splendid entertainment yearly on May-day. 
 
 Montague, Charles Greville, governor 
 of South Carolina, arrived in the province 
 and assumed the administration in 1766. 
 In 1773 he was succeeded by lord Camp- 
 bell, and was appointed governor of Jamai- 
 ca. He was the second son of the duke 
 of Montague; born May 29th, 1741, and 
 died in January, 1784. iCP" L. 
 
 Montaigne, Michael de, a celebrated 
 French writer, born of an ancient family at 
 Perigord, 1533. He was educated under 
 his fathf.r, and instructed to speak Latin 
 first as his mother tongue, and afterwards 
 he studied at the college of Guyenne. He 
 was intended for the law, but disregarding 
 the drudgeries of the profession, he travel- 
 led for the improvement of his understand- 
 ing by observations on men and manners. 
 While at Rome he was honoured with the 
 title and privileges of citizen, and in 1581, 
 he was chosen in his absence mayor of 
 Bourdeaux in the room of marshal Biron. 
 He was at the meeting of the states of 
 Blois, 1588, where his conduct merited the 
 approbation of his countrymen, and the no- 
 tice of Charles IX. who there invested him 
 Avith the order of St. Michael. He died 
 1592, at his seat of Montaigne near Bour- 
 deaux, where he had retired to the enjoy- 
 ment of learned ease, and philosophical 
 society, and his last moments evinced the 
 character of a good and faithful catholic. 
 His essays have been repeatedly published. 
 The best edition is that of Peter Coste, 
 with notes, 1725, or 1739, 3 vols. 4to. 
 They are amusing, and convey much in- 
 struction to the heart, though it must be 
 observed that often they abound with 
 skepticism and obscurity. Cardinal du 
 
 Pf'iTon called them thp brpviorv of hoj)PM 
 S4^ 
 
 men, and lord Halifax, to whom they vfere 
 dedicated by Charles Cotton, the transla- 
 tor, declares them to be the book in the 
 world with which he was best entertained. 
 His travels were printed, 3 vols.12mo.l772. 
 
 MoNTALBANi, Ovid, profcssor of me- 
 dicine and astronomy at Bologna, died 
 1672, aged 70. He was author of Index 
 Plantarum, 4to. ; Bibliotheca Botanica, 
 4to. ; Arboretum Libri duo, folio ; Episto- 
 la de Rebus in Bononiensi Tractu Indige- 
 nis, &c. 
 
 MoNTALEMBERT, Mark Ren6, a French 
 general, born at Angouleme, of a respect- 
 able family. He served with great credit 
 in the French, Russian, and Swedish ar- 
 mies, and distinguished himself as a man 
 of learning, and as member of the academy 
 of sciences. He was author of Perpendi- 
 cular Fortification, or the Defensive supe- 
 rior to the Ofiensive Art, by a new method 
 of employing Artillery, 11 vols. 4to. 1776 j 
 Correspondence with Generals, &c. 3 
 vols. ; comedies and poems. He divorced 
 his wife in 1794, at the age of SO, and took 
 another, by whom he had a daughter. He 
 died 1799, aged 85. 
 
 MoNTAMT, Didier Francis d'Arclais, 
 lord de, a native of Montamy in Normandy, 
 knight of the order of St. Lazarus, ^m- 
 ployed in the service of the duke of Or- 
 leans. Besides a treatise on Colours for 
 Painting on Enamel and Porcelaine, 12mo. 
 — he translated from the German of Pott, 
 Lithogeognosie, 2 vols. 12mo. and died 
 1765. 
 
 MoNTANTTs, founder of a new heresy in 
 the second century, was born at Or, near 
 Ardabus, in Phrygia. He pretended to be 
 immediately inspired with the Holy Ghost, 
 and was assisted in his prophetic labours 
 by two rich women, Priscilla and Maximil- 
 la, who where likewise inspired, but whose 
 gold, says Jerome, succeeded better to gain 
 converts than their working of miracles. 
 He denied the Trinity, and included all 
 the three persons into one indivisible ; he 
 regarded second marriages as fornication, 
 and established his authority among his de- 
 luded followers by declaring himself sent, 
 like Moses and Jesus, to propagate new 
 doctrines, and to lead the world to salva- 
 tion. The impostor for a while prevailed, 
 and even Tertullian himself was for a time 
 supporter of the doctrines of the Monta- 
 nists. It is said that at last Montanus 
 hanged himself, and his coadjutress, Maxi- 
 milla, followed his example. 
 
 Montanus, Benedict Arias, a learned 
 Spaniard, born at Frexenal de la Sierra, 
 near Badaios, 1528. After acquiring a 
 perfect knowledge of ancient and eastern 
 languages, he travelled through France, 
 Germany, England, and the Low Coun- 
 tries, to learn the living tongues, and at his 
 rcfjirn to Spairu was so ndmired, that Phi; 
 
lip II. employed his abilities in lh»^ piililica- kircs, be wlMlitd to lead liitii to the paths ol 
 tion of a new I'olyj^lott Bible, after the duty and honour. To inspire him with a 
 Complutensian edition. This he completed due sense of the attentions which sovereigns 
 \vith great labour and success, and it was owe to the meanest of their subjects, he 
 printed at Antwerp, 1571. Th(; work was one day took th(! prince to a cottage, where 
 attacked by various critics, but the Spanish he addressed him in these words ; " behold, 
 king was sensible of the merits of the au- lodged in this wretched habitation, the fa- 
 ther, and otlered him a bishopric, which ther, the mother, and the whole family, 
 he refused, preferring the peace of solitude who labour incessantly to provide gold, 
 and retirement to dignities. He died at that your palaces may be adorned, and who 
 Seville about 1600. He wrote besides, almost perish with hunger, that your table 
 critical tracts, and commentaries on the may be spread with the most exquisite 
 Scriptures. dainties." When hia attendance on the 
 
 MoNTANUs, John Baptist, an eminent prince was completed, he told him, " if you 
 
 physician, born at Verona, 1488. He stu- are a man of probity and honour, vom will 
 
 died the law at Padua ; but though it of- love me, but if you are not, you will hate 
 
 fended his father, he preferred physic, in me, and I shall comfort myself through the 
 
 which he soon acquired reputation and disappointment." This virtuous character 
 
 opulence. He retired to Padua, where he died 17th May, 1690, aged 80. By his 
 
 obtained a professor's chair, and though wife, Julia Lucy d'Angennus, of the house 
 
 solicited by the emperor, by the king of of Rambouillet, a woman of great merit 
 
 France, and by the duke of Ttiscany, he and virtue, who died 1671, aged 64, he had 
 
 refused to quit this peaceful abode. He only one daughter, who married the duke 
 
 died 1551. He wrote Medicina Universa of Usee. 
 
 — Opuscula Varia Medica — de Gradibus et Montbeillard, Philibert Gueneau de, 
 
 Facultatibus Medicamentorum — Lectiones an eminent naturalist, born at Namur, 
 
 inGalenumet Avicennam. 1720. He assisted Bufibn in his great 
 
 MoNTARANi, Geminiano, a natire of work, and wrote the History of Birds, and 
 Modena, mathematical professor at Bolog- began that of insects, but died before its 
 na, author of a Dissertation on Comets — completion, 1785. He was author of Col- 
 on the Fixed Stars — on Astronomical Ob- lection Academique, containing interesting 
 servations, &c. died at the end of the 17th extracts from the various learned societies 
 century. of Europe. 
 
 MoNTARRAGO, or Mascarenhas, Frerc Montcalm, Lewis Joseph de St. Verau, 
 de, a learned Portuguese, born at Lisbon marquis de, a native of Candiac, descended 
 1670. He wrote a Natural, Astrological, from a noble family. He was brought up 
 and Political History of the World — an to the military service, and in various en- 
 Account of Oudenarde and Peterwaradin gagements distinguished himself by his va- 
 — Narrative of the Death of Lewis XIV. lour, particularly at the battle of Placenza, 
 and other works, and died 1730. in 1746. He rose by degrees to the rank 
 
 MoNTAULT, Philip de, duke of Noail- of field marshal, and in 1756 he was select- 
 
 les, renounced the protestant faith by the ed to preside over the province of Canada, 
 
 persuasion of Richelieu, and rose to high In this distant province he ably opposed 
 
 rank in the army. He was in 1669 sent to the English general, lord Loudun, and de- 
 
 the relief of Candia, but failed in his at- feated his successor Abercrombie ; but 
 
 tempt, though he retired covered with the attack of Wolfe proved fatal. The 
 
 glory. He died at Paris, much respected, English general, determined on the con- 
 
 6th Feb. 1684, aged 65. His Memoirs ap- quest of Quebec, fell in the attempt, and 
 
 peared in 1701, but are little interesting. died in the arms of victory; and Mont- 
 
 MoNTAUSiER, Charles de Sante Maure, calm, who had opposed most valiantly this 
 
 duke de, peer of France, knight of the vari- illustrious chief, also shared his late, 1759. 
 
 ous orders of the monarchy, and governor Montchrestien de Vateville, An- 
 
 of ttie uauphin, was born of an ancient fa- thony, a Freiich poet, known for his con- 
 
 mily of Touraine. During the civil wars tentious disposition, and his various adven- 
 
 of the Fronde, he maintained order in his tures. He was for some time in England, 
 
 governments of Saintonge and Angoumois, in consequence of his being accused of mur- 
 
 and when appointed over Normandy, he der , but as the accusation seemed false, he 
 
 no sooner heard that the plague infested was permitted to return home. He wa.-^ 
 
 the country, than he hastened to the relief afterwards suspected of coining, and at 
 
 of the people. His family expostulated, last, engaged in the civil wars which dis- 
 
 but he replied, that governors were obliged tracted France, he was killed near Falaise, 
 
 to reside as well as bishops, and if not on by a party of his enemies, who attempted 
 
 all occasions, yet in the time of public cala- to arrest him, after a most dttermiaed de- 
 
 mity. In his conduct towards the dauphin, fence. The tribunal of Domfront ordered 
 
 he behaved like a man of probity, virtue, that his body should be torn to pieces and 
 
 ami iiitegrity, ajid without flfitteriirg his burnt, which ^vas done, 21st Oct. 1621. 
 
 :i4:? 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 He wrote some tragedies — besides a pasto- 
 ral — Susan, a poem, &c. 
 
 MoNTECucuLi, Count Sebastian, an Ita- 
 lian, made cup-bearer to the son of Francis 
 I. of France, whom he is said to have poi- 
 soned at Valence. When accused of this 
 horrid crime, and tortured, 1536, he con- 
 fessed thai he had done it at the instiga- 
 tion of the partisans of Charles V. but the 
 bloody deed originated in the criminal 
 breast of Catherine do Medicis, the wife oL 
 Henry II. who was brother to the murder- 
 ed prince. 
 
 MoNTECucCLLi, Raynard de, an able ge- 
 neral, born at Modena, 1608. His uncle 
 Ernest made him pass through all the gra- 
 dations of military life, and enlisted him 
 first as a common soldier. He first distin- 
 guished himself against the Swiss, 10,000 
 of whom he defeated with 2000 men, 
 though he was afterwards taken prisoner 
 by general Bannier. Restored to liberty, 
 after two years of confinement, he gained 
 fresh laurels against the Swedes, and at 
 the peace of Westphalia, began to travel. 
 In 1657 the emperor sent him as field mar- 
 shal to the assistance of John Casimir, 
 king of Poland, against the Swedes and 
 the Turks, and in this campaign he gained 
 several victories. In 1G73 he was employ- 
 ed against Turenne, who fell in the battle, 
 and afterwards against Conde, and m this 
 arduous contest maintained unsullied the 
 glory which he had acquired. He died at 
 Lintz 1680. His Memoirs were published 
 at Strasburg, 1735. 
 
 Monte Mayer, George de, a Castilian 
 poet, in the reign of Philip II. of Spain. 
 His poems, called Cancionero, appeared, 2 
 vols. 12mo. 1554. He wrote also, Diana, 
 a novel, and died 1560. 
 
 Montenault, Charles Philip, a French 
 writer, born at Paris. His History of the 
 Kings of the two Sicilies, of the House of 
 France, in 4 vols. 12mo. has been much 
 admired. He wrote also in the Journal 
 de Verdun, and translated into prose Quil- 
 let's poem, called Callipaedia. He died 1749. 
 Montespan, Athenais Mortimar, ma- 
 dame de, was wife of marquis de Monte- 
 span, and is known as the mistress of Lewis 
 XIV, Her husband ventured indignantly 
 to resist the intrigue, but banishment from 
 the capital, and the fear of despotic power, 
 soon reconciled him to his disgrace, and 
 100,000 crowns purchased his wife, his si- 
 lence, and his virtue. From 1669 to 1675, 
 this guilty woman exercised uncontrolled 
 authority, by her wit and by her beauty, 
 over the captivated monarch, and the peo- 
 ple of France ; till satiety, and the love of 
 madame de Maintenon, alienated the king's 
 regard. She, however, for some time con- 
 tinued at court, treated with respect, but 
 robbed of her personal influence, and she 
 divided her time, which passed on heavily 
 344 
 
 upon her mind, in acts of devotiou, ana 
 in the drawing up memoirs of whatever 
 passed at court. She had, by the king, a son, 
 created duke de Maine, and two daughters, 
 one married to the grandson of the great 
 Conde, and the other to the duke de Char- 
 tres. The last years of her life were spent 
 away from the court, on a pension of 1000 
 louis d'or a month. She died at Bourbon, 
 1717. She was rather ashamed of her faults, 
 says her biographer, than penitent for them ; 
 hali of her life was spent in grandeur, and 
 the rest in contempt. Her reign was so 
 intolerable and fatal, that the French re- 
 garded it as a judgment from heaven. 
 
 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 
 baron of Brede, a celebrated writer, of 
 a noble family, was born at Brede, near 
 Bourdeaux, 18th Jan. 1689. He devoted 
 himself to literature from his earliest years, 
 and first displayed the strong powers of his 
 mind in the publication of his Persian Let- 
 ters, 1721, in which he ridiculed the follies 
 and the vices of the French nation with 
 spirit and success. In 1722 he made some 
 eloquent and convincing remonstrances 
 against a tax which was going to be imposed 
 upon the people, and his appeal proved so 
 effectual that the tax was suppressed. He 
 was, in 1728, admitted member of the 
 French academy, after the opposition of 
 cardinal Fleury, who was displeased with 
 the language of his Persian Letters, against 
 religion and government, had been removed 
 by the influence of marshal d'Estrees. 
 Deeply engaged in the completion of his 
 great work, the Spirit of Laws, he visited 
 various countries for information, and after 
 passing through Germany, Hungary, Italy, 
 Switzerland, and Holland, he fixed his re- 
 sidence for two years in England. In this 
 country he was honoured with the attention 
 not only of the learned, but of the great, 
 and of the queen herself ; and he wiselj^ 
 observed, that England was the country 
 where to think, and France where to live. 
 On his return home, he finished his work, 
 on the cause of the Grandeur and Decline 
 of the Romans, and in 1748 appeared his 
 Spirit of Laws, 2 vols. 4to. This work, 
 which better deserves the name of the Spi- 
 rit of Nations, acknowledges three sorts of 
 government, the republican, the monarchi- 
 cal, and the despotic ; and in examining 
 these divisions, the author displays asto- 
 nishing depth of thought, vigour of imagi- 
 nation, and solidity of judgment, and de- 
 serves the honourable appellation of the 
 Legislator of the Human Race. He did 
 not, however, escape the censure of the 
 malevolent ; and while foreign nations ad- 
 mired this very philosophical performance, 
 some of the French critics pretended to dis- 
 cover strong blemishes in the composition. 
 He succeeded his uncle as president of tj»e 
 p^rliamcatt of Bonnl^ajix. and withi ajl fh** 
 
MO.V 
 
 \10\ 
 
 vcsignalion of a tnie Christian, died at 
 Paris, 10th Feb. 1755, aged (j(i, universally 
 lamented by the court, us well as by the 
 people. His Letters were published in 1767, 
 12mo. but his works have appeared toge- 
 ther in 3 vols. 4to. His son died 1796. 
 Vid. Skcomdat. 
 
 Montezuma, emperor of Mexico, dis- 
 played great firmness and powers of mind 
 in opposing the Spaniards, whom an igno- 
 rant people regarded as more than mortals. 
 He was at last seized by Cortes, in a pre- 
 tended sedition, and ignominiously loaded 
 with chains, and obliged to acknowledge 
 himself the vassal of Spain. The Mexicans 
 resented the indignities offered to their 
 king, and Cortes, apprehensive of a fatal 
 insurrection, made his royal prisoner ap- 
 pear before his irritated subjects on the top 
 of a house, and arrayed in his robes, at- 
 tempt to repress their violence. His sight 
 for a moment checked the popular fury ; 
 but the monarch, wounded by two arrows, 
 and by the blow of a stone, fell to the 
 ground, and soon after, refusing all aliment, 
 and rejecting every invitation of becoming 
 a Christian convert, expired, to the great 
 regret of the Spaniards, and of his subjects, 
 1520. He left two sons and three daugh- 
 ters, who became Christians. The eldest 
 son was enriched, and made by Charles V. 
 a count of Spain, where his posterity still 
 live in splendour. He died 1608. 
 
 MoNTFAUcoN, Bernard de, a learned 
 Benedictine of the congregation of St. 
 Maur, was born 17th Jan. 1655, at Roque- 
 taillade, in the diocess of Alet. He first be- 
 came a soldier, but the death of his parents 
 affected him so powerfully, that he renoun- 
 ced the world, and commenced Benedictine 
 monk, 1675. He now devoted himself to 
 literature with astonishing labour, and in 
 1698 travelled to Italy to consult libraries 
 and learned men. He was received with 
 respect wherever he went, and treated with 
 kindness by the Roman cardinals, and by 
 Innocent XII. In 1701 he returned to 
 Paris, and published an account of his jour- 
 ney, called Diarium Italicum, 4to. The 
 rest of his life was dedicated to literature, 
 for which he was so well qualified by his 
 extensive erudition, and his great know- 
 ledge of history and antiquity. He died at 
 the abbey of St. Germain, 21st Dec. 1741, 
 aged 87. His works are, Gra;ca Analecta, 
 4to. — St. Athanasius's works, Greek and 
 Latin, with notes, 3 vols. fol. — a Collection 
 of Ancient Greek Fathers, 2 vols, folio — 
 Palaeographia Graeca, folio — Remains of 
 Origen's Hcxapla, 2 vols foiio — Chrysos- 
 tom's works, Greek and Latin, with Notes, 
 13 vols, folio — Monumensdela Monarchic 
 Fran(^aise, 5 vols, folio — Bibliotheca Bibli- 
 othecarum, &c. 2 vols, folio — Dissertation 
 on Judith — and Antiquity Explained, a 
 most valuable work in French and Latin, 
 
 Vol.. IL 41 
 
 iUustratcd with figures cngra\rd on cop- 
 per, 10 vols, folio, with a Hiip^lcmcnt of 5 
 vols. more. 
 
 MoNTKLKiTRT, Zachary Jacob, a native 
 of Anjou, who was pnge to the duke of 
 Guise. He afterward.i, umltr the nanu: of 
 Montflcury, joined a strolling company in 
 Burgundy, and was one of the first player* 
 engaged in the Cid. He also wrote the 
 death of Asdrubal, a tragedy, and became 
 the instructor of Baron, who outshone liim 
 as a theatrical hero. He died Dec. H]C,7. 
 His sou Anthony Jacob, was born at Paris, 
 and left the profession of the law, against 
 his father's inclination, for the stage. He 
 wrote several comedies, which possc-i 
 little merit, and which have l)cen collected 
 in 4 vols. 12mo. 1775. He died 1685, 
 aged 45. 
 
 MoNTFORT, Simon count dc, a great 
 French general, whose cruelty, however, in 
 his crusades against the Albigenses, 1209, 
 deeply tarnished liis character. In ISII, 
 he defeated Peter, king of Arragon, and 
 was killed in 1218, at the siege of Toulousr, 
 by a woman who threw a stone upon hiii 
 head from the ramparts. His younger bro- 
 ther was the earl of Leicester, so celebra- 
 ted in English history. 
 
 MoNTGAiLLARD, Bernard de, a mendi- 
 cant friar, born 1553. He was called the 
 petit fueillant of the league, and acquired 
 so much celebrity as a preacher, that the 
 scripture expression of "happy is the womli 
 that bare thee," was applied to him. He 
 prostituted his powerful eloquence to the 
 meanest and most bloody purposes of the 
 league, and even excited de Rougcmont to 
 become the assassin of Henry IV. He 
 was abbe of Orval, a rich appointment, and 
 died of a dropsy, 1623. 
 
 MoNTGEROv, Lewis Bassille Carre de, a 
 Parisian, who pretended to be converted 
 from infidelity to Christianity, at the tomb 
 of the deacon Paris, an account of which 
 he presented to the king. He ^.as sent to 
 the Bastile for the wildness of his con- 
 duct, and the fanaticism of his writing-*, 
 and died in the citadel of Valence, 1754, 
 aged 67. 
 
 MoNTGOLFiER, James Stephen, a native 
 of Annonai in France, eminent as an inge- 
 nious paper manufacturer, and a> the first 
 who made vellum paper, so much admired 
 for its beauty and smoothness. A higher 
 degree of celebrity still awaited him : in 
 1783, as he was boiling water in a coffee- 
 pot, the top of which was covered with pa- 
 per, folded in a spherical form, he observed 
 that the paper gradually swelled, and rose 
 up in the air, and from this simple incident, 
 reflection and experiment proved to him 
 that a light machine, filled with gas, not mo 
 heavy as atmospheric air, might lloat in the 
 upper regions. The experiment was exhi- 
 bited to the eves of astonished Europe, and 
 
 34", 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 hy this extraordinary invention, the bold 
 aeronaut presumed to commit himself to 
 the air, and claim as his own the regions 
 which seemed assigned only to the feather- 
 ed race. For this singular service to sci- 
 ence, Montgolfier was made member of the 
 academy of sciences, created knight of the 
 order of St. Michael, and rewarded with a 
 j»ension from the king of 2000 livres. He 
 died in the autumn of 1799. His elegy was 
 pronounced by Boissy d'Anglas, at Paris, 
 and by Duret, at Annonai. 
 
 MoNTGOMERiE, John, govcmor of New- 
 York, was a native of Ayrshire, Scotland. 
 He was bred a soldier, and was at one pe- 
 riod aid tp George II. He was a court fa- 
 vourite, groom of the bed-chamber, and 
 master of the mint. For several years he 
 •was a member of parliament for Ayrshire. 
 In 1727 he was appointed governor of New- 
 York and New-Jersey, in the place of Bur^ 
 net, and continued in the office from the 
 time of his arrival in April, 1728, to his death 
 at New- York, July 1st, 1731. |CP L- 
 
 Montgomery, Gabriel de, count of, a 
 French nobleman of Scotch origin. In a 
 lournament given by Henry II. of France, 
 in honour of his daughter Elizabeth's mar- 
 riage with the king of Spain, the young 
 knight unwillingly entered the lists against 
 the monarch, and had the misfortune to 
 wound him so severely in the eye, that he 
 died eleven days after. After this melan- 
 choly event, Montgomery retired to his es- 
 tate in Normandy, and then travelled into 
 Italy, till the civil wars recalled him home 
 to support the cause of the protestants, and 
 to defend Rouen. When at last the city 
 surrendered after a brave defence, he es- 
 caped to Havre, and in 15C9 he flew to the 
 assistance of Bearne, v.hich was attacked 
 by the catholic army under Terrides. Here 
 lie was victorious, and pursued his flying 
 enemy, whom he besieged in Orthcz, a 
 place which he took by assault. This gal- 
 lant chief was at Paris during the general 
 massacre, and he escaped by the swiftness 
 of his horse. From France he passed to 
 .Jersey with his family, and then took re- 
 fuge in England, from which he sailed the 
 following year to the relief of Rochelle, but 
 without success. In 1573 he again went to 
 France, and joined at St. Lo, the pro- 
 tcstant nobles of Normandy. Here he was 
 suddenly besieged by Matignon, the com- 
 mander of Normandy, but he escaped to 
 Pomfront, where he was quickly pursued 
 by his enemy, and obliged to surrender. 
 This valiant nobleman was then conducted 
 to Paris, and there beheaded, 26th June, 
 1574, by order of Catherine de Medicis. 
 
 Montgomery, Richard, a major-general 
 in the army of the American revolution, 
 was a native of Ireland, and born in 1737. 
 He possessed a fine genius, and enjoyed 
 the advantages of an excellent educatien. 
 346 
 
 He entered the British army, and fought 
 with Wolfe at the battle of Quebec, in 
 1759. After his return to England he left 
 his regiment and came to the colony of 
 New- York, where he settled. In 1775 he 
 was appointed a general in the northern 
 army, and on the indisposition of general 
 Schuyler received the chief command, and 
 soon reduced fort Chamblee, and took St. 
 John's and Montreal. Uniting with colo- 
 nel Arnold at Quebec, they assaulted that 
 city on the 31st December, where he fell in 
 the 39th year of his age. He was an ofiicer 
 of great bravery, judiciousness, and vigour. 
 An elegant monument was erected to his 
 memory by congress, in front of St. Paul's 
 church, New- York. ICP' L* 
 
 MoNTGON, Charles Alexander, a French 
 ecclesiastic, born at Versailles, 1690. He 
 was spy to the duke of Bourbon, near the 
 person of Philip V. of Spain, to whom he 
 was confessor ; and when slighted by Fleu- 
 ry, his successor, he published " Memoirs," 
 8 vols. 8vo. in which he reflected with great 
 severity upon the minister's conduct. He 
 died 1770. 
 
 MoNTi, Joseph, professor of botany at 
 Bologna, was author of a Catalogue of 
 Plants, 4to. — Plantarum Varii Indices, 4to. 
 — Exoticorum Simplicium Indices, 4to. &c. 
 He died about 1750. His son, Cajetan, 
 translated into Latin the Italian History of 
 Plants by Zannoni, 1742, folio. 
 
 MoNTicKLLi, Andrew, a native of Bo- 
 logna, admired as a painter. His flowers, 
 fruits, vases, carpets, &c. were painted in 
 a very pleasing style. He died 1716, 
 aged 75. Another painter of that name 
 was eminent for his landscapes and battle 
 pieces. 
 
 MoNTiGNi, Stephen Mignol de, a native 
 of Paris, member of the academy of sci' 
 ences, and eminent as a mechanic. The me- 
 moirs of the academy contain various inge- 
 nious communications from him on me- 
 chanics, on mathematics, &c. He intro- 
 duced into France the manufacture of some 
 stuffs from England, and he improved also 
 the method of printing cottons, of making 
 carpets, and of dying thread and stuflfs. 
 He died 6th May, 1782, aged 68. 
 
 MoNTjosiEU, Lewis de, author of " Cal- 
 lus Romae Hospes," in 4to. a curious book, 
 which treated of the sculpture and paintings 
 of the ancients, reprinted with Vitruvius, 
 at Amsterdam, 1649, was born at Rouergne, 
 and was the attendant of the duke of Joy- 
 euse, in his travels to Rome, 1583. 
 
 MoNTLuc, Blaise de, a brave Frenchman, 
 born 1500, in a village near Condour, of a 
 noble family. He first served in the army 
 in Italy, and gradually rose to the rank of 
 marshal of France. He was at the battle 
 of Pavia, 1525, where he was taken pri- 
 soner, and afterwards in the expedition to 
 Naples, and he assisted in the brave dcv 
 
MON 
 
 \l<t\ 
 
 I'Suce ol" Marseilles against the uUacLs ol 
 Charles V. He next distinguished himself 
 in Piedmont, and retook Boulogne from the 
 English in 1547, and in 1551 raised the 
 siege of Berne, which was attacked l)y the 
 Spaniards. He was in 1554 intrusted by 
 Henry H. of France, with the defence of 
 Sienna in Tuscany, Avhich had driven out 
 the Imperial garrison, and implored the 
 assistance of the French j and so deter- 
 mined was his opposition, that for eight 
 months he withstood undaunted the judi- 
 cious and welUdirected attacks of Marig- 
 nan, and surrendered at last on honourable 
 terms, only after his troops had been obliged 
 to feed upon the flesh of their cats and dogs. 
 Tuscany, Piedmont, and Thionville after- 
 wards witnessed his valour ; and during the 
 religious wars which desolated Guienne, he 
 maintained his usual character ; and was re- 
 warded with the place of king's lieutenant 
 over the country, for the signal victory 
 which he obtained at Ver, in 1562, over the 
 Calvinists. He was wounded in the cheeks 
 at the siege of Rabastens, and so disfigured, 
 that he always afterwards wore a mask to 
 hide his deformity. His meritorious ser- 
 vices were rewarded with the rank of mar- 
 shal in 1574. He died three years after, 
 aged 77, at his seat d'Estillac, in Agenois. 
 He was author of a Memoir of his own 
 Life, written when he was 75, and it was 
 published at Bourdeaux, 1592, in folio, and 
 has often been reprinted. Though brave in 
 the field, and so successful that he never 
 was defeated, when at the head of the 
 army, Montluc deserves censure for the 
 cruelties which he exercised towards the 
 protestauts ; and to his discredit it must be 
 observed, that he regarded little his pro- 
 mises of quarter, or of safety, when they 
 were made to persons who differed from 
 him in religious opinions* 
 
 MoxTMAUR, Peter de, Greek professor 
 in the royal college of Paris, was born in 
 the Limousin, and educated among the Je- 
 suits, whose society he left to become a 
 druggist at Avignon. He afterwards prac- 
 tised as an advocate, and then turned poet, 
 and became the companion of the great and 
 the opulent, whom he pleased and amused 
 with his wit and jocularity, while he shared 
 the profusion of their tables, to which he 
 was so partial. Though very satirical in 
 his observations, he met with many ene- 
 mies, who Avielded his own weapons against 
 him with vigour and effect. Of those who 
 entertained themselves and the public at 
 his expense. Menage was the keenest, and 
 the most able satirist. Montmaur, who 
 was a polite scholar in Greek and Latin, 
 died 1648, aged 74. The satires written 
 against him were published 1715, by Sal- 
 lengre, under the title of the History of 
 Montmaur. 
 
 MoNTMORENcr, Matthcw de, constable 
 
 of France under Louis the Younj»cr, \*a-> u( 
 one of the most illu-itrious families of Eu- 
 rope. He MKirri«;d a nutunil daughter of 
 Henry I. king of England, and for his se- 
 cond wife, the widow of Lewis VL of 
 France. He died 1 IGO. Hi^ grind:ion of 
 the same name, deserved the title of (lre»t 
 by his courage and prudence, lit: distin- 
 guished himself at the battler of Pont-a- 
 Bouvines in 1214, and the follcjwing year 
 he fought with such bravery against the 
 Albigenses in Languedoc, that he was made 
 constable of France, and general of the 
 army. He behaved with equal valour at 
 the sieges of Niort, Kochelle, &c. in 1224, 
 and against the English ,• and when iiltrust- 
 ed by Lewis VUL on his death-bed, with 
 the care of the minority of his infant son, 
 the ninth Lewis, he discharged his new du- 
 ties with all the fidelity and zeal of a good 
 subject, and an honourable man, and pro- 
 tected Blanche the queen mother, against 
 the machinations of some of the insurgent 
 nobles. This brave man died 24lh Novem- 
 ber, 1230. His great grandson of the same 
 name was in the service of Philip the Bold, 
 and of Philip the Fair, and was engaged in 
 the Flemish wars, and died 1304. 
 
 Montmorency, Charles de, of the same 
 family, was made niarshal of France for his 
 military services. He was at the battle of 
 Cressy in 1346, and ably promoted the treaty 
 of Bretigny, 1360. He died 11th Septem- 
 ber, 1331. 
 
 Montmorency, Anne de, of the same 
 family, displayed the valour of his ancestors 
 at the battle of Marignan, and in 1521, 
 bravely defended the town of Mazieres 
 against the forces of Charles V. and obliged 
 his general, count Nassau, to rai.^e the siege. 
 He was made marshal of France, and ac- 
 companied Francis L into Italy, where, 
 against his advice, the battle of Pavia was 
 fought and lost, 1525. He shared the cap- 
 tivity of his master on that fatal day ; but 
 though rewarded for his services with the 
 sword of constable of France, he was after- 
 wards disgraced by the court. Restored to 
 favour under Henry II. he took the Boulon- 
 nois 1550, and Metz, Toul, and \ erdun 
 1552; but the intrigues of Catherine de 
 Medicis at last drove him from the court. 
 Under Charles IX. he was recalled to heaJ 
 the armies, and after a reconciliation with 
 the Guises, he defeated the Calvinists at 
 Dreux in 1562 ; but though victorious, he 
 was unfortunately taken prisoner, and the 
 next year set at liberty. He afterwarJ^^ 
 retook Havrc-de-Grace from the English, 
 and he again defeated the Calvinists under 
 Conde, at the battle of St. Denis, 10th No- 
 vember, 1567, but was himself slaiu, after 
 performing prodigies of valour, and receiv- 
 ing eight dreadful wounds. When a cor- 
 delier exhorted the dying hero to prepare 
 for hi"' dissolution, he answered fiercelv. 
 
 347 
 
MO.N 
 
 MON 
 
 ** wliat, think you that after living nearly 
 fourscore years in the field of honour, I 
 know not how to terminate the short quar- 
 ter of an hour which remains to me of life?" 
 He died, aged 74. His eldest son, Francis, 
 was ambassador in England, and honoured 
 with the collar of the garter by queen Eli- 
 zabeth. He died of an apoplexy, 1579, 
 aged 49, highly respected. His other bro- 
 ther, Charles, was general of Paris, and 
 gained great reputation by his services un- 
 der the reign of five kings of France. He 
 died 1G12, aged 75. 
 
 MoNTMOREKCY, Hcnry de, second son 
 of Anne, distinguished himself at the battle 
 of Dreux, where he took Conde prisoner, 
 and also at the battle of St. Denis. He was 
 made governor of Languedoc, and marshal 
 ©f France ; but when disgraced by the arts 
 of Catherine de Mcdicis, he retired to Sa- 
 voy, and made successful war against his 
 country. He was reconciled to Henry IV. 
 and obtained the sword of constable. He 
 died 1st April, 1614. His son Henry, born 
 1595, was made admiral of France at the 
 age of 18, and be supported the honours of 
 his house by his valour and prudence. He 
 defeated the Calvinists in Languedoc, and 
 obtained another victory by sea near the 
 IsleofRhc, which submitted to his arms. 
 He distinguished himself in 1628 against 
 the Huguenots, and afterwards in Pied- 
 mont ; but puffed up with his conquests, he 
 determined to resist the power of Riche- 
 lieu, and joining himself to Gaston, the 
 discontented duke of Orleans, he took up 
 arms against his sovereign in Languedoc, 
 where he was governor. The marshals de 
 la Force and Schomberg were sent to re- 
 duce them to obedience, and at the battle 
 of Castlenaudari, the rebels were defeated, 
 and Montmorency taken prisoner. His 
 former services pleaded loudly in his de- 
 fence, and the voice of the people was raised 
 for his preservation, but the court was in- 
 exorable, and Richelieu put the law into 
 ♦•xecution. He was beheaded at Toulouse, 
 r>Oth October, 1632, aged 37. His sister 
 Charlotte Margaret, who married the prince 
 of Conde, is famous for her beauty, which 
 captivated the hoary Henry IV. and exposed 
 him to the ridicule of his courtiers. To 
 avoid the importunities of this aged but 
 powerful lover, her husband removed her 
 to Brussels, from which she returned to 
 France after Henry's death. She died 2d 
 Dec. 1650, aged 57, four years after the 
 death of her husband. Her son was the 
 great and illustrious Conde. 
 
 MoNTPENSiER, Anoc Marie Louisa 
 d'Orleans dutchess de, daughter of Gaston, 
 duke of Orleans, was born 1627. She in- 
 herited boldness, intrigue, and impetuosity 
 from her father, and during tiie civil wars 
 of La Fronde, she not only embraced the 
 party of the duke of Cond^, but she made 
 34S 
 
 her adherents fire the cannon of the bastik 
 on the troops of Lewis XIV. This rash 
 step against the authority of her sovereign 
 and relation, ruined her hopes, and after in 
 vain aspiring to the hand of an independent 
 prince, and among others of Charles II. of 
 England, she in 1669 married the count de 
 Lauzun. The king, however, who bad 
 permitted the union, threw difficulties ia 
 the way of the lovers ; but after some sacri- 
 fices, and the cession of Dombes and of Eu, 
 of which she was the sovereign, this disap- 
 pointed woman was allowed to see her hus- 
 band. Happiness, however, did not prove 
 her poi'tion. She was violent and jealous, 
 and her husband ungrateful and faithless ; 
 and she at last retired from the dreams of 
 conjugal felicity to obscurity, and the aus- 
 terities of a convent. She died 1693, aged 
 66-. Her memoirs were published at Am- 
 sterdam, 8 vols. 12mo. and are curious. She 
 wrote two romances, and some books of 
 devotion. She was best known by the name 
 of Mademoiselle. 
 
 MoNTPER, Josse, a painter of the Fle- 
 mish school, born about 1580. Though he 
 affected a studied negligence in his charac- 
 ters, and was too profuse of yellow colours, 
 his pieces are interesting, and appear to 
 advantage when viewed at a distance. 
 
 MoNTPETiT, Arnold Vincent, a native 
 of Macon. After studying at Dijon he left 
 the profession of the law for painting and 
 mechanics, and in 1759 he discovered the 
 eludoric method of painting, in which water 
 colours were covered with a coat of oil. 
 Some of his horological machines were 
 constructed with great ingenuity, and he 
 not only attempted to improve the wheels 
 of watches, but contributed to the increase 
 of the powers of steam engines. He in 
 1779 presented a memoir to the academy of 
 sciences, on iron bridges, and proposed to 
 the king of France the erection of one, of 
 which the single arch was to be of 400 feet 
 span. This ingenious man died at Parisj 
 1800, aged 87. 
 
 MoNTPEZAT, Anthony de, a French- 
 man, who was taken prisoner at the battle 
 of Pavia, and rose to consequence by the 
 attention which he paid to Francis I. in his 
 captivity. The monarch intrusted him with 
 aflairs of importance, and at last raised him 
 to the rank of marshal of France. He died 
 1544. 
 
 Montrose, James, marquis of, a cele- 
 brated hero in the annals of Scotland, who 
 by his genius, valour, and perseverance 
 during the civil wars, reduced the kingdom 
 to the king's obedience, but was compelled 
 to abandon his conquest for want of proper 
 support. After the death of Charles I. he 
 served with honour in Germany, and on 
 the landing of Charles II. in Scotland, he 
 sallied forth from his retreat, and might, 
 with a few followers, again have aequirtd 
 
.\H)U 
 
 iMOU 
 
 llic ascciulency, had Ik; not Lcc:i rlcleatcd 
 by .superior forces, and unfortunately be- 
 trayed into the hands of his enemies by the 
 treachery of lord Aston. This bcroie chief 
 was now exposed to every indij^nity of tri- 
 umphant barbarism. The book which re- 
 lated his exploits was hung in derision 
 around his neck ; but he regarded it us an 
 honour, and sufl'ered with the .same mag- 
 nanimity which marked his lile. He was 
 hung on a gallows, 30 feet high, May 'ilst, 
 1650, at Edinburgh, and his quartered re- 
 mains exposed over the city gates. 
 
 MoNTUCLA, Joseph de, a native of Ly- 
 ons, associate of the national institute, and 
 member of the Berlin academy. He studied 
 at Toulouse and Paris, and went as secre- 
 tary and astronomer to Cayenne, with Tar- 
 get, and was appointed, on his return, first 
 commissioner of buildings. Devoting him- 
 self to mathematical studies he had the 
 good fortune to escape through the storms 
 of the revolution, and the wants of his old 
 age were relieved by a liberal pension from 
 Buonaparte. He died at > crsailies, 1800, 
 aged 75. He wrote the History of Mathe- 
 matics, 2 vols. 4to. 1758, a valuable work, 
 translated into English — History of the 
 Researches about the Quadrature of the 
 Circle, 12mo. — Collection of pieces on In- 
 oculation. 
 
 MooRE, Philip, rector of Kirkbridge, and 
 minister of Douglas, in the Isle of Man, 
 was the chaplain, friend, and companion of 
 the pious bishop Wilson, whose funeral 
 sermon he preached. He superintended 
 the revision of the translation of the Bible 
 into the Monks, and other theological 
 ■works. He was in his character a most 
 exemplary and amiable man, and he died 
 22d Jan. 1783, aged 78, universally regret- 
 ted. He was buried in Kirk Braddon 
 church, and his remains were attended by 
 all the clergy of the island. 
 
 Moore, Sir Jonas, an able mathemati- 
 cian, born at Whitby, Yorkshire, 1620. 
 He was noticed and patronised by Charles 
 I. and during the civil wars he taught ma- 
 thematics. At the restoration, Charles H. 
 made him surveyor-general of the ordnance, 
 and by his influence and interest with the 
 monarch he obtained the foundation of a 
 mathematical school at Christ hospital, 
 and the appropriation of Flamstead house 
 for an observatory. He wrote Arithmetic, 
 in 2 books, &c. — Mathematical Compen- 
 dium — General Treatise on Artillery, and 
 a System of Mathematical Education, for 
 the Hospital, published after his death, 
 1681, in 4to. 
 
 Moore, Robert, an eminent penman, 
 successor to Ayres, as writing master in St. 
 Paul's churchyard. He published the Wri- 
 ting Master's Assistant, and other similar 
 works, and died about 1727. 
 
 MooBR, Edward, an English poet, author 
 
 of Fablc.1 lor the IVmale Sex— Gjl Bla*, u 
 comedy — the (iumejtter, a tragedy, and 
 other pieces, died 1757. 
 
 MooRK, Francis, an ingcniou-t mechanic, 
 whose invciition.M in inacliincry have been 
 of great service in the improMiiirni of the 
 manufactures of Urea', bntuin. Hi died 
 1787. 
 
 Moore, John, M.D. son of a Scotch 
 clergymen, wa-s bom at Stirling, MM)^ and 
 educated at Gla gow, where he studied 
 medicine. He went in 1747 with the Eng- 
 liish arm) in Flanders as surgeon's luutc, 
 and after the peace he came to London to 
 improve himself in medical knowledgf. He 
 afterwards passed to Paris, where the Eng- 
 lish ambassador, lord Albemarle, engaged 
 him as surgeon to his household. He next 
 settled at Glasgow, as partner with Dr. 
 Gordon, but in 1773 he travelled abroad for 
 five years, as tutor to the young duke of 
 Hamilton and his brother. Oi: his return 
 he settled ui London, and published in 
 1779 his View of Society and Manners in 
 France, Switzerland, and Germany, 2 vols. 
 8vo. which was received with universal ap- 
 probation, and encouraged him to publish, 
 two years after, \ iews of Society and Man- 
 ners in Italy. His Medical Sketches, in 
 8vo. 1785, possessed merit, but were said 
 to give offence to the medical world, be- 
 cause they betrayed some of the secrets of 
 the profession. In 1792 Dr. Moore accom- 
 panied lord Lauderdale to Paris, and was 
 an eyewitness to some of the atrocious 
 scenes which so much disgraced the French 
 revolution, of which he published an ac- 
 count in 2 vols. 8vo. 1795, with a map to 
 show the situation of the armies of Prussia, 
 and of those of France under Dumourier. 
 Dr. Moore died in London, 1802, highly- 
 respected as a man of letters, and of gene- 
 ral information. His two sons have dis- 
 tinguished themselves greatly in the ser- 
 vice of their country, Graham in the navy, 
 and sir John in the army. Besides the 
 above works. Dr.- Moore published Zeluco, 
 a novel, 2 vols. 8vo. a work of merit, and 
 abounding %vith intere*sting scenes, but of 
 which the principal character is so flagitious 
 as to raise in the reader sentiments of ter- 
 ror rather than attention or amusement. 
 His Edward, intended as a contrast to Ze- 
 luco, appeared in 2 vols. Svo. 1796, but it 
 docs not excite equal interest. Mordaunt 
 was published in 1800, 2 vols. Svo. and con- 
 tains pleasing sketches of life, characters, 
 and manners in various countries, and de- 
 serves to be read for its favourable views 
 of virtue, and for the instruction which it 
 imparts. 
 
 Moore, John, D.D. archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, was son of a grazier at Gloucester. 
 From the grammar-school of that town he 
 entered at Pembroke college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees, and from which he ws* 
 
 349 
 
Moo 
 
 .^^oR 
 
 recommended to the duke of Marlborough 
 as tutor to his sons. In this employment 
 Dr. Moore conducted himself with great 
 propriety and zealous activity, and he was 
 rewarded for his attentive services by a 
 prebendal stall at Durham, and in 1771 %vas 
 made dean of Canterbury, and in 1776 
 raised to the see of Bangor. On the death 
 of Cornwallis, 1783, he was recommended 
 to the king by bishops Lowth and Hurd, 
 who declined the honour, as the most pro- 
 per person to succeed on the archiepiscopal 
 throne of Canterbury, and he did honour 
 to the appointment, as his authority was 
 never exerted to excite dissatisfaction in 
 the minds either of the friends, or of the 
 enemies of our venerable church establish- 
 ment. He died 18th Jan. 1805, aged 74, 
 at Lambeth, and was buried in Lambeth 
 church, with great funeral pomp. He never 
 published but two sermons, preached on 
 public occasions. He married Miss Eden, 
 sister of lord Auckland, who survived him 
 with four sons, two of whom are in the 
 church. 
 
 Moore, James, governor of South Caro- 
 lina, succeeded Blake in 1700, and conti- 
 nued in office until Sir Nathaniel Johnson 
 assumed it in 1703. The provocations of 
 the Spaniards induced governor Moore in 
 1702, to propose to the Assembly an expe- 
 dition against St. Augustine. The mea- 
 sure was adopted, but proved unsuccessful 
 and entailed a heavy burden on the colony. 
 To ansiver the public exigence on this oc- 
 casion the first paper money was issued in 
 South Carolina, under the name of bills of 
 credit. In 1719, when the revolution took 
 place, and governor Robert Johnson was 
 deposed, colonel Moore, who had early and 
 zealously espoused the cause of the people, 
 was chosen governor. He was well quali- 
 fied by his prudence and enterprise for the 
 crisis, and when the transfer of the go- 
 vernment to the king was effected, and ge- 
 neral Nicholson was placed at the head of 
 the government, colonel Moore was elect- 
 ed speaker of the assembly, and continued 
 to be re-chosen until 1725. iC3^ L. 
 
 Moore, Sir Henry, governor of New- 
 York, was appointed in 1765, and arrived 
 in the colony in November following. He 
 had previously been governor of Jamaica, 
 to which office he was appointed in 1756. 
 He was like many of his predecessors only 
 nominally a governor. Golden the lieute- 
 tenant-governor continued to do the busi- 
 ness, and enjoy the power in its most es- 
 sential branches. He was gay, good-na- 
 tured, and well bred, affable and courteous 
 in a high degree, and a favourite with the 
 people. He continued governor until his 
 death, September 11th, 1769, aged 56. 
 
 IC?" L. 
 MooRE, Benjamin, episcopal bishop of 
 New- York, was born at Newtown, Long- 
 350 
 
 Island, October 16th, 1748, and educateu 
 at King's college. He was settled assistant 
 minister of Trinity church. New- York, and 
 became its rector on the death of Dr. Pro- 
 vost, and not long after was consecrated 
 bishop. From 1784 to 1787 he occupied 
 the chair of professor of rhetoric and logic 
 in Columbia college, and from 1801 to 1811 
 was president of that institution. He died 
 February 27th, 1816. He was an accom- 
 plished scholar, and highly esteemed as a 
 preacher. ICP' L. 
 
 Moore, Zephaniah Swift, D.D. first pre- 
 sident of the collegiate institution at Am- 
 herst, Massachusetts ; was born at Palmer 
 in that state, November 20th, 1770, and 
 educated at Dartmouth college, where he 
 was graduated in 1793. He studied theo- 
 logy under the tuition of Dr. Backus, of 
 Somers, Connecticut, and settled over the 
 congregational church at Leicester, Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1796, where he laboured with 
 much acceptance and success till 1811, 
 when he was appointed professor of lan- 
 guages in Dartmouth college. He employ- 
 ed himself in the duties of that station un- 
 til September 1815, when he was elected 
 president of Williams college, and in 1821, 
 on the establishment of the collegiate insti- 
 tution at Amherst, was appointed to preside 
 over that seminary, and after somewhat 
 more than two years residence there died 
 June 25th, 1823, in the fifty-third year of 
 his age. His talents and learning were 
 highly reputable, his manners pleasing, 
 his method of instructing popular, and his 
 life exemplarily pious. ICP' L. 
 
 Moore, Sir John, was born at Glasgow 
 in the year 1761. At the age of fifteen 
 he obtained an ensigncy in the fifty-first 
 regiment of foot ; of which, in 1790, 
 he became lieutenant-colonel, and served 
 with his corps in Corsica, where he was 
 wounded in storming the Mozello fort at 
 the siege of Calvi. In 1796 he went out as 
 brigadier-general to the West Indies, under 
 Sir Ralph Abercrombie, who appointed him 
 to the government of St. Lucie, in the 
 capture of which he had a principal share. 
 On his I'eturn home, in 1797, he was em- 
 ployed in Ireland during the rebellion, and 
 was raised to the rank of major-general. 
 In 1799 he went on the expedition to Hol- 
 land, where he was again wounded severe- 
 ly ; notwithstanding which he soon after- 
 wards went to the Mediterranean ; and at 
 the battle of Alexandria received a cut 
 from a sabre on the breast, and a shot in 
 the thigh. On his return to England h© 
 was made a knight of the Bath ; and in 
 1808 was appointed to command an army 
 in Spain, where, after a signal retreat be- 
 fore a superior force, he fell under the walls 
 of Corunna, January 16th, 1809.— ir. B. 
 
 MoRABiN, James, author of a Life of Ci- 
 cero, 2 vols 4to. and of translations of 
 
AlOJJ Aloit 
 
 rsomc of that great orator'3 works, anJ of the last of which was Aldhani, 1745. lie 
 
 Boethius de Consul, died at Paris, 1762. was in 17t;y, appointed to pr«,pare for the 
 
 lie was secretary to the lieutenant-general press ucopy ol the ioli.iol purliatnent, the 
 
 of police at Paris. completion of which was unlurtiinutcly 
 
 AIouALES, Ambrose, historiop;rapher to prevented by h»s death, 2;m No\. i;7U, 
 
 Phili]) 11. of Spain, and professor in the uecasioned b) a coid, eau^ht on luc river 
 
 university of Alcala, wrote a Spanish Chro- as he passed Irom the Temple I'l , auxiiall. 
 
 nicle, 2 vols, folio, and other works, and ibis work was afterwards nnibiicd by Th. 
 
 died 1590. A.:llc, li-sq. who married bin dau^^iiur. 
 
 MoRAND, Sauveur Francis, a native of Moiant wrote a iiiaiui j 01 i/o;cue.iier, 
 Paris, who came in 1729 to England, to 174», of which 200 copic.-. only were print- 
 study surgery under the well-known Che- ed — Beau-oure s InUoauction 10 the New 
 selden. His reputation procured hiui the '1 estameni, irajislated — a Suiui.iary of the 
 place uf surgeon-major to the French guards. History of England — LleograpUia Antiqua 
 and ol director to the academy of surgeons, et iSova, from uuiresnoy — the History of 
 ivith the rihoand of the order of St. Mi- Essex — the Life of Edward the Confessor 
 chael. He wrote a Treatise on the Opera- — 150 sermons — those lives in the Biogra- 
 tion for the Stone — a Discourse on the Ne- pliia Britaunica, marked C. and other works, 
 cessity of Learning in the Surgical Profes- Morata, Olympia Fulvia, a learned 
 sion — Eloge on Marechal — Experiments Italian lady, born at Ferrara, 1526. Her 
 on the Stone — Miscellanies, 2 vols. 4to. father, who taught belles Icttres in some 
 He was made member of the Royal Society, of the universities of Italy, saw and im- 
 London, and of the academy of sciences, proved her natural talent>, ;uid she made 
 at Paris, and died 1773, aged 76. His such progress that she was called to be the 
 son John Francis, nas physician to Stanis- companion and instructress of ttie dutcbess 
 laus, king of Poland, and author of some of Ferrara, in polite literature, and she 
 medical and chymical works, and died 1784, declaimed in Latin, and spoke b reek to 
 aged 58. the astonishment of her auditors. She 
 
 MoRAND, an architect of Lyons of great soon after lelt the court, and married a 
 
 ingenuity. The wooden bridge which he young German physician, called lirunth- 
 
 built over the Rhone, and which bears his ler, whom she foUowed, 1548, to Scnwein- 
 
 name, is much admired for its neatness, furt, in Fianeonia. The siege and the 
 
 elegance, and mechanical lightness. This burning of this town, soon after lelt her 
 
 amiable man perished among those who and her husband in great distress ; they 
 
 were cruelly devoted to the guillotine after escaped with ditiiculty to Heidelberg, 
 
 the siege of Lyons, 1793. where Grunthler became professor ufphy- 
 
 MoRANDE, N. Thevenot de, a French sic ; but the hardships they had endured 
 
 ■writer. After being for some time in the were too great for Morata's constitution, 
 
 military profession, and then escaping from She sunk under them, and died 1555, and 
 
 the prison of Armentieres, where his ex- was soon after followed to the grave by her 
 
 travagance and dissipation had confined husbaiid, and her brother, who hud come 
 
 liim, he came to England, and procured with her to Germany. She died a protes- 
 
 money by his libel on the French court, tant. The greater part of her works pe- 
 
 called Le Gazetier Cuirasse. His intend- rished at Schweinfurt ; but some of her 
 
 cd publication against Mad. du Barry was orations, dialogues, letters, and transla- 
 
 purchased for a handsome sum, and the tions, appeared at Basil, 15G2, 8vo. 
 
 Courier de Londres was then undertaken, Mordaunt, Charles, earl of Peterbo- 
 
 and gained the public favour by the satiri- rough, born 1658, succeeded his father 
 
 cal reflections which it contained. At the John lord Mordaunt, 167a. He early dis- 
 
 revolution this unprincipled libeller return- tinguished himself in the naval service, 
 
 cd to Paris, and was one of those who especially in the African expedition under 
 
 were massacred in Sept. 1792. F|e was lord Plymouth, to the relief of Tangier, 
 
 concerned in some other periodical works, besieged by the Moors. He was aitirwurds 
 
 MoRANDi, John Maria, a native of Flo- in Holland, and attended William III. 
 
 rence, eminent as a painter, and patronised when he invaded England, and for his ser- 
 
 by the imperial family, of whom he paint- vices he was created, m 1689, earl of Mon- 
 
 ed the portraits at Vienna. His historical mouth, sworn ol the privy council, and 
 
 pieces were also admired. He died 1715, made first commissioner of the trcasurv, 
 
 aged 90. which olJice, however, he retained only 
 
 MoRANT, Philip, M.A. and F.S.A. was one year. In 1697 he succeeded his uncle 
 
 born at St. Saviour's, in the isle of Jersey, as earl of Peterborough, and under queen 
 
 6th Oct. 1700, and educated at Abingdon Anne was appointed commander of the 
 
 school, and Pembroke college, Oxford, forces sent against Spain. In this expedi- 
 
 where he took his degrees. He was chap- tion he acquired great renown. He took 
 
 lain to the English church, Amsterdam, and Barcelona with a handful of men, and not 
 
 afterwards obtained some livings in Essex, only gained possession of Catalonia, Va-. 
 
 3Sl 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 lencia, Arragon, and other provinces, but 
 with an inferior force, drove out of Spain 
 the duke of Anjou and the French army. 
 Though these extraordinary successes, 
 which resemble romance rather than his- 
 tory, did not effectually establish Charles 
 III. on the Spanish throne, yet Peterbo- 
 rough was deservedly honoured abroad and 
 at home. He was afterwards employed as 
 ambassador to Sicily, and to negotiate with 
 some Italian princes; and in 1714 he was 
 made governor of Minorca, and under 
 George I. general of all the marine forces 
 of Great Britian. This great man died in 
 his passage to Lisbon, 25th Oct. 1 735, aged 
 77. To bravery and heroism he added a 
 penetrating genius, and a mind highly po- 
 lished, and well instructed in ancient and 
 modern literature, as his " Familiar Epis- 
 tles," preserved among those of his friend 
 Pope, fully evince. 
 
 More, Sir Thomas, chancellor of Eng- 
 land, was son of Sir John More, one of 
 judges of the king's bench, and was born 
 in London, 1480. From the free-school in 
 London he passed into the household of 
 cardinal Morton, and in 1497 entered at 
 Canterbury college, Oxford, now part of 
 Christ church. After two years' residence 
 he was admitted at New Inn, London, and 
 afterwards at Lincoln's Inn, where he stu- 
 died the law with great attention. When 
 of age he was elected member of par- 
 liament, and distinguished himself in 1503 
 by an opposition to a subsidy demanded by 
 Henry VII. with such eloquence, that the 
 house refused the application. This con- 
 duct was so resented by the king, that 
 young More was marked for persecution 
 by the court, and his father was imprisoned 
 in the tower till he paid a fine of 100/. 
 The death of Henry freed him from fur- 
 ther persecution, and he now became law 
 reader at Furnival's inn, and upon being 
 called to the bench he was appointed, in 
 1508, judge of the sherilPrj court in Lon- 
 don, an honourable and lucrative office. 
 Though much engaged in his profession, 
 he devoted some time to literature, and 
 wrote his Utopia in 1516. He also held a 
 correspondence with other learned men, 
 especially Erasmus, who came to England 
 to visit him. These two illustrious scho- 
 lars, it is said, met by accident at the lord 
 mayor's table without knowing one an- 
 other, and after some argument at dinner, 
 Erasmus, feeling the power of his friend's 
 wit, exclaimed, Aut tu Morus cs aut nullus ! 
 to which More replied, Aut tu es Erasmus, 
 aut diabolus ! His celebrity for learning 
 and abilities was now so firmly etablishcd, 
 that he was introduced by Wolsey to Hen- 
 ry VIII. who made him master of requests, 
 and soon after knighted him, and appointed 
 him privy counsellor. In 1520 he was 
 made treasurer of the exchequer, and 
 
 gained so much of the king's attention and 
 confidence that he assisted him in his at- 
 tack upon Luther in defence of the seven 
 sacraments. He was in 1523 chosen 
 Speaker of the house of commons, and 
 supported his office with such dignity, that 
 he prevailed on the house to reject an op- 
 pressive subsidy proposed by Wolsey. This 
 offended the favourite, and was reported 
 to the king ; but the abilities of More were 
 too respectable to be despised, and in 1527 
 he was sent as joint ambassador with 
 other lords to France, and afterwards to 
 Cambray, and in 1530, on Wolsey's dis- 
 grace, he was intrusted with the great seal. 
 This elevation, it seems, v/as intended to 
 gain him over to the opinion of the king, 
 who wished to divorce his rjueen ; but 
 the diligence, fidelity, and integrity which 
 he displayed in this new office proved 
 how well he deserved the royal confidence. 
 Afraid, however, of the storm which hung 
 over his head, because he resisted the 
 king's iniquitous measures, he resigned 
 his new dignity in 1533, and determined to 
 live the rest of life in retirement at Chel- 
 sea. He found, nevertheless, the emissa- 
 ries of the court intent to injure him, and 
 after various fruitless accusations, he ex- 
 posed himself to the royal displeasure by 
 refusing, in 1534, to take the oath of su- 
 premacy. He was, upon this, arrested 
 and sent a prisoner to the tower, but in this 
 season of danger his friends stepped for- 
 ward, and among them Cranmer, and by 
 every argument of prudence, reason, and in- 
 terest, they exhorted him to acknowledge 
 the king's supremacy. So great, however, 
 was his attachment to Rome, that he re- 
 fused, though death was the consequence, 
 and, therefore, rather than abjure what he 
 considered as the test of his faith, he suf- 
 fered himself to be tried and condemned as 
 a traitor. He was sentenced to be hanged, 
 drawn, and quartered, and his head to be 
 fixed on London bridge ; but the ignomi- 
 nious punishment was changed by the king 
 into beheading, and he suffisred on Tower- 
 hill, 5th July, 1535, showing even in his 
 last moments, resignation, and that inno- 
 cent mirth and pleasantry which had in 
 happier days adorned his conversation. 
 Sir Thomas was twice married, but had 
 children only by his first wife, three daugh- 
 ters and a son. The eldest daughter was 
 a woman of great character, and well 
 skilled in the learned languages. She mar- 
 ried Mr. Roper, a gentleman of Kent, 
 and wrote some things, which possessed 
 merit. She died 1544, and was buried in 
 St. Dunstan's church, Canterbury, with her 
 father's head, which she had procured after 
 its exposure on London bridge, between 
 her arms. The son, who was little better 
 than an idiot, was imprisoned after his 
 father's death, for refusing to take the 
 
MOR. 
 
 Muli 
 
 oallis oi' supremacy ; but afterwards lilic- 
 rated. He had five sons, and the son of 
 the eldest of these proved a viohiit catho- 
 lic, and at lust took orders at Rome, and 
 nrote the life of his great f^raiul father, 
 tk'dicated to Henrietta, the first Charles's 
 queen. Besides the Utopia, a kind of ro- 
 mance, in which he gives an account of a 
 country, said to be discovered by the com- 
 panions of Americus, with an artful inser- 
 tion of his own political opinions, Sir 
 Thomas More wrote in part an History of 
 liichard HI. — some polemical works, and 
 other things in Latin as well as in English. 
 The English works were published by 
 order of queen Mary, 1557, and the Latin 
 at Basil, and Louvain, 1563 and 15GG. 
 The Utopia was translated into English by 
 Dr. Burnet. 
 
 More, Henry, an able divine, born at 
 Grantham, Lincolnshire, 12th Oct. 1614. 
 As his parents were Calvinists, he was 
 strictly educated in their principles, but, 
 much against their wishes, he rejected 
 those rigid tenets, and after being three 
 years at Eton, he entered at Christ college, 
 Cambridge, and assiduously applied himself 
 to the study of Aristotle, and other more 
 modern philosophers. These pursuits, 
 however, yielded not the mental satisfac- 
 tion which he expected, he left philosophy 
 for platonic writers, and found in the 
 " Theologia Germanica" of Taulerus, the 
 instruction and information which formerly 
 proved so agreeable to the celebrated Lu- 
 ther. In 1639 he was made fellow of his 
 college, and afterwards became tutor to 
 some persons of distinction, and among 
 them, to Sir John Finch, and his sister 
 lady Conway, a woman whose powers of 
 mind were of a singular cast, and at last 
 brought her to quakerism. By means of 
 these powerful friends he obtained, in 
 1675, a prebend at Gloucester, which he 
 soon after resigned in favour of his friend 
 Dr. Fowler, and satisfied with a small, but 
 independent competence, he declined the 
 offers of high preferment at home and in 
 Ireland, which he might have obtained. 
 After thus devoting himself to laborious 
 study, and the writing of books, he died 
 1st Sept. 1687, aged 73, and was buried in 
 the chapel of his college. His Mystery of 
 Godliness — Mystery of Iniquity — Philoso- 
 phical Collections, and other works, were at 
 one time in high reputation, and were col- 
 lected and published together in 1679, in 
 three large folio volumes. 
 
 More, Alexander, a protestant divine, 
 born 1616, at Castres, Languedoc, where 
 his father, a native of Scotland, was princi- 
 pal of the college. He studied at Geneva, 
 and obtained there the Greek professorship, 
 and three years after, the divinity chair, in 
 the room of Spanheim. As he was a very 
 eloquent and popular preacher, and consc- 
 
 Voh. U, i5 
 
 qucnfly envied by his a.<isoci:iteK it Gcuoa. 
 he, in IGI'J, bcranu; <li\inity profcHsor at 
 Middleliurg, and afterward'* removed li 
 Amsterdam, and thence to Pari*, where In*, 
 was appointed minister of the reformed 
 church. He died at Paris, Sept. IGTO, 
 Though great as a preacher, his priui'.rt 
 charact(;r has been severely censured, and 
 he has been accused not only of irr( ^ulurity 
 in his morals, but of iiicoiisiHtenev in Ijis 
 faith. He published " I)e (iratia," et l.i- 
 bcro Arbitrio — De Scriptura Sacra- a Re- 
 ply to JVIillon's Second Defence of the 
 People of England — Orations and Poems 
 in J^atin, &.c. 
 
 More, sir Francis, an English lawyer, 
 born at East Ilsley, Berks, and educated at 
 St. John's college, Oxford, and at the Mid- 
 dle Temple. He was at one time mcniber 
 of parliament, and died 1621. He wrote 
 Cases collected and reported, 1G33, fol. — 
 Readings on 4 Jacob I. in the Middle Teni- 
 ple, 1676, folio. 
 
 More, John; a learned prelate, born at 
 Harborough, Leicestershire, and educated 
 at Clare-hall, Cambridge, where he was 
 fellow, and took his degree of D.D. 1681. 
 He was patronised by the chancellor, lord 
 Nottingham, and was made bishop of Nor- 
 wich, IGDl, and translated to Ely, 1707. 
 He died, July 31st, 1714. His sermons 
 were published by his chaplain. Dr. Samuel 
 Clark, and his valuable library purchaseil 
 for 6000 guineas, by George II. and pre- 
 sented to the university of Cambridge. 
 
 More, St. Antonio, a painter, born at 
 Utrecht, was the pupil of John Schorel, 
 but imitated the works of Holbein with 
 great success. He was in the service of 
 Philip II. king of Spain, whose portrait he 
 painted, and also those of John III. of 
 Portugal, of Catharine of Austria, of Mary 
 the Infanta, and of Mary, queen of Eng- 
 land. He was afterwards receiver of tlie 
 revenues of West Flanders, and died at 
 Antwerp, 1575, aged 56. 
 
 More, or Moore, James, an EnglisU 
 writer, educated at Worcester college, Ox- 
 ford. He wrote the "Rival Modes," a 
 comedy, condemned in the acting, but yet 
 submitted to the public in 1727. He was 
 the friend of the duke of Wharton, and 
 joined him in writing a sarcastic periodical 
 paper, called " the Inquisitor." He quar- 
 relled with Pope, and, in consequence, wa^ 
 made one of the heroes of the DunciaJ. 
 He was a polite writer, the companion of 
 the great, but imprudent in his conduct, 
 and too fond of being called a man of wii. 
 He died at Whister, near Islcworth, 1734. 
 
 More, Henry, a native of D«:vonshire, 
 pastor of a dissenting congregation at 
 Liskeard, Cornwall, where he died, 1802. 
 His poems, which posses.^ some merit, 
 have appeared since his death, in a vol. 4to, 
 
 • y-n 
 
 ,V).> 
 
Mom 
 
 MOE 
 
 uiih a short account of his lire by Dr. 
 Aikin. 
 
 MoREAU, James, a French physician, 
 the friend and disciple of Guy Patin, was 
 born at Chalons sur Saone, 1647. He 
 v.rote Consultations on Rheumatism — a 
 Treatise on the Kno%vled5:e of Continual 
 Fevers — a Dissertation on the Drupsy, &c. 
 •and excited the envy of other practitioners 
 hy the boldness of his writings. He died 
 1729. 
 
 MouEAr, Jacob Nicholas, historiogra- 
 pher of France, librarian to the queen, 
 censor royal, and counsellor of the court 
 of aids, was born at St. Florentine. He 
 wrote Memoires pour servir ii I'Histoire 
 des Carouacas, 12mo. — Memoires pour 
 senir a I'Histoire do notre Terns, 2 vols. 
 1 2mo. — Observateur Hollandois — Princi- 
 pcs de Morale, de Politique, et de Droit 
 Publique, ou Discours sur I'Histoire de 
 France, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. This able writer 
 suflTcrcd on the scaflbld, 27th March, 1794, 
 
 Bgcd 77. 
 
 MoREELSE, Paul, a painter, pupil to 
 Michael Mirevelt, was born at Utrecht, 
 iri75, and died 163S. Some of his wood- 
 cuts in chiaro obscuro, are much admired. 
 
 Morel, the name of some learned and 
 ingenious printers in France. William 
 was professor of Greek, and director of 
 the king's printing-house, Paris, and died 
 1G74. Frederick was also professor of 
 Greek and Latin, and king's printer, and 
 ilicd 1583. His son Frederick was also a 
 printer, and the authors he printed prove 
 him to have been a very learned man. He 
 died 1630, aged 73. His descendants fol- 
 lowed his steps, as distinguished in litera- 
 ture, and as elegant printers. 
 
 MoREi., Andrew, an eminent antiquary, 
 born at Bern, in Switzerland. He was a 
 diligent and curious collector of medals, 
 and, in 1683, published, at Paris, in 8vo. 
 his " Specimen Universe Rei Nummariaj 
 Antiquae," in which he promised to give an 
 account of 20,000 medals exactly designed. 
 He was placed in the cabinet of antiques at 
 Paris by Lewis XIV. but in consequence of 
 some imprudent speech, he was sent to the 
 bastile by the minister, Louvois, and after 
 three years' confinement, was with difficul- 
 ty liberated. He afterwards went to Arn- 
 stadt, in Germany, where he was employed 
 us antiquary at the court of Schwartzburg. 
 He died there, of an apoplexy, lOth April, 
 1703. His " Thesaurus Morellianus," &c. 
 in which he gave an account of 3539 
 medals, was part of his great work, and 
 was published 1734, by Havcrcamp, 2 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 MoRELL, Thomas, D.D. an able divine, 
 known as the editor of Ainsworth's Dic- 
 tionary, and of Hederic's Lexicon. He 
 wrote, also. Annotations on Locke's Essay 
 on the Human I^nderstandinar, and assisted 
 354 
 
 Hogarth in the completing of his Analysis, 
 of Beauty, and selected the passages of 
 Scripture for Handel's oratorios. He died 
 1734, aged 83. 
 
 MoRELY, lord, son of sir Thomas Parker, 
 of Hallingbury, Essex, was a great favour- 
 ite with Henry VHL by whom he was 
 raised to the peerage. He signed, with 
 other peers, the letter to the pope, in favour 
 of the divorce of Catharine of Arragon, 
 and this more firmly secured the kindness 
 of his master. He spent the last part of 
 his life in retirement, and was author of 
 some Latin poems. He died 1547. 
 
 MoRERi, Lewis, D.D. the learned author 
 of the great historical dictionary, was born 
 at Bargemont, in Provence, 1643. He stu- 
 died at Draguignan, under the Jesuits, and 
 at Lyons, and after publishing some inferior 
 things, undertook his great work, the first 
 edition of which appeared at Lyons, 1674. 
 This valuable book soon spread his reputa- 
 tion, and gained him friends ; he was pa- 
 tronised by the bishop of Apt, and by Dc 
 Pompone, secretary of state, and might 
 have obtained distinguished preferment, 
 had his health permitted it. His great ap- 
 plication, however, ruined his constitution, 
 and he died July lOth, 1680, at the early 
 age of 37. The second edition of his dic- 
 tionary appeared soon after his death, 1681, 
 2 vols, and few alterations took place in the 
 third, fourth, and fifth. The sixth was im- 
 proved by Le Clerc, and the book received 
 no alterations till the eleventh, which was 
 corrected by Bayle. The 13th, in 5 vols, 
 folio, was improved by Du Pin. The best 
 editions are those of 1749, and 1759, en- 
 larged to 10 vols, folio. 
 
 Mores, Edward Rowe, an able antiqua- 
 ry, born 13th Jan. 1730, at Tunstail, in 
 Kent, where his father was rector. He 
 was educated at Merchant Tailors' school, 
 and Queen's college, Oxford, where, in 
 1748, he published an ancient fragment, 
 called " Nomina et Insignia Gentilitia No- 
 bilium Equitumque sub Edwardo Primo 
 Rege Militantium," and also a new 8vo. 
 edition of Dyonysius's treatise, De Claris 
 Rhetoribus. In 1752 he was elected fellow 
 of the Antiquarian Society, and about this 
 time spent much labour in making collec- 
 tions relative to the antiquities of Oxford, 
 and especially of his own college, and All- 
 Souls, and also Godstow nunnery. Though 
 he was whimsical in his religious notions, 
 and affected to follow the tenets of Eras- 
 mus, it is certain that he took deacon's or- 
 ders ; but it was said, that it was with the 
 intention of escaping civil offices. He was 
 equally singular in the education of his 
 daughter, to whom he early talked, princi- 
 pally in Latin. He was the original pro- 
 moter of the equitable society for assurance 
 on lives and survivorship, of which he was 
 nominated perpetual director, with an an^ 
 
\JOU 
 
 MuK 
 
 iiuily of lUO/. In the latter pait of liic lie 
 lost the industry and steadiness of hi;i young- 
 er years, and sunk into indolence and dissi- 
 pation, which at last occasioned a mortifica- 
 tion, of which he died at his house at Low 
 Lay ton, 28th Nov. 1778, in his 40th year. 
 The History of the Antiquities of Tunstall, 
 in Kent, with plates, was the only work 
 which he left completed for the press. He 
 published a Dissertation on Typographical 
 Founders and Founderics, of which only 80 
 copies were printed. 
 
 MoRETT, an ingenious artist, goldsmith 
 to Henry VIIL He executed many cu- 
 rious works from the designs of Holbein. 
 
 MoRGAGNi, John Baptist, an eminent 
 anatomist, born at Forli, in Italy, 1682. 
 He studied at Bologna, where his abilities 
 were displayed with such success, that he 
 was early placed in the medical chair. He 
 was afterwards appointed by the senate of 
 Venice to a professorship at Padua, and 
 Tvas enrolled by the royal societies of Lon- 
 don and Paris among their members. He 
 died 1771, much respected. He published 
 Adversaria Anatomica — Nova Institutio- 
 num Medicarum Idea — De Sedibus et Cau- 
 sis Morborum per Anatomiam Indigatis 
 — Epistolse Anatomicae, &c. His works 
 were published together, 1765, in 5 vo- 
 lumes. 
 
 Morgan, William, a native of Wales, 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 He was afterwards viear of Welch-pool, 
 and, in 1595, raised to the see of Landaft", 
 and in 1601 translated to St. Asaph, where 
 he died, 1604. He was a learned prelate, 
 and zealously employed in completing the 
 translation of the Bible into Welch, which 
 appeared in 1588. 
 
 Morgan Mw¥NVAWR,or the Courteous, 
 a Welch prince, who died 1001, aged 129. 
 He was the friend of Edgar, king of Eng- 
 land, and though an able warrior, was 
 strongly attached to peace. 
 
 Morgan, prince ofPowys, sonof Cadw- 
 gan, atoned for the violent conduct of his 
 youth by going on a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 Land. He died on his return, at Cvprus, 
 1126. 
 
 Morgan, George Cadogan, a native of 
 Bridgend, Glamorganshire, educated under 
 his uncle. Dr. Price. He became teacher 
 of a dissenting congregation at Norwich, 
 and died 1798. He wrote Lectures on 
 Electricity — Observations on the Light of 
 Bodies in a state of Combustion, &c. 
 
 Morgan, John, M.D. F.R.S. a distin- 
 guished American physician, who was born 
 at Philadelphia in 1735, and graduated at 
 the college in that city in 1757. Having 
 prepared himself for the practice of medi- 
 cine, he entered the army in the French 
 war, both as a surgeon and lieutenant. In 
 1760 he went to Europe, to complete his 
 studies in medicine, and spent several 
 
 ytar.s in r.Uiul.ur^li, Paris, and oiUci idacc». 
 lie returned to America in 170.'), a fellow 
 of the lloyal Society, and with a diplonja 
 of doctor of medicine, and was immediate- 
 ly elected profcs-sor of tin; thtury ami prac- 
 tice of medicine in the medical school ak 
 Philadelphia, the plan of whi< li he had as- 
 sisted in concerting while in Kuropc. In 
 1769 the first honours in uicdicinc, bestow- 
 ed in Anjcrica, were conferred in that 
 school on five young men. In October, 
 1775, he was appointed director general 
 and chief physician to the general hospiiaU 
 of the American army, and immediately 
 repaired to Cambridge, but in 1777 he Ava» 
 removed from his office, on some charges 
 made against him by inferior surgeona, 
 from which, however, he afterwards ho- 
 nourably vindicated himself. He died iii 
 1789. JCF T.. 
 
 Morgan, Daniel, brigadier general in 
 the army of tho American revolution, Avas 
 a native of New-.Iersey, but removed in 
 early life to Virginia. Having neither the 
 advantages of wealth, nor of a good educa- 
 tion, he was dependent for his support on 
 hard labour. In 1755 he entered the army 
 of general Braddock, it is supposed, as a 
 private soldier. At the close of the cam- 
 paign he returned to his former occupation, 
 and at length established himself on a farm 
 in Frederick county. At the commence- 
 ment of the war of the revolution, he was 
 appointed to the command of a troop of 
 cavalry, and joined the army under general 
 Washington at Boston. He was detached 
 under general Arnold to the expedition 
 against Quebec, and when, at the attack ia 
 that city, Arnold was wounded and car- 
 ried from the field, he took the command 
 of his division, and succeeded in passing 
 the first and second barriers, but the re- 
 treat of the other division, after the fall of 
 Montgomery, left Morgan to contend 
 against the whole force of the enemy, 
 and he fell with his corps into their hands. 
 On his being exchanged, soon after, he join- 
 ed the army under general Washington, and 
 being appointed to command a select rifle 
 corps, was detached to assi-st general Gates, 
 on the northern frontier, and rendered thu 
 most important sen ices by his distinguished 
 courage, skill, and activity, in the opera- 
 tions which led to the capture of Burgoync. 
 His services, however, w ere not recognised 
 by general Gates, in the official report 
 which he made of that event, in conse- 
 quence of Morgan's refusing to counter 
 nance that general in liis attempts to 
 supplant general ^^ ashington in the com- 
 mand ; but they were appreciated by his 
 countrymen. He soon al\er joined the 
 main army, and during the winter of 1777 
 and 1778 commanded a corp.s ou tht*. 
 Schuylkill, to cut off" supplies from the Bri- 
 tish in Philadelphia. After the defeat of 
 
 35.^ 
 
MOfl 
 
 MOll 
 
 general Gr.ten at Cambden, he joined the 
 southern av)ny under general Greene, being 
 advanced to the rank of brigadier general ; 
 and in January, 1781, while detached with 
 it considerable body of troops from the 
 jnain army, he fought the famous battle of 
 the Cowpens, in %vbich he defeated the su- 
 perior force of colonel Tarleton. He soon 
 after returned to the main body, and re- 
 signed his ccmniand in consequence of 
 being disabled for service by ill health. In 
 1794 he "was appointed to command the 
 militia of Virginia, called out to suppress 
 the insuiTcction in Pennsylvania, and con- 
 tinued in the service till the spring of 1795. 
 He Avas afterwards elected to a seat in 
 congress. Toward the close of his life he 
 j-emoved from his seat in Frederick county 
 to Winchester, where he died in 1799. He 
 was amiable in his disposition, of an enter- 
 prising spirit, collected and daring in dan- 
 ger, and always enjoyed the affection of 
 Lis soldiers, and the confidence of his su- 
 perior officers. He would have enjoyed a 
 wider sphere of influence had his education 
 been less imperfect. ICIP' L. 
 
 Morgues, Matthew de, sieur de St. 
 Germain, preacher to Lewis XHI. and al- 
 ynoner to Mary de Medicis, was born at 
 Vellai, in Languedoc, 1582. He entered 
 among the Jesuits, but soon relinquished 
 their society, and acquired universal repu- 
 tation by his preaching. Upon the dis- 
 grace of Mary de Medicis he made his es- 
 cape, as he had drawn upon himself the 
 resentment of cardinal Richelieu, by the 
 severity of his reflections upon his conduct 
 «nd ministry. After the cardinal's death 
 he returned to Paris, where he died, 1670, 
 aged 83. He wrote a " History of Lewis 
 the Just," besides a vindication of the 
 ejuecTi-mother against the malevolent insi- 
 nuations of Richelieu. 
 
 MoRHOFF, Daniel George, a learned Ger- 
 man, born at Wismar, in the dutchy of 
 Mecklenburg, 6th Feb. 1639. He studied 
 at Stettin and Rostock, and visited Holland 
 and Oxford, and in 1665 was invited by the 
 duke of Holstein to become professor of 
 poetry, eloquence, and history, and libra- 
 rian in the university of Kiel. He mar- 
 ried in 1671, and it is supposed, that the 
 death of his wife, in 1687, hastened his 
 own dissolution. He died 1691. His 
 principal works are Polyhistor, sive de No- 
 titia Auctorum etRerum, 2 vols. 4to. — Dis- 
 •crtationes, 4to. — Orationes — bjsidesPrin- 
 ceps Medicus, 4to. in which he spoke of 
 the pretensions of the kings of' England 
 and France, to cure the king's evil — and a 
 translation of his learned friend Boyle's 
 philosophical works into Latin. 
 
 MoRicE, Sir William, a learned English- 
 man, raihcd through the influence of his 
 friend and kinsman, general Monk, to the 
 •){lke of secretarv uf state, for wliich he 
 
 was not fully qualified, as unacquainted 
 with foreign affairs. He held it, however, 
 for seven years, and without reproach, and 
 resigned in 1668. He died Dec. 12th, 
 1676. He wrote the " Common Right of 
 the Lord's Supper asserted," printed 1651, 
 4to. and 1660, folio. 
 
 MoRiLLO, Bartholomew, a Spanish paint* 
 er, born at Seville, 1613. He studied in 
 Italy, and his compositions were so much 
 admired, that he was compared to Paul 
 Veronese. After his return to Spain, 
 Charles V. wished to make him his first 
 painter, which honour, through modesty, 
 he declined. He died 1685. 
 
 MoRiN, John Baptist, a French physi- 
 cian, born at Villefranche, in Beaujolois, 
 1583. He studied philosophy at Aix, and 
 physic at Avignon, where he took his doc- 
 tor's degree, and then came to Paris. He 
 began in 1617 to apply himself to astrolo- 
 gy, and lived in the retinue of several digni- 
 taries, where the accidental fulfilment of 
 some of his prophecies gave him great ce- 
 lebrity. In 1630 he was chosen professor 
 royal of mathematics, and so well estab- 
 lished was his astrological reputation, that 
 he was consulted by the cardinals Richelieu 
 and Mazarin, and liberally rewarded for 
 his calculation of the influence of the stars. 
 He was also consulted in the affairs of 
 Lewis XIII. and as in examining the mo- 
 narch's horoscope, he had the good luck to 
 foretell that his approaching illness would 
 be severe, but not fatal, he was very roy- 
 ally rewarded. He died at Paris, 6th Nov. 
 1656. He wrote various books, the best 
 known of w'hich are his treatise against 
 the Praeadamites, and his Asfrologia Galii- 
 ca, the labour of 30 years, printed at the 
 Hague, 1661, in folio, and dedicated to 
 Jesus Christ, and to Louisa Maria, queen 
 of Portugal, at whose expense it was print- 
 ed, as the author had foretold, she was to 
 be a sovereign princess. 
 
 MoRiN, John, a learned Frenchman, born 
 at Blois, 1591. He studied at Rochelle 
 and Leyden, and afterwards settled at Pa- 
 ris, where by the conversation of cardinal 
 du Perron, he was converted from the pro- 
 testant to the catholic faith. He then was 
 admitted into the congregation of the ora- 
 tor}', and distinguished himself by his wri- 
 tings. He resided for nine years at Rome, 
 where he was much courted by the pope 
 and cardinals, and then was recalled by 
 Richelieu to France. He died of an apo- 
 plexy at Paris, 1659. His works are very 
 numerous, but the best known are, Exer- 
 citations on the Samaritan Pentateuch — 
 an edition of the Septuagint — a History of 
 the Deliverance of the Church by Constan- 
 tine, &c. 
 
 MoRiN, Simon, a fanatic, born at Richc- 
 mont, near Aumale. He published in 1647. 
 a foolish book, called " Pensees dc Morii- 
 
 356 
 
Moll 
 
 MOli 
 
 tledioes au Roi," in which he conceived 
 himself to be Jesus Christ, the second 
 Messiah. This book, which drew around 
 him many followers, proved at last his 
 rum ; he was imprisoned, but aft(!rwards 
 liberated as a visionary, till one of his dis- 
 ciples, Desmarets, from envy and malice, 
 called him the tion of God risen again, and 
 thus revived a fanatical sect, which the 
 arm of the law immediately repressed. 
 The unhappy Morin was condemned to be 
 burnt alive, which sentence he sufl'ered with 
 great resolution, 14th March, 1G63, and his 
 accomplices were whipped and branded, 
 and sent to the galleys for life. 
 
 MoRiN, Stephen, a protestant divine, 
 born at Caen, 1st Jan. 1625. He studied 
 at CacQ, and afterwards at Sedan, under 
 du Moulin and Rivet, and after acquiring 
 a very extensive knowledge of classical and 
 oriental literature, he returned to his na- 
 tive place, and married. In 1664 he was 
 made minister of Caen, and at the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes in 1685, he re- 
 tired to Holland, and fixed first at Leyden, 
 and then at Amsterdam, where he became 
 professor of oriental languages. He died 
 May 5th, 1700. His Latin Dissertations 
 on various subjects of Criticism and Anti- 
 quity, were highly esteemed, the best edi- 
 tion of which is that of Dort, 1700, 8vo. 
 
 Morin, Henry, son of Stephen, was au- 
 thor of several dissertations in the memoirs 
 of the academy of inscriptions at Paris, of 
 which he was member. He left the pro- 
 testant for the Roman catholic religion, and 
 died at Caen, 1728, aged 73. 
 
 Morin, Peter, a learned critic, born at 
 Paris, 1531. He was for some years in 
 the printing office of Paul Manutius, at Ve- 
 nice, and was afterwards employed by Gre- 
 gory Xni. and Sextus V. to superintend 
 the editions of the Septuagint, and of the 
 Vulgate. He wrote a Collection of Gene- 
 ral Councils, and several learned works be- 
 sides. He died at Rome, 1608. 
 
 Morin, Lewis, a French physician, born 
 at Mons, 1635. He was member of the 
 academy of sciences at Paris, and made 
 himself known by his accurate index to 
 the works of Hippocrates in Greek and 
 Latin. He died 1715. 
 
 Morin, John, professor of philosophy at 
 Chartres, and author of " Mechanisme 
 Universel," and of a " treatise on Eterni- 
 ty," was born at Meung, near Orleans, 
 1705, and died 1764. 
 
 MoRiNiERF,, Adrian Claude le Fort de la, 
 author of *' Choix des Poesies Morales" — 
 ** Bibliotheque Poetique — Passe-tems Poe- 
 tiques, Historiques," &c. — and some co- 
 medies, was born at Paris, 1696, and died 
 1768. 
 
 Morison, Robert, a physician, born at 
 Aberdeen, 1620. He studied in his native 
 university, and took his masfer's degree ; 
 
 but the civil nars disturbed hiw pursuits, 
 and after he. bad di^tinf^ui^licd himself for 
 his loyalty and bravery, .specially lu a bat- 
 tle on Aberdeen bridge, between the people 
 of the town and the republican forces, 
 where he was wounded in ihr l,t-ad, he re- 
 tired to France, in expeetation of better 
 times. At Paris he applied himself to bo- 
 tany and anatomy, and louk hist degree of 
 M.D. at Angers, 1648, and obtain; d, two 
 years after, the care of the royal gardens at 
 Blois. At the restoration he followed 
 Charles H. to England, and was made phy- 
 sician to the royal family, professor royal 
 of botany, and afterwards was elected bota- 
 nical professor at Oxford. He was unfor- 
 tunately bruised by the pole of a coach, as 
 he crossed the street near Charing-cross, 
 and died the day after, 1683, aged 63. He 
 published, 1669, Pra;ludium Botanicum, 2 
 vols. 8vo. — Plantarum Uml)illiferai-um Dis- 
 tributio, folio — Historia Plantarum, folio, 
 a valuable work, which he left incomplete. 
 It was finished by Jacob Bobart. 
 
 MoRisoT, Claude Bartholomew, a French 
 writer, born at Dijon, 1592. He was au- 
 thor of Peruviana, or the Secret History of 
 Cardinal Richelieu, Mary of Medicis, and 
 the Duke of Orleans, 4to. 1645 — Orbis 
 Maritimus, &,c. and died 1661. 
 
 Morland, Samuel, an eminent states- 
 man, born in Berkshire. He was under 
 secretary to Thurloe, and his abilities were 
 employed by Cromwell in embassies to 
 Geneva, Savoy, and other states. In 1660 
 he waited on Charles II. at Breda, and so 
 recommended himself by his extensive 
 knowledge and faithful services, that he 
 was created a baronet. He published 
 Urim of Conscience, 8vo. 1695. The 
 time of his death is not mentioned. His 
 son was master of mechanics to Charles 
 II. and invented the drum-head capstan, 
 for weighing heavy anchors, the speaking- 
 trumpet, a fire engine, an arithmetical in- 
 strument, &c. 
 
 Morland. George, an eminent painter, 
 born in London. His father was an able 
 artist, and the son, being early employed in 
 making drawings, acquired great ease and 
 expedition. These essential advantages 
 were aided by .-trong powers of genius ; 
 but the celebrity which these promising ta- 
 lents might have ensured, was prevented 
 by vicious habits, and an unconquerable 
 propensity for low and dissipated society. 
 In proportion as his abilities expanded, and 
 his pieces commanded the public esteem, 
 his foibles increased, and his wants became 
 more urgent. While the employment of 
 his pencil, in hours of sobriety and retire- 
 ment, might have procured independence 
 and general esteem, the elibrts of his ge- 
 nius were never or seldom called forth but 
 to extricate him from the grasp of persecu- 
 ting creditors, the riotous company of m 
 
 •» - ^ 
 
 .T.I I 
 
MOR 
 
 iMOK 
 
 «punging house, or the horrors of a prison. 
 Thus ever poor and ever exposed to the 
 filthy temptations of an alehouse, or an in- 
 temperate party, he produced no historical 
 piece, truly sublime for grandeur of con- 
 ception, or vastness of execution. The 
 scenes of rural and domestic life, indeed, 
 received from his hand the most finished 
 and captivating charms ; and his farms, 
 horses, rural views, shepherds, fishermen, 
 smugglers on the sea-coast, dogs, pigs, ^c. 
 were delineated witli the most striking and 
 the happiest effect. This singular genius, 
 whose pieces were generally the eft'ect of 
 accident, and fell into the hands of those 
 who induced him to work with the selfish 
 view of profiting by his extravagance, died 
 in a spunging bouse, 1804, aged 40, leavmg 
 a wife, who survived him but two days. 
 His life has been written, and a curious ac- 
 count of all his pieces given by Mr. Hassell, 
 1806. 
 
 MoRLEY, George, a learned bishop, born 
 in Cheapside, London, 1597. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster school, and made 
 student of Christ-church, 1615. He was 
 afterwards chaplain in lord Carnarvon's 
 family, and to Charles I. who gave him a 
 canonry of Christ-church, 1641. Though 
 chosen one of the assembly of divines, he 
 adhered firmly to the interests of his mas- 
 ter, and assisted him at the treaty of New- 
 port, in the isle of Wight. After being 
 imprisoned for some little time for loyalty, 
 he left England, 1649, and officiated as mi- 
 nister to bis fugitive countrymen at the 
 Hague, Antwerp, and Breda. At the re- 
 storation, his zeal in the royal cause was 
 not forgotten ; he was restored to his ca- 
 nonry, 1660, made dean of Christ-church, 
 and nominated to the see of Worcester 
 the same year, and in 1662 translated 
 to Winchester. In this bishopric he show- 
 ed himself a most munificent prelate ; he 
 spent 8000/. on the repairs of Farnham 
 castle ; purchased with 4000Z. Chelsea, for 
 the residence of his successors, and among 
 other benefactions, left five scholarships of 
 lOZ. per annum, to the natives of Jersey and 
 Guernsey. By temperance he reached a 
 good old age, and died in October, 1684. 
 He wrote some religious tracts, in 1 vol. 
 4to. besides sermons and various other 
 treatises. 
 
 MoRLiERE, James Augustis de la, a na- 
 tive of Grenoble, who acquired some cele- 
 brity by his romances, the best of which is 
 his Angola, 2 vols.l2mo. He wrote alsoMir- 
 za-Nadir, 4 vols. 12mo. — some comedies, 
 and other tlnngs, which obtained a tempo- 
 rary fame. He died at Paris, 1785. 
 
 MoRLiN, Joachim, a Lutheran divine, 
 born 1514. He was engaged in the various 
 theological disputes of the times, and was 
 *nade bishop of Sambia, by Sigismund kin? 
 
 i-)y 
 
 of Poland, where he died. He was author 
 of several religious tracts, &c. 
 
 MoRNAC, Anthony, an eminent French 
 advocate. He wrote 4 folio volumes on 
 law subjects, and also an octavo volume of 
 excellent poetry, called Feriae Forenses. 
 He died much respected, 1619. 
 
 MoRNAT, Philip de, lord of Plessis Mar- 
 ly, an illustrious nobleman, born at Buhi 
 in Vexin, 1549. He was carefully educa- 
 ted by his mother in the protestant faith, 
 and afterwards served in the army during 
 the civil commotions of the times, but soon 
 quitted the military life for literary pur- 
 suits. He passed to Geneva, and through 
 Switzerland went to Heidelberg in Germa- 
 ny, where he applied himself to the civil law. 
 He afterwards visited the most remarka- 
 ble places of Italy, Germany, and Flan- 
 ders, and also came to England, where 
 Elizabeth received him with cordiality and 
 interest. In 1576 he went to the court of 
 the king of Navan*e, afterwards Henry IV. 
 of France, by whom he was kindly treated, 
 and made counsellor of state. He greatly 
 distinguished himself by his abilities and 
 negotiations in the king's service ; but 
 when he saw him inclined to become a 
 convert to the catholic tenets, he gradually 
 withdrew from the court to devote himself 
 to literature. He had been made governor 
 of Saumur by his master, but he was de- 
 prived of the ofiice by Lewis XIII. in 1621, 
 and died at his seat of la Forest, near Poic- 
 tou, 1623. Du Plessis was an extraordi- 
 nary character ; though the heir of rank, 
 dignity, and opulence, he cultivated lite- 
 rature with taste and success ; and in an 
 age when religious opinions were guided 
 by interest, and altered by political con- 
 nexions, he remained a protestant, firm 
 and unshaken in his principles, virtuous ia 
 his conduct, and respected even by his ene- 
 mies. His publications are numerous and 
 valuable. The best known are, a Treatise 
 on the Church, 1578 — upon the Truth of 
 the Christian Religion, begun 1579 — upon 
 the Eucharist, 1598, a celebrated treatise, 
 which procured an interview between him 
 and cardinal du Perron, and which obtain- 
 ed for him among the protestants, the title 
 of protestant pope — the Mystery of iniqui- 
 ty, or the History of Papacy, 1607 — an 
 Exhortation to the Jews concerning the 
 Messiah, &c. 
 
 MoRosoNS, Francis, a native of Venice, 
 who distinguished himself by his valour 
 against the Turks, at the siege of Candia. 
 He long maintained himself against an in- 
 vading army of 120,000 men, with hardly 
 a fourth part of the number ; but though 
 allured by promises from the enemy, and 
 offered the principalities of Moldavia and 
 Wallachia, he continued firm to his coun- 
 try ; and when the place surrendered, he 
 was treated with sreat humanitv. Hi* 
 
MOM 
 
 MOR 
 
 roujitrymcn afterwards, thoiiph for a mo- 
 ment displeased, appointed liini proenrator 
 of St. Mark, and enabled liini aj^ain to at- 
 tack the Turks, whom he defeated in a 
 dreadful naval battle near the Dardanelles. 
 He was in 1G88, eleeted doge of his coun- 
 try, and died six years after, aged 76. 
 
 Morris, Lewis, a native of Angh'sea, 
 engaged in the service of the admiralty in 
 1737, to survey the coast of Wales. He 
 published in 1748 an account of his obser- 
 vations, and died at Pembryn, Cardigan- 
 shire, 1765, aged 63. He possessed some 
 abilities as a poet, and several of his pieces 
 in Welch have appeared. Above 80 MS. 
 volumes of antiquities, &c. collected by 
 Lim, are preserved in the Welch charity 
 school, London. 
 
 Morris, Richard, brother to the preced- 
 ing, was clerk in the navy pay-oflice, and 
 was eminent as a critic, and as a poet, and 
 "was engaged in the publication of two edi- 
 tions of the Welch Bible. He died 1770. 
 His brother William was known as a cu- 
 rious collector of Welch MSS. He died 
 1764, comptroller of the customs at Holy- 
 head. 
 
 Morris, Lewis, governor of New-Jer- 
 5ey, was early left an orphan, and was 
 reared by an uncle who lived at Morrisa- 
 nia, New-York. He possessed a mind of 
 unusual penetration, and became distin- 
 guished for his knowledge of letters and 
 jaw. He resided most of his life in New- 
 •Jersey, where be signalized himself both in 
 the service of the proprietors and assem- 
 bly. He was employed by the latter to 
 draw up their complaint against lord Corn- 
 bury, and present it to the queen. In 
 1692, he was a member of the council and 
 judge of the supreme court. In 1710, he 
 resided in New-l'ork, and was one of the 
 most influential men in the colony. He 
 ivas appointed chief justice about the year 
 1720, and held the oflice till 1732. After 
 that he again lived in NeAV-Jersey, and in 
 1733 was appointed governor of that colo- 
 ny. He died in 1746. In giving direc- 
 tions respecting his funeral he displayed a 
 singularity of mind that had always cha- 
 racterized him, by prohibiting his friends 
 from wearing mourning, and wishing that 
 no sermon should be preached. fCj^ L. 
 
 Morris, Robert, superintendent of the 
 finances of the United States, was a native 
 of Manchester, England, and after migra- 
 ting to America, established himself as a 
 merchant in Philadelphia. He was distin- 
 guished for his enterprise in that employ- 
 ment, and gained very extensive credit. In 
 1776, he was elected to a seat in congress, 
 and as a member of that body affixed his 
 name to the declaration of independence, 
 and the articles of confederation formed in 
 1778. He was also a member of the con- 
 vention which formed the constitution of 
 
 the United States, in 1787. In 1781 kc 
 was intruNt«(l with the inanaRi-metit of the 
 linances, and rendered incukulable hirviceis 
 by his wealth and credit, at that period 
 when th(! public fiuids were cxhauHted. He 
 pledged liiuisidl, personally, to a great ex- 
 tent for his purchaser, and 8U( h wa« his 
 reputation for talents, wealth, and integri- 
 ty, that he succeeded, to a great ixt.nt, in 
 procuring supplies for the army. H,: pro- 
 posed the plan of the National Bank, which 
 wa:5 incorporated at the close of thai year. 
 After filling the oHiee for about three years 
 he resigned it. He died at Philadelphia* 
 May 8lh, 1806, in tlie seventy-second year 
 of his age. |i::j- L. 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur, an eminent politi- 
 cal character, was a descendant from the 
 distinguished family of that name of Mor- 
 risania, New-York. He was born in 1751, 
 and graduated at the college in New-York, 
 in 1763. He was called into public life at 
 an early age, being elected a member of 
 the provincial legislature of New-York in 
 1775. In 1777 he was a member of the 
 convention which fonncd the constitution 
 of that slate, and was appointed one of the 
 delegates to congress. He was a decided 
 friend of independence, and when the over- 
 tures for reconciliation were tnade known 
 to congress by the British commissioners, 
 in 1778, their rejection was advocated with 
 great force of argument and poignancy of 
 wit by Mr. Morris and William Henry 
 Drayton. Residing afterwards in Penn- 
 sylvania, he was a delegate from that state 
 to the convention which framed the consti- 
 tution of the United States. He was one 
 of the committee who revised the draught, 
 and to whom it was indebted for the beauty 
 and perspicuity of its style. In 1792 he 
 was appointed minister plenipotentiary to 
 France, in ihat period of enthusiasm, an 
 ardent attachment to the principles, and a 
 cordial sympathy with the friends of the 
 revolution was esteemed an indispensablo 
 qualification in the minister of the United 
 States. But although a decided republi- 
 can, he had too much wisdom not to doubt 
 the ultimate utility of some of the mea- 
 sures then purstting in that kingdom, or to 
 participate in the sanguine anticipations of 
 the leaders who directed them. In conse- 
 quence, although his conduct was marked 
 by the utmost prudence and urbanity, he 
 failed to secure the confidence of the Di- 
 rectory, and when a request was made for 
 the recall of Mr. Genet, by the American 
 government, it was met by a simitar one 
 from that of France, in relation to Mr. 
 Morris, who returned to the United State* 
 in 1794. In 1797, he was elected a sena- 
 tor from the state of New- York, in con- 
 gress. He was a leading member of the 
 federal party, and exercised a degree of in- 
 llueuce which few other men possessed; 
 
 359 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 His powers of eloquence were of the high- 
 est order. In the celebrated debate on the 
 subject of abolishing the judiciary system, 
 in 1802, he took an active part in conjunc- 
 tion with Mr. Bayard and other distin- 
 guished statesmen, in opposition to that 
 measure, and his speeches on that occa- 
 sion ^ere among the most powerful and 
 impressive which have been known in the 
 annals of American legislation. After his 
 term as a senator expired, he retired to 
 private life, to the enjoyment of an ample 
 fortune, and the indulgence of a liberal 
 hospitality. He married in 1809, a daugh- 
 ter of Thomas Randolph of Virginia, and 
 died at his seat at Westchester, November 
 €th, 1816, aged 65. In addition to his 
 speeches in congress, several of his ora- 
 tions on various occasions were published. 
 Among these the most celebrated were. 
 One delivered before the corporation of 
 New- York, in 1800, occasioned by the 
 death of Washington ; and another deliver- 
 ed before an assembly of citizens convened 
 to celebrate the downfal of the Emperor, 
 and the restoration of the Bourbons to the 
 throne of France. He also published an 
 Oration before the New- York Historical 
 Society in 1816. |CJ^ L. 
 
 Mortimer, John Hamilton, an English 
 painter, born 1739, at East Bourne, Sussex, 
 and descended from Mortimer, earl of 
 March. He learnt his art under his uncle, 
 but afterwards improved himself under 
 Hudson, and Sir Joshua Reynolds, and 
 greatly corrected his taste by studying at- 
 tentively the graces and sublime beauties 
 of the duke of Richmond's gallery. He 
 honourably obtained the prize of the socie- 
 ty for the encouragement of arts, by his pic- 
 ture of Paul preaching to the Britons, a 
 valuable piece, preserved in Chipping- Wy- 
 combe church, Bucks. He was, in 1779, 
 without his solicitation, created royal aca- 
 demician by the king, but unfortunately died 
 before he could enjoy the honour, after an 
 illness of 12 days, at his house, Norfolk- 
 street, 4th Feb. 1779. His Magna Charta, 
 Battle of Agincourt, &c. are eminent proofs 
 of his great genius ; but it is remarkable 
 that while his feelings and taste seemed to 
 lead him to the delineation of savage 
 scenes, and all the horrid tortures of in- 
 quisitorial fury and suffering martyrdom, 
 he possessed the most benevolent heart, 
 susceptible of tender impressions, and easi- 
 ly moved by the cries of distress. 
 
 Morton, Thomas, an English bishop, 
 born at York, 1564, and educated at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge, where he was 
 chosen fellow, 1592. He was in the ser- 
 vice of lords Huntingdon and Sheffield, 
 and in 1603 went as chaplain to lord Eure, 
 ambassador to the Emperor of Germany, 
 and the king of Denmark. In 1606, he 
 was made chaplain to king James, the next 
 360 
 
 year dean of Gloucester, 1609 dean of 
 Winchester. In 1615, he was made bishop 
 of Chester, 1618, translated to Lichfield 
 and Coventry, and in 1632, to Durham. 
 During the civil wars, though esteemed for 
 benevolence, piety, and moderation, he was 
 exposed to much trouble from the parlia- 
 ment, and the republican forces, and after 
 suffering imprisonment and persecution, 
 he at last was permitted to retire to the 
 house of his friend sir Henry Peyton, in 
 Northamptonshire, where he died, 22d 
 Sept. 1659, aged 95. He was the author 
 of some practical books of divinity. 
 
 Morton, James, earl of, was born at 
 Dalkeith, 1530, and educated under Bu- 
 chanan, who was professor of philosophy 
 at Paris. He returned to Scotland, 1554, 
 and ably promoted the reformation, but the 
 murder of Darnley, in which he was called 
 an accomplice, obliged him to fly into Eng- 
 land. On his return he was made chan- 
 cellor of Scotland, and in 1574, succeeded 
 Mar as Regent, an office which he resign- 
 ed 1579. His enemies prevailed at last 
 against him, and, in 1681, he was con- 
 demned for high treason, and lost his head 
 by a machine called maiden, said to resem- 
 ble the modern French guillotine, which it 
 is reported, he had brought from Halifax, 
 Yorkshire, for the execution of some of his 
 opponents. 
 
 Morton, William, a barrister, who dis- 
 tinguished himself during the civil wars, 
 and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel 
 of horse. He was after the restoration 
 made king's sergeant, and in 1665, appoint- 
 ed justice of the king's bench. 
 
 Morton, John, a native of Dorchester, 
 who rose by his abilities, his knowledge of 
 law, and the favour of Henry VI. to places 
 of dignity and consequence. He was privy 
 counsellor to the king, and his successor, 
 and from the see of Ely he was translated 
 to Canterbury, and was also raised by Hen- 
 ry VII. to the office of lord chancellor, and 
 by the pope to the dignity of cardinal. He 
 died 1500. 
 
 IMoRTON, Nathaniel, one of the first set- 
 tlers of Plymouth, New England, and a 
 magistrate and secretary of the colony, 
 wrote a brief history of the church at Ply- 
 mouth, and also a volume denominated 
 " New England's Memorial," which is an 
 invaluable depository of the facts forming 
 the history of that colony for the first forty- 
 seven years. The latter was published in 
 1669. icj^ L. 
 
 Morton, Charles, minister of Charles- 
 town, Massachusetts, was born at St. Ma- 
 ry Overy's, England, in 1626, and edu- 
 cated at Oxford, where he was afterwards 
 chosen a fellow, and became distinguished 
 by his learning. He entered the ministry 
 and was ejected in 1662, after which he 
 taught an academy for a number of years 
 
MOS 
 
 MOT 
 
 at Newinp;ton-{;reen. In 1685 he came to 
 America, and was tbc next year settled at 
 Charlestown, where he reniaiticd till his 
 death, in 1698. He was for some time 
 vice president of Harvard college, and 
 drew up a system of logic which was long 
 used in that seminary. *C3^ L. 
 
 Morton, Joseph, governor of South Ca- 
 rolina under the proprietors, was appointed 
 in September, 1682, and again, as the suc- 
 cessor of Robert Quarry, in 1685. He was 
 succeeded by Colleton, in 16S6. IC3^ L. 
 
 Morton, John, one of the signers of the 
 declaration of American independence, re- 
 sided in Chester county, Pennsylvania ; 
 was a practical surveyor, and (or some 
 time a judge of the superior court of Penn- 
 sylvania. His death took place a day 
 or two after the declaration of indepen- 
 dence. iCj^ L. 
 
 MoscHOPULUS, Emmanuel, a native of 
 Crete, in the 14th century, known as the 
 author of a Treatise on Grammar, first 
 printed in 4to. 1545. His nephew of the 
 same name was an able mathematician and 
 antiquary, and composed a Greek Lexicon, 
 published 1545. 
 
 MoscHus and Bion, two Greek Poets, 
 who both flourished in the reign of Phila- 
 delphus. Their works are generally print- 
 ed together, and though short, abound with 
 great beauties. 
 
 MosELEY, Benjamin, a physician, was 
 born in Essex, and bred to the business of 
 a surgeon and apothecary, which he prac- 
 tised several years at Kingston in Jamaica. 
 On his return to Europe he took his doc- 
 tor's degree at Leyden, and by the interest 
 of lord Mulgrave obtained the situation of 
 physician to Chelsea hospital. He gained 
 some credit by " Observations on the Dy- 
 sentery of the West Indies ;" and " Two 
 Treatises on Coffee and Sugar :" but dis- 
 graced himself by his virulence against the 
 vaccine inoculation. He died June 15, 
 1819.— Tf^. B. 
 
 Moses, the great legislator of the Jews, 
 was born in Egypt, 1571 B.C. and provi- 
 dentially saved by the daughter of Pharaoh, 
 when exposed on the waters of the Nile. 
 He was commissioned by God at the burn- 
 ing bush to deliver the people of Israel from 
 their Egyptian bondage, and after he had 
 performed miracles, and marched throuoh 
 the Red Sea, he promulgated his laws dur- 
 ing the residence of his countrymen in the 
 wilderness. He was not permitted to en- 
 ter the land of Canaan, but died at the a^e 
 of 1 20. ° 
 
 Moses, Mendelshon. Vid. Mendelshon. 
 
 Moses, Miconti, a Spanish rabbi of the 
 14th century. His " Great Book of Pre- 
 cepts,'' explanatoiy of the Jewish law, was 
 published at Venice, folio. 
 
 MosHEiM, John Laurence, an able Ger- 
 man divine, born 1695 of a noble family at 
 
 You II. 46 
 
 Lubcck. He di.-^tinguiahed UiiztelC in li»c 
 (ierman uiiiver-iiti.ti, niid wum imited lo 
 honoural)U; situntion» by the kim; uf Dtn- 
 mark and other pnnceB. He became dig- 
 nity professor at ilelmsta.it, and wtw af- 
 terwards appoii\ted chancellor of th»- uni- 
 versity of Gottingcn, when; h.- died, uni- 
 versally lamented, 1755. This very learn- 
 ed man wrote Dissertations Sana-, lio. — 
 Sermons — Cudworth's Intellectual System 
 of the Universe, translated into Latin, 
 with notes : but the best known and most 
 useful of his works is an Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory, written in Latin, and translated into 
 English by Dr. Maclaine. 
 
 Moss, Robert, an English divine, born 
 at Gillingham, Norfolk, 1686. He was 
 brought up at Norwich school, and Benet 
 college, Cambridge, where he became fel- 
 low. He was a popular prer.cher, and 
 much followed in London, and became 
 chaplain to king William and his two suc- 
 cessors. He v.as made, 1712, dean of Ely, 
 and held other ecclesiastical preferments. 
 In the latter part of life he was much afllict- 
 ed with the gout, and died 26th March, 
 1729. His sermons have been published 
 in 8 vols. 8vo. He wrote also some poet- 
 ry, and small tracts. 
 
 Moss, Charles, an English prelate, was 
 the nephew of the preceding. He received 
 his education at Caius-college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his doctor's degree in 1747. 
 He became successively archdeacon of Col- 
 chester, prebendary of Salisbury, rector of 
 St. Andrew, Undershaft, and of St. George, 
 Hanover-square. In 1766, he was conse- 
 crated bishop of St. David's, from whence, 
 in 1774, he was translated to Bath and 
 Wells. He died in 1S02. Besides some 
 sermons, and a charge, he published a 
 tract, entitled, " The Evidence of the Re- 
 surrection cleared from the Exceptions of 
 a late Pamphlet." This was a vindication 
 of bishop Sherlock's " Trial ol" the Wit- 
 nesses," against Chubb. Dr. Moss also 
 preached the Boyle's Lecture. His son be- 
 came bishop of Oxford, and died in ISII. 
 — W. B, 
 
 MoTHE LE Vater, Francis de la, coun- 
 sellor of state, and preceptor to the duke of 
 Anjou, only brother to Lewis XI\'. was boni 
 1 588, at Paris. He distinguish<>d himself 
 early by his learning, and in 1639, was ad- 
 mitted member of the French academy. 
 He enjoyed the friendship and patronage 
 of Richelieu, and Mazarine, and was ap- 
 pointed to places of honour and distinc- 
 tion. Though very regu'.ai* and exemplar/ 
 in his conduct, it has been observed that he 
 was occasionally licentious in his writings. 
 The death of an only son at the age of 35 
 afflicted him very severely, but he, how- 
 ever, soon after, though 75 years old, took 
 a second wife. He died 1672. His works, 
 collected by his son, and dedicated to Ma- 
 
 361 
 
WUT 
 
 MOU 
 
 narinf, appeared in 1663. The best edition 
 is that of 1669, in 15 toIs. 12mo. No 
 French writer, more than he, says Bayle, 
 approaches nearer to Plutarch. Beautiful 
 thoughts and solid arguments are every 
 where interwoven in his writings. 
 
 MoTHE LE Vater, de Bontigni, of the 
 same family as the pn-ceding, was master 
 of requests, and wrote a dissertation on 
 the Authority of Kings — a tragedy, — and 
 Thersis and Zclie, a popular romance. 
 lie died 1535. 
 
 MoTHERBY, George, an English physi- 
 cian, best known by hi.^ popular work, the 
 Medical Dictionary, fol. He died 1793, 
 aged 62. 
 
 MoTTE, Anthony Iloudart de la, an in- 
 genious Fi'cnchman, member of the French 
 academy, was born at Paris, l7th Jan. 
 1672. He studied the law, but quitted it 
 for poetry and literature, and at the age of 
 20 he produced " les Originaux," a comedy, 
 ill received by the public, which so disgust- 
 ed him with the world, that he retired to 
 the abbey of la Trappe, with the intention 
 to live in retirement and devotion. Other 
 ideas, however, soon prevailed, and his 
 ether productions met with a more favour- 
 able treatment from the public. He had 
 many friends, but his literary enemies were 
 more numerous than his admirers, and if 
 he had not acquired celebrity by his wri- 
 tings he would have obtained it from the 
 attacks of Racine, Eoileau, Rousseau, and 
 others. His " Discours sur Homerc," is a 
 masterly performance, but it was attacked 
 by Madame Dacier, and with great spirit, 
 but with moderation defended by the author 
 in his "Reflexions sur la Critique." He 
 became blind in his old age, and died 
 26th Dec. 1731, universally regretted. His 
 works, consisting of epic poetry, tragedy, 
 comedy, lyrics, &.c. besides critical and 
 academical discourses, and other ' prose 
 compositions, were edited in 11 large vols. 
 8vo. 1754. He was, says Voltaire, of a 
 fcolid and comprehensive rather than of a 
 sublime genius. His prose possessed deli- 
 cacy and method, but his poetry often is 
 restitute of fire and elegance. 
 
 MoTTEUx, Peter Anthony, a French 
 writer, born at Rouen, in Normandy, 1660. 
 At the revocation of the edict of Nantes he 
 came to England, where he became a re- 
 spectable merchant, and acquired such a 
 perfect knowledge of the language that he 
 wrote in it various things, among them a 
 translation of Don Quixote, poems, and 
 dramatic pieces. He was found dead in a 
 disorderly house in the parish of St. Cle- 
 ment Danes, on his birthday, 19th Feb. 
 1717-8, and was supposed to have been 
 ranrdered. 
 
 MoTTEMLLE, Franccs Bertrand, dame 
 <1p, a French lady, born in Normandy, 1615. 
 She was patrojji?cd by Anne of Austria. 
 36-2 
 
 and though for a while banished from 
 court by the jealousy of Richelieu, she was 
 afterwards restored"^ to favour, and wrote 
 the " Memoirs" of her mistress, in 5 vols. 
 12mo. which have frequently been reprint- 
 ed. She died at Paris, 1689. 
 
 MoTTLEY, John, an English gentleman, 
 whose father followed the fortunes of James 
 n. was born in England, 1692. He was 
 early disappointed of some places under 
 government, which though solemnly pro- 
 mised to him, were bestowed, through great- 
 er interest and favour, on others ; and in 
 the midst of his wants he applied to his 
 pen for support. He wrote five dramatic 
 pieces, which were received with some ap- 
 plause, and also the life of the Czar Peter. 
 He died 30th Oct. 1750. 
 
 MoucHERON, Isaac, a painter, born at 
 Amsterdam, where he died 1744, aged 74. 
 His landscapes, especially those of Italy, 
 were much admired. 
 
 MouFET, Thomas, a medical writer, the 
 first who introduced chymical medicines in 
 England. He studied for some time at 
 Cambridge, but took his doctor's degree 
 abroad, and settled at Ipswich. The latter 
 part of his life was spent at Bulbridge, near 
 Wilton, in the retinue of the Pembroke 
 family. He died about 1600. He is known 
 for his " Theatrum Insectorum," fol. 1634, 
 a work praised by Ray, though censured by- 
 Lister. 
 
 MouHY, Charles de Fieux, a native of 
 Metz, member of the academy of Dijon. 
 He wrote several romances of no great 
 merit, but to excite the public attention he 
 gave to his works the title of some celebra- 
 ted composition, as la Paysanne Parvenue, 
 4 vols. l2mo. after Miravaux's Paysan Par- 
 venu — Mille et une faveurs, 8 vols. 12mo. 
 after Mille et une Nuits, &c. He wrote be- 
 sides, Memoires d'uneFille deQualite,4 vols. 
 12mo. — Tablettes Dramatiques, &c. and 
 died at Paris, 29th Feb. 1784, aged 82. 
 Moulin, Charles du. Vid. Molin^us. 
 Moulin, Peter du, a protestant divine. 
 Vid. MoLiN-EUs. 
 
 Moulin, Peter du, son of the preceding, 
 was chaplain to Charles II. and prebendary 
 of Canterbury. He died 1684, aged 84, 
 He was author of " The Peace of the Soul,'' 
 12mo. — Clamor Regii Sanguinis, ascribed 
 by Milton to Alexander More — a Defence 
 of the Protestant Religion. 
 
 Moulin, Lewis, brother to the preced- 
 ing, wrote Parainesis ad iEdificatores Im- 
 perii, dedicated to Ci-omwell — Patronus Bo- 
 nai Fidei, against the church of England. 
 He was a violent independent, and died 
 16S0, aged 77. 
 
 Moulin, Gabriel, a catholic minister of 
 Maneval, in the diocess of Lisieux. He 
 wrote the History of Normandy, under the 
 Dukes, 1631, folio — History of the Norman 
 Conqne-'ts in Naples and Sicily, lOSS, foliO; 
 
MOX. 
 
 MlO 
 
 Moultrie, William, governor oi" Soutli 
 Carolina, and a major-?;( iioral in the army 
 of the revolution, entered the service of his 
 country as early as the Cherokee war in 
 1760, in the last campaign of which he 
 commanded a company. At the opcnino; 
 of the war of the revoUition he was appoint- 
 ed to the colonelcy of the second regiment 
 of South Carolina. He commanded the 
 fortifications at Sullivan's Island at the 
 memorable assault l)y the British on the 
 28th of June, 1776, when he repulsed their 
 forces. In reward for his eminent services 
 on that occasion he received the thanks of 
 congress, and the fort was afterwards called 
 by his name. In the battle near Beaufort, in 
 1779, he gained a victory over the British, 
 and in 1780 was the second in command 
 in Charleston during its siege. After the 
 close of the war he was repeatedly chosen 
 governor. He died on the 27th September, 
 1805. He published memoirs of the revo- 
 lution in the Carolinas and Georgia, con- 
 sisting chiefly of official letters. IC3^ L. 
 
 MoDNTFORT, William, a native of Staf- 
 fordshire, known as an actor and as a dra- 
 matic writer. He possessed great comic 
 powers, and once displayed them with 
 effect before lord Jefferies, and the court 
 of London aldermen, by mimicking the 
 gestures, manners, and delivery of the 
 great lawyers of the times. Cibber speaks 
 with great approbation of his successful ex- 
 ertions in comedy as well as in tragedy, 
 •which had not even yet attained their high- 
 est excellence at his death. He was basely 
 murdered by captain Hill and lord Mohun, 
 in Norfolk-street in the Strand, in the win- 
 ter of 1692. Hill immediately escaped, 
 and Mohun, when tried by his peers, 
 was acquitted, as the evidence against him 
 was not sufficiently strong and connected. 
 Mountfort was author of six dramatic 
 pieces. 
 
 MouRET, John Joseph, a musician, com- 
 poser of some very elegant works, was born 
 at Avignon, 1682, and died 1738, at Cha- 
 rcnton, near Paris. 
 
 MouRGUES, Michael, a French Jesuit, 
 author of a treatise on French Poetry, and 
 on Geometr)' — and a collection of French 
 bon-mots. He died 1713. 
 
 MouRGUES, Matthew de, an ex-jesuit, 
 ■nho wrote in favour of Richelieu, but af- 
 terwards deserted him to support the cause 
 of the queen-mother. He died in the hos- 
 pital of incurables at Paris, 1670. His 
 works are chiefly controversial. 
 
 MouvANs, Paul Richard, a protestant 
 officer, surnamed the Brave. He distin- 
 guished himself much in the civil wars of 
 France, and was slain in battle, 1568. 
 
 MoxoN, Joseph, a native of Wakefield, 
 Yorkshire, who became hydrographer to 
 the second Charles, and died about 1700, 
 ?»ged 73. Pie wrote several books on navi- 
 
 couragement of seamen 
 ever, was more congenial to 
 
 galion, malhejualic*, a.><lrou(>iny, McLhaui' 
 Exercises, or the Doririnc of Handy-work, 
 &c. and for snnif years tnnirlit inath«Mn:itics 
 in Warwiik-lanc, London, wh<n; h< ron- 
 structed globes, maps, &.c. 
 
 MoTi.F., Waller, an inc;(nioii.4 \>riler, 
 born in Cornwall, 1G72. Up, was for .som<* 
 time at Oxford, and then entered at thr 
 Temple, where he studied tlie l-.iw, and a< - 
 quired a strong bias in favour of llie pro- 
 testant succession. He was for some tim** 
 in parliament, where he conducted himself 
 in a very honourable and independent m;»n- 
 ncr, and ably supported th(; bill for the en- 
 Retirement, how- 
 him than the 
 bustle of political life, and therefore he re- 
 moved to his seat at Bake, in Cornwall, 
 and devoted himself assiduotisly to literary 
 pursuits. He died 9th June, 1721, aged 
 49, and in 1726 his v^orks appeared in 2 
 vols. 8vo. edited by Th. Serjeant, esq. and 
 dedicated to his brother, Joseph Moylc. 
 A third volume was added 1727, by his 
 friend, Mr. Hammond. These volumes 
 contain chiefly political pamphlets — disser- 
 tations on some of the works of Xcnophon 
 and Lucian — besides Remarks on Prideaux's 
 Connexion — letters — and a treatise on the 
 Miracles of the Thundering Legion, &.c. 
 
 MoYSE, Henry, page to James I. and one 
 of the gentlemen of the privy chamber, wa<^ 
 born at Lanerk in Scotland, 1573. He ac- 
 companied his master to England, and as 
 he was so near the royal person, he wrote 
 a diary of what he saw and knew, which 
 was published, 1753. He lived in retire- 
 ment the latter part of life, and died at 
 Edinburgh, 1630. * 
 
 Mozart, Wolfgang, a German musiciajj; 
 born at Saltzburg, where his father, also an 
 eminent musician, was master of the chapel. 
 He possessed such strong natural powers, 
 that when a child he played before the em- 
 peror, and he, in approbation of his great 
 merits, called him the Little Sorcerer. He 
 was in 1763 in London with his father and 
 sister, and after being heard with equal ap- 
 probation by the king and the English no- 
 bility, he returned home three years after, 
 and in 1769 went to Italy, where the pope 
 honoured him with the order of the golden 
 spur. In 1781 he settled at Vienna, where 
 he was liberally patronised by Joseph II. 
 and the court, and where he died 1791; 
 aged 35. Among his popular works, his 
 six sonatas for the harpsichord, publisheci 
 in liOndon, are particularly admired. 
 
 MuDGE, John, an ingenious physician, 
 and able mechanic, who settled at Ply- 
 mouth, where he died 1793, author of a 
 treatise on Catarrhous Coughs, l2mo. Sec. 
 He also improved the construction of the 
 reflecting telescope. His brother Thoma" 
 acquired celebrity as an ingenious watcfe 
 and clock maker, on which profession h»^ 
 
 3f>5 
 
MUN 
 
 wrote a Irctitisc. Their father Zachary 
 was minister of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, 
 and an able divine. He wrote a volume of 
 admired sermons — an Essay for a netv 
 version of the Psalms, &c. 
 
 MuDGE, Zachary, an English divine, was 
 born at Exeter, where he was educated for 
 the ministry, among the dissenters, whom 
 he left, and took orders in the church of 
 England. In 1716 he became mas^ter of 
 ihe grammar-school at Bideford, in Devon- 
 shire, where he remained till 1736, when 
 he was elected to the rectory of St. Andrew, 
 Plymouth, with which he held a prebend in 
 the cathedral of Exeter. He died in 1769. 
 Mr. Mudge published a visitation sermon, 
 and a volume of excellent discourses. He 
 left four sons, of whom Thomas, the 
 second, was born at Exeter in 1715, and 
 died in 1794. He served his apprentice- 
 ship to Graham, the watchmaker, and be- 
 came equally eminent in that line with his 
 master ; and for his time-keepers, which 
 were adjudged superior to any that had ever 
 been invented, he obtained a parliamentary 
 grant of three thousand pounds. Dr. John 
 Mudge was born at Bideford, and the fourth 
 son of Mr. Zachary Mudge, became a phy- 
 sician at Plymouth. He published " A Dis- 
 sertation on the inoculated Smallpox ;" 
 and a " Treatise on the Catarrhous Cough." 
 He had also a mechanical genius, and re- 
 ceived the Copleyan medal from the Royal 
 Society for improvements in the specula of 
 reflecting telescopes. His son, major- 
 general Mudge, was employed on a trigo- 
 nometrical survey of Great Britain, a con- 
 siderable portion of which he completed be- 
 fore his death, in 1820. He was a fellow 
 of the Royal Society, in whose Transac- 
 tions are some of his papers on the great 
 work in which he was engaged. — W. B. 
 
 McDO, Hernandez, a Spanish painter, 
 the pupil of Titian. Though deaf and 
 dumb, he acquired eminence, and was in 
 the service of Philip H. of Spain, who em- 
 ployed him in ornamenting the Escurial, 
 and his other palaces. 
 
 MuEHLENBERG, H. M., D.D. was a na- 
 tive of Germany, and came to Pennsylva- 
 nia in 1742, where he founded the first Lu- 
 theran church, and officiated as its senior 
 pastor. He was eminent for his learning 
 and piety. He died at Philadelphia in 1787, 
 aged 76. ItCP" L. 
 
 MuEHLENBERG, G. Henry Ernest, D.D. 
 son of the preceding, was born at New- 
 Providence, Pennsylvania, Nov. 17, 1753, 
 and was educated at the university of Halle, 
 in Germany. He returned in 1770, and 
 was ordained an assistant pastor of the Lu- 
 theran church in Philadelphia. He re- 
 moved in 1780, and assumed the pastoral 
 care of the Lutheran church in Lancaster, 
 where he continued, distinguished for his 
 <alents, piety, atid usefulness until his 
 3R1 
 
 death. May 23, 1815. He was a m^n c-f 
 extensive science, and particularly eminent 
 for his knowledge of botany. He enjoyed 
 a correspondence with many of the most 
 distinguished cultivators of natural science, 
 and was a member of several learned socie- 
 ties at home and abroad. His chief works 
 are — Catalogus Plantarum, Gramina Ameri- 
 cae Septentrionalis, and Flora Lancastrien- 
 sis. |C5^ L. 
 
 MuET, Peter le, a French architect, born 
 at Dijon, 1591. His abilities were employ- 
 ed in fortifying several of the towns of 
 Picardy, and also in the erection of the 
 church of Val de Grace, at Paris, under the 
 auspices of Anne of Austria. He wrote 
 some valuable treatises on architecture, 
 and died at Paris, 1669. 
 
 MuGGLETON, Lodovick, an English tar 
 natic, originally a tailor. He pretended to 
 be inspired by inward light, and while he 
 collected followers after him, he made no 
 scruple of damning all those who opposed 
 or differed from his tenets. His fame be- 
 gan to spread about 1650. His books, 
 which were replete with nonsense and im- 
 piety, were burnt by the common hang- 
 man, and himself pilloried and imprisoned, 
 but not reformed. He died 12th March, 
 1697, aged 90, and left behind him a sect, 
 which, from the fondness of innovation 
 and mysterious singularity in the vulgar, 
 still subsists. 
 
 Mdis, Simeon de, an eminent orientalist, 
 professor of Hebrew at Paris, and author 
 of a Latin Commentarj' on the Psalms, in 2 
 vols. 4to. died 1664, aged 57. 
 
 Mulgrave, Constantino Phipps lord. 
 Vid. Phipps. 
 
 Mullre, John, an eminent astronomer, 
 called also Regiomontanus. Vid. Regio*- 
 
 MONTANUS. 
 
 Muller, John, a famous Dutch engra- 
 ver, brought up under Goltzius, whose man- 
 ner he successfully imitated. His works 
 are much esteemed. He flourished 1600. 
 
 MuMMius, Lucius, a Roman consul, 
 known for his triunjph over Corinth, The- 
 bes, Chalcis, &c. He conveyed the fa- 
 mous pictures and ornaments of the con- 
 quered cities to Rome, and died in exile at 
 Delos. 
 
 Muncer, Thomas, a Saxon fanatic, 
 bom at Zwickaw, in Misnia. He was one 
 of Luther's disciples, but afterwards preach- 
 ed against him with equal violence as 
 against the pope, and became the leader of 
 the anabaptists. In conjunction with Storck 
 he destroyed tl>e images in the churches, 
 and being, with all his followers, re- 
 baptized naked, he began to regard all 
 things in common, and to abolish all dis- 
 tinctions. Backed by 40,000 enthusiasts, he 
 commanded the sovereign princes of Germa- 
 ny to resign their authority to him, as arm- 
 ed not only with temporal force btit with di- 
 
MUN 
 
 MLK 
 
 lections from heaven. His dcvaatalions 
 were great, till the landgrave of llcssc look 
 up anus. Miineer, with the title of kinu:, 
 met him in the fieUl, promising his associ- 
 ates a complete victory, but after losing 
 7000 of his followers, he fled to i'ranehau- 
 scn, where he was seized, and afterwards 
 executed at Mulliausen, 1625. 
 
 MuNCKEU, Thomas, the learned author 
 «f Mythographi Latini, of an edition of 
 Hyginus with notes, &.e. died 1680. 
 
 MuNDAY, Antony, a comic pott in the 
 16th centuiy, of wbom liltle is known. 
 He was in the retinue of the earl of Ox- 
 ford, and messenger of the queen's bed- 
 chamber. His plays were said to possess 
 merit, but none of them are come down to 
 the present times. 
 
 MuNDiNUS, a celebrated anatomist, 
 ivhose work on that subject was published 
 at Paris 1478. He was born at Florence, 
 and died at Bologna 1318. 
 
 Munich, Burchard Christopher, a native 
 of New Huntorf in Oldenburgh. He 
 learned the art of war under Marlborough 
 and Eugene, and for his bravery at Malpla- 
 quet, was made lieutf nant-colonel. He 
 was aflcr\vards in the Polish, and then in 
 the Uussian service, but after being distin- 
 guished by the Czar Peter I. and made 
 marshal by the empress Anne, and ac- 
 quiring military glory in the wars against 
 the Turks, he was disgraced by Elizabeth 
 in 1741, and sent to Siberia. After 20 
 years' exile, he was recalled by Peter HI. 
 and appeared at court in the same sheep- 
 skin dress which he had worn in his cap- 
 tivity. After being restored to the favour 
 of Peter and Catharine, he lived in retire- 
 ment, and died 1767, at Riga. 
 
 MuNNiCKS, John, professor of physic, 
 botany, and anatomy, at Utrecht, and au- 
 thor of a dissertation " de Urinis," &c. ; 
 of Chirurgia ad Praxim hodiernam ador- 
 nata ; and de Re Anatomica, died 1711, 
 aged 59. 
 
 MuNSTER, Sebastian, a German divine, 
 born at Inghelheim 1489. He studied at 
 Heidelberg and Basil, but after being in the 
 society of the Cordeliers, he attached him- 
 self to the tenets of Luther. He publish- 
 ed a " Chaldee 'jrammar and Lexicon ; a 
 Talmudic Dictionary ;" a Universal Cos- 
 mography, folio ; and a Latin Vpr ion of 
 the Ohl Testament, for which two last 
 works he was culled the Strabo f>nd the 
 Esdras of Germany. He wrote besides 
 other valuable works, but thourb living in 
 controversial times, he never engaged in 
 theological disputes. He died of the 
 plague at Basil, 1552, aged 63. 
 
 MuNTiNG, Abraham, a learned botanist, 
 author of Phylograpiiia Curicsa, folio ; de 
 Herba Britannica, 4to. ; Aloes Historia, 
 4to. He was born at Groniugen, and died 
 1693, aged 57. 
 
 MuRAi.T, Bt:ilt Lewis do, a native ui 
 Berne, who di« d I7(:(j. He travelled over 
 various partes of Kiirupc, :iud i» aulhor of 
 Letters upon the F n nth ai.d Kngli!,h, 'i 
 vols. l2mo. 172(;; rabU-», 8vo. 1753, iu;. 
 
 MuRAT, .loacliirn, marshal of France, 
 and king of Naples, u:is burn in I7»j7, in 
 the department of Lot, France. His fa- 
 ther was an i;.r)k"eper, and sent him to 
 Thoulousc, with avicw to lii.s tdiicaiioii lor 
 holy orders. But he soon returned and 
 employed himself as an as-tistant in the inn 
 till about theeommencemci't of the revolu- 
 tion, when he entered the army as a private 
 soldier, and joining the Jacobins, was soon 
 advanced to a lieutenant-colonelcy. He 
 was not long after ca.shiered, with Buona- 
 parte, and it was at that time that their in- 
 timacy commenced. He first distinguish- 
 ed himself in the campaign of Italy, under 
 Buonaparte, where he rose to the rank of 
 general. The reputation which he gained 
 in the campaigns of 17'JG, 1797, and 1798, 
 led to his being nominated governor of 
 Rome. He attended Buonaparte in the ex- 
 pedition to Egypt, and commanded a divi- 
 sion. In 1799, he married a bister of the 
 First Consul. In the war uith Austria, 
 which took place soon after, he command- 
 ed the vanguard of the army of Italy. In 
 1801, he was placed at the head of the 
 army of observation, and in 1804, became 
 govei'nor of Paris, and marshal of the em- 
 pire. He commanded the cavalry in the 
 campaign of 1805, and distinguished him- 
 self in the great battles of that year, and 
 afterwards in those of \usterliiz, Jena, 
 and Eylau. In 1S06, he became duke of 
 Berg. In 1808, he corrmanded the French 
 troops in Spain, and on the accession of 
 Joseph Buonaparte to the throne of that 
 kingdom, succeeded him in the sovereignty 
 of Naples with the title of Joachim I. He 
 commanded the French cavalry in the Rus- 
 sian campaign of 1812. In 1814, he join- 
 ed the cause of the Allies against France, 
 and on their refu.'-ing to fulfil the conditions 
 of their treaty, he, at the time of Buona- 
 parte's return from Elba, attempted to re- 
 volutionize Italy, and obtain its indepen- 
 dence. But his army being defeated, he 
 was at length taken prisoner in Calabria, 
 and being condemned by a court martial, 
 was shot on the 1st of October, 1815, in 
 the 48th year of his age. fCP L; 
 
 MrpATORi, Lewis Antony, an Itnlian 
 writer, born at A"ip:nola in the Bolognese, 
 1672. He was invited, when only 22, by 
 Charles Be ivjpia'us, to be librarian at Mi- 
 lan, and in 1700 he was recalled to Modena 
 by the duke, to take care of his library and 
 to arrange his archives. Thus in the en- 
 joyment of i^ase and retirement he devoted 
 himself to literature, but he met, like all 
 others, persecution and trouble from his 
 enemies. He was accused of heresv and 
 
 365 
 
MUK 
 
 MUJl 
 
 iatheism, and was obliged to justify himself 
 l)efore the pope Benedict XIV. who receiv- 
 ed his apologies with humanity and friend- 
 ship, and wrote him a letter of approbation. 
 He died 1750. His works have appeared 
 in 46 vols, folio, and possess great merit. 
 The best known are Anecdota quae ex Am- 
 brosianae Bibliothecae Codicibus nunc pri- 
 mum eruit Notis et Disquisitionibus, &c. ; 
 Anecdota Grseca, quae ex MSS. nunc pri- 
 mum eruit ; Rerum Italicarum Scriptores 
 ab Anno 500, ad 1500; Antiquitates Itali- 
 €ae Medii -S^vi ; Novus Thesaurus Veterum 
 Inscriptionum ; Annali d'ltalia ; Delia 
 Perfetta Poesiana Italiana; le Rime del 
 Petrarca ; Italian Poems, &c. 
 
 MuRETUs, Mark Antony, a learned cri- 
 tic, born at Muret, near Limoges, 11th 
 April, 1526. His abihties early displayed 
 themselves, he read lectures on Cicero and 
 Terence, at Auch, and afterwards visited 
 Agen, Villeneuve, Paris, Poictiers, and 
 Bourdeaux, where he occasionally taught 
 Latin authors for his maintenance. In 
 1552, he returned to Paris, but while he 
 distinguished himself here by his oratori- 
 cal and poetical talents, he was accused of 
 an unnatural crime. He fled to Toulouse, 
 ■where he read lectures on civil law, but 
 here again it is said he forgot his character, 
 and was condemned in 1554, say the regis- 
 ters of Toulouse, to be burnt in effigy with 
 Memmius Fremiot, of Dijon, his associate, 
 as being a huguenot and a sodomite. He 
 escaped from the public indignation to 
 Italy, and after instructing youth for seve- 
 ral years at Padua and Venice, he was in- 
 vited 1560, by cardinal Hippolite d'Est to 
 Rome. Here he led a life of regularity, 
 was honoured with the title of citizen of 
 Rome by pope Gregory XIII. and was so 
 much noticed by his patron that he attend- 
 ed him in 1562, in his office of legate to 
 Paris. At Paris, Muretus acquired cele- 
 brity by his lectures on Aristotle's Ethics, 
 and on civil law. In 1576, he became an 
 ecclesiastic and obtained some preferment, 
 and in the latter part of life it is said en- 
 tered into the society of the Jesuits. He 
 died at Paris 4th June, 1585. His works 
 are numerous, and consist of valuable ora- 
 tions, various readings and translations 
 from Greek authors, especially Aristotle, 
 poems, epistles, &c. all written in a pure, 
 polished, and elegant style. They were 
 collected together and published at Verona, 
 in 5 vols. 8vo. Muretus was the friend 
 and correspondent of various learned men, 
 especially J. C. Scaliger, Lambinus, and 
 others. 
 
 MuRiLLo, Bartholomew, a Spanish paint- 
 er, born at Seville, 1610. His landscapes 
 and historical pieces were much admired, 
 and compared to those of Paul Veronese, 
 and they obtained for him from the king of 
 366 
 
 Spain a patent of nobility. He died a^ 
 Madrid, 1682. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, a dramatic writer of 
 eminence. He was born in Ireland of res- 
 pectable parents, and educated at the 
 school at St. Omer's, and on his return 
 home he was placed under the care of a 
 relation in London, engaged in commercial 
 pursuits. Business, however, had no at- 
 tractions for him, and he soon left the 
 house of his friend to devote himself to 
 the labours of a literary life. He had a 
 strong partiality for the stage, but after try- 
 ing his powex's in Othello and other charac- 
 ters, he resigned all pretensions to emi- 
 nence on the theatre, and he determined to 
 support himself by his pen. He studied 
 the law at Lincoln's-inn, and was called to 
 the bar, but did not practise, as the drama- 
 tic muse engaged the whole of his atten- 
 tion. He was particularly successful in 
 his performances ; of the 22 pieces which 
 he wrote, most of them were received with 
 the most flattering applause, and several of 
 them are still retained on the stage, and at 
 certain seasons exhibited to the public with 
 increasing celebrity. As a man of letters, 
 he was intimate with the wits of the times, 
 with Foote, Garrick, Johnson, Burke, and 
 others. Of his dramatic pieces, the best 
 known are the Orphan of China ; the Gre- 
 cian Daughter ; All in the Wrong ; the 
 Way to keep Him ; Know your Own 
 Mind ; Three Weeks after Marriage ; the 
 Apprentice ; the Citizen, &c. which pro- 
 cured him with public esteem, both opulence 
 and independence. He wrote besides the 
 Gray's Inn Journal, a weekly paper ; the 
 Test ; and the Auditor, in favour of go- 
 vernment ; a Reply to Churchill's illiberal 
 attack upon him ; and he evinced his abili- 
 ties as a learned scholar by his elegant 
 translation of Tacitus, in 4 vols. ; and 
 Latin versions of the Temple of Fame ; of 
 Gray's Elegy, &.c. He wrote also Gar- 
 rick's Life. The three last years of his 
 life his services to government were re- 
 warded by a pension of 200/. a year, anrf 
 he was also a commissioner of bankrupts. 
 In his manners he was affable and polite, 
 and his urbanity was seasoned by an inex- 
 haustible fund of anecdote. He died at 
 his house in Brompton-row,Knightsbridge, 
 18th June, 1805, aged 78. 
 
 Murray, James, eafl of, natural son of 
 James V. of Scotland, by the daughter of 
 the earl of Mar, was born in 1529, and 
 created earl of Murray by Mary queen of 
 Scots. He proved the ingratitude of his 
 heart by his barbarous conduct towards 
 this unhappy princess, against whom he 
 excited the nobles of the kingdom. On 
 the flight and disgrace of Mary he was ap- 
 pointed regent of the kingdom daring the 
 minority of the young king, 1567, and hf 
 
MLR 
 
 MUR 
 
 •nas shot four years after at Linlitlij^ow, by 
 Huiniltoii, u gciitleinan whose wile he liad 
 seduced. 
 
 Murray, Thomas, a Scotch portrait 
 painter. He possessed abilities, and was 
 patronised by the royal family and the no- 
 bility, and died 1724, a^ed 58. 
 
 Murray, William, a Scotch divine, who 
 settled at Birnungham as a dissenting mi- 
 nister. He wrote Closet Devotions, Timo. 
 and died 1753, aged G2. 
 
 Murray, James, a native of Dunkeld, 
 educated at Aberdeen, where he took the 
 degree of M.A. He refused preferment at 
 home, and settled in London, where he 
 preached to a congregation in Swallow- 
 street. He was author of Aletheia, or 
 System of Moral Truths, 4 vols. 12mo. 
 and he died 1758, aged 55. Another dis- 
 senting divine of that name wrote History 
 of the American War, 4 vols. 8vo. ; Ser- 
 mons to Asses, 12mo. ; History of the 
 Churches of England and Scotland, 3 vols, 
 and died 1782. 
 
 Murray, William, earl of Mansfield, a 
 celebrated lawyer, fourth son of David, 
 viscount Stormont, was born 2d March, 
 1705, at Perth, in Scotland. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster school, and in 1723, 
 was elected to Christ Church, Oxford. He 
 took his master's degree in 1730, and then 
 •went on his travels, and at his return, en- 
 tered at Lincoln's inn, and was called to 
 the bar. He gradually rose to eminence, 
 and distinguished himself as an eloquent 
 orator, both at the bar and in the house of 
 commons. He was in 1742, appointed so- 
 licitor general, and during the trial of lord 
 Lovat before the peers, he displayed so 
 much candour and liberality, that he recei- 
 ved the thanks of the accused as well as of 
 the president of the court, lord Talbot. In 
 1754 he succeeded to the oflice of attorney 
 general, and two years after was raised to 
 the dignity of chief justice of the king's 
 bench, and soon after created baron Mans- 
 field. In the unsettled state of public af- 
 fairs in 1757, he held for a little time the 
 otiice of chancellor of the exchequer, till 
 by a coalition of parties, an efficient minis- 
 try was formed, whose vigour and wisdom 
 upheld the glory of the British arms, and 
 the honour of the nation. For some years 
 after the accession of George III. this up- 
 right magistrate was attacked by malevolent 
 insinuations, but the slanders of malice, 
 and the virulence of party, failed to influ- 
 ence his conduct, or to interrupt that sedu- 
 lous attention which he paid to the affairs of 
 his office. To this unworthy treatment he 
 alluded in pathetic, but firm language, on 
 the business of W ilkes' outlawry, and con- 
 cluded by observing that he honoured the 
 king, respected the people, but that many 
 things acquired by the favour of cither 
 ivere not worth bis ambition, and that he 
 
 wished popularity, but "^uch popularity a.*} 
 followed nol thai which m run after, lie 
 was three times oflered the ji;reat »cal, 
 which he declined, jiul in l77fj, he waa 
 created an earl, with icm linder to hi> ne- 
 phews by lady Stormont. in 17^0, when 
 London exhibited a scene of tumult, dr.- 
 vastation, and plunder, his bouse in Blooms- 
 bury-square became an object of popular 
 fury, and was burnt down by the mob, and 
 together with it a very large, < olb ction o( 
 books and valuable manuscripts. Tor 
 these, however, when ollered an honoura- 
 ble compensation by a vote of the com- 
 mons, he refused to accept any thing, but 
 devoted himself with increasing assiduity 
 to the labours of his liigh office. After 
 filling with unusual activity and unshaken 
 integrity this elevated situation for many 
 years, the infirmities of age became so 
 great that he resigned it in January, 1788, 
 and in his honourable retirement was ac- 
 companied with the respect not only of the 
 bar, but of the whole nation. This vene^ 
 rable man retained his faculties to the last, 
 amidst the gradual decay of nature, and 
 expired at his seat at Caenwood, 20th 
 March, 1703, in the S9th year of his age. 
 He was buried privately, according to his 
 desire, in Westminster-abbey. As he had 
 no children, his title descended to his ne- 
 phew lord Stormont, who also inherited 
 his immense fortune. The character of 
 lord Mansfield stands high in the records of 
 fame, for integrity, wisdom, and sagacious 
 discernment. Whilst he presided in the 
 king's bench, the court was remarkable for 
 the regularity, the punctuality, and the 
 despatch which his attentive mind introdu- 
 ced. With such impartiality were his de- 
 cisions given, that only in two cases, where 
 the opinions of the judges were very dis- 
 cordant, the judgment of the court has 
 been reversed, and therefore among those 
 who have devoted the energies of their 
 mind to promote the happiness and the 
 good order of society, few will appear 
 more entitled to the reverence and ho- 
 mage of applauding posterity, than lord 
 Mansfield. 
 
 Murray, Joseph, was for some time one 
 of his Majesty's council and attorney-ge- 
 neral in T>ew-Vork, and at his death be- 
 queathed his whole property, amounting in 
 value to about 25,000 dollars, to King's col- 
 lege. iCj^ L. 
 
 Murray, William Vans, minister of the 
 United States to the republic of Bata\ia, 
 was born in Maryland about the year 17G1. 
 In 1783 he went to London and entered a 
 student of law at the Temple, where he re- 
 mained three years. On returning to his 
 native state he engaged in the practice of 
 law, but was, in 1791, appointed to a seat 
 in congress, which he held for a number of 
 years, and became greatly distinguished 
 
 367 
 
MUR 
 
 MLS 
 
 by his eloquence. Near the close of 
 general Washington's administration, he 
 ivas appointed minister to the Bata- 
 vian republic, where he discharged the 
 duties of his situation with ability, and pro- 
 cured from the French charge d'atfairs at 
 the Hague, some advances toward a resto- 
 ration of harmony between this country 
 and France, on the communication of 
 which to the American government, Mr. 
 Murray was appointed envoy extraordina- 
 ry to France to negotiate a treaty. He 
 was soon joined by Mr. Ellsworth and ge- 
 neral Davie, and co-operated with them in 
 forming the treaty of 1800. He afterwards 
 returned to the Hague, but was soon re- 
 called from its having become unnecessary 
 to maintain a minister at that place. Soon 
 after his return to Maryland, his health de- 
 clined, and Y.h death took place on the 11th 
 December, 1803. He possessed great 
 keenness of wit, brilliancy of fancy, and 
 delicacy of taste, and had well stored his 
 mind with science and literature. 
 
 Murray, James, major in the British 
 service in India, was born in Rhode-Island 
 about the year 1765. His original name 
 was Lillibridge, which he changed for that 
 of Murray, on account of some dissatisfac- 
 tion with his relatives. He went to sea in 
 early life, and after pursuing that occupa- 
 tion several years, about the year 1790 vi- 
 sited Tranquebar on the Coromandel coast. 
 Learning that the Mahratta chiefs were de- 
 sirous of obtaining foreigners to discipline 
 their troops, he passed into their territory, 
 and, meeting with a flattering reception, 
 enea^ed in their service, and soon distin- 
 guished himself by his courage and activi- 
 ty. He continued there fifteen years, du- 
 ring which he was engaged in a great va- 
 riety of enterprises, and encountered every 
 species of hardship and peril. He at length 
 collected a large body of cavalry in his own 
 name, took possession of a considerable 
 district of country, and established himself 
 as an independent sovereign. On the break- 
 ing out of the war between the British and 
 India, he joined the British with his forces, 
 and rendered them the most important ser- 
 vices. At the close of that war, having 
 accumulated a large fortune, he resolved to 
 returffto his native country, and proceeded 
 with that design to Calcutta, where be died 
 in 1806. ICP L. 
 
 Murray, John, jun. a philanthropist, 
 was born in the city of New-York, on the 
 3d of August, 1758, and was a brother of 
 Lindley Murray, of York, England, the dis- 
 tinguished grammarian. He received a 
 respectable education, and established him- 
 self in merchandise at an early age in New- 
 York. After a few years he withdrew from 
 business, satisfied with his accumulations, 
 and nobly devoted his income and life to the 
 368 
 
 cause of philanthropy. He was for thirty- 
 seven years a governor of the New- York 
 Hospital, took an active part in procuring 
 the formation of the society for the manu- 
 mission of slaves, in promoting the instruc- 
 tion of the aboriginal inhabitants in the 
 state of New-York, and in procuring the 
 repeal of the criminal code of that state, and 
 the establishment of the penitentiary sys- 
 tem of punishment. He was the principal 
 means of founding the New-York Free- 
 school society, and was for some time its 
 vice-president, and co-operated in the es- 
 tablishment of most of the charitable insti- 
 tutions which exist in that city, and to 
 them, and a variety of other charitable ob- 
 jects, made liberal benefactions. He was 
 characterised by great modesty, amiable- 
 ness of disposition and manners, the most 
 scrupulous integrity, friendliness to Chris- 
 tians of every denomination, and great be- 
 nevolence. He belonged to the society of 
 Friends, and gave happy evidence of prac- 
 tical piety. He died on the 4th of August, 
 1819. ICP L. 
 
 MuRTOLA, Gaspard, an Italian poet, 
 born at Genoa. His poem on the creation 
 of the world, exposed him to the censures 
 of Marini, a contemporary poet ; but after 
 mutual abuse, Murtola at last attacked per- 
 sonally his antagonist, and fired a pistol at 
 him, and nearly killed him. He wrote be- 
 sides, a Latin poem, Nutriciarum Libri 
 tres — a poem on Janus, &c. and died at 
 Rome, 1624. 
 
 MusA, Antonius, a Greek physician in 
 the service of Augustus. He acquired some 
 reputation by first recommending the use 
 of the cold bath, till the death of Marcellus 
 brought this salutary plan into disrepute. 
 Two tracts de Herba Botan. — de Valetu- 
 dine tuenda, are ascribed to him. 
 
 Mus^us, a celebrated poet of Greece 
 before the age of Homer. The loves of 
 Hero and Leander, preserved under his 
 name, was the work of a more modern poet. 
 
 MuscHENBROECK, Pctcr dc, a celebrated 
 natural philosopher and mathematician, 
 born at Utrecht, 1692. He was professor 
 of philosophy and mathematics in his native 
 town, and afterwards at Leyden, and was 
 honoured with a seat in the Royal society 
 of London, and the academy of sciences at 
 Paris. He died at Leyden full of reputation 
 and literary honours. He wrote Tenta- 
 mina Experimentorum, 4to. — Institutiones 
 Physicae, 4to. — Compendium Physicae Ex- 
 perimentalis, 12mo. and a course of natu- 
 ral and experimental philosophy very much 
 esteemed, and translated into English by 
 Colson, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 MuscuLus, Wolfgangus, a famous divine, 
 boi'n at Dicuze, in Lorraine, 1497. He 
 was very poor, and taken out of charity 
 among the Benedictines, whose society he 
 
MUS 
 
 Ml T 
 
 forsook on embrftcinpj the (ciu;ts of Luther. 
 )le retired to Strasljurc;, nhere he married, 
 but the imrrowness of liis circumstances 
 obliged him to work for his bread, and while 
 he gained applause as a prcac^her on a Sun- 
 day, he was under the necessity of labour- 
 ing the rest of the week in transcribing the 
 %v'orks of Bucer, who kindly entertained 
 him in his house. From Strasburg he went, 
 in 1534, to Augsburg, whore his eloquence 
 was so powerful that the magistrates ex- 
 pelled their popish ministers. In 1548, 
 however, Charles V. restored the catholic 
 rites at Augsbui^, and Musculus fled to 
 Switzerland, where the magistrates of Bern 
 promoted him to the divinity chair in their 
 city. He died there August 30th, 1563. 
 He was a man of great learning, though he 
 was 32 years old before he became acquaint- 
 ed with Greek, and 40 with Hebrew, and 
 his abilities as a disputant were also suc- 
 cesifully employed in ecclesiastical confer- 
 ences. He wrote commentaries on some 
 of the Scriptures, and translated some of 
 the works of the fathers into Latin. 
 
 Musculus, Andrew, a Lutheran divine, 
 professor at Frankfort on the Oder. He 
 was born at Schneberg, in Misnia, and died 
 1580. He wrote various books, and aflect- 
 ed to understand well the prophecies of 
 Scripture. 
 
 MusGRAVE, William, a physician and 
 antiquarj', born at Charlton Musgrave, So- 
 mersetshire, 1657. He was educated at 
 Winchester, and New college, Oxford, 
 where he became fellow, and took his de- 
 gree of M.D. 1689. He was made secre- 
 tary to the Royal Society 1684, and mem- 
 ber of the college of physicians, and in 
 1691 he settled at Exeter, where he prac- 
 tised with great reputation, and died 23d 
 Dec. 1721. His works were de Arthritide, 
 &c. — de Legionibus Epistola — de Aquilis 
 Romanis — Geta Britanuicus, &c. — Belgium 
 Britanqicum, &c. His son was also a phy- 
 sician at Exeter, and wrote some critical 
 pieces. He brought himself into public no- 
 tice by charging the ministry with bribery, 
 at the peace of 1763, which he could not 
 substantiate when brought before the com- 
 mons. He died 1777. 
 
 Musjus, Cornelius, professor of belles 
 lettres and languages in Flanders, was born 
 at Delft, 1503. He was afterwards placed 
 at the head of a convent at home, and put 
 to an ignominious and barbarous death, on 
 account of his religion, by William Lumei, 
 1572. He was author of some poems much 
 admired. 
 
 MussASA, a warlike princess, who suc- 
 ceeded her father Dongy as sovereign of 
 Congo. She dressed herself in a male habit, 
 and often conducted her soldiers to battle 
 and to victory, and extended far the boun- 
 daries of her empire. She flourished in 
 the 17th centun'. 
 
 Vol. H. ' 47 
 
 Mt.ssATi, Albrrtin, a hislori.Mi nud poet, 
 of Padua, ministrr to the rmprrfr Henry 
 VH. was iiutlior of de (i.stis Ilenii.i VII. 
 Imperat.— de GcMtu Italonim post llmri- 
 cum, and died 1.5-2!). His workn were edit- 
 ed at Venice, IG.ir., folio. 
 
 Musso, Cornelius, a famous preacher, 
 made bishop of Bitonto by Popi; Paul IV. 
 and sent to assist at the. council of 'rn-iii. 
 He was born at Placcntia, l.")ll, ami died 
 at Rome, 9th Jan. 1574. His scnuous are 
 curious, and contain quotations from Ho- 
 mer, and other mythological writers, as 
 much as from the Scriptures. 
 
 MusTArHA L succeeded his brother Ach- 
 met as emperor of Turkey, 1617, and was 
 at last strangled, 1623, by his janissaries, 
 after being deposed, and again reinstated, 
 during a turbulent reign of six years. 
 
 MusTAPHA H. son of the fourth Maho- 
 met, succeeded after his uncle Achmet If. 
 1695. He was an able warrior, and after 
 defeating the Imperialists at Temeswnr, he 
 attacked the Venetians, Poles, and Russians 
 with success, till a change of fortune ren- 
 dered him unpopular, and obliged him to 
 make peace. He retired to Adrianople, 
 where he forgot himself in luxury and la*-- 
 civious pleasures, till a dreadful revolt nf 
 his subjects compelled him to d( secnd frr;i:t 
 the throne, 1703. He died of melancholy 
 six months after. 
 
 MusTAPiiA III. son of Achmet III. suc- 
 ceeded to the Turkisli throne, 1757. Hf. 
 spent his time in the pleasures of his se- 
 raglio, and left the cares of government to 
 his ministers and favourites. He died 177-1, 
 before the conclusion of that fatal war 
 which had been kindled between him and 
 the Russians. 
 
 MusuRus, Marcus, a learned native of 
 Condia, who taught Greek in the universi- 
 ties of Venice, Padua, and Rome, and con- 
 tributed much to the revival of letters. He 
 was made bishop of Malvazia, in the .Alo- 
 rea, by pope Leo X. and died of a dropsy 
 soon after, 1517. He was the intimate 
 friend of Erasmu", and to his critical 
 knowledge the public was indebted for the 
 first edition of Aristophanes and Athe- 
 nseus. He published also, Etymologicum 
 Magnum Gra^corum, a valuable work, 
 printed at Venice, folio, 1499, and Heidel- 
 berg, 1594. 
 
 MuTiAN, Jeremy, a painter, born at 
 Brescia, 152S. He studied the manner of 
 Titian, and his landscapes and historical 
 pieces were much admired. He died at 
 Rome, 1590. 
 
 Murius, Callus Scajvola, an illustrious 
 Roman, distinguished for his attack on Por- 
 senna, who had threatened tlic destruction 
 of Rome. 
 
 MuTics, Hulric, historical professor i»f 
 Basil, was author of a History of Gernia* 
 ny, printed at Basil, 1539. 
 
 369 
 
MYL 
 
 MYT 
 
 McY, Louis Nicolas Victor count de, a 
 native of Marseilles, who acquired celebri- 
 ty in the military profession, and signalized 
 iiimself by his valour in the battles of Fon- 
 tenoy, of Hastenback, of Crevelt, and of 
 Minden. He was raised for his services to 
 the rank of marshal of France, and of war 
 minister, but died soon after of the stone, 
 10th Oct. 1775, aged 64. 
 
 MuTS, William, a native of Sleenvick, 
 Over-yssel, who was successively promoted 
 to the chairs of medicine, chymistry, and 
 botany, at Franeker, where he died 1744. 
 He was an able writer, and gave to the 
 world, besides orations, &c. Elements of 
 Natural Philosophy, 4to. — Inventio Fabri- 
 cae quae inPartibus Musculos componentibus 
 extat, 4to. — de Virtute Seminali quaj Plan- 
 tie et Animalia Generi suo propagand. suf- 
 ficiunt. 
 
 Muzio, Jerome, a native of Padua, au- 
 thor of Delia Vergeriane, lib. 4, 1559. 8vo. 
 — di Fesa Delia IMessa, &c. — Lettere Cato- 
 liche — le Mentite Ochiniane against Olpi- 
 nus — il Duello et la Faustina — Notes on 
 Petrarch, &c. He also wrote against the 
 protestants, and died 1576. 
 
 Mydorge, Claude, a native of Paris, 
 eminent as a mathematician. He ably de- 
 fended his friend Des Cartes, against the 
 .Jesuits, and published four books on Conic 
 Sections, and other works. He died 1647, 
 aged 62. 
 
 Mtlne, Robert, an architect, was born 
 1734, at Edinbui'gh, where his father was 
 of the same profession, and a magistrate of 
 the city. The son went to Rome for im- 
 during his residence there 
 
 wrovemcnt, and 
 
 gained the first prize in the architectural 
 class at St. Luke's academy, of which he 
 was elected a member. He was also chosen 
 a member of the academies of Florence and 
 Bologna. On his return home he settled in 
 London, and was selected to build Black- 
 friar's bridge. He was also appointed sur- 
 veyor of St. Paul's cathedral, and built a 
 number of fine seats in different parts of 
 the country. He died in 1811. — W. B. 
 
 Mtn, Herbert Vander, a Dutch painter 
 of Amsterdam. His flowers, &c. as well 
 as his portraits and historical pieces, were 
 deservedly admired. He died 1741, aged 57. 
 
 Mtrepsus, Nicolas, a physician of Alex- 
 andria in the 13th century. He collected 
 a " Pharmacopoeia," from the writings of 
 Greek and Arabic physicians, which was 
 for some time much followed among medi- 
 cal men in Europe. It was translated from 
 the Greek into Latin, by Fusch, and pub- 
 lished, 1658. 
 
 Mtson, a celebrated Greek philosopher, 
 placed by some among the seven wise men, 
 
 Mttens^ Arnold, a native of Brussels, 
 eminent as a painter. His best pieces 
 adorn the churches of Italy. He died 1602, 
 aged 61. 
 
 Mttens, Martin, a native of Stockholm, 
 known as a painter. Though liberally in- 
 vited by Peter the Great, whose portrait 
 he took, to settle in Russia, he refused it, 
 and after visiting Italy and other parts of 
 Europe, he lived at Vienna, highly and de- 
 servedly respected by the emperor Charles 
 VI. and by the court. He died there 1755, 
 aged 60. 
 
 N^V 
 
 NaBI-EFFENDI, a Turkish poet of great 
 merit. He was well acquainted with the 
 classic writers of Greece and Rome, and 
 gained applause by his poems. He flour- 
 ished in the 17th century. 
 
 Nabis, king of Lacedaemon, disgraced 
 himself by his cruelties and extortions. He 
 Avas put to death B.C. 194. 
 
 Nabonassar, a king of Babylon, sup- 
 posed to be the Baladan of Scripture. His 
 name is celebrated in history as the founder 
 of that epoch which began B.C. 747. 
 
 Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, in- 
 vaded and divided the kingdom of Syria with 
 Astyages, B.C. 626. He was afterwards 
 defeated by Necho, king of Egypt, and died 
 after a reign of 21 years. 
 
 N^vms, Cneius, a Latin poet, banished 
 from Rome by the consul Metellus, who 
 370 
 
 NAI 
 
 was offended by the satire of his comedies. 
 He died at Utica, B.C. 230. 
 
 Nahum, one of the minor prophets, born 
 at Elkost in Galilee. He prophesied in the 
 reign of Hezekiah, and directed his predic- 
 tions against Nineveh. His language is 
 bold and animated, possessing fire and sub- 
 limity. 
 
 Nairon, Faustus, a Maronite, nephew 
 of Ecchelensis, and professor of Syriac in 
 the Sapienza college, at Rome, where he 
 died, 1711, aged 80. He vncote Euoplia 
 Fidei Catholicac, &c. 1694 — Dissertatio de 
 Maronitarum Origine, &c. 1679. He 
 maintains, in these books, that the Maron- 
 ites have preserved inviolate the Christian 
 faith from the time of the apostles, and 
 that that they derive their name not from 
 Maro, the Monothelite, who died 707, but 
 
NAN 
 
 NArt 
 
 tVom St. Maro, an Anachorct ol' the i'ouiili 
 century. 
 
 Nalson, Valentine, a native of Malton, 
 Yorkshire, educated at St. John's (-ollegc, 
 Cambridge, and made prebendary of York, 
 and rector of St. Mary there. He wrote 
 a volume of sermons, &.c. and died 1724, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Nalton, James, minister of St. Leon- 
 ard's, Foster-lane, was concerned in Love's 
 plot, and fled to Holland. He was after- 
 wards ejected for nonconformity, 16G2, 
 and died the next year of a dreadful me- 
 lancholy. Some of his sermons were pub- 
 lished. 
 
 Nancel, Nicholas de, a native of Nan- 
 cel, near Soissons, who became a physician 
 of some eminence, and after practising in 
 several towns, settled at the abbey of Fon- 
 tevrault, where he died, 1610. He wrote 
 Stichologia Graeca Latinaque, &c. 8vo. — 
 the Life of Peter Ramus — De Immortali- 
 tate Animae, Svo. &c. 
 
 Nanfan, John, governor of New- York 
 under the earl of Bellamont, was a kins- 
 man of that nobleman, and assumed the 
 administration after his death in May, 1701. 
 Lord Cornbury succeeded him in 1702. 
 During the short period that he was in 
 power great dissensions existed in the co- 
 lony. |C3* L. 
 
 Nani, John Baptist, a Venetian noble, 
 proctor of St. Mark, Avas born 30th Aug. 
 1616. He was, through his abilities, ad- 
 mitted into the college of senators, 1641, 
 and went as ambassador to France, and in 
 that capacity had such influence upon Ma- 
 zarine, that he obtained from the French 
 court succours in men and money, to con- 
 tinue the war against the Turks in Candia. 
 He was afterwards ambassador to the em- 
 peror, and received the highest approbation 
 from his fellow-citizens, who appointed 
 him, for his services, proctor of St. Mark, 
 and captain general of the marine. He 
 died, much respected, 5th Nov. 167S. He 
 was the author of a History of Venice, un- 
 dertaken at the request of the senate, the 
 best edition of which is that of 1679, 2 vols. 
 4to. He wrote also an account of his em- 
 bassy in France. 
 
 Nannius, Peter, born at Alcmaer, 1500, 
 was professor at Louvain, and died 1557. 
 He wrote Learned Notes on Classic Au- 
 thors — Miscellaneorum Decas, &c. Svo. — 
 Dialogues on Heroines, 4to. an excellent 
 work — Paraphrase on the Canticles — a 
 translation of the Psalms into Latin verse. 
 
 Nanquier, Simon, a French poet in the 
 16th century. He chiefly excelled in Latin 
 composition, and his epigrams — his poem 
 De Lubrico Temporis Curriculo, &,c. possess 
 merit. 
 
 Nantigni, Lewis Chazot de, a French 
 writer, author of Historical Genealogies of 
 Kings, Emperors, and other Sovereigns of 
 
 lluropc, 4 vols. 4to. — Gpographical Tabic-'. 
 12mo. — Genealogies in the SuppI nicnt to 
 Moreri, 17 1'J— lli^itoriral, (itnealo^iral, 
 and Chrorioiogieal Tables, '.» vols. Ho died 
 at Paris, after being blind three years, 1755, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Nantueil, Robert, a French painter and 
 engraver of eminence, born at Rheim.^, 
 1630. He was well educated, ihoueh hi« 
 father was poor, but his exertions were not 
 sufliciently rewarded at home, and there- 
 fore he went to Paris, in quest of employ- 
 ment and patronage. He particularly Ex- 
 celled in taking likenesses in crayons, and 
 his portrait of Lewis XIV. was execute! 
 with such dexterity and elegance, that th-^ 
 monarch liberally rewarded him with 100 
 louis, and gave him a pension, with the 
 new appointment of designer and engrar^M 
 to his cabinet. Thus patronised, he soon 
 gained a considerable fortune, and in the 
 gratitude of his heart, sent for his aged fa- 
 ther to share his honours and his indepei5- 
 dence. He died at Paris, Dec. 18th, 167"'. 
 His works have been collected, and consi-->i 
 of about 240 prints, 
 
 Naogeorgus, Thomas, a native of 
 Straubingen, in Bavaria, 1511. His real 
 name was Kirchmaycr, but was altered ac- 
 cording to the fashion of the times. His 
 satires, which possessed merit, were cbieflv 
 directed against the papists, and their 
 many irregularities. His best work is 
 Regnum Papisticum, 1559, Svo. He died 
 1578. 
 
 Napier, or Neper, John, baron of 
 Merchiston, was born near Edinburg'i, 
 1550. He studied at the university of St. 
 Andrews, and after making the tour of 
 France, Italy, and Germaoy, he returned 
 to Scotland, and devoted himself assiduous- 
 ly to mathematical pursuits. His abilities 
 were of a superior cast, and he has render- 
 ed his name immortal by the discovery of 
 logarithms, published L614. This science 
 was afterwartls further improved by hinj- 
 self, and also by Mr. Briggs, geometrical 
 professor of Gresham college. Lord Na- 
 pier published also a useful work, called 
 Rabdology and Promptuary. His inven- 
 tion of the five circular parts in trigonome- 
 try, and the mode of calculation by rods, 
 called Napier's rods, or bones, were very 
 ingenious contrivances. He is also author 
 of an " Essay on the Apocalypse," which 
 proves his knowledge of theology in a very 
 honourable degree. He died at Manches- 
 ter, 1617. His life has been written by 
 lord Buchan. 
 
 Nare?, James, doctor of music, and 
 brother to Judge Nares, was born at Stan- 
 well, Middlesex, 1715. He was one of the 
 choristers of the royal chapel, and studied 
 under Mr. Gates, and afteruards Dr. Pc- 
 pusch, and in 1734 became organist at 
 York. In 1755 he was appointed organis*^ 
 
 ^/ 1 
 
KAS 
 
 NAT 
 
 and coiii'j^oser to the king, in tlie room of 
 Dr. Green, and the next year he took his 
 musical degree at Cambridge, and in 1757 
 ivas made master of the choristers, which 
 he resigned, in 1780, to his pupil and 
 Iricnd, Dr. Ayrton. He died, 10th Feb. 
 1783. He ivas highly respected by the 
 great, and by men of learning, and his 
 works are much admired, especially the 
 Koyal Pastoral, an ode, the words of which 
 were written by Mr. Bellamy. 
 
 Narses, king of Persia after his father 
 \'arancs, was successful against the Ro- 
 mans, but afterwards was defeated. He 
 <lied A.D. 303. 
 
 Narses, a Persian eunuch, in the service 
 of the Roman emperors. He bravely head- 
 ed their armies against the Goths, whom 
 he defeated, A.D. 552. 
 
 Nash, Thomas, an ingenious writer, 
 born at Leostoff, in Sufiblk, and educated 
 at Cambridge. He took orders, but his ir- 
 regularities were in the way of his prefer- 
 ment. His poems, chiefly directed against 
 the puritans, and especially his "Pierce 
 Pennyless," possess merit, but with their 
 i-atire, breathe nothing but disappointment 
 and disgust at the ingratitude of mankind. 
 He died about 1600. 
 
 Na«h, Richard, an extraordinary cha- 
 racter, born at Swansea, Glamorganshire, 
 18th Oct. 1674. From Caermarthen school 
 he went to Jesus college, Oxford, where he 
 became known more for his love of plea- 
 sure, and his intrigues, than for his appli- 
 cation or industry. From college, where 
 his extravagances gave offence to his supe- 
 riors, he entered the army, and obtained a 
 I>iiir of colours ; but this profession he soon 
 relinquished for a town life, and the study 
 t>f the law at the Temple. Admired and 
 courted as a jovial companion, he became 
 the arbiter elegantiarum of the fashionable 
 world, and when the Middle Temple, ac- 
 cording to custom, exhibited an entertain- 
 ment for king William, Nash had the ma- 
 nagement of the ceremony, which was so 
 well conducted that the monarch offered 
 him the honour of knighthood, which he 
 declined. In 1704 Nash went to Bath, 
 \vhich now began to be a place of resort, 
 and being elected master of ceremonies, by 
 the influence of his friends, and the popu- 
 larity of his own character, he soon made 
 that city the resort of the gay, the fashion- 
 able, and the^opulent. Under his direction 
 the greatest regularity was made to prevail 
 in the public rooms, and Bath, lately 
 known to few, became the centre of attrac- 
 tion for persons in the higher rank of life. 
 In the midst of this gay assemblage, Nash 
 supported his expenses chiefly from the 
 gamingtable ; but with this vicious propen- 
 sity predominant in his character, he was 
 humane, generous, and charitable, and 
 iliouofh persecuted bv creditors, he has often 
 379 
 
 been known to bestow on the cravings of 
 indigence, what was due from him to pa- 
 tient industry. Flattered with the appella- 
 tion of the king of Bath, and called, in his 
 gayer days, beau Nash, this umpire of fa- 
 shion continued his career of genteel 
 dissipation, though his income was preca- 
 rious, and his resources depended on 
 chance. In the decline of life it is said 
 that he became very poor, and that the pre- 
 sents which formerly he had received from 
 the partiality of the great, and the favour of 
 the opulent, were all disposed of to support 
 his necessities. His last moments brought 
 with them unpleasing reflections, and he 
 expired in great agitation of mind, 3d Feb. 
 1761, aged 87. As he had so much contri- 
 buted to the celebrity of Bath, and had 
 been the chief promoter of the building of 
 a hospital, the people of the city showed 
 due respect to his remains, which were 
 conveyed with becoming funeral pomp to 
 the abbey church, and there interred. 
 
 Nash, Francis, a brigadier general in 
 the revolutionary army, was a captain in 
 Fanning's regiment, in the expedition of 
 governor Tryon against the Regulators of 
 North Carolina in 1771. He distinguished 
 himself by his firmness and address in 
 maintaining his position in the battle of the 
 16th May, when the whole of the regiment 
 with the exception of his company gave 
 way. It was to a few men of bravery, of 
 which number he was one, that the colonj- 
 was indebted for the suppression of that 
 insurrection. In September, 1775, he was 
 appointed colonel of a regiment by the 
 convention of North Cai*olina, and briga- 
 dier general of the troop of that state on 
 the continental establishment in Feb. 1777. 
 He was killed at the head of his brigade in 
 the battle of Germantown, October 4th, 
 1777. ^CJ=^ L. 
 
 Nasini, Joseph Nicholas, a native of Si- 
 enna. He studied painting under Giro 
 Ferri, and his abilities were employed in 
 historical works by the grand duke of Tus- 
 
 cany. 
 
 He died 1736, aged 76. 
 
 Nasmith, James, a divine, was born at 
 Norwich in 1740, and educated at Bene't- 
 coUegc, Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 fellowship. In 1773 he was presented to 
 the living of St. Mary Abchurch, which he 
 exchanged for Snailwell in Cambridgeshire. 
 He took the degree of doctor in divinity iu 
 1797 ; and his last preferment was the rec- 
 tory of Leverington, in the isle of Ely, 
 where he died in 1808. Dr. Nasmith pub- 
 lished " A Catalogue of Bene't college Li- 
 brary ;" an edition of the " Itinei-aries of 
 Simon and William of Worcester," 8vo. ; a 
 new edition of Tanner's " Notitia Monas- 
 tica ;" a pamphlet entitled " An Examina- 
 tion of the Statutes relating to the Assize of 
 Bread," &ic.— W. B. 
 
 Natalis, Michael, ancngraver of Liege, 
 
NAV 
 
 .NAt 
 
 From the Loaae of his father, who instruct- 
 ed him ill the art of eiigniviiif^, he went to 
 Kome, and studied under Joachim Sand- 
 raart. His engraved representations of 
 statues, after the paintings of Rubens, Ti- 
 tian, &c. from the Justinian gallery, were 
 much admired. He died 1670, aged 61. 
 
 Nathan, a prophet in the age of David. 
 The pathetic parable of the poor man's 
 lamb, by which he reproved that monarch's 
 cruel and unmanly murder of Uriah, and 
 his adulterous intercourse with Bathsheba, 
 his wife, is well known. 
 
 Nathan, Isaac, or Mordecai, the first 
 who published a Hebrew Concordance, 
 which he completed 1448, after 10 years' 
 labour. It was first printed at Venice, 
 1523, and afterwards improved by Buxtorf, 
 and edited Basil, 1632. 
 
 Nattier, John Mark le, a French paint- 
 er, born 17th March, 1685. His designs 
 for the Luxemburg gallery have been en- 
 graved and printed, 1 vol. fol. 1710. He 
 was professor in the academy of painting, 
 and was patronised by Lewis, but he de- 
 clined the liberal invitations of the Czar 
 Peter to settle in Russia. He died 1766, 
 leaving three daughters. 
 
 Nattier, Lawrence, a native of Bilbe- 
 rach, in Swabia, who engraved entaglios, 
 and published a book of ancient gems. He 
 died atPetersburghof anasthma, 27th Dec. 
 1763. 
 
 Navagero, Andrew, a noble Venetian, 
 whose abilities were employed as ambassa- 
 dor to Francis L He died of a fever at 
 Blois, 1529, aged 44. He was engaged in 
 writing the History of Venice, but burnt 
 the work in his last illness. His poems 
 are preserved in the " Carmina Poetarum 
 Italorum," and his other works were print- 
 ed at Padua, 1718, 4to. 
 
 Navagero, Bernard, of the same family 
 as the preceding, was bishop of Verona, 
 and a cardinal. He assisted at the council 
 of Trent, and died 1565, aged 58. He 
 wrote the Life of pope Paul IV. 
 
 Navarre, Peter, a famous warrior in the 
 16th century. He was born in Biscay, of 
 an obscure family, and after l)eing for some 
 time a seaman, he entered into the service 
 of cardinal Aragon as valet. He next 
 served in the aimy of the Florentin-es, and 
 then engaged in the sea service, where he 
 distinguished himself by his valour. Known 
 for his bravery, he was employed by Gon- 
 salvo de Cordova in the Neapolitan wars 
 as captain, and he contributed much to the 
 taking of Naples by the judicious manage- 
 ment of a mine. His services were re- 
 warded by the emperor, who gave him the 
 domains of Alveto, in Naples, from which 
 he assumed the name of Navarre. He 
 afterwards sailed in an expedition against 
 the Moors of Africa, and took possession 
 of Oran, Tripoli, and other fortified places ; 
 
 but part of hii anuy w;w defeated by the 
 Moorish cavalry. His campaign-^ in Italy 
 afterwards were unforlmiutt, and he wslh 
 taken at the battle of Ravenna, Ifil'i, and 
 for two years endured captivity in France. 
 The ill treatment of the Spunish king de- 
 termined him to ent<!r into ihc service of 
 Francis I. and he dislinguishcd himself in 
 several expeditions, but in hi^ attempt to 
 relieve Genoa he was tak<;n by the imperial 
 troops. For three years he languished in 
 the dungeons of Q'.uf, till the treats of Ma- 
 drid set him free. He was at the siege of 
 Naples in 1528 under Lautrec, and was 
 taken prisoner at the retreat of Aversa, and 
 again sent to the uungeons of (Euf. Here 
 his life was spared by the duke of Orange, 
 and either in compassion for his misfor- 
 tunes and his valour, or because he was la- 
 bouring under a severe illness, he was not 
 beheaded with the rest of the captives who 
 were devoted to destruction. He died 
 soon after, though some assert that he was 
 strangled in his bed, in an advanced age. 
 An account of his life has been published 
 by Paul Jovius, and by Philip Tomasini. 
 His remains were honoured in the 17th 
 century by a splendid monument in the 
 church of St. Mary the Neuve, in Naples, 
 by the duke of Sessa. 
 
 Navaretta, Ferdinand, a Spanish Do- 
 minican of Old Castile, whose eloquence 
 was employed as a missionary in China, 
 1659. He was well acquainted with the 
 language of tlie country, and on his return 
 to Spain 1672, he went before the pope to 
 account for his mission. He was made by 
 Charles II. archbishop of St. Domingo, 
 where he died 1689. He printed at Mad- 
 rid, in Spanish, his treatise. Historical, Po- 
 litical, and Moral, of China, but only one 
 folio volume appeared, as the two others 
 were suppressed by the inquisition. 
 
 Navaretta, Balthasar, a Spanish Do- 
 minican, at the end of the 16th century, 
 who published 3 vols, folio. Controversial 
 in D. Thoma ej usque Schola; Defensionem, 
 1634. 
 
 Nauclerus, John, a native of Swabia, 
 who changed the name of ^ ergcau into that 
 of Nauclerus, and became professor of law 
 at Tubingen, and provost of the ( athtdral. 
 He died at the beginning of the l6th centu- 
 ry. Hi* Chronicle from the Creation to the 
 year 1500, is a work of merit, of which the 
 best edition is that of Cologne in folio, 1570. 
 Naude, Gabriel, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Paris, 12th Feb. 1600. After study- 
 ing with great assiduity at Paris, he went 
 further to improve himself to Padua, where 
 he took his degrees in physic. In 1631 he 
 was made librarian to cardinal Bagni, at 
 Rome, and after his death he was with equal 
 liberality patronised by Burberini. He waa 
 invited by Richelieu to Paris, and was treat- 
 ed with great kindne.ss l>y his successor Ma- 
 
 373 
 
NAVr 
 
 NEC 
 
 zarine, over whose library be presided, and 
 from whom he received several benefices. 
 He attended Christina at the court of Swe- 
 den, but did not remain long there ; and the 
 fatigues of his journey threw him into a 
 fever, of which he died at Abbeville, 29th 
 July, 1653. He wrote. Apology for great 
 Men who have been accused of Magic, 
 12mo. — Advice for forming a library — Ad- 
 dition to the life of Lewis XT. — Bibliogra- 
 phia Politica — Syntagma de Studio Milita- 
 ri — de Studio Liberali — a Discourse against 
 Libels, &c. 
 
 Naude, Philip, a mathematician, born at 
 Metz, 1654. At the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, he went to Berlin, where he be- 
 came professor of mathematics, and mem- . 
 ber of the academy. He died there 1729, 
 much respected. He published a " treatise 
 on Geometry," in German, 4to. and was 
 succeeded in his professorship by his son, 
 who died 1745. 
 
 Navier, Peter Toussaint, a native of St. 
 Dizier, who died at Chalons-sur-Marne, 
 1779. He practised as a physician, and is 
 eminently known for his discovery of nitrous 
 ether, and the combination of mercury with 
 iron, hitherto regarded as impossibilities. 
 His knowledge in epidemical disorders was 
 very great, and his prescriptions very suc- 
 cessful ; and to the truest meekness and 
 modestj, he united the highest humanity 
 and benevolence. He wrote a Dissertation 
 on common diseases — Observations on the 
 Softening of the Bones — Reflections on the 
 Danger of Hasty Burials, and the Abuses of 
 Interments in Churches — Antidotes against 
 Arsenic, 2 vols. l2mo — on the Use of Bur- 
 gundy in putrid fevers — de Thermis Borbo- 
 niensibus, 4to. &c. 
 
 Nayler, James, a quaker, born at Ards- 
 ley, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1616. He 
 was in 1641, a private in the parliamentary 
 army, and rose to the office of quarter- 
 master under Lambert, but quitted the mili- 
 tary life in 1649. The preaching and con- 
 versation of George Fox converted him to 
 Quakerism, 1651, and thinking himself now 
 divinely inspired, he became an itinerant 
 minister of his persuasion. In l656 he was 
 imprisoned for his extravagant conduct at 
 Exeter, where his followers addressed him 
 as the prince of peace ; and afterwards, 
 when liberated from confinement, he went 
 to Bristol, he was accompanied by an en- 
 thusiastic cavalcade, who sang befoie him, 
 holy, holy, holy is the Lord God of hosts, 
 Hosanna in the highest. This fanatic zeal 
 was noticed by the parliament ; Nayler was 
 accused and condemned, as guilty of blas- 
 phemy, and as an impostor, he was exposed 
 in the pillory, and whipped, and branded en 
 the forehead, his tongue v>as bored through 
 with a red hot iron at the Old Exchange, 
 and he was then imprisoned in Bridewell 
 for life. After two years imprisonment he 
 374 
 
 was set at liberty, and in 1060 he left Lon- 
 don to return to Wakefield, to his wife and 
 family, but died by the way, and was buried 
 at King's Ripon. His writings have appear- 
 ed in an 8vo. volume, 1716. 
 
 Neal, Daniel, a native of London, edu- 
 cated at a dissenting academy, and after- 
 wards at Utrecht and Leyden. He was 
 chosen pastor of a congregation of indepen- 
 dents in Aldersgate-street, and afterwards 
 in Jewin-street; and died 1743, aged 65. He 
 wrote a History of the Puritans, 4 vols. 
 8vo. — History of New-England, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 — Sermons, &c. 
 
 Neander, Michael, a learned protestant, 
 born at Soza in Silesia, 1523. He was made 
 rector of the university of Ilfeldt, and pre- 
 sided over it for forty years, and at Pforts- 
 heim, where he died 25th April, 1595. He 
 was author of Frotemata Linguae Graecae, 
 8vo. — a Hebrew Grammar — Pindarica Aris- 
 tologia — Gnomologia, &c. — There was a 
 physician of the same name, who died at 
 Jena 1581, author of Synopsis Mensurarum 
 et Ponderum, 4to. 1555. 
 
 Nearchus, one of Alexander's officers, 
 who was employed by his master to examine 
 the Indian seas in a voyage of discovery. 
 His voyage from India to Ormus, still ex- 
 tant, has become particularly interesting by 
 the valuable annotations and ingenious re- 
 marks of Dr. Vincent. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar I. or Nabuchadono- 
 sor, king of Nineveh, and Babylon, suppo- 
 sed to be the Nabopolassar who founded the 
 kingdom of Nineveh. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar II. king of Babylon, 
 is supposed to be the son of the preceding. 
 He invaded Judaea, and carried the inhabi- 
 tants into captivity. He afterwards, ac- 
 cording to the relation of Scripture, was 
 banished from the society of men, and 
 herded among the beasts of the field. After 
 seven years, he was restored to his dignity, 
 and died about 562 B. C. in the 44th year of 
 his reign. 
 
 Necho, or the Pharaoh Necho of Scrip- 
 ture, was king of Egypt after his father, 
 Psammeticus. The expedition w^hich his 
 ships undertook from the Red Sea round 
 the coast of Africa to the entrance of the 
 Mediterranean, is famous, and was comple- 
 ted in three years. Necho marched against 
 Assyria, and in his way defeated the Jews 
 under Josiah, but was afterwards routed, 
 and returned in disgrace. He died about 
 600 B. C. 
 
 Neck, John Van, a native of Naarden, 
 eminent as a painter. His naked figures 
 were particularly admired. His best piece 
 is Simeon holding in his arms the infant Sa- 
 viour, preserved in a church at Amsterdam. 
 He died 1714, aged 79. 
 
 Necker, Noel Joseph, a native of Flan- 
 ders, who applied himself to botany and to 
 medicine, in which sciences he obtained 
 
NEE 
 
 NEE 
 
 celebrity. He wrote Dolicia- Gallo-lBel!;ieae 
 Sylvestres, 2 vols.r2nio. — Physiologia Mus- 
 corum, 8vo. — Mithodus Muscorum, 8vo. — 
 Hist. Nat. duTassilege, &c.8vo. — Elomenta 
 Botanica — Eclaircissemeiis sur la Propaga- 
 tion, &c. 8vo. He died at ISlanheiin 1793, 
 aged 61. 
 
 Necker, James, a native of Geneva, 
 known as a financier. He was at first 
 member of the council of 200 at Geneva, 
 and then went as ambassador from the rc- 
 iniblie to France, where in 1705 he obtain- 
 ed the office of syndic to the East India 
 company, and in 1775 was made director of 
 the Royal treasury. His abilities were so 
 highly respected, that he was, though a fo- 
 reigner, twice elevated to the rank of prime 
 minister of France ; but the revolution, to 
 which, as some imagine, his financial schemes 
 liad imperceptibly contributed, destroyed his 
 popularity, and he yielded to the storm and 
 retired to Switzerland, where he died at 
 Copet, 1304, aged 72. He is author of a 
 •work on the Finances of France, 3 vols. — 
 a treatise on the Influence of Religious Opi- 
 nions, Si£. His wife was tht. daughter of a 
 protestant divine, and she rendered herself 
 known not only by her writings, but by the 
 amiable virtues of her character. When 
 ber husband was luisedto the I.ighest offices 
 of France, she did not assume the manners 
 of supercilious pride, but continued the 
 friend of the learned, and the protectress 
 of the poor, whose necessities she relieved 
 with a liberal hand. Among her illustrious 
 friends were Thomas and Buffbn. She fol- 
 lowed her husband's disgrace to Copet, 
 where she died 1795. Her works are a 
 treatise on Hasty Burials, Svo. — Memoir 
 on the Establishment of Hospitals — Reflec- 
 tions on Divorce — Miscellanies from her 
 MSS. published after her death. Her daugh- 
 ter by Mr. Necker, married baron de Stael 
 Holstein, the Swedish ambassador at the 
 court of France, and she has acquired some 
 celebrity not only by the intrigues which 
 she carried on during the revolution, but by 
 " Delphine," a romance, full of indecent and 
 irreligious sentiments. 
 
 Neckham, Alexander, canon of Exeter, 
 and Abbot of St. Mary's, Cirencester, was 
 admired as a learned man, and as a poet, 
 and therefore called Miraculum Ingenii. 
 He wrote commentaries on the Psalms — a 
 treatise dc Nominibus Utensilium, &c. and 
 died 1227. 
 
 Nectarius, a pious native of Tarsus, 
 made patriarch of Constantinople, 331. He 
 died 397. 
 
 Needham, Marchamont, an English wri- 
 ter, born at Burfnrd, Oxfordshire, Aug. 
 1G20. He was educated at All-Souls col- 
 lege, and St. Mary's hall, Oxford, then ac- 
 cepted the place of usher in Merchant-tai- 
 lors' school, and at the breaking out of the 
 civil wars, became writer to an attorney at 
 
 Gray's Inn. Here he engaj^ed in the publi- 
 cation of a periodical paper, c.ilb d Mercu- 
 rins Biitunniciis, in wlii( h h«- favoured the 
 republican party ; but afterwards bo wm 
 reconciled to tlu; royalists, obtained the 
 king's pardon, and bigan to ncrw hi.-* cause 
 by his Mercurius Pragmaticus. Thi.n, how- 
 ever, soon endangered his sufeiy ; he wa-s 
 imprisoned by tiic parliament ui Newgate, 
 and then persuaded to emiirace the cauue of 
 the independents, which he again did with 
 warmth in his new paper, called Mercurius 
 Politicus. He had in the mean time stu- 
 died physic, and taken his degrees, and on 
 the return of Charles II. he obtained his 
 pardon under the great seal, and practised 
 as a physician, much respected among the 
 dissenters. He died .suddenly 1678. He 
 was a man of great abilities, but his change 
 of principles according to the prevalence of 
 party, rendered him suspected and despica- 
 ble. Besides his Mercuries, he wrote va- 
 rious political pamphlets, which, though reail 
 with avidity in his time, are not now worth 
 recording. 
 
 Needham, John Tubcrville, a Roman 
 catholic, born in London, 1713, and edu- 
 cated at Douay. His abilities recommend- 
 ed him to be professor of philosophy in 
 the English college at Lisbon, and after- 
 wards he became travelling tutor to several 
 English and Irish noblemen. He was fel- 
 low of the London Royal Society, and was 
 appointed rector of the academy of sciences 
 at Brussels, where he died 1781. Though 
 a learned, he was a very superstitious cha- 
 racter. He wrote Inquiries on Micro- 
 scopical Discoveries, and Organized Bodies 
 — Observations on Spallanzani's Discove- 
 ries — Inquiries on Nature and Religion — 
 besides some Observations inserted inBuf- 
 fon's Natural History. 
 
 Needler, Benjamin, a native ol Lalam, 
 Middlesex, educated at Merchant-tailors', 
 and St. John's college, Oxford, of which 
 he became felloAv. He was afterwards 
 minister of Margaret Moses, Friday-street, 
 from which he was ejected for nonconfor- 
 mity, 1662. He then settled at North 
 Warnborough, Hants, where he died Juno, 
 1682. He wrote an Exposition of the first 
 five chapters of Genesis. 
 
 Needler, Thomas, an English writer of 
 the Navy office, author of some prose and 
 poetical works, published by Duncombe, 
 1724, 12mo. He was of amiable manners, 
 and died 1718, aged 28. 
 
 Neefs, Peter, a Flemish painter, educa- 
 ted under Steenwick. His paintings in 
 perspective, and especially the inside of 
 churches, are much admired. His son also 
 possessed merit as a painter, but inferior to 
 his father. 
 
 Neer, Arnold Van dcr, a native of y\m- 
 sterdam, celebrated as a painter of land- 
 scapes and moonlight scenes. He died 
 
 .1/ r> 
 
NEL 
 
 KEL 
 
 1683, aged 64. His son, called Hendric, 
 was eminent as a historical and portrait 
 painter, and died 1703. 
 
 Nehemiah, a Jew, son of Hachaliah, 
 born at Babylon during th« captivity. He 
 was cup-bearer to Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
 by whom he was permitted to return to 
 Jerusalem, to rebuild the city and temple, 
 which he effected 454 B.C. He died at 
 Jerusalem 430, afler governing his nation 
 with justice and integrity 30 years. 
 
 Neller, George Christopher, a learned 
 divine, belonging to the cathedral of Treves, 
 and counsellor to the elector. He wrote 
 Dissertatio de Decretis Basilensibus — de 
 Primatu S. Ecclesiae Trevirens. — Herma- 
 nia inauguralis in Balduani Trev. Docu- 
 mentum, &c. — de Juribus Parochi Primi- 
 tivi — de Genuina Idea et Signis Parochiali- 
 tatis, &c. — de Solido Ficto, de Solido Spe- 
 cie! Argento, &.c. He died at Treves, 
 1734, aged 74. 
 
 Nelson, Robert, a celebrated English- 
 man, generally called the Pious Nelson, 
 was born in London, 22d June, 1656. He 
 was educated at St. Paul's school, and af- 
 terwards privately, by Dr. G. Bull, of 
 Saddington, Gloucestershire, and then sent 
 to Trinity college, Cambridge. In 1680 he 
 was admitted fellow of the Royal Society, 
 and in the same year he began his travels 
 in the company of his friend Dr. Halley. 
 He visited Paris, and afterwards proceeded 
 to Rome, where he became acquainted with 
 lady Theophila Lucy, the rich widow of 
 Sir Kingsmill Lucy, bart. and daughter of 
 Lord Berkeley, whom he married on his 
 return to England. This lady soon after 
 declared herself of the catholic persuasion, 
 but though she spoke and wrote in favour 
 of her principles, against what her hus- 
 band puijlished, their mutual affection was 
 never diminished by controversy, or em- 
 bittered by religious disagreements. Firm 
 in his principles. Nelson remained attach- 
 ed to his creed, and to his sovereign, and 
 he not only refused to transfer his allegi- 
 ance to William, but declared himself a 
 nonjuror. This conduct did not render 
 him less dear to his many respectable 
 friends ; he was still regarded by Tillotson, 
 though they disagreed in political opinions, 
 and such was their attachment, that the 
 venerable prelate was attended in his last 
 illness by his worthy friend, and died in 
 his arms. About the end of 1709, he re- 
 turned to the communion of the church of 
 England, and in this he yielded to the ar- 
 a;uments of some able and pious divine. 
 He was, about 1713, attacked by an asthma 
 and dropsy in the breast, of which he died 
 at Kensington, 16th January, 1714-15. 
 He was the first person buried in the ce- 
 metery of St. George's church, where a 
 Latin inscription by bishop Smalridge re- 
 cords his virtues. This great, learned, and 
 376 
 
 amiable man wrote various lyorks, the best 
 known of which are his Companion for 
 the Festivals and Fasts of the Church of 
 England, 8vo. a useful work, often re- 
 printed. He wrote besides, the Practice 
 of True Devotion, l2mo. — Trans ubstantia- 
 tion contrary to Scripture, 4to. — the Great 
 Duty of frequenting the Christian Sacri- 
 fice, 8vo. — the life of his friend bishop 
 Bull, 8vo. — a Letter to Dr. Clarke on his 
 Doctrine of the Trinity — Address to Per- 
 sons of Quality, &c. — the Whole Duty of 
 a Christian, in question and answer — a 
 Letter on Church Government, &c. 
 
 Nelson, Valentine, author of some ser- 
 mons. Vid. Nalson. 
 
 Nelson, Horatio Viscount, an illustrious 
 English seaman. He was the fourth son 
 of the Rev. Edward Nelson, and was born 
 29th September, 1758, at Burnham Thorpe, 
 Norfolk, of which his father was rector. 
 He began his education at Norwich school, 
 afterwards removed to North Waltham, 
 and at the age of 12, when the nation was 
 threatened with war, in consequence of the 
 disputes about the Falkland islands, he en- 
 tered on board the Raisonable of 64 guns, 
 under his maternal uncle captain Maurice 
 Suckling. Soon after that ship was put 
 out of commission, and the young seaman 
 went to the West Indies, in the merchants' 
 service, but again joined his uncle on board 
 the Triumph, and in 1773 was permitted to 
 accompany the expedition which was sent 
 under the command of captains Phipps and 
 Lutwidge on a voyage of discovery to the 
 North pole. In this voyage he, as coax- 
 swain to captain Lutwidge, gained great 
 reputation for boldness, zeal, and perse- 
 verance, and on his return he went to the 
 West-Indies, onboard the Sea-horse under 
 captain Farmer. He rose to the rank of lieu- 
 tenant in April, 1777, andv/as immediately 
 employed as second of the Lowestoffe, of 32 
 guns, on the Jamaica station, from which he 
 was removed to the command of a schoon- 
 er, and thus was enabled to acquire a per- 
 fect knowledge of the intricate navigation 
 of the seas near Hispaaiola. In June, 
 1779, he obtained, under admiral Peter 
 Parker, the appointment of post-captain, 
 and the command of the Hinchinbroke, 
 and when an attack was expected in Ja- 
 maica from the French forces under D'Es- 
 tainge, the youthful hero was intrusted with 
 the care of the batteries of Port Royal, and 
 the defence of Kingston and Spanish Town. 
 In the attack made in 1780, upon Fort 
 Juan, in the gulf of Mexico, his perseve- 
 rance was of infinite benefit to the public 
 service, and by his intrepidity the outposts 
 were gallantly stormed, and the place re- 
 duced. The next ship which he command- 
 ed was the Janus, of 44 guns, and soon 
 after he was removed to the Albemarle, and 
 continued on the American station with 
 
NEt 
 
 NFA. 
 
 Sir Samncl Hood till the peace. In 1783 
 he visJited France, and the next year he was 
 appointed to the Boreas of 2S {«;uns, at the 
 Leeward ishmds, and dnring his continu- 
 ance in this station he married, March, 
 1787, Frances Herbert Nesbit, widow of 
 Dr. Nesbit, of Nevis, and daughter of W. 
 Herbert, Esq. senior judge of that ishmd. 
 He returned to England, Nov. 1787, and 
 retired to Burnhain Thorpe, in the bosom 
 of domestic happiness, till 1793, when the 
 ■war with France called upon him for the 
 exertion of his great talents. He obtained 
 the command of the Agamemnon, of 64 
 gnns, and joined lord Hood in the Medi- 
 terranean, where he assisted at the taking 
 of Toulon, and at the siege of Bastia, in 
 ■which he superintended the disembarkation 
 of the troops, and ably commanded the 
 batteries. He afterwards had a gallant 
 encounter with five French ships of war, 
 and then supported the siege of Calvi, 
 ■where he lost the sight of his right eye, in 
 consequence of sonie particles of sand being 
 violently driven against it by one of the 
 shots of the enemy's batteries. Under the 
 next commander, lord Hotham, he conti- 
 nued to distinguish himself, particularly in 
 the engagements with the French fleet, 
 15th March and July, 1795, and in the 
 blockade of Genoa. When admiral Jervis 
 succeeded in the Mediterranean command, 
 the brave hero removed from the Agamem- 
 non to the Captain, of 74 guus, and soon 
 after obtained a commodore's pendant, and 
 was employed in the blockade of Leghorn, 
 and the taking of Porto Ferrajo. On his 
 passage to Gibraltar, in the Minerva frigate, 
 he fell in w ith two Spanish frigates, one of 
 which, the Sabine, of 40 guns, he took, and 
 sailing immediately to join admiral Jervis, 
 he was pursued by two ships of the Spanish 
 fleet, a circumstance which was quickly 
 communicated to the commander in chief, 
 and in a few hours produced a general ac- 
 tion. In this memorable fight, on the 14th 
 February, 1797, in which 15 English ships 
 defeated a Spanish fleet of 27 ships, and 
 took four three-deckers, the commodore 
 behaved with his usual gallantry. In the 
 Captain, to which he had shifted his flag, 
 he attacked the Santissima Trinidada, of 
 136 guns, and passing to the Saint Nicho- 
 las, of 80 guns, and then to the San Jo- 
 seph, of 112 guns, he had the happiness to 
 see both these ships strike to his superior 
 valour. For his gallant conduct on this 
 occasion, he was created knight of the Bath, 
 and in April, 1797, he was made rear ad- 
 miral of the blue, and appointed to the 
 command of the inner squadron in the 
 blockade of Cadiz. After making some 
 vigorous, but unsuccessful attacks on the 
 town, he was sent by lord St. Vincent, to 
 take the town of Santa Cruz, in the island 
 of Teneriffe, bnt though he obtained pos- 
 YoL. IT. 4» 
 
 session of the place for aftvcn hours, he 
 was unable to reduce the citadel, and there- 
 fore was perinitte.l to plire iimi.oleMted to 
 his fleet. Uuniii; thii (iisperale ull:uk ho 
 lost his right hand, which was nhattered by 
 a shot, but his life was preserved by the at- 
 tention of his son-ni-law, captain Ne»bit, 
 who dnring the darkness of the night, mi»»- 
 ed him from his side, and reluriuiij;, found 
 him exhausted on ihe ground, and carried 
 him safe ori his back to the kiiore, where a 
 boat conveyed him to his ship. In conse- 
 quence of his wound, the gallant admiral 
 received a pension of lOOO^ and in the 
 memorial which, according to custom, ho 
 presented to his majesty on the occasion, he 
 declared in the simple language of truth, 
 that in the glorious services in which he 
 had been employed, he had been engaged 
 with the enemy upwards of 120 times. 
 Among other marks of public favour, he re- 
 ceived the freedom of the city of London in 
 a gold box, worth 100 guineas; but these 
 honours excited him to greater exertions, 
 and he soon after joined in the Vanguard, 
 lord St. >'incent, and was sent up the Me- 
 diterranean to watch the motions of the 
 French ships, which were ready to con- 
 vey Buonaparte to the invasion of Egvpt. 
 Notwithstanding his vigilanc^e, the fleet 
 escaped, but he sailed in its pursuit, and 
 after returning from the Egyptian shores 
 to Sicily, almost in despair, he again has- 
 tened to the mouth of the Nile, and to 
 the general joy of his fleet, perceived the 
 enemy moored in an advantageous situation 
 in the bay of Aboukir, flanked by strong 
 batteries, and supported by gun-boats. 
 The attack immediately began, and by a 
 bold manoeuvre on an unknown shore, 
 part of his ships sailed between the enemy 
 and the land, and thus exiiosed them to a 
 double fire. The action continued with in- 
 creasing violence during the night, and the 
 sudden explosion of the French admiral's 
 ship, the Orient, of 120 guns, added to 
 the terrors of the scene. The rising day 
 exhibited to the British seamen, the pleas- 
 ing sight of dismasted and submissive ships ; 
 and of the whole fleet only two men of 
 war, and two frigates were able to escape. 
 The fame of this glorious victory, which 
 thus captured or destroyed eleven sail of 
 the line, was received with general exulta- 
 tion by the people of England ; the rest of 
 Europe re-echoed the praises of the British 
 hero, and the emperor of Germany was, iu 
 consequence, prevailed upon to renew the 
 war, by breaking oflT the insidious con- 
 ferences of Kadstadt, and the Porte de- 
 clared itself an open enemy against the 
 unprincipled invaders of Egypt. In the 
 mean time these services did not pass unre- 
 warded ; the brave admiral was created a 
 baron, by the title of Nelson of the Nile, 
 with the grant of a pension of 2000/. 
 
 3.77 
 
ifEb 
 
 NEI. 
 
 more ; the snltan honoured him with an 
 aigrette, or plume of diamonds, and pe- 
 lisse, and the king of Naples conferred on 
 him a valuable estate in Sicily, with the 
 title of duke of Bronte. On his retiirn to 
 Naples the naval hero removed the royal 
 family from the violent popular commo- 
 tions which seemed to threaten their safe- 
 ty, and even their life, and in July, 1799, 
 in consequence of the success of the 
 Russian arms in Italy, he had the satisfac- 
 tion to convey them back from Palermo to 
 their capital, and to replace the monarch 
 on his throne. Soon after his return home, 
 •where he was received with enthusiastic 
 joy by every rank of society, lord Nelson 
 was called away to break that confederacy 
 which the capricious politics of the em- 
 peror of Russia had formed with Denmark 
 and Sweden against this country. In con- 
 sequence of this, the gallant admiral em- 
 barked as second in command, under Sir 
 Hyde Parker, and after passing through 
 the Sound in defiance of the batteries, he 
 volunteered to make an attack on Copen- 
 hagen, 2d April, 1801. After a most vigo- 
 rous defence, the Danes saw their strong 
 batteries silenced, and 17 of their men of 
 war either sunk, burnt, or taken. A con- 
 ference with the crown prince immediately 
 succeeded this glorious victory, and after 
 peace was restored by the heroic admiral, 
 between the two countries, the fleet sailed 
 to complete its triumph over the hostile 
 squadrons of Sweden and Russia ; but 
 the sudden death of the emperor Paul ren- 
 dered further exertions unnecessarj'. For 
 these services, whi h were chiefly attribu- 
 ted to him, and not to the commander-in- 
 ehief, lord Nelson was created a viscount, 
 and his honours made hereditary in his 
 family, even in the female line. In Aug. 
 1801, he made an unsuccessful attack on 
 Boulogne, but the negotiations for peace 
 prevented the destruction of the arma- 
 ment in that harbour, which his ardent 
 mind would, no doubt, have accom- 
 pli?hed. The short-lived peace of Amiens 
 restored him, for a little time, to retire- 
 ment ; but on the recommencement of hos- 
 tilities, 1803, he was summoned from his 
 beloved retreat at Merton, to take the 
 i3omnaand of the fleet in Jhe Mediterranean. 
 Notwithstanding his active vigilance, the 
 French fleet escaped from Toulon, and 
 from the Mediterranean, and after being 
 joined by the Cadiz squadron they sailed 
 to the West Indies, but he pursued them 
 ■with rapidity, and nearly came up to them 
 near Antigua. Such, however, was the 
 terror of his name, that they returned in 
 consternation, back to Europe, and before 
 their entrance into Cadiz, had a partial ac- 
 tion near Ferrol, with Sir Robert Calder. 
 1'hus baflfled in his attempts to overtake his 
 twrified enemy, lord Nelson retnrnefl tn 
 
 England for the re-establishment of his 
 health, but in a few weeks he was again 
 prevailed upon to take the command of the 
 fleet with very unlimited powers. On the 
 19th of October, 1805, Villeneuve, with 
 the French fleet, and Gravina with the 
 Spanish, sailed from Cadiz, and on the 
 21st, about noon, the English squadron had 
 the satisfaction to close with them ofl' Cape 
 Trafalgar. The most precise orders had 
 been previously given by the enlightened 
 commander, so that the fleet was not dis- 
 tracted by signals ; and showing the first 
 example of heroism, the admiral ordered 
 his ship, the Victory, to be carried along 
 side of his old friend, the Santissima 
 Trinidada. The carnage on both sides was 
 dreadful, and the heroic chief, unfortu- 
 nately not covering the star, and other 
 insignia, which he wore on his person, be- 
 came a marked object to the musketeers 
 who were placed in the tops of the enemy's 
 ships. A musket ball, from one of the ri- 
 flemen of the Bucentaur, struck him in 
 the left breast, and in about two hours after, 
 he expired in the arms of victory, retain- 
 ing to the last his firmness and heroism, 
 and rejoicing in the glorious triumphs 
 which his death ensured to his country. 
 On his lamented fall the chief command 
 devolved on admiral, now lord Colling- 
 wood, who improved the high advantages 
 already obtained, and in his despatches 
 paid an honourable tribute, in the language 
 of nature and of affection, to the merito- 
 rious services of the departed hero. Of 
 the 33 ships of the line in the combined 
 fleet, which thus engaged the inferior num- 
 ber of 27 English ships, sixteen were de- 
 stroyed, four were carried to Gibraltar, six 
 escaped into Cadiz, mere wrecks, and 
 four which retired from the action, were 13 
 days after captured by Sir R. Strachan's 
 squadron. The remains of the illustrious 
 hero of Trafalgar, were brought in his own 
 ship, the Victory, to the mouth of the 
 Thames, and conveyed to Greenwich, and 
 on the ninth of the following January, 
 they were deposited in St. Paul's cathedral, 
 with all the pomp and solemnity, the tri- 
 butes of regret and of affection, which a 
 grateful and independent nation could pay 
 to a departed conqueror. His brother, the 
 heir of his honours, was raised to the dig- 
 nity of an earldom, and a handsome sum 
 of money was liberally voted by parlia- 
 ment, for the purchase of an estate to per- 
 petuate the memory of the conqueror, and 
 the gratitude of England. As a profes- 
 sional character, lord Nelson possessed a 
 mighty genius, an ardent spirit, and a reso- 
 lute mind ; cool, prompt, and discerning 
 in the midst of dangers, he roused all his 
 powerful energies into action, and the 
 strong faculties of his soul were vigilantly 
 exerted in the midst of the furv of battle^, 
 
MiP 
 
 -NJifc 
 
 to make cveiy accident coutiiijule to Ihe 
 triumph oi" bia crew, and to the glory oi" 
 his country. So highly estaljliabed was 
 Uia reputation, tbat bis presence was a 
 talisman to the courage ol bis sailors, wbo 
 lougbt ujuler bini as sure of victory, and 
 regarded bis approbation as tbc best solace 
 for tbeir fatigues and tbeir sulierings. In 
 his manners be was polished and gmtle ; 
 he was no stranger to the mild charities 
 of huaian nature, and in bis heart be felt 
 all the emotions of a devout and pious 
 Christian. His despatches from Aboukir, 
 in which be attributed his success to the 
 interference ol Providence, excited senti- 
 ments of respect and admiration through 
 the nation, and it was on that memorable 
 occasion, that his venerable father exclaim- 
 ed Oh, my great and good son ! 
 
 Nelson, William, president of the 
 council of Virginia, and one of the judges 
 of that colony, was at the head of the 
 administralion from the time of the death 
 of lord Bottetourt in 1771 until the ar- 
 rival of lord Dunmore in 1772, and died 
 at Williamsburgb, November lyth, 1772. 
 
 ?CP L. 
 
 Nelson, Thomas, governor of Virginia, 
 held a high rank among the distinguished 
 patriots wbo adorned that state during the 
 revolution. When Virginia was threaten- 
 ed with invasion he was appointed general, 
 and enjoyed high popularity as an officer. 
 In 1781 he was appointed governor of that 
 state. He died in 1789. iCj^ L. 
 
 Nemesianus, Aurel. Olymp. a Cartha- 
 ginian poet, who wrote, in Latin, Cynege- 
 tica, a poem, and four eclogues, published 
 among the poets Rei Venaticae, 1730. He 
 lived about 231 A.D. 
 
 Nemesius, a Greek philosopher, who 
 became bishop of Emessa in the fifth cen- 
 tury, and wrote Dc Natura Hominis, &c. 
 
 Nemours, Mary d' Orleans, daughter of 
 the duke de Longueville, was born 1625. 
 Her Memoirs of the War of the Fronde 
 are valuable, as containing anecdotes of 
 the principal characters and events of her 
 time, under the minority of Lewis XIV. 
 They are printed with those of de Retz 
 and Joli, and have been translated into 
 English, in 8 vols. 12mo. She died 1707. 
 
 Nexnius, author ol the History of Bri- 
 tain, flourished in the ninth century. A 
 MS. of tbis history is preserved in the Bri- 
 tish museum, among the Cotton papers. 
 
 Nei'er, John lord. Vid. Napier. 
 
 Nepos, Cornelius, a La' in historian, pa- 
 tronised by Augustus. Of all bis works 
 there oniy remain the lives of illustrious 
 Greek and Roman generals, a com|)ositioii 
 of singular elegance, and highly interest- 
 
 ing. 
 
 Nepos, Flavins Julius, a Dalmatian, 
 »vho, by lup marriuge w ith the niece of 
 
 Leo the emperor, obtained the Wti»ten. 
 empire. He was tta«a*ainated in Dalma- 
 tia, 4HU. 
 
 Neri, Philip de, an eminent historian, 
 born of an honourable family m Florence, 
 1485. He wa.-, one uf Uie lb maj^irlratcs 
 called senators, chosen by duke Alexander 
 1532, and after a life devoted to public ser- 
 vices, be died at Florence, I7ih Jan. 1556. 
 His History of Florentine AHairs from 
 1214 to 1537, appeared at Augsburg, 1728, 
 in folio. 
 
 Nehi, St. Philip de, a native of Florence, 
 celebrated as the founder of the congrega- 
 tion of the priests of the oratory in llalv, 
 whose duties were to administer to the 
 wants of the poor, to attend the sick, and 
 to relieve strangers and distressed pilgrims. 
 He died 1595, aged SO, and was canonized 
 by Gregory XV. in 1622. 
 
 Neri, Pompeio, a Florentine, law pro- 
 fessor at Pisa, eminently distinguished in the 
 afl'airs of Maria Theresa, and of the duke 
 of Lorraine. He was founder ol the bo- 
 tanical academy at Florence, and died 
 there, 1776, aged 69. He was the learned 
 author of Observations on the Tuscan No- 
 bility — on the Imports of Milan — on the 
 Legal Value of Coin, and the difficulty of 
 settling it. Anthony, the author of the 
 Art of making Glass, printed at Florence, 
 1612, was also of this family. 
 
 Nero, Claud. Domit. Cajsar, a Roman 
 emperor after Claudius, A.D. 50. The be- 
 ginning of bis reign was marked by hu- 
 manity and virtue, but soon after, Nero 
 showed himself vindictive, cruel, and li- 
 centious ; his mother was inhumanly mur- 
 dered, and every species of oppression and 
 debauchery was indulged. Rome was set on 
 fire, that the tyrant might behold the dis- 
 asters of which he had read in the con- 
 flagration of Troy, and the virtue and ho- 
 nour of the senate and the people were 
 insulted and trampled upon. At last, a 
 conspiracy was formed to rid the world of 
 the bloody tyrant, who in the moment of 
 his distress, when deserted by his flatterers, 
 destroyed himself, A.D. 68. 
 
 Nerva, Coceeius, a Roman emperor af- 
 ter Domitian, A.D. 96. After a short, 
 but glorious, mild, and virti.ous reign, this 
 excellent monarch appointed Trajan his 
 successor, and died 98, aged 72. 
 
 Nesbit, Thomas, ^on of the lord presi- 
 dent Nesbit, of Dirlton, was born at Edin- 
 bur«^h, 1672. He was well skilled in an- 
 tiquities and heraldry, and wrote a \indica- 
 tion of Scottish Antiquities, preserved in 
 MS. in tbc advocates' library, Edinburgh. 
 He died at Dirlton, 1725. 
 
 Neslk, N. de.a native of Mcaux, known 
 by his writings. His poem, called Sanson- 
 net, in imitation of Vert Vert, is much ad- 
 mired. He ivrote besides, the Moderr' 
 
 ' 370 
 
NfiV 
 
 NEW 
 
 Arristippus — the Prejudices of the People, 
 2 vols. — the Prejudices of the Ancients, 
 &c. He died in indigent circumstances 
 at Paris, 1767, in an advanced age. 
 
 Nesse, Christopher, a native of York- 
 shire, educated at St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. When ejected from his church at 
 Leeds, in 1662, for nonconformity, he open- 
 ed a school fur 10 years, and afterwards, 
 in 1675, came to London, where he preach- 
 ed to a dissenting congregation. He wrote 
 the Christian's Walk and Work on Earth, 
 8vo. — the Christian's Crown and Giory, 
 12mo. — Church History from Adam — An- 
 tidote against Popery — a Divine Legacy — 
 the History and Mystery of the Old and 
 New Testament, 4 vols. fol. &c. He died 
 1705, aged 84. 
 
 Nestor, a Russian monk, author of a 
 Description of Russia, and of a Chronicle 
 from 858 to 1113, in a simple and unadorn- 
 ed style, of which MuUer published a 
 translation in German, 1732, died 1115, 
 aged 59. 
 
 Nestorius, a Syrian, who became 
 bishop of Constantinople, 431. He was 
 deposed for refusing to assent to the doc- 
 trine of the incarnation of the Redeemer, 
 and his followers are still found in the 
 eastern parts of the world. 
 
 Netscher, Gaspard, a portrait painter, 
 born at Prague, 1636. After a series of 
 accidents, he settled at the Hague, where 
 he acquired reputation and opulence. There 
 was scarce a family in Holland but what 
 could boast of a miniature from his pencil. 
 He died at the Hague, 1684. 
 
 Neubauer, Ernest Frederic, a native of 
 Magdeburg, author of Academic Disserta- 
 tions — Explanations of Scripture — Lives of 
 the Divinity Professors of Giessen — ser- 
 mons, &c. died at Giessen, where he was 
 professor of antiquities, and of theology, 
 1748, aged 43. 
 
 Neubauer, Francis, a native of Bohe- 
 mia, educated at Prague and Vienna. He 
 was celebrated for his skill in music, and 
 was musician to the chapel of the prince 
 of Nassau. His compositions were much 
 admired, but he unfortunately disgraced 
 himself by immoderate intoxication. He 
 died 1795. 
 
 Neve, Timothy, a native of Wotton, 
 near Ludlow, Shropshire, educated at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge. He afterwards 
 kept a school at Spalding, and became suc- 
 cessively canon of Peterborough, preben- 
 dary of Lincoln, archdeacon of Hunting- 
 don, and rector of Alwalton, Huntingdon- 
 shire, where he died about 1740. He com- 
 municated, in 1727, to the Spalding Socie- 
 ty, of which he was the joint founder, an 
 essay on the invention of printing, and on 
 our first painters. His son Timothy, who was 
 born at Spalding, was of Merton college, 
 
 as.o 
 
 Oxford, and Margaret professor there. He 
 died 1798, author of some sermons. 
 
 Nevers, Philip Julian Mazarine Manci- 
 ni, duke de, nephew of Mazarine, was born 
 at Rome, and acquired some reputation 
 by supporting Pradon against Racine. He 
 wrote some sonnets, poetical pieces, &c. 
 which were admired as the compositions of 
 a duke, but possessed little merit. He died 
 1707, aged 76. 
 
 Nevisan, John, an Italian lawyer, born 
 at A&ti. He studied at Padua, and taught 
 at Turin. He is known by his work Sylva? 
 Nuptiales, &c. 8vo. in which he asserts 
 curious things, but without order or con- 
 nexion. It is said that the women of 
 Turin were so offended against him on 
 account of this book, in which he spoke 
 with disrespect of the sex, that they drove 
 him in disgrace with stones from the city, 
 and would not suffer him to return before 
 he entreated pardon on his knees. He died 
 1540. 
 
 Neuhoff, Theodore Barcn, king of 
 Corsica. Vid. Theodore. 
 
 Neuville, Charles Frey de, a Jesuit of 
 Coutances, long known as an eloquent 
 preacher in the capital. After the banish- 
 ment of his order he retired to Compeigne, 
 where he lived in privacy, and died 13th 
 July, 1774, aged 81. He wrote sermons, 
 8 vols. 12mo. la Morale du Nouveau Tes- 
 tament, 3 vols. 12mo. &Cc His brother, 
 Peter Claude, was also a Jesuit, and author 
 of 16 sermons. He died at Rennes, 1773. 
 
 Neuville, Didier Peter Chicanau de, a 
 native of Nancy, in the service of Stanis- 
 laus, king of Poland. He afterwards be- 
 came professor of history at Toulouse and 
 died there Oct. 1781, aged 61. The best 
 known of his writings is Dictionnaire Phi- 
 losophique, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Newcomb, Thomas, son of a clergyman 
 in Herefordshire, was educated at Corpus 
 Christi college, Oxford. In 1734 he be- 
 came rector of Stopham, Sussex, and after- 
 wards lived at Hackney, it is said, in dis-* 
 tressed circumstances. He was author of 
 various original poems, and among other 
 things turned Hervey's Meditations into 
 blank verse, and also the Death of Abel 
 from the German. The school which he 
 established at Hackney has long continued 
 to enjoy celebrity. 
 
 Newcome, William, a learned prelate, 
 born at Abingdon, Berkshire, where his fa- 
 ther was vicar. He was educated at the 
 grammar-school of his native place, and 
 then elected on the foundation of Pembroke 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degrees. , 
 He was afterwards appointed tutor to Mr. 
 Fox, at Hertford college, and to this con- 
 nexion he was indebted for his elevation in 
 the church. He became successively 
 bishop of Ossory and Waterford, and was 
 afterwards tran^tatfed to Armagh, by lord 
 
r»<Evv 
 
 .NLU 
 
 fttzwilliain, when lord lieuieiiaiit. This 
 venerable prelate was a man of amialile 
 manrier.s, and as a scholar was eniiiunt for 
 hia learning, and his extensive aeiiiuiint- 
 anee with biblical knou ledge. He died in 
 Ireland, 1799, aged 7U. His pnblications 
 were very respectable, and [)aititularly a 
 letter to Dr. Priestley, on tlie Duration of 
 our Lord's Ministry, 8vo. — Observations on 
 our Lord's (Jonducl, 4to. — an iujproved 
 Version of the 12 Minor Prophets, no. — 
 Another Version ol Kzekiel — a Review of 
 the Chief DitHculties in the Gospel History 
 relating to our Lord's resurreciion — a His- 
 torical Review of the English Biblical 
 Translations, &c. and after his death his 
 Version of the New Testament appeared in 
 2 vols. 8vo. He was member of the Royal 
 Irish academy. 
 
 Newcomen, Matthew, a noncor.formist 
 divine, educated at St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his master's degree. 
 As member of the Westminster assembly of 
 divines, he assisted in the drawing up of 
 their catechism, and he was one ol the live 
 divines who attacked bishop Hall's Vin- 
 dication of Episcopacy. This curious 
 work was called Smectymnus, from the 
 initials of the authors' names, Stephen Mar- 
 shal, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Mat- 
 thew Newcomen, William Spurstow. He 
 was ejected from the living of Dcdham, Es- 
 sex, in 1662, and then retired to Leyden, 
 where he died, 1666. 
 
 Newell, Samuel, missionary at Bom- 
 bay, was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1807. He pursued his theological studies 
 at the seminary at Andovtr, Massachusetts, 
 and attended a course of medical lectures 
 at the college in Philadelphia. He was a 
 member of the first mission sent to the 
 East by the American Board of Commission- 
 ers for Foreign Missions, and embarked at 
 Salem for Calcutta in February, 1812. Be- 
 ing ordered by the government soon after 
 reaching Bengal to leave that country, he 
 proceeded to the Isle of France, and alter a 
 short residence there, during which the 
 death of Mrs. Newell took place, he re- 
 moved to Ceylon, where he remained so.me 
 time, and prepared the way for the mission 
 which was afterwards established there. 
 He at length joined the mission at Bombay, 
 and continued t ere a faithful labourer till 
 his death, on the 30th of May, 1821. His 
 talents were highly respectable, and he was 
 distinguished for modesty, tenderness of 
 feeling, and an enlightened and ardent zeal 
 in the cause of evangelizing the heathen. 
 
 |Q=' L. 
 Newell, Harriet, the wife of the pre- 
 ceding, was the daughter of Mr. Moses At- 
 wood, of Haverhill, Massachusetts, and 
 born there, October 10th, 1793. She pos- 
 sessed a superior mind, enjoyed an excel- 
 lent education, and early became a profes- 
 
 sor of religion. On the arrival of the u»u>- 
 sionaries at Calcutta, bcin;^ dir< elcd b) the- 
 government to leave thai < ountry, Mr, and 
 Mis. Newell proceeded to the L-de of 
 France, where she died on the iiOlh .Nov. 
 1812. She was a womaii ol uneoiimionly 
 amiable disposition, and inlireHlin^ man- 
 ncrs, and by her mlellig. i,.e, pieiy, and 
 devoiedness to the cause in vshich she waji 
 embarked, rendered herself an oljeel of 
 unusual intere-t and respect to all who be- 
 came acquainted with her character and 
 history. f\:j^ L. 
 
 Newland, Peter, a learned Dutchman, 
 son of a carpenter at Dinmiei nicer, near 
 Amsterdam, where he was born, 1764. He 
 was possessed of strong natural powers, so 
 that at the age of 10 he wrote poetrv with 
 elegance, and could resolve, without the in- 
 struction of a master, some ol the most 
 (litlicult problems of geometry. These great 
 talents were happily encouraged by the 
 government ; the young prodigy was made 
 one of the commissioners of longitude, and 
 afterwards he Idled with great ability the 
 chairs of mathematics and philosophy at 
 Ltrecht and Amsterdam. He wrote poems 
 in Dutch, on the Means of enlightening a 
 People — on the General L tility of Mathe-r 
 matics — on Lavoisier's System — on the 
 form of the Globe — on the Course of 
 Comets, and the Uncertainty of their Re- 
 turn — on ascertaining the Longitude at 
 Sea — a Treatise' on Navigation, kc. He 
 died 1794. 
 
 Newman, Francis, governor of the colo- 
 ny of New-Haven, Connecticut, was in 
 1653, with several others, appointed an 
 agent to governor Stuyvesant at Manha- 
 does, to olitain satisfaction for the injuries 
 which the Dutch had inflicted on the colo- 
 ny. He was afterwards one of the com- 
 missioners of the United Colonies, and for 
 a long time secretary during the admini.-«tra- 
 tion of governor Eaton. In 1658 he was ap- 
 pointed governor of the colony, and con- 
 tinued in the otiice till his death in 1061. 
 He was a man of great piety and prudence. 
 
 ICJ- L. 
 
 Newman, Samuel, was a native of Bom- 
 hay, England, and born in 1600. He was 
 educated at the university of Oxford, and 
 for many years uas an able minister of the 
 established church. In 1638 he came to 
 Massachusetts, and alter spending several 
 years at Dorchester and Weynioulh, settled 
 at Rchol)Oth, where he remained greatly 
 esteemed for his talents and piety till hi< 
 death in 1663. He compiled a concordance 
 of the Bible, superior to any which had be- 
 fore appeared. It was pul.lislied in Lon- 
 don in 1643, and on being republished in 
 England with considerable improvements 
 was called the Cambridge Concordance. 
 His poverty compelled him, while labourinsc 
 
 3?1 
 
NEW 
 
 NflW 
 
 at it in the evening, to use pine knots i'or 
 light. i'.ZF' L. 
 
 Newton, John, an English mathemati- 
 cian, born at Oundle, 1622. He entered, in 
 1637, at Edmund hall, Oxford, where he 
 applied to astrunomy and mathematics. 
 After the restoration he was rewarded for 
 his loyalty, and made chaplain to the king, 
 created D.D. and appointed rector of Ross, 
 in Herefordshire, where he died Christmas 
 day, 1678. He wrote Astronomia Britan- 
 nica, in three parts, 4io. — Help to Calcula- 
 tion, with Tables of Declination, Ascen- 
 sion, &.C. — Trigonometria Britannica, fol. — 
 Geometrical Trigonometry — Cliiliades Cen- 
 tum Logarithm. — Mathematical Elements — 
 Perpetual Diary — Ephemerides — Introduc- 
 tion to Rhetoric — Cosmography, &c. 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, a most illustrious 
 philosopher, born of a very ancient family, 
 settled at Woolstrope, Lincolnshire, where 
 he was born Christmas day, 1642. He 
 early lost his father, but his mother, though 
 she soon after took a second husband, be- 
 stowed particular care on his education. 
 From Grantham school, where he was placed 
 at the age of 12, he was removed at IS to 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, as he seemed to 
 prefer studious pursuits to the management 
 of his estate. At Cambridge, under the 
 care of the famous Isaac Barrow, he began 
 to apply to mathematics, but his powerful 
 mind so easily comprehended the elements 
 of Euclid, that he quickly passed to higher 
 pursuits, and paid attention to Des Cartes's 
 analytical method, which then was very 
 popular, and as he proceeded in his studies 
 he made marginal notes. In 1651 he dis- 
 covered a new method of infinite series and 
 fluxions, which he afterwards greatly im- 
 proved, and the same yt-ar he lojk his 
 bachelors degree. His next puruil was 
 the grinding of optical glasses in one of the 
 figui'Ca made by the three sections of a 
 cone, for the improvement of telescopes, 
 but not succeeding as he expected, he pro- 
 cured a glass prism, to make experiments 
 on the phasnomena of colours, lately dis- 
 covered by Grimaldi ; and the result of his 
 skilful researches gradually matured his 
 new theory of light and colours. Whilst 
 he reflected on this discovery that light was 
 not homogeneous, but ahett-rogeneous mix- 
 ture of refrangible rays, he was oblig'd to 
 quit Cambridge in 1663, by the pia;;ue, and 
 he retired to his house, where, though de- 
 prived of the assistance of his books, new 
 truths were to be opened to his active mind. 
 Whilst lie was sitting alone in his garden, 
 the falling of some apples from a tree led 
 his thoughts to the subject of gravity, and 
 considering that this power is not sen- 
 sibly diminished, at the remotest distance 
 from the centre of the earth, even at the top 
 of the highest mountains, he thought tlmt 
 y* must be extended mucli farther. Why 
 382. 
 
 not as high as the moon? was his next 
 question to himself; therefore the moon 
 may be influenced by this power of gravity, 
 and retained in her orbit, and the whole 
 planetary system moving round the sun as 
 their common centre may obey this great 
 principle, which, however, as he calculated, 
 must decrease in strength in the duplicate 
 proportion of the increase of distance. The 
 further examination of this important sub- 
 ject was deferred, as he returned to Cam- 
 bridge ; and in 1667, being elected fellow 
 of his college, he devoted all his attention 
 to the construction of a reflecting telescope. 
 In 1669 he succeeded to the mathematical 
 chair at Cambridge, on the resignation of 
 his friend Dr. Barrow, and for three years 
 he delivered lectures on the discoveries 
 which he had made in optics, and commu- 
 nicated his theory of light and colours, 
 which he had brought to a great degree of 
 perfection, to the Royal Society, of which 
 he was elected member in 1672. Some time 
 after he presented to the same learned so- 
 ciety his telescope, with a description of its 
 properties. While labouring on the pro- 
 blems of his great system, his attention 
 was attracted to the comet of 16S0, and by 
 repeated experiments he proved the truth 
 of Kepler's supposition about the motion of 
 the primary planets, and after establishing 
 his conclusions on the most infallible proofs, 
 he in 1687 published, at the request of the 
 Royal Society, the result of his astronomi- 
 cal pursuits, under the title of Philosphiae 
 Naturalis Principia Mathematica. This 
 excellent performance, which set his name 
 above the philosophers of ancient and mo- 
 dern times, met, however, %vith opposition ; 
 but though its truths were delivered with 
 conciseness and precision, and required 
 study and labour to be comprehended, even 
 by the most learned of mathematicians, it 
 gained b-" slow but sure degrees universal 
 praise and admiration. At this time the 
 attacks of James II. on the privileges of 
 the university were resisted with great 
 spirit, and Newton was appointed as one 
 of the delegates to complain of the illegal 
 encroachment. His eloquence on this oc- 
 casion was so strong and powerful, that the 
 king abandoned his claims. He was mem^ 
 ber of the convention parliament in 1688, 
 and when his friend, the earl of Halifax, 
 planned the recoining of the money of the 
 kingdom, he called to his assistance the 
 abilities of Newton, and made him, in 
 16%, warden of the mint. In 1699 he was 
 made master of the mint, with an ample 
 salary, and enjoyed the office till hrs death. 
 In consequence of these appointments in 
 London, he resigned the emoluments of his 
 professorship to Mr. AV'histon, of Clare hall, 
 his deputy, for whom he generously procu- 
 red the appointment in 1703. In 1703 he 
 was elected president of the KoyaJ SocietVr 
 
NEW 
 
 m:vv 
 
 and for 25 years be adorned the chair of 
 that learned body till his death, lie also 
 was made honorary member of the aca- 
 demy of sciences at Paris, and received 
 every mark of distinction from the learned 
 of the continent. When he |)ubli.-<hed, in 
 17U4, his theory of light, after establishing 
 its truth by repeated experiments, during 
 the space of 30 years ; he also made men- 
 tion ol his discovery of the nature of tlux- 
 ions, which, since 1672, had engaged his 
 attention, but had not been communicated 
 to the public , yet by mean suggestions 
 Leibnitz laid claim to the merit of discover- 
 ing them. While the Acta Eruditorum of 
 Leipslc attributed the honour to the Ger- 
 man philosopher, Keill of Oxford undertook 
 the delence of his friend, and proved by 
 the clearest evidence, and from extracts 
 from the papers of the Royal Society, that 
 this system, so important in mathematics, 
 originated first in the genius of Newton. 
 In 1715 Leibnitz proposed to the English 
 philosopher his famous problem of the tra- 
 jectories, which, while it might liave puz- 
 zled other mathematieiaiis, was resolved by 
 Newton in a few hours, alter the labours 
 and the fatigues of the day. This great 
 man, who had been in 1705 knighted by 
 queen Anne, became a great favourite at 
 the court of George I. and the princess of 
 Whales, afterwards queen Caroline, took in- 
 finite pleasure in the conversation of the 
 philosopher. As she had an uncommon 
 genius for mathematics and astronomy, she 
 often said, she considered herself happy in 
 being born in an age when she could enjoy 
 the conversation and the instruction of so 
 illustrious a philosopher. At the request of 
 the princess he drew up his abstract of 
 chronology, but a copy of it was imprudent- 
 ly communicated to signor Conti, a Vene- 
 tian, who with illiberal effrontery had it 
 printed at Paris, and at the same time en- 
 gaged some of the French literati to attack 
 and abuse it. This drew a defence from 
 Newton, inserted in the philosophical trans- 
 actions, and soon after he published the 
 Avork himself. Having now nearly reached 
 the age of 80, Sir baac, after enjoying, 
 from his regular and temperate habits, all 
 the blessings of health, found himself seized 
 by an incontinence of urine, which was 
 attended with the excruciating pains of a 
 stone in the bladder. For a few weeks be- 
 fore his death, the agonies which he suffer- 
 ed were very great, yet his meekness and 
 patience subdued them, and though from 
 the severe paroxysms which he endured, 
 large drops of .>weat ran down his checks, 
 he preserved his usual smile of cheerful- 
 ness and serenity. On the night of the 
 11th March, 1726-7, his intellects were 
 visibly affected, and he continued insensible 
 till he expired nine days after, aged 85. 
 His hodv lav in state in the .Ternsalem 
 
 chamber, and on the i.^ih March, wa« con- 
 veyed in becoming fun. rul pouip to Weal- 
 minster-abbey, while llie lord chanctllor, 
 the dukes of Moulrose and Koxburjih, the 
 earls of Pembroke, Sus^ex, and MaecU-s- 
 field, supported the pall. He was interred 
 near the entrance ol the ehuir on ihe left 
 hand, and a stalely nioniimenl with a pro- 
 per inscription has been erected to hii» ho- 
 nour. Sir Isaac had the happi[le^<4 of en- 
 joying during his life the fame, the honours, 
 and the rewards which seldom attend the 
 learned and the great, but which often arc 
 lavished with insulting profusion on their 
 remains or their posterity. In his person 
 this great man was of a middle stature, his 
 countenance was pleasing and venerable, 
 though it did not display that deep and 
 penetrating sagacity which are every where 
 perceptible in his writings. He never 
 made use of spectacles, and it is said he 
 lost only one tooth during the \vliole of his 
 life. In his temper he was meek and un- 
 assuming, and so great a lover of peace and 
 harmony, that he kept some of his publica- 
 tions from the eye of the public, that he 
 might not excite the envy and the malice of 
 opponents or rivals. With great powers of 
 mind, and with a comprehension which em- 
 braced at one view the meaning of every 
 subject to which he directed his attention, 
 and overleaped as tripling all the difficulties 
 which had arre>ted tlie progress of other 
 philosophers, he was thus enabled to shed 
 lustre on the age in which he lived, and the 
 country which gave him birth, and to intro- 
 duce such astonishing impro>ements, and 
 make such stupendous discoveries in sci- 
 ence, in mathematics, and in astronomy, 
 as would each oi them individually have 
 bestowed immortality. To his other great 
 qualities he added the virtues of piety, and 
 religious infidelity he marked with abhor- 
 rence ; no remark of levity or indifference 
 on the powers of the Deity, or on revela- 
 tion, ever was made in his presence without 
 drawing from him the severest censure ; 
 and while he made the Bible his favourite 
 study, he employed some portion of his 
 time in proving the great truths o( the pro- 
 phetical writers of Scripture. Arduitly- 
 attached to the tenets and the discipline of 
 the church of Enjiland, he bore with pa- 
 tience the errors and the failings of olh rs, 
 and was at all times an < nemy to intolerant 
 persecution. He was never married, and 
 it is probable that as his time was devoted 
 so assiduously to study, he felt little of the 
 concerns of domestic life, and never was 
 sensible of the want of a companion at 
 home. In his conduct he was charitable, 
 and as his income increased he was propor- 
 tionably more affected by the wants of hi5 
 indigent neighbours. He left 32,000/. at 
 his death, but made no will. His most 
 valuable work? have been collected and pub- 
 
isnsVY 
 
 NIC 
 
 lished, together with an excellent com- 
 mentary, 1784, in 5 vols. 4to. by bishop 
 Horsley. 
 
 Newton, Richard, a learned divine, 
 born in Northamptonshire, and educated at 
 Westminster, and Christ-church, Oxford. 
 He distinguished himself as an able tutor, 
 and in 1710, was inducted principal of 
 Harthall, when hi; took the degree of D.D. 
 By the friendship of bishop Compton, he 
 obtained the rectory of Sudbury, North- 
 amptonshire, and in 1753 he was preferred 
 to a canonry of Christ-church by the in- 
 terest of the duke of Newcastle, to whom 
 he had been tutor. In 1740 he obtained a 
 charter to erect Harthall into a college, 
 and to separate it from the superintendence 
 of Exeter college, to which it belonged, 
 and this he effected at great expense, and 
 ■was himself the first principal. He died 
 at Lavendon Grange, deservedly respected, 
 2lst April, 1753. He wrote a book against 
 Pluralities and Non-residence — on Univer- 
 sity Education — and al^o edited Theophras- 
 tus, with notes in English, which work is 
 said to have brought him 1000/. which he 
 nobly applied in endowments on his col- 
 lege. 
 
 Newton, Thomas, an English bishop, 
 born at Lichfield, 1st Dec. 1703. From 
 Lichfield school he entered at Westminster, 
 and in 1723, was elected to Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. When in orders he removed 
 to London, and became curate, afterwards 
 assista'.it preacher at St. George's, Hanover 
 square, and next, afternoon preacher to 
 Grosvenor chapel. He was afterwards tu- 
 tor to lord Tyrconnel, and in 1744 he ob- 
 tained St. Mary-le-Bow rectory, Cheap- 
 side, by the friendship of the earl of Bath. 
 In 1747 he was chosen lecturer of St. 
 George's, Hanover square, and that year 
 married the daughter of Mr. Trebeck the 
 rector. He published in 1749 his edition 
 of Milton's Paradise Lost, with useful notes, 
 and a well-written life. In 1756 he was 
 made king's chaplain, and then prebendary 
 of Westminster, and precentor of York, 
 and 1761 he was nominated bishop of Bris- 
 tol with the residentiary ship of St. Paul's, 
 which he exchanged in 1768 for the dean- 
 ery. Satisfied with his ecclesiastical ho- 
 nours he determined to solicit no more, and 
 kept his word. He died at the deanery, 
 14th Feb. 1782, aged 79. He lost his wife 
 in 1754, and in 1761 married a second, a 
 daughter of John lord Lisburne, widow of 
 Mr. Hand, whom he describes as an amia- 
 ble and excellent woman. His disserta- 
 tions on the prophecies in 3 vols. 8vo. is a 
 work of great merit. He also preached 
 Boyle's lectures. After his death, his mis- 
 cellaneous works, with memou's of his life 
 by himself, were published. 
 
 Newton, Thomas, an Eft^glish divine, 
 born at Presbury, Cheshire. He studied 
 ^^4 
 
 at Oxford, and afterwards at Cambridge, 
 and then obtained the grammar-school at 
 Macclesfield. Besides divinity, he paid at- 
 tention to medicine, and practised with 
 credit. He died at his living of Ilford, 
 Essex, 1607. He was author of the His- 
 tory of the Saracens, 4to. ; Approved Me- 
 dicines, and Cordial Receipts, 8vo. ; Illus- 
 trium Aliquot Anglorum Encomia, 4to. ; 
 Directions for the Health of Magistrates 
 and Students ; Herbal of the Bible, 8vo. 
 &c. 
 
 Newton, John, an exemplary divine, 
 was born in London in 1725. He was 
 bred to the sea under his father, who was 
 master of a merchant-vessel. Afterwards 
 he sailed in the Guinea trade, and led a 
 very irregular life for some years ; but at 
 last he grew both serious and studious. 
 By indefatigable diligence he attained a 
 knowledge of the Latin and Greek lan- 
 guages ; and in 1764 was ordained on the 
 curacy of OIney in Buckinghamshire, 
 where he became acquainted with Cowper, 
 the poet, and Mr. Thornton, the banker ; 
 the latter of whom presented him, in 1779, 
 to the living of St. Mary Woolnoth, Lom- 
 bai-d-street. He died in 1807. His works 
 are — 1. A Narrative of his own life, 12mo. 
 
 2. A Review of Ecclesiastical History, 8vo. 
 
 3. Olney Hymns, in which are some by his 
 friend Cowper. 4. Omicron's letters on re- 
 ligious subjects. 5. Cardiphonia, or the 
 Utterance of the Heart, 2 vols. 6. The 
 Messiah, a series of sermons, 2 vols. — 
 W. B. 
 
 NicAiSE, Claude, a French antiquary, 
 born at Dijon. He resided for some time 
 at Rome, and had a most extensive corres- 
 pondence with the learned men of his 
 times in every country. He published a 
 treatise de Nummo Pantheo ; a Discourse 
 on the Form and Figure of the Sirens ; a 
 Disertation on two of Raphael's Pictures, 
 and on the schools of Athens and Parnas- 
 sus. He died at Velley, Oct. 1 70 1 , aged 78. 
 
 NicANDER, a native of Colophon, emi- 
 nent as a physician, a grammarian, and a 
 poet, B.C. 140. His two poems, called 
 Theriaca and Alexipharmaca, are still ex- 
 tant. 
 
 NicAUsis, or Balkis, according to the 
 Arabians, is the name of the famous queen 
 of Sheba, whose visit to Solomon is men- 
 tioned in Scripture. She reigned in Arabia 
 Felix, or according to Josephus, in Egypt 
 and Ethiopia. 
 
 NicEPHORus, Gregoras, a Greek histo- 
 rian, author of a History of the Eastern 
 empire, from 1204 to 1341, printed in 1702, 
 Paris, 2 vols, folio, and also other works. 
 He was a great favourite of the emperor 
 Andronicus. 
 
 NicEPHORUs, Callistus, a Greek historian 
 who flourished in the same age as the pre- 
 cedine:. His <>rclesfffsrtrfll htstory extientlff 
 
MC 
 
 NIC 
 
 from ibe birth of Christ to 610, the best 
 edition of which is that of Paris, 1030. 
 
 NicEPiiOKUs, Bleminitlas, a monk of 
 mount Athos in the 13th century, who, as 
 attached to the Romish church, refused to 
 accept the dignity of patriarch of Constan- 
 tinople. His two treatises concerning the 
 precession of the Holy Ghost, were printed 
 at Rome, 1G59. 
 
 NicEPHORDs I. chancellor of the East- 
 ern empire, seized the throne 802, and ba- 
 nished the empress Irene to Mitylene. 
 Though attacked by his seditious subjects 
 who raised Bardanes one of his generals to 
 
 III 
 
 the 
 
 1604, was a Vaphlagoniaii, and liir.l 
 ninth century. 
 
 NicETAS, surnamed Skriiom, nuthor of 
 Panegyrics on (ircgory Na/ianz.-n— of 
 Commentaries on Scripture, and other 
 works, was a deacon of Constantinople, 
 and afterwards bishop of ilcmcka in thft 
 11th century. 
 
 NicKTAS, Arhominates, a (Jreek histo- 
 rian, born at Chone, or Colossus in Phr) - 
 gia. He fled from Constantinople when 
 taken by the French, 120-1, ami settled at 
 Nice in Bithynia, where he died 1200. He 
 wrote a History or Annals from 1118 to 
 
 He 
 
 the throne, he overcame all opposition, till the death of Baldwin, 1205, of which a 
 
 translation appeared at Basil, by AVolsius, 
 1557, and Geneva, 1593. 
 
 Nicholas, Abraham, an English pen- 
 man, born in Bread-street, London. He 
 is author of Examples of Penmanship — the 
 Penman's Assistant, 1719— Complete Wri- 
 ting-master, in 31 folio plates. He kept a 
 
 the Bulfi;arians appeared against him. 
 fell in battle 811. 
 
 NicEPHORUs H. Phocas, a nobleman of 
 Constantinople, so popular that his virtues 
 elevated him to the throne, 963, on the 
 death of Romanus the younger, whose 
 widow he married. He attacked the Sara- 
 cens with spirit and success, but at last was school at Clapham, and died abroad about 
 assassinated by John Zimisces, 969. 1744, aged 52. 
 
 NicEPHORus HI. a Roman general raised Nichols, William, an English divine, 
 to the throne of Constantinople by his born at Donington, Bucks, 1664. He wa^ 
 army. He was three years after, lOSl, of Magdalen hall, Oxford, afterwards of 
 deposed by Alexis Commenus his general, Wad ham, and in 1684 was elected fellow of 
 
 and soon after died of grief in a monas- 
 tery. 
 
 Niceron, John Francis, an eminent 
 mathematician, born at Paris, 1613. He 
 took the habit of the Minims, but though 
 
 Merton, where he took the degree of D. D. 
 1695. He was chaplain to lord Montague, 
 and became rector of Selsey, near Chi- 
 chester ; but it appears from a letter of his 
 to Robert, earl of Oxford, that he was dis- 
 
 regularly employed in their ecclesiastical appointed in his expectations of a promised 
 
 aflfairs, either as visiter or professor, he de- 
 voted much of his time to his favourite 
 study of optics. He died at Aix in Pro- 
 vence, 22d Sept. 1646, but though only 33 
 years of age, he was author of some valu- 
 able works, especially I'Interpretation des 
 
 prebend in the church of Westminster. 
 His life was usefully devoted to study, and 
 to acts of piety. He died about 1712. 
 His works were numerous and valuable ; 
 the best known are. Conference with a 
 Theist, 2 vols. Svo. — Defensio Ecclesi* 
 
 Chiffres, &c. ; Thaumaturgus Opticus, sive Anglicanse, 1707, 12mo. afterwards pub- 
 
 Adrairanda Optices, Catoptrices, et Diop- 
 trices. 
 
 NicERON, John Peter, the celebrated 
 author of " Memoirs of Men Illustrious in 
 the Republic of Letters," was born at Paris, 
 March 11th, 1685, of an ancient family. 
 He early determined to forsake the world, 
 and therefore took the habit of a Barna- 
 bite Jesuit 1703, and then studied at Mon- 
 targes, Loches, and Poitiers. He became 
 a very popular preacher, and to a great 
 fondness for laborious studies, he brought 
 an extensive knowledge of ancient and 
 modern languages. He died after a short 
 illness, 8th July, 1738. Besides his Me- 
 moirs, a valuable work, of which the first 
 
 lished in Svo. and in English — a Commen- 
 tary on the Liturgy of England, in 8vo. and 
 folio, a very useful book — Religion of a 
 Prince, &c. 
 
 Nichols, Richard, governor of New- 
 York, and New-Jersey, was one of the 
 four commissioners appointed in 1664, tu 
 inquire into the state of the colonics, to 
 determine complaints in the various de- 
 partments of the governments of New 
 England, and to subdue the Dutch at Mau- 
 hadoes. They reached Boston in July, 
 and soon proceeded against the Dutch, and 
 governor Stuyvesant surrendered the go- 
 vernment in August. After an admiiiistra- 
 tion in New- York, in which he conducted 
 
 volume appeared in 1727, and the 39th in with great prudence, integrity, and mode- 
 1738, to which three more have been added, ration, Nichols returned to England, and 
 
 be wrote a translation of Hancock's book 
 on the Virtues of Common Water, 2 vols. 
 l2mo, ; the Conversion of England to 
 Christianity ; Ouvington's Voyages, &.c. 
 
 NicETAS, David, author of the Life of 
 Ignatius of Constantinople, in Greek, trans- 
 
 was succeeded by colonel Lovelace, in 1 607. 
 The government of New-Jersey he resign- 
 ed to Carteret, in 1666. \CT" L. 
 
 NicHOLLS, Frank, a physician, born in 
 London, 1699. He was educated at West- 
 minster and Christ-church, Oxford, where 
 
 iated into Latin by Raderi, Ingolstadt, he took his 'degree of M. D. 1729, and be 
 Vol, IL 49 3^5 
 
NIC 
 
 NIC 
 
 rame reader of anatomy. His lectures 
 were popular, but it has been observed that 
 his remarks on subjects of anatomy, tended 
 to inculcate infidelity in his pupils. He 
 married in 1743, Dr. Mead's daughter, by 
 •\vhoni be had five children. He was phy- 
 sician to George II. and published an ac- 
 count of his death in the philosophical 
 transactions. He wrote besides, a tract 
 de Animci Medici — de Motu Cordis et 
 Sanguinis in Homine, and died in 1779, 
 eged SO. 
 
 Nicholson, Sir Francis, governor of 
 Virginia, was by profession a soldier, and 
 was lieutenant-governor of New- York, un- 
 der Andross, and at the head of the admi- 
 nistration from 16S7 to 1689. He entered 
 on the government of Virginia in 1690, and 
 continued till 1692, highly popular. From 
 1694 to 1699, he was governor of Mary- 
 land. He was then again appointed to the 
 government of Virginia, but was greatly 
 disliked by the people. He was superse- 
 ded in 1705. He was appointed com- 
 jnander of the forces sent, in 1710, against 
 Canada, where he captured Port Royal, and 
 also of the unsuccessful expedition of the 
 flext year. In 1713, he became governor 
 of Nova Scotia, and in 1720, of Carolina, 
 where he exercised a useful administration. 
 He returned to England in June, 1725, and 
 died in London, March 5, 1728. ICT' L- 
 
 Nicholson, James, captain in the Ame- 
 rican navy, was born in Chestertown, Ma- 
 ryland, in 1734. His ancestors, who were 
 highly respectable, were among the first 
 jcttlers of that state, and held many im- 
 portant offices in it, both while it remained 
 a province and afterwards. He became a 
 sailor in early life, and spent several years 
 in the occupation. On the commencement 
 of hostilities between the colonies and 
 Great Britain, he was appointed by the le- 
 gislature of Maryland to the command of 
 the state ship, the Defence, and not long 
 after, by congress, to that of the frigate 
 Trumbull, of 32 guns, in which, in March 
 1780, he fought a severe battle with the 
 British ship Wyatt, and subsequently with 
 a frigate and ship, to which the Trumbull 
 was surrendered. lC3^ L. 
 
 NiciAS, an Athenian, who distinguished 
 himself in the Peloponnesian war, and was 
 sent by bis countrymen with Demosthenes 
 j)nd Eurymedon, to the conquest of Sicily. 
 The expedition w as unfortunate, and after 
 two years' siege, the Syracusans attacked 
 and" defeated their invaders, and Nicias 
 was cruelly put to death, B. C. 413. 
 
 NicoDEMUS, a learned Jew, who visited 
 onr Saviour privately, and became his dis- 
 < iple. On the death of Jesus, he assisted 
 Joseph of Arimathea in preparing to pay 
 honours to the remains of his master; but 
 though the Jews marked him for destruc- 
 tion for his attachment to the nev/ doc- 
 386 
 
 trines, it is said that he was saved by the 
 interference of his relation Gamaliel. The 
 gospel ascribed to him is a forg-ery of the 
 Manicheans. 
 
 NicoLAi, John, a native of Monza, near 
 Verdun, who took the habit of the Domini- 
 cans, and was for 20 years professor of 
 theology at Paris, where he died 1673, aged 
 79. Besides an edition of the works of 
 Thomas Aquinas, in 19 vols, folio, he pub- 
 lished some Dissertations on Ecclesiastical 
 Discipline — a tract against Arnauld, and 
 other theological works. 
 
 Nicolas, a proselyte of Antioch, who 
 became, on being converted, one of the 
 seven first deacons of the church of Jeru- 
 salem. He is accused by some authors as 
 the founder of the Nicolastes, a sect which 
 admitted a community of wives, and prac- 
 tised all the impious rites of paganism. It 
 is, however, more probable that this sect 
 owed its origin to another person. 
 
 Nicolas, St. bishop of Myra in Lycia, 
 is supposed to have lived in the age of Con- 
 stantino the Great, and to have assisted at 
 the general council of Nice. 
 
 Nicolas I. surnamed the Great, was 
 elected pope after Benedict III. 858. He 
 sent ambassadors to Constantinople, and 
 pronounced an anathema against Photius, 
 the patriarch, which proved the cause of 
 the schism which separated the Greek 
 and the Latin churches. He died 867, 
 much respected for his zeal, firmness, and 
 charity. His letters were published at 
 Rome, 1542, in folio. 
 
 Nicolas II. Gerard, of Burgundy, be- 
 came archbishop of Florence, and in 1058, 
 was elected pope. He is the first whose 
 coronation is mentioned in history. He 
 was opposed by John, bishop of Valetri, 
 under the name of Benedict X. but he soon 
 destroyed the power of his rival. He ex- 
 tended the papal authority over some of the 
 Norman princes in Lombardy and Naples, 
 and died 1061. 
 
 Nicolas III. John Gaetan, was elected 
 pope after John XXI. 1277. He sent mis- 
 sionaries into Tartary, but with little ef- 
 fect ; and he was guilty of some oppressive 
 actions to enrich his family. He died of 
 an apoplexy, 22d August, 1280. 
 
 Nicolas IV. N. de Rubeis, was a native 
 of Ascoli, and was raised to the popedom 
 1288, an honour which he accepted with 
 much reluctance. He published a crusade 
 against the infidels for the recovery of Je- 
 rusalem, but died before the plan was 
 brought to maturity, 4th April, 1292. He 
 was a man of learning, and wrote some 
 Commentaries on Scripture, &c. 
 
 Nicolas V. Thomas de Sarzanne, bishop 
 of Bologna, was a native of Luni, and was 
 elected pope 1447, on the death of Euge- 
 nius IV. He succeeded in restoring peace 
 to the church, which had been torn to pieces 
 
SIC 
 
 MC 
 
 l>y the interests uiul the iutii;j;ucs of riv.d 
 popes, ami he gained universal respect by 
 his great wisdom and moderation. He. ce- 
 lebrated this happy era by a jubilee in 1450, 
 which drew to Rome an immense multi- 
 tude of people. The conspiracy wliich was 
 formed against him by Stephen Porcario, 
 and the taking of Constantinople by the 
 Turks, and the consequent calamities of the 
 Christians, are said to have afllicted him 
 so heavily, that he died of grief, 24th 
 March, 1455, aged 57. 
 
 Nicolas of Damascus, a philosopher and 
 historian in the age of Augustus, some frag- 
 ments of whose works remain. 
 
 Nicolas of Cusa, sou of a fisherman, 
 rose by his merit, and assisted at the coun- 
 cil of Basil, 1431, and showed such elo- 
 quence that Eugenius IV. employed him as 
 his ambassador at Constantinople, in Ger- 
 many, and France. He was patronised by 
 succeeding popes, and made bishop of 
 Brixen. He died at Todi, 11th Aug. 1454, 
 aged 53. He wrote several works on theo- 
 logical subjects. 
 
 Nicolas of Lyra, so called from the 
 place of his birth, near Evreux in Norman- 
 dy, was a Jew, but was converted to Chris- 
 tianity 1291, and took the habit of the Mi- 
 nors. He taught divinity with great repu- 
 tation at Paris, and obtained the confidence 
 of Jane, queen of Philip V. and was one of 
 the executors of her will. He died at Pa- 
 ris, 23d Oct. 1340. He wrote Commenta- 
 ries on the Bible, edited at Antwerp, 1634, 
 in 6 vols, folio — a Disputation against the 
 Jews, folio — Treatise against a Jewish 
 Rabbi. 
 
 Nicolas of Munster, founder of a sect 
 called the Family, or House of Love, about 
 1540, pretended to be inspired by the Holy 
 Spirit, and therefore declared himself 
 greater than Jesus Christ. He had many 
 followers, and supported his doctrines by 
 various publications, such as the Land of 
 Peace — the Gospel of the Kingdom, &c. 
 Some of the followers of this sect appeared 
 in England, 1604, and they presented to 
 James I. a profession of their faith. 
 
 Nicolas of Pisa, an architect and sculp- 
 tor of eminence, who built a church and 
 convent at Bologna, for the fraternity of 
 the preachers, and a marble tomb for the 
 body of St. Dominic. He flourished in the 
 13th century. 
 
 Nicolas Eymerick, a Dominican of Gi- 
 ronne, inquisitor against the Vaudois, un- 
 der Innocent VI. was author of the Direc- 
 tory of Inquisitors, printed in folio, 16S7, 
 and died in his native county, 1399. 
 
 Nicolas, Augustine, an advocate of Be- 
 san<jon, counsellor to the duke of Lorraine. 
 He died at Besan<^on, 1695. He wrote se- 
 veral things in verse and prose, of no great 
 merit. 
 
 Nicole, John, a French lawver, born at 
 
 Chartrcs, HiOit, Hi; ac(juired soiuo re|<u- 
 tation as a bol«l haran;^uer, but he was a 
 bad advocate. He died IGTM, at Chartre-j. 
 Nothing of his eonipusitiuna were preser- 
 ved, though his friend MaroUes saw bi.s 
 translation of (|uinliliaii. 
 
 Nicolk, Cliiude, relal(;d to the above, 
 was born at Chartres, 1611, and became 
 king's counsel, and presidcuit in the elec- 
 tions of Chartres. He died there, 2*d. 
 Nov. 16S5. He was a good linguist, and 
 wrote poetry, though his compositions were, 
 rather licentious. His works were printed 
 at Paris, 1660, in 2 vols. 4to. and atjain, 
 1693, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Nicole, Peter, an eminent French di- 
 vine, son of John, above mentioned, was 
 born at Chartres, lOth Oct. 1625. He 
 studied at Paris with great assiduity, and 
 was for some time engaged in instructin'.; 
 youth under the society of Port-royal. He 
 assisted his friend Arnauld in the composi- 
 tion of some of his pieces ; but his letter 
 to Innocent XI. in the defence of the 
 bishops of St. Pont and Arras, exposed hini 
 to persecution, and he withdrew from Pa- 
 ris. He afterwards returned, but soon 
 quitted it for a residence in Flanders. He 
 rettn'ned afterwards under a feigned name 
 to Chartres, and died there of an apoplectie 
 lit, 16th Nov. 1695. He was a man of 
 great abilities ; his erudition was extcnsivCj 
 his judgment solid, but he was little ac- 
 quainted with the world ; and his defence 
 of the Jansenists, and latterly his support 
 of Bossuet against the Quietists, raised him 
 enemies in France, and caused an unpopu- 
 larity which his private virtues did not de- 
 serve. His works are not less than 100 iu 
 number, but chiefly on controversial sub- 
 jects. His Moral Essays, and his Treatise 
 on Preserving Peace in Society, are mucli 
 admired. 
 
 Nicole, Francis, a native of Paris, dis- 
 tinguished for his extensive knowledge of 
 mathematics. His Essay sur la Theorie 
 des Roulettes — his Traite du Calcul des 
 Differences Finies — and his Traite des 
 Lignes du Troisieme Ordre, are most con- 
 vincing proofs of the accuracy of his re- 
 searches, and of the depth of his genius. 
 He was member of the academy of sci- 
 ences, and died lOth Jan. 175S, aged 75. 
 
 NicoLO del Abbate, a painter, bora 
 at Modena, and called Abbate, because 
 brought up by Priniatic, abbot of St. Mar- 
 tin. He went with his patron to Fi-ance, 
 1552, and his pencil was employed iu 
 adorning Fontainebleau, and the noblest 
 edifices of Paris. His style is said to re- 
 semble strongly that of Julio Uomano, and 
 that of Parmesan. 
 
 NicoLsoN, William, a learned bishop, 
 born at Orton, Cumberland, 1655. He was 
 educated at Queen's college, Oxford, where 
 he became fellow, 1679. He was patroni- 
 
 o47 
 
MD 
 
 MS 
 
 sctl by the bishop of Carlisle, who gave him 
 a prebend and the archdeaconry of that 
 church, and in 1702, he succeeded his pa- 
 tron in that see. He was translated in 
 1718, to Londonderry in Ireland, and in 
 Jan. 1726-7, he was raised to the see of 
 Cashell, but died the 13th Feb. following, 
 before he took possession of his new dig- 
 nity. He was a learned man, well skilled 
 in antiquities. He published several things, 
 the best known of which are, his descrip- 
 tions of Poland, Denmark, &c. — the Eng- 
 lish Historical Library — Tracts on the 
 Bangorian Controversy, &c. 
 
 iNicoMEDES, -a mathematician of the se- 
 cond centurj', known as the discoverer of 
 the conchoid curve. 
 
 NicoN, patriarch of the Russian empire, 
 was born of mean parentage about 1613. 
 He had a strong prejudice in favour of a 
 monastic life, and the loss of his children 
 determined him to assume the habit of a 
 monk, and to send his wife to a convent. 
 His austerities, as well as his learning, by 
 degrees raised him to public consequence ; 
 he was patronised by his sovereign, and at 
 last made archbishop of Novogorod, and 
 patriarch of Russia. Some innovations 
 which he introduced into the church, and 
 the publication of the Bible in the Russian 
 language, raised him enemies among the 
 clergy, and at last by intrigue and violence 
 he was obliged to abdicate his high office, 
 1658, and to be imprisoned ; but the empe- 
 ror Feodor permitted him to retire to the 
 privacy of his original cell. He died 1679, 
 after enduring much undeserved persecu- 
 tion. He is the author of a chronicle of 
 Russian affairs, to the reign of Alexiowitz, 
 printed at Petersburg, 2 vols. 4to. 1767. 
 
 NicoT, John, master of requests to the 
 French king, was born at Nismes. He 
 was ambassador from France to Portugal, 
 from whence he brought tobacco, which in 
 compliment to him was called by the 
 French Nicotiana. He wrote a French 
 and Latin Dictionary, folio — a treatise on 
 Navigation — the Treasure of French Lan- 
 guage, &c. and died 1600 at Paris. 
 
 NiDHARD, John Everard, a Jesuit, born 
 at Falkenstein in Austria. He accompa- 
 nied the archdutchess Mary, when she 
 married Philip IV. of Spahi, and in this 
 new situation he became a great favourite 
 with the Spanish monarch. After the 
 death of Philip, he was made by the queen's 
 mother inquisitor general, and minister ; 
 but his abilities were not adequate to the 
 administration of the political affairs of a 
 kingdom. Flushed with the pride of 
 power, he treated the nobles with insolence. 
 You ought to respect me, said he one day 
 to his rival, the duke of Lerma, for I daily 
 have your God in my hands and your queen 
 at ray feet. The weakness and incapacity 
 of his government appeared by the suc- 
 388 
 
 cesses of Lewis XIV. in the Netherlands^ 
 and in Franche Comte, and the favourite at 
 last gave way to the intrigues of his ene- 
 mies, and retired to Rome as ambassador 
 from Spain. He was made a cardinal by 
 Clement X. and bishop of Edessa. He 
 died 1st February, 1681, aged 73. He 
 wrote a discourse on the immaculate con- 
 ception of the Virgin, &c. 
 
 NiEUHOFF, John de, a Dutchman who 
 went as ambassador from the Dutch East 
 India company to the emperor of China, in 
 the middle of the 17th century, of which 
 he wrote an interesting account translated 
 into French by Le Carpentier. It is also 
 to be found in Churchill's collection. 
 
 NiEUWENTYT, Bernard, a learned Dutch- 
 man, born at Westgraafdyk, North Hol- 
 land, iOth Aug. 1654. He studied with 
 unusual assiduity, and became a great phi- 
 losopher and mathematician, and obtained 
 high reputation as a physician, and as the 
 upright and respected chief magistrate of 
 Purmerende. He died 1730, having been 
 twice married. He wi*ote in Latin, Consi- 
 derations on the Analysis of Quantities infi- 
 nitely small — Analysis of Curves by the 
 Doctrine of Infinites — on the Principles of 
 the Differential Calculus — Contemplations 
 on the Universe^ translated into English, 
 in 3 vols. 8vo. called the Religious Phi- 
 losopher. 
 
 Niger, C. Pescennius Justus, governor 
 of Syria, proclaimed emperor of Rome by 
 his army 193. He was defeated and slain 
 by his rival Severus two years after. 
 
 Nigidius Figulus, Publius, a Roman 
 who assisted Cicero in the extirpation of 
 Catiline's conspiracy. He sided with Pom- 
 pey, and died in exile, B. C. 45. 
 
 NiGRisoLi, Jerome, an Italian physician, 
 author of Progymnasmata Medica, printed 
 at Guastala, 1655. He died at Ferrara 
 1689, aged 69. His son Francis was also 
 an able physician, author of some useful 
 works, and also de Veterum Charts, ejus- 
 que Usu, &c. He died 1727, aged 79. 
 
 NiNUS, founder of the Assyrian empire, 
 was son of Bclus, and husband of Semi- 
 ramis, to whom he left his kingdom, B. C. 
 2164. 
 
 NiPHUS, Augustin, a famous philosopher, 
 born at Jopoli in Calabria. His works be- 
 came so popular, that Leo X. created hira 
 count palatine, and permitted him to blazon 
 his arms with those of the Medicis. He 
 died about 1550. His works are in Latin, 
 and various, and contain commentaries 
 on Aristotle and Averroes, 14 vols, folio — 
 Treatises de Amore — de Falsa Diluvii Prog- 
 nosticatione, 4to. 
 
 NisBET, Sir John, lord advocate of Scot- 
 land in the reign of Charles II. became po- 
 pular by pleading against the standing mi- 
 litia, and was one of the commissioners ap- 
 
NIZ 
 
 iNuA 
 
 pointed about the union of the two king- 
 doms. 
 
 NisBET, Charles, D.D. first president of 
 Dickinson college, PeiMisylvaiiiii, was born 
 in Haddington, Scotland, in 173G, and edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh. He was for several 
 jears minister of Montrose, and on the 
 institution of the college at Carlisle in 
 1783, was chosen its president, and in 1785, 
 arrived there, and entered on the duties of 
 the ofiice, for which he was happily fitted 
 by fine endowments, uncommonly exten- 
 sive learning, and interesting manners and 
 conversation. He continued there an or- 
 nament to the college, to the church, and 
 to society, tUl his death on the 17th of Ja- 
 nuary, 1804, in the 6Stb year of his age. 
 
 NiVELLE DE LA CHACSS£E,Peter Claude, 
 a French poet, born of an opulent family 
 at Paris, 1692. Though favoured by for- 
 tune he preferred the honours of literature 
 to all other distinctions, and acquired some 
 celebrity by his epistle to Clio, and his dra- 
 matic pieces. He was member of the 
 French academy, and died at Paris, 14th 
 March, 1754. His pieces possess great 
 merit, and are much esteemed in France. 
 The best are the School of Mothers — Me- 
 lanides la Gouvernante, comedies — Maxi- 
 mian — Prejuge ^-la-mode — George Barn- 
 well, tragedies. These works have ap- 
 peared in 5 vols. 12mo. 1763. 
 
 NivERNOis, Lewis Julius Mancini duke 
 of, minister of state, member of the French 
 academy, and of belles lettres, and well 
 known as a poet and a writer, was born at 
 Paris 16th Dec. 1716. He left the military 
 profession to serve his country as ambassa- 
 dor, and he represented his sovereign at 
 Rome, at Berlin, and afterwards in Lon- 
 don, where he negotiated the peace of 
 1763. Distinction at the court, however, 
 had less charms for him than literary fame, 
 and on his return to Paris, he withdrew 
 from political life, and devoted himself to 
 the muses. His poetical imitations of 
 Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Tibullus, Ariosto, and 
 Milton, possess great merit and singular 
 beauty, and his songs and fables were popu- 
 lar productions in France. During the re- 
 volution he was dragged to prison, but he 
 had the good fortune to be liberated, and 
 he died at Paris 1798, at the great age of 
 82. His other works are Dialogues of the 
 Dead — Letters on the Use of tlie Mind- 
 Reflections on the Genius of Horace, of 
 Boileau, of J. B. Rousseau — the Life of 
 Abbe Barthelimi — Reflections on Alexan- 
 der the Great, and Charles XIL— Transla- 
 tion of Tacitus's Life of Agricola — Pope's 
 Essay on Man, translated — Portrait of 
 Frederick the Great of Prussia— Adonis 
 and Richardet, from the Italian, &c. 
 
 NizoLius, Marius, an Italian gramma- 
 rian,who published ThesaurusCiceronianus, 
 
 or a dictionary of the word-, and cipre8«iou» 
 of Cicero, &c. folio— de \erii Print ipiw, et 
 VerA Katione philosophandi, 6ir. 1553, 
 much admired by Leibnitz. The lime of 
 his d( ath is not nienliofied. 
 
 Noah, son of Lamech, was born 2'J78 
 B. C. and was saved from the dentriK lion 
 of the deluge by building an ark, in obt- 
 dience to the directions of the Almighty. 
 With him were saved his wife, hj», ihrce 
 sons, and their three wives, and by them 
 the earth was afterwards peopled. The 
 place where the ark first rested after the 
 sinking of the waters of the flood, was 
 mount Ararat in Armenia. Noah died 
 2029 B. C. 
 
 NoAiLLES, Lewis Antony de, cardinal 
 and archbishop of Paris, was born of an 
 illustrious family, 27th May, 1G51. Though 
 by birth duke of St. Cloud, and a peer of 
 France, and the possessor of large do- 
 mains, he preferred the ecclesiastical state 
 to political distinction, and became D.D. of 
 the Sorbonne, 1676. In 1679, he was 
 made bishop of Cahors, and the next year 
 translated to Chalons, and in 1695, to the 
 archbishopric of Paris. In this high digni- 
 ty, he framed excellent regulations for the 
 government of his clergy, and zealously 
 opposed the prevailing doctrines of Quiet- 
 ism, and of Jansenism. In 1700, he was 
 raised to the rank of cardinal, at the re- 
 quest of Lewis XIV. who observed to him 
 that he felt more pleasure in obtaining for 
 him the hat, than he would in receiving it. 
 The manner in which he sanctioned " the 
 Moral Reflections" of Pasquin Quesnel on 
 the New Testament, brought him unwarily 
 into trouble. Some of the Jesuits accu- 
 sed the author of heresy and sedition, and 
 the archbishop shared in the censure, and 
 after appeals to pope Clement XL there 
 was issued from Rome 1713, the famous 
 bull called " Unigenitus" which condemned 
 the Moral Reflections as improper and dan- 
 gerous. The clamour of the Jesuits, in- 
 creased by the intrigues of father Tcllier, 
 prevailed, the cardinal was exiled, but af- 
 terwards restored to favour, and his perse- 
 cutor Tellier disgraced. The cardinal died 
 at Paris, 4th May, 1729, and his remains 
 were entombed in the cathedral. His 
 brother Gaston succeeded him at Chalons, 
 and died 1720. 
 
 NoAiLLES, Adrian Maurice, duke de, 
 son of Anne Julius duke of Noaillcs, was 
 born 1678. He early devoted himself to 
 the mililary service, and attended his father 
 in the campaigns of Catalonia in 1693 and 
 1694. He was afterwards employed under 
 Vcndome, and then served in Flanders in 
 1696, and in 1700 he accompanied the 
 young king of Spain to Madrid, and in the 
 war of the Spanish succession maintained 
 the honour of his nation and the prowess 
 of his family. His intimacy and alliance 
 
 389 
 
^^0G 
 
 NOL 
 
 ivith Madame de Maintenon secured bis 
 favour with the monarch, and in 1703 he 
 was named general of the French armies 
 in Roussillon, where he obtained some im- 
 portant advantages. He took the strong 
 town of Gironne in 1710, and contributed 
 to the submission of all Arragon, and for 
 his services he was made a Spanish grandee 
 by Philip V. and also raised to the honour 
 of duke and peer of France. After the 
 death of Lewis XIV. he was made by the re- 
 gent president of the council of the finances, 
 and adinitted into the council of the re- 
 gency, but the elevation of cardinal du 
 Bois to the ministry proved his disgrace. 
 He was recalled on the death of du Bois by 
 the regent, and restored with increased ho- 
 nours to the ministry, and in the campaign 
 of 1733, he was invited to serve in the 
 army. He distinguished himself a;t the 
 siege of Philipsburg, and was rewarded 
 with the rank of marshal, and the year 
 after he drove the Germans from Worms. 
 He was in 1735, placed at the head of the 
 French army in Italy, where he gathered 
 fresh laurels, but in the war of 1741, he 
 was less successful. He afterwards aban- 
 doned the military profession, and served 
 his country in assisting as a minister at her 
 counsels, and died universally respected 
 24th June, 1766, aged 88. By his wife, 
 who was niece to Madame Maintenon, he 
 had tw'} sons, both of whom rose to the 
 rank ot marshals of France. 
 
 Noble, Eustache de, a native of Troyes, 
 who rose by his abilities to the appointment 
 of procureur general of the parliament of 
 Metz. An accusation of being guilty of 
 malpractices all at once robbed him of his 
 reputation and office, a^id after being im- 
 prisoned in the Chatelet, he was banished 
 for nine years. He appealed against this 
 sentence, and was in consequence removed 
 to the prison of the Concierg-erie, where 
 he became acquainted with Gabrielle Per- 
 reau, generally called la Belle Epicere, a 
 woman of great beauty, and many mental 
 accomplishments. He escaped from his 
 confinement, and was followed by his frail 
 but faithful mistress, by whom he had 
 three children, and at last he finished a life 
 of adventures, wretchedness, and poverty, 
 31st January, 1711, aged 68, and was bu- 
 ried by public charity. He wrote several 
 things divided into serious pieces, poetry, 
 and romances, collected together in 19 vols, 
 12mo. The best known of these are the 
 History of the Dutch Republic, 2 vols. — 
 Account of Genoa — Dissertation on the 
 Year of Christ's Nativity — Secret History 
 of the Conspiracy of the Piazzi against 
 the Medicis — I'Ecole du Monde — History 
 of the dethroning of Mahomet IV. — Tales 
 and Fables, &c. 
 
 NoGAROLA, Isotta, a learned lady of 
 Verona. She was well acquainted with 
 390 
 
 philosophy, theology, and the leai'ned Ian* 
 guages, and her reputation was so univer-* 
 sally known, that cardinal Bessarion went 
 to Verona to converse with her. In a 
 dialogue on the question whether Adam 
 was a greater sinner than Eve in eating 
 the forbidden fruit, she auly defended the 
 cause of the mother of mankind, against 
 Louis Foscaro, who maintained a difibrent 
 opinion. She died 1468, aged 38, univer- 
 sally respected. Not less than 566 of her 
 letters were preserved in De Thou's librar}'. 
 Her sisters Genevieve and Laura were 
 equally eminent for their learning and piety^ 
 One of the same family, called Antoinetta, 
 was also distinguished for her learning and 
 beauty. She married Salvatico Bonacoltfj 
 a nobleman of Mantua ; and her daughter 
 Angela inherited her virtues and learning, 
 and acquired celebrity by her explanation of 
 the prophecies and difficult passages of 
 Scripture. 
 
 NoGAROLA, Lewis, a noble Venetian, 
 well skilled in the Greek language. He 
 translated into Latin, various Greek au- 
 thors, in a style elegant and correct. He 
 was at the council of Trent, and served his 
 country in several important offices. He 
 died at Verona 1559, aged 50. 
 
 NoiNviLLE, James Bernard de, mem- 
 ber of the academy of inscriptions, was a 
 man of great information, and author of 
 the History of the Opera, 2 vols. 8vo.-* 
 Dissertation on Dictionaries, &c. He 
 died 19th July, 1768. 
 
 NoiR, John le, an ecclesiastic of Sees, 
 who was persecuted for his heretical opi- 
 nions, and at last condemned to perpetual 
 imprisonment. He died at Nantes 22d 
 April, 1692. His works are numerous, 
 and all on subjects of divinity and ecclesi- 
 astical discipline, and possess great merit, 
 notwithstanding the charge of heresy, pro- 
 duced against them. 
 
 NoLDius, Christian, a Danish divine, 
 rector of Landscroon college, and divinity 
 professor at Copenhagen, was born at Hoy- 
 boyen in Scania, 22d June, 1626. He tra- 
 velled over Germany, Holland, and Eng- 
 land, and was universally respected for his 
 learning and virtues. He wrote Concor- 
 dantia Particularum Hebrseo-Chaldeicarum 
 Veteris Testamenti, Jena 1734, 4to. — His- 
 toria Idumaea — Sacrarum Historiarum et 
 Antiquitatum Synopsis — Logica — Leges 
 distinguendi, &c. and died at Copenhageit 
 1673. 
 
 NoLiN, Denys, advocate of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, quitted his profession for the 
 study of divinity. He wrote Letters of N. 
 Indes, on the Septuagint Version, &c. dis- 
 sertations on the French Bibles, &c. He 
 died 1710. 
 
 NoLiN, John Baptist, a geographer of 
 Paris, who died 1st July, 1762, aged 76. He 
 bestowed great attention in the execution 
 
NON 
 
 NOK 
 
 •f his map!i, which are still held in high es- 
 timation in Frapce. 
 
 Noi.i.KT, Dominic, an historical painter, 
 iorn at Bruges. His battles ami landscapes 
 ■were much admired. He died 173G, 
 aged 96. 
 
 NoLLET, John Anthony, a learned man, 
 born at Piinbre, in the dioe«;ss of Noyon, 
 17th Nov. 1700. He studied at Clermont, 
 Beauvais, and Paris, and with such success, 
 that he soon became known to men of 
 science and celebrity. Though an ecclesi- 
 astic, he devoted himself assiduou-ly to 
 philosophical pursuits. He visited England 
 ^vith Dufay, Duhamel, and Jussieu, in 
 1734, and was admitted into the London 
 Royal Society, and in a subsequent excur- 
 sion to Holland, he was honoured with 
 the friendship of Desaguiliers, Gravesande, 
 and Mussehembroeck. On his return to 
 Paris he gave lectures on experimental phi- 
 losophy, with illustrations of chymistry, 
 anatomy, and natural history, and with 
 such etTcct, that in 1738, the ministry, at 
 the request of Maurepas, established a pro- 
 fessorial chair of experimental philosophy 
 purposely for him. He was, in 1739, ad- 
 mitted member of the academy of sciences, 
 and a few months after he was invited by 
 the king of Sardinia to fdl the philosophi- 
 cal chair in the university of Turin. He 
 •jvas, in 1744, recalled from Turin by the 
 court to instruct the young dauphin in ex- 
 perimental philosophy, and in reward for 
 his services he was appointed in 1753, first 
 professor of experimental philosophy in the 
 college of Navarre, and in 1757, philoso- 
 phical instructer to the Royal family. This 
 able philosopher, who by his experiments 
 and discoveries contributed so much to the 
 advancement of science, died at Paris 25th 
 April, 1770, aged 70. Besides lectures in 
 six vols. 12mo. he published valuable trea- 
 tises on Electricity, 5 vols. — on the Art of 
 making Experiments, 3 vols. 12mo. and 
 contributed ingenious papers to the me- 
 moirs of the academy. 
 
 NoLLiKiNS, Joseph Francis, a painter, 
 born at Antwerp. He copied Watteau, 
 and his pieces of landscapes, children's 
 amusements, &e. were in high repute. He 
 settled at London, and was patronised by 
 lords Tilney and Cobham. He died 21st 
 Jan. 171S. 
 
 Nonius, Marcellus, a learned gramma- 
 rian and peripatetic philosopher, whose 
 treatise " de Proprietate Sermonum" is 
 highly esteemed. It was printed 1471, 
 and in 8vo. 1614, with J. Mereier's notes. 
 
 NoNNius, Lewis, a learned physician of 
 Antwerp, in the 17th century, author of a 
 curious treatise, called " Dieteticon, sive 
 de Re CibariA," with useful remarks to ex- 
 plain some passages in Horace, Juvenal, 
 kc. He wrote also a commentary on 
 
 Greek Medals— }Iij,pania—Ichthyopbagia 
 — E|)i(:(;(liuni Lipxia*, ice. 
 
 NuNNius, P. ur, or Ninks, n malliema- 
 tician, born in 1 l'J7, at Al(iiz:.r in P.irtu^'ul. 
 He taught nr.Uhiniaticj at Coiml.ra, and 
 was preceptor to Henry, «on of kin^ F.ma- 
 nuel. He was :uitbor of Lutin treatises, 
 deArte Navigandi — de Crepuseuli-. — Anno- 
 tiones in Aristotelem - and a work on 
 Algebra, written in Portuguese and in S|)an- 
 ish, and much esteemed. He died 1577, 
 aged 80. 
 
 NoNNUs, a Greek poet of Panopolis in 
 Egypt. He wrote in the fifth century, an 
 Account of his Embassy in Ethiopia, fcc. 
 — a Paraphrase on St. John's Gospel — 
 Dionysiaca, &ic. 
 
 NooDT, Gerard, an eminent civilian, 
 born 1647, at Nimeguen. He studied in 
 his native town with great reputation, and 
 after visiting the other uruvcrsities of Hol- 
 land, Leyden, Utrecht, and Franeker, 
 where he was created LL.D. he returned 
 to practice the law. He distinguished him- 
 self so much as a pleader, that he waa ho- 
 nourably elected to the law professorship of 
 Nimeguen, and in 1679 to that of Frane- 
 ker. He afterwards accepted the invita- 
 tions of the magistrates of Utrecht, and in 
 168G those of the curators of Levden uni- 
 versity, of which he was chosen rector in 
 1698. He died of an apoplexy at Leyden, 
 15th Aug. 1725. He was highly respected 
 for his knowledge of the law, and that phi- 
 losophical ease with which he discussed 
 subjects of right and jurisprudence. His 
 works are all on law subjects, and hare 
 been collected in one vol. 4to. 1713. 
 
 NoRADiN, son of Sanguin, or Emaded- 
 din, sultan of Aleppo and Nineveh, inherit- 
 ed with Sesseddin, his brother, his father's 
 dominions, when that monarch was slain 
 by his eunuchs at the siege of Calgembar, 
 1145. He enlarged by his valour the king- 
 dom of Aleppo, which he had obtained to 
 his share, and he bravely attacked the cru- 
 saders, who invaded his territorie?, and de- 
 feated Josselin, count of Edessa, and after 
 seizing his dominions, he killed Raymond, 
 prince of Antioch, in a dreadful battle. He 
 next turned his arms against Iconinm, 
 and then subdued Egypt under his pow- 
 «;r, and caused himself to be acknow- 
 ledged sultan of the country. He died 
 1174, universally respected as a man of 
 generosity, pinidence, and virtue. 
 
 NoRDBERG, L A. was the chaplain and 
 the companion of Charles XU. in his mili- 
 tary adventures. He wrote an account of 
 his master's life in Swedish, little regarded 
 by Voltaire. He died 1745. 
 
 NoRDEV, Frederick Lewis, a learned 
 Dane, born at Gluckstadt in Holstcin, 22d 
 Oct. 1708. He was like his father bred to 
 the military service, and displayed in the 
 
 391 
 
Is OR 
 
 NOR 
 
 j>rofessien great assiduity, and excelled in 
 mathematics, and particularly in correct 
 drawing. He was employed by the king 
 of Denmark in travelling, and in examining 
 the construction of ships, especially the gal- 
 leys and vessels which navigate the Medi- 
 terranean. He visited with the curiosity 
 and the judgment of a philosopher and of 
 a man of science, Holland, Marseilles, 
 Leghorn, Florence, and Rome, and every 
 where was received with marks of high 
 distinction. From Italy he passed to 
 Egypt, and on his return to Denmark, he 
 ^published an account of his " Travels in 
 Egypt and Nubia," which is interesting, 
 correct, and valuable. In the war between 
 England and Spain, Norden came to Lon- 
 don, where he was treated with great 
 kindness, and he went on board the fleet of 
 Sir John Norris as a volunteer, and after- 
 wards, in 1740, went with Sir Chaloner 
 Ogle in the fleet to reinforce admiral Ver- 
 non. When he found his health declining, 
 he passed over to France, but died at Paris 
 1742, much lamented. When in London 
 he was elected a member of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and in return for the honour, he pre- 
 sented the public with drawings of some 
 ruins and colossal statues at Thebes in 
 Egypt, 1744. His travels, with plates and 
 drawings, are published in 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Norden, John, an able topographer, sur- 
 veyor to the king's lands in the reign of 
 James I. He wrote various works, and 
 was the first author of a pocket-companion. 
 Some of his books had curious titles, as 
 the Sinful Man's Solace — Contrariety be- 
 tween the Wicked and the Godly set forth 
 in a Pair of Gloves fit for every Man to 
 wear, 1517. He wrote also. Labyrinth of 
 Human Life, a poem — a survey of Middle- 
 sex and of Hertfordshire, &,c. He was, 
 according to Wood, born in Wiltshire, and 
 studied at Oxford. He died about 1625. 
 
 Norden Fleicht, Chederig Charlotte 
 de, a native of Stockholm, celebrated 
 among the Swedes for her elegant poems. 
 Besides an ingenious Apology for Women, 
 a poem, she wrote the Passage of the 
 Belts, two straits in the Baltic, over Avhich, 
 when frozen, king Charles Gustavus 
 marched his army 165S. She died 29th 
 June 1793, aged 44. 
 
 NORDENSCHOLD, a Swcdc, governor of 
 Finland, and knight of the order of the 
 sword, is known for his extensive know- 
 ledge of political economy, which he 
 evinced in the many valuable communica- 
 tions made to the academy of Stockholm. 
 This learned and intelligent man died 1764. 
 
 NouES, Jason de, a native of Nicosia in 
 Cyprus. He left his country when it was 
 ravaged by the Turks, and came to Padua, 
 where he taught moral philosophy. He 
 wrote various works in Latin, and in Ita- 
 lian. His " Interpretatio" on Horace's 
 392 
 
 Art of Poetry, was much esteemed. He 
 died 1590. 
 
 NoRGATE, Edward, an ingenious artist. 
 There is still preserved in the Stirling fami- 
 ly, a grant of the government of Nova Sco- 
 tia to lord Stirling, by Charles I. in the 
 initial letter of which the king is represent- 
 ed sitting on his throne, delivering the 
 patent to the earl ; while around the border 
 appears a miniature of the customs, mode 
 of fishing, hunting, &c. of the country. 
 This very able illuminator died 1649. 
 
 NoRRis, Henry, an Augustine monk, 
 born at Verona, 1631. He was carefully 
 educated by his father, who was a native 
 of Ireland, and after studying with great 
 success at Rimini, he came to Rome, where 
 he continued his improvement, and by a 
 constant and regular application of 14 hours 
 everyday, he acquired extensive knowledge 
 and equal celebrity. He was liberally ap- 
 pointed ecclesiastical professor at Pisa, by 
 the duke of Tuscany, and he obtained great 
 reputation by his History of Pelagianism. 
 This work, however, was not without its 
 enemies ; he was attacked and even de- 
 nounced before the pope as a heretic ; but 
 Innocent XII. sensible of the merit of the 
 author, appointed him sub-librarian of the 
 Vatican, and at last, in 1695, gave him a 
 cardinal'3 hat. His abilities were after- 
 wards engaged in all ecclesiastical affairs of 
 moment, and in 1702 he was named among 
 others to reform the calendar. He died at 
 Rome of a dropsy, 1704. His works, which 
 are elegantly written, and abound with eru- 
 dition, have appeared together in 5 vols, 
 fol. Verona, 1729 and 1730. 
 
 Norman T, Alexis, advocate of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, acquired deserved celebri- 
 ty in his profession by his love of justice, 
 his wisdom, and his integrity. This uni- 
 versally respected and most amiable man, 
 died 4th June, 1745, aged 58. 
 
 Norris, John, an English divine and Pla- 
 tonic philosopher, born 1657, at Colling- 
 borne-Kington, Wilts, where his father was 
 minister, and educated at Winchester 
 school, and Exeter college, Oxford. In 
 1680 he was chosen fellow of All-Souls, 
 and in 1 689 he succeeded to the rectory of 
 Newton St. Loe, Somersetshire, where he 
 married. In 1691 he was made rector of 
 Bemerton, near Sarum, where he died a 
 martyr to intense study, 1711, aged 54. 
 Mild, humble, and amiable in his manners, 
 he was an enthusiast as a man, a mystic in 
 theology, and in philosophy an idealist. He 
 attacked Locke's Essay on the Human Un- 
 derstanding, and wrote against Dodwell on 
 the Immortality of the Soul. His works 
 are chiefly on moral and theological sub- 
 jects, and against the Quakers, Calvin- 
 ists, and other seceders of the day, and 
 his sermons are written in a clear, pleas- 
 
NOU 
 
 NOU 
 
 ing, and pathetic style. He Wrote also 
 some poems. 
 
 NoRKi^, John, a native of Norfolk, edu- 
 cated at Eton and King's college, Cam- 
 bridge- He showed himself a grateful be- 
 nefactor to his university, by the grant of 
 an estate of 190/. a year for a tlieologi- 
 cal prol'essorship, and for annual prizes 
 on divinity subjects among the students 
 ol Cambridge. He was twice married, and 
 left only one daughter. He died 1777, 
 aged 43. 
 
 NoRRis, John, one of the founders of 
 the Theological seminary at Andover, was 
 a respectable merchant of Salem, Massa- 
 chus( tts, and accumulated a large property, 
 which he appropriated with exemplary li- 
 berality to useful objects. He gave, in 
 1S08, 10,000 dollars towards founding the 
 institution at Andover. His death took 
 place in December of that yt ar. iCj^ L. 
 
 Morris, Mary, wife of the precedii.g, 
 after a life of distinguished beneticenee, 
 gave, at her decease, the sum of 30,000 
 dollars to the same seminary, and the same 
 amount also to the American Board of 
 Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 
 
 North, Francis, lord keeper of the great 
 seal under Charles U. and James H. was 
 the third son of the second Dudley lord 
 North. He was educated at Bury school, 
 and St. John's college, Caml)ridge, and af- 
 terwards entered at the Middle Temple, 
 and soon rendered himself eminent not 
 only as a good lawyer, but as a great pro- 
 ficient in mathematics, history, music, and 
 philosophy. He attended as counsel the 
 Norfolk circuit, and soon distinguished 
 himself as an able, acute, and discerning 
 lawyer, and gradually rose through the 
 offices of solicitor and attorney-general to 
 the place of chief justice of the Common 
 Pleas. On the death of lord Nottingham 
 he succeeded to the seals, and in 1683 was 
 raised to the peerage by the title of lord 
 Guilford. He died at his house. Wroxton, 
 1685. He wrote an Index of Verbs Neuter, 
 finished while at school, and printed with 
 Lily's Grammar — a paper on the Gravita- 
 tion of Fluids, considered in the Bladders 
 of Fishes, printed in Lowthorp's Philoso- 
 phical Transactions abridged — an Answer 
 about Sir S. Moreland'? Statu Barometer, 
 an Essay on Music — Concertos — Political 
 Papers, &c. 
 
 North, Dr. John, next younger brother 
 to the preceding, was born Sept. 1645. He 
 was educated at Bury school, and Jesus col- 
 lege, Cambridge, of which he became fel- 
 low. In 1672 he was made Greek profes- 
 sor of the university, prebendary of West- 
 minster, 1673, and in 1677 he succeeded 
 Dr. Barrow as master of Trinity college. 
 In this office he met with some opposition 
 
 Vol. li. 50 
 
 from his fallows, but bin integrity remaiu 
 cd unshaken, lie tompkltil the collegi- 
 library begun by his prcdtccs)ior, and died 
 1G83, after bein;; for »ome time unhappdy 
 robbed of his un<lerHtaiuliri^ l.j n dreadful 
 palsy. He edited Flato'n bocrati* Apologia 
 — Crito Pha-do, inc. 1673. 
 
 NoHTii, George, a native of London, edu- 
 cated at St. Paul's, and at Bennet eollege, 
 Cand)ridge, where he took his master's de- 
 gree. He was made vicar of Codirote, 
 Herts, by the bishop of Kly, and some time 
 after, for an able treatise in defence of the 
 Antiquarian Society, he was admitted fellow 
 of that learned body. He died on his liv- 
 ing, 27th June, 1772, and was buried there. 
 He wrote a table of English Silver Coins 
 from th(; conquest to the Commonwealth 
 — Remarks on the Money of Henry III. — 
 and he began a History of the Antiquarian 
 Society, which, however, he destroyed in 
 his last illness. 
 
 North, Frederick, earl of Guilford, bet- 
 ter known as lord North, the minister under 
 whose administration England lost her 
 American colonies. He succeeded Charles 
 Townscnd as chancellor of the exchequer ; 
 and in 1770 the duke of Grafton, as first 
 lord of the treasury, and continued in that 
 high but laborious office till the conclusion 
 of the war. As a public character, lord 
 North was a flowing and persuasive orator, 
 well skilled in argumentation, and master 
 of great presence and coolness of mind, 
 and in private life he was very amiable, 
 cheerful and jocose in conversation, the 
 friend of learned men, and correct in his 
 conduct. The last years of his life were 
 afflicted with blindness. He died July, 
 1792, aged 60, much and universally la- 
 mented. 
 
 Norton, Thomas, an English writer, 
 born at Sharpenhoe, Bedfordshire. He was 
 a barrister, and in his principles a strong 
 Calvinist. He assisted Sternhold and Hop- 
 kins in their version of the Psalms ; and to 
 the 27 which he turned to metre, appeal- 
 the initials of his name. He also translated 
 into English some Latin poems — Calvin's 
 Institutes — and Nowell's lai^e Catechism, 
 and assisted Thomas Sackville in his play 
 called Ferrex and Porrex. He wrote be- 
 sides, an Epistle to the Queen's poor de- 
 luded subjects of the North, 1560 — a Warn- 
 ing against the Practices of the Papists — 
 and other pieces against popery. He died 
 about 1600. 
 
 Norton', John, author of " the Scholar's 
 Vadc Mecum." in which he attempted to 
 alter the orthography and structure of the 
 English language in the most capricious 
 manner, flourished in the age of Charles II. 
 
 NoRTOK, lady Frances, was descended 
 from the Frekcs of Dorsetshire, and mar- 
 ried sir George Norton, of Somersetshire, 
 
 39^ 
 
NOS 
 
 NOC 
 
 by wliom sbe had three children. On the 
 death of her daughter, who had married sir 
 Richard Gethin, she wrote the Applause of 
 Virtue, 4to. 1705 — and Memento Mori, or 
 Meditations on Death. She took for her 
 second husband colonel Ambrose Norton, 
 and for her third Mr. Jones, and died 1720, 
 aged about 70. 
 
 Norton, John, minister in Boston, Mas- 
 frachusetts, was born in 1606, at Starford, 
 England, and educated at the university of 
 Cambridge. He studied theology, and soon 
 gained notoriety by a superiority of talents 
 and learning. He came to Massachusetts in 
 1635, and not long after settled at Ipswich, 
 and obtained a high reputation both as a 
 preacher and as an author, by several books 
 which he published. He assisted in form- 
 ing the " Cambridge platform of church go- 
 vernment." He removed to Boston about 
 the year 1652, and was eminently useful in 
 his ministry there. In 1662 he, with an- 
 other, was appointed agent to address king 
 Charles on his restoration, but not being 
 successful in endeavouring to procure the 
 king's favour to the colony, he became un- 
 popular on his return, and died in 1663. 
 He possessed a mind of superior vigour 
 and acuteness, and had enriched it with 
 extensive knowledge. Besides his theolo- 
 gical writings, he published several politi- 
 cal tracts, which were useful and popular. 
 
 ICP L. 
 
 NosTRODAMtJS, Michael, a celebrated 
 French physician and astrologer, born at 
 St. Remy in Avignon, Dec. 14th, 1503. He 
 studied at Avignon and Montpellier, and 
 took his doctor's degree in the last city, 
 1529. He practised for four years at Agen, 
 where he married and lost his wife, and af- 
 terwards went to Marseilles, and then to 
 Ais, where his abilities were displayed in a 
 very successful manner in checking the 
 progress of the plague, by a powder of his 
 own invention. These friendly services 
 were acknowledged by the gratitude of the 
 town, and during some years he received a 
 liberal pension. After some time he quit- 
 ted physic for the more captivating reputa- 
 tion of a prophet and astrologer, and in 
 1555 he published hifi prophecies in verse. 
 He was, in consequence, noticed by the 
 public as an extraordinary man ; but while 
 some regarded him as a foolish visionary, 
 and others as an impious associate of the 
 devil, he was sent for to the court of Hen- 
 ry II. and of Catherine of Medicis, and 
 was dismissed loaded with presents. Upon 
 this he increased his work from 300 qua- 
 trains to a complete milliade ; and when it 
 "Was discovered that on the king's death he 
 bad foretold it in some enigmatical way, his 
 fhme was spread over Europe, and he was 
 now consulted not only by the vulgar, but 
 bv great men and by princes. He chiefly 
 394 
 
 lived at Salon, where Charles IX. visited 
 him, and declared himself particularly his 
 patron. He died, however, soon after this 
 mark of royal favour, at Salon, July 2d, 
 1566. By a second marriage he left three 
 sons and three daughters. 
 
 NoTT, Edward, governor of Virginfci, 
 succeeded Nicholson in 1705. He was dig- 
 nified with the commission of chief gover- 
 nor, although he was, in some degree, sub- 
 ordinate to the earl of Orkney, who at that 
 time was the nominal governor. He ar- 
 rived in August, 1705, and died in Au- 
 gust, 1706, when the administration de- 
 volved on Edmund Jennings. During this 
 short period he enjoyed the esteem and 
 affection of the people. ICZP" L. 
 
 NovARiNi, Lewis, an ecclesiastic of Ve- 
 rona, of the order of the Theatins. He 
 wrote Commentaries on the Four Gospels, 
 and the Acts of the Apostles, 4 vols. fol. — • 
 Electa Sacra, 6 vols. fol. — Adagia Sanct. 
 Pati-um, 2 vols. &c. He died 1650, aged 56. 
 
 NouE, Francis de la, a native of Britta- 
 ny, born of an ancient family in 1531. He 
 served in Italy with distinction, and on his 
 return embraced the party of the Calvin- 
 ists. He took Orleans in 1567, contri- 
 buted to the victory of Jarnac two years 
 after, and then took Fontenai, Oleron, Ma- 
 rennes, Soubisse, and Bronages. At the 
 siege of Rochelle he lost his left arm, and 
 had one made of iron, in consequence of 
 which he was called Iron Arm. In 1571 
 he served in the Low Countries, where he 
 took Valenciennes, and afterwards he was 
 employed at Rochelle. He entered into 
 the service of the States General in 1578, 
 and took count Egmont prisoner, but was 
 himself taken in battle two years after, and 
 remained in confinement five years. He 
 afterwards served against the league, and 
 at last perished at the siege of Lamballe 
 by a musket ball, 1591, universally and de- 
 servedly lamented. He wrote Discourses, 
 Military and Politic, 4to. His son Odet 
 served with distinction under Henry IV. 
 and died 1618. He is author of Christian 
 Poems, &c. 
 
 NouE, Stanislaus Louis de la, of the 
 same family as the preceding, was count of 
 Vair, and was born at Nazelles, near Chi- 
 non, 1729. He served with great reputa- 
 tion in the French army, in the campaigns 
 of 1741 and 1756, and at last fell in the af- 
 fair of Saxenhausen, 1760. When Louis 
 XV. heard of his death he exclaimed, " then 
 we have lost the Loudon of France." This 
 brave warrior wrote New Military Consti- 
 tutions, &c. printed at Frankfort, 8vo. 
 1760, with plates. His life was written by 
 Toustain. 
 
 NouE, John Sauve de la, a native of 
 Meaux, who acquired some celebrity as an 
 actor. After playing at Rouen and Lisle, 
 he came to Paris, and exhibited his powfTS 
 
isoi 
 
 NUM 
 
 at Fontainebleau, 1752. He was patronised 
 by the duke of Orleans and by the court, 
 and obtained a pension. \ oltairc wrote 
 the Princess of Navarre on his account, 
 that he might act the chief character of the 
 piece. He died 15th Nov. 1761, aged GO. 
 He wrote Mahomet II. a tragedy — Zclisca, 
 a Comedy — the Return of May — the Cor- 
 rected Coquette, &c. His works were col- 
 lected together at Paris, 1765, in 12mo. 
 
 NouE, Denis de la, a printer of great 
 eminence at Paris. He published a Con- 
 cordance of the Bible, &c. and died 1650. 
 NouE, N. la, a famous financier in 
 France in the 17th century. Though of 
 obscure origin, he raised himself to conse- 
 quence, and by the immense riches which 
 he possessed, he constructed superb man- 
 sions for his residence, which excited the 
 envy of the nobility, and procured his 
 downfal. He was accused of mismanage- 
 ment and rapacity, 1705, and condemned 
 for nine years to the galleys, and to be pil- 
 loried. 
 
 NovATiAN, a pagan philosopher in the 
 third century, who was converted to Chris- 
 tianity, and privately ordained a bishop. 
 He attempted to seize the see of Rome, but 
 when opposed by Cornelius he declared 
 himself the head of a new heresy, which 
 considered it as sinful to admit to the Eu- 
 charist persons who had once fallen into 
 idolatry. The followers of this new doc- 
 trine were called Novatians, or Catharites, 
 i. e. pure. Some of Novatian's works are 
 extant, published by Jackson, London, 
 1728, in 4to. 
 
 NovATUS, a priest of Carthage, who sup- 
 ported the propriety of admitting to the 
 communion, even without penitence, per- 
 sons %vho had fallen into idolatry. He 
 afterwards rejected the doctrine, and 
 adopted that of Novatian, which was di- 
 rectly opposite to his former opinion. 
 This great inconsistency caused a violent 
 schism in the church in the third century. 
 
 NowEL, Alexander, an English divine, 
 born at Read, in Lancashire, and educa- 
 ted at Brazen-nose, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He was made master of West- 
 minster school, prebendary of Westminster, 
 and dean of St. Paul's, and in the reign of 
 Elizabeth he was elected member of parlia- 
 ment, but did not sit in the house, as being 
 a clergyman. His Catechism in Latin, 
 printed 1572 and 1578, was of universal use, 
 and much admired, so that it was trans- 
 lated not only into English but into Greek. 
 He died 1602. His brother Lawrence died 
 dean of Lichfield, 1576, and left in MS. a 
 Saxon-English Dictionary, now in the Bod- 
 leian library. 
 
 Not, William, a lawyer, born at St. Bu- 
 rian, in Cornwall, and educated at Exeter 
 college, from whence he entered at Liu- 
 rrrln*s Ion. He was member for Helston« 
 
 in JuuiCb's reign, and uflcrwiirdu lor Si. I»c», 
 and was a >iolciit u|»|mjii(iiI of the mcu^iurea 
 of the court. In nysi his opposition 
 ceased ; he was made by Cliarles I. attor- 
 ney general, and then ull his :ibilili« s were 
 exerted to support the king'h attempts to 
 levy money without the parli;uniiil. To 
 his advice the project for hliij) uiomy, ^j fa- 
 tal to the royal prerogative, is uliributcd. 
 Though abused for his attachintni to the 
 king, and his dereliction ol' former princi- 
 ples, Noy is universally acknowledged to 
 have been a good lawyer, a toleralile ora- 
 tor, and a man of sound and strong judg- 
 ment. He died Aug. 1634, at Tunbridge- 
 wells, where be had retired for the benefit 
 of the waters, and was buried at New 
 Brentford. He wrote a Treatise on the 
 Grounds and Maxims of the Laws of Eng^ 
 land, 4to. — Perfect Conveyancer, &.c. 
 
 NucK, Anthony, a Dutch physician. 
 He practised at the Hague, and was pro- 
 fessor of anatomy at Leyden, and wrote 
 
 Adenographia Sedlographia, et Optra- 
 
 tiones, et Experimenta Chirurgica, 3 vols. 
 Lugd. 1722. 
 
 Nugent, Robert, earl, a native of Wcst- 
 meath, Ireland, who abjured the Roman 
 catholic tenets for the protestant, and ob- 
 tained a seat in parliament in 1741, with 
 the oftice of comptroller of the household 
 of the prince of Wales. As the favourite 
 of the court he continued to hold oftices of 
 trust and great emolument, and in 1766 
 was created a peer of Ireland, and some 
 time after advanced to an earldom. He 
 wrote an Ode to Mankind in 1741 — Verses 
 addressed to the queen, with a new year's 
 gift of Irish manufacture — Verses on the 
 Memory of Lady Townsend, besides odes, 
 epistles, &c. which possess considerable 
 merit. He died 1788. 
 
 Ndgent, Thomas, LL.D. an Irishman, 
 who acquired some celebrity by his useful 
 publications, especially his Vocabulary of 
 the Greek Primitives, 8vo. — a Pocket Dic- 
 tionary of the French Language, &.c. He 
 also translated the Port Royal Greek and 
 Latin Grammars, 4 vols. 8vo. and publish- 
 ed a Tour in Europe, 4 vols. Svo. His 
 daughter married the celebrated Edmund 
 Burke. 
 
 NuMA PoMPiLius, second king of Rome^ 
 is known for the laws which he established, 
 and the respect for religion and religious 
 ceremonies which he introduced among his 
 subjects. He died B.C. 672. 
 
 NuMENius, a Greek philosopher in the 
 second century. He was a follower of the 
 doctrines of Pythagoras and Plato ; but 
 called Plato, Moses speaking Greek, as he 
 considered him as ha\ing borrowed muck 
 from the .Jewish legislator. 
 
 NuMBRiANLa, Marcus Aurel, son of the 
 emperor CmTJs,_ succeeded, with his bro^ 
 ther Carinus, 234. but was soon afitr 
 
 'S35 
 
JNYE 
 
 iN \M 
 
 assassinated by his father-in-law, Arius 
 Aper. 
 
 Nunez, Ferdinand, a Spanish critic, born 
 at Pincia, near Valladolid. He was pro- 
 fessor of belles lettres at Alcala and Sala- 
 manca, and died very old, 1552. He wrote 
 Commentaries on Pliny, Pomponius Mela, 
 Seneca, &c. 
 
 Nye, Philip, a nonconformist, born in 
 Sussex, about 15U6. He entered at Bra- 
 zen-nose college, i.)xfoid, and removed to 
 Magdalen hall, where he was admitted to 
 his master's degrees, 1622, about which 
 time he took orders. He was for some 
 time curate of St. Michaers church, Corn- 
 hill, but rejecting the doctrines of the 
 church of England, he retired to Holland, 
 and resided at Arnheim, in Guelderland. 
 On the decline of the royal power he re- 
 turned to England, and was made minister 
 ofKimbolton, Huntingdonshire, and after- 
 wards was one of the assembly of divines, 
 and became a great champion of the presby- 
 tcrians, and an asserter of the solemn 
 lieague and covenant. His seFvices were 
 
 rewarded with the living of Acton, near 
 London ; but he now deserted to the inde= 
 pendents, and was confidentially consulted 
 and flattered by them, while he converted 
 his influence and popularity to his own ag- 
 grandizement, and the emolument of his 
 family. At the restoration he was forbid- 
 den to hold any ofiices whatever. He died 
 in the parish of at. Michael's, Cornhill, 
 27th Feb. 1672. He wrote several ser- 
 mons and political tracts, and his seditious 
 views and hypocritical conduct are hu- 
 morously alluded to by Butler, who men- 
 tions, in his Hudibras, Philip Nye's thanks- 
 giving beard. 
 
 Nye, Nathaniel, a mathematician under 
 Charles H. master gunner to the city of 
 Worcester, and author of "Art of Gun- 
 nery," 1670, and a treatise on Artificial 
 Fire Works. 
 
 Nymannus, Gregory, author of a treatise 
 on Apoplexy, 4to. — a Dissertation on the 
 Life of the Foetus, 12mo. &c. was professor 
 of botany and anatomy at Wittemberg, and 
 died 163S, aged 43. 
 
 OAT 
 
 OaKES, Urian, president of Harvard 
 college, was a native of England, and 
 born about the year 1631. He was brought 
 to New-England three years after, and 
 educated at the college at Cambridge, 
 where he was graduated in 1649. He re- 
 turned to England and settled in the minis- 
 try at Fichfield, but was ejected in 1662. 
 He remained several years in England, but 
 at length, at the invitation of the church in 
 Cambridge, returned and settled there in 
 1671. In 1675 he was elected president of 
 Harvard college, and held the office till his 
 death in 1681. He was distinguished by 
 great excellence of character, learning, and 
 usefulness. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Oates, Titus, known for his infamies 
 and plots under Charles U. was son of an 
 anabaptist, and born about 1619. He was 
 at first a conformist, then a papist, and 
 again a conformist, but in his conduct, 
 though a clergyman, very vicious. He was 
 chaplain to a man of war, but dismissed 
 for unnatural practices ; and when honest 
 resources failed he contrived, with Dr. 
 Tongue, to dinclose a pretended plot against 
 the king, in consequence of which several 
 respectable persons were not only accused, 
 but upon his evidence condemned and exe- 
 cuted. This succeeded so well that he was 
 rewarded for the discovery with a pension 
 of 1200/. a year, and an honourable resi- 
 dence at Whitehall. Under Jame?" II. his 
 396 
 
 OBR 
 
 infamous conduct was reviewed, and he 
 was, upon the testimony of 60 witnesses, 
 convicted of perjury, and sentenced to be 
 whipped and pilloried. He bore the pu- 
 nishment with great fortitude, and when 
 released from imprisonment, at the revo- 
 lution, he sunk into contempt, and died 
 1705. 
 
 Obadiah, the fourth of the lesser pro- 
 phets, was the servant of Ahab, according 
 to Jerome, and the protector of Elijah, 
 though some authors place him in a more 
 recent age, as the contemporary of Hosea. 
 
 OiiRECHT, Ulric, a learned German, born 
 July 23d, 1646, at Strasburg. He studied 
 at Strasburg, Montbeillard, and Altorf, and 
 made the most astonishing progress in the 
 sciences as well as in the languages, an- 
 cient and modern. After finishing his tra- 
 vels he settled at Strasburg, where he mar- 
 ried the daughter of professor Boeder, 
 whom he succeeded in the chairs of elo- 
 quence and history. Upon the conquest 
 of Strasburg by Lewis XIV. Obrecht 
 changed his religion from protestant to Ro- 
 man catholic, and was in consequence 
 made by the victorious monarch, in 1685, 
 president of the senate of his native town, 
 with the title of praetor royal. In the 
 midst of his numerous employments as a 
 lawyer and president, he devoted much of 
 his time to literary pursuits. He died of a 
 fever, 6th Aug. 1701. He wrote, amon?: 
 
UCII 
 
 nl)L 
 
 other things, Prodromn« llenim Alsaticu- 
 rum, 4to. — Exct^rpta llistorica, dc NuturA 
 Successionis in Monarch, liispan. 3 vols. 
 4(0. — Quiiitilian, editotl with notes, 2 vols. 
 4to. — the Life of Pythagoras, from lainbli- 
 cus — De Vexillo Imperii — an edition of 
 Dictys Cretensis. 
 
 Obsequens, Julius, author of a treatise 
 Dc Prodigiis, best edited by Schetfer, 1G7D, 
 flourished about 3H'i A.D. 
 
 Obsop.«us, John, a German physician, 
 born at Brettin, 1556. He was made pro- 
 fessor of physic at H(;idelberg, and died 
 there, 1596. He puhli-hed some pieces of 
 Hippocrates, with remarks, kc. His bro- 
 ther Simon was also professor at Heidel- 
 berg, and died 1619, aged 44. 
 
 Occam, or Occham, William, a scholas- 
 tic divine of the fourteenth century ; the 
 disciple of Duns Scotus, and so renowned 
 as to acquire the name of the Invincible 
 Doctor. As he belonged to the Cordeliers, 
 he was engaged by Michael de Cesena, the 
 general of his order, to attack the church 
 of Rome, and pope John XXII. and in con- 
 sequence of this dispute, which gave rise to 
 the question about the bread of the Corde- 
 liers, both Occam and his friend were ex- 
 communicated by the pontiff. Occam was 
 afterwards reconciled to the see of Rome, 
 and died 1374. His works, which display 
 both wit and subtlety, were published, 2 
 vols. fol. Paris, 1476, are now little re- 
 garded. 
 
 OccuM, Sampson, an Indian of the Mo- 
 hegan tribe, Connecticut, who embraced 
 Christianity in early life, and was educated 
 by the reverend Dr. Wheelock for the mi- 
 nistry. He was ordained in 1759. He 
 went on several missions to the western 
 tribes, and about 1765 to London with Mr. 
 Whitaker, to solicit benefactions to Dr. 
 Wheelock's school for the education of 
 Indians. He died in 1792. He wrote an 
 account of the Montawk Indians, which is 
 preserved in the Historical Collections. 
 
 rCp- L. 
 Ocellus, a Greek Pythagorean philoso- 
 pher, born in Lucania, and hence called 
 Lucanus. His work on the universe is ex- 
 tant, edited at Amsterdam, 8vo. 1688. 
 
 OcHiNUS, Bernardin, an Italian, born in 
 Seine, 1487. He was at first a Cordelier, 
 but afterwards studied physic, and again, in 
 a moment of inconsistency, returned to 
 the church, and in 1534 became a strict 
 Capuchin, and rose to be the vicar general 
 of the order. His eloquence as a preacher 
 recommended him to the notice of pope 
 Paul III. who made him his confessor ; 
 but still inconsistent, he became a con- 
 vert to the tenets of Luther, and preached 
 openly in favour of them. Thus an enemy 
 to Rome he made his escape from Italy, 
 and after visiting Geneva, Lucca, and Augs- 
 burg> he c^me to England with his friend. 
 
 Peter Martyr, IM?, and was by Cranmei ' 
 made prebendary or Canii I bur>. On the 
 death of Kdward M . he retired' from Rng-' 
 land to Slrasburp;, to a»oid perHerulioti, 
 and then went to lia-^il ; and at \tinl m tiled 
 at Zurich. Afl< r presiding tiglii jean 
 over the Italian eliurcb in ihut city, In" «vae 
 banished by tin mat^i-tiait m of the town, 
 156'?, for publishing some dialo-ll♦•^^ m fa- 
 vour of polygamy, he fled to Moravia and 
 Poland, where he joined the Soeiniana. 
 He dii d of the plague at Slacow, 1 .64, 
 aged 77. He wa> author of some contro- 
 versial works, and of some stimons in Ita- 
 lian, in 5 vols. 8vo. some of which have 
 been translated into English. 
 
 OcKLET, Simon, an able divine and 
 orientalist, descended from a respectable 
 Norfolk family, but accidentally bom at 
 Exeter, 1678. H«' was educated at Queen's 
 college, Cambridge, where he took the de- 
 gree of B.D. and in 1705 was made vicar 
 of Swavesey, Cambridg< shire, and in 1711 
 Arabic professor to the university. He 
 died at his living, 9th Aug. 1720, much re- 
 spected, but leaving his family in distressed 
 circumstances. He was a very learned 
 man and well skilleil ii oriental literature. 
 He published, 1706, Introductio ad Linguas 
 Orientales — the History of the present 
 Jews throughout the World, 1707 — the 
 Life of Hai Ebn Yokhdan, from the Arabic 
 of Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail, 8vo. 1708— 
 the History of the Saracens, 2 vols. 8vo. a 
 most valuable work — some single sermons, 
 &c. 
 
 OcTAViA, sister of Augustus, married 
 Marcellus, and after his death was given to 
 Antony to reconcile him and her brother. 
 The death of her son Marcellils is patheti- 
 cally described by Virgil. She was a wo- 
 man possessed of great virtues, and died 
 B.C. 11. 
 
 OcTAViA, daughter of Claudius and 
 Messalina, married Nero, by w horn she w as 
 divorced, and aftenvards put to death at 
 the age of 20. 
 
 Odazri, John, a painter and engraver, 
 born at Rome. He was member of the 
 academy of St. Luke, and deserved by his 
 services to be knighted by the pope. He 
 died 1731, aged 68. 
 
 Odell, Thomas, a gentleman of Buck- 
 ino-hamshire. He ruined his rslatrs by 
 supporting the rause of the court, and af- 
 terwards obtained the permission to erect 
 a theatre in Goodman's-fields, 1729 ; but 
 when his theatrical c Horts promised to be 
 successful, the city magistrates opposed 
 him and he disposed of his property to 
 Mr. Gitlard. He was in 173S made de- 
 puty master of the revels, and died May, 
 1749. He wrote four dramatic pieces, 
 which were for a little while favourably re- 
 ceived. 
 
 Odenatc?, king of Palmvra, was ad- 
 
 "397 
 
OFF 
 
 6GI 
 
 ioitted as the associate of Gallienus on the 
 imperial throne, for his services against 
 Sapor, king of Persia. He was assassina- 
 ted by a favourite, 267, and his wife Zeno- 
 bia assumed the reins of government at his 
 death. 
 
 Odin, a northern hero, who united in 
 bis person the characters of priest, king, 
 and poet, and died about 70 B.C. He was 
 worshipped as a god after his death. 
 
 Odo, Saint, second abbot of Clugni, was 
 born at Tours, 879. The sanctity of his 
 life greatly contributed to the reputation 
 and increase of his abbey, and even kings 
 and popes referred their disputes to his 
 unbiassed judgment. He was a man also 
 of great learning, and wrote some religious 
 books. He died 943. 
 
 Odo, of Kent, was a Benedictine monk 
 and prior, and abbot of his order in the 
 12th century. He was the friend of Thomas 
 a Becket, of whose miracles he wrote an 
 account, besides Commentaries on the 
 Pentateuch, &c. 
 
 Ordoran, a monk of St. Peter^le-Vif at 
 Sens, author of " Chronica Rerum in Orbe 
 Gestarum" till 1302. He died some time 
 after. 
 
 Oecolampadius, John, a German di- 
 vine, born at Reinsperg, Franconia, 1482. 
 He studied at Heidelberg, Bologna, and 
 Tubingen, and was for some time precep- 
 tor to the son of the elector Palatine. He 
 was honoured with the degree of D.D. at 
 Basil, and soon, upon embracing the prin- 
 ciples of Luther, was made divinity profes- 
 sor, and preached in that city. He mar- 
 ried in 1528, in consequence of which 
 his friend Erasmus jocosely speaks of his 
 change of situation. He died Dec. 1531, 
 leaving a son and two daughters. He 
 engaged against Luther in support of Zuin- 
 glius concerning theEuchari'^t, and his book 
 on the occasion is mentioned by Erasmus 
 with credit. He translated Chrysostom's 
 commentaries on Genesis, and some of 
 the works of Nazianzen and other fathers, 
 and wrote besides some Notes on Scrip- 
 tures, &c. 
 
 (EcuMENius, a Greek writer in the lOth 
 century. He is called by some an able 
 interpreter of Scripture, while others 
 speak with indifference of him. His works 
 appear with those of Aretas at Paris, 2 
 vols, folio. 
 
 Offa, king of Mercia, on the death of 
 Ethelbald 755, was successful against the 
 kings of Kent and Wessex, and perfidiously 
 murdered Ethelbert, king of the East An- 
 gles, and seized his kingdom. His crimes, 
 which were great, induced him to pay his 
 court to the clergy for their support and for- 
 giveness. He not only made a pilgrimage 
 to Rome, but was the first who gave the 
 tenth of his goods to the church, and es- 
 toblished the Peter-pence tribute. He 
 398 
 
 founded the monastery of St. Alban's, whick 
 he endowed most liberally. He reigned 
 39 years, and died 794. 
 
 Ogden, Samuel, an English divine, born 
 at Manchester 1716, and educated at the 
 grammar-school there, and at King's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, from which he removed 
 to St. Johns, where he became fellow, 
 1739. In 1744 he was elected master of 
 Halifax school, which he resigned 1753, 
 to reside at Cambridge. He took his de- 
 gree of D.D. and in 1764 was made Wood- 
 wardian professor, and 1766 presented to 
 the rectory of Lawford, Essex, and a month 
 after to Stansfield, Suffolk. He died 23d 
 March, 1778. It is said that his manners 
 were rustic, and his features occasionally 
 disagreeable and ferocious, but his heart 
 was most amiable and humane. His ser- 
 mons have been published, 2 vols. 8?o. 
 and defended by bishop Halifax against 
 the attacks of Mainwaring. They are po- 
 pular discourses, elegant, striking, and pa- 
 thetic. 
 
 Ogden, Matthias, brigadier general in 
 the service of the United States, entered 
 the army at Cambridge at the commence- 
 ment of the war of the revolution. He 
 accompanied Arnold in the expedition to- 
 Canada, and was severely wounded at the 
 attack on Quebec. On his return from 
 that campaign he was appointed to a colo- 
 nelcy, and held the office till the close of 
 the war. Soon after the peace he was- 
 appointed brigadier general. He died in 
 1791, at Elizabethtown, New-Jersey. 
 
 rcy L. 
 
 Ogilbt, John, a Scotch writer, born 
 near Edinburgh, Nov. 1600. Though of & 
 respectable family, he was obliged for his 
 maintenance to pursue the profession of 
 dancing- master, and in this capacity here- 
 commended himself to the duke of Buck- 
 ingham and other noblemen. In 1633 he 
 was in the family of lord Stafford, and was 
 by that nobleman appointed deputy master 
 of the revels in Ireland. He in conse- 
 quence built a theatre in Dublin, and met 
 with great encouragement ; but at the 
 breaking out of the Irish rebellion, 1641, 
 he lost his property, and returned to Eng- 
 land poor. He then went to Cambridge 
 on foot, and applying himself with great 
 industry to the learned languages, he was 
 enabled to translate the works of Virgil, 
 which appeared 1649-50, and produced 
 both money and reputation. He continued 
 to exert his abilities as a writer, and gave 
 the world poetical translations of Homer's 
 Iliad and Odyssey, and in 1660 published 
 a fine edition of the English Bible, with 
 plates, which he presented to the king, and 
 also to the House of Lords, by whom he 
 was handsomely rewarded. In 1661 he' 
 was employed to conduct the poetical part 
 af the kind's coronation, end all the 
 
OGL 
 
 OLD 
 
 speeches, mottos, &c. were thus submittetl 
 to his inspection, and of this he drew a 
 strikinc; relation in ten sheets folio, and 
 afterwards published it in a magnificent 
 style as a pattern for future similar so- 
 lemnities. He obtained in 1692 the pa- 
 tent place of master of the revels in 
 Ireland, against the application of Sir VV. 
 Davenant, and afterwards, though mined 
 by the lire of London, he erected another 
 fortune as cosmographer and geographic 
 printer to the king. He died after a life of 
 great labour and chequered fortunes, 4th 
 Sept. 1676, and was buried in St. Bride's 
 church. Fleet-street. He published be- 
 sides, an Account of Japan, folio — an At- 
 las, folio — Fables of ^Esop, in verse, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — a Book of Roads, 8vo. afterwards 
 improved by Bowen, and latterly by Patter- 
 son, and Cary, &c. 
 
 \ Ogilvie, John, a divine of the church 
 of Scotland, was born in 1733. He be- 
 came minister of Midmar in the county of 
 Aberdeen, and received from the university 
 there, the degree of doctor of divinity. 
 He was also a fellow of tbe Royal Society 
 of Edinburgh, and greatly distinguished 
 for his learning, genius, and piety. He 
 died in 1814. His works are — 1. Poems 
 on several Subjects, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. Ser- 
 mons, 8vo. 3. Paradise, a Poem, 4to. 
 4. Philosophical and Critical Observations 
 on Composition, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. Rona, 
 a Poem. 6. Inquiry into the Causes of 
 Infidelity and Skepticism, 8vo. 7. The 
 Theology of Plato, compared with the 
 Principles of Oriental and Grecian Philoso- 
 phers, 8vo. 8. Britannia ; an Epic poem, 
 4to. 9. Examination of the Evidence of 
 Prophecy, in behalf of the Christian Re- 
 ligion— JT.^. 
 
 Ogle, Samuel, governor of Maryland, 
 arrived in the colony in December, 1731. 
 He had previously had a military command 
 in the Irish establishment. He continued 
 governor until 1742, and was again appoint- 
 ed in the room of Bladen in 1747. He 
 died in 1751. [Cr L. 
 
 Ogle, Benjamin, a member of the coun- 
 cil of Maryland before the revolution, and 
 afterwards governor of the state. He 
 died at Annapolis July, 1809. i L. 
 
 Oglethorpe, James, an English gene- 
 ral. He was born at Westminster and 
 early entered the army, and was aid-de- 
 camp to prince Eugene. In 1732, he set- 
 tled the colony in Georgia, and laid the 
 foundations of the town of Savannah ; but 
 bis attack on Augustine in Florida proved 
 unsuccessful, and his conduct was submit- 
 ted to the examination of a court martial, 
 which acquitted him. He was engaged 
 against the rebels in 1745, and was again 
 tried by a court martial as if guilty of cow- 
 ard^icft in the adoption of dilatory mea- 
 
 sores, but he was honourably acquitted/. 
 He died 1785, at the great age of 97. 
 
 OisKL, James, prote-^sor of civil law at 
 Groningen, was born at Dimizie 1631. He 
 wrote corrections and notcn on varioufl 
 authors — Thesaurus S«|«rtor. Numiiina- 
 tum Antiquor. /tire tipreMsoruui, Ito. — 
 catalogue of his valuable library. He died 
 1686. 
 
 Oeolski, Simon, a Polander, author of 
 Orbis Polonus, or History of Poland, 3 
 vols, folio, Cracow, 1641, a valuable uork. 
 He was provincial of the jacolnns in Po- 
 land, 1649. 
 
 Ok^ki, Stanislaus, a Pole, who studied 
 divinity under Luthei and Melanctlion, and 
 preached with such zeal tbe tenets of the 
 reformation among his countrymen, that 
 he was called tbe Polish Demosthenes. 
 He afterwards turned catholic and publish- 
 ed his profession of faith at Warsaw, 1561. 
 He wrote besides eontroversial tracts, La- 
 tin Annals of the Reign of Sigismond Au- 
 gustus, 12mo. 
 
 Olaf, a king of Norway in the lOth 
 century, who sent missiunarits to Green- 
 land to convert the barbarous natives to 
 Christianity. 
 
 (^LAHUS, Nicolas, made by Ferdinand 
 king of Hungary, bishop of Zagrab, chan- 
 cellor of the kingdom, and afterwards 
 archbishop of Stregonia, was born at Her- 
 manstadt, and died at Tyrnau, 1568, aged 
 75. He wrote a Chronicle of his Time— a 
 History of Attila — a Description of Hun- 
 gary. 
 
 Olavides, N. count de, a native of 
 Spanish America, educated at Madrid, 
 where his abilities soon began to display 
 themselves. He accompanied, as secre- 
 tary, count de A»aiida, the Spanish ambas- 
 sador to France, and at his return was 
 made a count by Charles III. and appoint- 
 ed superintendent of Seville. In this new 
 office he directed his attention to fertilize 
 the hitherto barren and unprofitable spot 
 called the Black Mountain, or Sierra Mo- 
 rena, and by his perseverance, and by 
 offering liberal invitations to German colo- 
 nists, he converted a desert region into a 
 populous district. The success of his la- 
 bours, however, was too great to escape 
 envy, he was accused by his enemies, and 
 for three years mourned the cruelty of his 
 treatment in a dungeon. He escaped at 
 last to Venice, where he died aged 65. 
 The Triumph of the Gospel, in 4 vols. 4to. 
 in Spanish, a work of merit, is attributed 
 
 to him. 
 
 Oldcastle, Sir John, the good lord 
 Cobham, was the first nobleman who suf- 
 fered martyrdom for his religion. He was 
 born in the reign of Edward HI. and dis- 
 tinguished himself as the friend of pub- 
 lic liberty. He was a;fcneral in the French 
 
 TO9 
 
OLD 
 
 OLD 
 
 campaigns, and obliged the duke of Or* 
 leans lo raise the siege of Paris ; but as 
 he was a follower of VVicklille's doctrines, 
 and maintained itinerant preachers for their 
 greater dispersion, he incurred the hatred 
 of the Romish clergy, and was accused of 
 heresy and disatlection to Henry V. 
 Henry endeavoured to reason witu him, 
 but wnen Cobham declared the pope anti- 
 christ, the monarch, shocked at his im- 
 piety, delivered him up to the archbishop, 
 WHO sent him to the tower. He had the 
 art to escape from connnement, but so 
 violent and watchful were his persecutors, 
 that after lour years' concealment in 
 Waies, he was seized and dragged lo Lon- 
 don. As a heretic and traitor, he was 
 hung up on a gallows alive, and a tire light- 
 ed under him, so that he was thus cruelly 
 roasted alive, in St. Giles' fields, 1417. 
 He wrote 12 conclusions addressed to the 
 parhaiuentof England. 
 
 Oldenburg, Henry, a German, born in 
 the dutchy oi Bremen. He was consul for 
 his countrymen at London, under Cro.a- 
 well's usurpation, and was afterwards tutor 
 to the lords Obryan and Cavendish, and 
 during his residence at Oxford, he was ac- 
 quainted with the founders of *he Royal So- 
 ciety, Oi which he was elected fellow, and 
 assistant secretary with Dr. VVilkins. He 
 published in this capacity the 36 numbers 
 of the philosophical transactions, and had 
 a most extensive correspondence wittt va- 
 rious learned men. He wrote besides trans- 
 lations, &.C. and died at Charleton near 
 Green vvich, Aug. 1678, and was buried 
 there. 
 
 Oldenburgen, Philip Andrew, author 
 of " Thesaurus Rerum Publicarum totius 
 Orbis," 4 vols. 8vo. and other works, was 
 professor of history and law at Geneva, 
 where he died 1678. 
 
 Olderman, John, a German writer, 
 Greek professor at Helmstadt, where he 
 died of a dropsy 1723, aged 37. He was 
 author of som ingenious and valuable dis- 
 sertations, de Imperfectione Sermones Hu- 
 mani ; de Phraate Fluvio , de Ophir ; de 
 Mari Algoro, &.c. 
 
 Oldfield, Anne, a celebrated actress, 
 born in Pail-Mall, 1683. Her father, who 
 was an officer, left her in dependent cir- 
 cumstances, but her fondness for plays and 
 the sweetness of her voice, accidentally 
 heard and commended by Farquhar, in- 
 troduced her to Sir John \anburgh,and to 
 Mr. Rich,tbe patentee of the king's theatre, 
 where she first exhibited herself. She soon 
 shone in the characters of Leonora, in Sir 
 C. Nice, and of lady Betty Moodish, in the 
 Careless Husband ; but as virtue and con- 
 tinence are seldom the inmates of a theatre, 
 she yelded her reputation to the solicita- 
 tions of Mr. A. Maynwaring, and after his 
 death was the mistress of general Chiu"- 
 400 
 
 ehill. By each of these she had a son, and 
 it is to be observed, that, whilst devoted to 
 them she was remarkable for her con- 
 stancy, exemplary conduct, and fidelity, and 
 in her private chai acter she was humane 
 and benevolent in the hignest degree, as 
 the patroness of indigent merit in Savage. 
 She died Oct. 23d, 1730, and her body, 
 after lying in state in the Jerusalem cham- 
 ber, was buried in Westminster abbey with 
 great pomp. Her wit and vivacity were 
 said to be very engaging, her figure deli- 
 cate and pleasing, and her manners fasci- 
 nating in the extreme. The becoming 
 neatness of her dress, as well as the ac- 
 quired graces of her person, and of her 
 understanding, have been elegantly noticed 
 by the Tatler. 
 
 Oldham, John, an English poet, bora 
 Aug. 9th, 1653, at Shipton, Gloucester- 
 shire. He was educated at Tetbury school, 
 and removed to Edmund hall, Oxford, 
 where he took hi> d< gree of B.A. and be- 
 gan to cultivate the muse. He was after- 
 wards usher of the grammar-school at 
 Croydon, but the excellence of his poetry 
 wa.5 noticed by lords Rochester and Dorset, 
 and other wits of the age, and he was re- 
 moved from the laborious drudgery of a 
 school in 1678, and placed as tutor to the 
 grandsons of sir Ed. Thurland. He after- 
 wards was tutor to the son of sir William 
 Hickes, and then settled in London as a 
 wit and poet. Lord Kingston afterwards 
 patronised him, and wished to make him 
 his chaplain ; but though the poet refused 
 to submit to the dependence of the eccle- 
 siastic, he continued in his house till his 
 death, occasioned by the smallpox, 9th Dec. 
 1683. He was buried in the church of 
 Holme Pierrepoint. His writings were 
 chiefly satirical, and though a man of tem- 
 perance and virtue, he is frequently licen- 
 tious in his poetry. The whole consists of 
 50 pieces, the most valuable of which are 
 the four satires on the Jej-uits, written 1679. 
 His works were printed by captain Thom- 
 son, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Oldisworth, William, joint writer in 
 the Examiner, a periodical paper, and 
 author of a V indication of the bishop of 
 Exeter, of stnte tracts, of state and mis- 
 cellaneous poems, &c. of the odes and 
 epodes of Horace translated, «s.c. died 
 15th Sept. 1734. 
 
 Oldmixon, John, a political writer, born 
 near Bridgewater, Somersetshire. As a 
 party writer he was violent and severe in 
 the extreme, he opposed with unusual viru- 
 lence the Stuart family, and attacked the 
 great writers of the time with envy and 
 ill nature. His conduct exposed him to 
 the resentment of Pope, who has given him 
 a conspicuous place among the sons of 
 dulness in his Dunciad. He obtained by 
 his party zeal a post in the revenue at 
 
O'Ll'. 
 
 iJlA 
 
 Biidgcwatcr, where he died 9th July, 174-2, 
 at an advanced age. He wrote History of 
 the Stuarts, fol. — a vohime of Poems — the 
 Life of A. Maynwaring, Esq. — the Life of 
 Queen Anne — a tragedy — an opera, and 
 other tilings. 
 
 Gluts, William, an eminent English 
 writer, natural son of commissary Oldys, 
 the chancellor of Lincoln, born about 
 1C87. Few particulars of his life are 
 known, though it is too apparent that he 
 was intemperate, profligate, and licentious. 
 He was for some time librarian to lord Ox- 
 ford, and ntade a catalogue of that cele- 
 brated collection, which Osborne the book- 
 seller purchased for 13,000/. He was also 
 Norroy king at arms, as being well acquaint- 
 ed with heraldry. He died at the Herald's 
 office, 15th April, 1761, aged 74, and was 
 buried in St. Benet's church, Paul's wharf. 
 His chief works were a Life of sir Walter 
 Kaleigh — various articles in the General 
 Historical Dictionary — those Lives marked 
 G. in the Biographia Britannica — Introduc- 
 tion to Hayward's British Muse — Observa- 
 tions on the Catalogue of English Lives — 
 Poetical Characteristics — Health's Im- 
 provement, &c. 
 
 Olearius, Godfrey, a learned German, 
 born at Hall, in Saxony, 1639. He became 
 professor of Greek and of divinity at Leip- 
 sic, and in consequence of his great abili- 
 ties was ten times rector of that university. 
 He married professor Muller's daughter, by 
 whom he had six sons and six daughters, 
 and died Aug. 1713. He was a great con- 
 tributor to the " Leipsic Acts," and wrote 
 various works on theology, philosophy, &c. 
 
 Olearius, Godfrey, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Leipsic, 23d July, 1672. He 
 possessed great abilities, and after visiting 
 Holland for some time, studied at Oxford, 
 and became professor of Greek and Latin, 
 and afterwards professor of divinity at 
 Leipsic. He died in the flower of life, 
 10th Nov. 1715. He published a Disser- 
 tation on the Worship of God, by J. C. — 
 a History of Rome and Germany — be- 
 sides a Latin translation of Stanley's His- 
 tory of Philosophers, 4to.-^and an edition 
 of Philostratus, folio. 
 
 Olearius, Adam, a German writer, se- 
 cretary to the embassy from the duke of 
 Holstcin to the duke of Muscovy, and the 
 king of Persia. He was six years in this 
 employment, and at his return he published 
 an account of his journey, with maps and 
 figures, folio, translated into French by 
 "Wicquefort. He also published an abridg- 
 ment of the Chronicles of Holstein, from 
 1448 to 1663, 8vo. and 4to. He was 
 afterwards librarian to the duke, and died 
 1671, aged 68. 
 
 0'Le4.rt, Arthur, a native of Cork, edu- 
 cated at St. Omer's, after which he entered 
 jnto the order of the Franciscans, and be- 
 
 Voi.. IT, :,i 
 
 came chaplain to a FrcnrL r<%imrui. A- 
 he refused to engage ngainst hi* rountrjr, 
 he was dismissed from hii cmpluynimt in 
 the regiment, and permillc-d to return to 
 ('ork, where some time after hi« real in 
 rousing up the calholies to talc up arnn 
 during the American war proenred liim thrt 
 notice of the government and a pc Ufion. 
 He afterwards came to London, und dis- 
 played great abilities as a pulpit oratur. 
 He died 1801, author of some valuable 
 political tracts, 8vo. 1783 gome ser- 
 mons, &.C. 
 
 Oleaster, Jerom, a Portuguese Domi- 
 nican, chaplain to John III. king of Por- 
 tugal. He was at the council of Trent, 
 and for his services was offered a bishopric, 
 which he declined for the office of grand 
 inquisitor. He wrote commentaries on 
 the Pentateuch, folio — Conimentarj- on 
 Isaiah, fol. 1628, Paris, and died 1563. 
 
 Olen, an ancient Greek poet, author of 
 hymns, &c. no longer extant. His age ii 
 fabulous. 
 
 Olesniki, Ibigneus, a noble Pole, who, 
 from being secretary to king Ladislau*, 
 entered into orders, and was made bishop 
 of Cracovia and a cardinal. He wa« 
 also ennajred in the service of his coun- 
 try as an ambassador. He ditd 1455, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Olimpo, Balthasar, an Italian poet in the 
 16th century. His Pegasea in Stanse Amo- 
 rose, 1525, and his Gloria del Amore, 
 8vo. 1530, &c. have appeared in 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1559. 
 
 Oliva, Alexander, general of the Augits- 
 tine monks, was born at Saxoferato, 1403. 
 He studied at Rimini, Bologna, and Perusa, 
 and when at Rome, as general of his order, 
 his great learning was much admired, and 
 his eloquence in the pulpit so applauded, 
 that at last the pope Pius II. created !iim a 
 cardinal, 1460, and made him bisljop of 
 Camerino. He died at Tivoli, 14G3, and 
 was buried in the Augustine church at 
 Rome. His works are de Christi Ortti 
 Sermones Centum — de Coenn ciim Apos- 
 tolis Facta — -de Peccato in Spiritum 
 Sanctum. 
 
 Oliva, John, a learned ecclesiastic, born 
 at Rovigo, in the Venetian territory, 168'J, 
 He was librarian to cardinal Rohan, and 
 secretary to the conclave. He wrote dis- 
 sertations on subjects of antiquity, and 
 edited Poggio's works, and Silvrstri's book 
 on Pollux and Castor. He died at Paris, 
 1757, 
 
 Olivares, Gasper de Guzman, count 
 de, an illustrious Spaniard under Philip IV". 
 He succeeded the duke of L'zeda as prime 
 minister, and gained popularity by his wise 
 and salutary regulations, and improvements 
 in the state. Ilis pride, however, created 
 him manv enemies, and not only occasion- 
 
 401 
 
OLI 
 
 OLI 
 
 f.d the revolt of the Catalonians, but the total 
 separation of the Portuguese from the Spa- 
 nish dominions. Olivares was dismissed 
 from office with disgrace, and died of a 
 broken heart at Toro, in 1643. 
 
 Oliver, Isaac, an English painter and 
 designer. His historical pieces, and also 
 his miniatures were much admired as pat- 
 terns of superior excellence. He died 
 1617, aged nearly 60 years, and was 
 buried in Blackfriars. His pictures are 
 marked <^. 
 
 Oliver, Peter, eldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, was also eminent as a miniature 
 painter, and died 1661, aged 59. Some of 
 bis pictures were afterwards sold by his 
 widow to Charles U. 
 
 Oliver, of Malmsburj-, a Benedictine 
 monk. He was an able mechanic, but in 
 attempting to fly from a tower with wings 
 which he had made, he fell down and frac- 
 tured his legs. He died 1660. 
 
 Oliver, William, an able physician of 
 Bath, author of treatises on the Bath 
 Waters, and on Tar Water. He pretended 
 to be an atheist, but in his last moments 
 he saw his error, and died very penitent, 
 1764. 
 
 Oliver, Claude Matthew, a native of 
 Marseilles, advocate in the parliament of 
 Aix. He contributed much to the establish- 
 ment of the academy of Marseilles, and he 
 was one of its first members. He possess- 
 ed great powers of mind, and a most reten- 
 tive memory, so that with little premedita- 
 tion he supported the most intricate causes 
 at the bar with the most captivating elo- 
 quence, and the most convincing argu- 
 ments. He died 1736, aged 35. He wrote 
 the History of Philip of Macedonia, the 
 father of Alexander, 2 vols. 12mo. a work 
 of merit, though negligently written — Me- 
 moir on the assistance given to the Romans 
 by the people of Marseilles, during the 
 second Punic war, and the war of Gaul, 
 &c. 
 
 Oliver, Andrew, lieutenant-governor of 
 Massachusetts, was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1724. He was appointed se- 
 cretary of the colony in 1757, and held 
 the office till 1771, when he was elected 
 lieutenant-governor, and retained that 
 place till his death in 1774. When the 
 stamp act was passed he was appointed a 
 distributor of the paper, and incurred the 
 displeasure of the people by desiring to ex- 
 ercise the office ; and letters written by him 
 to the British ministers, in which he be- 
 trayed the interests of the colonies, and en- 
 couraged the ministry in their oppressive 
 measuFCs, being obtained by Dr. Frank- 
 lin, and sent to Boston, he totally lost 
 his reputation, and became an object of de- 
 testation. Apart from those acts he waa 
 highly esteemed for his talents, and the 
 402 
 
 friendliness to the interests of religion and 
 learning which he had always shown. 
 
 ICJ^ L. 
 
 Oliver, Peter, LL.D. chief justice of 
 Massachusetts, and brother of the precc-r 
 ding, was graduated at Harvard in 1730. 
 After filling several offices in the county of 
 Plymouth with ability and faithfulness, he 
 was appointed to a seat on the bench of the 
 supreme court, and at length made chief 
 justice, in which situation he rendered him- 
 self highly odious to the people, by refusing 
 to receive his salary from the legislature, 
 instead of the king. He was impeached of 
 treason against the colony, and retired to 
 England, where he resided during the re- 
 mainder of his life. He there received from 
 Oxford a diploma of doctor of laws. He 
 was a respectable writer, and intimately 
 acquainted with the history of the colony. 
 He died in 1791. tCj^ L. 
 
 Oliver, Thomas, a gentleman of fortune 
 and literature, of great amiableness and 
 suavity, who was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1753, and afterwards resided at 
 Cambridge, was the last lieutenant-gover- 
 nor of Massachusetts under the crown. 
 He left America at the opening of the war, 
 and lived in retirement in Europe till his 
 death, at an advanced age. iCp' L. 
 
 Olivet, Joseph, a learned Jesuit, born 
 at Salins, 1682. He is chiefly known for 
 his learned and valuable editions of Cicero's 
 works printed at Paris, and then at Ge- 
 neva, 9 vols. 4to. He published besides, 
 translations of some of the orations of De- 
 mosthenes, and Cicero, and of Cicero's 
 treatise de Nat. D. and various other 
 works. He was member of the French 
 academy, of which he wrote the history, 
 and died 1763, much and universally 
 respected. 
 
 Olivetak, Robert, a relation of the 
 great Calvin, who printed at Neufchatel, 
 1535, fol. a French translation of the Bible, 
 the first executed from the Hebrew and 
 Greek texts. It is said that Calvin con- 
 tributed much to the work. It was called 
 the Bible of the Sword, because the printer 
 assumed a sword as his emblem. The 
 work is now very scarce. Olivetan died the 
 year after at Rome, where it is said he was 
 poisoned by the catholics on account of his 
 publications. 
 
 Olivetra, Chevalier Francis de, a noble 
 Portuguese. He was employed in various 
 embassies and negotiations, but his enlight- 
 ened mind was disgusted with the religion 
 and politics of a bigoted court, and there- 
 fore abandoning the popish tenets, he re- 
 tired to Holland, and afterwards to Eng- 
 land, where he lived in learned ease and se- 
 curity. He published in French "a Pa- 
 thetic Discourse, addressed to his country- 
 men," in consequence of the earthquake 
 which overwhelmed Lisbon. He died 18th 
 
OMA 
 
 «»(>> 
 
 'kt. 1783, aged 83) much and deservedly 
 ie9i)ected. 
 
 Oi.oNNOis, John David, a native of 
 Olonne, near Poitou, famous for his bold 
 adventures in the 17th century. lie passed 
 early into America, and afterwards joined 
 the Buccaneers on the coast of St. Domin- 
 go. After spreading devastation and terror 
 on the coasts of the Spanish settlements, 
 he was at last attacked by the native In- 
 dians, who cut his body in pieces, and 
 devoured it. 
 
 Oltbrius, Flavins Anieiua, husband of 
 Phicidia, the sister of \ alentinian HI. was 
 sent into Italy with an army against Kici- 
 
 (|uc.^t.s, Uu.;u- wa» stabbed ut Jcru»alciM, ftt 
 tirouz, a Persian slav.-, OH, i„ hi, G3d 
 year. Durini; his n-i-,, ihe MahouMlaiM 
 conquered 3t;,0()() town* or villaKt.i dr- 
 stroyed 4()0U Chrisli-.m trtupic,, a„d 'built 
 IIUU mos^^ues. (),n:ir wii,, ,„ hi. charac- 
 ter, a great warrior, in hi« nianiu rs au^iirr 
 and virtuous ; and regard^ll^' merit as tbr 
 only title to superiority, he decland lb.- 
 crown electi\c, and placed his son in aji 
 inferior situation. He laid the foundalionj« 
 of (Jrand Cairo. 
 
 Omar H. l.Jth calij.h of the race of thrt 
 Onuniades, succeeded his relation Solyman, 
 717. He laid siege to Constanlinoplr, but 
 
 mer, who had rebelled against Anthemius. his attempts to take it, supported by all the 
 
 Instead of fighting him, however, Kicimer arts of military warfare, and the courage 
 
 proclaimed him emperor, and deposed his of a brave army, failed ; and tbe de^truc- 
 
 master Anthemius, and Olybrius thus lion of his lleet by a terrible tempest, 
 
 raised to the throne of the West, gave hopes obliged him to retire from the walls. His 
 
 of a vigorous and peaceful reign, but died conduct towards the Cliristians was very 
 
 a few months after, 23d Oct. 472. He left cruel and vindictive. He was assassinatc(< 
 
 one daughter, Juliana, married to the pa- at Edessa, 720, by hi-i own family, who 
 
 trician Areobindus, who refused the purple dreaded lest his partiality for the house ol 
 
 oi" the Eastern empire. Ali should deprive them of the throne. He 
 
 Oltmpiodorus, a peripatetic philosopher had reigned two years and five monllis. 
 of Egypt, in the age of the second Theo- Omeis, iMagnus Daniel, author of Elhica 
 
 dosiusj author of commentaries on Aris- Pylhagorica — Ethica Phitonica — Thealnim 
 
 totle's Meteors, &.c. 
 
 Olzoffski, Andrew, a learned Polish 
 divine. He travelled to France and Italy, 
 and afterwards was in the service of the 
 king of Poland, where he served as an able 
 secretary, and as ambassador to Vienna. 
 He was made bishop of Culm, and after- 
 wards high chancellor, and primate of the 
 kingdom, and while his wisdom, prudence, 
 and patriotism, influenced and regulated the 
 affairs of the kingdom, he showed himself 
 
 satisfied with the honours of his country, suffered martyrdom. 
 
 > irtutum et \ itiorum ab Aristotcle Omis- 
 sor. — Juvenci Historia Evangclica cum 
 Notis, ice. was professor of belles Icttres 
 at Altorf, and died there 170S, aged G3. 
 
 Onesicritus, a cynic philosopher ainorii 
 the attendants of Alexander the Great in 
 Asia. He wrote a history of his royal pa- 
 tron. 
 
 OxESiMtJS, a Phrygian slave, converted 
 to Christianity by St. Paul, and according 
 to some, made bishop of Berea, where he 
 
 and refused the dignity of a cardinal offer- 
 ed by the court of Rome. He died in 
 1678, after an illness of three days, aged 
 60. He published in Latin some political 
 tracts esteemed in his time. 
 
 Onkelos, a Jewish Rabbi, in the age of 
 Christ, was author of the Chaldce Targum 
 on the Pentateuch. 
 
 Onomacritus, a Greek poet abdut 51 »i 
 B.C. The poem? which bear the name of 
 
 Omar I. successor of Aboukerque, and Orpheus and Musajus are ascribed to bini. 
 
 second caliph after Mahomet, began to 
 reign 634. After defeating Ali, whom Ma- 
 homet had appointed his successor, he 
 spread his conquests over Syria and Phoe- 
 nicia, and took the city of Jerusalem after 
 Sm obstinate siege. While successes at- 
 tended him in Judea, his generals extended 
 his conquests over Persia and Egypt, and 
 increased the worshippers of Mahomet by 
 the terror of fire and sword. The fall of 
 
 Onuphrjcs, Panvinius, an Augustine 
 monk born 1529 at Verona. He continuei 
 the Lives of the Popes, begun by Platina, 
 and dedicated them to Pius V. 1566. He 
 published also other works, and was ao 
 skilled in historical knowledge, that he was 
 called the Father of History. He died «t 
 Palermo in Sicily, 1568, aged 39. 
 
 OoRT, Adam Van, an eminent painter of 
 perspective and arcbitcrture. Ho was born 
 
 Alexandria under his power, was marked at Antwerp l5o7, and had among his pu- 
 
 by the destruction of its celebrated library, 
 which the Ptolemies had enriched with so 
 many valuable works j hut if Egypt mourn- 
 ed the loss of the monuments of human 
 learning, she saw the canal of communica- 
 tion between the Nile and the Red Sea, re- 
 stored to its ancient useful form by the per- 
 severing labour of her conquerors. While 
 oe promised himself more extensive con- 
 
 pils Rubens, and also Jordacns, who mar- 
 ried his daughter. 
 
 OosT, James Van, a painter, born at 
 Bru'^es 1000. He studied the manner of 
 Annibal Caracci witli great success, and his 
 historical pieces, landscapes^ &c. werf 
 much admired. His best piece is a descent 
 from the cross, in the Jesuits' church, Bni- 
 ges. He died IfiTl. Hi^ son James di<- 
 
OilE 
 
 OHL 
 
 tinguishcd Limself also as an artist, and 
 died 1713, aged 76. 
 
 Opitius, Henry, a Lutheran divine, born 
 1642, at Altcmberg, Misnia. He ivas pro- 
 fessor of oriental languages and theology 
 at Kiel, where he died 1712. In his fond- 
 ness for Hebrew literature, he wished to 
 reconcile the grammar of the Greek to the 
 rules of the Hebrew, and wrote scmic fan- 
 ciful treatises on the subject. He edited 
 also the Bible in Hebrew, 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Opitius, Martin, a poet, born at Bunt- 
 slow in Silesia, 1597. He died of the 
 plague at Dantzic 1639. His poems in Latin 
 and in German, are much admired for 
 their elegance and spirit. The best edition 
 is that of Amsterdam, 1638. 
 
 Oporinus, John, a German printer, born 
 at Basil, 1507. He studied physic for 
 tome time, but afterwards applied himself 
 to Greek and Latin, and then began the 
 fcusiness of printer. Though careful, yet 
 lie was involved in debt, and died hardly 
 solvent, 1569. He published no book 
 which he did not himself correct. Besides 
 the classical books which he printed, he 
 wrote Notes on Plutarch — on Cicero's Tus- 
 culan QutEst. and other authors. 
 
 Oppede, John Meynier, baron d', presi- 
 dent of the parliament of Aix, rendered 
 himself odious by the atrocities which he 
 committed against some heretics called Vau- 
 dois. Not only the 19 who had been con- 
 demned by the parliament to the stake, 
 were destroyed, but 22 villages were devo- 
 ted to the flames, and above 4000 persons 
 perished by the sword or by fire, during that 
 horrible persecution. In other respects 
 Oppede was an upright magistrate, but re- 
 ligious zeal tarnished his character. He 
 was acquitted when brought to trial, by as- 
 serting that he executed the orders of his 
 sovereign Francis I. and that God had 
 commanded Saul to destroy those princes 
 the Amalekites. He died 1558. 
 
 Oppian, a Cilician, known as a Greek 
 poet and grammarian in the second century. 
 His poem on fishing is still extant, &c. 
 
 Opsop'ius, John, a German critic. From 
 a corrector of the press he became a physi- 
 cian of eminence, and was elected profes- 
 sor of medicine at Heidelberg. He edited 
 some of the works of Hippocrates, with 
 learned notes ; but his best known workis an 
 edition of the Sibylline Oracles, published 
 at Paris, 1607. He died 1596, aged 40. 
 His brother Simon was also a physician, and 
 died 1619, aged 44. Vincent, a poet of 
 the same age, wrote a Latin poem on the 
 Art of Drinking, 1578, 8vo. 
 
 Optatcs, an African bishop, author of 
 an able treatise on the Schism of the Do- 
 natists. He died 384. 
 
 Orellana, Francis, a Spaniard, who 
 accompanied Pizarroin his conquest of Pe- 
 ru. From the love of adventure he df sert- 
 404 
 
 ed his companions, and penetrated into the 
 country, and was the first European who^ 
 saw the great river Amazon, the best part 
 of whose course he observed, till he reach- 
 ed the Spanish settlements of Cubagnay 
 from which he departed for Europe. In 
 the relation of what he had seen, he united 
 the marvellous and the true, and by report- 
 ing that he had passed through a country 
 peopled by Amazons, he gave that name to 
 the great river which he had discovered. 
 He afterwards endeavoured again to dis- 
 cover the mouth of that river, and perished 
 in the attempt about 1550. 
 
 Organa, Andrew, an Italian painter, 
 born at Florence 1329. He was also dis- 
 tinguished as a sculptor and architect, and 
 as a poet. His works are preserved at 
 Pisa. In his picture of the last judgment, 
 he represented all his friends in Paradise, 
 and placed his enemies in hell. He died 
 1389, aged 60. 
 
 Oribasius, of Pergamus, was physician 
 to the apostate Julian, and wrote a medical 
 collection from Galen's works, edited in 4ta. 
 Leyden, 1745. 
 
 Origen, a father of the church, born at 
 Alexandria 185. He was a man of austere 
 manners, but of great virtue, and his abili- 
 ties as a preacher were displayed with suc- 
 cess at Alexandria, Rome, and Caesarea. 
 He suffered persecution under Decius, and 
 died 254. His works, in 4 vols, folio, are 
 valuable. 
 
 Origen, a Platonic philosopher, the 
 friend of Porphyry. — An Egyptian philoso- 
 pher of that name, regarded marriage as 
 an invention of the devil. 
 
 Orignt, Peter Adam, author of a history 
 of Ancient Egypt — and of a System of 
 Egyptian Chronology, was also distinguish- 
 ed in military life, and died at Rheims, his 
 native place, 1774. 
 
 Orkan, son of Othoman, made himself 
 emperor of Turkey 1326, by the destruc- 
 tion of his elder brothers, and extended his 
 dominions by the conquest of Gallipoli, and 
 other provinces. He married the daughter 
 of the emperor John Cantacuzenus, and 
 died 1360. 
 
 Orlandi, Pelegrini Anthony, author of 
 the Origin and Progress of Printing from 
 1457 to 1500 — a history of Bolognese wri- 
 ters, 4to. in Italian — and Abecedario Pit- 
 torico, 4to. &c. was an eminent Italian 
 bookseller, who died 1730. 
 
 Orlay, Bernard Van, a native of Brus- 
 sels, eminent as a painter, and as the 
 disciple of Raphael. His pieces, which 
 possess merit, adorn the churches and pub- 
 lic edifices of the Netherlands. He died 
 1560, aged 70. 
 
 Orleans, Louis of France, duke of, son 
 of Charles V. was born 1371, and he had a 
 great share in the affairs of the kingdon* 
 during the reign of his brother Charles Vl- 
 
OKL 
 
 MUM 
 
 He was basely imirdeied by his uncle John, 
 duke or Burgundy, 1407, and this foul 
 deed became the source of long and fatal 
 disputes between the houses of (irleans and 
 Bui^iindyi 
 
 Orleans, Charles, duke of, son of Louis 
 of France, was called duke of Angoulenie 
 in his father's life time. He was taken 
 prisoner at the battle of Ap;incourt, and 
 after a captivity of 25 years in England, he 
 returned to France, and undertook the con- 
 quest of Milan, which he claimed in right 
 of his mother. He was, however, able to 
 conquer only the county of Ast. He died 
 at Amboise 1465, leaving one son Charles, 
 who married Louisa of Savoy, the mother 
 of Francis L He was a liberal natron of 
 letters, and wrote some poetical pieces. 
 
 Orleans, Louis, duke of, prince of the 
 blood, son of Philip the Regent, was born 
 at Versailles, 4th Aug. 1703. The first 
 part of his life was spent in idle dissipa- 
 tion ; but after the death of his father, and 
 that of his wife, better thoughts succeeded, 
 and he abandoned the world and its follies 
 to devote himself to a life of penitence, 
 austerity, religion, and literature. He 
 settled at the abbey of St. Genevieve, and 
 employed himself in works of charity and 
 benevolence till the time of his death, 
 which happened 4th Feb. 1752. He was 
 an accomplished scholar, and was not only 
 well skilled in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, 
 and Greek languages, but a perfect master 
 of botany, chymistry, and painting, besides 
 history, geography, and divinity. He 
 wrote translations, paraphrases, and com- 
 mentaries on Scripture — a Literal transla- 
 tion of the Psalms — Dissertations against 
 the Jews — a liberal translation of St. Paul's 
 Epistles — treatise against Plays, &c. His 
 son Philip, who was born 12th May, 1725, 
 is said to have inherited the virtuous 
 qualities of his father. He died 18th Nov. 
 1785. 
 
 Orleans, Philip Louis Joseph, duke of, 
 was born at St. Cloud, 13th April, 1747, and 
 had the title of duke de Chartres during his 
 father's life. From his earliest years he de- 
 voted himself to low pleasures, but with the 
 desire to acquire consideration in the fleet, 
 he entered in the navy, and he obtained the 
 command of the St. Esprit, of 84 guns, in 
 1778, under the orders of Admiral Orvilliers. 
 The sight of the English fleet, it is said, ter- 
 rified the cowardly prince, and during the 
 action, which was fought off Ushant with 
 admiral Keppel, it is reported that he con- 
 cealed himself in the hold of the ship till 
 the danger was over. This conduct was 
 ridiculed not only by the wits of Paris, but 
 by the court, and the duke felt the severity 
 of the satire so deeply that he determined 
 on revenge. His immense fortune gave 
 bim every opportunity to raise disturbances 
 and create dissatisfaction, and he followcl 
 
 the iniquitous propensities of his heart. lf» 
 1787 he succcedrd to his father's title, and 
 soon alter, the revolution afforded him oc- 
 casions to gratify his rcvcn;<e a^^ainsl the 
 courti Though exiled and threatened, he 
 maintained his rancorous opposition ; he 
 became one of the meniljcrs of the national 
 assembly, and as if ashamed of his family 
 and of his birth, he took the name of Ega- 
 lite. While the factious and the \ile used 
 his great opulence, and his powcrOil influ- 
 ence for their own vicious and diabolical 
 purposes, he was satisfied if every measure 
 tended to dishonour the monarch, and to 
 overturn the throne, on which he hoped to 
 seat himself. At the trial of Lewis XVI. 
 he gave his vote with the greatest indiffer- 
 ence for the death of the king, a conduct 
 which shocked even the most abandoned 
 jacobins ; but soon his own fate was deter- 
 mined by those who had squandered his 
 riches, and abused his confidence. He was 
 accused, and though he escaped to Mar- 
 seilles, he was seized and brought back to 
 Paris, and led ignominiously to the scaffold, 
 6th Nov. 17'J3. He suflered death with 
 more courage than could be expected from 
 a man whose character and morids were so 
 infamous. 
 
 Orleans, Louis, an advocate of Paris, 
 who boldly defended the cause of the league 
 against Henry IV. The virulence of his 
 writings at last caused his apprehension ; 
 but the mild monarch ordered him to be 
 liberated from prison. This compassionate 
 conduct of the monarch made a convert of 
 the advocate, who became loud in the 
 praises of his benefactor. He died at 
 Paris, 1627, aged 87. He wrote a Defence 
 of the United Catholics against the Protes- 
 tants, 8v0i — Address to the English Catho- 
 lics — Commentaries on Tacitus and Seneca 
 — besides other political pieces now deser- 
 vedly forgotten. 
 
 Orleans, Peter Joseph, a Jesuit, born at 
 Bourges, 1641. He professed belles lettres, 
 and afterwards became preacher to his so- 
 ciety, and died at Paris, 3lst March, 169S. 
 He is author of a History of the Revolu- 
 tions of England, 3 vols. 4to. and 4 in 1 2mo. 
 — History of the Revolutions of Portugal, 
 5 vols. 12mo. — History of the two Tartai- 
 Conquerors, Chunchi and Canhi, 8vo. — the 
 Life of Father Cotton, l2mo. — Lives of 
 Lewis de Gonzaga, and other Jesuits — tw« 
 volumes of Sermons — Life of Constance, 
 Minister of the King of Siam, l2mo. 
 
 Orleans de la Motte, Louis Francis 
 Gabriel d', a native of Carpentras, who 
 became bishop of Amiens 1733. He was 
 a most pious and chau-itable prelate, and 
 died 10th July, 1774, aged 91. His Spi- 
 ritual Letters appeared at Paris, 1777, in 
 r2mo. — and his Life by Proyart, in 1788, 
 in l2mo. 
 
 Orme, Robert, an English writer, born 
 
 405 
 
OKS 
 
 ORV 
 
 at Bombay, where his father was a surgeon. 
 From Harrow school he went as writer to 
 India ; and to the friendship of Lord Clive 
 he was indebted for his consequence in the 
 East. He was in 1755 fourth member of 
 the Madras council, and commissary-gene- 
 ral, but returned to Europe in 1759, and 
 was some time after honourably appointed 
 by the East India Company their histori- 
 ographer, with a salary of 300il. per an- 
 num. He was author of the Military Trans- 
 actions of the British iu India, 3 vols, of 
 which the first volume appeared in 1763, 
 and the second in 1775. He wrote besides 
 Historical Fragments of the Mogul Power, 
 during the reign of Aurengzebe. He died 
 in 1801, not in very opulent circumstances, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Orobio, Balthasar, a Spanish Jew, born 
 at Seville. Though educated secretly as a 
 Jew, he outwardly professed the Roman 
 Catholic faith, and became professor of 
 metaphysics at Salamanca. He afterwards 
 studied physic, and practised it at Seville ; 
 but as he was suspected of Judaism, he was 
 seized by the inquisition, and treated with 
 the greatest cruelty to oblige him to con- 
 fess. His obstinacy in denying his religion 
 at last procured his liberation, after three 
 years' confinement, and he escaped from 
 the Spanish dominions to Toulouse, where 
 he was made professor of physic. He af- 
 terwards went to Amsterdam, and there 
 openly professed himself a Jew, was cir- 
 cumcised, and took the name of Isaac. He 
 here practised medicine with great success, 
 and died 1687. He wrote against Spinoza 
 in his " Certamen Philosophicum," and his 
 interview with Limborch on the subject 
 of the Christian religion, occasioned his 
 writing a book in support of Judaism, in 
 which he displayed much ingenuity^ and 
 great metaphysical subtilty. His antago- 
 nist afterwards published an account of the 
 controversy in a pamphlet called Arnica 
 CoUatio cum Judaeo Erudito, 4to. 
 
 Orosius, Paul, a Spaniard, the disciple 
 of St. Augustinj by whose advice he wrote 
 a History of the World to the year of 
 Christ 316, — a treatise on Free Will, &c. 
 He flourished in the fifth century. 
 
 Orphetts, a Thracian poet, before the 
 age of Homer. His history is fabulous, 
 and the works ascribed to him are by more 
 modern hands. 
 
 Grsato, Sertorio, an Italian writer, well 
 skilled in antiquities and in ancient inscrip- 
 tions. He was born at Padua, and became 
 professor of philosophy there. He died of 
 a suppression of urine, 1678, aged 61. He 
 wrote besides lyric poems in Italian, " the 
 History of Padua," — Commentaries de No- 
 tis Romanorum, and other works. 
 
 Orsato, John Baptist, an eminent phy- 
 sician and antiquary, born at Padua, 1673. 
 His dissertations de Lucemia Antiquis — 
 406 
 
 de Strenis Veterum — de Patera Antiquo- 
 rum, &c. were much esteemed. He died 
 1720. 
 
 Orsi, John Joseph, an ingenious phi- 
 lologer and poet, born at Bologna 1652, of 
 a noble family. He studied every branch 
 of polite literature, in which he distin- 
 guished himself. He died 1733. He wrote 
 sonatas, pastorals, and other poems in Ita- 
 lian — a Defence of Italian poets, and of 
 Tasso — Letters — the Life of Lewis de 
 Sales, &c. 
 
 Orsi, Francis Joseph Au^ustin, an able 
 writer, born in Tuscany, 1692, and raised 
 to the purple by Clement XIII. He is au- 
 thor of an *' Ecclesiastical History" in Ita- 
 lian, zO vols. 4to. — Infallibilitas Act. Rom. 
 Pontificis, 3 vols. 4to. He died 1761. 
 
 Orte, N. viscount d', governor of Bay- 
 onne, distinguished himself by his huma- 
 nity, and refused to put the protestants to 
 death on the fatal massacre of St. Bartho- 
 lomew. He wrote back in answer to the 
 sanguinary orders of Charles IX. that he had 
 only good soldiers, and good citizens in his 
 garrison, and no executioners. 
 
 Ortelius, Abraham, a famous geogra- 
 pher, born at Antwerp, April, 1527. He 
 travelled with the eyes of a philosopher 
 over England, Ireland, France, Italy, and 
 Germany, and was so respectable for his 
 knowledge of geography, that he was ho-' 
 nourably called the Ptolemy of his age. 
 His " Theatrum Orbis Terrae," in folio, 
 procured for him the place of geographer to 
 Philip II. of Spain. He died at Antv/erp, 
 June 15S8. He published besides, Syno- 
 nyma Geographia — Aurei Seculi Imago — '■ 
 Syntagma Herbarum Encomiasticum — Iti- 
 nerarium per Gallia et Belgic. Partes, &,c. 
 
 Ortojj, Job, a native of Shrewsbury. 
 He was educated in his native town, and 
 afterwards under Dr. Doddridge, at North- 
 ampton. When of the proper age he took 
 care of a dissenting congregation at Kid- 
 derminster, and then removed to Shrews- 
 bury, where he died 1783, aged 66. He 
 had for some years retired from the pas- 
 toral duties to private life. He is author' 
 of an excellent Life of Dr. Doddridge — 
 Sermons to the aged, 12mo. — Sacramental 
 Meditations, 12mo. — Discourses on Chris-* 
 tian Worship, 12mo. — Discourses on Prac- 
 tical Subjects, 8vo. — Practical Exposition 
 of the Old Testament, published after his 
 death, 6 vols. 8vo. He was a frequent cor- 
 respondent with his friend Mr. Stedman, a 
 clergyman of Shrewsbury^ who has lately 
 published some of his letters, which prove 
 him to have been a maft of^ the most liberal 
 sentiments, and an active supporter of 
 piety, virtue, and devotion. 
 
 Orville, James Philip de, a Dntch critic, 
 of French parentage, born at Amsterdam, 
 1696. He improved himself by travelling 
 over England, France, and Germany^ ann 
 
US(i 
 
 OS I 
 
 oil his return was cicrted professor of elo- 
 quence, history, ftnd (ireck, nt Amstenlnm, 
 which he held 12 years, and resij^ned J74'2. 
 He died 1751. lie continued with Bur- 
 man, Observationes Miscellanc ac, 10 vols, 
 to which four more wenp added after his 
 death. These contain a Dissertation on 
 Delos, and Remarks on the Greek Romance 
 of Chariton. He wrote besides a satire 
 apainst de Pauw, called Critica Vannus — 
 Observations on Sicily. 
 
 Osborne, Francis, an eminent English 
 writer, horn at Chicksand, Bfdfordshire, 
 1583. He became master of the horse to 
 William lord Pembroke, but in the civil 
 wars he sided with the parliament, and ob- 
 tained some oftices under them, and under 
 Cromwell. He wrote, while resident at 
 Oxford, near his son. Advice to a Son, 
 which was very popular, and was therefore 
 inveighed against by the puritans of the 
 time, besides other things in j)rose and 
 verse. His works were published, 8vo. 
 }689, and again 1722, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 
 OsBORN, Sir D'Anvers, governor of New- 
 York. He was of Chicksands, Bedford- 
 shire, and was appointed governor in the 
 place of Clinton in 1753. He arrived in 
 New-York on the Gth of October, and was 
 received with the usual demonstrations 
 of respect, but died on the 12th of 
 that month by his own hand from despair 
 of exercising a popular administration over 
 the colony which was agitated by violent 
 parties. He married a sister of the earl of 
 Halifax, and derived his name from the 
 marriage of Sir Peter Osborn, one of his 
 ancestors, to the daughter of John d'Anvers, 
 Esq. of Wiltshire. l^Zj^ I- 
 
 OsBORN, John, a poet, was born at Sand- 
 wich, Massachusetts, in 1713, and graduated 
 at Harvard in 1735. He devoted himself 
 first to the study of theology, and after- 
 wards of medicine. He died at Middle- 
 town, ConnecticutjWhere he had resided for 
 some time, about the year 1753. He was 
 the author of several poetical pieces of a 
 highly respectable character, particularly, a 
 whaling song, and an elegy on the death of 
 a ?ister. ^Cj^ L. 
 
 Osgood, Samuel, postmaster-general of 
 the United States, was born at Andover, 
 Massachusetts, in February 1748, and edu- 
 cated at Harvard college, where he was 
 graduated in 1770. He studied theology, 
 but losing his health became a merchant. 
 His talents, learning, and piety made him 
 the object of public esteem, and he was, 
 while young, repeatedly chosen a member 
 of the state legislature. He served as a 
 captain at Lexington and Cambridge on the 
 memorable 19th of April, 1775, and was 
 soon after appointed aid to general Ward. 
 He left the army in 1776. He was chosen 
 member of the senate after the adoption of 
 the state constitution in 1780, and the next 
 
 year elected to a neat in congrrjs. In 17tii» 
 he was appointed by congrr»*<» the first com- 
 missioMf r of th<' treasury, m which office 
 he continued till the adriptioti of the federal 
 constitution. He wax als-. lor u number of 
 years postmaster-genernl. Hi- w.m after- 
 wards supervisor of tli*-. stute (if New-^ (»rk. 
 He became in ISU.'i naval otlicer for the 
 port of Neu-Vork, and held tin- place- till 
 near the close of his life in 1812. He was 
 extensively acquainted with science, litera- 
 tur'', and theology ; published several rc- 
 spiclable volumes on religious -sjbjtcts, and 
 was distinguished for integrity, |)tdjiic spirit, 
 and piety. [C/^ L. 
 
 OsiANDER, x\ndrew, a native of Bavaria, 
 who studied at \Vittt,mbei-g and Nurem- 
 berg, and was one of Luther's first disci- 
 ples. He was appointed minister and pro- 
 fessor in the university of Konigsberg, and 
 he distinguished himself by a new opinion 
 on justification, which he asserted to arise 
 not from the imputation of Christ's justice, 
 but the union of God's justice with our 
 souls. He defended these sentiments with 
 great vehemence, t^cn against Luther, and 
 ehiedy rested on the words of Isaiah, the 
 Lord is our RiglUeousness. His learning 
 was so respectable, that his tenets were 
 tolerated, that no schism might be kindled 
 among the protestants. He died 17th Oct. 
 1552, aged 54. He was so violent in his 
 temper, that he treated all his opponents in 
 the grossest language of satire and illibera- 
 lity. His works are Harmonia Evangelica, 
 fol.; Epistolaad Zwinglium de Eucharistia ; 
 Dissertationes duaj de Lege et Evangelic et 
 Justificationc ,• De Imagine Dei quid sit. 
 His son Luke was also a Lutheran minister, 
 and died at Tubingen, in 1604. He was 
 author of Commentaries on the Bible ; In- 
 stitutions of the Christian Religion; Abridg- 
 ment of the Centuriatnrs of J.Isg'.lc'i-i::'*. 
 4to. ; Enchiridia Controversiarum, &c. — 
 Another Luke was chancellor of Tubingen 
 university, and died 1638, aged 63. He 
 wrote on the Omnipresence of Christ, in 
 two Latin pamphlets ; Funeral Orations ; 
 Do Baptismo; De Regimine Ecclesi», &.c, 
 — There were two others, Andrew and 
 John Adam, who wrote some Latin trea- 
 tises. The first died 1617, aged 54, and 
 the last 1697. 
 
 Osius, bishop of Cordova, presided at 
 the coimcil of Nice, which had been assfm- 
 bled 325, by Constantine, agreeable to his 
 advice. He shared the confidence of Con- 
 stantius as he had shared that of his father; 
 but in those turbulent times he was perse- 
 cuted by the Arians, though nearly 100 
 years old, and at last by threats and by 
 blows, he was prevailed upon to subscribe 
 to their confession of faith. This had such 
 eflect upon him that he led a life of peni- 
 tence and sorrow, and soon after died, re- 
 nouncing the tenets which he had em- 
 
 407 
 
OSS 
 
 OST 
 
 braced, and declaring them unchristian and 
 heretical. 
 
 Osius or Osio, Felix, professor of rheto- 
 ric at Padua, was born at Milan, 1587. He 
 published Romano Graecia — Tractatus de 
 Sepulchris et Epitaphiis Ethnicor. et Chris- 
 tianor. — Elogia Scriptorum Illustr. — Ora- 
 tiones — Remarks on Mussati's History — 
 Collection of Historians at Padua. He 
 died at Padua, 1631. 
 
 OsMAN L son of Achmet I. succeeded 
 his uncle Mustapha, 161S, on the Turkish 
 throne. His expedition in 1G21, against 
 Poland, was very unfortunate, and after 
 the loss of 80,000 men, and 100,000 horses, 
 he submitted to a disadvantageous peace. 
 These misfortunes were attributed to the 
 Janissaries, and therefore a new militia of 
 Arabs was substituted in their room ; but 
 this violent measure produced a revolution, 
 and Osman was hurled from his throne, 
 and strangled by the rebellious soldiery, 
 19th May, 1622, and Mustapha placed in 
 his room. 
 
 Osman II. emperor of Constantinople af- 
 ter his brother Mahomet V. 1754, died af- 
 ter a short reign, 29th Nov. 1757, aged 59. 
 He renewed, under severe penalties, the 
 Mahometan law, that his subjects should 
 drink no wine. 
 
 Osmond, St. a Norman, who followed 
 the fortunes of William the Conqueror, and 
 was made by him, chancellor of England 
 and bishop of Salisbury. The liturgy 
 which he introduced in his diocess was 
 universally adopted, and called the liturgy 
 of Salisburj-. He died 1099, and was 
 canonized by Calixtus III, 
 
 OsoRio, Jerome, a learned Portuguese, 
 born at Lisbon, 1506. He studied at Sa- 
 lamanca, Paris, and Bologna, and at his 
 return home was appointed professor of di- 
 viiiiiy at Coimbra. His abilities recom- 
 mended him to the court, and he was made 
 bishop of Sylva, by the queen regent. He 
 went afterwards to Rome, and in conse- 
 quence of the disasters of his country, 
 brought on by the death of king Sebastian 
 in the field of battle, and against his advice, 
 he died, it is said, of a broken heart, Aug. 
 1580. He wrote commentaries, para- 
 phrases, and other works, and by the ele- 
 gance and correctness of his diction, de- 
 served to be called the Cicero of Portugal. 
 His works were published at Rome, 1592, 
 in 4 vols, folio, by his nephew. 
 
 OsoRio, Jeromp, nephew to the above, 
 was canon of Evora. He wrote his un- 
 cle's life, besides Annotations on his Para- 
 phrase—and Paraphrasis in Canticum Car- 
 ticorum, &c. 
 
 OssAT, Arnaud d', a learned cardinal, 
 born of obscure parents, at a small village 
 in Almagnac, 23d Aug. 1536. He was 
 left poor and destitute at the death of his 
 parents in his ninth vear : but Thomas de 
 
 4ns 
 
 Maria, a neighbouring gentleman, saw and 
 patronised his abilities, and by his own as- 
 siduous application, he soon became capa- 
 ble to be tutor to his patron's nephew, 
 and other noblemen. He afterwards stu- 
 died at Bourges, and applied to the law ; 
 and was called to the bar at Paris. In 
 1580 he went to Rome as secretary to the 
 archbishop of Toulouse, the ambassador 
 from France, and on his death he passed 
 into the service of cardinal d'Este, and 
 then of cardinal de Joyeuse, When Hen- 
 ry IV. of France quitted the religion of 
 the protestants, d'Ossat, then French resi- 
 dent at Rome, obtained the papal absolu- 
 tion, and for this service was made bishop 
 of Rennes. He was afterwards raised by 
 the pope to the dignity of cardinal, and 
 made by Henry, bishop of Bayeux. He, 
 however, still continued at Rome, as pro- 
 tector of the French nation, and died there, 
 March, 1604, aged 68. He was buried in 
 St. Lewis's church at Rome. He was a 
 most able, skilful, and sagacious negotia- 
 tor, and in every thing which he undertook, 
 succeeded to increase the influence of his 
 master, and the glory of his nation. His 
 " Letters " have been frequently published, 
 of which the best edition is that of Amster- 
 dam, 5 vols. 12mo. 1708. 
 
 OssiAN, the son of Fingal, an ancient 
 Scotch bard, who flourished about the be- 
 ginning of the third century. He accom- 
 panied his father in his wars, and in the 
 latter part of his life, which was protracted 
 to a good old age, he became blind. In 
 1758, some poems appeared in a flowery 
 and poetical style, said to be translated 
 from the original Gaelic poems of Ossian, 
 by the hands of Mr. Macpherson ; and as 
 they immediately excited the attention of 
 the learned by their beauty and simplicity, 
 they produced an animated controversy 
 about their authenticity. The ablest wri- 
 ters of the age were engaged in the contest, 
 which never, perhaps, can be decided, and 
 the poems have acquired a deserved cele- 
 brity through Europe. 
 
 OsTADE, Adrian Van, an eminent Dutch 
 painter, born at Lubec, 1610. He studied 
 at Haerlem, under Frank Hals, but he was 
 endued with such powers by nature, that 
 he equalled all other painters in the repre- 
 sentations of droll and vulgar scenes. He 
 perfectly understood the chiaro obscuro, 
 and his smoking-rooms, alehouses, kitch- 
 ens, and stables are particularly admired. 
 He died at Amsterdam, 1685, much regret- 
 ted. His prints, engraved by himself in 
 aquafortis, make- a set of 54 pieces. His 
 brother Isaac studied under him, and would 
 have acquired reputation, but died young at 
 Haerlem. 
 
 OsTERVALD, Johu Frederick, a protest 
 tant minister, born at Neufchatel, 1663. 
 He wsjs learned, pious, and humane, and 
 
OTH 
 
 OTH 
 
 from his Iricndship with Tmictiii and 
 Werenfcis arose the common expression of 
 the hiumvifate of Swiss theologiuris. He 
 (lied 1747. i'e wrote a Catecliism of the 
 Christian Heli<;ion, 8vo. — Artruments and 
 Kcflections on the Books of the Bible, 
 2 vols. 8vo. — Treatise against Uncleanness, 
 8vo.-ron the iSourecs of Corruptions, l'2mo. 
 — Sennons, 8vo. &c. His son, John Ro- 
 dolph, was minister of the French church 
 at Basil, and was universally esteemed. 
 He wrote a Discourse on the Duties of 
 Communicants, Timo. 
 
 OsTERWT, Maria Van, a native of Delfl. 
 She excelled as an elegant artist, and her 
 flowers, fruits, and scenes of still life, pos- 
 sessed particular beauty, and displayed 
 great ease and delicacy. She died 1693, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Oswald, king of Northumberland, fled 
 to Ireland at the death of his father Ethel- 
 fred, to avoid the persecution of his uncle 
 Edwin, who usurped the throne. He re- 
 turned, became a Christian, defeated and 
 slew Cerdowalla, king of the Britons, and 
 was afterwards killed in battle Avith Penda, 
 king of Mercia, 643. His virtues have 
 been recorded by monkish writers, who de- 
 clare that miracles were wrought at his 
 tomb. 
 
 Oswald, Erasmus, professor of mathe- 
 matics and Hebrew at Fribourg, published 
 a translation of the New Testament in He- 
 brew, and other learned works, and died 
 1579. 
 
 OsTMANDTAS, an Egyptian king, said to 
 be the first who erected a public library. 
 
 Otiio, Marcus Salvius, became emperor 
 of Rome 69, after the murder of Galba and 
 Piso, and three months after he was de- 
 feated near Cremona, by Vitellius, who al- 
 so aspired to the throne. He killed him- 
 self not to fall into the bands of the con- 
 queror. " 
 
 Otho I, surnamed the great, eldest son 
 of Henry the Fowler, was crowned empe- 
 ror of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle 936. 
 He was an active prince ; he defeated the 
 Danes, subdued Bohemia, and carried his 
 arms into Italy against Berenger, who had 
 assumed the title of emperor. Berenger 
 was easily routed, and Otho, crowned again 
 at Rome, by the hands of the pope, John 
 XII. assumed the title of Caesar and Au- 
 gustus. Displeased with the chains impo- 
 .«ed upon him, John XII. revolted against 
 the power of Otho, but he was soon at- 
 tacked and deposed, and Leo VIII. elected 
 in his room, promised submission to the 
 imperial decrees. The Romans, however, 
 again revolted, and were severely punished 
 by the offended emperor. Afterwards 
 Otho was engaged in a war with the East- 
 ern empire, because his ambassadors had 
 been treated with insult and cruelty by 
 Nicephorus, and he therefore invaded Apu- 
 VoL. II. 5^ 
 
 lia and Calabria, which belonged still to th* 
 (ircek emj.erors, and after de«olaling thf 
 country, h.- sent !iis prisoiifrri to Constan- 
 tinople with their nose» cut off. Peace 
 was at last restored between John ZimiHcen, 
 the successor of NiccphoriH, and Othu, and' 
 it was cemented by lh(; marriage of I'hro- 
 phania the niece of (he eastern prince with 
 the son of Otho. Otho died 7th May, 973 
 aged 62. 
 
 Otho II. son and successor of the great 
 Otho, was surnamed the bloody. Though 
 his elevation ^vas opposed by the arts of his 
 mother Adelaide, he had the courage, 
 though young, toVxpel her from the court, 
 and to defeat her partisans, who had raised 
 Henry, duke of Ba\aria, to the throne. 
 After routiuo- the Danes and the Bohe- 
 mians, who wished to take advantage of 
 the troubles of the empire, he invaded the 
 French territories with an army of 60,000 
 men ; but peace was restored in 980. The 
 next year Otho crossed the Alps, to reduce 
 the Calabrians to subjection ; but he wa<? 
 defeated in a battle by the Saracens, who 
 supported the cause of his enemies ; and in 
 his escape he fell into the hands of pirates, 
 who restored him to liberty for a large ran- 
 som. Undismayed by calamity, he assem- 
 bled another army, and attacked the Cala- 
 brians and Saracens, and obtained a great 
 victory. He died soon after, on his return 
 to Rome, according to some, by poison, 
 7th Dec. 983. 
 
 Otho III. only son of Otho II. was 
 crowned emperor at Aix-la-Chapclle, 983, 
 though only three years old. His eleva- 
 tion was opposed by the duke of Bavaria, 
 who before had rebelled against his father ; 
 but the energy of his ministers defeated 
 the measures of his rivals. When lie took 
 the reins of government, Otho went into 
 Italy, where he was crowned by the hands 
 of pope Gregory V. and soon after he re- 
 visited the countrjr to repress the insur- 
 rection of Crescentius, and of the anti- 
 pope, John XVI. On his return to Ger- 
 many, Otho made Boleslaus king of Po- 
 land, and soon after again went to Italy to 
 defend it against the Saracens. He died 
 at the castle of Paterno, in the Campagna, 
 28th Jan. 1002, aged 22 ; after having en- 
 larged the power of the pope, and enabled 
 the see of Rome to dispute for temporal 
 sovereignty with his imperial successors. 
 
 Otho IV. surnamed the Proud, son of 
 Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, was elec- 
 ted emperor 1197. After being consecra- 
 ted at Rome by Innocent III. he laid claim, 
 against his solemn promise, to the territo- • 
 ries of Ancona and Spolctto, which had 
 been left by Matilda to the Holy See. In 
 consequence of this he was excommunica- 
 ted, and the princes of Germany, exhorted 
 by their bishops, elected Frederic, king of 
 Sicily, emperor. Otho in vain attempted 
 
 ' 409 
 
oti 
 
 u'nv 
 
 ♦o resist the power of his enemies. Tiioogii 
 he leagued with the court of Flanders, he 
 "had the misfortune to see his army defeated 
 at the battle of Bouvines, in 1214, and 
 therefore he retired in disgrace and despair 
 to the castle of Hantzburg, where he died 
 19th May, 1218. 
 
 Otho, bishop of Frisingen, was author 
 of a chronicle in seven books, of some me- 
 rit, though abounding in fables. He died 
 at Morimond, 12th Sept. 1158. 
 
 Otho, Venius, a Dutch painter, born at 
 Leyden, 1556. He studied at Liege, and 
 afterwards resided seven years at Rome, 
 where he greatly distinguished himself. 
 He was next patronised by the emperor of 
 Germany, the duke of Bavaria, and the 
 elector of Cologne, and then returned to 
 Antwerp, and afterwards was appointed 
 master of the mint at Brussels, by the arch- 
 duke Albert. He died at Brussels, 1634, 
 aged 78. He had Rubens among his pu- 
 pils. His brother Gilbert \vas eminent as 
 an engraver, and Peter as a painter. 
 
 Otjs, James, a lawyer of Barnstable, 
 Massachusetts, eminent for talents and 
 patriotism. He was for a long time a 
 member of the general court, and of his 
 majesty's council ; a colonel of the militia, 
 justice of the court of common pleas, and 
 judge of probate. At the commencement 
 of the controversy with Great Britain he 
 distinguished himself by a zealous defence 
 of the colonial rights. He died in 1778. 
 
 iCP L. 
 
 Otis, James, a distinguished civilian of 
 Massachusetts, and son of the preceding, 
 was born at West Barnstable, February 
 5th, 1725, and graduated at" Harvard col- 
 lege in 1743. After devoting several years 
 to the cultivation of literature and the 
 study of law, he established himself as an 
 attorney at Boston, and quickly rose to the 
 highest distinction in the profession. After 
 a long course of successful practice, he was 
 in 1661 elected to a seat in the legislature, 
 and continued a member of that body, 
 in which he held the first rank in talents, 
 in zeal in defending the rights of the co- 
 lony against the encroachments of British 
 despotism, and in influence, till 1772. To 
 recount the services he rendered the pub- 
 lic, while in the legislature, would be to 
 give almost a complete history of that pe- 
 riod. He was in 1765 a member of the 
 congress which assembled at New- York. 
 At length the partisans of the British mi- 
 nistry who held offices in Boston, provoked 
 at the bold opposition he maintained to 
 Aeir ambitious measures, viHfied him 
 in the papers, and proposed to the mi- 
 nistry to arrest him for high treason. Otis 
 in return indignantly denounced those offi- 
 cers in an advertisement, and soon after, 
 in September, 1769, meeting with one of 
 them^ John Robinson, was attacked bv 
 41ft 
 
 him, and others, and received several se- 
 vere wounds. From that time he was sub- 
 ject to the frequent loss of his intellect, 
 and in 1772 retired from public life. He 
 survived till 1783, when he was struck by 
 lightning on the 23d of May, and expired 
 immediately. He was a man of powerful 
 genius, of great wit and humour, aad of a 
 temper verging in ardour toward that 
 highly susceptible and enthusiastic com- 
 plexion, which frequently indicates a ten- 
 dency to insanity. As an orator he was 
 bold, argumentative, impetuous, and skil- 
 ful in communicating his own excitement 
 to his hearers. As a lawyer he stood at 
 the head of the profession in talents and 
 knowledge ; he was a profound statesman, 
 an inflexible patriot, and a highly accom- 
 plished classical scholar. His publications 
 were a Latin and Greek prosody, and se- 
 veral political pamphlets. iCjF' L. 
 
 Otrokotskiforis, Francis, a Hun- 
 garian, who studied at Utrecht, and became 
 a protestant minister in his native country. 
 He afterwards embraced the catholic faith, 
 and was professor of law at Tirnau, where 
 he died 1718. He wrote Origines Hunga- 
 rica, 2 vols. 8vo. — Antiqua Religio Hungo- 
 rum vere Christiana et Catholica, 8vo. be- 
 sides some polemical works, which he refu- 
 ted after he became a member of the 
 church of Rome. 
 
 Ott, Henry, a learned Swiss divine, 
 born at Zurich, where he became professor 
 of eloquence, Hebrew, and ecclesiastical 
 history, and where he died 1682, aged 65t 
 As an orientalist, his abilities were very 
 great,and he was the correspondent of seve- 
 ral learned men in Europe. 
 
 Otter, John, author of Travels in Tur- 
 key and Persia, with an account of Kouli 
 Khan's expeditions, was born at Christian- 
 stadt, 1707, and died 1748. 
 
 Otwat, Thomas, a celebrated dramatic 
 writer, born at Trotting, Sussex, March, 
 1651. He was educated at Winchester 
 school and Christ church, Oxford, but left 
 the university without a degree, and re- 
 paired to London, where he became a wri- 
 ter and actor of plays. By the friendship 
 of lord Plymouth, natural son of Charles 
 n. he obtained a cornetcy in the army, and 
 embarked with the forces for Flanders, in 
 1677 ; but a military life proved disagree- 
 able to him, and he returned to London 
 poor, and necessitated to write for his sup- 
 port. He died April 14th, 1685, in a man- 
 ner, says Dr. Johnson, which I am unwill- 
 ing to mention. Having been compelled 
 by his necessities to contract debts, and 
 hunted by the terriers of the law, he reti- 
 red to a public house on Tower-hill, where 
 he died of want, or, as related by one of 
 his biographers, by swallowing, after a long 
 fast, a piece of bread, which charity had 
 supplied. He went out, as reported, al- 
 
OLJI) 
 
 <iVK 
 
 most naked, in the rage of liuii*cr, und 
 finding a gentleman in a neighbouring cof- 
 fee-house, asked bini for a sliilling ; the 
 gentleman gave him a guinea ; and Otway , 
 going away, bought a roll, and was ehoked 
 with the lirst mouthful. As a writer, he 
 had extraordinary powers, in touching the 
 heait, in his tragedies, of which his Orphan, 
 and Venice Preserved, are noble instances. 
 Besides ten dramatic pieces, he wrote 
 some miscellaneous poems and translations. 
 His works have appeared in 3 vols. l5Jmo. 
 1757. 
 
 OuDENAUDK, Robert Van, a native of 
 (ihent, who learnt paijiting under Carlo 
 Maratti, and exercised his art in his native 
 town, where he adorned the churches, and 
 public and private edifices with valuable 
 paintings. He died 1743, aged 80. 
 
 OuDiNf, Casimir, a French monk, born 
 at Mezieres, 1638; son of a weaver. He 
 burst from the obscurity of his father's 
 profession, and became a recluse in the 
 abbey of Boucilly, in Champagne, where 
 Lewis XIV. accidentally passed, and disco- 
 vered his abilities, which were soon after 
 employed in visiting the archives of the 
 monasteries of Lorrain, Alsace, Burgundy, 
 &c. In 1690 he left France, turned pro- 
 testant, and was made under librarian at 
 the university of Leyden, where he died 
 1717. He wrote Commcntarius de Serip- 
 toribus Ecclesiae Antiquis et eorum Serip- 
 'tis, three vols, folio — Veterum aliquot Gal- 
 liae et Belgiae Scriptorum Opuscula Sacra, 
 &c. 8vo. — Supplement to Ecclesiastical 
 Authors, omitted by Bellarmine, 8vo. — 
 the Monk of Premontre unfrocked. 
 
 OuDiN, Francis, a native of Vignori, in 
 Champagne, who studied at Langres, and 
 was admitted among the Jesuits, 1691. He 
 became professor of humanity and theolo- 
 gy, and settled at Dijon, where he died of a 
 dropsy in the chest, 28th April, 1752, aged 
 79. He was well versed in divinity and 
 in the ecclesiastical history of the fathers. 
 He published Somnia, an elegant Latin 
 poem, odes, elegies, &c. printed in his 
 Poemata Didascalia, 3 vols. 12rao. ; Bi- 
 bliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu ; Cel- 
 tic Etymologies ; Commentary on St. 
 Paul's Epistle to the Romans; HistoriaDog- 
 matica Conciliorum ; Lives of several Per- 
 .sons included in Niceron's Collection, &c. 
 
 OuDiNET, Mark Anthony, a French 
 medallist, born at Rheims 1643. He quit- 
 ted his professorship of law at Rheims, to 
 go to Paris with his relation Raissant, as 
 keeper of the medals in the king's cabinet. 
 The order and arrangement which he intro- 
 duced in this valuable collection, obtained 
 for him a pension from the king, and the 
 honour of a seat in the academy of belles let- 
 tres. He died at Paris 1712. He wrote three 
 dissertations of great merit on medals. 
 
 OuD^ii, John Baptist, a French painter, 
 
 who sludieJ under LargilhciT.-s, and uch 
 quired great relcl)rity in his correct repre- 
 sentation of animala. Some (»r his hunlinj? 
 pieces adorn the palaces of France. Hi.«« 
 adoration of the Magi is in high esteem. 
 He was treated with distinction by the 
 French king, and received a pension. He 
 died at Paris, his native town, 1st May, 
 1755, aged 69. 
 
 OvKRALL, John, an English prelate, 
 born 1559. He was of St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, and removed to Trinity, where 
 he became fellow. In 16'J6 he was made 
 regius professor of divinity, D.D. and mas- 
 ter of Catherine-hall, and in 1601, he suc- 
 ceeded to the deanery of St. Paul. In 1614 
 he was made bishop of Lichfield and Co- 
 ventry, and in 1618 translated to Norwich, 
 where he died May, 1619. His tomb re- 
 mained neglected tilt 1669, when his pupil 
 Cosin, bishop of Durham, erected a monu- 
 ment over it. Overall was a learned divine, 
 distinguished by wisdom, erudition, and 
 piety, and connected by literature with the 
 most eminent men of the times. He wrote 
 a " Convocation book," and other works. 
 
 OvERBEKE, Bonaventure \ an, a native 
 of Amsterdam, eminent as a designer and 
 an antiquarian. He went three times to 
 Rome, to take correct copies of her ancient 
 monuments, and he made beautiful engra- 
 vings of his pieces. The description with 
 which he accompanied his plates, written 
 in Flemish, was translated into Latin and 
 French, three vols, folio, and possesses 
 great merit. He died at Amsterdam, 1706. 
 
 OvERBURT, Sir Thomas, a polite Eng- 
 lish writer, born in 1581, at Compton- 
 Scorfen, Warwickshire. He was of 
 Queen's college, Oxford, where he took his 
 bachelor's degree, and then entered at the 
 Middle Temple ; but he soon relinquished 
 the law for literature, and for the favours 
 of the court. He became the confidential 
 friend of Car, earl of Somerset, by whose 
 influence he was knighted ; but he stained 
 bis character in promoting the amours of 
 that profligate nobleman with the licentious 
 countess of Essex ; and as if ashamed of 
 his conduct, he boldly attempted to dis- 
 suade him from marrying so worthless a 
 woman. Car was weak enough to reveal 
 the friendly advice, and the enraged coun- 
 tess meditated revenge. By the means of 
 Car, Overbury was appointed ambassador 
 to Russia, and by his insidious advice, en- 
 coura"-ed to refuse the office, in conse- 
 quence of which the king caused him to be 
 sent to the Tower as a disloyal man. In 
 this place poison was administered to him, 
 and he at last thus fell a sacrifice to the 
 diabolical intrigues of his perfidious friend 
 and his guilty mistress 15th September, 
 1613. The murder, though noised abroad, 
 was hpshed by the power of the oflijD- 
 der • but two vears after, it was fully dj.«' 
 
OYl 
 
 UWA 
 
 closed ; the under-agenls were tried, con- 
 demned, and executed, but the earl and the 
 countess, after being found guilty, -vvere 
 pardoned by the king. Sir Thomas, who 
 has been compared in his learning, his %vi3- 
 dom, and his melancholy fate, to Germani- 
 cus Caesar, was the author of some %vorks 
 in prose and verse, of considerable merit, 
 reprinted 1753, 8vo. 
 
 OuGHTRED, William, an English divine, 
 born 1573, at Eton, and educated on the 
 foundation there, from whence he was re- 
 moved as fellow of Piing's college, Cam- 
 bridge. In 1603 he was presented to the 
 living of Aldbury, near Guilford, where he 
 devoted himself to mathematical studies. 
 During the usurpation of Cromwell, he 
 was frequently molested, though a peaceful 
 alid harmless resident in his parish, and he 
 was liberated from the danger of sequestra- 
 tion only by the interference of Lilly, 
 Whitelocke, and other friends. He died 
 the beginning of May, 1660, aged 86. On 
 hearing the news of Charles's restoration, 
 he expired, it is said, in a sudden ecstasy of 
 joy. He w^as the friend and correspondent 
 of the most learned men of the times, and 
 as a mathematician his works are nume- 
 rous and valuable. He published inl631, his 
 " Clavis," a most valuable work, contain- 
 ing many new theorems in algebra and 
 geometry, which have been adopted by 
 Newton, and other learned philosophers. 
 This little volume became a standard book 
 at Cambridge, by the introduction of 'Seth 
 Ward. His " Opuscula," were published 
 after his death, at Oxford, 1676. 
 
 Ovid, Pub, Naso, a celebrated Eatiu 
 poet, born at Sulmo, B. C. 43. He was 
 bred up for the bai', but poetry had greater 
 charms for him, and under the patronage 
 of Augustus, he acquired celebrity and ho- 
 nours. He was afterwards banished by his 
 imperial patron, for causes not satisfactori- 
 ly known, and died on the borders of the 
 Euxine Sea, A.D. 17. His works, which 
 are elegant, polished, and animated, though 
 often licentious, are well known. 
 
 OviEDO, John Gonsalvo de, a learned 
 Spaniard, born at Madrid 1478. He was 
 one of the pages of Ferdinand of Arragon 
 and Isabella, and was at Barcelona in 
 1493, on the return of Columbus from the 
 discovery of the new world. The adven- 
 tures of this extraordinary man raised his 
 attention ; he became his friend, and ac- 
 companied him in his next voyage. As he 
 had rendered important services to Spain 
 in the Avars of Naples, Ferdinand consi- 
 dered him as the fittest man to examine 
 the commerce and resources of the new 
 world ; and on his return from the island 
 of Hayti, he published the result of his in- 
 telligent inquiries, called the General and 
 Natural History of the West Indies, after- 
 wards enlarged to a folio volume, Salaman- 
 
 m 
 
 ca, li'65. In this work he paid particular 
 attention to the venereal disease, which was 
 lately become known in Europe, and which 
 some thought was introduced from Ameri- 
 ca ; and he ascertained that the use of guia- 
 cum was very salutary in the relief of this . 
 terrible disorder. 
 
 Ousel, Philip, a native of Dantzic, de- 
 scended from a family originally from 
 France. He became protestant minister at 
 Leyden, and afterwards was appointed 
 theological professor at Frankfort on Oder, 
 where he died 1724, aged 53. He was well 
 skilled in Hebrew literature, and published 
 Introductio in Aceentuationem Hebraeo- 
 riim Metricam, 4to. in which he supports 
 that the Hebrew points and accents are as 
 old as the Bible — deAccentuationeHebraeo- 
 rum Prosaic^, 8vo. — de Lepra, 4to. His 
 relation James wrote valuable notes on the 
 Octavius of Minutus Felix, inserted in the 
 variorum edition of 1672. 
 
 OuwALER, Albert, a historical painter 
 of Haerlem, who died 1515, aged 71. 
 
 OwAiN, a prince of Powys, who fled to 
 Ireland, in consequence of carrying away 
 Ness, the wife of Gerald, constable of Pem- 
 broke. He succeeded his father Cadwy- 
 gan ap Bleddyn in 1110, and was slain by 
 Gerald four years after. He was in the 
 service of Henry I. of England, in Norman- 
 dy,for some time, and was knighted by him. 
 
 OwAiN, son of Mexen Wledig, a brave 
 warrior, who broke the intimacy which ex- 
 isted between the Britons and their Roman 
 conquerors, and was elected king. His ser- 
 vices were such that he became a saint in 
 the British calendar. 
 
 OwAiN, or Owen Tudor, lord of Pen- 
 mynydd, in Anglesea, married Catharine, 
 the widow of Henry V. in 1426, and was 
 father by her of three sons, the eldest of 
 whom embraced the monastic life ; the se- 
 cond was Edmund, earl of Richmond, fa- 
 ther to Henry VII. and the third Jasper, 
 earl of Pembroke. After the death of his 
 wife, he was confined in Newgate, but es- 
 caped, and died in Wales. 
 
 OwAiN CivEiLOG, a Welch warrior, 
 who attacked Hywel, of Cadwygan, and 
 Rhys of Grufydd, and died about 1197. 
 He was also a poet, and some of his verses 
 are preserved in the Welch Archseologia. 
 
 OwAiN Glandwr, or Owen Glendow- 
 ER, last of the Welch princes, was in the 
 service of Richard II. but was disgraced by 
 Henry IV. In consequence of this he 
 took up arms, burnt Ruthyn, and defeated 
 lord Grey, who had, by false accusation, 
 obtained his lands from the king ; but af- 
 terwards he restored him to liberty for a 
 large ransom. He continued his hostili- 
 ties, and in 1402 routed Edward Mortimer 
 in Radnorshire, and caused himself to be 
 proclaimed, by the voice of his assembled 
 and nnanimotis people, independent sove- 
 
OWE 
 
 OWL 
 
 veigii of Wales. Though assisted by the 
 FiTfU'h, his atUiirs, however, bccaiuc despe- 
 rate, and unable to witlisiand tlie incursions 
 of the £nglish, he led a life of retirement, 
 and died at last in 1415, in the disguise of 
 a poor shepherd. 
 
 Owen, Dr. John, an eminent divine; 
 among tlie independents, of whom he is 
 sometiuies called the prince, the oracle, 
 and the metropolitan. H(; was born 161G, 
 at Uadham, Oxfordshire, and was cdueateil 
 at Queen's college, Oxford, which he left 
 in 1G37, as unwilling to submit to the regu- 
 lations introduced by Laud, the university 
 chancellor. He afterwards became chap- 
 lain to lox'd Lovelace, and at the breaking 
 out of the civil war, embraced the party of 
 the parliametit with such warmth, that his 
 uncle discarded and disinherited him. His 
 *' Display of Arminianism," published in 
 1642, rendered him very popular among 
 the nonconformists ; he was a frequent 
 preacher before the parliament, and obtain- 
 ed the friendship of Cromwell, whom he 
 served faithfully, and by whose influence 
 he was made, in 1650, dean of Christ 
 church. In 1652 he was, by Cromwell, 
 chancellor of the university, nominated 
 vice chancellor, arid the next year took his 
 degree of D.D. On the protector'? death 
 be was removed from the office of vice 
 chancellor, and at the restoration he was 
 deprived of his deanery, and retired into 
 the country. He lived for some time in 
 London, and then at Kensington, and died 
 at his house at Ealing, Middlesex, 24th Aug. 
 16S3, aged 67. Though violent as the 
 friend of party and of usurpation, it is said, 
 however, that he possessed moderation and 
 kindness, and frequently exerted his in- 
 fluence in favour of such royalists as were 
 distinguished for virtue and learning. Kis 
 w orks were numerous, amounting to 7 vols, 
 folio, 20 in 4to. and 30 in 6vo. the best 
 known of which are, an Exposition of the 
 Hebrews, 4 vols, folio — Discourse on the 
 Holy Spirit, folio — treatise on Original Sin, 
 8vo. — sermons and tracts, folio. 
 
 Owen, John, an English epigrammatist, 
 bpvn at Armen, Caernanonshire, and edu- 
 cated at Winchester, and New college, 
 Oxford, of which he became fellow. He 
 took the degree of LL.B. 1590, and then 
 taught school at Tyrlegh, near Monmouth, 
 and at Warwick on the foundation of Hen- 
 ry VHL He had such a vein for satire and 
 epigram, that he even wrote in ridicule of a 
 rich uncle on whom he depended, in conse- 
 quence of which he was excluded from his 
 will. He was afterwards supported by his 
 friend Williams, bishop of Lincoln. He 
 died poor, 1622, and was buried in St. 
 Paul's cathedral. His epigrams have been 
 often printed. They are in Latin and much 
 esteemed, and possess the elegance and hu- 
 wonr of Martial's pieces. Thev have been 
 
 translated into Engliah, French, and Spa- 
 nish. 
 
 OwKN, Dr. Henry, wa.«« born in Merio- 
 nethshire, and educated at Kuthyn school, 
 and Jesus college, Oxford, where he took 
 the degree cl M.l^. lii- had appli, d him- 
 self to mathematics, and altera ards studied 
 and practised physic, and U,> n look order» 
 and obtained the livings of Lilinoiiton, and 
 St. Olavc's, Hart-street, London. Hi; |«-ft 
 by his wife, daughter of liutler, bishop of 
 Ely, one son and five daughters, aiul died 
 at the close of 171i5, aged SO. He was an 
 able and pious divine, and wrote Observa- 
 tions on the Scripture Miracles — Ke-marks 
 on the Four Gospels — Inquiry on the Sep- 
 tuagint Version — Sermons at Boyle's Lec- 
 tures, 2 vols. 8vo. — Introduction to Hebrew 
 Criticism — Modes of Quotation by Evange- 
 lical writers explained, &.c. — Posthumous 
 Sermons, 2 vols. in-c. 
 
 Owen, George, a physician, born in 
 Worcestershire, and educated at Merton 
 college, Oxford, where he became fellow, 
 and took the degree of ISLD. 1527. He 
 was physi'.ian to Henry \ III. v\bo left him 
 a legacy of 100/. and afteruard^ to Edward 
 \l. and to Mary, whom he brought into the 
 world by the Ca;;;arean operation. He 
 died lOth Oct. 1558, and was buried at St. 
 Stephen's, Walbrook. He published a 
 meet diet for the new Ague, folio. 1558. 
 
 Owen, Charles, a dissenting divine, born 
 in Montgomeryshire, and educated at 
 Shrewsbury. He was minister of a con- 
 gregation at Bridgenorth, but was obliged 
 to remove to London by the violence of 
 party, till the toleration of James II. per- 
 mitted him to return. He afterwards went 
 to EUesmere, and died 1712, aged 58. He 
 wrote some controversial tracts in favour 
 of his persuasion. 
 
 Owen, Rev. John, one of the secretaries 
 of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 
 was born in London about the year 1765. 
 and was educated at Cambridge, where by 
 his superior attainments he obtained seve- 
 ral prizes, and was elected fellow of the 
 Ci-rpus Christi college. He soon after 
 took orders and became distiiiguished as a 
 preacher. He preached some time at Cog- 
 glesham, in Essex, and afterwards at Ful- 
 ham, and at length became minister of 
 Park chapel, near Chelsea, where he la- 
 boured with great diligence till depri\ed of 
 his health. He wa3 presoMt at the meeting 
 hcid at the Lon(l'-.n Ta\crn, March 7th, 
 1804, to deliberate on the fonuaiion of the 
 Bible Society, and was one of the most ac- 
 tive in promoting its establishment. From 
 that time he devoted his life with the 
 greatest zeal to the objects of the society, 
 and its progressive extension as well as its 
 first establisliment was in a great measure 
 etlccted through his instrumentality. 
 During several of bis last vears he sufTcred 
 
 11.1 
 
OZA 
 
 OZE 
 
 much from ill health in consequence of his 
 arduous labours. His death took place Sep- 
 tember 26, 1822. He published " Travels in 
 Europe," " The Christian Monitor," " The 
 Fashionable World Displayed," and " A Vin- 
 dication of the Bible Society." ICP' L- 
 
 OwTRAM, William, prebendary of West- 
 minster in the reign of Charles H. was emi- 
 nent as a preacher, and as a scholar in rab- 
 binicaliearning. He died 1679. He pub- 
 lished a learned book, " de Sacrificiis," and 
 after his death a volume of sermons was 
 published by bishop Gardner. 
 
 OxENSTiERN, Axel, grand chancellor of 
 Sweden, and prime minister to Gustavus 
 Adolphus, deserved his elevation by his 
 merit and his abilities. After the unfortu- 
 nate battle of Lutzen, 1632, in which his 
 master lost his life, he was placed at the 
 head of affairs, and rewarded this confi- 
 dence of the nation with the most consum- 
 mate wisdom, and the strictest integrity 
 exerted for the happiness of Sweden. He 
 died universally respected, 28th Aug. 1654, 
 aged 71. The second volume of the His- 
 tory of Sweden, in German, is attributed 
 to him. Of his sons, John was plenipo- 
 tentiary at the peace of Munster, where he 
 distinguished himself by his firmness and 
 talents ; Gabriel was marshal of Sweden, 
 and Benedict grand chancellor, and prime 
 minister of the kingdom. His grand ne- 
 phew N. was distinguished as a man of 
 letters. He travelled over the greater part 
 of Europe, and published Thoughts on dif- 
 ferent Subjects, with Moral Reflections, 
 printed 2 vols. 12mo. and died at an ad- 
 vanced age, 1707, governor of the dutchy 
 of Deux-ponts. 
 
 OzANHAM, James, a French mathemati- 
 cian, born at Boligneaux, in Brescia, 1640. 
 He studied divinity in compliance with 
 the wishes of his father ; but after his 
 death be applied himself to mathematics, 
 jn which he waa doomed to distinguish 
 
 himself. He left his country, and taught 
 mathematics at Lyons, and afterwards at 
 Paris, where, though occasionally given to 
 gaming and gallantry, he acquired some 
 little property. The Spanish war, how- 
 ever, reduced his income by lessening his 
 scholars, and the death of his wife, by 
 whom he had 12 children, none of whom 
 survived him, embittered with sorrow the 
 last years of life. He died of an apoplexy, 
 3d April, 1717, aged 77. The best known 
 of his works are, a Dictionary of Mathema- 
 tics, 4to. — a Course of Mathematics, 5 
 vols. 8vo. — Mathematical Recreations, 4 
 vols. 8vo. — Use of the Compass of Pror 
 portion, 12mo. — Elements of Algebra, 4to. 
 — Practical Geometry. 
 
 OzELL, John, an indefatigable English 
 writer, educated at Ashby-de-la-Zouch 
 school, and afterwards at Christ's hospital. 
 His friends designed him for a college edu- 
 cation, but disdaining the restraints of uni- 
 versity discipline, he qualified himself by a 
 most perfect knowledge of arithmetic for a 
 public office, and obtained the appointment 
 of auditor general of the city and bridge 
 accounts, and auditor of the accounts of St. 
 Paul's cathedral, and of St. Thomas's hos- 
 pital. He died loth Oct. 1743, and was 
 buried in St. Mary, Aldermanbury parish. 
 Though he wrote nothing original, he yet 
 showed great assiduity and judgment in his 
 translations of foreign authors ; and Mo- 
 liere, by his labours, appears in an English 
 dress far from inelegant and disinteresting. 
 In his conversation and manners, Ozell was 
 agreeable ; he had a good knowledge of 
 modern languages, and had improved him- 
 self by travelling. He was one of those 
 heroes whom Pope immortalized in his 
 Dunciad ; and in consequence of this, 
 Ozell published a warm and self-consequen- 
 tial comparison between himself and his 
 antagonist, more deserving ridicule than 
 approbation. 
 
 PAA 
 
 A A AS, Crispin, a native of Cologne, 
 eminent as an engraver, and as the pupil 
 of Cornehard, whose celebrity he equalled. 
 He was patronised by the king of Denmark, 
 and died at Copenhagen in the beginning 
 of the I7th century. His engravings were 
 numerous and highly finished, especially 
 those of the Bible, &c. His daughters 
 Magdalen and Barba also acquired celebri- 
 ty as engravers ; and there were besides 
 two engravers of the same family, Simon 
 and Crispin the younger, who were equally 
 'listinguished by their merit. 
 414 
 
 PAB 
 
 Paaw, Peter, a native of Amsterdam, 
 known as a physician and botanist. He 
 practised with great reputation at Leyden, 
 where he died, 1617, aged 53. His works, 
 once much admired, were a Commentary 
 on Vesalius, 4to. — a treatise on the Plague, 
 4to. — Hortus Lugduno-Batavus, 8vo. — and 
 other works mentioned by Niceron. 
 
 Pabo, a British prince in the fifth centu- 
 ry. It is said that after a defeat he retired 
 to the court of the king of Powys, and after- 
 wards became a monk and a saint. The 
 church of Mona wns foimded by him, an<^ 
 
PAG 
 
 *'AC 
 
 there liis remains were deposited according 
 to the inscription which still records hia 
 adveuture». 
 
 Paca, William, governor of Maryland, 
 was graduated at the college of Philadel- 
 phia in 1758, and was educated a physi- 
 cian. He resided at Annapolis, and was 
 several years a delegate to the assembly 
 from that city, previous to the revolution. 
 In 1774 he was appointed a member of the 
 uomuiittee of correspondence of Maryland, 
 and the same year a delegate to Congress, 
 in which capacity he was one of the signers 
 of the declaration of independence in 1776. 
 He was afterwards judge of the court oi 
 appeals in cases of maritime captures, but 
 resigned the oflice in 1782 on being elected 
 governor of the state. In 1785 he was 
 again elected governor, as the successor of 
 Smallwood. In 1 788 he was a member of 
 the Maryland convention which ratified 
 the federal constitution, and in 1789 was 
 appointed district judge for Maryland. He 
 died in 1799. ICPL. 
 
 Pacatianus, Titus Julius Marinus, a 
 Roman general who revolted in Gaul 
 against the authority of the emperor Philip, 
 and assumed the purple. He was defeated 
 and slain 249. 
 
 Pace, Richard, a learned Englishman, 
 born 1482. He was patronised by Lang- 
 ton, bishop of Winchester, and cardinal 
 Bainbridge, and recommended himself by 
 his great abilities to Henry VIII. who em- 
 ployed him in several negotiations. He 
 then took orders, and was raised to a pre- 
 bend of York, and to the deanery of St. 
 Paul's, London, and also that of Exeter. 
 He was afterwards employed in an embassy 
 to Rome, to solicit the popedom for Wol- 
 sey, and was next sent as ambassador to 
 Venice. In this distant employment he 
 felt all the weight of Wolsey's jealousy and 
 resentment, no directions were sent him 
 for his guidance, and no remittances of 
 money made, and in consequence of this 
 his spirits were so affected that he became 
 delirious. He returned home, but the ill 
 treatment which he had received was not 
 sufficient to open the king's eyes to the 
 cruelties and oppression of his favourite. 
 He resigned his deaneries some time before 
 his death, and expired at Stepney, where 
 he had retired for his health, 1532, aged 
 50. He was a man universally beloved, 
 and by his meritorious services deserved 
 and enjoyed the friendship of cardinal 
 Pole, sir Thomas More, Erasmus, and 
 other learned men. He wrote Epistles — 
 de Fructu Scientiarum, 4to. — de Lapsu 
 Hebraicorum Interpretum, &c. 
 
 Pacheco, John de, marquis de Villena, 
 ■was brought up with Henry IV. of Castille, 
 and became his favourite. He acquired in 
 consequence so much power that all offices 
 of Irust and honour veere at his disposal ; 
 
 but so venal is the attachment of flattercre, 
 that he was bribed by Lewis XI. of France, 
 and on the peace of 1M3, h«- ronseiiled lo 
 various articles which betrayed the in- 
 terests of his master, and were prejudicial 
 to the honour of his crown. The ifijured 
 monarch expostulated with iLe guilty ob- 
 ject, but Pacheco, full of resentment, re- 
 volted against him, and placed the prince 
 Alphonsus on the throne of bin brother. 
 Alphonsus, though proclaimed king of Cas- 
 tille, 14G5, soon alter died, it is said by 
 poison administered by the loo powerful 
 favourite, who now was reconciled to his 
 lawful sovereign, and continued in the 
 office of prime minister to the end of life. 
 This artful sycophant died of an abscess 
 in the throat, 1473, and it is reported was 
 sincerely lamented by Henr\ , who forgot 
 his perfidy in the vigour of his measures 
 for the welfare of the kingdom. 
 
 Pachymerus, (jeorge, a Greek histo- 
 rian, born at Nice. He was patronised by 
 Michael Pala;ologus, and his son Androni- 
 cus, and obtained honours in church and 
 state. He died 1310. Hi.^ history of the 
 East, inserted among the Byzantine histo- 
 rians, has been published with a Latin 
 translation at Rome, 1G69, folio. 
 
 Paciaudi, Paul Marie, a native of Tu- 
 rin, of the order of Theatins. He was 
 correspondent of the Paris academy of 
 belles lettres, and librarian to the duke of 
 Parma. He was an able and learned an- 
 tiquarian, and wrote Monumenta Pelopon- 
 nesiaca, 2 vols. 4to. — Memoirs of the 
 Grand Masters of the order of Jerusalem, 
 in Italian, 3 vols. 4to. — Letters between 
 him and count Caylus, 8vo. He died of 
 an apoplexy, 1785, aged 75. 
 
 Pacificus, Maximus, born of a noble 
 family at Ascoli, 1400, was an elegant 
 Latin poet. His poems called " Hecalale- 
 gium," were printed at Florence, 1489, 
 4to. and it is remarkable that in them he 
 makes mention of the venereal disease, 
 supposed not to have been known before 
 Columbus sailed to America. The be>t edi- 
 tion of his works is that of Parma, 1691, 4to. 
 which is free from all licentious passages. 
 
 Pacius, Julius, a native of \ icen/a, who 
 travelled over Switzerland, Germany, and 
 Hungary, where he maintained himself by 
 giving lectures on juri.«|)rudence. He was 
 afterwards at Sedan, Montpellicr, Aix, &.c. 
 and distinguished himself so much that he 
 was ofl'ered a professor's chair at Ley den, 
 at Pisa, and Padua. He settled at Padua, 
 and was honoured with the collar of St. 
 Mark, and afterwards went to Valence, 
 where he died 1635, aged 85. He is au- 
 thor of a treatise on Arithmetic, written 
 when only 13years old ; de Contractibus, 
 fol. 1606; de Jure Maris Adriatic!, 8vo. 
 1669 ; in Dccrctalcs Libri quinque, Svo. j 
 Corpus Juris Civilis, fol. 1580; Aristotelis 
 
 il5 
 
PAG 
 
 PAG 
 
 Organum, 8vo. 1598; an excellent tmus- 
 latioji of Aristotle's Logic. Pacius was a 
 firm protestant, though it is said that by the 
 representations of his pupil Peiresc he em- 
 braced the Catholic tenets a little before 
 his death. 
 
 Pacorus, son of Orodes, king of Par- 
 thia, is known in Roman history for his de- 
 feat of Crassus. He afterwards espoused 
 the cause of Pompey, and was slain in bat- 
 tle by Vejitidius B.C. 39. 
 
 Pacuvius, Marcus, a Latin poet, ne- 
 phew to Ennius. He wrote satires and 
 plays, now lost. He died at Tarentum B. 
 C. 154. 
 
 Padarv, a British bishop, to whose ho- 
 nour several of the churches of Wales are 
 dedicated. He is one of the three blessed 
 visiters who preached the Gospel to the as- 
 tonished inhabitants. His two companions 
 were Dewi and Teilo. 
 
 Paderna, Paul Anthony, a native of 
 Bologna, eminent as a historical and land- 
 scape painter. He died 1708, aged 59. 
 
 Paduan, Lewis Leo, surnamed the, was 
 a native of Padua, who acquired celebrity 
 as a painter, and as engraver of medals. 
 He died 1615 aged 75. His son Octavian 
 excelled as a portrait painter. 
 
 Paduanino, Francisco, a historical 
 painter of Padua, who died 1617, aged 65. 
 His best piece preserved at Venice, is the 
 Deliverance of two malefactors at the ear- 
 nest solicitation of a saint. 
 
 Padilla, Mary de, a Spanish lady, who 
 became the favourite of Peter the Cruel, 
 king of Castille. She possessed such in- 
 fluence over him that three days after his 
 marriage with the virtuous and beautiful 
 Blanche, of Bourbon, he abandoned his law- 
 ful wife for the company of his guilty mis- 
 tress. After his divorce from Blanche, 
 and his marriage with Jane de Castro, 
 Peter showed himself an equally capricious 
 lover, and two days after he was again 
 at the feet of the all-powerful Padilla, who 
 died soon after, and was buried with all the 
 magnificence due to a crowned head. 
 
 Paez, Francis Alvarez, a Portuguese di- 
 vine, of the order of the Cordeliers. He 
 was patronised by pope John XXIL who 
 made him bishop of Coron, afterwards of 
 Sylves, and sent him as his legate into 
 Portugal. He died at Seville, 8th May, 
 1532. He is author of a famous treatise 
 de Planctu Ecclesiae, in which he boldly 
 supports the temporal powers of the see of 
 Rome ; a Summary of Theology ; Apology 
 of John XXn. fol. 
 
 Pagan, Blaise Francis, count de, a 
 French mathematician, born at Avignon in 
 Provence, 3d March, 1604. He entered 
 into the army, and early distinguished him- 
 self in various actions, but at the siege of 
 Montauban he lost his left eye by a mus- 
 ket shot. At the passage of the Alps, and 
 416 
 
 at the siege of Susa, he bravely led on his 
 soldiers to glory, and in the year 1642 he 
 was sent by Lewis XIIL with the rank of 
 field-marshal, to gather fresh It. urels in the 
 service of Portugal. Here, however, he 
 had the misfortune to lose his eyesight by 
 a distemper, and with the volume of the 
 worJd thus closed upon hini, he retired to 
 study and meditation. The mathematics 
 and fortification were his favourite pursuits, 
 and on these sciences he n rote some valua- 
 able works, consisting of a treatise on For- 
 tification ; Geometrical Theorems ; As- 
 tronomical Tables ; Theory of the Planets ; 
 Historical Relation of the Amazon River, 
 8vo. ; Homme Heroique, &c. This great 
 man, beloved by his sovereign, respected 
 by his country, and by all learned and vir- 
 tuous men, for his genius, his abilities, and 
 his benevolence, died at Paris, 18th Nov. 
 1665. 
 
 Pagan, Peter, professor of poetry and 
 histoi-j- at Marpurg, died at Wanfrid 1576. 
 He wrote miscellaneous poetry ; Praxis 
 Metrica ; History of the Horatii and Cu- 
 riatii, in elegant Latin verse. 
 
 Pagani, Gregorio, a native of Florence, 
 whose pictures were so highly finished as to 
 be regarded equal to those of Michael An- 
 gelo. He died 1560, aged 31. 
 
 Pagano, Paul, a painter of Milan, whose 
 picture, representing the Christian attribute 
 of Mercy, in clothing the naked, is pre- 
 served at Venice, and much admired. He 
 died 1716, aged 55. 
 
 Page, William, an English divine, au- 
 thor of Animadversions on John Hale's 
 Tracts of Schism — Genuflexionis ad No- 
 men Jesu Defensio, Oxon. 1631 — Thomas 
 a Kempis de Imitatione Christi, translated 
 into English, &.c. He was a native of Lon- 
 don, and was in 1619 fellow of All Souls, 
 Oxford. During the civil wars he was 
 exposed to great persecution for his at- 
 tachment to the royal cause, and he died 
 about 1669. 
 
 Page, John, governor of Vii^inia, was 
 born about the year 1743, and was distin- 
 guished for tah;nts, purity of morals, and 
 patriotism. He displayed during the war 
 of the revolution an ardent attachment to 
 the cause of the colonies, and was in 1776 
 one of the most conspicuous members of the 
 convention which formed the constitution 
 of Virginia, and was appointed one of the 
 first council under that constitution. He 
 was also elected one of the first members 
 of congress from that state after the esta- 
 blishment of the federal government. In 
 1800 he was appointed one of the electors 
 of the president, and in December, 1802, 
 was chosen governor of the state. He 
 died October 11th, 1808. IC?' L. 
 
 Page, Benjamin, was born in Kensington, 
 New-Hampshire, and was the eldest mem- 
 ber of oqe of the most extensive and re» 
 
PAG 
 
 P U 
 
 ^pcctablc families in Maine lie was a 
 physician by profession, a member of the 
 New-llampshirc medical society, and for 
 several years, also, a member of the lc;;is- 
 laturc of that state. He was a patriot of 
 the revolution, and acted many months as 
 surgeon in the American army, during the 
 years 1777-81, and was present at the but- 
 tles of Bennington and Ticonderoga. He 
 removed to Maine in 1800, and continued 
 in medical practice, to which he was ar- 
 dently attached, until within the few last 
 years of his life. His manners were court- 
 ly, and his mind active and intelligent, 
 and he was greatly esteemed for his excel- 
 lence as a man, his usefulness as a physi- 
 cian, and his patriotism as a citizen. He 
 died in Hallowell, October 28th, 1824, 
 aged 78, in the firm belief of the Christian 
 religion, and assurance of future happiness. 
 
 iCP L. 
 Page, John Odlin, son of the above, was 
 born in Exeter, New-Hampshire, in 1772. 
 In the early part of his life he removed to 
 Maine, and soon became distinguished as 
 one of her most worthy and enterprising 
 citizens. He travelled in Europe for the 
 benefit of his health, and was the bearer of 
 American despatches from Paris to London 
 in 1811, where he died. His i-emains were 
 interred in St. Michael's church. He was 
 distinguished for his elegance of person, 
 urbanity of manners, decision of character, 
 ardent philanthropy, and love of liberty. 
 
 Paget, William lord, though but the 
 son of a sergeant at mace, was noticed by 
 Henry VIH. and on account of his abilities 
 •was patronised and made successively 
 clerk of the signet, of the council, and 
 afterwards of the privy seal. He after- 
 wards went as ambassador to France, and 
 on his return was knighted by the king, in 
 approbation of his conduct. He was soon 
 after made secretary of state, and was one 
 of those who were executors of the mo- 
 narch's will. His consequence increased ; 
 in the next reign he was sent ambassador 
 to Charles V. but his intimacy with Somer- 
 set proved injurious to his interests, and 
 he shared his disgrace, and was sent a 
 close prisoner to the tower, and fined 
 6000L On the accession of Mary he was 
 restored to favour, and continued in the 
 service of the court under Elizabeth. He 
 died 1564, and the queen in gratitude for 
 his public services ordered his remains to 
 be conveyed to London at the national ex- 
 pense, and to be magnificently buried. 
 
 Pagi, John Baptist, a native of Genoa, 
 author of a treatise on Painting, in Italian, 
 fol. He was eminent not only as a paint- 
 er, but as an engraver, and died at Genoa 
 1629, aged 74. 
 
 Pagi, Anthony, a Cordelier, the ablest 
 critic of his time, was born at Rogna in 
 
 Vol. n. 53 
 
 Provcncr, 1021. He was pvovinrlal ofhia 
 order, and distinf^iiishi-d himself by his 
 writings. His grt-ut work is " a Critique 
 on the Annals of Haroiiiu'*," a niont valua- 
 ble performance, the first volume of which 
 appeared at Paris 1689, and the r<".t wan 
 completed after his death, ront^xining i 
 vols. fol. Geneva, 1705. He wrote besides 
 a Latin Dissertation on the Consular Of- 
 fice, and other things, and died at Aix 
 1699. His character was that of a learn- 
 ed chronologer and historian, candid and 
 moderate in his expressions, and simple iu 
 his .style. 
 
 Pagi, Francis, nephew to the preceding, 
 was born at Lambcsc in Provence, 1654. 
 He followed his uncle's example, and en- 
 tered among the Cordeliers, and greatly as- 
 sisted him by his learning in the completion 
 of his Critique on Baronius, of which he 
 published the three last volumes. He 
 wrote besides in Latin "a History of the 
 Popes," 4 vols. 4to. He died Jan. 21st, 
 1721. His nephew was also a man of let- 
 ters, and published a History of Cyru3, 
 the fyounger, r2mo. 1736 — a History 
 of the Revolution in the Low Countriei>, 
 1727, 12mo. &c. 
 
 Pagninus, Sanctes, a Dominican, born 
 at Lucca, 1466. He was well skilled in 
 the knowledge of the learned langxiages, 
 and particularly Hebrew, Chaldee, and 
 Arabic, and for 25 years he was engaged 
 in examining the Vulgate Bible with the ori- 
 ginals, and in consequence of these la- 
 bours published a new translation of it 
 from the Greek and Hebrew, in which he 
 was liberally patronised by pope Leo X. 
 and his two successors. The work, how- 
 ever, is blamed by father Simon, as bein^- 
 too closely and servilely translated, and 
 in language barbarous, obscure, and full of 
 solecisms. He wrote besides a Hebrew 
 Lexicon, and a Hebrew Grammar, much 
 commended by Buxtorf. He died 1536, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Paine, Thomas, a political writer, was 
 born in 1737, at Thetford, in Norfolk, 
 where he was brought up to the business 
 of a stay-maker. He afterwards became 
 an exciseman at Lewes ; but being dis- 
 missed for some malpractices, he went to 
 America, where he contributed much to 
 the Revolution by a pamphlet, entitled 
 " Common Sense ;" for which he w«ls re- 
 warded with five hundred pounds by the 
 legislature of Pennsylvania. He also ob- 
 tained a grant of land in the province of 
 New- York. In 1790 he came to I>ondon, 
 and excited considerable notice by his 
 " Rights of Man," in answer to Burke. 
 A prosecution, however, being instituted 
 ao-ainst Paine, he went to France, where 
 he was chosen into the national assembly ; 
 but in the time of Robespierre he was 
 thrown into pri^jon, and narrowly escaped 
 
 417 
 
PA 
 
 PAL 
 
 the guillotine. During this confinement he 
 Ttrrote his infamous work, called " The 
 Age of Reason,-' in -which he endeavoured 
 to bring i-eligion into contempt. After his 
 liberation he published some political tracts 
 of little moment ; but one of them was a 
 scandalous attack upon the character of 
 Washington. In 1802 he went to Ameri- 
 ca, where he ended a debauched life, June 
 8, 1809.— W.B. 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat, LL.D. one of the 
 signers of the declaration of American 
 independence, was born at Boston, March 
 11th, 1731. He received his education 
 r.nder the celebrated master Lovell of Bos- 
 Ion, and at Harvard college, where he was 
 graduated in 1749. After an interval of 
 several years, during which he visited Eu- 
 rope, he commenced the study of law, 
 and about 1759 settled in the practice at 
 Taunton. Ten years after, he was elected 
 a representative from that tov/n, and con- 
 tinued to be engaged in public life without 
 intermission from that period until his ap- 
 pointment to the office of attorney general 
 f)f Massachusetts under the new constitu- 
 tion of the state. During the eventful pe- 
 riod of the revolution he was a firm and 
 powerful supporter of the rights of his 
 f ountrymen. In 1774 he -vvas appointed a 
 delegate from Massachusetts to congress. 
 In 1777 he was a member of the conven- 
 tion which formed the constitution of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and one of the committee 
 which prepared the draft of it. He was 
 attornej- gcnei'al until 1790, when he was 
 appointed a judge of the supreme court, and 
 held the office till 1S03. The remainder of 
 his life he spent in retirement, and died at 
 Boston, where he had resided many years, 
 May 12th, 1814, aged 83. He possessed 
 an original, inquisitive, and independent 
 mind, and great liveliness of fancy. No 
 rnan of his time was more celebrated for 
 brilliancy of wit. He was a profound 
 lawyer, well versed in literature, and emi- 
 nently upright. iC3^ L. 
 
 Paine, Robert Treat, a poet, was the son 
 of the preceding, and born at Taunton, 
 Massachusetts, December 8th, 1773. He 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1792 with a 
 high reputation for genius. He was soon 
 after placed in the counting-room of a mer- 
 chant, but left it for literary occupations, 
 and published several poems and orations, 
 which exhibited uncommon talents and 
 were highly popular. In 1800 he began 
 the practice of law, but failed of success 
 from want of application, and spent the 
 close of his life in poverty. He died 
 November 13th, 1811, aged 38. His works 
 have since been published. ECZP" L, 
 
 Painter, Gamaliel, judge of the county 
 
 court of Vermont, was born at New-Haven, 
 
 Connecticut, May 22, 1743. He enjoyed 
 
 only the advantages of a common educa- 
 
 418 
 
 tion, and was indebted for the influence 
 and offices to which he was advanced to 
 the superior energy of his mind. He re- 
 moved in 1773 to Middlebury, Vermont, 
 and erected the first house in that town. 
 In 1776 he joined the American array with a 
 captain's commission, and served in the quar- 
 termaster's department. He commenced 
 the settlement of the village of Middle- 
 bury in 1788, and resided there till his 
 death, May 21st, 1819, aged 76. He filled 
 at different periods the otfices of represen- 
 tative, judge, and councillor, and was a 
 member of the convention which formed 
 the first constitution of Vermont, and was 
 one of the most influential men in the 
 state. He was a principal patron of Mid- 
 dlebury college, one of its trustees, and at 
 his death left the institution a bequest of 
 about 10,000 dollars. |CP L. 
 
 Pajon, Claude, a protestant divine, born 
 at Romorantin, 1626. His abilities highly 
 recommended him, at the age of 24 he en- 
 tered into orders, and soon after was made 
 professor of theology at Saum.ur, and af- 
 terwards Calvinistic minister at Orleans. 
 He was engaged in controversy with Ju- 
 rieu, on the power of grace, and on the 
 conversion of sinners ; and his followers^ 
 who were numerous and respectable, as- 
 sumed the name of Pajonites. He died 
 1685, aged 59. He wrote a Defence of 
 the Calvinists, 2 vols. 12mo. — Remarks on 
 I'Avertissement Pastoral, &c. works of 
 merit. 
 
 Pajot, Lewis Leo, count of Osembray, 
 was born at Paris 1678. He enjoyed, in 
 consequence of his learning and abilities, 
 the favour of Lewis XIV. and his cabinet, 
 on account of its curiosities in mechanics 
 and natural history, was visited with atten- 
 tion by the Czar Peter, by prince Charles 
 of Lorraine, and other great men. He 
 contributed much to the memoirs of the 
 academy of sciences, of which he was a 
 member, and left his valuable collection 
 to that learned body for the use of the 
 public. He died universally lamented, 
 1753. 
 
 Pakincton, lady Dorothy, daughter of 
 lord Coventry, and wife of sir Thomas 
 Pakington of Worcestershire, is supposed 
 by Dr. Hickes to be the author of the 
 Whole Duty of Man, though some ascribe 
 the work to other authors. She was emi- 
 nently di:--tinguished for her leai'ning, and 
 had among her friends several celebrated 
 divines, such as bishop Fell, Hammond, 
 Sanderson, Hickes, &c. She died 1679, 
 and was buried in Hampton Lovet church, 
 in Worcestershire. 
 
 Pal-emon, Q. Rhemm. a Roman slave, 
 who, by his application and ingenuity, ac- 
 quired celebrity as a rhetorician and gram- 
 marian in the age of Tiberius. 
 
 Pal.t.phatu?, a Greek philosopher, an- 
 
I'AT. 
 
 V\\. 
 
 Uior ol" a book do Incredibililjus. 
 before tUe Christian era. 
 
 Palafox, John dc, a Spaniard of il- 
 lustrious birth, born in Arragon IGOO. He 
 studied at Salamanca, and was patronised 
 by Philip II. and when he embraced the 
 ecclesiastical profession, he was appointed 
 bishop of Los Angclos, in America, with 
 the title of judge of the administration of 
 the three viceroys of the Indies. In his 
 new ofHce he behaved with great humanity, 
 and though he had to encounter the preju- 
 dices and the virulence of the Jesuits, he 
 maintained his character of moderation atul 
 of benevolence towards the unfortunate na- 
 tives, and was rewarded by the king with 
 the bishopric of Osma, 1653. He died 30th 
 Sept. 1659, universally respected. He wrote 
 the history of the Siege of Fontarabia, 4to. 
 — history of the Conquest of China by the 
 Tartars, 8vo. — sermons, homilies, and 
 other religious tracts. His works ha\e 
 been published altogether at Madrid, 1762, 
 in 13 vols, folio. 
 
 Palace, N. de la Curne, a native of Aux- 
 crre, member of the French academy, and 
 that of inscriptions and belles lettres, and 
 author of valuable memoirs of Ancient Chi- 
 valry, 3 vols. 12mo. — Memoir on Glaber's 
 Chronicle, inserted in the papers of the 
 academy of inscriptions. He died at Paris 
 1781, aged 84. 
 
 Palaprat, John, a French writer, born 
 at Toulouse, 1650. He distinguished him- 
 self as a lawyer, and as a poet, and in 1684, 
 was made judge of the consistory. He 
 paid his court to queen Christina at Rome, 
 in 1686, and afterwards resided at Paris. 
 He wrote eight pieces for the stage, and 
 other things, comprised in 5 vols. 12mo. 
 He was employed as a negotiator, and 
 acted with great sagacity, and died at Paris 
 1721. 
 
 Palati, John, a Venetian historian of the 
 17th century, whose principal work is mo- 
 narchia Occidentalis, sive Aquila inter Lilia, 
 ct Aquila Saxonica, 2 vols, folio, ornament- 
 ed with figures of medals, Sec. 
 
 Palearius, Aonius, an eminent writer, 
 born at V'eroli, near Rome. He studied in 
 various parts of Italy, and at last fixed his 
 residence near Sienna where he married, 
 and maintained hiiirself by instructing some 
 pupils in the learned languages. Here he 
 had an unfortunate quarrel with a rival in 
 literature, and afterwards, in consequence 
 of the able defence which he made of a cer- 
 tain nobleman, against the accusation of 
 the monks, he became an object of perse- 
 cution, and retired to Lucca, and next to 
 Milan. In this place, where he hoped to 
 pass his days in peace, he found himself 
 exposed to fresh persecution, he was again 
 accused by the monks of heresy, and being 
 carried to Rome, was condemned for say- 
 
 He lived iii^ lUai Luther's foUowers were to be coui- 
 
 mended in some degree, and he was accor' 
 dingly burnt to death, 1566. The licst 
 known of his works is his Latin poem on the 
 Inimorlality of the Soul, 3 vols. Amsterdam, 
 IGUG, 8vo. 
 
 Paley, William, an eminent F.nglUb di- 
 vine, born at Peterborough, July 17 13. He 
 was educated under his lather, who after 
 removing from Peterborough, whert; he wa< 
 minor canon of the cathedral, became mas- 
 ter of Giggleswich school, Yorkshire, and 
 then entered at Christ's college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his bachelor's degree in 1763. 
 He was for three years after assistant at 
 Greenwich .school, till he was elected fel- 
 low of his college, where he now became 
 an active and popular tutor, and had for h'n 
 coadjutor Dr. Law, afterwards bishop of 
 FJphin. By the kindness of this friend's 
 father, who was bishop of Carlisle, he ob- 
 tained a living in Cumberland, and next 
 Applel)y in Westmoreland, to which were 
 atierwards added a prebend in Carlisle ca- 
 thedral, and the living of Dalston. In 1780 
 he was made chancellor of Carlisle, and in 
 1785 he proved to the world how well enti- 
 tled he was to the patronage of the great, 
 by the publication of his Elenients of Moral 
 and Political Philosophy, in 4to. a most va- 
 luable work, often reprinted, hi 2 vols. Svo. 
 In 1789 he declined the mastership of Jesus 
 college, Cambridge, which the bishop ol 
 Ely, sensible of his great merit, wished to 
 confer upon him. He was afterwards pre- 
 sented to a prebend at St. Paul's by the bi- 
 shop of London, to the sub-deanery of Lin- 
 coln, by Dr. Prettyman, and to the valua- 
 ble living of Bishop Wearmoulh, by the 
 bishop of Durham. He published, in 1790, 
 Hora; Paulinse, or the Truth of the Scrip- 
 ture, History of St. Paul, &c. Svo. — a View 
 of the Evidence of Christianity, 3 vols. Svo. 
 1791, dedicated to the bishop of Ely. Na- 
 tural Theology, Svo. 1802, besides some 
 single sermons, tac. His Moral Philosophy 
 is become a popular book, and its chapters 
 are frequently subjects for disputation in 
 the schools of the universities, yet it did not 
 establish its reputation without being ex- 
 posed to the censures of contemporaries, 
 and remarks upon it have been published 
 by Mr. Gisborne, and Mr. Pearson. The 
 preferment which Dr. Paley held was justly 
 due to his merits, as the friend of virtue, 
 and the eloquent advocate of Christianity, 
 and he must be rank.d among the few 
 whose services to literature, to morality, 
 and to religion, are hon iiably rewarded 
 by the patronage of the gi. :.' This trulj 
 illustrious divine and accomp'.i^Ijed scholar, 
 died at Sunderland, 25(h June, I '305, in hi^ 
 62d year. His father, who wa^ 54 year-' 
 master of Giggleswich school, had the hap- 
 piness of seeing the distinction and the ho- 
 nours which his son had deservedly ac- 
 
 419 
 
PAL 
 
 I'AL 
 
 quired, and he died 29th Sept. 1779, a^ed 
 
 Palfik, John, an eminent surgeon, born 
 at Ghent, where he acquired great reputa- 
 tion as reader of anatomy and surgery. He 
 died there advanced in life 1730. He wrote 
 Osteology, much esteemed — Anatomy of 
 ♦he Human Body, translated into French 
 by himself, and with additions by his friend 
 Davaux, 1713, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Palingenius, Marcellus, an Italian poet 
 of the 16th century, born at Stellada, in 
 Ferrara. His real name was Pierre Angelo 
 Manzoli. He wrote and dedicated to his 
 patron Hercules II. duke of Ferrara, his 
 poem in 12 books, called Zodiacus Vitae ; 
 but he spoke with such freedom of the 
 popish clergy, that not only the book was 
 prohibited, and publicly burnt as heretical, 
 but the body of the author was ordered to 
 be dug up and burnt, which indignity was, 
 however, prevented by the dutchess of Fer- 
 rara. 
 
 Palisst, Bernard de, a native of Agen, 
 eminent as a potter, a chymist, and skilful 
 painter on glass. He was patronised by 
 Henrv' III. who wished him to embx'ace the 
 Roman catholic religion, which he, as a 
 stern Calvinist, refused to do. He was an 
 able philosopher : he first explained the true 
 theory of springs, and made many valuable 
 discoveries in natural history. He wrote 
 books on subjects of agriculture, fire, earth, 
 salts, &c. collected and published at Paris, 
 2 Yols. 8vo. and again in 4to. 1777, with 
 the notes of Faujas de St. Fond. He died 
 about 1590. 
 
 Palladini, Arcangela, a native of Pisa, 
 instructed in the art of painting by her fa- 
 ther. She acquired great celebrity as a 
 portrait painter, and died 1622, aged 23. 
 
 Palladino, James, an ecclesiastical wri- 
 ter, called also James of Taramo, because 
 born there. He was successively bishop of 
 Monopoli, Tarentum, Florence, and Spo- 
 Ictto, and papal nuncio in Poland. The 
 best known of his works is a pious ro- 
 mance often printed, and possessing some 
 merit, in the midst of many incongruities, 
 called compendium per-breve, Consolatio 
 Peccatorum nuncupatum et apud nonnuilos 
 Belial vocitatum, id est Processus Luciferi 
 contra Jessum, Augsburg, 1572, fol. 
 
 Palladio, Andrew, a famous Italian ar- 
 chitect, born at Vicenza, in Lombardy. He 
 ivas early instructed in architecture, his fa- 
 vourite study, by George TriflRnus, and by 
 visiting Rome he had an opportunity of 
 "viewing, and of studying the venerable re- 
 lics of ancient times, which had been de- 
 spoiled by barbarian ignorance. He made 
 very beautiful drawings of these precious 
 monuments of departed genius, and pub- 
 lished them with commentaries, and after- 
 wards gave to the v,orld his four books of 
 architecture, in 1570. a work translated 
 420 
 
 into French, and also into English, and 
 commented upon by the excellent remarks 
 of Inigo Jones. The most magnificent 
 monument of his architectural genius is 
 the theatre called Degli Olympici at Vi- 
 cenza. He died 1580, and after his death 
 appeared his work on the antiquities of an- 
 cient Rome. 
 
 Palladius, Rutilius Taurus jEmilian, 
 a Latin writer, author of a treatise de Re 
 Rustica, published among the Leipsic col- 
 lection, 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Palladius, a Cappadocian, who from a 
 hermit became bishop of Helenopolis in Bi- 
 thynia, 401. He was the friend of Chry- 
 sostom, and wrote the History of Ancho- 
 rets, printed, 4to. Paris, 1455. 
 
 Pallajuolo, Anthony and Peter, two 
 Florentine brothers, eminent for their mu- 
 tual affection, and their reputation as paint- 
 ers. They were among the first who paint- 
 ed successfully in oil. They both died 
 1498, aged above 70. 
 
 Pallas, a freedman of Claudius. It is 
 said that he caused the death of his master, 
 at the instigation of Agrippina. He was 
 put to death by Nero. Felix, before whom 
 Paul appeared, was brother to this Pallas. 
 
 Pallas, Peter Simon, a naturalist, was 
 born at Berlin in 1741. He studied at 
 Halle and Gottingen, at which last univer- 
 sity he wrote a treatise, " De infestis viven- 
 tibus intra viventia," or inquiry concerning 
 worms in the human body. In 1760 he 
 went to Leyden, where he took his doctor's 
 degree ; and the year following visited 
 London, to improve himself in surgery and 
 medicine. After residing in England about 
 a year, he returned to Berlin, from whence 
 he removed to the Hague, where he pub- 
 lished his "Elenchus Zoophytorum," and 
 his " Miscellanea Zoologica." In 1767 he 
 went to Petersburgh ; and the next year 
 accompanied an expedition sent to explore 
 the distant provinces of the Russian em- 
 pire ; which tour took up six years, and 
 the account of it was published by Pallas, 
 in 5 vols. 4to. Soon after this he printecl 
 his collections relative to the Monguls. 
 In 1794, Pallas made a journey into the 
 Crimea, of which he published an account, 
 entitled " A Physical and Topographical 
 Picture of Taurida." Soon after this he 
 took up his residence in that country ; 
 where the empress Catherine gave him an 
 estate. He died at Berlin, in 1811. His 
 other works on natural history, are nume- 
 rous and valuable. — W. B. 
 
 Pallavicini, Anthony, a native of Ge- 
 noa, descended from a noble family. His 
 abilities, as well as his birth, recommended 
 him to the pope, who employed him in se- 
 veral embassies, and in affairs of import- 
 ance, and made him bishop of Pampeluna,^ 
 and a cardinal. He died 1507, aged 66. 
 Pallavicini, Ferrante, an eccentric 
 
I'AL 
 
 rvL 
 
 Italian, born at Placentia of a nobh; family. 
 He was early distinguished by his learning, 
 and mental endowments, and assumed the 
 habit of an Augustine friar ; l)ut inst»;ad of 
 a regular life he devoted himself to the 
 amours of courtezans, and the most libidi- 
 nous gratifications. Rendered poor by his 
 incontinence, he had recourse to his pen 
 for support, and Avrote his " Courier robbed 
 of his Mail," a periodical work, which for 
 a while was read with avidity, but soon, 
 from its satirical nature, attracted the no- 
 tice of the inquisition. For a while he 
 avoided the dangers of persecution by tra- 
 velling into Germany ; but upon his return 
 to Venice, he again resumed his courier, 
 and in greater violence vented his satire, 
 not only against the secretary of the repub- 
 lic who had been his enemy, but against 
 the pope L'rban VIII. and all the Barberini 
 family. In consequence of this he was 
 seized, but he made his escape by means of 
 one of his mistresses, and he might have 
 avoided the impending storm, had not 
 Morfu, a creature of the pope's nuncio, pre- 
 vailed on him to go to France, in hopes of 
 meeting there encouragement and protec- 
 tion from Richelieu. PaJlavicini was caught 
 in the snare, but instead of being conducted 
 by his perfidious friend to Paris, he was 
 brought to Avignon, where his person and 
 papers were seized. After some severe 
 and inhuman treatment he was brought to 
 trial ; but though he made an able defence 
 he was condemned to lose his head, which 
 took place at Avignon 1644. Morfu, who 
 was liberally rewarded for his villany, was 
 afterwards murdered by one of Pallavicini's 
 friends. This extraordinary character, 
 who debased the best faculties of the mind 
 by a whimsical fondness for low company, 
 and the most abandoned of prostitutes, 
 wrote some books of merit, which were 
 printed at Venice, 4 vols. l2mo. 1655, the 
 most curious of which is the Celestial Di- 
 vorce, or separation of Jesus Christ from 
 the Roman church. 
 
 Pallavicini, Sforza, an eminent cardi- 
 nal, born at Rome 1607. Though eldest 
 son of a noble family, he preferred the ec- 
 clesiastical state, and he entered into the 
 order of Jesuits, among whom he taught 
 philosophy and theology, and by his regu- 
 lar and exemplary life, he gained the es- 
 teem and respect of the world. He was 
 lionoured with the confidence of Innocent 
 X. and made a cardinal by Alexander VII. 
 He died 1667, aged 60. He wrote an 
 Italian treatise on Style, and on Dialogue — 
 some letters — but his best known work is 
 the History of the Council of Trent, in op- 
 position to that of father Paul, written in a 
 correct style, but considered as partial. 
 The best edition is that of Rome, 2 vols, 
 folio, 1656. 
 
 Fali.iot, Peter, a no.tive of P?.ris, emi- 
 
 nently known a.s a bookseller and a print- 
 er. He settled at Uijon, where he died 
 1698, aged 90. He wan well skilled in 
 genealogies and in h«;ruldry, and wrote 
 some curious works, Ic Piirb-ment de Bour- 
 gogne, ses Origines, (iualitcs, Blazon, fol. 
 1649 — Science des Annoirit.s dc Cielliot, 
 avec 6000 Ecussons, Paris, n;»;(), folio, 
 with plates engraved by himself. He left 
 in MS. 13 vols, in folio, on the families of 
 Burgundy. 
 
 Palliser, Sir Hugh, an Engli.'^h admiral, 
 who is known for his dispute with admirdl 
 Keppel in the battle otl' Cshant, 27th July, 
 1778, which unfortunately prevented the 
 total defeat of the enemy's fleet. These 
 circumstances, which proved so disagreeable 
 to the nation, produced two courts mar- 
 tial. Keppel was tried at the instance of 
 Sir Hugh, and acquitted, and Sir Hugh, as 
 second in command, was next brought to 
 trial, and censured by bis Judges. His 
 bravery, however, was never impeached, 
 and he was rewarded by the ministry with 
 the appointment of governor of Greenwich 
 hospital, where he died 1786, aged 65. In 
 the former part of life Sir Hugh had served 
 in the Mediterranean under admiral Mat- 
 thews, and he was also at the storming of 
 Quebec. He was made post 1746, and al'- 
 terwards was comptroller of the navy, and 
 in 1773, created a baronet. 
 
 Pallcel, Francis Crete de, a native of 
 Duguy in France, son of the post-master 
 of St. Denis. He was educated at Paris, 
 and as he possessed a strong propensity 
 for agricultural pursuits, he applied his at- 
 tention to the improvement of this impor- 
 tant branch of national prosperity. He 
 was, on the revival of the Paris agricultu- 
 ral society by Malesherbes chosen one of 
 its first members, 1779, and in the revolu- 
 tion he became a member of the national 
 assembly, and directed his labours to the 
 collection of useful papers for the improve- 
 ment of agricultural knowledge. He was 
 also a justice of peace, on which office 
 he published a dissertation. He died 1799, 
 aged 57. Some of his papers have appear- 
 ed in the learned memoirs of the Paris 
 academies, and reflect great honour on his 
 abilities. His observations on draining 
 marshes were universally admired. 
 
 Palma, James, the elder, a painter born 
 at Sermaletta, in Italy. He was the pupil 
 of Titian, whose style he adopted, and 
 also the manner of Giorgione, though not 
 with equal success. His pictures, though 
 inferior to (hose of the great masters, are 
 yet esteemed. He died 1588, aged 40. 
 
 Palma, James, the younger, was nephew 
 to the preceding, and was born at Venice. 
 He studied under Tintoret, and possessed 
 graces and beauties of his own. The ex- 
 pression of his figures, the boldness ami 
 delicacy of his characters are much ad- 
 
 421 
 
PAL 
 
 PAN 
 
 mired, and his draperies display great taste 
 and judgment. He died 1628, aged 84. 
 Palmer, Samuel, an eminent printer of 
 London, in whose office for some time the 
 celebrated Benjamin Franklin was employ- 
 ed. He wrote a History of Printing, 4to. 
 of some merit, and died 1732. 
 
 Palmer, John, son of the door-keeper 
 of Drury-lane Theatre, imbibed from his 
 earliest years a strong partiality for the 
 stage, and despising the meaner occupation 
 of a fruiterer to whom he had bound, he 
 began his theatrical career in a low charac- 
 ter at Norwich ; he rose to provincial emi- 
 nence, and there married, and instead of 
 fixing himself in some respectable compa- 
 ny, he prefen-ed the uncertain profits of 
 an itinerant player and lecturer on heads. 
 He afterwards acquired distinction as a 
 comic actor at the Hay-market and at 
 Drury-lanq ; but his erection of the Well- 
 close square theatre ruined his fortunes, as 
 he was, through the opposition of the 
 other theatres, unable to obtain a license 
 from the lord chamberlain. Thus reduced 
 from a comfortable situation to indigence, 
 he again engaged in provincial companies, 
 and died suddenly while performing on the 
 Liverpool stage in the Stranger, 179S, aged 
 57. The last remarkable words which he 
 uttered when he dropped down were en- 
 graved on his tomb, " there is another and 
 a better world I" 
 
 Palmieri, Matthew, a native of Flo- 
 rence, distinguished in the council of his 
 country, where he died 1475, aged 70. He 
 •\\Tote a treatise Delia Vita Civile, 8vo. 
 1529 — Citta Divina, a poem in three books, 
 in which he maintained that our souls are 
 those angels which in the revolt of Lucifer 
 against God stood neuter, and that in pun- 
 ishment for this they are sent into the 
 world, where their good or evil conduct is 
 to entitle them hereafter to eternal happi- 
 ness or misery. This work was condemn- 
 ed as dangerous, and was publicly burnt. 
 He wrote besides a continuation of Pros- 
 per's Chronicle to 1449, which was after- 
 wards continued still further to 1483, by 
 Matthias Palmieri of Pisa, in that age, who 
 was the translator of Aristeas's History of 
 the Septuagint version, printed with the 
 Bible, 2 vols, folio, Rome, 1471. 
 
 Palonini, Anthony, a native of Cordo- 
 va. Though an ecclesiastic, he employed 
 himself sedulously in painting, and many 
 of his pieces, which possess great merit, 
 still adorn the churches of Spain, especial- 
 ly Valencia. He wrote the lives of paint- 
 ers — a work on painting, 2 vols, folio, &c. 
 Palsgrave, John, an English writer, 
 born in London. He studied at Cam- 
 bridge, and afterv/ards at Paris, and when 
 Mary of England, sislcr to Henry VIIL 
 Avas married to Lewis XIL he was nomi- 
 nated her tutor in the French language. 
 422 
 
 He afterwards returned to England, be 
 came chaplain to the king, and settled at 
 Oxford, where he took the degree of B.D. 
 He was an able French grammarian, though 
 an Englishman, and published very useful 
 rules for the pronunciation of that language. 
 He translated also into English the Latin 
 comedy called Acolastus, by FuUonius. He 
 died after 1540. 
 
 Paludanus, John, a native of Malines, 
 divinity professor at Louvaine, and minister 
 of St. Peter's church there, died 1630. He 
 was an able divine, and wrote Vindicise 
 Theologicae adversus Verbi Dei Corrupte- 
 las, 2 vols. 8vo. 1620 — Apologeticus Maria- 
 nus, 4to. de S. Ignatio Concio Sacra, 8vo. 
 — Officina Spiritualis Sacris Concionibus 
 adaptata, 4to. 
 
 Paludanus, Bernard, professor of phi- 
 losophy at Leyden, travelled over the four 
 quarters of the globe, and wrote valuable 
 notes on Linschot's Voyages Maritimes, 
 folio. He died at Leyden 1634. 
 
 Pamelius, James, a learned Fleming, 
 born at Bruges, 1536. He became canon 
 of Bruges, and archdeacon of St. Omer's, 
 and was nominated bishop of St. Omer's 
 by Philip H. of Spain ; but he died at Mons 
 as he was going to take possession of his 
 see, 1587, aged 51. He wrote Liturgica 
 Latinorum, 2 vols. 4to. — Micrologus de 
 Eccles. Observationibus — Catalogus Com- 
 mentariorum in Bibliam, 8vo. — Concilio- 
 rum Paralipomena — besides editions of 
 Tertullian's and Cyprian's works, and 
 Cassiodorus's treatise de Divinis Nomini- 
 bus, &c. 
 
 Pammachus, St. a Roman senator, con- 
 verted to Christianity. He married Pauli- 
 na, daughter of St. Paula, the friend of 
 Jerome, and by his conduct and writings 
 he displayed great zeal in favour of Chris- 
 tianity. He founded a hospital at Porto, 
 and died 410. 
 
 Pamphylius, a Macedonian under Phi- 
 lip, the father of Alexander. He was an 
 able painter, and established a school at 
 Sicyon. He had Appelles among his dis- 
 ciples. 
 
 Pamphylus, St. a priest of Caesarea, in 
 Palestine, who suffered martyrdom under 
 Maximin, 308. His explication of the 
 Acts of the Apostles was published by 
 Montfaucon. 
 
 Panagioti, a Greek of Chios, interpret- 
 er to the g.-and Seignor. He v/as a zealous 
 opponent of the patriarch Cyril Lucar, and 
 wrote in modern Greek the orthodox con- 
 fession of tiie Catholic and Apostolic east- 
 ern church, printed in Holland. He died 
 1673. 
 
 Panaru, Charles Francis, a French po- 
 et, born at Couville, near Chartres, 1691. 
 He was drawn from obscurity by Le 
 Grand, the player, and was univei-sally be- 
 loved for his probity and sweetness of 
 
PAN 
 
 I'AN 
 
 manners. lie died at Paiis, of an apo- 
 plexy, 1765. His works, consisting of 
 cointdies, comic operas, epif^rams, noiig!^, 
 nnacreontic odes, kc. were piibli.slicd in 4 
 vols. 12mo. 1763. 
 
 PANciROLi.rs, Guy, a fiiinoiis lawyer, 
 born of an illustrious family at l{c'j;,<j;io, 
 1523. He studied law under his father, 
 and improved himself further at Ferrara, 
 Pavia, Bologna, and Padua, under the best 
 masters ; and in consequence of his great 
 celebrity was nominated by the republic of 
 Venice, in 1347, second professor of insti- 
 tutes in the university of Padua. He suc- 
 ceeded to the chair of Roman law, but at 
 la^t, under pretence of ill treatment, he re- 
 tired to Turin, 1571, and was there made 
 also professor of the Roman law. He 
 was, however, recalled by his grateful 
 countrymen, and in 1582, he was honour- 
 ably replaced in his professoral chair at 
 Padua. He died 1599, universally res- 
 pected. He wrote De Rebus Inventis et 
 Perditis, in Italian, translated by H. Sal- 
 muth into Latin — Commentarius in Noti- 
 tiam Utriusque Imperii, et de Magistrati- 
 bus, folio — De Magistrat. Municipal, et 
 Corporibus Artifieum. — De XIV. Rcgioni- 
 bus Roma>, earumque il'^difieiie, &c. 
 
 Panckoucke, Andrew Joseph, a book- 
 seller of Lisle, who died at Paris 1753, 
 aged 53. He was an indefatigable writer; 
 the best known of his works are the Best 
 Studies for Young Ladies, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 Chronological Epitome of the History of 
 the Counts of Flanders, 8vo. — a Collec- 
 tion of Bon Mots, 2 vols. l2mo. — Diction- 
 ary of French Proverbs, 8vo. — Philosophi- 
 cal Manual, 2 vols. 12mo. — Elements of 
 Geography and Astronomy, 12mo. — Essay 
 on Philosophers, 12mo. 
 
 Pakckouke, Charles Joseph, son of the 
 preceding, was born at Lisle 1736. He 
 followed his father's profession, and as he 
 possessed genius and perseverance, he ac- 
 quired celebrity in the typographical art at 
 Paris. He wrote Mathematical Memoirs, 
 addressed to the academy of Sciences — 
 Translations from Lucretius, Tasso's Jeru- 
 salem, Orlando Furioso, &c. 10 vols. 12mo. 
 — Philosophical Discourse on the Beautiful, 
 fivo. — another on Pleasure and Grief — 
 Methodical Encyclopedia, &c. He died at 
 Paris 1799. 
 
 Panel, Alexander Xavicr, a native of 
 Franche Comtc, who embraced the order 
 of the Jesuits, and then passed into Spain, 
 where he became preceptor to the royal 
 family. He wrote a Letter on the Medal 
 of Le Bret, 4to. , Dissertation on Alexan- 
 der's Medal ; de Cistophoris, 4to. ; de Co- 
 lonia; Tarracona^ Nummo, 4to. and other 
 treatises on Coins and Antiquities. He 
 died in Spain, 1777, aged 82. 
 
 Panetius, a stoic of Rhodes, who set- 
 tled at Rome, and had among his pupils 
 
 Lalius, Scipio, and other illuntrioun Ro- 
 mans. He exerted his influence &t Rome 
 in favojir of hi.s countryuun. He flourished 
 about 150. 
 
 Panigaroi.a, Francis, a native of Milan, 
 who was made by Sixtus V. bishop of Auli, 
 in Piedmont, and was nent in 15U0 with 
 Gaetan and Bellarmin into France to 
 support the interests of the leiigue against 
 Henry \\. His eloquence was powerfully 
 exet ted in encouraging the Parisians to re- 
 sist their sovereign, and to submit to every 
 pri\Htion, and to all the horrors of famine 
 and iiestilimce, rather than to yield. On his 
 return to Italy, he was so zealous in re- 
 forming tiie abuses of his clergy and of his 
 dioeess, that he was poisoned, as is gene- 
 rally supposed. He died at Asti, 1594, 
 aged 46. His sermons appeared at Rome, 
 1596, in 4to. but of all liis works his 11 
 Predicatore, or on the Eloq<ience of the 
 Pulpit, published at Venice, 1609, in 4to. is 
 the best. 
 
 Panin, Nakita Ivanowitz, count de, a 
 Russian statesman, one of the lieutenant- 
 generals of the armies of the C:;^r Peter, 
 originally of Lucca, was born 15th Sept. 
 1718. From being a horse soldier in the 
 guards of the empress Elizabeth, he be- 
 came by the friendship and patronage of 
 prince Kourakin, gentleman of the imperial 
 chamber, and rose gradually to olhces of 
 trust and dignity. In 1747 he was sent as 
 ambassador to Copenhagen, and two years 
 after to Stockholm, and on his return he 
 was appointed governor of the grand duke 
 Paul, and soon after became the prime 
 minister of the gi'eat Catherine. During 
 bis residence at Stockholm he was so warm 
 an admirer of the constitution, and of the 
 aristocratical senate of the country, that 
 he formed the plan of introducing it into 
 Russia, which, however, he had not 
 the courage to effect. With great powers 
 of mind, and a comprehensive knowledge 
 of the affairs and political connexions of 
 independent states, he was, nevertheless, 
 indolent in business, haughty in his con- 
 duct, and in his manners luxurious and in- 
 temperate. He died March, 1783; but 
 though long at the head of affairs, so dis- 
 interested had been his conduct, that his 
 property was inadequate to pay his debts. 
 His brother dii-tinguishcd himself as a ge- 
 neral against the Prussians and the Turks, 
 and by the taking of Bender. He also 
 established the independence of the Crimea, 
 and crushed the rebellion orPutgatschefi',and 
 died soon after, respected as an able general. 
 Panixi, Paul, a native of Placentia, emi- 
 nent as a painter. His pieces in architec- 
 ture are deservedly admired. He died 1 753, 
 aged 67. 
 
 Pannartz, Arnold, a German, who left 
 Mayence with I'lric-Han, to come and 
 establish a printing-olhce in Italy, in th(» 
 
PAO 
 
 PAP 
 
 beginning of the pontificate of Paul II. 
 They first published Donatus, and then Lac- 
 tantius, 1465, and Augustin, 1467, and af- 
 terwards the Letters of Cicero, &c. issued 
 from their press, which was set up, from 
 the monastery of Sublac, their first resi- 
 dence, in the house of Francis de Maximis, 
 a rich Roman. 
 
 Pannonius, James or John, a Hunga- 
 rian bishop, author of some elegant epi- 
 grams, elegies, and poems, printed Venice, 
 8vo. 1553, and among the Deiiciae Poe- 
 tarum Hungaror. 1619. He died 1472, 
 aged 38. 
 
 Panopion, a Roman, saved, from death 
 by the fidelity of his servant, who assumed 
 his dress, and suffered himself to be killed 
 for his master. 
 
 Panormita, Anthony, a Sicilian, secre- 
 tary to Alfonso, king of Naples. He pos- 
 sessed great poetical powers, and had such 
 venex'ation for classical works, that he sold 
 an estate to purchase a copy of Livy. 
 He died 1471. 
 
 Pansa, C. Vibius, a Roman consul, 
 killed in battle against Antony. 
 
 PantjEnus, a stoic of Sicily, at the head 
 of the Alexandrian school in the reign of 
 Commodus. He wrote Commentaries on 
 Scripture, and was an able supporter of 
 Christianity. 
 
 Pantin, William, a physician of Bruges, 
 author of a Commentary on Celsus's treatise 
 De Re Medici, fol. &c. He died 1583. His 
 great nephew Peter was born at Thiel, in 
 Flanders, and taught the learned languages 
 with reputation at Louvain, Toledo, &c. 
 and was dean of the church at Brussels, 
 where he died 1611, aged 56. He wrote a 
 a treatise De Dignitatibus et Ofliciis Regni, 
 et Domus Regia; Gothorum, &c. besides 
 translations from Greek authors, &c. 
 Panvinius. Vid. Onuphrius. 
 Panzachia, Maria Helena, a lady of Bo- 
 logna, of noble birth, born 1668. She 
 possessed great abilities as a painter, and 
 her pieces on subjects of history, and 
 in landscapes, are much and deservedly 
 admired. 
 
 Paoli, Sebastian, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Lucca. He was well skilled in antiquarian 
 history, and contributed to the Italian jour- 
 nals various dissertations, full of learning 
 and deep research, on subjects of physic, 
 history, sacred criticism, and antiquity. He 
 wrote besides, the lives of several illus- 
 trious Italians, &c. He died of a dropsy, 
 1751, aged 67. 
 
 Paoli, Hyacinth, a native of Corsica, 
 who acquired great weight among his coun- 
 trymen, and was one of their chief magi- 
 strates, 1735. In consequence of the civil 
 dissentions which distracted his country, 
 and the oppression of the Genoese, he left 
 Corsica and retired to Naples, where he died. 
 His son Pascal was distinguishd by his 
 424 
 
 2eal in the cause of Corsican freedom, but 
 all his struggles against the Genoese and 
 the French were unavailing, and when the 
 island became the conquest of France^ he 
 retired in 1769 to England, where he gain- 
 ed an honourable asylum, and where he 
 died in privacy. 
 
 Paoli, Pascal de, was born in the island 
 of Corsica, in 1726. His father. Hyacinth 
 Paoli, after labouring in vain to establish 
 the freedom of his country, went to Naples, 
 where Pascal was educated in the college 
 of Jesuits. In his twenty-ninth year he 
 was chosen generalissimo of Corsica, where 
 he exerted himself in promoting such objects 
 as were best calculated to secure the inde- 
 pendence of the republic. The Genoese, 
 however, having made a transfer of the 
 island to France, that power sent such an 
 overwhelming force into it as compelled 
 Paoli to seek an asylum in England, where 
 he obtained a pension. On the breaking 
 out of the French revolution, he retmnied 
 to Corsica, and prevailed upon his country- 
 men to submit to the English government ; 
 after which he returned to London, and 
 died in 1807.— IT. B. 
 
 Paoluccio, Paul Anafeste, a noble Ve- 
 netian, elected for his services first doge of 
 Venice, 697. He died 717. Before his time 
 the government had been administered by 
 annual tribunes for 200 years. 
 
 Papebroch, Daniel, a Jesuit of Antwerp, 
 born 1628. He was a respectable profes- 
 sor of belles lettres and philosophy, and 
 assisted BoUandus and Henschenius in 
 their collection of the acts of the saints. In 
 these labours he proceeded with great cau- 
 tion and impartiality, and rejected the im- 
 probable legends of former ages, but in 
 consequence of this he drew upon himself 
 the violent persecution of the Carmelites, 
 because he had called Berthold their first 
 general, and refused to ascribe the founda- 
 tion of their order to the prophet Elijah. 
 Notwithstanding this persecution, which 
 dragged him as a criminal before the pope, 
 and caused the Spanish inquisition to con- 
 demn 14 of the volumes of the acts of the 
 saints, in which he was concerned, he con- 
 tinued his literary labours, and died 1714, 
 aged 86, universally respected for his 
 learning and his virtues. He wrote also 
 Propyloeum ad Acta Sanct. Maii, fol. 
 which gives an account of the popes. 
 
 Papiinutius, bishop of Thebes, treated 
 with great severity under the persecutions 
 of Galerius and Maximinus. He opposed 
 the celibacy of the clergy, and warmly sup- 
 ported the cause of Athanasius at the coun- 
 cil of Tyre. 
 
 Papias, a bishop of Hierapolis, author of 
 the doctrine of the millennium, or the reign of 
 Christonearth 1000 years before the resurrec- 
 tion. Some suppose him to be the disciple of 
 St. John the Evangelist. A grammarian of 
 
PAl' 
 
 PAK 
 
 ihat name lived 1053, and wrote Vocabula- 
 rium Latinum, Milan, 1 17G, fol. 
 
 Papillon, Thomas, a native of Dyon, 
 celebrated for his knowledge of jurispru- 
 dence, and his popularity as a pleader. He 
 wai advocate in the parliament of Paris, 
 and died at Paris, 1596, aged 82. He wrote 
 Libellus de Jure Accrescendi — De Directis 
 Hseredum Subslitutionibus, 8vo. — Com- 
 mentarii in quatuor priorcs Titulos Libri 
 Primi Dige.storum, l2nio. iic. 
 
 Fapin, Isaac, a French divine, born at 
 Blois, 1657. lie studied divinity at Gene- 
 va, and also at Saumur, under his uncle 
 Pajon, whose opinion he espoused and de- 
 fended, concerning the doctrine of effica- 
 cious grace, in opposition to the reformed 
 church, and also to Jurieu. This measure 
 proved offensive to the protestants, and 
 Fapin, to avoid contempt and persecution, 
 came over to England, 1686, and was or- 
 dained according to the forms of the Angli- 
 can church. He afterwards left England, 
 and went to Hamburgh, where the resent- 
 ment of Jurieu followed him, and from 
 thence he was invited to Dantzic, to fill a 
 chair among the French refugees. His re- 
 fusal, however, to subscribe to the decrees 
 of the Walloon churches in Holland, 
 brought on him fresh troubles, and at last 
 he, in 1690, embraced the Roman catholic 
 tenets, for which he was accused, not only 
 of inconsistency, but of all disregard for 
 religion. He died at Paris, 19th .fune, 
 1709. His theological works were publish- 
 ed by his relation Pajon, of the oratory, 
 1723, in 3 vols. 12mo. His cousin Isaac was 
 a physician, and the author of several medical 
 works ; and his uncle Nicholas was also an 
 eminent physician, whose treatises on the 
 Saltness of the Sea, its Flux and Reflux, 
 and on the Origin of Rivers and Fountains, 
 &c. were much admired. 
 
 Papiniak, a learned lawyer of the third 
 century. He was put to death by Cara- 
 calla, for refusing to vindicate that ty- 
 rant's murder of his brother Geta, 212. 
 His works on jurisprudence are much 
 esteemed. 
 
 Papirius, Cursor, a Roman dictator, 
 who triumphed over the Samnites, &c. 
 
 Papirius Pr-^.textatus, a Roman 
 youth, who was admitted into the senate, 
 and refused to reveal to his mother the se- 
 crets of that august assembly. 
 
 Papon, John Peter, a native of Pujet, 
 near Nice, who was a priest of the oratory, 
 and died at Paris in the winter of 1803, 
 aged 65. He was a man of amiable man- 
 ners, and regardless of the calls of ambi- 
 tion, concealed himself during the storms 
 of the revolution. He wrote an Ode on 
 Death — the Art of the Poet and Orator — 
 and an Essay on Education, five times 
 edited — Funeral Oration on Charles Ema- 
 nuel, king of Sardinia, 8vo. — History of 
 
 VoT.. TT. -vj 
 
 Provonce, 4 vols. 4to.— TraveU m Pro- 
 vence, 2 volumcH, 12mo.— History of the 
 French Government, from the A.s»emhly of 
 the Notables, 22d Feb. 17H7, to the end of 
 1788, 8vo. — Memorable epoch of the 
 Plague, &.C. 
 
 Pappus, a philosopher of Alexandria in 
 the fourth century, whose works consist of 
 Commentaries on Ptolemy's Almai^ett — a 
 Description of the Rivers of Libya — Trea- 
 tise on Military Engines, &.c. 
 
 Parabosco, Girolamo, a comic writer, 
 born at Placentia, in the 16th century. He 
 was author of .«!ix comedies, which possess 
 merit and originality, and he also wrote 
 some romances in the style of Boccacio 
 and Bandelli, besides letters, &.c. All thesp 
 were published at Venice, 1558. 
 
 Paracelsus, Aureoliis Philippus Theo- 
 phrastus Bombast de Hohenheim, a cele- 
 brated physician, born at Einfidlcn, a vil- 
 lage near Zurich, 1493. His father, the 
 natural son of a master of the Teutonic 
 order, himself distinguished as a practitioner 
 in medicine, educated him with great atten- 
 tion, and permitted him to pursue his in- 
 clination towards alchymical studies. The 
 young student, eager after fame, travelled 
 through the various countries of Europe in 
 pursuit of knowledge, and carefully trea- 
 sured up the medical information respect- 
 ing cures, which he could collect from phy- 
 sicians, barbers, old women, chymists, and 
 conjurors. On his return to Switzerland 
 he was honourably received by the magi- 
 strates of Basil, who in 1527 made him pro- 
 fessor of medicine. He soon became emi- 
 nent here by the number, respectability, 
 and attachment of his pupils ; and by the 
 many extraordinary cures in the leprosy, 
 itch, dropsy, and particularly the venereal 
 disease, which he performed by the prudent 
 use of mercury and of opium, whose powers, 
 till then, were little known, or unskil- 
 fully applied. In the midst of his medical 
 celebrity he was called to the bed of a sick 
 canon of Liechtenfels, who had been given 
 over by his physicians, and so successful 
 were his applications, that by the taking of 
 three pills of laudanum, he recovered ; but 
 when he demanded the 100 crowns which 
 the patient had promised, he was rejected 
 with contempt. The offended physician 
 brought his cause before a court of judica- 
 ture ; but the judge, regarding more the 
 medicine given than the skill of the practi- 
 tioner, awarded him but a small gratuity, 
 and Paracelsus, indignant at the treatment, 
 left the court and the country with the 
 highest disdain. He went to Alsatia, where 
 he led a wandering, unsettled life, accom- 
 panied by his friend and follower, Opori- 
 nus ; but while he pretended to have dis- 
 covered the philosopher's stone, and to 
 have invented an elixir which would pro- 
 long bis days to the age of Methusalem, he 
 
 42r> 
 
PAR 
 
 PAK 
 
 ibnnd. himself poor, and he fell a sacrifice 
 to a fever at a public inn at Saltsburg. He 
 died Sept. 1541, aged 48, and was buried 
 in St. Sebastian's hospital, Saltsburg. 
 The works of Paracelsus have been fre- 
 quently edited. The best edition is that of 
 Oeneva, 1658, 3 vols, folio. The celebrity 
 of Paracelsus is to be attributed as much 
 to the ignorance and superstition of his 
 contemporaries, as to the successful cures 
 which he performed by the proper use of 
 his empirical art. He pretended that there 
 was a regular agreement between the pla- 
 nets and the various parts of the human 
 body, and considered the seven planets as 
 equally corresponding \\ ith the seven metals 
 or minerals. With such and similar chi- 
 merical opinions, the effect of a heated and 
 disordered imagination, which depended 
 more upon revelations from departed or evil 
 spirits, than the results of sound and clear 
 experiment, he thus raised himself to con- 
 sequence, and obtained a reputation for a 
 while regarded as the fruit of superior in- 
 telligence, and of a divine agency. 
 
 Paradin, William, a laborious French 
 historian, dean of Beaujeu, who died about 
 1 582, aged 81 . He published Aristeas' His- 
 tory of the Septuagint Pentateuch, 4to. ; 
 Latin History of his own Times, 1552 , 
 Annals of Burgundy, in French, folio ; De 
 Bloi-ibus Galliae Historia ; Memoirs of Ly- 
 ons ; De Rebus in Belgio ; Historia Ecclesiae 
 Gallicaniae ; Chronicle of Savoy, &c. 
 
 Paramo, Lewis de, a Spanish inquisitor, 
 Tvho published "The Holy Office," at 
 Madrid, in fol. 1598. This work is an ac- 
 count of the inquisition, and is curious and 
 valuable. 
 
 Parcelles, John, a native of Leyden, 
 eminent as a painter, born 1579. His sea 
 pieces, his storms and shipwrecks possessed 
 singular merit. His son Julius was also an 
 artist of eminence, and in the same walk 
 of science. 
 
 Parcieux, Anthony de, a French mathe- 
 matician, born at Clotet de Cessoux, in the 
 diocess of Uzes, 1703. He studied at Ly- 
 ons and Paris, and acquired reputation by 
 his valuable and intelligent publications, as 
 well as by his lectures. He was member 
 of the learned societies of Berlin, Sweden, 
 &c. and died universally regretted, 2d Sept. 
 1768. His works are a Treatise of Trigo- 
 nometry, 4to. ; Essays on the Probability 
 of the Duration of Human Life, 4to. ; 
 Memoirs on the Practicability of bringing 
 to Paris the Water of the Yvette, 4to. His 
 nephew, of the same name, possessed equal 
 abilities. He was brought up at the college 
 of Navarre, at Paris, and at the age of 24 
 became a public lecturer. He was in 1779, 
 professor of experimental philosophy in the 
 military college of Brienne, and afterwards 
 succeeded to a ehair at the Lyceum at 
 Paris. He was author of Orozio, a tra^re- 
 43« 
 
 dy, Tvritten when young, and an elementarj 
 book on geometrical and astronomical cal- 
 culations, &c. He died at Paris, 1798. 
 
 Pardies, Ignatius Gaston, a French Je- 
 suit, born at Paris, 1636. He for some 
 years devoted his time to polite literature, 
 and afterwards applied himself to the more 
 laborious ^tudies of mathematics and philo- 
 sophy, in which he became a dibtinguished 
 professor. He died at Paris, at the early 
 age of 37, in consequence of a contagious 
 distemper. He wrote Horologium Thau- 
 maticum Duplex, 4to. ; Dissertatio de 
 Motu et Natura Cometarum, 8vo. ; Dis- 
 course on Local Motion, l2mo. ; Elements 
 of Geometry, 12mo. ; the Science of Mov- 
 ing Bodies, &.c. 
 
 Pare, Ambrose, an eminent surgeon, 
 born at Laval. Though a protestant he was 
 surgeon to Henry H. of France, and to his 
 three successors ; and his services were so 
 highly valued, that at the massacre of St. 
 Bartholomew, Charles IX. saved his life by 
 shutting him up in his own closet. He 
 made some useful discoveries in anatomy, 
 and died much respected, Dec. 1590, at an 
 advanced age. His works were translated 
 into Latin by Guillemeau, of which the 
 best edition is that of Paris, 1614, folio. 
 
 Pare, David, a protestant divine, born 
 1548, at Francolstein, in Silesia. By the 
 jealous treatment of his stepmother, his 
 studies were checked, and he was placed 
 with an apothecary, and afterwards with a 
 shoemaker ; but his father at last recovered 
 to a sense of his duty, and permitted him 
 again to cultivate literature. By the ad- 
 vice of his master Schilling he exchanged 
 his German name of Wangler for the 
 Greek word Parens, which was equally de- 
 rived from the substantive cheek ; and he 
 recommended himself so much by his abi- 
 lities, that he was patronised by the elector 
 palatine, and made theological professor at 
 Heidelberg. The best part of his life was 
 engaged in controversy, in which he dis- 
 played learning, spirit, and moderation. 
 He died June, 1622, in his Pareanum, a 
 house which he had in the suburbs of Hei- 
 delberg. Besides some tracts against the 
 pope, and Bellarmine, he published a com- 
 mentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Ro- 
 mans, which, when translated into English, 
 was, for its anti-monarchial expressions, 
 condemned by the university of Oxford, 
 and burnt publicly by order of James I. 
 His exegetical works were published, 3 
 vols, folio, Frankfort, 1617. 
 
 Pare, Philip, son to the above, was a 
 celebrated grammarian, born at Hambach, 
 24th May, 1576. He was early eminent 
 for his abilities, and was received in various 
 universities of Germany with respect. He 
 was rector of the college of Neustadt, and 
 afterwards of Hanau, and died 1650. Be- 
 sides publishing his father's works, and de* 
 
1*AK 
 
 PAR 
 
 lending them against David Owen, he wrote 
 Lexicon Criticuin, Svo. ; Lexicon Plauli- 
 num, or a Vocabulary of Plautus's Come- 
 dies ; Galligraphia Komana, Svo.; Ana- 
 lecta Piautina ; a valuable edition of Plau- 
 tus ; Electa Syinmachiana, &c. 
 
 Pare, Daniel, son of Philip, was equally 
 known as an able classical scholar. He 
 was unfortunately killed by some highway- 
 men, in his father's lifetime. He publish- 
 ed the Hero and Leander of Musaeus, with 
 notes ; Mellificium Atticum, 4to. ; Medulla 
 HistoriiE Ecclesiasticae ; Lexicon on Lu- 
 cretius, &c. 
 
 Pareja, Juan de, a native of the West 
 Indies, originally the slave of Diego Velas- 
 quez, the painter. With strong natural 
 genius for painting, he copied by stealth 
 the finished pieces of his master, and he 
 acquired such skill, that he ventured to show 
 one of his performances to Philip IV. of 
 Spain, who often visited the house of Ve- 
 lasquez. The monarch was pleased with 
 the abilities of th^ slave, and obtained his 
 liberty ; but the faithful Pareja would not 
 abandon the service of his master, to whom 
 he owed his own celebrity, and from whom 
 he had received every mark of kindness 
 and protection. He died 1670, aged 60. 
 His pieces are highly finished, and deserv- 
 edly admired. 
 
 Parennin, Dominic, ia Jesuit of Lyons, 
 who went in 1698 as missionary to China. 
 He was kindly treated by the emperor Cam- 
 Hi, for whom he translated into Chinese, 
 some of the most interesting articles on 
 geometry, anatomy, astronomy, &c. from 
 the memoirs of the French academy. His 
 interference was honourably exerted in 
 producing a reconciliation between the 
 courts of Moscow and Pekin. He publish- 
 ed the Chart of the Chinese Empire, and 
 wrote besides, several curious letters on the 
 Chinese, which appeared in 1759, with the 
 letters of Mairan. He died at Pekin, 27th 
 Sept. 1741, in a good old age, and the em- 
 peror, in respect for his great learning and 
 his many virtues, ordered his funeral ex- 
 penses to be defrayed by the public, and 
 his remains to be honourably attended to 
 the grave by the noblest of the Chinese 
 mandarins. 
 
 Parent, Anthony, a French mathemati- 
 cian, born at Paris, 1666. His propensity 
 to mathematical studies was so great, that 
 even at the age of 13, he filled the margins 
 of his books Avith notes on the subject. 
 His friends indeed wished him to pursue 
 the law ; but though he went through a 
 course in that faculty, he returned to his 
 favourite studies in the college of Dormant, 
 and soon after gave lectures on mathema- 
 tics and fortification. He was made mem- 
 ber of the academy of sciences, to whose 
 memoirs he communicated some valuable 
 papers, and was cut off by tbe smallpox, 
 
 1716, aged 50. His worki wrre M.Uhenia- 
 tical and Philosophical Kcsearchc*, .i voIn. 
 12mo. ; Theoretical and Practical Arith- 
 metic, Svo. ; Klerncnts of Mcrhanics and 
 Natural Philosophy, 12mo. &.t. 
 
 Parfait, Francis, the historian of the 
 French drama, was born of an ancient 
 family at Paris, 1698, and died 1753, much 
 respected for his good nature, innocent 
 conviviality, and original fund of anecdotes. 
 He wrote General History of the Frenc h 
 Theatre, 15 vols. 12mo. ; History of the 
 Ancient Italian Theatre, 2 vols. ; Theatri- 
 cal Dictionary, 7 vols. l2mo. ; Dramatic 
 Pieces, never represented, &.c. 
 
 Paris, Matthew, an English historian, 
 who was a Benedictine of the order of 
 Clugny, in the monastery of St. Alban's, 
 in the 1 3th century. He was a universal 
 scholar, and confessedly possessed in that 
 dark age, great and astonishing erudition. 
 His abilities, and his well-known integrity 
 were usefully employed in visiting and re- 
 forming the monasteries, and in re-establish- 
 ing the ancient unsullied discipline of the 
 church, even against the influence and 
 power of the pope. His great work was 
 " Historia Major," in two parts, from the 
 creation of the world to William the Con- 
 queror, and from the Conqueror to the year 
 1250, which he afterwards continued to 
 1259. The work was afterwards brought 
 down to 1273, by Rishanger, a monk of the 
 same monastery. This valuable work was 
 first published by archbishop Parker, Lon- 
 don, 1571, folio, and by Dr. W. Watts, 
 1640, 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Paris, Francis, a native of Chantillon, 
 near Paris. From poverty and servitude in 
 the house of Varet, grand vicar of Sens, he 
 rose to distinction, and by the friendship of 
 his master, he was admitted into orders, 
 and procured the benefice of St. Lambert. 
 He wrote the lives of the saints, and other 
 works, and died at Paris, 1718. 
 
 Paris, Francis, an abbe at Paris, of the 
 order of the Jansenists. He was the son 
 of a counsellor of parliament, but he re- 
 nounced the honours and emoluments 
 which, by means of his family, he might 
 have obtained ; and after bestowing all his 
 property on his brother, and rejecting the 
 preferment offered by cardinal Noailles, he 
 devoted himself to the austerities of ai\ 
 ecclesiastical life. He died May 1st, 1727, 
 at the early age of 37, and was buried in 
 the churchyard of St. Medard, Avhere hb 
 brother erected a njoiuiment to his hoiiuui-. 
 Those who had admired his sanctity visited 
 his tomb in reverence, and at last pretended 
 that their diseases were cured by the touch 
 of his holy monument. The report uo 
 sooner spread, than thousands flocked to 
 the hallowed spot, through superstition or 
 curiosity, till the government, apprehensive 
 of the enthusiastic madness of tjje people 
 
 42? 
 
FAR 
 
 TAK 
 
 ordered the churchyard to be shut ; and 
 the miracles of Paris ceased. He wrote 
 Annotations on the Epistles to the Romans, 
 Galatians, and Hebrews. 
 
 Pariseau, N. a native of Paris, distin- 
 guished as a dramatic writer. The seven 
 plays which he produced were received 
 with great approbation by the public, but 
 his popularity was unable to save him from 
 the horrors of the revolution, as he was 
 guillotined among thousands of other vic- 
 tims, 1794. 
 
 Parker, Matthew, the second protes- 
 tnnt archbishop of Canterbury, was born at 
 Norwich, 15U4, and educated at Benet 
 college, or Corpus Christi, Cambridge, 
 where he became fellow. He was not only 
 eminent as a scholar well versed in anti- 
 quity, but as a preacher, and he was made 
 chaplain to queen Anne Boleyne, and to 
 Henry VIII. and Edward VI. He was 
 chosen master of Corpus college by the re- 
 commendation of Henry VIII. and under 
 Edward VI. he was elected dean of Lin- 
 coln ; but under Mary he was stripped of 
 all his ecclesiastical honours, on pretence 
 that he was married. On the accession of 
 Elizabeth, over whose education he had 
 presided, he was recalled from privacy, and 
 made archbishop of Canterbury. His con- 
 secration took place in Lambeth chapel, 
 though the malevolence of the Romanists 
 spread the report that this consecration 
 took place at the Nag's head, Cheapside, a 
 wicked falsehood, warmly refuted by some 
 able writers. In his new character he be- 
 haved with great spirit and firmness, and 
 zealously promoted the cause of the refor- 
 mation not only in his own diocess, but 
 over the whole kingdom. This venerable 
 character died May l7th, 1575, aged 72. 
 He published an edition of Matthew Paris, 
 folio — an historical work on the Antiquity 
 of the English church, besides other works, 
 and he also improved the translation called 
 the Bishop's Bible. 
 
 Parker, Samuel, an English prelate, 
 born at Northampton, Sept. 1640. His 
 father was a practitioner of the law, and 
 by his servility to the parliament and to 
 Cromwell, he obtained a place in the high 
 court of justice, and was made one of the 
 barons of the exchequer, and sergeant at 
 law at the restoration. The son was edu- 
 cated among the puritans, and in 1659 was 
 admitted at VS^adham college, Oxford, and 
 became known in the university as a strict 
 and regulai' student, more given to fasting 
 and prayer, than to the amusements of the 
 age. Soon after, however, interest or con- 
 viction induced him to renounce his favour- 
 ite opinions ; he became a zealous anti- 
 puritan, was patronised by archbishop Shel- 
 don, and continued a servile and tempo- 
 rising follower of the court. Under James 
 II. his hypocrisy was rewarded : he was 
 428 
 
 made bishop of Oxford, privy couuseiiof. 
 and by royal mandamus, appointed presi» 
 dent of Magdalen college in the university, 
 against the statutes of the society. Thus 
 elevated in dignity, he sacrificed his religion 
 to his interests, and became contemptible 
 to his clei^y. Though thus devoted to the 
 papists, in compliance with the times, it is 
 said that he wrote a letter to James II. to 
 persuade him to return to the protestant 
 faith. He died at Magdalen college, unla- 
 mented, 20th March, 1687. He wrote va- 
 rious things, respectable in themselves, in 
 favour of the papists, beside a history of his 
 own times, which has appeared in Latin 
 and English. His descendants have con- 
 tinued to reside in Oxford. 
 
 Parker, Geoi^e, earl of Macclesfield, 
 son of Parker the first earl and lord chan- 
 cellor of England, is known for his know- 
 ledge of mathematics, wbich he evinced in 
 preparing the bill by which the style, in 
 1752, was to be altered according to the 
 Gregorian calendar. The speech which he 
 spoke on the occasion was published, and 
 shows him in a very respectable light. He 
 was at one time president of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and died 1766. 
 
 Parker, Richard, a native of Exeter, 
 who served in the navy as midshipman, but 
 was dismissed from the service for ill con- 
 duct. He was afterwards as a common 
 sailor on board of the fleet, and with all 
 the mean arts which dissatisfaction could 
 suggest, he obtained universal influence 
 over the sailors during the unfortunate re- 
 bellion which distracted and dishonoured 
 the fleet at the Nore, in 1797. The ad- 
 dress, ready elocution, and above all, the 
 deep dissimulation which he possessed, 
 marked him for a desperate leader ; but 
 after he had for some days exercised the 
 sovereign power over his associates in the 
 character of admiral of the fleet, he was 
 delivered up by his penitent associates. 
 When tried by a court martial, he answered 
 to his accusation with great firmness, and 
 when condemned, implored mercy on his 
 accomplices. He was hanged on board the 
 Sandwich, the scene of his short glory, ZOib 
 June, 1797. 
 
 Parkhurst, John, an able divine, born 
 in London, and educated at Clarehall, 
 Cambridge, where he was elected felloAV 
 in 1751. He devoted himself much to 
 classical literature, especially Greek and 
 Hebrew, and published an excellent Greek 
 and English Lexicon, 4to. and also a He- 
 brew and English Lexicon, 4to. reprinted 
 in 8vo. These works display great learn- 
 ing and deep critical knowledge. He pub- 
 lished also a pamphlet against J. Wesley — 
 an Answer to Dr. Priestley on the pre- 
 existence of Christ, &:c. a«id he ably de-- 
 fended, with Bishop Home and other cele- 
 brated characters of those times, the popu- 
 
PAU 
 
 i'AK 
 
 lur upiniuns of Hutcbinuon. lie uellled 
 at Epsuru, in Surrey, and died universally 
 respet'ted, 1797. 
 
 Pakkinsun, John, an eminent botanist, 
 born 1667. He was bred an apothecary in 
 London, and obtained such reputation in 
 his profession, and such botanical know- 
 ledge, that he was appointed botanist to 
 Charles I. He published Paradisus in Sole, 
 Paradisus Terrestris, a valuable book, in 
 which he described nearly 1000 plants, and 
 was thus the first who gave figures of the 
 subjects of the flower garden. By the 
 words Paradisus in Sole, he quaintly La- 
 tinized his own name, Park-in-sun. He 
 published besides, Theatrum Botanicuni, in 
 which he describes above 3800 plants, and 
 in this and in his other work he shows him- 
 self, according to Dr. Pulteney, more of an 
 original author than Gerard or Johnson. 
 He died about 1645. 
 
 Parmenides, a philosopher of Elis, dis- 
 ciple to Xenophanes, B. C 436. He main- 
 tained the rotundity of the earth, &c. 
 
 Parmenio, one of Alexander's generals. 
 His attachment was cruelly rewarded by 
 the conqueror, who ordered him and his 
 son to be put to death. 
 
 Parmegiano. Vid, Mazzuoli. 
 
 Parmentier, James, a Frenchman, emi- 
 nent as an historical and portrait painter. 
 He came to England, and settled in York- 
 shire, where his abilities were exerted and 
 libersilly patronised. The altar piece of 
 St. Peter's church by him is much admired. 
 He died 1730, aged 72. 
 
 Parmentier, Jean, or Jehan, a native 
 of Dieppe, celebrated as a merchant and a 
 navigator. He was the first who fitted out 
 vessels to the Brazils, and also the first 
 l-'renchman who discovered the Indies as 
 far as the Island of Sumatra, where he 
 died 1530, aged 36. His knowledge of as- 
 tronomy and of cosmography was very 
 great, and he constructed maps with much 
 skill. 
 
 Parnell, Thomas, an eminent poet, 
 the friend of Pope, was born in Dublin, 
 1679. He was educated at Dublin univer- 
 sity, where he took his degree of M. A. 
 J 700, and was ordained. He came to 
 England in 1706, where his fame had pre- 
 ceded him, and he was introduced among 
 the Scriblerus club, with Gay, Pope, Ar- 
 buthnot. Swift, and Jervas. He obtained 
 a prebend in Ireland, and the vicarage of 
 Finglass by the recommendation of his 
 friend Swift, from archbishop King, and 
 might have risen to higher dignities had 
 not the death of his wife rendered the lat- 
 ter part of his life melancholy. He fled to 
 society for relief, but acquired, instead of 
 consolation, habits of intemperance, which 
 proved fatal. He died at Chester, on his 
 way to Ireland, July, 1717, in his 39th year, 
 and was buried in Trlnitv church there. 
 
 His poetical piccca were nclecled by Voyc, 
 and publishcii, 1721, Bvo. to which a vo- 
 lume wa-s added ui Dublin, 175H. A» a 
 man, his chiirat Itr was benevolent, mild, 
 and amiable ; as a pott, be posscBned not 
 the higher powers of the muse, but ele- 
 gance, delicacy, and ^race, every where 
 abound. The moral tendency of hix poems 
 besides, cannot be suflicienily admired ; 
 and if he had written only his H( rntit, 
 Parnell would have ranked among the most 
 pious and useful poets in the English lan- 
 guage. He contributed also to the Spec- 
 tator, Guardian, &.c. and the Life of Ho- 
 mer, prefixed to Pope's version, was writ- 
 ten by him. He had by his wife, two 
 daughters, who died before him, and a 
 daughter who survived him. His estates 
 in Ireland were inherited by his nephew 
 sir John. 
 
 Parodi, Dominico, a painter of Genoa. 
 He was also eminent as a statuary. His 
 portraits possess merit, and his altar pieces 
 are much admired. He died 1740. 
 
 Parr, Catherine, sixth queen to Henry 
 VIII. was daughter of sir Thomas Parr, 
 and widow of lord Latimer. She was care- 
 fully educated in polite literature, in the 
 fashion of those days, and was well skilled 
 in divinity, upon which she frequently con- 
 versed with the king. She laboured much 
 for the establishment of the reformation, 
 and her interference proved at one time so 
 disagreeable to the capricious monarch, 
 that he permitted Gardiner, and her other 
 catholic enemies, to draw articles of im- 
 peachment against her, but her prudence 
 restored her to the confidence and otTection 
 of the king. After Henry's death she mar- 
 ried sir Thomas Seymour, lord admiral of 
 England, who treated her with great harsh- 
 ness, so that she died the next year in 
 child-bed, not without suspicion of poison, 
 1548. She published her Lamentations of 
 a Sinner — Prayers and Meditations, &c. 
 
 Parr, Thomas, a peasant of Shropshire, 
 who lived to the great ai^e of 152 years and 
 nine months. It is remarkable that he per- 
 formed penance in his parish church at the 
 age of 100, for a bastard child, nnd at the 
 age of 120 he married a second wife, by 
 whom he had a child. He was, in 1635, 
 brought to London, and introduced by lord 
 Arundel to Charles 1. but the change of 
 situation, and his altered mode of life, and 
 particularly drinking; wine, soon proved fa- 
 tal to a constitution hitherto su]»ported by 
 more temperate and al)stemious habits, and 
 he died the same year. 
 
 Parrhasius, a celebrated painter of 
 Athens, the rival of Zeuxis, B. C. 420. 
 From his great success in his art, he was 
 crowned king of painters. 
 
 Parrhasius, James, an Italian gramma- 
 rian, born at Coscnra, near Naples, 1740. 
 Accordinsr to the affectafion of the time?. 
 
 429 
 
PAR 
 
 PAll 
 
 he exchanged the name of Parasio for the 
 more learned v^-ord Parrhasius, and taught 
 belles lettres and rhetoric at Milan, where 
 he v/as much admired for his graceful de- 
 livery. On a charge of improper converse 
 ivith his pupils, he retired to Vicenza, and 
 afterwards to Rome, where he was patro- 
 nised by Leo X. His great application, 
 however, soon rendered bim incapable of 
 acting as professor, and upon bis return 
 home he fell into a fever, which proved 
 fatal. He wrote some Fiagmt-nts of Anti- 
 quity — Commentaries on Horace's Art of 
 Poetry — Ovid's Ibis — Claudian, &c. 
 
 Parrocel, Joseph, a native of Brignoles 
 in Provence, eminent as a painter and en- 
 graver. He studied at first under one of 
 his brothers, and afterwards under Bour- 
 gignon, and deserved to be admitted mem- 
 ber of the French academy of painting. 
 His portraits, and also his bistorical pieces, 
 and his battles, were executed with great 
 taste and effect. He died 1704, aged 56. 
 His son Charles was also an eminent artist, 
 and member of the academy, and died 1752, 
 aged 53. His conquests of Lewis XV. pos- 
 sess merit. Peter, the nephew and pupil 
 of Joseph, was also distinguished as a pain- 
 ter of merit, and died at Avignon, 1739, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Parry, Richard, rector of Wicbampton, 
 Dorsetshire, and preacher at Market Har- 
 borough, Leicestershire, was a student of 
 Christ-church, Oxford, where he took the 
 degree of M. A. 1747, and that of D.D. 
 1757. He died at his cure, Leicestershire, 
 very poor, 9th April, 1780. He wrote some 
 sermons, besides divinity tracts — a Disser- 
 tation on Daniel's Seventy Weeks — Re- 
 marks on Dr. Kennicott, &c. 
 
 Parry, Richard, an able divine, educated 
 at Oxford, and made master of Ruthyn 
 school, Denbighshire, after which he was 
 raised to the see of St. Asaph, 1604. He 
 revised the first edition of the Welch Bible, 
 which was published 1620. 
 
 Parsons, Robert, or Persons, an Eng- 
 lish Jesuit, son of a blacksmith of Nether- 
 stoway, near Bridgewater, was born 1546, 
 and educated at Baliol college, Oxford, at 
 the expense of the vicar of his parish. He 
 ^oon distinguished himself as an able dis- 
 putant, and became fellow and tutor of his 
 college , but being accused by his society 
 of incontinence, and of embezzling the 
 college money, he left the university, and 
 retired to Antwerp, then to Louvain and 
 Padua, and afterwards to Rome, where he 
 renounced the protestant faith, and entered 
 among the Jesuits. Here he acquired such 
 reputation, that the pope permitted him to 
 establish an English college at Rome, for 
 the instruction of missionaries to attempt 
 the conversion of the English nation to 
 the catholic religion. He came himself in 
 fii«;2:uise to London, and in the character 
 4^f> 
 
 of preacher, he strongly and efficaciously 
 recommended the Romish faith to his au- 
 ditors, and prevailed upon the papists never 
 to frequent or join in the service of the 
 protestant church. This violent attack 
 against the established religion of England, 
 and the doctrme that Elizabeth might safely 
 be deposed, were too daring to be long con- 
 cealed from the penetrating knowledge of 
 Burleigh, but Parsons escaped his pursuers, 
 though some of his associates were seized. 
 On the preparations of Philip to invade 
 England, the good father was laboriously 
 active in stirring up not only foreigners, 
 but natives abroad against their country ; 
 and when the armada was destroyed he 
 endeavoured by means of lord Derby, to 
 excite a rebellion in the kingdom. This 
 turbulent, insidious, and intriguing Jesuit, 
 who proved so virulent an enemy to his 
 country, died on the l8th April, 1610, and 
 was Imried with all the honours due to a 
 cardinal, a dignity to which he aspired, 
 but which he did not obtain. His writings 
 were numerous, amounting to 33 tracts, 
 chiefly on divinity and controversial sub- 
 jects, and in favour and support of his reli- 
 gion and politics. 
 
 Parsons, James, an eminent physician, 
 born at Barnstaple, Devon, March, 1705. 
 His father, the youngest of nine sons, was 
 soon after his birth, appointed barrack- 
 master at Bolton in Ireland, and removing 
 with his family into that kingdom, his son 
 received his education at Dublin college. 
 He studied medicine with great assiduity, 
 and after improving himself in the celebra- 
 ted schools of Paris, he took his degrees at 
 the university of Rheims, and returned to 
 London, 1736. He became physician to 
 the Saint Giles infirmary, and was made 
 member of the Royal Society in 1740, li- 
 centiate to the college of physicians, 1751, 
 and he acquired deserved reputation, espe- 
 cially in the obstetrical art. He was the 
 intimate friend of Dr. Douglas, Sir Hans 
 Sloane, Mead, and other celebrated men, 
 and the learned correspondent of Buffon, 
 and other great literary characters en the 
 continent. He died in London, 4th April, 
 1770, and was buried at Hendon, 17 days 
 after, as he had required that his remains 
 should not be entombed before a visible al- 
 teration took place in his corpse. He had 
 by his wife, Elizabeth Reynolds, two sons 
 and a daughter, who died young. He was 
 a man of great and extensive erudition, as 
 Dr. Maty, his successor in the office of 
 secretary to the Royal Society, has, in the 
 language of truth and friendship observed ; 
 and he has obliged the world with various 
 publications, the best known of which is his 
 " Remains of Japhet, or Historical Inquiry 
 into the Affinity and Origin of European 
 Languages." 
 
 pA^so^'S, Jonathan, minister of Newbiv 
 
PAR 
 
 tAK 
 
 lyport, Massachusetts, and distinguished 
 for his talents, piety, and usefulness, was 
 graduated at Vale college, in I72i) ; and 
 was soon after settled in the ministry at 
 Lyme, Connecticut, where he continued 
 several years. He removed about the 
 year 1746 to Newbury port, where he la- 
 boured in the presbyterian church with 
 great reputation and success till his death 
 in 1776. He was esteemed for his ac- 
 quaintance with the classics, for superior 
 theological knowledge, and unusual skill as 
 a reasoner. |C^" I-- 
 
 Parsons, Samuel H., a general in the 
 army of the American revolution, was the 
 son of the reverend Jonathan Parsons of 
 Newburyport, and %vas graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1756. He soon after esta- 
 blished himself as a lawyer in New-Lon- 
 don county, Connecticut, and rose to dis- 
 tinction in the profession. At the com- 
 mencement of the revolution he entered 
 the army as lieutenant-colonel, and during 
 the progress of the war, through the whole 
 of which he served with reputation, was 
 advanced to the rank of major-general. On 
 the arrival of peace he resumed his profes- 
 sion. He was not long after appointed one 
 of the commissioners to form a treaty with 
 the Indians, northwest of the Ohio ; and 
 on the establishment of a territorial go- 
 vernment over that district, was appointed 
 its first judge. He removed to Marietta, 
 and entered on the office in 177S. He was 
 drowned in the great Beaver Rivulet, near 
 Pittsburgh, Nov. I7th, 1789. iCP L. 
 
 Parsons, Theophilus, LL.D. chief jus- 
 tice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, 
 was born at Byfield, in that state, February 
 24th, 1750, and was graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1769, with a high reputation for 
 talents and knowledge. After qualifying 
 himself for the bar, he settled at Falmouth, 
 now Portland, Maine, and after the de- 
 struction of that place by the British in 
 1776, removed to Newburyport, Massa- 
 chusetts, where he soon rose to the highest 
 eminence in the profession. In 1777 he 
 was one of the delegates appointed in Es- 
 sex county to consider the constitution 
 formed by the legislature, and drew up the 
 famous report on it. called the Essex Re- 
 sult, and in 1780 was a member of the 
 convention whicn formed a neiv constitu- 
 tion for the state, and was one of the most 
 able in that body. He was also one of the 
 convention in 1780 which accepted the 
 constitution of the United States, and em- 
 ployed his influence to procure its adoption. 
 In 1800 he removed to Boston, where 
 among many distinguished lawyers, he 
 held the first rank in talents, learning, and 
 extent of business. In 1806 he was ap- 
 pointed chief justice of the state, and con- 
 tinued in that station till his death in Oc- 
 tober, 181,^. He was justly considered one 
 
 of the greatest men who had adorned the 
 American nutiun. Mis i,u„(| « as of iho 
 first order. HIm memory relained whatever 
 came within his obbertalion ; hi>< imuKinn- 
 tion was prolific ; bin wit keen, and his 
 understanding M-ldoin equalhd in strength, 
 rapidit) of perception, or facility in elan^i- 
 fyiiig its knowledge. He wan a powerlul 
 speaker, unrivalled in the knowledge of the 
 law, .surpassed by few in aeqiiaintanee with 
 the sciences and literature, and wan equally 
 distinguished for integrity in public and 
 private li(e, / j- i^. 
 
 Pauthknay, John de, lord of Suubisc, 
 was born 1512. While commanding the 
 French troops in Italy, he imbilied the 
 principles of the protestants, which he af- 
 terwards maintained with much firmness 
 and constancy. He was made governor of 
 Lyons, 1562, by the prince of Conde, the 
 head of the Huguenots, and he bravely 
 defended it when besieged by the duke de 
 Nevres. He died 1566, aged 54. 
 
 Parthenat, Catherine, daughter and 
 heiress of the preceding, is eminent for her 
 wit, her beauty, and her writings. In 156S, 
 at the age of 14, she married du Quellence, 
 baron du Pont, a man distinguished in the 
 wars of those times, but accused of impo- 
 tency by the malice of his mother-in-law. 
 While the suit was pending, the husband 
 was slaughtered among those who fell in 
 the Bartholomew massacre ; and his wi- 
 dow, who paid great respect to his memo- 
 ry, took for her second husband, 1575, Re- 
 natus, viscount Rohan, who died 1586, 
 leaving her two sons and three daughters. 
 She was at Rochelle when the town was 
 besieged, and she shared with magnanimi- 
 ty all the calamities of that disastrous 
 siege, and refusing to be included in the 
 capitulation, she was, with her surviving 
 daughter, Anne, conveyed a prisoner of 
 war to Niort. She died 1631, aged 77. 
 She wrote some poems, printed 1572, be- 
 sides a tragedy, called Holofernes, acted at 
 Rochelle, and the Precepts of Isocrates, 
 translated into French, and other works. 
 Her eldest son was the famous duke de Ro- 
 han, who supported the cause of the pro- 
 testants with such intrepidity in the reign 
 of Lewis XII. Her daughter Catherine, 
 who married the duke of Dcux-ponts, was 
 the celebrated female who so nobly met the 
 amorous addresses of Henry IV. in these 
 words : " I am too poor, sire, to be your 
 wife, and too nobly born to be your mis- 
 tress." 
 
 Parthenat, Anne de, a lady of illustri- 
 ous birth. She married Anthony de Pons, 
 count de Marennes, and was the most dis- 
 tinguished ornament of the court of Re- 
 nata, dutchess of Ferrara. She was a 
 protestant, and well skilled in Grecian and 
 Roman literature. 
 
 Partridge, William, lieutenant-arover- 
 
 431 
 
PAS 
 
 PAS 
 
 nor of New-Hampshire, obtained the ap- 
 pointment through the agency of Sir Henry 
 Ashurst, and succeeded Usher in 1697. He 
 was a native of Portsmouth, and had been 
 treasurer of the province. He was a ship- 
 wright of an extraordinary mechanical ge- 
 nius, of a politic turn of mind, and a popu- 
 lar man. In 1703 Usher was again com- 
 missioned as lieutenant-governor, and Par- 
 tridge retired to Newbury, where he died, 
 January 2, 1729. ICT' L. 
 
 Paruta, Paul, a noble Venetian, who 
 usefully served his country in various em- 
 bassies, and was afterwards governor of 
 Brescia, and procurator of St. Mark. He 
 died 159S, aged 58. He was the author of 
 notes in Italian on Tacitus — Political Dis- 
 courses — a History of Venice, from 1513, 
 to 1572, and other works. 
 
 Pas, Manasses de, marquis de Feuquier- 
 res, was born at Saumur, after the death of 
 his father who was slain at the battle of 
 Ivry. He trode in the steps of his father 
 for valour, and distinguished himself at the 
 siege of Roclielle, where he was taken pri- 
 soner, but liberated after a month's con- 
 finement. His abilities were equally dis- 
 played in the cabinet, and he went as am- 
 bassador to the courts of Sweden and of 
 Grermany. He was placed at the head of 
 the French army with the duke of Saxe 
 Weimar in 1635, and died of the wounds 
 which he received at the siege of Thionville, 
 14th March, 1640. The account of his 
 negotiations in Germany was published 
 1753, in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Pas, Anthony de, marquis of Feuquierres, 
 a famous French officer, whose military 
 merits remained unknown till his 40th year. 
 In 1688, at the head of 1000 men in Germa- 
 ny, he so eminently distinguished himself, 
 and afterwards in Italy, that his promotion 
 was very rapid. He was so strict a disci- 
 plinarian that the wits said of him he was 
 the boldest man in Europe, since he daily 
 slept in the midst of 100,000 enemies, 
 meaning his soldiers. He died 1711, aged 
 63. His memoirs, which, as containing the 
 History of the generals of Lewis XIV. are 
 considered very interesting, were published 
 in 4to. and in 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Pascal, Blaise, a celebrated French di- 
 vine, born at Clermont in Auvcrgne, 19th 
 June, 1623. He was educated by his father, 
 who was president of the court of aids in 
 his province, and possessed great mathe- 
 matical abilities ; but while his father 
 sought for distinction as the friend of Des 
 Cartes, he forbade his son the use of all 
 books of geometry, that his attention might 
 not be diverted from belles lettres and clas- 
 sical knowledge. Young Pascal from his 
 infancy displayed extraordinary abilities ; 
 he inquired into the reasons and causes of 
 every thing, and never was satisfied but 
 >vith what appeared most probable and ra- 
 432 
 
 tional. His father, who knew he had no 
 opportunity of studying mathematics, acci- 
 dentally discovered him surrounded with 
 figures in charcoal on the floor of his cham- 
 ber, and found on inquiry that he was en- 
 gaged in what makes the 32d proposition 
 of Euclid's first book, which the unassisted 
 powers of his genius, by a connected series 
 of ideas and of demonstrations, had pointed 
 out to him. At 16 he wrote his treatise of 
 Conic Sections, and so ably composed, that 
 Des Cartes attributed it to the labours of the 
 father and not of the son. At 19 he con- 
 trived an arithmetical machine, much ad- 
 mired for its ingenuity, and at 23 he saw, 
 corrected, and improved the Toricellian ex- 
 periment, and soon after solved a problem 
 proposed by Mersennus, which had hitherto 
 perplexed the ablest mathematicians of Eu- 
 rope. But in the midst of this increasing 
 reputation, Pascal all at once renounced 
 literary and mathematical pursuits for re- 
 ligion, and after being one of the great- 
 est of philosophers, he became the most 
 humble and penitent of devotees. He re- 
 jected all the pleasures of life, and fre- 
 quently wore an iron girdle with sharp 
 points towards his skin, that he might thus 
 mortify himself, and by inflicting pain on 
 his body banish the vain or profane thoughts 
 which might intrude on his holy medita- 
 tions. Though, however, regardless of the 
 world, he embraced the cause of the Jan- 
 senists against the Jesuits, and in his "Pro- 
 vincial Letters," attacked them with all the 
 shafts of genuine wit, yet with the force of 
 truth and conscious virtue. These letters, 
 according to Voltaire, who calls him the 
 first, and Boileau the second, satirist against 
 the Jesuits, are a model of eloquence and 
 wit, equal to the finest comedies of Moliere, 
 and possessed of the sublimity of the finest 
 of Bossuet's orations. These celebrated 
 letters have been frequently published, and 
 have appeared in all the languages of Eu- 
 rope. Pascal died at Paris, 19th August, 
 1662, aged only 39. He was in the last 
 year of his life engaged in a work against 
 atheists and infidels, which, however, he 
 did not complete. After his death were 
 published from among his papers, " Pen- 
 sees," on religion and other subjects, much 
 admired, and also the " Equilibrium of 
 Fluids," and the weight of " the Mass of 
 the Air." Pascal was undoubtedly a verj" 
 extraordinary man. If rivalled in talents, 
 says his biographer, no one, however, of 
 equal eminence, can be found who lived 
 with such exemplary innocence. His 
 works were printed, Paris, 5 vols. 8vo. 
 1799 
 
 Paschal I. St. Paschasius, a Roman, 
 who succeeded Stephen IV. on the papal 
 throne, 817. He was benevolent in his 
 conduct, and received with great humanity 
 the Greeks who had been exiled for their 
 
PAS 
 
 PAS 
 
 tilliKbmcnt to image worship. He crown- 
 ed Lothaire emperor at Romo, and died 
 12tli May, 824. 
 
 Paschal II. Reiiiicr, a Tuscan who suc- 
 ceeded Urban II. on the papal throne lOO'JL 
 He excommunicated tlie antipope Gilbert, 
 and claimed with the most unyielding per- 
 tinacity the right of investitures, which 
 was opposed by Henry I. of England, and 
 Henry IV. emperor of Germany. Henry 
 visited Italy in hopes of receiving from the 
 sovereign pontiff the imperial crown ; but 
 Paschal refused to officiate till he renoun- 
 ced his claims to the investitures. The 
 emperor incensed, seized the person of the 
 pope, and though the Romans immediately 
 took up arms in defence of their sovereign, 
 lie carried him away captive, and refused to 
 restore him to liberty, till he had renounced 
 bis pretensions to the disputed rights. This 
 extorted concession was cancelled by two 
 councils held at Rome, in 1112, and 1116. 
 The pope, tired with the dissensions which 
 harassed him, wished to resign the sove- 
 reignty, but died before, 22d January, 1118. 
 Some of his letters are preserved in the 
 councils of P. Labbe. There were two 
 antipopes of that name, one in the age of 
 Sergius II. and the other in the reign of 
 Alexander III. 
 
 Paschius, George, author of Tractatus 
 de Novis Inventis quorum accuratiori Cul- 
 tui Facem praetulit Antiquitas, 4to. ; de 
 Fictis Rebus Publ. 4to. ; de Variis Modis 
 Moralia Tractandi, 4to. was the son of a 
 merchant of Dantzic, and became pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy at Kiel, and died 
 1707, aged 56. 
 
 Pasor, George, a protestant, Greek pro- 
 fessor at Franeker, where he died 1637. 
 He wrote Lexicon Novi Testamenti, a 
 useful work. Manuale Testamenti, &c. 
 l2mo. ; Collegium Hesiodaeum, &c. 
 
 Pasor, Matthias, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Herborne, April 12th, 1599. 
 He studied at Heidelberg and Marpurg ; 
 but in consequence of the wars which dis- 
 turbed his countrymen, he left Germany 
 and came to England, and was incorpora- 
 ted A.M. at Oxford, 1624. He here resi- 
 ded at Exeter college, and read lectures in 
 oriental languages, and with great reputa- 
 tion and success, but 1629, he was induced 
 to go to Groningen, where he was present- 
 ed to some of the professorial chairs. He 
 died there Jan. 1658. He wrote several 
 things, but never published them. 
 
 Pasqualino, an Italian painter, whose 
 conversations, and groups of common peo- 
 ple were highly finished, and particularly 
 interesting. He died 1700, aged 59. 
 
 Pasquier, or Paquier, Stephen, an 
 eminent advocate in the parliament at Pa- 
 ris, rewarded by Henry III. with the ofiBce 
 of advocate general to the chamber of ac- 
 v:'Ounts, in consequence of his able plead- 
 VOT. 11. 
 
 iiXgs against Vcrsoria, the delt ndcr oi ihr 
 Jesuits. IIo resigned tbij honomablft 
 place to his eldest son Throdore, nnd died 
 at Paris, Aug. .Ust, 1615, at lh«; greul at;*: 
 of 87. As a man his character was mild 
 and benevolent, as a writer amte and •»cii- 
 siblc, and as a poet graceful and suhlime. 
 Of his poems the best known is his "I'licc,'* 
 or flea, in conseqiienci; of a Ilia which he 
 saw on the breast of the learned Callirrin*; 
 de Roches, 1569. His other works cunsj-.i 
 of epigrams, epitaphs, letters, r«;searchcs, 
 portraits, 6i.c. He Iclt three sons worthy of 
 him. 
 
 Passemant, Claude Simeon, a native of 
 Paris, brought up to trade, which he quitted 
 to pursue the bent of his genius in the 
 construction of optical and mathematical 
 instruments. Among his ingenious labours 
 are mentioned an astronomical pendulum 
 with a moving celestial sphere, presented 
 to Lewis XV. a burning mirror, and some 
 globes. He wrote a treatise on the re- 
 flecting telescope, and another on the use 
 of telescopes. He died suddenly 6th Nov. 
 1769, aged 67. 
 
 Passerat, John, professor of eloquence 
 in the Royal college at Paris, was bom at 
 Troyes in Champagne, 1534. He studied 
 law at Buurgcs under Cnjacius, and became 
 professor of eloquence upon the assassina- 
 tion of Ramus, 1572. He acquired great 
 and deserved eminence in this employment, 
 and died of the palsy, 1602. His works 
 are numerous, and his poetrj- is particularly 
 admired : besides some French and Latin 
 poems, he published Commentaries on Ca- 
 tullus, TibuUus, and Propertius — Orationes 
 et Prajfationes — Conjecturarum Liber — de 
 Literarum Cognationc, &c. 
 
 Passeri, Giovanni Battista, a painter, 
 the pupil of Dominichino, and author of 
 the lives of the painters, sculptors, and ar- 
 chitects of his time, died at Rome 1679, 
 aged 70. He wrote also poetry. His ne« 
 phew Joseph studied under him and Ma- 
 ratti, and was much admired for his por- 
 trait painting. He died at Rome 1714, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Passeri, Gio. Battista, an Italian anti- 
 quary', born at Gubio, in the dutchy of Ur- 
 bino, Nov. 1694. He studied the law at 
 Rome for four years, and began to make 
 collections of Etruscan antiquities ; but in 
 1738, the loss of his wife had such influ- 
 ence on his feelings, that he embraced the 
 ecclesiastical state. He became apostolic 
 prothonotary, and vicar general of Pesani, 
 and died Feb. 17S0, in consequence of be- 
 ing overturned in his carriage. He wrote 
 Lucerna; Ficliles Musci Passeris, 3 vols. — 
 on the History of Fossils — Pictura Etrus- 
 corum in Vasualis in unum collects, Dis- 
 sertationibus Illustratae, 3 vols. — Thesau- 
 rus Gemmarum Astrii Ferarum Antiqua- 
 rnm, torn. 2 and 3, in continuation of 
 
 •J J 
 
 1 
 
 
fAT 
 
 PAT 
 
 tiori's first vol. — Thesaurus Gcuiuiaruiu 
 Selcctissimarum, and other works mention- 
 ed in Saxius, Onoraasticon. 
 
 Passerotti, Bartholomew, a painter of 
 Bologna, the disciple of Zucchcro. His 
 portraits were highly finished, and his 
 tfhurch pieces were aiso much admired. 
 He died 1595. His sons Tiburzio and 
 Ventura were also eminent as painters. 
 
 Passinelli, Lorenzo, a Bolognese paint- 
 er. Several of his historical pieces of 
 jfreat value are preserved in his native city. 
 He died 1700, aged 71. 
 
 Passion EI, Dominico, an Italian cardi- 
 aal, born at Fossombrone, in the dutchy of 
 Urbino, 1682. He studied at Rome, where 
 he made a most valuable collection of books 
 and manuscripts, and in 1706 he came to 
 Paris, where he became acquainted with 
 Mabillon, Montfaucon, and other learned 
 men. In 170S, he went to Holland, and 
 continued there, and attended the congress 
 of Utrecht, 1712, as the pope's secret 
 agent. He Avas afterwards employed by 
 the pope in various negotiations, and every 
 where displayed his zeal, sagacity, and 
 talents. He published an account of his 
 Embassy in Switzerland, with the title of 
 "Acta Legationis Helvetica," fol. J 738. 
 While nuncio at Vienna, he pronounced 
 the funeral oration of prince Eugene, and 
 for his many services was made archbishop 
 of Ephesus, and raised to the dignity of 
 cardinal by Clement XII. This learned 
 man, particularly distinguished as the friend 
 and patron of literature, died 1,5th July, 
 1761, aged 79. His nephew Benedict pub- 
 ]^shed his collection of Latin and Greek 
 inscriptions, &.c. Lucca, 1765, folio. 
 
 Patel, a celebrated French painter, of 
 %vhose birth and age nothing is known. 
 He is called by his countrymen, the French 
 Claude, as he imitated most successfully 
 that able master. His buildings, scenery, 
 and trees, are particularly admired. 
 
 Pater, Paul, a native of Menersdorf in 
 Hungary, who was exiled from his country 
 tor his attachment to the protestant faith. 
 He became successively librarian to the 
 duke of Wolfenbuttle, mathematical pro- 
 fessor at the college of Thorn, and after- 
 wards at Danlzic, where he died 1724, aged 
 $8. He was an able mathematician, and 
 so ardent in the pursuit of knowledge that 
 lie slept only two hours in the summer and 
 four in the winter. He wrote Labor So- 
 ils, sive de Eelipsi Christo patiente Hierc- 
 solym. Visa. ; de Astrologia Persicti ; de 
 Mari Caspio ; de Coelo Empyrio ; de Insig- 
 nibiis Turcicis ex Variis Superstitionum Te- 
 nebris Oricntalium maxime lllustratis, &.c. 
 Pater, John Baptist, a painter, born at 
 Valenciennes. He studied under Watteau, 
 with whom he unfortunately quarrelled. 
 He excelled in the colouring of his pieces, 
 though his designs were often incorrect. 
 ■134 
 
 He was more anxious after money and iu- 
 dependence than after fame, and therefore 
 bis landscapes were often executed with 
 hurry and inelegance. He died at Paris 
 1736, aged 41. 
 
 Paterson, Samuel, a native of London,, 
 chiefly educated in France. He settled as 
 a foreign bookseller in the Strand, but did 
 not succeed in business, in consequence of 
 which he retired to the continent in 1776, 
 and made a valuable collection of books, 
 which on his return to England, he recom- 
 mended to the public in his catalogue called 
 Bibliotheca Universalis Selecta. This per- 
 formance was so nmch approved by the 
 public that he acquired some celebrity as a 
 bibliographer, and was not only engaged as 
 a librarian by Lord Lansdown, but was em- 
 ployed by the London booksellers in form- 
 ing their catalogues, several of which, es- 
 pecially of the Bcauclerk, Crofts, Pinelli, 
 and other collections, he completed in a 
 very satisfactory manner. He was author 
 of Cursory Remarks on a Journey through 
 the Netherlands by Coriat, 3 vols. 12mo. ; 
 Joincriania, or Scraps, 2 vols. 8vo. ; the 
 Templar, a periodical paper: Speculation 
 on Law and Lawyers, 8vo. At one time of 
 life he w^as engaged as an auctioneer, and 
 had the good fortune to save from destruc- 
 tion Sir Julius Caesar's manuscripts, which 
 from mere waste paper were made produc- 
 tive to him of 350/. He died 1802, aged 74. 
 
 Paterculus, Caius Velleius, a Latin 
 historian, general of cavalry in Germany 
 under Tiberius. He wrote an epitome of 
 Roman history still extant. 
 
 Patin, Guy, an eminent French writer 
 and physician, born at Houdon, near Beau- 
 vais, in Picardy, 1602. His father intend- 
 ed hiin for the active life of an advocate, 
 but he soon found medicine more congenial 
 to his feelings, and after studying that 
 science with great application, he became 
 professor of physic in the Royal college of 
 Paris, and distinguished himself by his de- 
 fence of the ancients against the moderns. 
 He also violently opposed the use of Anti- 
 mony as a medicine, and wrote a book on 
 it called " Martyrology of Antimony, &c.'' 
 His " Letters," published in 3 vols, after 
 his death, acquired him great celebrity ; 
 they were read, says Voltaire, with avidity, 
 because they contained things which every 
 body loves, and satires liked still more 
 He died 1682. It is said that his features 
 greatly resembled those of Cicero, as re- 
 presented in his statues. 
 
 Patin, Charles, second son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Paris 23d Feb. 1633. 
 His abilities were so early displayed, that 
 at the age of 14, he maintained for five 
 hours a disputation in Greek and Latin, 
 and was admitted M. A. with great ap- 
 plause. He studied the law, but had a 
 stronger inclination for phvsic, in whic*,t 
 
ivvr 
 
 V.\T 
 
 fiicully he at last took Iiis df:;icfs. lie 
 practised with jijreat success, and read lec- 
 tures to iminerous and adtnirin;; auditors ; 
 hut dreading persecution and iniprisoiinient 
 for some unknown causes, he suddenly left 
 France, 166S. After visiting En<j;lajid and 
 the North of Europe lie fixed at Basil, and 
 afterwards removed to Padua, where he 
 became professor of physic, and was ho- 
 noured with the title of kniglit of SL Mark. 
 He died there 2d Oct. 1693, of a polypus 
 in the heart. His two daughters were dis- 
 tinguished for their learning. They were 
 with their mother, members of the Kico- 
 vrati academy at Padua, of which their fa- 
 ther was president, and they wrote some 
 respectable books. His chief works are 
 Itinerarium Comitis Briemie ; Faniilia; Ilo- 
 manae ex Antiquis Numismat. fol. ; Intro- 
 duction to History by Medals, 12mo. ; Im- 
 peratorum Romanor. Numismata, folio ; 
 Travels in different parts of Europe ; Prat- 
 tica della Medaglie ; Suetonius ex Numis- 
 mat. Illustratus, 4to. ; de Optima Medico- 
 rum Secta ; de Aviccnna ; Lycasum Pata- 
 Tinum, &c. His works, says Voltaire, are 
 read by men of learning, as bis father's are 
 by men of leisure. 
 
 Pa.tkul, John Reginald de, a Livonian 
 gentleman, who resented the oppressions 
 which his country suffered from the power 
 of Charles XI. and XII. of Sweden. He 
 appeared before Charles XI. 1G39, at the 
 head of six other deputies, who were em- 
 powered by their country to lay their gTie- 
 vances at the feet of their sovereign, but 
 ■the circumstance was regarded as treason- 
 able, and he escaped with difficulty into 
 Russia, from his persecutors, who condemn- 
 ed him to death. Though afterwards in- 
 vested with the sacred office of ambassador 
 of Russia i/i Saxony, Charles XII. refused 
 to make peace with Augustus of Poland, 
 except Patkul was delivered into his hands, 
 and by this base treachery the unfortunate 
 -man was seized, and broken on the wheel, 
 and quartered, at Casimir, 1707. This 
 cruel measure, so outrageous to humanity 
 and to the independence of nations, has 
 deservedly fixed an indelible stigma on the 
 character of the otherwise heroic Charles 
 X)C Sweden. 
 
 Patrick, St. the apostle and gnardian 
 saint of Ireland, was, as is supposed, a na- 
 tive of Wales or of Cornwall, who was 
 seized by pirates and carried to Ireland, 
 where he converted the inhabitants to 
 Christianity. He was made the spiritual 
 head of Ireland, and fixed his residence at 
 Armagh, which is become the metropolitan 
 see ; and further to establish the doctrines 
 which he taught with such eloquence and 
 effect, he built several churches and reli- 
 gious houses. He died about 460, aged 
 S3. Some pieces in Latin, under his name, 
 
 hH\c been punli»hc(l in Loniion 6y nu 
 James Ware, 1G*»8, in H\n. 
 
 Patrick, Peter, a native of Thtssaloni- 
 ca, in the age of Juslinian, ^vliom In; sr-nrcU 
 as ambassador to Amalasoi»(( (piceii of th« 
 Goths, and Chosroes, king of Persia. For 
 his services he was made master of the pa- 
 lace. He is author of the hiitory of am- 
 bassadors in the collection of liyzantine 
 historians, folio. Louvre, 16H. 
 
 Patrick, Samuel, a Icarnctl Engli.sh di- 
 vine. He was one of the masters of the 
 Charter-house, and is known for his edition 
 of Hederic's Greek Lexicon, which Ins 
 since been improved by Ernesti, Morell, 
 and others. 
 
 Patrick, Simon, a learned prelate, son 
 of a mercer at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, 
 where he was born, 8th Sept. 1620. Ilf: 
 was educated at Queen's college, Cain- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow, and of 
 which in 1661 he was elected master, 
 against Sparrow, appointed by royal man- 
 damus, ilis opponent, supported by pow- 
 er, prevailed, while he himself retired from 
 Cambridge, and became rector of St. Paul's, 
 Covent-gardcn, where he contintied an ac- 
 tive parish priest during the whole of the 
 plague. He took his degree of D.D. as % 
 member of Christ church college, Oxford, 
 I666,and was made chaplain to the king. In 
 1672 he was made prebendary of Westmin- 
 ster, and in 1679 dean of Peterborough. 
 During the reign of James II. he showed 
 himself an active advocate for the prote5- 
 tant cause, and though flattered and court- 
 ed by the king, was steady and sincere iu 
 his principles. At the revolution his abili- 
 ties were employed in settling the affairs 
 of the church, and in reviewing the liturgy. 
 In 16S9 he was made bishop of Chichester, 
 two years after translated to Ely, where 
 he died, 3l&t AXay, 1707, aged 80. Thii 
 worthy prelate, so highly commended by 
 Burnet, wrote sermons — tracts against po- 
 pery — Commentaries on the Scriptures, 3 
 vols. fol. which with Lowth on the pro- 
 phets, Arnold on the apocrypha, and Whit- 
 by on the New Testament, contain a re« 
 gularly continued commentary on the 
 Bible. 
 
 Patrix, Peter, a French poet, born at 
 Caen, 1585. He became a favourite at 
 the court of Gaston, duke of Orleans, by 
 his wit and his social conversation. His 
 poems arc little above mediocrity, some 
 are licentious, and gave much sorrow to 
 the author in his old age, when reflecting 
 on the fatal consequences which his line* 
 nii-'ht have produced by the corruption of 
 mo°rals. He died at Paris, 167^, aged 88. 
 Among his poems, that called the " Dream,'* 
 though of a serious cast, is known to most 
 English readers by being introduced into 
 our common jest books. " I dreamt that, 
 buried in my fellow clav," &r. 
 
 435 
 
PAT 
 
 Ta\ 
 
 i'Aira/.i, rrancis, author of uiaiogaes in 
 Italian, on the Manner of studying and 
 writing History, 4to. ; de Institutione Rei- 
 publicae ; de Regno et Regis Institutione, 
 fol. J del Vero Regimento; Poemata de 
 Antiquitatc Sinarum, was bishop of Gaieta 
 in Italy, and died there 1494. 
 
 Patrizi, Franeis, a native of Cherso, in 
 Istria, who became professor of philosophy 
 at Ferrara, Padua, and Rome, and distin- 
 guished himself by bis learning, and his 
 bold opposition to the phifosophy of Aris- 
 totle. He wrote some poems in Italian ; 
 a Parallel of the Military Art between the 
 Ancients and Moderns, and edited the 
 works of Mercurius Trismegistus. He 
 died at Rome 1597, aged 67. 
 
 Patru, Oliver, a polite scholar, born at 
 Paris 1604. He became eminent for his 
 knowledge of literature, and as an advo- 
 cate, he was the first, says Voltaire, who 
 introduced correctness and purity of lan- 
 guage in pleadings. When admitted into 
 the French academy in 1640, he pronounced 
 an animated speech, and from that circum- 
 stance the same adulatory address has 
 continued to be expected from every new 
 member. As a critic Patru was well in- 
 formed and judicious, but rigid, so that he 
 was called the Quintilian of France, and 
 his grammatical decisions were submitted 
 to as oracles. His abilities were univer- 
 feally respected not only by the learned, 
 but the great, and even by Colbert, and by 
 the king. He died 16th Jan. 1681. His 
 Biiscellaneous works were printed at Paris 
 1670, 4to. of which the third edition ap- 
 peared 1714, and the whole in 1732, 2 vols. 
 4to. - -< 
 
 Patten, Thomas, fellow of Corpus 
 Christi, Oxford, and D.D. 1754, died 1790, 
 vector of Childrey, Berks. He wrote the 
 Christian Apology, a sermon ; St. Peter's 
 Christian Apology, a seimon against the 
 objections of Ralph Hcathcote, 8vo. ; the 
 Sufficiency of the external Evidence of the 
 Gospel against Heathcote ; Opposition be- 
 tween the Gospel and the religion of Na- 
 ture ; David's Character vindicated, 1762, 
 &c. 
 
 Patterson, William, governor of New- 
 Jersey, was a native of that state, and edu- 
 cated at Princeton, where he Avas graduated 
 in 1763. His superior talents procured 
 him several important offices, both from his 
 native state and from the United States. 
 He was a member of the convention in 
 1787 which formed the federal constitution, 
 and on the organization of the new go- 
 vernment was elected a member of the 
 United States senate. In 1790 he was 
 chosen governor of New-Jersey ; and some 
 lime after Avas appointed judge of the su- 
 preme court of the United States, and held 
 the oflice till his death in September, 1S06. 
 His iflents, inle'<vitv, arid pati-iotism. ren- 
 
 dered him one of the most useful and pot^u- 
 lar men of that state. iCJ^ L. 
 
 Pattison, William, an English poet, 
 born at Peasmarsh, Sussex, 1706. He was 
 educated at Appleby school, where his 
 rising talents were noticed and encouraged 
 by Mr. Noble, a neighbouring clergyman, 
 and from thence he went to Sidney col- 
 lege, Cambridge, which, from a spirit im- 
 patient of discipline, he left without taking 
 a degree. He came to London, bat as he 
 had nothing to support him he soon expe-- 
 rienced all the horrors of indigence and 
 distress. An intimate acquaintance with 
 the wits of the time, and repeated solicita- 
 tions for the cold and tardy patronage of 
 the great, were little calculated to dispel 
 the miseries which poverty, intemperance, 
 and imprudence, gathered around him, and 
 therefore we find him describing himself 
 as destitute of friends, of money, a prey to 
 hunger, and passing his nights on a bench 
 in St. James's park. The success of some of 
 his pieces recommended him at last to Curl, 
 who took him into his house, but a month 
 after the smallpox came to put an end to the 
 sufferings of a dejected and broken heart. 
 He died 1727, in his 21st year, and was 
 buried in St. Clement Danes's churchyard. 
 He possessed great genius, but without the 
 cheering patronage of a friend his blossoms 
 withered under an unpropitious sky. His 
 works appeared, 2 vols. 8vo. 1728. 
 
 Patu, Claude Peter, a native of Paris, 
 author of some poems, dramatic pieces, 
 and also plays translated from the English. 
 His works possessed merit, and were re-< 
 ceived with applause by the public. He 
 died 1757, aged 28. 
 
 Paucton, Alexis, a French mathemati- 
 cian, born of obscure parents near Lassay, 
 in Mayenne. He studied at Nantes, where 
 he paid great attention to mathematics and 
 navigation, and afterwards he came to Pa- 
 ris, where with some difficulty he recom- 
 mended himself and obtained patronage in 
 the military school. He was amiable in his 
 manners and possessed of great erudition. 
 He died at Paris 1799, aged 67. He is au- 
 thor of Theory of the Force of Archimedes, 
 12mo. , Metrology, or a treatise on the 
 Weights, Measures, and Moneys of all 
 Countries, Ancient and Modern ; Theory 
 of the Laws of Nature, with Dissertations 
 on the Pyramids of Egypt, 8vo. It is said 
 that he left in MS. a translation of the 
 Hymns of Orpheus. 
 
 Pavillon, Nicholas, a French ecclesias- 
 tic, whose abilities were distinguished at 
 Paris, and became known to cardinal Riche- 
 lieu, who made him bishop of Alet. In* 
 his diocess he laboured with zeal for the 
 suppression of vice and the dispersion of 
 ignorance, but though he founded schools, 
 and in every respect devoted himself to en- 
 lighten the people, his conduct was niisvt- 
 
VAl 
 
 PAL 
 
 presented at court, and the king sent com- 
 missioners to examine the complaints pre- 
 ferred a^inst him. Though acquitted, a 
 fresh offence, and his unwillingness to sub- 
 mit iX) the royal mandate, incensed the mo- 
 narch against him, and he was deposed 
 from his see, and died in exile, 8th Dec. 
 1677, aged above 80. His works are a 
 Ritual for his Diocess ; Synodal Statutes 
 and Ordinances, &c. 
 
 Pavillon, Stephen, a French poet, born 
 at Paris 1652. He was advocate general 
 in the parliament of Metz, but the labo- 
 rious office was too difficult for his weak 
 constitution, and he retired to literary ease. 
 He was a member of both the academies, 
 and received a pension from Lewis XIV. 
 His poems, which arc after the manner of 
 Voiture, and possess some merit, were pub- 
 lished in 1720, 2 vols. 12rao. He wrote 
 also in prose, the Portrait of Pure Love, 
 disinterested counsels, and other moral 
 pieces, &c. 
 
 Paul, Mark, or Marco Paulo, a Ve- 
 netian traveller. He penetrated, 1272, as 
 far as the capital of Cublai Chan, the sixth 
 descendant of Genghis Chan, of which he 
 published an interesting account. Some 
 authors imagine that Cambalus, which he 
 mentions, is the town of Pekin. It is re- 
 markable that he makes no mention of the 
 great wall of China. 
 
 Paul, St. originally called Saul, was a 
 native of Tarsus, in Cilicia, and educated 
 among the Pharisees of Jerusalem under 
 the care of Gamaliel. He imbibed among 
 this sect a most violent hatred against the 
 Christians, and when Stephen was stoned 
 he kept the raiment of his murderers and 
 assented to his death. He afterwards set 
 out for Damascus with authority from the 
 chief priests to imprison the Christians, 
 but in the way a supernatural vision, and a 
 voice from heaven, converted his rancour 
 into zeal for the persecuted faith, and he 
 entered into the city the adherent, and not 
 the foe of the Christian name. From Da- 
 mascus he went into Arabia, Jerusalem, 
 Tarsus, Caesarea, and Antioch, and as- 
 sumed the name of Paul. He preached the 
 gospel with such eloquence and efficacy 
 that he was called the apostle of the Gen- 
 tiles. When accused by the Jews before 
 Felix, whom in his spirited address he 
 made to tremble, he appealed to the empe- 
 ror and was conveyed to Rome ; but after 
 two years of captivity he was liberated 
 without any punishment from his persecu- 
 tors. He afterwards travelled over various 
 parts of the world, where he founded 
 churches, and increased the number of the 
 saints. He was at last imprisoned at Rome, 
 and put to death by Nero, the emperor, 
 29th June, 66. A magnificent church, 
 still in existence, was built on the spot 
 "Hh^re his remains were deposited. His 
 
 14 epistles arc nervous ami pMMiusne. 
 Among his ronvcrts were the Itarneil Dio- 
 nysiufl, the Arropagit. , and according to 
 some, king Agrippu and many .ithcrs. 
 
 Paul i. pope after his l)roth» r, Strphcn 
 11. 757, died 10 years after, rc9p<?ctcd for 
 his wisdom and learning. 
 
 Paul II. Peter Barbo, a Venetian noble, 
 elected pope after Pius II. 1464. He per- 
 mitted the cardinals to wear a purpl"- lialiit, 
 and the red rap of silk, and the mitre which 
 hitherto had distinguished the sovereign 
 pontiff. He died 26th July, 1471, aged 54. 
 
 Paul III. Alexander Farnese, bishop of 
 Ostia, was elected pope 1534, after Clement 
 VII. In his time began the famous coun- 
 cil of Trent, whose first sitting was in 1545. 
 He made a treaty with the Venetians and 
 the emperor against the Turks, and he es- 
 tablished the inquisition, and approved of 
 the institution of the Jesuits, but condemn- 
 ed the interim of Charles V. and pursued 
 measures of severity against the defection 
 of Henry VIII. He was a pontiff of high 
 character, respectable in private life, and 
 at all times anxious to procure concord 
 among the Christian princes. He died 
 10th Nov. 1549, aged 82. 
 
 Paul IV. John Peter Caraffa, succeeded 
 Marcellus II. on the papal throne, 1555, 
 aged near 80. He behaved with great 
 haughtiness on his elevation ;'he not only 
 issued a bull against all heretics, but he 
 threatened with his severest displeasure 
 Charles V. because he did not oppose suffi- 
 ciently vigorous measures against the 
 protestants ; and when Elizabeth by her 
 ambassador announced to him her acces- 
 sion, he complained that she had ascended 
 the throne, especially as she was illegiti- 
 mate, without the concurrence of the holy 
 see, on which all the crowns of Europe 
 were dependent. His reign tended little 
 to advance the true interests of Rome, so 
 that he died unlamented, 18th Aug. 1559. 
 He wrote treatises de Symbolis ; de Emen- 
 dandci EcclesiA, &c. 
 
 Paul V. Camillus Borghesc, a native of 
 Rome, made a cardinal by Clement VIII. 
 and raised to the popedom after Leo XI. 
 1605. He was engaged in a dispute with 
 the Venetians, and as he had humbled the 
 Genoese, he expected the same success 
 with this powerful republic ; but though 
 he excommunicated the doge and the se- 
 nate, he found his decrees little regarded. 
 He had recourse to arms, but withoiit in- 
 timidating the Venetians, till at last by the 
 fricndiv interference of Henry IV. of 
 France a reconciliation was effected. Paul 
 deserved the gratitude of the Romans for 
 the various embellisliments which he intro- 
 duced, the collections of paintings, sculp- 
 ture, &c. which he made, and the erection 
 of public fountains and aqueducts. Greater 
 as a priest than as a politician, Paul acqui- 
 
 4.W 
 
PAU 
 
 PAU 
 
 red the esteem of the learned whom he pa- 
 tronised. He died 28th Jan. 1621, aged 69. 
 
 Paul, Petrowitz, emperor of Russia, 
 son of the great Catherine and Peter III. 
 was born 1st Oct. 1754. He married 1774, 
 the daughter of the landgrave of Hesse 
 Darmstadt, who died two years after, and 
 for his second wife he took a princess of 
 Wirtemberg, niece to the king of Prussia. 
 He began to travel in Europe in 1780. and 
 during 14 months visited Poland, Austria, 
 Italy, France, and Holland, and every 
 where displayed an amiable character, and 
 a strong desire of understanding the various 
 establiishnients which guide the destinies of 
 Europe. On the death of his mother in 
 1796, he ascended the throne, and then 
 began to take an active part in the general 
 confederacy of Europe, against the tyran- 
 nical and ambitious conduct of France. 
 He sent the brave Suwarrow into Italy, 
 where victory followed his steps, and he at- 
 tacked the northern frontiers of France, 
 in conjunction with the English ; but all at 
 once, while the world expected still higher 
 exertions in the cause of the allies, the 
 fickle monarch was reconciled to his ene- 
 mies. To show more strongly his change 
 of sentiments, he seized the property of 
 the English, and with unparalleled cruelty, 
 banished their unhappy sailors to Siberia, 
 while his own subjects experienced all the 
 misfortunes of distracted councils and of 
 capricious measures. This extravagance 
 was stopped by the sudden death of the un- 
 fortunate Paul, who was assassinated in 
 April, ISOI, by some of his discontented 
 nobles. The cause of his extraordinary 
 change of politics has been ascribed to the 
 influence of a beautiful French mistress, 
 who was sent by the cabinet of Paris to se- 
 <;ond the labours of diplomatic intrigue, by 
 the prostitution of her charms to the ca- 
 pricious monarch. 
 
 Paul, a celebrated heresiarch of Samo- 
 sata, a city on the Euphrates. He was 
 raised to the see of- Antioch in 260, and 
 soon after he was invited to the court of 
 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who favoured 
 the Jewish religion, but could not compre- 
 hend the mysteries of Christianity. Paul 
 represented to the queen that the Trinity 
 consisted not of three real persons, but 
 only three attributes, and that the Saviour 
 had appeared on earth not as a god, but as 
 a man endowed with a superior portion of 
 wisdom. This doctrine, which at first was 
 propagated to convert Zenobia, was more 
 fully defended by Paul, and therefore drew 
 npon him the censures of the church. He 
 was deposed from his dignity by a synod 
 at Antioch, 270, and excommunicated. His 
 followers, who were called Paulinists, did 
 not increase, and few of them remained at 
 the end of the fifth century. 
 
 Paul, of Tyre, a rhetorician, who went 
 438 
 
 as ambassador from his country to Adriaji, 
 120, and obtained the title of metropolitan 
 to his native city. 
 
 Paul, the silentiary, a Greek writer, so 
 called from the ofiice which he held in the 
 palace of the emperor Justinian. He 
 wrote in Greek verse a curious History of 
 the Church of St. Sophia, besides epigrams 
 — a poem on the Pythic Baths, &c. 
 
 Paul, of Sancta Maria, a learned Jew 
 of Burgos, who, it is said, was converted 
 to Christianity by reading a work of St. 
 Thomas Aquinas. After the death of his 
 wife he embraced the ecclesiastical state, 
 and by his merits obtained places of ho- 
 nour and trust. He was preceptor to 
 John II. king of Castile, and was after- 
 wards successively archdeacon of Trevig- 
 no, bishop of Carthagena, and then of 
 Burgos, where he died 29th Aug. 1445, 
 aged 82. Some authors report that he was 
 patriarch of Aquileia. He was a learned 
 prelate, and wrote Scrutinium Scriptura- 
 rum, folio, 1474 — Additions to Nicholas 
 de Lyra's works, &c. His three sons 
 were baptized at the same time with him, 
 when he became a Christian convert, and 
 they all distinguished themselves by their 
 merit. The eldest, Alphonso, bishop of 
 Burgos, wrote an Abridgment of Spanish 
 History ; the second, Gonsalvo, died bi- 
 shop of Placentia, and the third, Alvares, 
 published a History of John II. king of 
 Castile. 
 
 Paul, deacon of Aquileia, was secretary 
 to Didier, the last king of Lombardy^ He 
 was afterwards in the service of Charle- 
 magne ; but when accused by his enemies, 
 of conspiring against the life of his pro- 
 tector, he was banished to the island of 
 Tremiti, in the Adriatic. He left his exile 
 for the court of the duke of Benevento, 
 after whose death he retired to a monas- 
 tery. He died 801. He is author of a 
 History of the Lombards, in 6 books, to 
 the death of Luitprand, 744 — History of 
 the bishops of Metz, and he contributed 
 much to the composition of the Historia 
 Miscellanea, in continuation of the work 
 of Eutropius. 
 
 Paul, an ecclesiastic of Merida, in Es- 
 tremadura, in the seventh century, author 
 of a History of the Spanish Fathers, edited 
 at Antwerp, 1635, 4to. 
 
 Paul, a physician of ^gina, in the se- 
 venth century, author of a treatise de Ro 
 Medica, an Epitome of Galen's works, and 
 other Greek works. 
 
 Paula, St. a Roman lady of noble birth, 
 and of great learning. She embraced 
 Christianity, and when become a widow, 
 she retired to Bethlehem, where she built 
 a monastery, and displayed in the sight of 
 her female associates, all the virtues and. 
 mortifications of ascetic life. St. Jerome 
 wns the director of her charitable institu- 
 
PAL 
 
 ML 
 
 lions, and be also taught her to understanJ 
 the Hebrew Scriptures. She diet! 407, 
 a"-ed 60. It is said that she was descended 
 ironi the illustrious families ol the Gracchi 
 and Scipios. 
 
 Paulet, Williiun, marquis of AViii- 
 ihestcr, son of Sir John Paulet, of Somer- 
 setshire, «as one of the courtiers of Henry 
 "V III. and of bis three successors. He had 
 the art during those times, when religious 
 opinions and political sentiments were so 
 liable to persecution, to retain his places, 
 and when asked how he had so securely 
 iveathcred tlie storm, he rci»lied, by being 
 a willow, and not an oak. He died 1572, 
 aaed 97, and transmitted his honours and 
 fortunes to his family, 103 ol whom he saw 
 descended from bis loins. 
 
 Pauli, Simon, author of treatises on 
 Malignant Fevers ; against Tobacco and 
 Tea ; Flora Danica, 4to.; and other medical 
 ■works, was professor of medicine at Copen- 
 hagen, and physician to Christian V. who 
 rewarded his services by making him bishop 
 of Arrhas. He died 16S0, aged 77. 
 
 Paulian, Aime Henry, a Jesuit, born 
 at Nimes, 1722. He was a learned man, 
 and wrote some valuable works, the best 
 known of which are Dictionnaire de Phy- 
 s<ique, 5 vgls. 8vo. — Systeme General de 
 Philosophic, 4 vols. 12mo. — Dictionnr-ire 
 Philosopho-Theologique, 4to. &c. He died 
 at the advanced age of 80. 
 
 Paulinus, St. a native of Bourdeaux, 
 
 whom his learning and virtues recommended 
 
 to the highest offices of the state. He was 
 
 made consul in 378, and soon after married 
 
 Therasia, a Spanish lady of great opulence 
 
 and high birth. He settled in Spain, and 
 
 by the persuasion of his wife became a 
 
 convert to Christianity, and he applied his 
 
 large resources to charitable uses, and the 
 
 most benevolent munificence. To increase 
 
 the labours of his Christian calling, he took 
 
 orders, 393, and soon after coming to Italy, 
 
 w as chosen bishop of Nola, where he died 
 
 431, aged 74. Some authors ascribe to 
 
 him the invention of church bells. Some 
 
 of his Latin poems, letters, and other 
 
 Avorks, are extant. There was another who 
 
 w as bishop of Treves, and the defender of 
 
 Athanasius. He died an exile in Phrygia, 
 
 359. Another was bishop of Aquileia, and 
 
 distinguished himself at the council of 
 
 l^-ankfort, in 794. He was author of a 
 
 Treatise on the Trinity ; a book of salutary 
 
 instructions, &:c. and died 804. 
 
 Paulmieu de Grentemesnil, Julian 
 de, a French physician, educated under 
 Fernel. He was physician ta Charles IX. 
 whom he succeeded to restore to health. 
 He Ams afterwards in the service of the 
 duke of Anjou, and died at Caen, 1588. 
 He wrote treatises do Vino et Pomaceo ; 
 De Lue Venerea ; De Morbis Contagiosis, 
 &c. His son James was also a physician. 
 
 but educated in the protrstant failli. lie 
 wrote Obscrvationes in Oplinioa Auctorc* 
 Gra'cos, 4to ; u Lalin I)(;^< ription of An- 
 cient Greece, 4to. ; poems in (jflcU, Latin, 
 Italian, French, and Spauinh, not very >a- 
 Inable. He died at Caen, lui Oct. 1C70, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Paulmy, Mark Anthony Hen6dc Voyer, 
 marquis de, son of the nian|uis of Ar^«-ii«on, 
 is known for his \uluuble library, \\hirh he 
 sold to the count of Artois, brother to Lew- 
 is XVI. He was also distinguished us a 
 man of letters, and was honoured with a 
 seat in the French academy, and raised to 
 the dignity of minister of state. He pub- 
 lished Melanges d'une grande Bibliotheque, 
 sixty-nine vols. 8vo. and also essays in the 
 style of Montaigne, 9 vols. 8vo. 1778. He 
 died 1787, aged 65. 
 
 Paulze, N. a native of Montbiiison, 
 made one of the farmers general of France 
 by the inlluenee of his relation Terray. He 
 was a man of great intellisicnce and erudi- 
 tion, and he formed a company for the im- 
 provement of Guyenne, which was not, 
 however, fully adopted. He was impri- 
 soned during the revolution, and guillo- 
 tined, 1794. The commercial details on 
 the Indies in Raynal's History, are attri- 
 buted to his pen. 
 
 Pausanias, governor of the kingdom of 
 Sparta, during his nephew's minority, was 
 brave in war and intriguing in the cabinet. 
 After seiTing against the Persians, he grew 
 discontented with his country, and made a 
 secret treaty with the enemy. The mea- 
 sure was discovered, and to escape punish- 
 ment he took refuge in a temple, a\ here, on 
 account of his perfidy, his mother first 
 brought a stone to ensure his confinement. 
 He was starved to death, B. C. 474. 
 
 Pausanias, a celebrated Greek orator 
 and historian, who settled at Rome in the 
 second century. Of his Account of 
 Greece, the best edition is that of Kuhniui, 
 1G96, folio. 
 
 Pausias, a painter of Sicyon, about 35'J 
 B.C. He first applied colours to wood ana 
 ivory, by the power of fire, called encaustic 
 painting. His pictures were purchased by 
 Scaurus, and preserved at Home. 
 
 Pautre, Anthony le, an architect of Pa- 
 ris, whose abilities were patronised by Lew- 
 is XIV. He built the church of the nuns 
 of the Port Kojal at Paris, and contributed 
 by other works to the embellishment of 
 Paris. He was made member of the aca- 
 demy of sculpture, 1671, and died a ft-w 
 years after. His works appeared at Paris, 
 1652, in folio, with 60 engravings. One of 
 his relations, John, was also a native of 
 Paris, and eminent as a designer and en- 
 graver, especially in architectural orna- 
 ments. He was member of the academy 
 of painting and sculpture, and died 2d Feb. 
 1GS2, nired 65. His works appeared in 3 
 
 439 
 
PAZ 
 
 PEA 
 
 vols, folio, adorned with above 1000 plates. 
 His son Peter, who was born at Paris, 4th 
 March, 1659, directed his attention to 
 sculpture, and was made director of the 
 academy of St. Luke. His jEneas and 
 Anchises, which adorns the Thuilleries, 
 and his Lucretia stabbing herself in the pre- 
 sence of her husband, are very valuable spe- 
 cimens of his great genius. He died at 
 Paris, 22d Jan. 1744. 
 
 Pauw, N. de, a German ecclesiastic, 
 uncle to the famous Anacharsis Cloktz. 
 Though bold and singular in his opinions, 
 he was respected for his learning and vir- 
 tues, and was much noticed by Frederic 
 the Great, of Prussia. He wrote Inquiries 
 on the Greeks, the Americans, the Chinese, 
 and Egyptians, 7 vols. 8vo. a work full of 
 curious details, bold conjectures, and ener- 
 getic description, mixed with occasional 
 weakness of thought and paradoxical senti- 
 ments. He died at Xanten, near Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, in the summer of 1799, 
 
 Pauw, Cornelius, a native of Utrecht, 
 eminent for his learning. He published 
 some valuable editions of several Greek 
 authors, especially of Anacreon, 1733, 4to. 
 Calaber, -flEschylus, &c. 
 
 Payne, Nevil, a dramatic author in the 
 reign of Charles II. He wrote the Fatal 
 Jealousy — the siege of Constantinople, tra- 
 gedies — the Morning Rambles, or Town 
 Humours, a comedy, 1675. 
 
 PaYxNE, Roger, an English book-binder, 
 who ended a life of labour, poverty, and in- 
 temperance, in St. Martin's lane, 1797, and 
 was buried at the expense of Mr. Payne 
 the bookseller, his friend, though no rela- 
 tion. His workmanship was in a very su- 
 perior style, and consequently procured 
 him high prices, so that for the binding of 
 an jEschylus for lord Spencer, it is said 
 that he received not less than 15 guineas. 
 He was very singular in his conduct ; he 
 made himself all his tools, and never would 
 work before any person, but always in 
 some dark cellar, and when his necessities 
 called upon him for exertion. 
 
 Pats, Rene le, a French poet, born at 
 Nantes, 1636. He was comptroller of the 
 imposts of Dauphine and Provence, and 
 rendered himself known at court, and the 
 favourite of the ladies, by his miscellanies, 
 called *' Amities, Amours, et Amou- 
 rettes," published 1685. He died 30th 
 April, 1690. He wrote besides Zelotide, 
 a romance, some colloquies, sonnets, &,c. 
 
 Pazzi, James, a banker of Florence, of 
 illustrious family. He headed the faction 
 which opposed the Medicis, and he con- 
 spii'ed with Salviati, archbishop of Pisa, 
 and with cai'dinal Riario, to cut off the two 
 brothers, Julian and Laurent, and to seize 
 upon the sovereign power. The elevation 
 of the host, 26th April, 1478, was the signal 
 for this murderous action, and at the mo- 
 440 
 
 ment of this solemn ceremony, Julian was 
 stabbed to the heart by a brother of Pazzi ; 
 but Laurent escaped with a slight wound. 
 The popularity of the Medicis, and the atro- 
 city of the deed soon armed the people in 
 their favour, and the conspirators were 
 seized, and punished with death, and 
 among them Pazzi suffered. The house 
 of the Pazzis was aftenvards reconciled to 
 the Medicis, and became allied to them by 
 marriage. One of their descendants, Cos- 
 mo, was archbishop of Florence, 1508, and 
 would have risen to the dignity of cardinal, 
 if he had not died before the elevation of 
 his uncle Leo X. to the chair of St. Peter. 
 He translated Maximus Tyrius into Latin. 
 His brother Alexander wrote some trage- 
 dies, and translated the Poetics of Aristotle. 
 
 Peacock, Reginald, an Englishman, 
 made by the interest of his friend Hum- 
 phrey, duke of Gloucester, bishop of St. 
 Asaph, and afterwards of Chichester, from 
 which he was banished in disgrace, for 
 opposing the papal authority, and denying 
 transubstantiation. He was obliged to 
 make a public recantation, and then re- 
 tired to an abbey, where he died 1486. His 
 books were burnt publicly, as profane and 
 heretical. 
 
 Peaps, William, a dramatic writer, edu- 
 cated at Eton, where, it is said, he wrote 
 the only piece mentioned of his composi- 
 tion. Love in its Ecstasy, or the Large Pre- 
 rogative, 1649, in 4to. 
 
 Pearce, Zachary, an English prelate, 
 son of a distiller in Holborn, born 1690. 
 He was educated at Westminster school 
 and Trinity college, Cambridge, and distin- 
 guished himself at the university by some 
 light compositions, and by some entertain- 
 ing papers in the Guardian and the Specta- 
 tor. He was patronised by lord Parker, 
 earl of Macclesfield, to whom he dedicated 
 his edition of Longinus, and from whom he 
 obtained some preferment. He received, 
 in 1724, the degree of D.D. from Lambeth ; 
 but though noticed after the disgrace of his 
 friend, lord Macclesfield, by lord Hard- 
 wicke, by Potter, Pulteney, Newton, and 
 even the queen, he was not raised to any 
 ecclesiastical dignity till 1739, when he 
 was made dean of Winchester. In 1748, he 
 was made bishop of Bangor, and in 1756, 
 bishop of Rochester, and dean of West- 
 minster. These last honours were con- 
 ferred unsolicited, and the bishop, who 
 longed for the privacy of retired life, waa 
 anxious to resign ; but as some of the mi- 
 nistry objected to the person thought of 
 for his successor, he was permitted to divest 
 himself only of the deanery of Westminster, 
 in favour of Dr. Thomas. He died June, 
 1774. Dr. Pearce was eminent as well for 
 his philological learning, as his classical 
 knowledge. He wrote a Vindication of 
 the Miracles aG:ainst the attacks of Wool- 
 
fEt: 
 
 I'Kl 
 
 ston, besides an Account of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Cambridge — Letters Oi^ainst Conyers 
 Middleton, iic. — a Htniew of Miltoii'.s 
 Text — an Essay on the Origin of Tcmpb.s 
 — sermons, &c. After his deatli appeared 
 his Commentary on tlie four Evun^clists, 
 and the Acts, 2 vols. 4to. — and 4 vols of 
 sermons, 8vo. 
 
 Pearson, John, an English prolate, born 
 12th Feb. 1612, at Snoring, Norfolk, and 
 educated at Eton and King's college, Cam- 
 bridge. In 1639 he resigned his fellowship 
 at king's, and afterwards became chaplain 
 to lord keeper Finch, and to lord Goring, 
 and obtained the living of Torrington, Suf- 
 folk, and of St. Clement's, Eastcheap, Lon- 
 don. In 1661 he became Margaret pro- 
 fessor at Cambridge ; in 1662 was made 
 master of Trinity college, and in 1673 suc- 
 ceeded Dr. Wilkins in the see of Chester. 
 He died at Chester, 16th July, 16S6. He 
 is particularly known for his valuable 
 " Exposition of the Creed," which appeared 
 1659, in 4to. and has often been republish- 
 ed. He wrote besides " Vindicia; Ignatii," 
 against Daiile — Annales Cyprianici, &c. 
 and some posthumous works. 
 
 Pechantre, Nicolas de, a French poet, 
 born at Toulouse, 163S. He obtained three 
 times the laurel at the academy of Floral 
 games, and acquired great popularity by his 
 tragedy of Geta, acted at Paris, 16S7. He 
 ivrote, besides, the tragedies of the Sacri- 
 fice of Abraham — Joseph sold by his Bre- 
 thren — the death of Nei'o — Jugurtha, &c. 
 He died at Paris 1709. 
 
 Pechlin, John Nicholas, a native of Ley- 
 den, %vho studied medicine and became pro- 
 fessor of it at Kiel. He was afterwards 
 physician to the duke of Holstein Gottorp, 
 and preceptor to the prince, his son. He 
 ■vvrote treatises De Purgantium Medica- 
 ment. Facultatibus — De Vulneribus Sclo- 
 petorum — De Aeris et Alimenti Defectu et 
 Vita sub Aquis — De Habitu et Colore 
 JEthiopum — Observationum Physico-Medi- 
 carum — a poetical Panegyric on Tea, in 
 Latin, &c. He died at Stockholm, 1706, 
 aged 39. 
 
 Pechmeja, John de, professor of elo- 
 quence in the college of La Fleche, was 
 born at Villa Franca, in Rouergue, and died 
 April, 1785, aged 44. His Eulogium on 
 Colbert merited and received the approba- 
 tion of the French academy in 1773. His 
 best work is his Telephus, in 12 books, 
 in which he draws a beautiful description 
 of true friendship, of which he gave, with 
 his friend Du Breuil, so interesting an ex- 
 ample, that the two friends were called the 
 Pylades and the Orestes of France. 
 
 Peck, Francis, an eminent antiquary, 
 born May 4th, 1692, at Stamford, Lincoln- 
 shire. He was educated at Cambridge, 
 ■where he took his master's degree, and soon 
 tlfter obtained the living of Godebv, near 
 
 Vol. it. " .''>6 
 
 Melton, Leicestershire, where be died 13Ui 
 August, 1743. lie publish«<| 1727, in folio, 
 " the Aiiliqiiariari Aiun.ls orSt:iti.lord," Uc. 
 inscril).(l Hi the duke .,1 KiitlamI— Memoirs 
 of Cromw<ll and of Milton, 2 vol«. 4to. 
 He publisiicd besides " l).-sid.rata Curio- 
 sa," 2 vols, containing curious \>ivc.v.n of 
 English history, &e. and it is naid, that be- 
 fore his death he had in contcm|dati(>u nu 
 less than nine dillercnt works on historical 
 and antiquarian subjects. 
 
 Peck WELL, Henry, an English divine, 
 rector of Bloxham, Lincolnshire, and a po- 
 pular Calvinistic preacher. He ehielly re- 
 sided in London, where he studied physic 
 and anatomy for the benefit of poor persons 
 of his persuasion. He died of a mortifica- 
 tion, caused by a wound in the dissection 
 of a young woman who had died of a pu- 
 trid fever, 1787, aged 40. He publi.^hed 
 some sermons, &,c. 
 
 Pecquet, John, a physician, born at Di- 
 eppe. He is distinguished for discovering 
 the receptacle of tlie chyle, which he per- 
 ceived to be conveyed by the lacteal ves- 
 sels to the heart, and thence to the subcla- 
 vian vein. This ingenious author died at 
 Paris, Feb. 1674. He published his Disco- 
 veries in Anatomy, 4to. 1654 — De Thoracis 
 Lacteis, 1661. 
 
 Pecquet, Anthony, a French writer, 
 grand master of the water- works, and the 
 forests of Rouen. He presided also over 
 the military school there. He wrote Ana- 
 lysis of the Spirit of Laws and of Political 
 Maxims, 3 vols. — the Forest Laws of 
 France, 2 vols. — Thoughts on Man, besides 
 French translations of Guarini's Pastor 
 Fido, and other Italian works. He died 
 1762, aged 58. 
 
 Peele, George, a native of Devonshire, 
 in the reign of Elizabeth, entered at Broad- 
 gate hall, Oxford, and thence was elected 
 student of Christ-church, where he took 
 his master's degree 1579. From Oxford 
 he went to London, where he became the 
 city poet, and had the management of the 
 pageants. He died before 1598. He is 
 mentioned by Wood as no inconsiderable 
 poet, whose tragedies and comedies were 
 acted at Oxford with great applause. His 
 pastorals were also in high esteem. Only 
 five of his plays are known, Edward I. — 
 King David and fair Bi thsabc — the Turk- 
 ish Mahomet and Hyren — the Old Wives' 
 Tale, &e. 
 
 Peiresc, Nicholas Claude Fabri, descend- 
 ed from a noble family at Pisa, was born 
 1580, and studied at Avignon, Aix, and 
 Tournon, under the care of the Jesuits. He 
 devoted Iiimsclf with uncommon assiduity 
 to mathematics, and particularly to anti- 
 quities, though he studied the law to pleasft 
 an uncle from whom he expected some con* 
 siderable property. In 1599 he began to 
 travel in Italv, and after visiting Padua, Ve- 
 
 441 
 
PEL 
 
 PEL 
 
 nice, Naples, Rome, and all the curiosities 
 of that celebrated country, during a resi- 
 dence of three years, he returned to France, 
 loaded with valuable collections of anti- 
 quities, and accompanied by the friendly 
 wishes of men of learning and science. In 
 1604 he took his degree of doctor of laws 
 at Aix, and succeeded his uncle, who fond- 
 ly resigned to him his senatorial dignity. 
 In 1606 he visited England, where he was 
 honoured with the friendship and attentions 
 of Camden, Cotton, Saville, and other men 
 of celebrity, and even of James I. himself, 
 and then returned through Antwerp, Brus- 
 sels, and Paris, to his residence at Aix. 
 Though a layman, he was made by Lewis 
 XIII. abbot of Santa Maria Aquistriensis. 
 He died at Aix, 24th June, 1637, aged 57, 
 of a retention of urine ; and as he was a 
 member of the Humorists' academy at 
 Rome, his eulogium was recited by Bou- 
 ohier, and verses in his praise were publicly 
 repeated, which were afterwards printed in 
 a collection of funeral elegies in 40 differ- 
 ent languages, called Panglossia. This 
 learned man, so deservedly esteemed by 
 Casaubon, by de Thou, by Grotius, by J. 
 Scali;i,er, and other eminent men, was a 
 most amiable and benevolent character, and 
 not improperly compared by one of his bio- 
 gi'aphers to the Roman Atticus. He wrote 
 Historia Provincias Gallicae Narbonensis — 
 Nobilium ejusdem Provinc. Familiarum 
 Origines — Commentarii Rerum omnium 
 Memoria dignarum su^ JEtQ.te gestarum — 
 Liber de Ludricis Naturae Operibus — Ma- 
 thematica et Astronomica Varia — Nummi 
 Gallici, Saxonici, Britannici, &c. — Linguae 
 Orientales, Hebraea, &c.— Observationes in 
 Varies Auctores, and other learned works. 
 His library was very choice and valuable, 
 and from it his friends were at liberty to 
 take whatever pleased their taste or fancy. 
 Pelagius I. a native qf Rome, elected 
 pope 555. He was a moderate and pious 
 pontiff, but laboured ardently in reforming 
 the manners of his clergy, and in promo- 
 ting the true spirit of Christianity. When 
 Rome was besieged by the Goths under To- 
 tila, and at last plundered, he softened the 
 calamities of war among his subjects, by 
 his interference with the enemy's general, 
 who respected his virtues. He died 2d 
 March, 560. He wrote sixteen epistles, 
 still preserved. 
 
 Pelagids II. a Roman, who succeeded 
 on the papal throne after Benedict I. 578. 
 He maintained with spirit the rights of the 
 church, and opposed the pretensions of 
 •Tohn, patriarch of Constantinople, who had 
 assumed the title of (Ecumenical bishop. 
 He died 12th Feb. 590, of a pestilential 
 disorder, which proved very fatal at that 
 time, and was so violent in its effects, that 
 the patients expired suddenly, either in 
 sneezing or in gaping, whence arose, as i^ 
 442 
 
 supposed, the custom still observed of say' 
 ing, God bless you ! to persons who sneeze, 
 and of making the sign of the cross on ther 
 mouth of those who gape. 
 
 Pelagius, an illustrious Spaniard, rela- 
 ted to the king of the Visigoths. He was 
 driven from his possessions by the Moors, 
 but after an obscure exile of three years, 
 he attacked his enemies and defeated them 
 in 716, and assumed the title of king of 
 Leon and the Asturias. He died 737, uni- 
 versally respected for valour, piety, and 
 prudence. 
 
 Pelagius, a celebrated heresiarch in the 
 fifth century. He was a native of Wales, 
 and as is supposed, a monk of Bangor, and 
 he went to Rome, where he dropped his 
 name of Morgan for the more classical 
 Greek name of Pelagius. In his zeal to 
 make converts, and to rouse those who 
 pleaded temptations and human infirmities 
 for their lukewarm conduct in the cause 
 of practical religion, he became the sup- 
 porter of new opinions, and rejected the 
 doctrine of original sin, while he maintain- 
 ed free will in its fullest extent, and as- 
 serted that man may be saved by his own 
 merits and virtuous exertions. His opini- 
 ons, which he published in his book against 
 St. Jerome, drew upon him the censures 
 and condemnation of the synod of Car- 
 thage, and of several other councils. Pe- 
 lagius left Rome with Celestius, the ablest 
 of his followers, and retired to Jerusalem, 
 but it is unknown where and when he died. 
 He wrote besides letters. Commentaries on 
 St. Paul's Epistles, &c. The History of 
 the Pelagian schism has been written in a 
 very able manner by cardinal N orris, and 
 also by Patouillet, 12mo. 1751. 
 
 Peletier, Claude de, counsellor of the 
 Chatelet, and of the parliament, president 
 of the chamber of requests, provost of mer- 
 chants, and builder of the quay which still 
 bears his name at Paris, was born in that 
 city 1630. He was educated for the law, 
 and was the intimate friend of Boileau, 
 Bignon, Lamoignon, and other great men, 
 and he succeeded in 1683 the famous Col- 
 bert, as comptroller general of the finan- 
 ces. After six years' laborious application, 
 he resigned this office, and exchanged the 
 court for a life of retirement and devotion. 
 He died Aug. 1711, aged 81. Though 
 much engaged in public affairs, he however 
 found time to publish Extracts and Collec- 
 tions from the Fathers, &c. — Comes Se- 
 nectutis — ComesRusticus — Pithou's Comes 
 Theologus et Comes Juridicus — the Body 
 of the Canon Law, &.c. His brother Mi- 
 chael was counsellor of state, and member 
 of the academy of inscriptions, to whose 
 memoirs he contributed. He resigned his 
 offices at the age of 80, and retired to the 
 abbey of St. Victor, at Paris, where hf 
 diedl72.^. 
 
PKL 
 
 VKL 
 
 Teli., John, an English mathematician, 
 born at Southwyke, Sussex, 1st March, 
 1610. He was educated at Stenning 
 school, and at 13 entered at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, where he applied himself to 
 mathematics with unusual assiduity. After 
 taking his master's degree, he was incorpo- 
 rated at Oxford in iGIil, and by his various 
 publications he acquired so much reputa- 
 tion that he was invited in 1639 to fill up a 
 professor's chair at Amsterdam, to which 
 he succeeded 1643. In 1646, he settled at 
 Breda as professor of philosophy and ma- 
 thematics, at the request of the prince of 
 Orange, and in 1652 returned to his native 
 country. In 1654 he was sent by Crom- 
 well as English resident to the protestant 
 cantons of Switzerland, and returned a 
 little while before the protector's death. 
 In 1661 he was ordained by the bishop of 
 Lincoln, and obtained from the crown the 
 rectory of Fobbing in Essex, to which the 
 bishop of London afterwards added the 
 rectory of Lavingdon in that county. 
 Though respectable as a scholar and a man 
 of science, Dr. Pell was unfortunately very 
 inattentive to the state of his domestic af- 
 fairs, and consequently became poor in his 
 old age, and was even confined in the 
 king's bench as a debtor. He died Dec. 
 12th, 1685, and was interred by the chari- 
 ty of Busby, master of Westminster school, 
 and Sharp, rector of St. Giles. He had 
 by his wife 4 sons and 4 daughters. He 
 published Controversia cum Longomontano 
 de Vera Circuli Mensura, 4to. — an Idea of 
 Mathematics, 12mo.— Table of 10,000 
 Square Numbers, folio — Demonstration of 
 the second and tenth book of Euclid — De- 
 scription of the Use of the Quadrant — 
 Letter on Logarithms — Astronomical His- 
 tory of the Heavenly Motions and Appear- 
 ances — Eclipticus Prognostica, &e. and he 
 left various MSS. which by means of Dr. 
 Birch were obtained for the collection of the 
 Royal Society. 
 
 Pellegrin, Simon Joseph, a French ec- 
 clesiastic, born at Marseilles 1663. He 
 Avas of the society of the Servites, and ob- 
 tained in 1704 the prize of the French 
 academy, for his poetical " Epistle to the 
 King on the glorious success of his Arms." 
 This made him known at Court, and by 
 means of madanie dc Maintenon, he was 
 permitted to remove to the ecclesiastical 
 order of Clugny ; but as he kept a shop for 
 the sale of poetical pieces, amorous odes, 
 and ballads, and even wrote for the stage, 
 he drew upon himself the animadversion of 
 cardinal de Noailles, who insisted upon his 
 relinquishing either his theatrical employ- 
 ments, or the privilege of officiating at the 
 mass. He chose the latter, and subsisted 
 afterwards by his pen. He died 5th Sept. 
 1745, aged 82. His works consist of dra- 
 mas from the Old and New Testament ; the 
 
 Psalius of David ; besides a iranslaiiOM of 
 Horace, 2 vols, with notes, &c. 
 
 Pellf.crini, Antonio, a native of Pa- 
 dua, celebrated a-* an hinforir al p:iintrr. 
 He visited England IhrouKh ll..- friti.dhhip 
 of the duke of Manchester, and several 
 specimens of his exrtllont cxcriition arc 
 preserved in this country. He died 1711, 
 aged 67. 
 
 Pellegrino, Tibaldi, or" Pei.i.ec;iun of 
 Bologna, wliere he v.as born 1622, was 
 eminent as an architect and painter, lie 
 displayed his abilities at Koine and Pavia, 
 and also at Milan, where he built the ca- 
 thedral of St. Ambrose, and afterwards he 
 was invited to Spain, to direct the paint- 
 ings and architecture of the Esrnrial. 
 His services were liberally rewarded by 
 Philip II. who made him a marquis, and 
 sent him back loaded with presents. He 
 died at Milan, 15'J2, a;>ed 70. 
 
 Pellegrino of Modena, a painter, born 
 1511, was bred under Raphael, and em- 
 ployed in adorning the Vatican. He died 
 of some wounds received in rescuing his 
 son, who had unfortunately committed a 
 murder in the streets of Modena. 
 
 Pellerin, Joseph, commissary-general 
 and chief clerk of the French marine, is 
 famous for his fine and valuable collection 
 of medals, which was purchased by the 
 king in 1776. He published his interesting 
 Observations on Medals, in 9 vols, 4to. 
 with plates, a work of great beauty. He 
 died Aug. 1782, aged 99. 
 
 Pelletier, John le, a native of Rouen, 
 who studied painting, which he afterwards 
 abandoned for literature. Blessed with 
 strong powers of mind, he made himself 
 completely acquainted with the learned lan- 
 guages, Italian, Spanish, mathematics, 
 chymistry, astronomy, &c. without the as- 
 sistance of a master; and in the latter pai't 
 of life he devoted himself to religious stu- 
 dies. He died 1711, aged 7S. He wrote 
 a Dissertation on Noah's Ark — on St. Be- 
 nedict's Hemina — on the Journal of Tre- 
 voux — the Life of Sixtus V. by Leti, trans- 
 lated — Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia, or 
 Queen Elizabeth's History translated, &c. 
 
 Pelletier, Gaspard, physician and 
 counsellor of Middleburg in Zealand, ac- 
 quired reputation in his profession, and 
 died in his native town, 1G.'(9. lie is au- 
 thor of Plantarum tuni Patriarum, tuin Ex- 
 otiearum in Wallaehia, Zealand, nascen- 
 tium Synonyma, 8vo. 1610. 
 
 Pelletier, Bcrtrand, a native of Bay- 
 onnc, distinguished for his knowledge of 
 chymistry and pharmacy. He settled at 
 Paris as an apothecary, and deserved to be 
 admitted member of the academy of sci- 
 ences, and afterwards of the Institute. He 
 wrote various dissertations in the memoirs 
 of the French academies, and had a share 
 in the Journal of Natural History, aud 
 
 443 
 
PEh 
 
 PEN 
 
 wrote besides, Observations on Al^enic 
 He died 1797, aged 36. 
 
 Pelletier, James, a French physician, 
 born at Mans, became principal of the col- 
 leges of Bayeux and Mans at Paris, where 
 he died 1582, aged 65. He published Latin 
 Commentaries on Euclid — Description of 
 Savoy — treatise on the Plague — Curious 
 Dialogue on Orthography — Poetic works — 
 a French Art of Poetry, and other works. 
 
 Pellican, Conrad, a native of Rusac in 
 Alsace, who became a cordelier in 1494, 
 and afterwards presided over the convent 
 of Basle. He embraced the tenets of Lu- 
 ther, and abandoning the religious habit 
 in 1556, came to Zurich, where he settled 
 and taught Hebrew, and married. He 
 died 1556, aged 78. He was the friend of 
 Erasmus, and published some controversial 
 \rorks, and commentaries illustrative of 
 Scripture, in 7 vols, fol much commended 
 by Richard Simon. 
 
 Pellison-Fontanier, Paul, a French 
 writer, born of an ancient family at Be- 
 ziers, 1624. He studied the law, which he 
 afteru'ards abandoned for belles lettres. 
 He settled at Paris, where he became the 
 friend and correspondent of madame Scu- 
 deri, and in 1562 was made secretary to 
 the king, and admitted into the French aca- 
 demy, in consequence of hia excellent 
 *' History" of that society. He was much 
 patronised by Fouquet, superintendent of 
 the finances ; but upon the fall of that mi- 
 nister, he shared his disgrace, and was sent 
 for four years to the Bastille. When set at 
 liberty 1666, he was honoured with the at- 
 tention of the learned and the great, and 
 liis merits as well as his innocence soon re- 
 stored hkn to the favour of Lewis XIV. 
 Tvhom he accompanied in his expedition 
 against the United States, of which he 
 wrote an interesting account. In 1670 he 
 renounced the proiestant religion, and em- 
 braced the ecclesiastical life, and thus ob- 
 tained preferment. He died at Versailles, 
 7th Feb. 1693. His works are very res- 
 pectable, consisting of the History of 
 Lewis XIV. — the life of Anne of Austria 
 — History of the Conquest of Franche 
 Comte — Poems — Historical Letters — Re- 
 flections on Religious DifTerciJces — treatise 
 on the Eucharist — Pleadings in favour of 
 his friend Fouquet, &c. 
 
 Pelloutier, Simon, a protestant divine, 
 descended from a Lyonese family, but born 
 at Leipsic. He was member of the Ber- 
 lin academy, and became there an active 
 pastor, and distinguished himself also as an 
 able writer. His History of the Celts, 
 particularly of the Gauls and Germans, is a 
 valuable work, edited in 2 vols. 4to. and 8 
 in l2mo. He died 1757, aged 63. 
 
 Pelopidas, a celebrated Theban, the 
 friend of Epaminondas. Devoted to the 
 i"nHirest of his fellow-citizens. Pelopidas, 
 444 
 
 with the assistance of his friend, raised 
 Thebes from a dependent state to glory 
 and victory. He was at last slain in bat- 
 tle, B.C. 364. 
 
 Pemberton, Henry, an English physi- 
 cian of eminence. His treatise on Chy- 
 mistry, and his View of sir Isaac Newton's 
 Philosophy, in 4to. display his abilities as 
 a man of science and erudition, in a very 
 favourable view. He was fellow of the 
 Royal Society, and died in an advanced old 
 age, 1771. 
 
 Pemberton, Ebenezer, minister of Bos- 
 ton, Massachusetts, was born in that town 
 in 1672, and graduated at Harvard college 
 in 1691. He was afterwards a tutor in 
 that seminary. He devoted himself to the 
 ministry, and in 1700 was ordained assist- 
 ant pastor of the Old South church, Bos- 
 ton, where he remained till his death in 
 1717. He is regarded as one of the most 
 accomplished preachers his country has 
 produced. He possessed a mind of un- 
 common energy, and had enriched it with 
 extensive learning. His style of writing 
 was highly forcible, and his delivery vigor- 
 ous and impressive. A volume of his ser- 
 mons has been published since his death. 
 
 iCP' L. 
 
 Pembertox, Thomas, distinguished by 
 his knowledge of American history, was 
 born at Boston in 1728. He employed 
 himself a number of years in merchandise, 
 but at length devoted his attention to 
 American history, and wrote fourteen or 
 fifteen historical and biographical manu- 
 script volumes. He was a member of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, and fur- 
 nished a large proportion of its collections. 
 He bequeathed his manuscripts to that in- 
 stitution. He died on the 5th of July, 
 1S07, in his eightieth year. rCP L. 
 
 Pemble, William, an English ecclesias- 
 tic, tutor and divinity reader at Magdalen- 
 hall, Oxford. His abilities as a scholar 
 and a divine were of a superior rank, but 
 unfortunately he did not live long to dis- 
 play them. His works appeared in one 
 vol. folio. He died 1623, aged 32. 
 
 Pembroke, Thomas, an English painter, 
 the pupil and imitator of Larroon. He 
 painted much for the earl of Bath, and ex- 
 celled chiefly in historical pieces and por- 
 traits. He died at London 1730, aged 23. 
 
 Pendleton, Edmund, of Virginia, who 
 was distinguished for talents and patriot- 
 ism, and was one of the most conspicuous 
 among the great men of that state during 
 the war of the revolution. His education 
 was defective, but his fine endowments and 
 vigorous application soon remedied that 
 disadvantage. He was for a long time one 
 of the leading members of the house of 
 burgesses of that state, and in 1773 was 
 appointed one of the committee of corres- 
 pondence for gaining intelligence of the 
 
PEN 
 
 acts of tlie British government, and com- 
 municating with tlie colonics, lie was a 
 member of the congress of 1774. In 1787 
 he was appointed president of the conven- 
 tion of Virginia, elected to consider the 
 constitution of the United States, and em- 
 ployed his inlhience to obtain its adoption. 
 In 1781) he was appointed judge of the 
 United States' district court for Virginia, 
 but declined the oHice. He was for many 
 years a judge of the court of appeals of that 
 state, and its president at the time of his 
 death, which took place at Richmond, 23d 
 October, 1803. He held the first rank as 
 a lawyer and statesman, and was particu- 
 larly distinguished for the force and clear- 
 ness of his thoughts, for subtlety in dis- 
 crimination, and dexterity in argument. 
 
 fCp- L. 
 
 Penington, Isaac, son of a lord mayor 
 of London, was born 1617. He was well 
 educated, and much given to religious me- 
 ditation ; and by the conversation and 
 preaching of George Fox, he became a 
 zealous and active quaker. Not oidy as a 
 writer, but as a travelling minister, he 
 spread the tenets which he had embraced, 
 and at last drew the attention'of the nn- 
 gistrates so severely upon his conduct, that 
 he was imprisoned not less than six times 
 in the reign of Charles II. After suflering 
 much undeser\ed persecution, this man, 
 who was of inoffensive manners, and of 
 a meek and quiet spirit, died at Good- 
 nestone court, Sussex, 1679. His publica- 
 tions were numerous, and all in favour of 
 the quakers. They are mostly dated from 
 Alesbury, where he chiefly lived, and were 
 collected into one folio volume, 1681, and 
 afterwards reprinted in 2 vols. 4to. and 4 
 in Svo. The persecution exercised against 
 the son arose, it is said by some, from the 
 conduct of Isaac Penington, the father, %vho 
 was an alderman, violent against Charles 
 I. and who headed some of the riots against 
 the court. He sat also as one of the 
 king's judges, and at the restoration was 
 tried and condemned, but respited, and 
 kept a prisoner in the Tower, where he 
 died. 
 
 Penn, William, a native of Bristol, dis- 
 tinguished in the British navy as an able 
 admiral. He was commander of the fleet 
 in the reduction of Jamaica in 1655 by 
 Venables, but he lost for a time the good 
 opinion of the protector, who confined him 
 in the Tower for absenting himself from 
 the American station without leave. He 
 was member for Weymouth, and after the 
 restoration he obtained a high command 
 under the duke of York, and greatly con- 
 tributed to the defeat of the Dutch fleet, 
 1664. He was knighted by Charles II. for 
 his services, and died at his house, Wan- 
 stead, Essex, 1670, aged 49. 
 Penn, William, a celebrated quaker. son 
 
 of the above, was born in London, 1C44 
 From a pri\au- ..cliool at Chii^uell, Ksscx, 
 he entered in 1660 as a gentleman com- 
 moner at Chrisl-church, Oxford ; but as 
 he withdrew fioni the national fornix of 
 worship with other students, who, like 
 himself, had listened to the pn aching of 
 Thomas Loe, a quaker uf cmineiici , he was 
 fined for non-conformity, aiwl the neit 
 year, as he pertinaciously adhered to hw 
 opinions, he was expelled from the colligc. 
 This disgrace did not promote his comfort, 
 his father considered his singularly sober 
 and serious conduct as tcniling to impede 
 his el(\ation to the fa\ ours of the licentious 
 court, and therefore, after being, as he says, 
 whipped and beaten, he was turned out of 
 door>, 1662. Hi^ father, however, sent 
 him to France, and on his return he enter- 
 ed at Lincoln's-inn as a law student. In 
 166U he was sent to manage an estate in 
 Ireland, and during his residence there he re- 
 newed his a( quaintance \vith Loc,and show- 
 edsuch partialitv to the (|u:(kers, that he was 
 in those days of persecution, taken up at a 
 meeting at Cork, and imprisoned by the 
 mayor, who at last restored him to liberty, 
 at the request of lord Orrery. His return 
 to England proiluced a violent altercation 
 with his father, who wished him to aban- 
 don those singular habits, so offensive to 
 decorum and established forms, and when 
 he refused to appear uncovered before him 
 and before the king, he a second time dis- 
 missed him from his protc ction and favour. 
 In 1668 he first appeared as a preacher and 
 as an author among the quakers, and in 
 consequence of some controversial dispute 
 he was sent to the Tower, where he re- 
 mained in confinement for 7 months. The 
 passing of the conventicle act soon after 
 again sent him to prison in Newgate, from 
 which he was released by the interest of 
 his father, who about this time was recon- 
 ciled to him, and left him on his decease some 
 time after a valuable estate of about 1500/. 
 per annum. In 1672 he married (nili( Ima 
 Maria Springett, a lady of principles simi- 
 lar to his own, and then fixed his residence 
 at Rickmansworth, where he employed 
 himself zealously in promoting the cause of 
 the Friends by his preacliing, as well as by 
 his writings. In 1677 he went with George 
 Fox and Robert Barclay to the continent 
 on a religious excursion ; and after visiting 
 Amsterdam, and the other chief towns of 
 Holland, they proceeded to the court of 
 princess FJizabeth, the grand-ilaughtcr of 
 James I. at Herwerden or Herford, where 
 they were received with great kindness and 
 hospitality. Soon after his return to Eng- 
 land, Charles II. granted him, in considera- 
 tion of the services of his father, and for a 
 debt due to him from the crown, a province 
 of North America, called the New Nether- 
 lands, but now denominated Pennsylvania. 
 
 44^ 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN- 
 
 In consequence of this acquisition be invited, 
 tinder the royal patent, settlers from all 
 parts of the kingdom, and drew up in twen- 
 ty-four articles the fundamental constitu- 
 tion of his new province, in which he held 
 out a greater degree of religious liberty, 
 than had at that time appeared in the 
 Christian world. A colony of people, 
 chiefly of his persuasion, soon flocked to 
 ^hare his tortunes ; the lands of the coun- 
 try were cleared and improved, and a town 
 was built, which, on the principle of bro- 
 therly love, received the name of Philadel- 
 phia. In 1682 Penn visited the province, 
 and confirmed that good understanding 
 which he had recommended with the na- 
 tives, and after two years' residence, and 
 with the satisfaction of witnessing and 
 promoting the prosperity of the colonists, 
 he returned to England. Soon after 
 Charles died, and the acquaintance which 
 Penn had with the new monarch was ho- 
 nourably used to protect the people of his 
 persuasion. At the revolution, however, 
 he was suspected of treasonable corres- 
 pondence with the exiled prince, and there- 
 fore exposed to molestation and persecu- 
 tion. In 1694 he lost his wife, but though 
 severely afflicted by the event, he in about 
 two years married again, and afterwards 
 employed himself in travelling in Ireland, 
 and over England, in disseminating as a 
 preacher the doctrines of his sect. He 
 visited in 1699 his province with his wife 
 and family, and returned to England in 
 1701. The suspicion with which he had 
 been regarded under William's government 
 ceased at the accession of queen Anne, and 
 the unyielding advocate of quakerism was 
 permitted to live with greater freedom, and 
 to fear persecution less. In 1710 he re- 
 moved to Rushcomb, near Twyford, Berks, 
 where he spent the rest of life. Three re- 
 peated attacks of an apoplexy at last came 
 to weaken his faculties and his constitu- 
 tion, and after nearly losing all recollec- 
 tion of his former friends and associates, 
 he expired 30th July, 1718, and was buried 
 at Jordan, near Beaconsfield, Bucks. The 
 character of Penn is truly amiable, benevo- 
 lent, and humane ; his labours were ex- 
 erted for the good of mankind, and with 
 the strictest consistency of moral conduct 
 and religious opinion, he endured persecu 
 tion and malice with resignation, and 
 guided by the approbation of a pure con- 
 science, he showed himself indefatigable 
 in the fulfilling of what he considered as 
 the law of God, and the clear demonstra- 
 tion of the truth of the gospel. He pub- 
 lished various works to advance and sup- 
 port his religious opinions, which were 
 widely disseminated among the friends of 
 his persuasion. The best known of these 
 are No Cross, No Crown, to show that the 
 denving of self and daily bearing the Cross 
 446 
 
 of Christ is the only way to the kingdoni 
 of God — a Brief Account of the Rise and 
 Progress of the People called Quakers — 
 Primitive Christianity revived — Innocency 
 with her Open Face, written in his vindica- 
 tion when confined in the Tower. 
 
 Penn, Thomas, son of William Penn, the 
 founder of Pennsylvania, was born March 
 8th, 1702, and succeeded to the share in 
 the proprietary previously owned by his 
 brother John, who died in 1746. He left 
 the province and went to England in 1741, 
 but had the principal direction of its affairs 
 for half a century. He was a principal 
 founder of the college at Philadelphia, and 
 the hospital, the library, and other literary, 
 charitable, and religious societies, shared his 
 bounty. He died in London, March 2lst, 
 1775. |CJ=' L. 
 
 Pennant, Thomas, an able naturalist 
 and antiquary, born at Downing, his family 
 estate in Flintshire, 1726, and educated at 
 Wrexham school, and Oxford. He early 
 distinguished himself by his application to 
 natural philosophy, and after examining 
 with judicious attention whatever was cu- 
 rious and valuable in England, he travelled 
 on the continent, and was introduced to 
 the wits and learned men of Europe, espe- 
 cially BufTon, Voltaire, Linnaeus, &c. Soon 
 after his return to England he commenced 
 author, and from the year 1750, when his 
 British Zoology appeared, to the time of 
 his death, he was usefully employed in 
 elucidating the history, geography, and 
 natural curiosities of his country. This 
 truly amiable and virtuous man, whose 
 learning was equalled by his goodness of 
 heart, died at Downing, 1793. His works 
 are numerous and very respectable, the 
 best known of which are Tour in Scotland, 
 1771, often edited — Tours in Wales, from 
 Chester to London — Account of London — 
 Literary Memoirs of himself — a Geogra- 
 phical Account of India, of which only the 
 first volume appeared before his death, and 
 other publications. 
 
 Penni, John Francis, surnamed II Fat- 
 tore, as the prudent steward of his master 
 Raphael's affairs, was a painter, born at 
 Florence. His landscapes were much ad- 
 mired. He died 1528, aged 40. His bro- 
 ther Lucas was also eminent as a painter, 
 and was patronised by Henry VIII. in 
 England, and also by Francis I. at Fon- 
 tainebleau. 
 
 Pennicuik, Alexander, a Scotch phy- 
 sician, born at New Hall, Edinburghshire. 
 His father, who was of a very respectable 
 and ancient family, had been surgeon under 
 general Bannier in the Swedish army, and 
 the son, after travelling abroad settled in 
 his native country, where he published a 
 topographical account of Tweedale, some 
 poems, descriptive of the manners of bis 
 countrymen. &>c. He died 1722, aged 70. 
 
VKF 
 
 t\A' 
 
 It is said that he communicaled to Aliuu 
 Ramsay the incidents which he hath clothed 
 in such iiitcrestins; beauty of language in 
 his Gentle Shepherd. 
 
 Penny, Thomas, an English naturalist 
 of celebrity. He travelled over England 
 and other various countries in search of 
 botanical knowledge, and brought from 
 Majorca the curious plant called Hyperi- 
 cum Valeraricum, which Clusius in honour 
 of him names Myrto Cistus Pennaji. He 
 ■was very communicative of his informa- 
 tion to his friends, especially to Lobel, 
 Gerard, Gesner, and other botanists. He 
 wrote letters on insects, inserted in Trew's 
 collection. He was fellow of the college 
 of physicians, London. 
 
 Penruddock, John, son of Sir John of 
 Wiltshire, was zealous in the cause of his 
 sovereign during the civil wars, and obtain- 
 ed the rank ol colonel in ihe royal army. 
 He was defeated by colonel Croke, who, 
 after he bad solemnly promised him pardon, 
 caused him to be beheaded in l6o5. He 
 was a man of great piety, and equally 
 distingui^hed for the virtues of private life. 
 The letters which passed between him and 
 his wife after his condemnation, have been 
 published by Steele, and display him in the 
 most aft'ecting language, in the amiable 
 light of the good Christian and the loyal 
 subject. 
 
 Penrt, John, or Ap-henry, a native of 
 Brecknock, who studied at Cambridge, and 
 afterwards at Oxford, where he took his 
 master's degree. In consequence of some 
 offence he altered his religious principles, 
 and became an anabaptist or Brownist, and 
 not only preached, but wrote with great 
 virulence against the episcopacy. His 
 writings, under the assumed name of Mar- 
 tin Mar-Prelate, gave great offence to the 
 ministry ; and in consequence of their se- 
 ditious tendency he was arrested, and con- 
 demned, and executed in 1593. His pub- 
 lications were numerous and all on divinity 
 subjects. 
 
 Pens, George, a native of Nuremberg 
 in the 16th century. He greatly distin- 
 guished himself as a painter and engraver. 
 
 Pepin, the Short, son of Charles Mar- 
 tel, was the first monarch of the second 
 French dynasty, and was elected at Sois- 
 sons 752. Though small of stature he 
 commanded the respect of his people, by 
 the valour and heroic firmness of his con- 
 duct. He listened to the complaints of the 
 pope Stephen H. and marched to attack 
 Astolphus king of the Lombards who be- 
 sieged Rome, and after he had routed him, 
 he turned his victorious arms against the 
 dukes of Saxony, and of Aquitaine, whom 
 he defeated and made tributary to his 
 power. He died at St. Denys, 23d Sept. 
 768, aged 54, and divided his poesession? 
 
 among his sons, Charlemagne and Carlo- 
 
 man. 
 
 Pepin, the Fat, mayor of the palace, 
 governed Australia, Neusiria, and Bur- 
 gundy, and maintained hin power by firm- 
 ness, vigour, and wisdom. He died I6tb 
 Dec. /14, alter governing more as a maa- 
 tcr than as a minister 27 years. 
 
 Pepperell, Sir William, lieutenant-ge- 
 neral in the British service, was a native of 
 Maine, Massachusetts, and bred a mer- 
 chant. He was early appointed an oflicer 
 in the militia, and after advancing through 
 several grades of rank, was at lengili in- 
 trusted by the colonies with the command 
 of the expedition against Louisburg, which 
 he succeeded in capturing. In reward for 
 his services on that occasion he received 
 from the king the dignity of baronet of 
 Great Britain, and was regarded with great 
 respect and admiration by the colonies. 
 He possessed great courage, activity, and 
 an aptnes3 for command, and was prepos- 
 s; ssing in his manners. Beside- his military 
 offices he held a seat in his majesty's 
 council for thirty-two years. He died in 
 1759, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. 
 
 (L L. 
 
 Pepusch, John Christopher, an eminent 
 musician, born at Berlin 1667. His abili- 
 ties were so early displayed, that at the 
 age of 14 he was employed at the Prussian 
 court to teach music to the prince royal. 
 In 1700, became over to England, and was 
 engaged at Drury*lane, and acquired some 
 celebrity and more lortune as a teacher. 
 In 1713, he was admitted doctor of Music 
 at Oxford, and about 1725, he married 
 Margarita de I'Epine, an Italian singer, of 
 light character, but who had by her engage- 
 ments on the stage amassed a fortune of 
 10,000 guineas. This w'oman, whose 
 figure and complexion entitled her to the 
 appellation of Hecate, by which her hus- 
 band distinguished her, brought him one 
 son, who died before his parents. Pe- 
 pusch lost his wife in 1740, and died him- 
 self 20th July, 1752, aged 85, at the Char- 
 ter-house, of which he was organist. 
 
 Pepys, Samuel, a learned Englishman, 
 known as the indefatigable secretary of the 
 admiralty under the reign of Charles II. 
 and his brother. He introduced order, 
 regularity, and method in his department, 
 and devoted much of his time to the col- 
 lecting of memoirs of the navy, and other 
 valuable documents, which have hcci\ pre- 
 served, together with his library, at Mag- 
 dalen college, Cambridge. To his great 
 exertions, his patriotic conduct, and his 
 judicious arrangements, the navy of Bri- 
 tain is much indebted for the superiority in 
 naval aHairs which it began to acquire 
 after the fatal effects of the civil wars. 
 This respectable man died 1703. He was 
 related to the grrcat enri of Sandwich, who 
 
 447 
 
PEK 
 
 PER 
 
 fell gloriously while fighting against the 
 Dutch fleet, and he was descended from 
 an ancient family settled at Impington, 
 Cambridgeshire. 
 
 Peranda, Santa, a native of Venice, 
 eminent as an historical painter. He imi- 
 tated very successfully the st^le of Titian, 
 Tintoretto, and Paul Feronese, and died 
 1738, aged 72. 
 
 Perau, Gabriel Lewis Calabre, a French 
 ecclesiastic of the Sorbonne. who continued 
 d'Auvigne's lives of Illustrious Frenchmen, 
 and wrote the life of Jerome Bigno, be- 
 sides an edition of Bossuet's works, &.c. 
 He died March, 1767, aged 67. 
 
 Perceval, Spencer, was born in 1762. 
 He was educated at Harrow school, 
 and next at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his master's degree in 
 1782, and the year following became a 
 student of Lincoln's-Inn. He commenced 
 practice as a barrister in the King's Bench, 
 from whence he removed to the court of 
 Chancery. In 1796 he was made king's 
 counsel, and, about the same time, attract- 
 ed the notice of Mr. Pitt, by a pamphlet, 
 proving that an impeachment of the House 
 of Commons does not abate by a dissolu- 
 tion of parliament. The same year he was 
 returned for Northampton. In 1801 he 
 was made solicitor-general, and the next 
 year, attorney-general. On the change of 
 administration in 1807, he was appointed 
 chancellor of the exchequer, m which 
 situation he displayed great political ta- 
 lents, particularly in the settlement of the 
 regency ; but, unhappily, he fell soon after- 
 wards, in the lobby of the House of Com- 
 mons, by the hands of an assassin, named 
 Bellingham, who was actuated by no other 
 motive than that of a determination to 
 murder a minister. May 11, 1812.—W.B. 
 
 Percival, Thomas, an English physi- 
 cian, born and educated at Warrington, 
 Lancashire. He studied medicine at Edin- 
 burgh, and afterwards visited the con- 
 tinent, and took his degrees at Leyden, 
 1765. He settled in 1767, at Manchester, 
 where he continued to practise with in- 
 creasing reputation till his death in 1804. 
 In private life Dr. Percival was a most 
 amiable man, and to his zeal in the cause 
 of philosophy, Manchester is chiefly in- 
 debted for the establishment of its literary 
 society, to whose memoirs he made many 
 valuable contributions. He published be- 
 sides moral and literary dissertations — me- 
 dical ethics, &c. besides a Father's In- 
 structions to his Children, &c. In his 
 principles Dr. Percival was a dissenter, 
 and it is remarkable that one of his sons, 
 after receiving all the instruction which so 
 able and so learned a father could commu- 
 nicate, became a convert to the principles 
 of the church of England, and was made 
 one of its most active ministers. 
 448 
 
 Percy, William, the progenitor of tlie 
 illustrious house of the Percys, was one 
 of the courtiers of William the Conqueror, 
 and attended him from Normandy on his 
 invasion of England, and was rewarded for 
 his services and attachment by the grant of 
 lands in the counties of York and Lincoln. 
 The Percys, distinguished by their zeal in 
 the cause of their sovereigns, were raised 
 in 1377, to the rank of earl of Northumber- 
 land by Richard II. The most celebrated 
 of the Percys was Henry, surnamed Hot- 
 spur, who after being the firmest support 
 of the throne of Henry IV.'took up arms 
 against him, and after various encounters 
 was at last defeated at the battle of Shrews- 
 bury in 1403. His father, who had instiga- 
 ted him to hostilities, made peace with the 
 conqueror, but again abandoned his alle- 
 giance, and at last three years after fell in 
 the field of battle, fighting against the 
 forces of his sovereign in Yorkshire. 
 
 Percy, George, president of the colony of 
 Virginia, was appointed by the council in 
 the place of captain John Smith, when he 
 returned to England in September, 1609. 
 lord Delawar succeeded him in June, 
 1610. He was also at the head of the ad- 
 ministration from the departure of lord 
 Delawar in March until the arrival of Sir 
 Thomas Dale in May, 1611. 0= L. 
 
 Percy, Thomas, a learned prelate, and 
 related to the family of Northumberland, 
 was born at Bridgenorth, in Shropshire, in 
 1728. He was educated at Christ-church, 
 Oxford, where he took his master's degree, 
 in 1753, and, on entering into orders, was 
 presented to the vicarage of Easton Mau- 
 duit, in Northamptonshire, which he held 
 with the rectory of Wilbye, in the same 
 county. In 1769 he was made chaplain ia 
 ordinary to the king, in 1778 promoted to 
 the deanery of Carlisle, and in 1782 ad- 
 vanced to the bishopric of Dromore in Ire- 
 land^ where he died in 1811. His works 
 are — 1. Han Kiou Chouan, a translation 
 from the Chinese. 2. Chinese Miscella- 
 nies. 3. Five Pieces of Runic Poetry, 
 translated from the Icelandic Language. 
 4. A new Translation of the Song of Solo- 
 mon. 5. Reliques of Ancient English 
 Poetry, 3 vols. 6. A Key to the New 
 Testament, 7. The Northumberland House- 
 hold Book. 8. The Hermit of Wark- 
 worth, a poem, in the ballad style. 9. A 
 translation of Wallet's Northern Antiqui- 
 ties.— IF. Z?. 
 
 Perdiccas, one of Alexander's gene- 
 rals. He engaged after his master's death 
 in the wars which were kindled among the 
 ambitious generals, and was killed in 
 Egypt, B.C. 322. 
 
 Perefixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, 
 author of an excellent History of Henry 
 IV. of France, was patronised by Riche- 
 lieu, made a doctor of th« Sorbonne, pre- 
 
PER 
 
 pr.K 
 
 Mplor to Lewis XIV. and in 16G4, rtiisCj 
 to the see of Paris. He died 1G70, much 
 respected. He wrote besides Institutio 
 Principis, 1647. 
 
 Pereira-Gomez, George, author of No- 
 va Veraque Medicine, Expcrimcntis et Ra- 
 tionibus l-XidcntibusComprobata, fol. 1558 
 — and a now scarce treatise, to prove the 
 Brute Creation to be mere Machines, 1554, 
 was a physician of eminence, born at Me- 
 dina del Campo in Spain. 
 
 Pereira de Figueiredo, Anthony, a 
 Portuguese divine, born at Macao, 14th 
 Feb. 1725, died at Lisbon 14th Aug. 1797. 
 In the dispute between the courts of Rome 
 and Lisbon, he published various tracts to 
 prove the independence of kings in eccle- 
 siastical afiairs, and received the applause 
 of his countrymen for his learning and 
 spirited conduct. He wrote also a New 
 Method of Latin Grammar, edited ten 
 times — a Portuguese Translation of the 
 Bible, 23 vols. 8vo. — Tentativa Theologica, 
 1769 — Elements of Ecclesiastical History 
 in the form of dialogues, 2 vols. 8vo. 1765, 
 lefit^unfmished. 
 
 Perez, Anthony, a Spanish writer, ne- 
 phew to the secretary of Charles V. When 
 disgraced in Spain he retired to Paris, 
 where he died 1611. He published "let- 
 ters," which are well written and interest- 
 ing. His works appeared at Paris 1598. 
 There was also a Spanish lawyer of emi- 
 nence of that name, who died at Louvain 
 1672, aged 89. Also another who was sur- 
 geon to Philip II. and wrote a treatise on 
 the plague. 
 
 Pergolesi, John Baptist, an Italian mu- 
 sician, born at Casoria, and educated under 
 Gaetano Greco at Naples. He was after- 
 wards patronised by pi'ince Stigliano, and 
 his operas, when introduced on the theatre, 
 were attended with extraordinary success. 
 His Olympiad appeared at Rome, but by 
 some accident did not meet the applause 
 which its merits deserved. He died of a 
 consumption at Naples, at the early age of 
 33, 1737. In compliment to his abilities 
 he is called by the Italians the Dominichino 
 of music. His chief woi'ks are " Stabat 
 Mater," "Dixit et Laudate," " Sylve Regi- 
 na," la Serva Padrona — Orfeo et Eurydice. 
 Dr. Burney thinks very highly of his ge- 
 nius and of his compositions. 
 
 Periander, tyrant of Corinth, is placed 
 among the seven wise men of Greece, 
 though he oppressed his country, murdered 
 his wife Melissa, and banished his son Ly- 
 cophron. He died B.C. 585. 
 
 Periander, Giles, a native of Brussels, 
 1540, who became professor of belles let- 
 tres at Mentz, and published Germania, in 
 qua Doctiss. Virorum Elogia et Judicia con- 
 tinentur, 12mo. 1567 — Nobilitatis Mogun- 
 tiae Diaecesis, MetropolitanaBquc Ecclesiae, 
 8vo. 1568. 
 
 Vol,. 11. 57 
 
 Pf.ricles, ftn illustvlcin Albanian, 
 known as a general, orator, and »tatc»- 
 man. By his arts and inniicnce be gained 
 an extraordinary asren.lciir\ over hit coun- 
 trymen, and prevailed u|ioii ih.in to 1h- 
 gin the famous and fatal I'eloponneswn 
 war. He was cut off by the idaeuc. B.C. 
 429. 
 
 Peringskioll, John, a native of Stregni 
 in Sudermania, who became profes«or of 
 antiquities at Upsal, secretary to the king, 
 and counsellor. He wrote a historj- of 
 the Kings of the North, 8vo. 1720— of the 
 Kings of Norway, 2 vols. fol. 1697 — His- 
 torical and Chronological tables from Adam 
 to Christ, 1713, folio, besides an edition of 
 J. Messenius's treatises on the kings of 
 Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, 14 vols, 
 folio, 1700. He died 24th xMarch, 1720, 
 aged 06. 
 
 Perizonius, James, a learned German, 
 born at Dam in Holland, 26th Oct. 1651. 
 He studied at Deventer, and afterwards at 
 Utrecht under the learned Grsevius, and iu 
 1674, he removed to Leyden. He was af- 
 terwards made rector of the Latin school 
 at Delft, and then professor of eloquence 
 and history at Franeker. He went in 
 1693 to Leyden, to fill the chair of elo- 
 quence, history, and Greek, and died there 
 6th April, 1717. He was a man of ex- 
 tensive erudition, great application, and 
 sound judgment. He published various 
 works in Latin on history, classical litera- 
 ture, and antiquities, the chief of which 
 are Animadversiones Historicae, 8vo. — 
 Dissertations on various Points of Anti- 
 quity, &c. — orations — Origines Babyloni- 
 cae et ^gyptiacae, 2 vols. 8vo. — an edition 
 of .^lian, 2 vols. 8vo.— Historical Com- 
 mentaries — an edition of Q. Curtius — 
 notes on Sanctius's Minerva, Sec. 
 
 Perkims, William, a native of Marston, 
 Warwickshire, educated at Christ college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. 
 He was in his principles a strict Calvinist, 
 and his writings when translated into 
 Dutch, drew upon him the attack of Ar- 
 minius, and other polemics, and this occa- 
 sioned the calling of the Synod of Dordt 
 for the settlement of theological disputes. 
 His works are comprised in 3 vols. fol. 
 He died 1602, aged 46. 
 
 Pernett, James, a native of Forez, 
 historiographer of Lyons, and member of 
 the academy there. He was an able wri- 
 ter, and assumed the pompous title of 
 Miles Ecclesise Lugdunensis. He wrote 
 History of Cyrus, 3 vols. l2mo. ; Coun- 
 sels of Friendships ; Letters on Physiog- 
 nomy, 3 vols. ; Abuses of Education, 
 l2mo. ; Picture of Lyons ; Lyonese wor- 
 thy to be recorded, 2 vok. 8?o. He died 
 1777, aged 81. 
 
 Pernety, Anthony Joseph, a relation of 
 the preceding, born at Roanne en Forez i 
 
 4-^9 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 l3tU Feb. 1716. He became librarian to 
 ihe king of Prussia, and after residing for 
 several years at Berlin, he retnrneel to 
 France, and died in the bosom of his fami- 
 ly. He wrote a Dictionary of Painting, 
 Sculpture, and Engraving, l2mo. — Disser- 
 tation on America against Pauw, 2 vols. 
 8vo. — History of a Voyage to the Mal- 
 dives, 8vo. &c, 
 
 Perouse, John Francis Galoup de la, an 
 illustrious navigator, descended from a no- 
 ble family at Toulouse, and born at Albi, 
 1741. He early entered into the French 
 ravy, and distingoiished himself by his ser- 
 vices for 17 years in the Indian seas, and 
 in 1778, was employed in America under 
 d'Estaing. He was present at the taking 
 of Grenada, and, in 1782, he destroyed the 
 English factories which were established in 
 Hudson's bay. At the peace he was se- 
 lected by Lewis XVI. to command the As- 
 trolabe and the Boussole, on a voyage of 
 discovery, and the expedition was so popu- 
 lar that the monarch himself traced out the 
 places which he wished the bold adventurer 
 to examine. After follov/ing the track of 
 Cook, visiting the northwest coast of 
 America, and advancing to Behring's 
 straits, Perouse came down the eastern 
 roast of Asia along Japan, and in Feb. 
 1788, visited Botany bay in New Holland, 
 where he was received with merited dis- 
 tinction by the English settlers. After 
 leaving Botany bay, no intelligence what- 
 ever has been received of this unfortunate 
 navigator, but it is imagined that he perish- 
 ed with his valiant crew on some unknown 
 f^hoals, or fell a sacrifice to the fury of some 
 inhuman savages. In 1791, the national 
 assembly ordered two ships under Entre- 
 casteaux, and Petit-Thomas, to go in pur- 
 suit of him ; but after exploring those seas 
 which he had lately visited, they returned 
 without being able to satisfy their country- 
 men and the friends of humanity with re- 
 spect to the fate of these unhappy adven- 
 turers. His voyages, as far as he sent a 
 report of them to Europe, have been pub- 
 lished, in 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Perrault, Claude, an eminent author, 
 born at Paris, 1613. He was bred up a 
 physician, but he practised only in his own 
 family, and for the poor, and abandoned 
 the profession for the more pleasing pur- 
 suits of literature and the fine arts. In 
 architecture he was particularly great, and 
 ihe entrance into the Louvre, as Voltaire 
 observes, is one of the most august monu- 
 ments of architecture in the world. At the 
 request of Colbert he translated Vitruvius, 
 and adorned the work with plates. He 
 also contributed some valuable papers to 
 the memoirs of the academy of sciences, of 
 which he was member. He was unfortu- 
 nately engaged in a quarrel with Boileou, 
 450 
 
 against whom he maintained the superior!-^ 
 ty of the moderns against the ancients ; but 
 though the poet ridiculed the artist, and 
 was consequently abused in his turn, they 
 were afterwards happily reconciled. Per- 
 rault died 9th Oct. 1688, aged 75. He 
 wrote besides, Abridgment of Vitruvius, 
 12mo. — Description of Machines of his own 
 Invention — Memoirs for a Natural History 
 of Animals, folio — on the Ancient Columns 
 of Architecture and their Ornaments, &c. 
 Though he never practised physic, the 
 faculty of Paris placed his picture by the 
 side of those of Fernelius, Riolanus, and 
 others, in respect not only for his know- 
 ledge of medicine, but for his superior ac- 
 quirements in physics, and in the fine arts. 
 Perrault, Charles, brother of Claude, 
 was born at Paris, 1626. His abilities 
 early recommended him to Colbert, by 
 whom he was made clerk of the buildings, 
 and afterwards comptroller general of the 
 finances. This high situation enabled him 
 to gratify the wishes of his heart. He pa- 
 tronised learned men, and encouraged the 
 arts and the sciences, and to his honoura- 
 ble influence the establishment of the aca- 
 demies of painting, sculpture, and archi- 
 tecture, was owing. The death of Colbert, 
 however, in 1683, produced his disgrace, 
 and he retired from an ungrateful court to 
 a life of solitude and study. He wrote 
 various works in verse and prose, and his 
 poem called La Heinture, was received in 
 1668 with great applause. Le Siecle de 
 Louis le Grand, which appeared in 1688, 
 was a declaration of war against the opi- 
 nions of learned men, and by elevating the 
 moderns to a rank superior to the ancients 
 in every species of composition, he brought 
 on a controversy, in which he had to op- 
 pose the powerful abilities of Boileau, Me- 
 nage, and other respectable writers. The 
 opposition of Boileau was guided by in- 
 terest as well as pride ; and when the prince 
 of Conti threatened to write on his seat in 
 the academy, " tu dors, Brutus," thou 
 sleepest, Brutus, the poet considered him- 
 self seriously called upon to combat Per- 
 rault, which he did most ably, in his work 
 annexed to Critical Reflections on Lonsi- 
 nus. These two great antagonists were 
 reconciled in 1699, and Perrault some time 
 after published his Historical Eulogiums 
 on the Great Men of the 17th century, 2 
 vols, folio. Perrault died 1703, aged 77. 
 He was a man of great respectability, since 
 madam Dacier, who has censured him with 
 severity as an author, describes him as a 
 pious, sincere, virtuous, polite, and modest 
 character, employing his influence not to 
 serve himself, but his friends. He wrote 
 besides, Parallel of the Ancients and Mo- 
 derns — the Cabinet of the Fine Arts, folio — 
 Reflections on Longinus, 8vo. — Poem.s — 
 
PER 
 
 Pi: It 
 
 •Tacrnub's Fables, &c. He had two otlicr 
 brothers, Nicolas and Peter, also distin- 
 guished in literature. 
 
 Pekrier, Francis, a French painter, 
 born at Ma<'on, 151)0. He was dissipated 
 in his youtli, and ran away from his pa- 
 rents, and then joined himself to a blind 
 beggar, whom he accompanied to Rome, 
 and with whom he shared the alms obtain- 
 ed on the road from the hands of charity. 
 In the midst of hie distress at Rome he ap- 
 plied himself to his pencil, and soon Avas 
 enabled to live independently. He then 
 returned to France through Lyons, and af- 
 ter a second residence of 10 years in Italy, 
 be came again to Paris, in high tavour with 
 the great. He painted the gallery of the 
 Hotel de la Vrilliere, and died professor of 
 the academy, 1650. He etched some of 
 Raphael's work's, and other pieces, and also 
 engraved in the chiaro obscuro, some anti- 
 quities in an admired style, of which he 
 ■was said by some to be the inventor. In 
 his manner he chiefly imitated Lanfranc, 
 and in his landscapes was little inferior to 
 Caracci. 
 
 Perrier, Charles, a French poet, ne- 
 phew to the preceding, was born at Aix in 
 Provence. As a Latin poet he possessed 
 such excellence, that Menage, who had the 
 settlement of a political dispute between 
 bim and his pupil Santeuil, honoured him 
 with the title of prince of lyric poets. He 
 afterwards applied himself to French poe- 
 try, and with such sticcess that he obtained 
 twice the prize of the French academy. 
 He died 1692. Though respectable as a 
 writer, he was, as a man, very affected, 
 self-conceited, and disagreeably proud of 
 his poetical name. 
 
 Perron, James Davy du, a cardinal ce- 
 lebrated for his learning and his political 
 knowledge. He was born of noble parents, 
 25th Nov. 1556, and educated in the pro- 
 testant faith ; and he displayed so much 
 attention to his studies, that he was early 
 distinguished as a scholar, and in 1576, he 
 was introduced by Desportes, abbot of Tri- 
 on, to Henry III. at Blois, as a prodigy of 
 great learning. As a theological disputant 
 he acquired much celebrity at Paris ; but he 
 soon after abjured the tenets of the pro- 
 testants, and laboured with great assiduity 
 to convert others to the catholic faith. 
 Henry IV. was in the number of those on 
 whom his eloquence and subtilty prevailed, 
 and so highly valued were his services, that 
 he was made by the grateful monarch, at 
 first bishop of Evreux, and afterwards grand 
 almoner of France, archbishop of Sens, and 
 at last raised to the dignity of cardinal, 
 1604. His abilities as a negotiator were 
 repeatedly employed by the king with the 
 See of Rome ; and with the most persua- 
 sive eloquence and inviolate integrity he 
 served his master without injuring the in- 
 
 :iri« 
 
 > 
 err on was 
 
 tcresls of the cLurch. The la^t year^ ot 
 Ins life were devoted to retirement and thr 
 revision of his work... He di.d at V 
 5th Sept. 161S, uged C:;. ])„ p 
 universally acknowledged t» be a roan of 
 deep erudition, well versed in profune and 
 ecclesiastical history, artful and penetra- 
 ting, capable of painting his plans as plau- 
 sible and reasonable, and so powerful and 
 argumentative in disputes, that tlie ubh-t 
 scholars were afraid of him, and even Du 
 Plessis Mornay, himself so celebrated, ap- 
 peared against him in the presence of ILn- 
 ry with almost inferior abilities. He urole, 
 a Treatise on the Eucharist— another 
 against king James I. of England— Letters 
 — Dissertations— Acts of Conference with 
 Du Plessis Mornay, &c. all of which have 
 been collected in 3 vols, folio, with an ac- 
 count of his life. The " Perroniana," pub- 
 lished after his death, are unworthy of his 
 fame, and probably were impositions on 
 the credulity of the world. 
 
 Perron, Anquetil du, a learned French- 
 man, member of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions and belles lettrcs, and of the national 
 institute. He undertook a voyage to the 
 East, and became acquainted with the ori- 
 ginal works of Zoroaster, and also the lan- 
 guage of the ancient Persians ; and after 
 surmounting many difficulties he returned 
 to Europe, loaded with the literary spoils 
 of India, wliich were deposited in the 
 king's library at Paris. An account of this 
 journey, so interesting to science, was pub- 
 lished in 1771, 3 vols. 4to. ; but it is to be 
 lamented that he speaks with virulence an^l 
 disrespect of the English, from whom he 
 had received every mark of attention and 
 courtesy. This learned man died at Paris, 
 Nov. 1805, aged 73. He published several 
 historical works besides, and left some va- 
 luable MSS. 
 
 Perronet, John Rodolphus, member ol 
 the academy of sciences at Paris, and of 
 the learned societies of London, Stock- 
 holm, &c. rose by his merit to the respect' 
 able office of diiector general of bridges 
 and roads in France. He was a pupil of 
 Beaufire, and for his services was rewarded 
 with the order of St. Michael, and became 
 inspector, and afterwards director of the 
 school of engineers at Paris, The bridges 
 of Neuilly, Nantes, Orleans, &.c. were 
 constructed under his direction, and the 
 public roads of the kingdom were improved 
 by his judicious plans. This worthy man, 
 as respectable in private life as he was es- 
 teemed for his public services, died 1794, 
 aged 86. He published a Description of 
 the Bridges which he had erected, 2 vols, 
 folio — Memoirs on the Method of Con- 
 structing Grand Arches of Stone from 20t? 
 to 500 feet, over Valleys, 4to. &c. 
 
 Perrot, Nicholas, a native of Sassofer- 
 rato, who became archbishop of Sipont(^* 
 
 4.'^l 
 
PivH 
 
 PER 
 
 and died 1450. He was author of a Com- 
 mentary on Martial ; of a Treatise on Hip- 
 pocrates ; and of a Translation of Poljbius 
 into Latin, &.c. 
 
 Perrot, Sir John, was born of a respect- 
 bble family, about 1527. Educated for the 
 services of the court in the house of the 
 marquis of Winchester, he quickly became 
 one of the favourites of Edward VI. and 
 was made a knight of the Bath at his coro- 
 nation. Under Mary he was disgraced, 
 and with difficulty escaped with his life, for 
 extending his protection to some suspected 
 protestants ; but in the next reign he was 
 recalled to court, and sent in 1572, as pre- 
 sident of Monster, to quell a dangerous re- 
 bellion in Ireland. He also distinguished 
 himself as admiral of the fleet, against the 
 meditated invasion of Ireland by the Spa- 
 niards ; but when appointed lord lieutenant 
 of that kingdom in 1583, he rendered him- 
 self very unpopular by the severity of his 
 measures. His enemies had, in conse- 
 quence, sufficient influence to procure his 
 recall, and in 1588, he returned to England, 
 and was sent to the Tower, and four years 
 r.fter tried for high treason, and condemned. 
 His services pleaded so strongly in his fa- 
 vour with Elizabeth, that she acknowledg- 
 ed his innocence, and respited him. He 
 died the same year in his confinement. 
 
 Perrot, Nicolas, sieur d'Ablancourt, a 
 learned Frenchman, born at Chalons sur 
 Marne, April 6th, 1606. He studied at 
 Sedan and at Paris, and applied himself to 
 the law, and was admitted advocate of the 
 parliament. He soon after abandoned 
 that profession, abjured the protestant 
 faith, and devoted himself to literature. 
 His preface to the "Honnete Femme" of 
 du Bosc procured him high reputation, 
 and soon after he was again reconciled to 
 the protestant tenets, and then visited Hol- 
 land and England, till the clamour excited 
 by his religious inconsistency had been 
 hushed. In 1637 he was admitted into the 
 French acadeu'.y, and afterwards under- 
 took a translation of Tacitus. He 
 spent his last years in retirement, and 
 died on his estate of Ablancourt, of the 
 gravel, Nov. 17th, 1664. He translated 
 into French Tacitus, Minutius Felix, Lu- 
 tian, Caesar, Arrian, Thucydides, and 
 others. He wrote, besides, a Discourse 
 on the Immortality of the Soul ; and a 
 History of Africa, 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Perrt, John, an Englishman, captain in 
 the navy, and celebrated as an engineer. 
 He was employed by Peter the Great, of 
 Russia, to form a communication between 
 the Wolga and the Don, and in making 
 the Veronise navigable ; but though thus 
 useful to the kingdom, and though labo- 
 riously engaged in improving the Russian 
 «avy, he was unhandsomely treated by the 
 govermnent, and when unable to obtain 
 452 
 
 any remuneration for his services, bs 
 quitted the place, 1712, under the protec- 
 tion of the English envoy, Mr. "Whitworth, 
 His abilities were next successively en- 
 gaged in 1721, in stopping the breach at 
 Dagenham, in Essex, of which he publish- 
 ed an account. He wrote also the State 
 of Russia, 1716, 8vo. and died 11th Feb. 
 1733. 
 
 Perry, Oliver Hazard, captain in the 
 navy of the United States, was born at 
 Newport, Rhode Island, in August, 1785. 
 He entered the navy as a midshipman, in 
 1798, and sei-ved in the Mediterranean 
 during the war with Tripoli. He became 
 a lieutenant in 1810, and in 1812 had 
 charge of a flotilla of gun-boats in the har- 
 bour of NeAv-York. He was soon after 
 removed to lake Ontario, to serve under 
 commodore Chauncey, and was despatched 
 by that officer to take charge of the squa- 
 dron fitting on lake Erie. Having equip- 
 ped a fleet of nine small vessels he met the 
 enemy on the tenth of September, who 
 were superior in force, and succeeded after 
 a conflict of three hours in capturing their 
 whole fleet. This extraordinary victory 
 gave him great reputation, and procured 
 his immediate advancement to the rank of 
 captain. After the peace he commanded 
 the Java in the expedition under commo- 
 dore Decatur to the Mediterranean, In 
 1819 he sailed in the John Adams on a 
 cruise to the West Indies, and died of the 
 yellow fever near Port Spain, Trinidad, 
 August 23d, 1820. Congress exhibited 
 the respect in which they held him, by 
 making provision for the support of his fa- 
 mily. ICZ?" L. 
 
 Perseus, son of Philip of Macedonia, 
 was defeated at Pydna, and his kingdom 
 destroyed by Paulus jEmilius, B.C. 16S. 
 He was carried a captive to Rome. 
 
 Persius, Aulus Flaccus, a celebrated 
 Roman satirist in the age of Nero. Cor- 
 nutus, the stoic, was his master. He died 
 A.D. 62. His satires are very severe and 
 obscure. 
 
 Pertinax, Publius Helvius, a Roman 
 emperor of obscure origin. From an in- 
 structer of youth he became a soldier, and 
 on the death of Commodus, 193, he was 
 raised to the imperial purple. His virtues 
 promised a happy reign for Rome, but the 
 state was too deeply sunk into vice and de- 
 bauchery to suffer the rule of a magnani- 
 mous prince. He was assassinated by his 
 soldiers a few months after his elevation. 
 
 Perugino, Pietro, an Italian painter, 
 born 1446, at Perugia. He was the disci- 
 ple of Verocchio, at Florence, and chiefly 
 excelled in the natural and elegant expres- 
 sion of his female figures. He was the master 
 of Raphael, and was patronised by Sixtus 
 IV. for whose chapel at Rome he painted 
 some beautiful pieces. He was remarkably 
 
n/r 
 
 PKT 
 
 fond of money, and the lo.^s of his trea- 
 sure, which he always carried about him, 
 and of which he was robbed, caused his 
 death, 1524, in his 78th year. His best 
 piece is an altar piece, in St. Peter's 
 church, Perusjia. 
 
 Peruzzi, Balthasar, eminent as a paint- 
 er and architect, was born at Voltcrra or 
 Sienna, 1481. He was patronised by the 
 popes Alexander VI. Julius 11. and Leo X. 
 and under the last he finished some designs 
 and models for the ornamenting of St. Pe* 
 ter's, under the architect Bramante. He 
 was taken prisoner at Rome, when that 
 city was sacked by Charles V. but he was 
 restored to liberty by painting a portrait of 
 the constable Bourbon. His execution 
 of the perspective, and of the chiaro ob- 
 scuro, was so perfect as to excite the as- 
 tonishment of Titian. He died poor, 1556. 
 
 Peselli, Pesello, a painter of Florence, 
 %vho died 1517, aged 77. He was the pu- 
 pil of Andrea del Castagno, and his histori- 
 cal pieces, his animals, &c. were finished 
 in such correct and elegant style as to com- 
 mand universal approbation. 
 
 Pesselier, Charles Stephen, member 
 of the academies of Nancy, of Amiens, 
 Rouen, and Angers, was born at Paris, 9th 
 July, 1712. His parents wished to edu- 
 cate him for the law, but such was his par- 
 tiality for literature and poetry that his 
 leisure hours were assiduously devoted to 
 the muses. He was united with Lallemand 
 in the management of the finances of 
 the kingdom, and the plans he proposed 
 were applauded by the French ministry. 
 His extreme application to financial affairs 
 proved too powerful for his delicate con- 
 stitution, and he fell a victim to excessive 
 mental fatigue, 24th April, 1763. He 
 wrote " Ecole du Temps," a comedy — 
 Esope au Parnasse, a comedy — la Mascar- 
 ade du Parnasse, a comedy in one act — 
 Letters on education, 2 vols. 12mo. — Ge- 
 neral Idea of the Finances, folio, 1759 — 
 Doubts addressed to the Author of Theory 
 of Taxation, l2mo. — Fables after la Fon- 
 taine's manner, &c. 
 
 Petavius, Dionysius, or Denis Petau, 
 a French Jesuit, born at Orleans 21st Aug. 
 1583. His abilities were early observed 
 and encouraged by his father, and after ac- 
 quiring the most p^^rfpct knowledge of 
 belles lettres, the classics, mathematics, 
 and philosophy, he was at the age of 19 
 made professor of philosophy at Bourges. 
 He was admitted among the Jesuits 1605, 
 and his great and extensive erudition was 
 employed in the defence of the catholic 
 religion against the protestants, and his 
 criticisms were particularly directed against 
 Scaliger, and even against his friend Ca- 
 saubon. He died after a laborious Ufv 
 spent in the service of science and litera- 
 ture, 11th Dec. 1652, at Paris, in the col- 
 
 lege of Clermont. He was, according to 
 Gasscndus, the most conuummate scholar 
 the Jesuits c.wr had, and to hij^li w.m his 
 reputation that Urban \ III. and Philip IV. 
 of Spain, invited him with the most liberal 
 promises to settle in their respective terri- 
 tories, which his attachment to his native 
 country and the precarious state of bia 
 health obliged him to decline. As a chro- 
 nologist he was particularly eminent, and 
 his Latin is universally acknowledged as 
 elegant and refined. He wrote de Doctri- 
 na Temporum, 2 vols. fol. — Uranologia, 3 
 vols. — Rationarium Temporum, fol. and 
 Leyden, 2 vols. 8vo. a valuable work 
 abridged by Le Clerc — Dogmata Theologi- 
 ca, 5 vols. fol. — the Psalms translated into 
 Greek verse, 12mo. — de Ecclesia Hierar- 
 chia, folio, besides controversial pamphlets, 
 and some valuable editions of some of the 
 fathers. 
 
 Pethion de Villeneuve, Jerome, a 
 native of Chartres, who quitted the pro- 
 fession of the law to become a member of 
 the constituent assembly. His conduct as 
 a legislator was violent and factious, and 
 as he possessed some powers as a speaker, 
 he contributed much in extinguishing the 
 splendour which sun'ounded the monarch. 
 His popularity raised him to the dangerous 
 oflice of mayor of Paris, and on the 20th 
 of June he proved to the people how little 
 he respected the r.nhappy Louis. His ha- 
 tred against the king hastened the horrors 
 of the 10th of August, and of the first days 
 of September ; but when he, as first ma- 
 gistrate of the city, might have checked or 
 arrested the 30 assassins who murdered in 
 cold blood the most innocent victims, he 
 affected to permit the people to punish 
 their enemies. The abolition of royalty 
 and the fall of Louis completed the gratifi- 
 cation of his guilty ambition, but while he 
 aspired to the diflScult office of guiding the 
 destinies of a tumultuous republic, he 
 found a powerful rival in Robespierre, and 
 in the struggle was defeated by his antago- 
 nist. Outlawed by his victorious oppo- 
 nents, 31st May, 1793, he tied from the 
 capital in disguise, and was some time after 
 found lifeless in a corn-field near St. Emi- 
 lion, in the Gironde, a victim to hunger and 
 misery, and with his corpse disfigured and 
 partly devoured by birds of prey. His 
 friends and supporters have represented 
 him as a man of obliging mannci.-, and 
 of strict undeviating Mitegi-ity ; but poste- 
 rity must view him as an ambitious hvno- 
 crite, whose sole aim was to gain populari- 
 ty, and to ascend to the sovereignty on the 
 ruins of the throne. With a j^'easing 
 figure and captivating manners he pos- 
 sessed deep di? imulation, and ^\hile he 
 affected the justice and the sobriety of 
 Aristides, his conduct betrayed the dark de- 
 signs of the murderer and incendiarv. Hi? 
 
 453 
 
PET PET 
 
 works, containing some political tracts, master of the kingdom ; but the indigna- 
 
 speeches, &c. have appeared in 4 vols. 8vo. tion of the people rendered his possession 
 
 1793. precarious. Martin IV. excommunicated 
 
 Peter, chief of the apostles, was son of him, together with all the Sicilians, and 
 
 John and brother of Andrew, and of the also placed his Spanish dominions under 
 
 city of Bethsaida. He was fishing on the the same interdict. Peter attempted to 
 
 borders of the lake Gennesareth when called ward off the public odium by challenging 
 
 by Christ to become an apostle, and he not his rival of Anjou ; but though the day was 
 
 only obeyed the benign invitation, but ever appointed he had not the courage to appear 
 
 after showed his strong and decided at- against him in the field. He died at 
 
 tachment to the person of his master. He Villefranche, 28th Nov. 1285, leaving Sici- 
 
 was one of the three apostles who were ly to his second son, James, and Arragon 
 
 present at the transfiguration, and it was to to his other son, Alphonso. 
 him particularly that the Saviour recom- Peter, the Cruel, king of Castile, suc- 
 
 mended the care of his sheep. \'VTien Je- ceeded at the age of 16 his father, Alphon- 
 
 sus was betrayed Peter displayed great cou- so XI. 1350. He was wanton and tyran- 
 
 rage,and drawing his sword cut off the ear of nical, and three days after he had married 
 
 the high priest's servant ; but when he saw Blanche, daughter of the duke of Bourbon, 
 
 that his master was detained as a malefac- he repudiated her with every mark of dis- 
 
 tor, his courage failed him, and he followed grace, to renew his infamous connexion 
 
 with pusillanimous curiosity, and when with Maria de Pradilla, his mistress, 
 
 questioned who he was, denied three times Another queen was treated with equal in- 
 
 his blessed master, that the words of Jesus dignity, and Peter at last so irritated his 
 
 might be fulfilled, " before the cock crow subjects by his inhumanity that' they rose 
 
 thou shalt deny me thrice." After the as- up against him, 1366, headed by his natural 
 
 tension of Christ Peter evinced great bold- brother, Henry, count of Transtamare. 
 
 ness in the cause of the gospel ; by his Though for a while he withstood his ene- 
 
 preaching he converted to the faith 3000 mies, by the assistance of the English, he 
 
 souls at once, and manifested the truth of soon found the general odium too great to 
 
 his doctrines by signs and miracles. When be conquered, and in a battle which was 
 
 imprisoned by Herod Agrippa, he was set fought 14th March, 1369, he was defeated 
 
 at liberty by an angel, and sent forth to and killed by his brother, who ascended the 
 
 preach the gospel out of Judea. Under throne. 
 
 the persecutions of Nero, Peter was seized Peter Alexiowitz I. surnamed the 
 and put to death at Rome, by being cruci- Great, son of Alexis Michaelpwitz, Czar of 
 fied with his head downwards, A.D. 66. Muscovy, succeeded to the throne on the 
 He wrote two epistles which are among the death of his brother Theodore, to the ex- 
 canonical books, but the gospel, the Acts, elusion of his elder brother Iwan, whose 
 &c. said to have been written by him are health and intellects were too feeble to sup- 
 pious inventions of the monks. port the cares and fatigues of government. 
 
 Peter, St. a bishop of Alexandria, 300, This gave offence to the princess Sophia, his 
 
 who suffered martyrdom 31 ' . He was a half sister, who roused into rebellion the 
 
 learned prelate, and formed the penitential Strelitzes,aformidablebodyof militia,nearly 
 
 fcanons, and made some wholesome regula- resembling the Janissaries of the Ottoman 
 
 tions for the suppression of vice in his dio- Porte; but Peter was too wise to foment a ci- 
 
 cess. Some of his letters are extant in vilwar,and he consented to share the throne 
 
 Theodoret. with his brother Iwan. Without educa- 
 
 Peter Chrtsologus, St. archbishop of tion, yet endowed with the strongest pow- 
 
 ilavenna, 433, died about 458. His works, ers of nature, Peter felt that much was still 
 
 consisting of 176 sermons, &.c. have been to be acquired before he could realize the 
 
 edited, Venice, 1750, fol. and Augsburg, vast projects which he had formed in his 
 
 1758. mind. To counteract the formidable pow- 
 
 Peter III. king of Arragon, succeeded er of the Strelitzes, who were not only de- 
 
 to his father, James I. 1276. He laid voted to the interests of the intriguing So- 
 
 claim to the dominions of Navarre, but phia, but more inclined to dispute than to 
 
 was unable to establish his pretensions by obey the commands of their superior, he 
 
 force of arms. As he had married Con- determined to become the favourite of the 
 
 stance, daughter of Mainfroy, king of Sici- army, and enlisting as a private soldier in ai 
 
 ly, he formed the plan of seizing the king- company which were dressed and discipli- 
 
 dom against the claims of Charles of An-^ ned in the German manner he gi-adually 
 
 jou, and to support the success of his de- rose to command by his services, and by 
 
 signs he determined to assassinate at one sharing the toils and the privations of the 
 
 blow all the French in the island. This military life. The sight of some Dutch 
 
 horrid massacre, which was perpetrated on and English ships roused his attention to 
 
 Easter day, 1282, and which was therefore naval affairs, and while he meditated the 
 
 called Sicilian Vespers, made him easily aggrandizement of Russia he never aban- 
 454 
 
PUT 
 
 iloncd bis favourite pchcmc of erecting a 
 navy. By the death of his brother, in 
 1696, he became sole emperor, und then 
 increased his dominions by the conquest of 
 Azoph from the Turks. Still, however, 
 feeling his inferiority as a naval power, he 
 sent in 1698 an embassy to Hoilund, and 
 went in a disguised character in the ambas- 
 sador's suite : and that he might personally 
 be acquainted with the process^ of ship 
 building, he enrolled himself at Amster- 
 dam among the ship carpenters, and 
 ■worked with unusual assiduity, under the 
 name of master Peter. The next year he 
 passed over to England, where in four 
 months he acquired the complete know- 
 ledge of ship building, and alter receiving 
 every mark of respect from William III. 
 he left the country, accompanied by seve- 
 ral English ship builders and artificers, 
 whom he employed with great liberality 
 and kindness in his naval yards. From 
 England he went to Vienna: but the intel- 
 ligence that Sophia had again intrigued 
 ivith the Strelitzes, and roused them to 
 rebellion, hastened his return to Moscow. 
 The ringleaders were punished with seve- 
 rity ; but the princess, who was the most 
 guilty, was only confined with greater se- 
 verity in the solitude of a monastery. Im- 
 proved by the view of foreign countries, the 
 forms of their government, and the know- 
 ledge of their commercial resources, Peter 
 HOW displayed to the world the enlightened 
 plans of his capacious mind. He not only 
 .sent his nobles to foreign countries, to im- 
 prove and adorn their minds, but he libe- 
 rally invited the wisest and the most learned 
 among distant nations to come and seek an 
 honourable residence in Russia, and to in- 
 sti-uct his uncivilized subjects in the various 
 arts which humanize and sweeten life. The 
 hitherto barbarous coasts of Russia were 
 therefore visited by sailors, artists, me- 
 chanics, mathematicians,and adventurers of 
 rvery degree and profession, and though his 
 subjects viewed these new settlers with jea- 
 lousy, the policy of Peter soon mingled and 
 united them by the strong ties of mutual 
 dependence and eocial union. In 1700 he 
 declared war againstCharlesXII. of Sweden, 
 and though frequently defeated by the supe- 
 rior tactics and heroic valour of his enemv, 
 he nevertheless persevered with undaunted 
 courage, observing, " though I know I must 
 be overcome for a great while, my armies 
 w ill at last be taught to conquer." In the 
 midst of his disasters in Poland, he formed 
 the vast project of erecting a new metropo- 
 lis on the Baltic Sea, for his immense ter- 
 ritories ; and after he had added to his do- 
 minions the best part of Livonia and Ingria, 
 he in 1703 laid the foundations of Peters- 
 burg, which he destined for the northern 
 capital of his empii-e. Though often de- 
 feated, at last the batilc of Pultowa, in 
 
 PLT 
 
 1709, came to crown his carncdl wiahcs, 
 and he saw the long-\iiloriou» Swedes con- 
 quered, and their heroic leader Charles 
 obliged to fly for Hafcty into the Turkiah 
 don.inions. Peter used ihia great victory 
 like a wise man ; the Swedish prisoners 
 were induced, by liberal oilers, to settle 
 among their conquerors, and not less than 
 3U0(» ofliccrs were prevniled upon, by the 
 kind treatment of the C/:ir, to fix ihf ir re- 
 sidence and spread civilization, improve- 
 ment, and the arts of polished life, in vari- 
 ous paits of his extensive empire. In con- 
 sequence of the victory of Pultowa, Peter 
 was enabled to secure the possession of Li- 
 vonia and Ingria, to which he afterwards 
 added part of Pomerania and Finland ; but 
 the intrigues of Charles XII. at the Turk- 
 ish court, at last prevailed upon the Otto- 
 mans to break the truce, and in 1712 Peter 
 was suddenly surrounded on the banks of 
 the Pruth, and his army devoted to destruc- 
 tion. While he considered every thing 
 lost, his wife Catherine had recourse to 
 stratagem, and by offering a large bribe to 
 the grand vizier, she saved her husband's 
 honour, and his army, and in consequence 
 of this meritorioup action, the grateful 
 CzarestabHshcd the order of St. Catherine 
 into Avhich only women are admitted. The 
 defeat of the Swedish fleet near Holstein in 
 1714, and the subsequent treaty of peace 
 with Charles XII. now enabled Peter to 
 visit again foreign countries in pursuit of 
 improvement and better knowledge. In 
 1716 he was in Denmark, and after visit- 
 ing the schools, public places, and curiosi* 
 ties, he passed to Hamburgh, Hanover 
 Wolfenbuttlc, and Holland, and the next 
 year proceeded to Paris. In the capital of 
 France he was received with great ceremo- 
 ny, and admitted member of the academy 
 of sciences ; but despising the pomp and 
 pageantry of greatness, he preferred the 
 conversation of the learned and the intelli- 
 gent, and returned home better pleased 
 with the information which he had received 
 than with the unmeaning marks of homage 
 which flattery had paid to his imperial 
 rank. When at Paris he visited the tomb 
 of Richelieu, exclaiming, "great minister, 
 would it might have happened you had 
 lived in my age, I would have granted you 
 half of my dominions to learn from you 
 how to govern the rest." Returned to Rus- 
 sia, Peter laboured earnestly to reform and 
 improve the character of his countrv. 
 After breaking gradually to pieces the dan- 
 gerous establishment of the Strelitzes, he 
 established a regular body of 100,000 
 troops ; he built a navy of forty ships of the 
 line ; he established colleges and schools of 
 medicine, botany, belles Icttres, &c. in the 
 chief cities of his dominions, and by pur- 
 chasing pictures of value and cc'lebritY 
 from Italy, he introduced a taste for paint- 
 
 4-, 5 
 
PET 
 
 ing and the fine arts among his subjects ; 
 and to supply resources for their gradual 
 improvement, he made the largest possible 
 collections of books and manuscripts in 
 various languages, which were wisely dis- 
 tributed where they could prove most use- 
 ful. In other respects he was equally 
 attentive to the happiness and morality of 
 his people. Religion, pure and uncorrupt, 
 was made, as far as his zealous endeavours 
 could, to supersede superstition and igno- 
 rance ; the patriarcitate, which had once 
 been formidable even to the sovereign, was 
 abolished, and while canons the most salu- 
 tary were made for ecclesiastical affairs, it 
 was ordered that the people should be in- 
 structed in religious knowledge by their 
 priests in their own, and not in a foreign 
 language. The laws also were rendered 
 more simple and less arbitrary, and the de- 
 cisions of all law-suits, were to be announ- 
 ced before the expiration of eleven days ; 
 and in short every measure which could 
 tend to meliorate the situation of the peo- 
 ple, to inci'ease their knoAvledge, to enlarge 
 their understanding, and to contribute to 
 their comfort, was, with the wisest and 
 most liberal policy, adopted and enforced. 
 This truly great and worthy prince died of 
 a strangury, caused by an imposthume in 
 the neck of his bladder, 28th Jan. 1725, in 
 his 53d yeai'. Peter bad a son Alexis, who 
 lived to the age of manhood ; but he unfor- 
 tunately engaged in a conspiracy in 1717 
 against his father, and was condemned to 
 die : and though the sentence was suspend- 
 ed, he died some short time after, not 
 without suspicion of being cut off privately 
 by the resentment of the Czar, as several of 
 his accomplices suffered the severest pu- 
 nishment of the law. At his death, Peter 
 appointed for his successor his widow the 
 Czarina, Catherine, whom, from a soldier's 
 wife he had raised, in consequence of her 
 great merits and heroic character, to share 
 his bed and his throne. Peter is one of the 
 few sovereigns who have been authors. 
 He wrote several pieces on naval affairs ; 
 and as he was member of the Paris aca- 
 demy, he sent to that learned body a chart 
 of the Caspian, which had been taken by 
 his directions, and he always received with 
 pleasure the volumes of their memoirs, 
 which were regularly transmitted to him. 
 Peter II. emperor of Russia, son of 
 Alexis Petrovvitz, was declared grand duke 
 of Russia 1726, and the next year succeed- 
 ed the empress Catherine, at the age of 13. 
 The prominent feature of his reign is the 
 banishment into Siberia of the great fa- 
 vourite and minister, Menzikoff. The 
 emperor died of the smallpox, 1738, aged 
 
 15. 
 
 Peter III. Emperor of Russia, son of 
 Anne Pctrowna, the eldest daughter of Pe- 
 ter the Great, and Charles Frederic, duke 
 4.56 
 
 PET 
 
 of Holstein-Gottorp, was bom 1728, and 
 declared grand duke of Russia 1742, by his 
 aunt, the empress Elizabeth, after whom he 
 ascended the throne, 25th Dec. 1761. The 
 beginning of his reign was auspicious ; he 
 disregarded the measures of severity which 
 his predecessors had practised, and sought 
 for popularity in the mildness and justice of 
 his governnient. He was a strong admirer 
 of the character of the heroic king of Prus- 
 sia, but unfortunately wanted the vigour 
 and derision which marked that great man. 
 His attempts therefore to reform his peo- 
 ple proved abortive, and rendered him con- 
 temptible ; so that his wife Catherine took 
 advantage of his timidity, and dethroned 
 him, 6th July, 1762, and assumed the 
 reigns of government under the name of 
 Catherine II. Peter died seven days after 
 this degradation ; but though his death was 
 attributed by some to an hemorrhoidal 
 flux, it is too evident that violence ternji-' 
 nated his existence. Little respect has 
 been shown to his memory, and probably 
 because he meditated the subversion of the 
 religion of his country, and the introduc- 
 tion of the simpler worship of the protes- 
 tants, in the stead of the more ceremo- 
 nious and corrupted forms of the Greek 
 church. 
 
 Peter Nolasque, a native of Langue- 
 doc, in the service of James, king of Arra- 
 gon, under whose patronage he established, 
 in 1223, the order of Mercy, whose sole 
 business was the redeeming of Christian 
 slaves from the power of the infidels. This 
 worthy ecclesiastic, who so successfully 
 and honourably contributed to soften jthe 
 horrors of warfare and of captivity, died 
 1256, aged 67. 
 
 PEfER of Sicily, was author, in the 
 eighth century, of a curious and interesting 
 History of the Manichees, published at In- 
 golstadt, by Mr. Raderus, in Greek and 
 Latin, 1604. 
 
 Peter of Cluni, or the Venerable, was 
 born in Auvergne, of a noble family, and 
 embracing the ecclesiastical state, was 
 made in 1121, general of the order of Clu- 
 ni. He received with becoming magni- 
 ficence at his abbey, pope Innocent II. in 
 1130, and he afterwards granted a kind 
 and friendly asylum to the unfortunate 
 Abelard. He died 24th Dec. 1156, aged 
 65. He was a man of great learning, and 
 exemplary piety. He v rote, among other 
 things, treatises on the Divinity of Christ 
 — against the Jews — on Infant Baptism — 
 the Authority of the Church — the Sacrifice 
 of Mass, &c. 
 
 Peter, an ecclesiastic of Blois, who stu- 
 died at Psris and Bologna, and was pre- 
 ceptor and then secretary to William II. 
 king of Sicily. He was afterwards invited 
 by Henry II. to England, where he obtain- 
 ed the archdeaconry of Bath, and after- 
 
PET 
 
 l'J7J 
 
 wardfl that of London. He was a strict 
 disciplinarian in the church, and a man of 
 great piety. He died in England, 1200. 
 Of his writings, 183 letters, 65 sermons, 
 &.C. have been preserved, best edited hy 
 Goussainville, in (olio, liJ67. 
 
 Peter the Hermit, a gentleman of 
 Amiens in Picardy, who quitted the military 
 profession to l)ecome a hermit and pilgrim. 
 He was actuated by the sentiments which 
 pervaded the Christian world at the close 
 of the llth century ; and under the expec- 
 tation of the immediate dissolution of the 
 world, he, with many other deluded men, 
 hastened to the Holy Land in 1093, that 
 there he might terminate his days in a spot 
 which had given birth to the Saviour of the 
 world. On his return he spoke in so affuct- 
 ing a manner of the cruel treatment which 
 the Christian pilgrims experienced in Pa- 
 lestine, that Pope Urban IL sent him over 
 Europe to preach a general crusade to de- 
 liver the Holy Land from the oppression of 
 the infidels. The eloquence of Peter, and 
 the spirit of the times prevailed ; a nume- 
 rous concourse of people flocked together 
 for the pious labour, and the holy hermit 
 began his march at the head of above 
 40,000 men, all animated with the zeal of 
 devotion, and the hopes of celestial pro- 
 tection. In crossing Hungary this religious 
 army committed the most horrid excesses, 
 and so provoked the inhabitants to revenge, 
 that in skirmishes with them and with the 
 Turks, many lost their lives, and only 3000 
 reached the gates of Constantinople. In 
 advancing through Asia, the siege of Anti- 
 och delayed their progress, and Peter would 
 have abandoned the hopeless enterprise 
 had he not been bound by an oath by Tan- 
 cred to share the dangers of the crusade. 
 At the conquest of the Holy Land, and in 
 the siege of Jerusalem, 1099, Peter be- 
 haved with great valour, and for his servi- 
 ces was appointed vicar-general of Palestine. 
 He afterwards returned to Europe, and died 
 at the abbey of New-Montier, of which he 
 •was the founder. 
 
 Peter the wild boy, a youth found in a 
 savage state in the woods near Hamelen in 
 Hanover, 1726, where he had lived for some 
 time on berries and roots. He was about 
 12 years old, but it is unknown how long 
 he had been in that wild state ; though 
 from the remains of a shirt collar found 
 about his neck, it is probable he had not 
 been many years exposed. He came to 
 England in 1727, by the direction of queen 
 Caroline, and was placed at a fai-m-house 
 at North Church, Herts ; but neither care 
 nor imitation could make him articulate 
 •words, and he died in 1785, a melancholy 
 spectacle of savage idiotism, and uncivil- 
 ized nature. He was in his conduct very 
 tractable. The govprnment very hand- 
 
 VoT., Ik r>s 
 
 somcly allowed a pension of 35^. a yewr (ov 
 his support. 
 
 Peter Lomuard. Vid. Lombard. 
 
 Peter Martyr. Vid. Marttr. 
 
 Peter o'Osma, an lircUtsiiistir of thr 
 loth century, at Salumanca, uho ina\ \ni 
 .said to be the foreniimer of the reroriii*- 
 tion, as he preachccl and wrrttc n^rainHt the 
 doctr.ncs and ihc inlalliltility ol thi: ciiiirch 
 of Rome. The archbishop of Toledo or- 
 dered his writings to be burnt, and llu' popo. 
 confirmed the sentence in 1479. 
 
 Peters, (ierard, a native of Amsterdam, 
 1.580, who distinguished himself as a paint- 
 er. His conversations, landscapes, i<.c. 
 possess merit. 
 
 Peters, Bonaventure, a native of Ant- 
 werp, eminent as a painter. His sea storms 
 and other marine pieces, are highly ad- 
 mired. He died 1652, aged 38. His bro- 
 ther John also excelled as an artist, in his 
 representation of sea fights, landscapes, &c. 
 
 Peters, Francis Lucas, a paint;r, born 
 at Mechlin. He was the pupil of Gerard 
 Segers, and deserved the pat'onage of the 
 archduke Leopold. His landscapes are 
 highly admired. He died 1651, aged 48. 
 
 Peters, Hugh, a native of Fowcy in 
 Cornwall, educated at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, from which he was expelled for 
 irregularity. He next became an actor on 
 the stage, and acquired some celebrity in 
 low and buffoon characters, and afterwards 
 was ordained by bishop Mountaine, and ob- 
 tained the lectureship of St. Sepulchre's 
 church in London. An intrigue with a 
 married woman drove him from England, 
 and after joining the independents at Rot- 
 terdam, he passed to North America ; but 
 on the breaiking out of the civil wars, he 
 returned to England. His turbulent spirit 
 quickly engaged him in the cause of the 
 parliament, whose interests he greatly and 
 pow^erfuUy promoted in the pulpit, by his 
 vehement eloquence and vulgar bufiboneiy. 
 He was so inveterate against the king, and 
 so instrumental to his condemnation, that 
 at the restoration he was excepted from the 
 act of pardon, and therefore was hanged 
 and quartered, 16G0. He was then 61. 
 
 Peters Hugh, an English Jesuit, known 
 in history as the friend and confessor of 
 James II. His advice contributed much to 
 the rash measures which rendered the mo- 
 narch so unpopular, and which at last has- 
 tened his ruin. 
 
 Peters, Charles, the learned author of 
 a " Critical Dissertation on the Book of 
 Job," was presented by Elizabeth, lady 
 Mohun, to the living of Boconnoc in Corn- 
 wall in 1715, and resided there till 1727, 
 when he obtained that of St. Mabyn in the 
 same county, where he resided till his death 
 in 1777. He was the intimate friend and 
 coiTespondent of bishop Lowth, who speak? 
 
i*KT 
 
 PET 
 
 highly of him in his letter to Warbuitou.— 
 W. B. 
 
 Petis de la Croix, Francis, interpreter 
 of oriental languages to the French king, 
 visited Turkey and Persia to perfect him- 
 self in the languages of those countries. 
 He wrote the Historj of Gengis Khan, and 
 other works on oriental history. He died 
 at Paris, 1713. 
 
 Petit, John Lewis, a celebrated surgeon, 
 born at Paris, 1674. Under the kind di- 
 rections of Littre, the anatomist, and Cas- 
 tel and Mareschal, the surgeons, he made 
 such progress in anatomical and surgical 
 knowledge, that he acquired a respectable 
 practice in 1700. In 1726 he was invited 
 to Poland, to cure the king, and he was 
 equally successful in his attendance, in 
 1734, on Ferdinand, afterwards king of 
 Spain. Though solicited to settle abroad 
 on the most liberal terms, he preferred his 
 native country, where he was noticed, and 
 where he was honoured with a seat in the 
 academy of .sciences, and with the rank of 
 rector of the royal school of surgery. He 
 died at Paris, 20th April, 1750, aged 77. 
 He invented some valuable surgical instru- 
 ments, and wrote also, Surgery, published 
 in 3 vols. 8vo. by Lesne, 1774 — treatise on 
 the Diseases of the Bones, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 ■ — Dissertations in the memoirs of the aca- 
 demy — besides Consultations on Venereal 
 Complaints. 
 
 Petit, Anthony, an eminent physican of 
 Orleans. He wrote Chirurgical Anatomy, 
 2 vols. 12mo. — Discourse on Surgery — 
 Report in favour of Inoculation — Medical 
 Consultations — Project of a Reformation in 
 Medicine, &c. He was member of the 
 academy of sciences, and after practising 
 with great celebrity at Paris, he retired to 
 Olivet, near Orleans, where he died, 21st 
 Oct. 1794, aged 72. 
 
 Petit, Samuel, an eminent scholar, born 
 at Nismes, and educated at Geneva, where 
 he became professor of theology, of Greek 
 and Hebrew. He was a man of extensive 
 learning, and very amiable manners, and 
 died at Geneva, Dec. 1645, aged 51. He 
 wrote Miscellanea — Eclogae Chronologicae, 
 4to. — Variae Lectiones — Leges Atticae, fol. 
 a valuable work. 
 
 Petit, Peter, a French mathematician, 
 born at Montlucon in the diocess of Bour- 
 ges, 1598. He came to Paris, 1633, and 
 •was employed as engineer by Richelieu, and 
 visited the sea ports to examine their sta'e, 
 and suggest improvements. These public 
 employments did not prevent him from ap- 
 plying to philosophical experiments ; he 
 was the friend of Pascal, of Mersennus, 
 and of Des Cartes,whose opinions he at first 
 opposed, but afterwards warmly adopted. 
 He died 1677. He was author of Treatises 
 on th« Compass of Proportion — on the 
 
 (Jonsiruction and Use of the Calibre of Ar- 
 tillery — on Sight — on Eclipses — on pre- 
 venting the Inundations of the Seine— oh 
 Comets, &c. 
 
 Petit, Peter, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Paris, 1617. He studied medicine, 
 and took his degrees at Montpellier ; but 
 he neglected the profession when he came 
 to Paris, and was tutor to Lamoignon's 
 sons, and other great men. He was an ex- 
 cellent scholar, and wrote with great faci- 
 lity. He died 1687. His works are vari- 
 ous. He wrote a Treatise on the Motion 
 of Animals ; Homeri Nepenthes, 8vo. ; a 
 Latin Treatise on the Amazons, 8vo. and 
 in French 2 vols. 8vo. ; Miscellaneous Ob- 
 servations ; a Treatise on the Sibyl ; de 
 Nova curandorum Morborum Ratione per 
 Transfusionem Sanguinis ; de Natur^ et 
 Moribus Anthropophagorum, 8vo. besides 
 some poems, one of which, Codrus, in La- 
 tin, is mentioned with great applause. 
 
 Petitot, John, a celebrated painter, born 
 at Geneva, 1607. From a jeweller, and 
 the trade of enamelling, he acquired a 
 great taste in painting ; and with Bordier 
 his friend, and afterwards his brother-in- 
 law, he travelled into Italy, and by studying 
 chymistry obtained a perfect knowledge of 
 the useful preparation and management of 
 colours. They afterwards came to Eng- 
 land, and Petitot, whose pieces were now 
 in universal esteem, was introduced by 
 Mayeme the physician to Charles I. and he 
 had the honour to take portraits of the 
 whole family. The unfortunate death of 
 his royal patron, to whom he was particu- 
 larly attached, obliged him to fly to Paris, 
 where he was treated with kindness by the 
 second Charles, and particularly noticed 
 by Lewis XIV. who granted him a pension, 
 and a lodging in the Louvre palace. The 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes terrified 
 the painter, who was a zealous protestant, 
 and after thirty-six years of residence he 
 quitted France for Geneva. He died at 
 Vevay in the canton of Berne, where he 
 had retired, 1691, aged 84. In his private 
 character he was very amiable, and of the 
 meekest disposition. He lived in the 
 greatest harmony with his brother-in-law 
 for fifty years, and separated from him only 
 when their respective families became too 
 numerous for the comforts and privacy of 
 one house. Petitot had seventeen chil- 
 dren by his wife, but only one of his sons 
 followed his profession. In the completion 
 of his pictures he painted the heads and 
 hands with astonishing effect of colouring, 
 and his friend Bordier painted the hair, the 
 draperies, and the ground. He is deser- 
 vedly regarded as the inventor of painting 
 in enamel, in which he greatly excelled. 
 
 Petiver, James, an English botanist,apo- 
 thecary to the Charter-house, and fellow of 
 the Royal Society, was distinguished as p 
 
PET 
 
 I'l/l 
 
 judicious collector of natural curiosities. 
 Sir Hans Sloane otrered him 4000/. for 
 his valuable museum, and he afterwards 
 obtained it when disposed of after his 
 death. He died 20th April, 1718, and was 
 honourably attended to his grave by the 
 most eminent men of the age. He pub- 
 lished Musaei Petiveriani Centurise decern, 
 8vo. ; Gazophylacii Naturae et Artis De- 
 cades decern, folio ; a Catalogue of the 
 Plants on the Mountains near Geneva ; 
 Pterigraphia Americana, folio ; Planta; ra- 
 riores Chinenses, iitc. ; besides communi- 
 cations to the piiilosophical transactions, 
 and assistance to Mr. liay. His works al- 
 together appeared, two vols, folio, and one 
 8vo. 1764. 
 
 Petrarch, Francis, a celebrated Italian 
 poet, deservedly called the father of modern 
 poetry, as his genius and great learning 
 tended to revive ancient literature in Eu- 
 rope. His father, who was of noble birth, 
 was driven from Florence by the superior 
 influence of the party of the Neri, and 
 retired to Arezzo, where the poet was born, 
 1304. Afterwards the father settled at 
 Avignon, and sent his son to the school of 
 Carpentras ; and there, and then at Mont- 
 pellier and Bologna, he completed his edu- 
 cation. The future bard was intended by 
 his father for the law, but poetry, eloquence, 
 and history, had more charms for him than 
 all the writers on jurisprudence. Losing 
 his mother in 1324, and his father the next 
 year, he was left to his own independent 
 choice, and soon fixed his residence at 
 Vaucluse, five miles from Avignon, where 
 he devoted himself to literary pursuits. 
 This spot became more and more endeared 
 to him from his love for the beautiful Laura 
 de Noves, whom he first saw and passion- 
 ately admired in 1627 ; but though the 
 warm feelings of his heart were conveyed 
 in the most rapturous language of elegant 
 poetry, he could, it is said, make no impres- 
 sion on the heart of the unkind fair. Per- 
 haps to divert his affections, he now began 
 to think of travelling, and after visiting 
 Paris, Flanders, Germany, and Rome, he 
 was at last persuaded to enter into the ser- 
 vice of pope John XXIL The love of 
 Vaucluse and of Laura, however, prevailed 
 over the temptations of greatness, and the 
 favour of the powerful ; and Petrarch, 
 once more restored to his favourite seat, 
 again devoted his hours to studious pur- 
 suits, and to the praises of his beloved 
 mistress. The sweetness of his poetry, 
 and the graces of bis muse spread in the 
 mean time his celebrity beyond the confines 
 of Avignon, and at the same moment he 
 was solicited by the senate of Rome, by 
 the university of Paris, and by the king of 
 Naples, to come and receive the poetical 
 crown. The offers of Rome, once the 
 misu'Cis of the world, and the cradle of 
 
 poets, historians, and oratory were to* 
 flattering to be withstood, -.ukI the modeit 
 bard appeared in the rapit.d, where the 
 poetic crown was fixed on his head with 
 the most .solemn ceremony by the Roman 
 senator Orso count d'An^uilbra, on Ka.ster- 
 day 1341, and he was declared a citizen of 
 Rome. From Rome he visited Farin;i, and 
 in 1343 was drawn from his favourite \ au- 
 cluse by pope Clement VL who sent him to 
 compliment Joan on her accession to the 
 Neapolitan crown. While at Verona, in 
 1348, he was informed of the death of his 
 favourite Laura, a melancholy event which 
 deeply affected him, and which he immor- 
 talized by all the powers of poetry. In 
 1352 he bid adieu for ever to his beloved re- 
 treat of Vaucluse, which the death of Laura 
 had converted from a scene of pleasure and 
 enjoyment, to corroding care and melan- 
 choly reflection ; and he entered afterwards 
 in the service of the Visconti at Milan, and 
 was engaged in negotiations and political 
 affairs. Though informed that his patri- 
 mony was restored by the Florentines, he 
 preferred to these new honours from the 
 city of Florence, the peaceful retreat of 
 Arqua, near Padua, given him by his friend 
 and patron, Francis de Carrara, and there 
 he died July 1374, aged 70. Petrarch was 
 an ecclesiastic, though he never took priests' 
 orders, and he obtained an archdeaconry 
 and two canonries. He was in private life 
 a very amiable and respectable character ; 
 he neither coveted nor despised riches ; but 
 was guided by moderation, though flattered 
 by the great, and honoured by the power- 
 ful. His passion for Laura was of the 
 purest kind, though some have ventured to 
 assert, that it was not unmixed with the 
 most licentious concessions. He had a 
 natural daughter by a lady of respectable 
 family. Petrarch as a poet is deservedly 
 celebrated as one of the restorers of classi- 
 cal learning, and he displayed all the pow- 
 ers of genius and poetical inspiration, not 
 only in his own native language, but in 
 L:itin. His sonnets are esteemed as the 
 sweetest, the most elegant, and most highly 
 finished verses ever written in Italian, and 
 his songs possess equal beauty and grace. 
 His Latin poems are not entitled to similai- 
 praisc. Ilis Africa, or the Punic War, is 
 censured as faulty, incorrect, and unclas- 
 sical. His other works arc De Remediis 
 utriusque Fortuna', 4to. translated into 
 French — De Otio Religiosorum — De Ver^i 
 SapientiA — De Vita Solitariil — De Con- 
 temptu Mundi — Rcnim Mcmorabilium Li- 
 bri Sex — De Republicu optime adminis- 
 tranda — Itinerarium Syriacum — Epistolse 
 — Orationes. His works have been edited 
 in 4 vols, folio. Of his poems the best edi- 
 tions are that of Venice, 2 vols. 4to. 1756. 
 His life has been written by twenty-six 
 different authors, and of these the most 
 
 459 
 
PET 
 
 PET 
 
 valuable are those by Murator'i, by De 
 Sade, and by Dodson. 
 
 Petre, Sir William, a native of Exeter, 
 educated at Exeter college, Oxford, and in 
 1523, elected fellow of All-Souls. He ap- 
 plied himself to the study of the law, and 
 took his degree of LL.D. and was appoint- 
 ed principal of Peckwater Inn. His abili- 
 ties recommended him to lord Cromwell, 
 who employed him in visiting the monas- 
 teries, and in the midst of the plunder of 
 ecclesiastical property under Henry VIH. 
 he received a considerable share. He had 
 the art to continue in power under Henry 
 YHI. Edward VI. and Marj, though the 
 politics of the three reigns were very dis- 
 similar ; and under Elizabeth he added to 
 his other employments, the office of secre- 
 tary of state. Though dishonourably en- 
 riched by the plunder of the church, Sir 
 William was a man of great talents, and 
 he evinced his respect for learning and 
 piety by some munificent donations to Ex- 
 eter college, and other charitable institu- 
 tions. His large property in Essex has de- 
 volved to his descendants, who were en- 
 nobled by James I. 1603. He died 1574. 
 
 Petronius Maximus, a Roman senator, 
 ■who assassinated Valentinian III. and seiz- 
 ed the throne, 455. He married the widow, 
 who, ignorant of his crime, soon after call- 
 ed to avenge the death of her husband, 
 Genseric, king of the Vandals. Petronius 
 was put to death, and his body thrown into 
 the Tiber. 
 
 Petronius Arbiter, Titus, a Latin poet, 
 who enjoyed the favour of Nero. He was 
 accused of a conspiracy against the tyrant, 
 and destroyed himself by opening his veins, 
 A.D. 65. His poems are very elegant, 
 though licentious. 
 
 Pettus, Sir John, a native of Suffolk, 
 who obtained the rank of deputy governor 
 of the Royal mines, and was member of 
 parliament for Dunwich, in the reign of 
 Charles II. He wrote the History, Laws, 
 and Places of the Chief Mines and Mineral 
 Works in England and Wales, fol. 1670— 
 Volatiles from the History of Adam and 
 Eve, 8vo. — England's Independency of the 
 Papal Power, 4to. — Fleta Minor, or the 
 Laws of Art and Nature in knowing, as- 
 saying, &c. of Metals, fol. 16S3, from the 
 German, and translated while the author 
 was in the Fleet prison. This intelligent 
 man died about 1690. 
 
 Petty, Sir William, an eminent writer 
 born 16th May, 1623, at Rumsey in Hamp- 
 shire, Avhere his father was a clothier. In 
 his native town at the grammar-school by 
 strong application he acquired a competent 
 knowledge of Latin, Greek, and French, 
 besides arithmetic, geometry, dialing, and 
 navigation, and at the age of 15 he went 
 over to Normandy to improve himself fur- 
 ther in the university of Caen. On his re- 
 460 
 
 turn home he was preferred in the navy, 
 and at the age of 20, being master, as he 
 says himself, of threescore pounds, be de- 
 termined to travel abroad to augment his 
 stock of knowledge. He visited Leyden, 
 Utrecht, Amsterdam, and Paris, where he 
 studied medicine, and so managed his little 
 property that at his return to Rumsey in 
 1646, he was richer by 101. than when he 
 set out three years before. In 1647 he ob- 
 tained from the parliament a patent for 17 
 years for bis invention of a machine for 
 double writing ; but though the scheme did 
 not succeed, it yet recommended him to 
 the notice of the learned, and procured 
 him a settlement at Oxford, where he ac- 
 quired some reputation as assistant to the 
 anatomical professor. By ihe influence of 
 the parliament he obtained a fellowship at 
 Brazen-nose, and was created M.D. in 
 1649, and two years after appointed pro- . 
 fessor of anatomy, and soon after music 
 professor at Gresham college. In 1652 he 
 went as physician to the army in Ireland, 
 under Lambert, Fleetwood, and Henry 
 Cromwell , and in 1654 he obtained the 
 permission ol the government to measure 
 the various estates of the island, so that by 
 his persevevance and ingenuity, there was 
 no estate worth 60Z. per annum, but was 
 accurately marked, and all its boundaries 
 ascertained. He was in 1655 made secre- 
 tary to Henry Cromwell, and three years 
 after was elected member of parliament fov 
 West Looe ; but he was at that time ac- 
 cused of some misdemeanors, and though 
 he could have vindicated his innocence, and 
 proved the malice and persecution of his 
 enemies, he was dismissed from his employ- 
 ments. At the restoration he was treated 
 with great attention by the king, and knight- 
 ed, and by patent created surveyor general 
 of Ireland. About 1663 he invented his 
 double bottomed ship, which could sail 
 against wind and tide, of which he gave a 
 model to the Royal Society, a learned body, 
 of which he was one of the first members, 
 and the most active promoter of its esta- 
 blishment. Sir William, whose mind was 
 perpetually engaged in promoting the ho- 
 nour of his country, by useful projects and 
 ingenious inventions, paid at the same time 
 particular attention to his own interests, 
 and acquired honourable opulence by being 
 concerned in iron works, in a pilchard fish- 
 ery, in lead mines, and in the timber trade. 
 Though he was a considerable sufferer by 
 the great fire of London, in 1666, he yet 
 died very rich, and left to his family, estates 
 of the value of not less than 15,000/. a 
 year, at 6 per cent, interest. He died of a 
 gangrene in his foot, occasioned by the 
 gout, in Westminster, 16th Dec. 1687, and 
 was buried at Rumsey, in his family vault. 
 His son was created lord Shelburne, by 
 king William. Sir William was a most 
 
FEU 
 
 tl-.Y. 
 
 correct and intelligent ^vriter, and his va- 
 rious pamphlets on subjects of political 
 economy, national and commercial pur- 
 suits, and financial atlairs, all amounting to 
 nearly 30, display his abilities as a man of 
 superior knowledge, extensive information, 
 and the most consummate judgment, to 
 which were united, the purest benevolence, 
 and all the amiable virtues of private life. 
 
 Fetyt, William, a native of Skiplon, 
 Yorkshire, eminent for his knowledge of 
 law antiquities. He studied the law, and 
 was bencher and treasurer of the Inner 
 Temple, and keeper of the records in the 
 Tower. He wrote the Ancient Rights of 
 the Commons Asserted, 8vo. — a Summary 
 Review of the Kings and Government of 
 England, and of the Ju> Parliamentarium, 
 or Rights of Parliament, (olio. He died at 
 Chelsea, 1707. His valuable Collection of 
 Parliamentary Tracts is preserved in the 
 library of the Inner Temple. 
 
 Peucer, Gaspard, an eminent physician 
 and mathematician, born at Bautzen, in Lu- 
 satia, 1525. He was professor of medicine 
 at Wittemberg, and married Melancthon's 
 daughter, whose works he edited, 5 vols, 
 folio , but his opinions brought him into 
 trouble. He was for 10 years imprisoned, 
 and during that time he committed his 
 thoughts on the margins of old books by 
 means of ink, which he made with burnt 
 crusts of bread infused in wine. He died 
 25th Sept; 1602. He wrote De Pracipuis 
 Divinationum Generibus — Methodus curan- 
 di Morbos Internos — de Febribus — Hypo- 
 theses Astronomicae — Vita Illustrium Me- 
 dicorum — the Names of Moneys, Weights, 
 and Measures. 
 
 Peuteman, Peter, a painter, born at 
 Rotterdam. It is said that he was roused 
 by an earthquake from sleep, in the dissect- 
 ing room of an anatomical school, which he 
 had entered to become more familiarized 
 ■with the appearances of dead bodies, in the 
 representation of some scenes of mortality 
 in which he was engaged ; and when he 
 saw, during the violent concussion, the 
 skeletons all in motion from the ceiling, 
 and the skulls rolling around him, he fled 
 with terror and precipitation, and never 
 recovered from the sudden shock, but died 
 soon after, 1692, aged 42. 
 
 Peutinger, Conrad, a learned German, 
 born at Augsburg, 1465. He studied in 
 some of the Italian universities ; and at his 
 return home was appointed secretary to 
 the senate of Augsburg. He was also use- 
 ful to his country as an able negotiator in 
 some of the European courts. He died 
 1547. He published Convivial Discourses, 
 8vo. ; De Inclinatione Romani Imperii et 
 Gentium Commigrationibus ; De Rebus 
 Gothorum, fol. ; Roman* Vestutatis Frag- 
 menta in Augusta Vindelicorum, fol. be- 
 sides a Chart formed in the reign of Theo- 
 
 dosius the Great, containing the ro«d« of 
 the Roman armi«» in the \N t-^tern empire, 
 edited at Vienna, 17J3, with disscrtatiom* 
 and notca by Scheib. 
 
 Peykr, John Conrad, a physician of 
 Schalfhausen, in the 17th cei.tur> , famous 
 for giving first an account of tin; ititr-dinal 
 glands, and of the lluul whicli lubricates 
 the intestines. He publishid tlxenitatio 
 Ariatomico-medica, kc. 1677 ; Metliodus 
 Histonarum, tec. ; Experimenta circa Pan- 
 creas, &.C. 
 
 Peykere, Isaac, a protestant writer, 
 born at Uourdeaux. He was imprisoned at 
 Brussels for publishing a book to prove that 
 Adam was not the first man ; but he was 
 set at liberty by means of the prince of 
 Conde his patron, and then went to Rome, 
 where he abjured his opinions and Calvin- 
 ism before Pope Alexander \ II. He died 
 1676, aged S>4. He wrote a relation of 
 Greenland, 8vo. ; of Iceland, 8vo. ; and a 
 book on the Restoration of the Jews, and 
 other things. 
 
 Peyrouse, Vid. Perouse. 
 
 Peyssonnel, Charles, a French writer, 
 born at Marseilles, 17th Dec. 1700. He 
 went as secretary to \ illeneuve, the am- 
 bassador to Constantinople, and travelled 
 over Asia Minor, with the judicious obser- 
 vations of the philosopher and antiquary, 
 and not only accurately marked the situa- 
 tion of some of the most famous cities of 
 ancient times, but made the most valuable 
 collection of medals, coins, and curiosities. 
 He was afterwards consul at Smyrna, and 
 with equal zeal advanced the interests of 
 his country, and the progress of science. 
 He was member of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions, whose memoirs he enriched by seve- 
 ral valuable dissertations. He wrote be- 
 sides an Eulogy on Marshal Villars ; a Dis- 
 sertation on Coral, and other pieces on 
 Commerce, &.c. He died 1757, aged 56. 
 His son was also consul at Smyrna, and u 
 man of science and general information. 
 He wrote Historical Observations on the 
 Barbarians who once inhabited the shores 
 of the Euxine and the Danube, 4to. ; Ob- 
 servations on Baron de Tott's Memoirs, 
 8vo. ; Les Numeros, 4 vols. r2mo. often 
 edited ; treatise on the Commerce of the 
 Black Sea, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Political Situation 
 of France, 2 vols. Svo. ; Discourse on the 
 Alliance of France with the Swiss and the 
 Grisons, Svo. ; Examen of the Considera- 
 tions on the Turkish War by Volney. This 
 able and indefatigable author died 1790, at 
 the age of SO. 
 
 Pezay, Masson, Marquis of, captain of 
 dragoons, born at Blois. He instructed 
 Lewis \M. in military tactics, and was 
 rewarded with the place of inspector gene- 
 i-al of the coasts. He behaved with haugh- 
 tiness in this employment, and in conse- 
 quence of complaints made against him was 
 
 461 
 
PFE 
 
 PHA 
 
 disgraced and banished to his estate, where 
 he died soon after 1778. He wrote poetry 
 with great success. His Zelis au Bain, in 
 six cantos, Les Soirees Helvetiennes, &c. ; 
 and the Campaigns of Maillebois, 3 vols, 
 are admired. He also translated Catullus 
 and Tibullus in French verse, but not ele- 
 gantly. 
 
 Pezenas, Esprit, a learned Jesuit, born 
 at Avignon, where he also died 4th Feb. 
 1776, aged 84. He was professor of philo- 
 sophy and hydrography at Marseilles, and 
 published various things, the most known 
 of which are a treatise on Pilotage, 8vo ; 
 Theory of Gauging, 8vo; Memoirs of Ma- 
 thematics and Philosophy, &c. ; besides 
 translations of Maclaurin's Algebra and 
 Fluxions ; Desagulier's experimental Phi- 
 losophy ; Ward's Young Mathematician's 
 Guide ; Baker on the Microscope ; Smith's 
 Optics ; Dyche's Dictionary of Arts, &c. 
 
 Pezron, Paul, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Hennebon, in Bretagne, 1639. He 
 devoted himself to the study of Greek and 
 Latin historians, and employed much time 
 in tracing the origin of the language of the 
 Goths, and set up a new system of chrono- 
 logy, in which he supposed that the world 
 was far more ancient than 4000 years ; but 
 nearer 6000 before the birth of Christ. He 
 was of the order of Citeaux, a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, and in 1697, abbot of Charmoye. 
 He died lOth Oct. 1706. His works were 
 I'Antiquite des Temps retablie, 4to. in which 
 he ingeniously defends the chronology of 
 the sepiuagint against that of the Hebrew 
 text ; a Vindication of that work against 
 Martianay et le Quien ; Evangelical Histo- 
 ry confirmed by Jewish and Roman Histo- 
 ries ; on the Antiquity of the Nation and 
 Language of the Celts, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Pfanner, Tobias, called from his exten- 
 sive knowledge, the living Archives of the 
 house of Saxony, was secretary of the Ar- 
 chives to the duke of Saxe Gotha. He was 
 born at Augsburg, and died at Gotha 1717, 
 aged 76. He wrote the History of the Peace 
 of Westphalia, Svo. ; the History of the As- 
 semblies of 1652-4; Theology of the Pa- 
 gans ; treatise on the Principle of Historic 
 Faith, &c. all in Latin. 
 
 Pfeffercorn, John, a famous converted 
 Jew, who wished to persuade the emperor 
 Maximilian to burn all Hebrew books ex- 
 cept the Bible, because they contained ma- 
 gic,blasphemies,and other dangerous things. 
 This artful scheme would have been adopt- 
 ed, had not Caprio and Ulric de Hutten 
 exerted themselves successfully against it. 
 He wrote Narratio de Ratione celebrandi 
 Pascha apud Judaeos ; de abolendis Judaeo- 
 rum Scriptis, &c. and died about 1520. 
 
 Pfeiffer, Augustus, a learned oriental- 
 ist, born at La»venbourg, 1640. He was 
 professor of Oriental languages at Wittem- 
 bera:, Leipsic, and other places, and became 
 
 superintendent of the churches of Lubec, 
 where he died Jan. 1698. He wrote Pan- 
 sophio Mosaica ; Critica Sacra ; de Ma- 
 sora ; de Trihaeresi Judaeorum ; Sciagraphia 
 Systematica Antiquit. Hebraeorum, and 
 his philosophical works were collected at 
 Utrecht in 4to. 2 vols. 
 
 Pfeiffer, Lewis, a native of Lucerne, 
 distinguished as a famous general in the 
 service of Charles IX. of France. At the 
 retreat of Meux, he preserved that mo- 
 narch's life against the artful manoeuvres of 
 Conde, and by his valour contributed much 
 to the victory of Montcontour, in 1569. 
 He influenced the Swiss to favour the cause 
 of the duke of Guise, and afterwards re- 
 tired to his native country, where he died 
 1594, aged 64, chief magistrate of Lucerne. 
 
 Ph-sdon, a native of Elis, the disciple of 
 Socrates. After his master's death he re- 
 turned to Elis, where he formed the sect of 
 Elean philosophers. 
 
 Ph^drus, a Thracian, the freedman of 
 Augustus. He was an excellent poet, and 
 his fables possess great merit, beauty, and 
 correctness. He was persecuted by Se- 
 janes, in the reign of Tiberius. 
 
 Ph^drus, Thomas, professor of elo- 
 quence at Rome, and keeper of the Vatican 
 library, in the 16th century, obtained that 
 name in consequence of performing the part 
 of Phaedra in Seneca's Hippolytus. He had 
 prepared some learned works for the press ; 
 but he was unfortunately run over by a 
 cart, and though not wounded, died in con- 
 sequence of the fright. 
 
 Phaer, Thomas, a physician born in 
 Pembrokeshire, and educated at Oxford. 
 He studied the law for some time at Lin- 
 coln's Inn, but afterwards took his medical 
 degrees, 1559, and published various works, 
 chiefly compiled from the French. He also 
 translated the nine first books, and part of 
 the 10th of Virgil's iEneid, in Alexandrines 
 of seven feet. The other books, together 
 with Mapheus's 13th book, were afterwards 
 finished by Thomas Twyne, a young physi- 
 cian, but with some carelessness, as he 
 prints, " they whisted all," conticuere om- 
 nes, in the opening of the second book 
 *' they whistled all," a ludicrous mistake. 
 He died soon after, the 12th August, 1560. 
 
 Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigentum in Si- 
 cily. He was particularly cruel towards 
 his enemies, and the bull in which he tor- 
 mented those who had incurred his displea- 
 sure is well known. He was at last put to 
 death by his subjects, in his brazen bull, B. 
 C. 561. The letters extant under his name 
 are supposed to be spurious. 
 
 Pharamond, first king of France, and 
 author of the famous Sa ique law, which 
 forbade the succession of females on the 
 throne, reigned at Treves about 420. Some 
 consider him only as a general of the com- 
 bined forces of the Franks. 
 
Pill 
 
 'ill 
 
 riiAK.NAti;s, son of Mithritlatcs kingol 
 I*ontus, cruelly revolted against his father. 
 He was defeated by Ca;sar with such facili- 
 ty, that he expressed the rapidity of the 
 conquest by these words, veni, vidi, vici. 
 
 Phereckates, a Greek comic poet in 
 the age of Aristophanes and Plato. His 
 play^ have perished. 
 
 Pherecydes, a philosopher of Scyros, 
 B.C. 560, known as the master of the great 
 Pythagoras. The invention of prosody is 
 attributed to him by Diogenes. There was 
 another of that name, 456 B.C. author of a 
 history of Athens. 
 
 Phidias, a celebrated sculptor of Athens. 
 He formed for his country the famous sta- 
 tue of Minerva, and when banished in dis- 
 grace, he determined to outdo himself in 
 making for the people of Elis the beautiful 
 statue of Jupiter Olympius, which was 
 reckoned one of the wonders of the world. 
 He died about 432, B.C. 
 
 Philander, William, a native of Chatil- 
 lon, secretary to cardinal d'Armagnac, and 
 archdeacon of St. Antoninus. He wrote a 
 commentary onVitruvius, fol. 1552, and a 
 commentary on part of Quintilian, and died 
 at Toulouse, 1565. 
 
 Philelphus, Francis, a learned Italian, 
 born at Zolentino, in the march of Ancona, 
 1398. He was, after studying at Padua, 
 made professor of eloquence at Venice, and 
 went as secretary to an embassy to Con- 
 stantinople, where he married the daughter 
 of thelearned Emanuel Chrysoloras, 1419. 
 He was afterwards noticed by the emperor 
 John Palaeologus, who sent him to Sigis- 
 mund of Germany, to implore assistance 
 against the Turks. He afterwards taught 
 at Venice, Bologna, and other Italian uni- 
 versities with great popularity ; but he was 
 so sensible of his eminence in literature 
 that he wished to tyrannize over the rest 
 of the learned, and therefore he quarrelled 
 not only with literary men, but with Cosmo 
 de Medicis, his patron and friend. He died 
 at Florence 31st July, 1481, aged 83. He 
 wrote treatises de Morali Discipline ; de 
 Exilio ; de Jocis et Seriis Conviviorum ; 
 dialogues, odes, and poems, &c. which 
 were all collected and published, Basle, 
 1739, folio. His eldest son Marius, a man 
 also of learning, died at Milan, 1480. 
 
 Philemon, a comic poet of Greece, 
 whose plays were, it is said, imitated by 
 Plautus. He died B.C. 274, aged 97, in 
 consequence of laughing at the sight of an 
 ass eating figs. 
 
 Philetus, a Greek poet and gramma- 
 rian of Cos, preceptor to Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus, and author of epigrams and elegies 
 now lost. 
 
 Phillidor, N. a French musician of 
 great eminence. He wrote several operas 
 for the Parisian theatres, which were re- 
 ceived with great applause, and still pre re- 
 
 pealed with iiicreajiiiig poputarity. lit 
 also set to muMic the Canneii Seculare of 
 Horace, which wa^ much adniircd both at 
 Paris and in London. As a rulculatur he 
 had strong powers, and as a chenn player 
 he was superior to excry other living per- 
 son, so that a little before his death he, 
 though blind, and aged 80, laid a wager 
 against two skilful players, and tnat them 
 both at the same time. He died in London 
 30th Aug. 1795. 
 
 Philip, St. a native of Bethsaida, on the 
 borders of the lake of Gennesarcth, was 
 the first whom Jesus called to become his 
 disciple. He was a fisherman, and was 
 also a married man and had several daugh- 
 ters. He preached the gospel in Phrygia, 
 and died there at Hierapolis, though some 
 suppose that he suffered martyrdom. The 
 person who converted Candace's eunuch 
 to the faith was also of that name, and was 
 deacon in the church. 
 
 Philip II. king of Macedonia, was son 
 of Amyntas, and ascended the throne 360 
 B.C. He had in his youth been educated 
 at Thebes, and to the information and 
 precepts which he received from the wis- 
 dom of Epaminondas he added the most 
 heroic valour and the most ardent ambi- 
 tion. After defeating the Illyriaiis and 
 other barbarians, he made war against 
 Athens, and aspired to the sovereignty of 
 Greece. His gold proved as powerful as 
 his arms, and neither the eloquence of De- 
 mosthenes, nor the desperate courage of 
 the Athenians, could oppose the torrent of 
 his victories. He was assassinated by 
 Pausanias B.C. 336, while meditating the 
 conquest of Persia, at the head of the Gre- 
 cian forces, of which he had artfully been 
 declared the general, and he left his pro- 
 jects to be pursued by his son and succes- 
 sor, Alexander the Great. 
 
 Philip V. king of Macedonia, succeeded 
 B.C. 220. His jealousy of the Roman 
 power, and his alliance with Hannibal, 
 proved the source of his misfortunes. Hi? 
 dominions were invaded by the consul I.je- 
 vinus, and he was conquered. He L" de- 
 servedly censured for putting hi;* eldest son 
 Demetrius to death, at the base instiga- 
 tion of his other son Perseus. He died 
 B.C. 178. 
 
 Philip, Marcus Julius, the Arabian, 
 from an obscure origin, and the low rank ol 
 a common soldier, asrcnded the imperial 
 throne of Rome, by the assassination of 
 the younger Gordian, 244. Though guilty 
 of murder he acquired popularity at Rome^ 
 by his conduct and the magnificent man- 
 ner in which he celebrated the secular 
 games. He was assassinated bj his sol- 
 diers near Verona, 240. 
 
 Philip I. king of France, succeeded his 
 father Henr}- I. lOGO, at the age of eight. 
 His minority was under the care of BaW- 
 
 4^3 
 
PHI 
 
 vm 
 
 win V. count of F'anders, but he lost this 
 virtuous guardian in 1067, and gave way 
 to mad schemes of ambition. He was de- 
 feated by the Flemings at Mont Cassel, and 
 opposed with success by William the Con- 
 queror of England ; but he forgot his mis- 
 fortu es in intoxication and voluptuous 
 pleasures. Dissatisfied with his queen 
 Bertha, Le ca r ti. away Bertrade, the wife 
 of the count of Anjou, and married her, for 
 which flagitious conduct he was condemn- 
 ed by pope Lrban II. and excommunicated 
 by the council of Poitiers. He was after- 
 wards, however, reconciled to the church, 
 and his marriage with Bertrade declared 
 valid. He died at Melun, 29th July, 1108, 
 after a reign of 48 years. 
 
 Philip II. king of France, surnamed 
 Augustus, succeeded his father Lewis VII. 
 1180, when 15 years old. His youth pro- 
 mised success to the machinations of his 
 enemies, and therefore the king of Eng- 
 land invaded his dominions ; but Philip 
 bravely met him, and obliged him to re- 
 nounce his pretensions, and to renew the 
 former treaties which existed betvveen the 
 two kingdoms. In the moments of peace 
 he devoted himself wisely to improve the 
 character of his subjects, and to meliorate 
 their situation. Public robberies were re- 
 pressed with severity, the respect for reli- 
 gion was enforced, the streets of Paris 
 were rendered more commodious, and 
 were paved, and the whole city was sur- 
 rounded and fortified with walls and bat- 
 tlements. His conduct towards the Jews, 
 however, tarnished the sjlory of his reign, 
 and all their extortions could not justify 
 his cruelty, nor permit that their just and 
 lawful debtors should be discharged from 
 their bonds. His disputes with the count 
 of Flanders, and afterwards with Henry II. 
 of England, were forgotten in his wishes 
 to accompany the crusaders to the Holy 
 Land. With the new king of England, 
 Richard I. he laid siege to Acre, at the 
 head of 300,000 men ; but though victo- 
 rious, he returned to Europe with little 
 glorj", and with no solid advantage. Jea- 
 lousy between him and the king of Eng- 
 land had produced a rupture, but though, 
 on a mutual reconciliation, Philip had 
 sworn on the gospel not to make any at- 
 tempt against his rival's dominions in his 
 absence, he had the cowardice to invade 
 Normandy, and to take Evreux and other 
 places. A defeat at Rouen was followed 
 by a truce, and the French monarch soon 
 after married Ingelberge, princess of Den- 
 mark, who was afterwards dishonourably 
 divorced for Agnes, the daughter of the 
 duke of Merania. This conduct roused 
 the resentment of the pope, and for fear of 
 excommunication, the monarch resigned 
 his new bride, and was reconciled to his 
 insulted queen. In 1199 Philip supported 
 4f»> 
 
 the pretensions of Arthur to the crown of 
 England against his uncle, the usurper, 
 John, and on the base murder of the young 
 prince, the guilty monarch was summoned 
 before the peers of France, to answer for 
 his unnatural conduct. Condemned for 
 the atrocious murder, he was deprived of 
 his dominions on the continent, and Philip, 
 pleased to strip so powerful a vassal, was 
 still further animated in his hostility by 
 the pope, whom John had offended. The 
 French monarch was empowered by Inno- 
 cent II. to seize England ; but while he 
 prepared to execute this pleasing command, 
 the cowardly John resigned his dominions 
 into the hands of the holy see, and Philip 
 was required to desist from attempts against 
 the fief of the church. The numerous ar- 
 maments which had been prepared for the 
 conquest of England, alarmed the neigh- 
 bouring princes, and Philip had a war to 
 maintain against Germany ; but the fa- 
 mous battle of Bovines, in 1214, restored 
 peace to France. Still ambitious to possess 
 England, the French king prevailed upon 
 the English barons, who offered him the 
 crown, to call to their assistance his son 
 Lewis, who, consequently, with his support, 
 invaded the British dominions, and was 
 crowned king at London. The death of 
 John, however, frustrated all the plans of 
 Philip ; the English renounced their alle- 
 giance to their foreign master for their law- 
 ful prince, and Lewis returned a private 
 man to France. Philip died soon after at 
 Nantes, l4th July, 1223, aged 59. He waa 
 a wise and politic prince, intrepid as a war- 
 rior, enlightened as a legislator, and im- 
 partial as a judge. He was the most power- 
 ful of the French kings of the third race, 
 and more than any other enlarged his 
 dominions by the acquisition of new pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 Philip III. or the Hardy, was proclaim- 
 ed king, 1279, in Africa, on the death of 
 his father Lewis IX. whom he had accom- 
 panied against the infidels. After defeat- 
 ing the Saracens, and making a truce for 
 10 years with the king of Tunis, he return- 
 ed to France. The murder of the French 
 at Palermo, at the Sicilian vespers, roused 
 his indignation, and as Peter, king of Arra- 
 gon, was the cause of this dreadful mas- 
 sacre, Philip marched against him with an 
 army. He took the towns of Elna and of 
 Gironne, and might have enlarged his con- 
 quests had he not been seized by a violent 
 fever, which proved fatal at Perpignan, 6th 
 Oct. 1285, in his 41st year. 
 
 Philip IV. or the Fair, succeeded his 
 father Philip III. at the age of 17. He was 
 early engaged in a quarrel with Edward I. 
 of England, and had, in consequence, to 
 maintain a war against him, the count of 
 Flanders, and the emperor of Germany. 
 Philip proved victorious in Guit^nne antl at 
 
Pill 
 
 Till 
 
 Fumes, 1296, but six years after lost tlic 
 battle of Courtrai, in which the count of 
 Artois and 10,000 of the chosen troops of 
 France lost their lives. Two years after 
 the French army recovered their honour 
 at Mont-cn-Puclle, where 25,000 Flemings 
 were slain, and to celebrate this important 
 victory, the highly finished equestrian 
 statue of the monarch was erected in the 
 church of Notre Dame. The peace with 
 the Flemings was followed by a new dis- 
 pute with the pope Boniface VIII. and by 
 opposing the claims of the holy see, in the 
 collation of benefices, Philip saw himself 
 excommunicated, and his kingdom under 
 an interdict. The monarch, undismayed, 
 ordered the pope's bull to be burned with 
 every mark of indignity ; but the differences 
 were at last settled by the death of the 
 pontiff; and the two next successors, Bo- 
 niface IX. and Clement V. more peaceful 
 and moderate, annulled the proceedings of 
 their more violent predecessor, and a re- 
 conciliation was effected with France. More 
 fully to please Philip, the pope assented to 
 the abolition of the order of the knights 
 templars, and these innocent victims to 
 royal prejudice, were in consequence treat- 
 ed with great cruelty, and the most wanton 
 persecution. Philip died by a fall from 
 his horse, 29th Nov. 1314, aged 46. He 
 had married Jane, the heiress of the king- 
 dom of Navarre, by whom he had Lewis 
 X. whose only daughter Jane brought the 
 dominions of Navarre to the house of 
 Evreux. 
 
 Philip V. king of France, surnamed the 
 Long, was the younger son of Philip the 
 Fair, and succeeded to the throne after his 
 brother Lewis Hutin, 1316, to the exclu- 
 sion of his niece, agreeable to the provisions 
 of the Salique law. He made war against 
 the Flemings, renewed the alliance with 
 Scotland, and banished the Jews from his 
 kingdom. He formed the plan of equaliz- 
 ing weights and measures all over his do- 
 minions, but could never effect it. During 
 his reign leprosy was very prevalent, and 
 as those afflicted with that terrible disorder 
 were exonerated from certain taxes, and 
 enjoyed peculiar immunities, instead of 
 being lessened the evil seemed to increase, 
 till the general indignation was excited, and 
 the wretched sufferers, accused of flagitious 
 crimes, were either put to death or con- 
 fined in prisons. The king died 3d Jan. 
 1531, aged 28. 
 
 Philip de Valois, first king of France, 
 of the collateral branch of the Valois, was 
 son of Charles count de Valois, the brother 
 of Philip the Fair, and he ascended the 
 throne on the death of his cousin Charles 
 the Fair, 132S. His elevation was disputed 
 by Edward III. of England, the maternal 
 grandson of Philip the Fair, though he had 
 lately done homage to the new monarch 
 Vol. IL 59 
 
 for the territories of (jJuieiiu-, iu<l iii 
 consequence of this a terrible war wa» 
 kindled l)etw((i\ the two nations. A«su- 
 ming th«; titir: of king of Inuirr, Kdward 
 invaded the country, ?«upporl«;(i hv the :irmi 
 of the Flemings, and virtory niarkcl hia 
 steps. His fleet defeated the Frf nrh shipt 
 in 134U, and in 134« tbr rclcl.ri*tod Uttlc 
 of Cressy was fought, in which Franc© 
 lost nearly 30,000 men, among whom wi-ro 
 the flower of the French nobility, and thn 
 gallant biiiul king of Bohemia. The loss 
 of Calais, and other important placfs, were 
 the rewards of this signal victory ; but 
 though Philip refused to accept the chal- 
 lenge of his rival to single combat, a short 
 cessation of arms was agreed upon. Philip 
 died soon after, 23d Aug. 1330, aged 57, 
 leaving an impoverished kingdom, and a 
 disputed succession. 
 
 Philip I. son of the emperor Maximi- 
 lian, by his marriage in 1490, with Jane, 
 queen of Spain, the heiress of Ferdinand 
 of Arragon, and Isabella of Castile, obtain- 
 ed the Spanish crown. He was a man of 
 very moderate abilities, but regarded as the 
 fairest man of his age. He died at Burgos, 
 25th Sept. 1506, aged 23, in consequence 
 of exerting himself too much in playing at 
 tennis. 
 
 Philip II. son of Charles V. and Isabel- 
 la of Portugal, was made king of Naples 
 and Sicily in 1554, on his father's abdica- 
 tion, and also king of England by his mar- 
 riage with queen Mary, and two years after 
 he ascended the Spanish throne by the ex- 
 traordinary resignation of his father. He 
 made war against the French, and obtained 
 a famous victory at the battle of St. Quin- 
 tin, in 1557, during which, it is said, he 
 was so terrified, that he made two vows ; 
 the one, never again to appear in a figlit, 
 and the next, to erect a monaster)' in ho- 
 nour of St. Lawrence, to whose powerful 
 influence he ascribed the success of hio 
 arms. This celebrated victory, which might 
 have made him master of France, was fol- 
 lowed by the capture of only a few neigh- 
 bouring little towns, so that Charles, his 
 father, on hearing of the battle, a^ked if his 
 son was at Paris, and being answered in liie 
 negative, turned his back with contempt on 
 the messenger. Another victory at Grave- 
 lines was equally abused, till the treaty of 
 Cateau Cambresis re-established peace be- 
 tween the two monarchies in 1550. On 
 his return to Spain, Philip gratified himself 
 with the exhibition of an auto-da-fe, when 
 the inquisition condemned to the flames 40 
 wretches who wore accused of heresy. 
 Sanguinary in his conduct, and violent in 
 his measures, he soon alienated the affec- 
 tions of his subjects, and the Flemings, 
 harassed by his oppressions, threw off the 
 yoke. In vain the duke of Alva, by valouv 
 as much as bv severity, attempted to ro^* 
 
 465 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 frterc subordination ; seven provinces were 
 severed from the Spanish yoke, and under 
 the name of United Provinces, established 
 their rank and independence among na- 
 tions. Though unsuccessful in the Low 
 Countries, Philip had the good fortune to 
 subdue Portugal to his power, and in the 
 madness of his ambition he now formed 
 plans for the subjection of England, which 
 the death of Mary had placed under the 
 administration of the heroic Elizabeth. In 
 1588, the Invincible Armada sailed from 
 Lisbon, for the conquest of England ; but 
 the storms and the valour of the English 
 ■were enemies which the ambitious monarch 
 was not prepared to encounter. The fleet 
 was dispersed and cut to pieces, and when 
 Philip heard of the loss of his 100 ships, 
 and of 20,000 of his men, he replied with 
 great resignation, " I had sent my fleet 
 against the English, and not against the 
 winds ; the Lord's will be done." Ever rest- 
 less, Philip still sowed dissension among 
 his neighbours, by encouraging the league 
 in France against their lawful sovereign, 
 and by assuming the title of protector of the 
 rebels ; but death, at last, came to termi- 
 nate his ambition and his life. He died 
 13th Sept. 1598, aged 72. Though repre- 
 sented by some, ferocious and unprincipled 
 as Tiberius, and by others wise and dis- 
 creet as Solomon, Philip may be considered 
 as a man of great abilities, too much, in- 
 deed, guided by superstition, and too 
 strongly attached to family pride, and the 
 love of universal dominion, yet endowed 
 with sagacity, able and eager to distinguish 
 merit, and during a long reign, if not the 
 ^rst man, yet the chief personage in Eu- 
 rope who could decide and regulate the in-? 
 terests of states, and command respect 
 among all nations. 
 
 Philip III. son of Philip II. and Anne of 
 Austria, succeeded his father on the Spa- 
 nish throne at the age of 20. The war of 
 the Netherlands was continued with in^ 
 creased virulence, and he made himself 
 master of Ostend by his general Spinola, 
 after a siege of three years, and the loss of 
 80,000 men ; but vigour was wanted to 
 guide his counsels, and by making peace 
 with his enemies, he firmly established the 
 house of Nassau in the possession of the 
 rebellious provinces of Holland. Dissatis- 
 fied with the conduct of his Moorish sub- 
 jects, who were accused of being Mussul- 
 mans at heart, though their general beha- 
 viour was peaceful, and their industry was 
 the support of the kingdom, Philip, in an 
 unlucky hour, issued a decree for their 
 banishment in 30 days, and thus robbed 
 his kingdom of the arts, the knowledge, 
 and the laborious services of above a mil'- 
 lion of his subjects. This severe blow on 
 the population and the industry of the 
 ♦'OTintry could never be recovered, though 
 466 
 
 the monarch granted the most liberal pri' 
 vileges for the encouragement of agricul- 
 ture and of the arts. He died soon after, 
 a victim to court etiquette. While in the 
 council with his ministers, he complained 
 of the disagreeable smell of the brazier 
 which warmed the room ; but as the of- 
 ficer who took care of the fire was absent, 
 no one ventured to remove the offensive 
 utensil, and in consequence the king was 
 taken ill, and soon after died, 31st March, 
 1621, aged 43. 
 
 Philip IV. son of Philip III. and Mar- 
 garet of Austria, was king of Spain after 
 his father, 1621. On his accession, the 
 war with Holland was renewed, as the 
 truce was expired ; but though the Spa- 
 niards were successful while commanded 
 by Spinola, they were defeated at sea by 
 the Dutch, near Lima. In 1635, Philip in^ 
 creased the number of his enemies by de- 
 claring war against France ; but though at 
 first victorious, his troops were defeated at 
 Aveness and Casal, and Artois was taken. 
 The Catalonians also rebelled against theii- 
 sovereign, under the patronage of France, 
 and Portugal shook off her foreign yoke, 
 and re-established her monarch under the 
 auspicious government of the house of Bra- 
 gariza, 1640. These severe losses, occa- 
 sioned by the incapacity of the monarch, 
 and the negligence of his minister Olivares, 
 instead of rousing the nation to active exer° 
 tions, were received with indifference. Oli- 
 vares was indeed disgraced ; but the war, 
 instead of being prosecuted with vigour, 
 was concluded with France by a dishonour- 
 able treaty, which separated Rousillon, 
 Artois, and Alsace, from the Spanish 
 crown, 1659. The war with Portugal was 
 still continued, but two unfortunate battles 
 soon obliged Philip to acknowledge the in- 
 dependence of his rebellious subjects. This 
 weak and effeminate monarch died 17th 
 Sept. 1665, aged 60, and was succeeded by 
 his son Charles II. 
 
 Philip V, duke of Anjou, second son of 
 Lewis the dauphin of France, and Maria 
 Anne of Bavaria, ascended the Spanish 
 throne 1700, agreeable to the will of the 
 last monarch Charles II. Though received 
 with acclamations at Madrid, his elevation 
 was opposed by the archduke Charles of 
 Austria, supported by his father, the empe-» 
 ror, by England, Holland, Savoy, Prussia, 
 and Portugal. The first events of the war 
 were disadvantageous to the new king : he 
 lost Arragon, Gibraltar, the Baleares, Sar-- 
 dinia, and Naples, and was obliged to quit 
 his capital ; but while he thought of relin^ 
 quishing his European dominions, and of 
 passing to America, there to establish a 
 new kingdom, he received powerful assist- 
 ance from France, under the duke of Ven- 
 dome, and in the battle of Villa Viciosa, in 
 1710, he recovered his losses, and was 
 
Pin 
 
 i-iii 
 
 Inoie (irmly (ixt'd on his tlironc l»y llic ton- 
 quests of V illars in riandtrs, and by the 
 treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. Devoted to 
 the improvement of his people, under the 
 administration of Albcroni, Philip still 
 sought the recovery of his lost dominions, 
 and by degrees made himself master of 
 Majorca, Nlinorca, Sardinia, and Palermo. 
 The measures which he pursued, and the 
 jealousy of his neighbours again kindled a 
 new war in 1717, and the Spanish fleet was 
 defeated with great loss in the Mediterra- 
 nean, by admiral Byng. These and other 
 disasters made the monarch anxious for 
 peace, and the four allied courts of France, 
 Germany, England, and Holland, insisted, 
 as a preliminary, on the expulsion of the 
 intriguing Alberoni, from the counsels of 
 his master. Though peace was re-esta- 
 blished in 1720, Philip no longer found hap- 
 piness in the attachment of his people, but 
 ht became a prey to superstitious fears and 
 nljiancholy suspicions. Under this terri- 
 ble mental calamity he resigned his crown, 
 in 1724, in favour of his son Louis, and 
 retired to a monastery ; but the sudden 
 death of the new monarch, a few months 
 after, of the smallpox, led the kingdom 
 without a master. Roused from his re- 
 tirement, Philip again resumed the reins of 
 government ; and leaving all his supersti- 
 tious apprehensions behind, he became the 
 watchful, attentive, and affectionate father 
 of hb people. In 1733, he joined France 
 against the emperor, in the war which was 
 rekindled in Europe, by the nomination of 
 Stanislaus to the Polish throne, and he had 
 the good success to see his son, Don Car- 
 los, with an army of 30,000 men, conquer 
 Sicily and Naples, and establish himself on 
 the throne. These happy events from 
 without, were counterbalanced from with- 
 in, by the dreadful conflagration w^hich re- 
 duced the royal palace of Madrid, the ar- 
 chives of the kingdom, and the most valua- 
 ble paintings, to ashes. Peace was restor- 
 ed in 1736, and Carlos confirmed in the 
 possession of his Italian kingdoms. A new 
 war was again kindled in 1739, but Philip 
 died before its conclusion. He died 9th 
 July, 1746, aged 63, after a reign of 45 
 years, and was succeeded by his eldest son 
 Ferdinand VI. 
 
 Philip, the Good, duke of Burgundy, 
 Brabant, and Luxemburg, succeeded on the 
 death of his father, John, who was killed 
 at Montereau, 1419. To avenge the fate 
 of his father, he warmly embraced the par- 
 ty of the English against Charles VI. of 
 France, and his successor, Charles VII. 
 He defeated the dauphin at the battle of 
 Mons-en-Vimen, 1421, and attacked with 
 success, Jacqueline, countess of Ilainault, 
 and obliged her to acknowledge him as the 
 successor to her dominions. In 1435, 
 he abandoned the English interest, and 
 was reconciled to Charles VII, but after- 
 
 AMiiilb li(> c.iibiui:td tiiL- partv of Chailcnj 
 duke of Bcrri, aguin.'t hiM brother, Lewi* 
 XI. and engaged in all the tumults of w«r. 
 He intrusted the (ummand of his troop* to 
 his son, the count de Charoloi-, who treat- 
 ed with unparalleled crutlty the town o! 
 Dinan, near Liege, of whichhe burned the 
 walls to the ground, and put the inhabitants 
 to the sword ; and instead of condcmniii" 
 such barbarity, the aged fother caused him*^ 
 self to be carried from his bed of sickness 
 to view with delight the mournful hpecta- 
 cle. Philip, who by this lost all title to 
 the appellation of Good, died at Bruges, 
 15th June, 1467, aged 71. 
 
 Philip de Dreux, son of Robert of 
 France, count of Dreux, was made bishop 
 of Bcauvais. Possessing, however, a strong 
 inclination for military affairs, he joined 
 the crusades, and behaved with great va- 
 lour at the siege of Acre, 1191. He after- 
 wards joined Philip Augustus in his war 
 against the English, and being taken pri- 
 soner, was treated with njore harshness 
 than was due to his rank. Philip com- 
 plained of the severity of his confinement 
 to pope Innocent III. who claimed him a^ 
 his own son from Richard II. of England. 
 The monarch in answer, sent to the pope 
 the bishop's coat of mail, all covered with 
 blood, and asked the pontiff", in the words 
 of Joseph's brethren to Jacob, "Is this thv 
 son's coat?" upon which Innocent declined 
 further to intercede. He was set at liber- 
 ty, 1202, and afterwards fought at the bat- 
 tle of Bovines, in 1214, and again distin- 
 guished himself against the Albigenses, in 
 Languedoc. He died at Beauvais, 2d 
 Nov. 1217. 
 
 Philip, duke of Swabia, and son of Fre- 
 deric Barbarossa, was elected emperor af- 
 ter thedeathof his brother Henry VI. 1193; 
 but a more powerful party placed the im- 
 perial crown on the head of Otho, duke o( 
 Saxony. This unfortunate division kin- 
 dled a war in Germany ; but at last the pops 
 threw the weight of his authority on the 
 side of Otho, and excommunicated Philip. 
 Philip, however, made so respectful a sub- 
 mission to the sovereign pontifl",that he with- 
 drew his anathema, and laboured earnestly 
 to effect a reconciliation between the two ri- 
 vals. Arms, nevertheless, would have de- 
 cided their different claims, had not Philijf 
 been basely assassinated at Bamberg, 25tli 
 June, 1208, after a reign of 11 years. He 
 was a prince of great wisdom and strong 
 powers of mind, and his meuiory is still 
 respected in Germany. 
 
 Philip, the Bold, fourth son of John, 
 king of France, is celebrated for the valour 
 with which he fought at the battle of Poi- 
 tiers against the English, though only 16 
 years old, whilst his other timid brothers 
 fled from the scene of slaughter. He was 
 created duke of Burgundy, and during the 
 confusion which prevailed in France, titi- 
 
 467 
 
PHI 
 
 PHf 
 
 «3€r iiis nephew Charles VI. he was called 
 upon by the general voice of the nation to 
 support the tottering power of the govern- 
 snent. This elevation, and his marriage 
 with the queen, excited against him the 
 jealousy of the duke of Orleans, and laid 
 the foundation of that enmity which proved 
 so fatal to those two illustrious houses and 
 to the kingdom. This brave and virtuous 
 prince unfortunately was profuse in his 
 liberalities beyond example, so that at his 
 death his body was seized by his creditors, 
 and with difficulty redeemed by his dutch- 
 ess. He died at Halle, in Hainault, 27th 
 April, 1404, aged 63. 
 
 Philip of Orleans. Vid. Orleans. 
 
 Philip, infant of Spain, was placed by 
 the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in possession 
 «f the dutchies of Parma and Placentia ; 
 and after signalizing himself in Avar, he de- 
 voted himself to the happiness of his new 
 subjects, and to the prosperity of the na- 
 tion. He died 1765, aged 45, universally 
 regretted. 
 
 Philip, & Phrygian, made by Antiochus 
 Epiphanes governor of Jerusalem. He 
 behaved with great cruelty, and compelled 
 the Jews to change their religion. He was 
 appointed by Antiochus, on his death-bed, 
 guardian of the minority of his son ; but 
 Lysias seized upon the authority, and 
 obliged him to fly. Philip returned and 
 took Antioch, but was afterwards defeated 
 and put to death by his rival. 
 
 Philip the Solitary, a Greek author 
 about 1105. He wTote Dioptra, or the 
 Rule for a Christian. 
 
 Philip, of the Holy Trinity, a French 
 ecclesiastic, who travelled into the Levant, 
 Persia, and India, and afterwards visited 
 all the convents of Europe. He died at 
 Naples 1671. He wrote Itinerarium Ori- 
 cntale, 8vo. — Summa Theologiae, &c. 
 
 Philip, Sachem of Pokanoket, New- 
 England, usually called king Philip, was 
 the youngest son of Massasoit, and suc- 
 ceeded his brother Alexander in 1657. He 
 soon after renewed the friendship which 
 had long subsisted between his tribe and 
 the English, but in 1675 commenced a furi- 
 ous war on the English, which nearly in- 
 volved them in ruin. He was brave, crafty, 
 politic, possessed of great influence over 
 the neighbouring tribes, and implacable in 
 his hostility to the colonies. He excited 
 many of the frontier tribes to unite in his 
 attempt to exterminate the English, but 
 after many defeats, was at length killed in 
 1676, and the power of his tribe annihila- 
 ted . ICJ^ L. 
 
 Philips, Thomas, a native of Ickford, 
 Bucks, educated at St. Omer's among the 
 Jesuits, whose order he soon quitted. He 
 was promoted to a prebend in Tongres ca- 
 fhcdral, bv the influence of the Pretender, 
 4fi8 
 
 and died at Liege, 1774, aged 66. He 
 published a letter to a Student in Divinity, 
 8vo. 1756, a performance of merit, and 
 three times edited — the life of cardinal 
 Pole, 2 vols. 4to. 1764, and 2 vols. 8vOi 
 1767, a work of great celebrity, in which 
 he supported the principles of the Romish 
 church, and attacked the tenets of the pro- 
 testants, and thus drew against himself a 
 host of able and judicious opponents. He 
 had a sister of the same persuasion, who 
 died abbess of a convent of Benedictine 
 nuns in the town of Ghent. 
 
 Philips, Fabian, a learned antiquary^ 
 born at Prestbury, Gloucestershire, 28th 
 Sept. 1601. He studied in the inns of 
 court in London, and was a zealous support- 
 er of the king's prerogative, which he ably 
 defended with all the information he could 
 collect as filazer of the records of London, 
 Middlesex, &c. from those rich deposita- 
 ries of ancient customs. He strongly pro- 
 tested against the beheading of Charles I. 
 and posted up his sentiments in the most 
 public places of the city. He wrote va- 
 rious pamphlets, and died 17th Nov. 1690. 
 
 Philips, Catherine, a lady of great ac- 
 complishments, daughter of Mr. Fowler, a 
 London merchant, born 1631. She mar- 
 ried at the age of 16, James Philips of Car- 
 digan, Esq. and died much regretted, of the 
 smallpox, in London, 22d June, 1664. 
 She translated Corneille's Pompey, and 
 also the four first acts of his Horace, be- 
 sides various poems which she published 
 under the assumed name of Orinda, of 
 which a second edition appeared, 1678. 
 Her poetical talents were very respectable, 
 and she deserved to be celebrated by the 
 learned men of her age, by lords Orrery, 
 Roscommon, and by Cowley and others. 
 Her elegant correspondence with Sir 
 Charles Cotterel appeared in 1705, under 
 the title of Letters from Orinda to Poliar- 
 chua. 
 
 Philips, John, an English poet, born afe 
 Bampton, Oxfordshire, 30th Dec. 1676, 
 He was educated at Winchester school and 
 Christ church, Oxford, where extraordinary 
 application marked his progress in litera- 
 ture. His first poem was the '* Splendid 
 Shilling," an excellent composition, which 
 describes the most trivial things in the lofty 
 language of Milton. " Blenheim" was the 
 next eflusion of his muse, and the "Cyder," 
 a happy imitation of Virgil's Georgics, ap- 
 peared 1705. He wrote besides a Latin 
 "Ode" to his patron St. John, and it has 
 been remarked by one of his biographers, 
 that such was his addiction to tobacco, that 
 he has introduced the praises of the fra- 
 grant fume in all his pieces except Blen- 
 heim. This excellent poet, whose charac- 
 ter in private life was amiable and benevo- 
 lent, died of a consumption and asthma at 
 Hereford, 15th Feb. 1708, aged 32. A 
 
I'll! 
 
 I'll! 
 
 luonument was erected to him in West- 
 minster abbey by his fricnil clianccllor 
 Harcourt, with an inscription written by 
 Atterbury, or as some say Dr. Freind. 
 
 Philips, Ambrose, an English poet, edu- 
 cated at St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 While at college, he wrote his " Pastorals," 
 a species of poetry in which he is said to 
 have excelled, though Pope ridiculed them, 
 and to render his satire more poignant, in- 
 troduced into the (juardian a paper which 
 in a delicate strain of irony, compared the 
 pastorals of the two rivals, and gave in an 
 afleeted manner the superiority to Philips. 
 Philips resented the attacks of the satirist, 
 and unable to revenge himself by his pen, 
 he stuck up a rod at Button's coffee-house, 
 which was frequented by all the wits and 
 literati of the age, and threatened to chas- 
 tise his antagonist wherever he saw him. 
 In his circumstances he was very indepen- 
 dent, as connected with persons high in the 
 state, and as a friend of the Hanoverian 
 succession, he was made a justice of the 
 peace, and in 1717 appointed one of the 
 lottery commissioners. He was in 1734 
 made registrar of Dublin prerogative court 
 by his friend Boulter the primate, and he 
 sat in the parliament of Ireland for Ar- 
 magh. He returned in 1748 to England, 
 to live on an annuity of 400Z. which he had 
 purchased ; but a stroke of the palsy car- 
 ried him off, 18th June, 1749, aged 78, at 
 his lodgings near Vauxhall. He wrote 
 three dramatic pieces of some merit, the 
 Distressed Mother — the Briton — and Hum- 
 phrey, duke of Gloucester — besides the 
 life of archbishop W^illiams, and a little 
 poem called " a Winter Piece," which Pope 
 condescended to commend, though he ridi- 
 culed all his other works. Dr. Johnson 
 says he was eminent for bravery, and in 
 conversation solemn and pompous. 
 
 Phillips, John, LL.D. a distinguished 
 friend of learning, was graduated at Har- 
 vard college, Massachusetts, in 1735, and 
 for several years held a seat in the council 
 of New-Hampshire. In 1778, he, in con- 
 junction with Samuel Phillips, Esq. his bro- 
 ther, founded an academy at Andover, 
 Massachusetts, by liberal endowments, and 
 eleven years after he added to its funds a 
 further bequest of $20,000. He also, in 
 1781, founded an academy at Exeter by a 
 donation of 15,000/. and at his death be- 
 queathed the whole of his remaining es- 
 tate to those institutions. ' IdJ^ L. 
 
 Phillips, Samuel, LL.D. lieutenant go- 
 vernor of Massachusetts, was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1771. In 1775, he was 
 a member of the provincial congress, and 
 for several years after of the house of re- 
 presentatives. In 1780, he was chosen to 
 a seat in the convention which formed the 
 constitution of that state. He afterwards 
 was elected a member of the senate, and 
 
 presided in that body a number of year-?. 
 He also held a seat on the bench of the 
 court of common pl« a^ from )7MI to l7'J7. 
 In ISUI, he was chosen lieulcnant-^^ovcrnor 
 of the state, and died on the lOih of Feb. 
 of the following year. He ponsedscd re- 
 spectable talents, and was diHtiiij»iii,bc(l for 
 integrity, patriotism, libirality, iirid piety. 
 He gave considerable .-ums both to the aca- 
 demy at Andover, when; In- r<;^iil(;<|, and at 
 Exeter, which his father and uncle had 
 founded ; and presented handsome bene- 
 factions to several other pious and useful 
 objects. Jdr' L- 
 
 Phillips, John, president of the senate 
 of Massachusetts, was a nephew of lieu- 
 tenant-governor William Phillips, and gra- 
 duated at Harvard college in 1788. He 
 was bred a lawyer, and was appointed at 
 an early age county attorney for Suffolk. 
 For the last nineteen years of his life h-i 
 was a member of the senate of Massachu- 
 setts, and when Mr. Otis was elected into 
 the house in 1813, succeeded him as presi- 
 dent. He was also a member of the con- 
 vention which revised the constitution of 
 the slate in 1820, and on the incorporation 
 of the city of Boston in 1823, was elected 
 the first mayor. He died May 29th, 1823, 
 aged fifty-three. No man in Boston pos- 
 sessed through life a greater share of the 
 public confidence, or was more continually 
 employed in the public service. He was 
 industrious, intelligent, faithful, and dis- 
 creet. iCj^ L. 
 
 Philo, a Jew of Alexandria, sent by his 
 countrymen to complain of the Greeks, be- 
 fore Caligula, A.D. 40. He wrote several 
 things, and was called the Jewish Plato, a^ 
 he was a Platonist in principles. 
 
 Philo, a grammarian of Byblos, who 
 translated Sanchoniathon from the Phoeni- 
 cian into Greek. 
 
 Philo, an architect of Byzantium, 300 
 B.C. He is author of a treatise on Mili- 
 tary Machines, &c. 
 
 Philolaus, a Pythagorean philosopher 
 of Cretona, who asserted the rotundity of 
 the earth, &c. B.C. 392. 
 
 Philopoeman, a native of Megalopolis, 
 celebrated as a general in the Acha-an 
 league against the Spartans and iF.tolians. 
 He was inhumanly poisoned by Dinocrates, 
 the enemy's general, B.C. 183. 
 
 PuiLOPONt-s, John, an Alexandrian, 
 author of a Commcntar)- on the Creation, 
 &c. and head of the tri-theists in the 
 seventh century. 
 
 Philostorgr's, an Arian of Cappadocia 
 in the fifth century, author of an Ecclesi- 
 astical History of his own time, &ic. 
 
 Philostratps, Flavins, a Greek sophist 
 at the court of Julia, the wife of the em- 
 peror Sevenis. He is author of the Life 
 of Apollonius Tyaneus, and other works. 
 
 PiULOXSNCS, a dithvrambic poet, at th«; 
 
 469 
 
put 
 
 PHO 
 
 court of Dionysius of Syracuse, who died 
 at Ephesus, 380 B.C. 
 
 Philpot, John, a native of Hampshire, 
 educated at Winchester and New college. 
 He was a strong friend of the reformation, 
 and was made under Edward VI. archdea- 
 con of Winchester, but in the next reign he 
 was convicted of heresy before Gardiner, 
 and burnt in Smithfield, 1555. 
 
 Phinehas, son of Eleazar, the son of 
 Aaron, the priest, was commended for his 
 zeal in the cause of God, for killing the 
 Israelite, and the Midianitish woman, who 
 committed fornication in the camp of Israel, 
 B.C. 1455. 
 
 Phips, Sir William, governor of Massa- 
 chusetts, was born at Pemaquid in Maine, 
 February 2d, 1650, of obscure parents, and 
 was one of the youngest of twenty-six chil- 
 dren which his mother bore. He remained 
 at home without education till 18 years old, 
 when he bound himself to a ship-carpenter. 
 After learning that trade, he removed to 
 Boston, and established himself in the 
 business, and learned to read and write. 
 He afterwards went to sea, and hearing 
 that a Spanish ship richly laden, was 
 wrecked near the Bahamas, went to Eng- 
 land, and offered to search for the treasure. 
 He made one voyage without success, but 
 on being sent again by the duke of Albe- 
 marle, he obtained from the vessel 300,000 
 pounds, 16,000 of which fell to his share. 
 This success procured him much ap*- 
 plause, and the king, as a reward, knighted 
 him, and appointed him high sheriff of 
 New-England. In 1690 he commanded an 
 expedition against Port Royal, and cap- 
 tured that place. On the gift to Massa- 
 chusetts of a new charter he was appointed 
 governor, and soon after entering on the 
 otSce, put an end to the persecution for 
 witchcraft. In 1694 he was removed from 
 the office, for abusing the collector of the 
 port, but on visiting England was excul- 
 pated. He died on the 18th of February, 
 of the next year, in his forty-fifth year. 
 The important offices to which he rose, 
 without the aid of education, and the skill 
 with which he conducted in them, show 
 him to have possessed talents of a very 
 superior order. sC3^ L. 
 
 Phipps, Constantine, lord Mulgrave, 
 eldest son of Lord Mulgrave, was born 
 1746. He early embraced the naval pro- 
 fession, and by the influence of friends 
 was made post-captain in 1765. In 1768 
 he was elected member for Lincoln, and 
 distinguished himself in parliament by his 
 bold and manly conduct in the several popu- 
 lar questions which then agitated the house, 
 especially the Westminster election, and 
 the libel laws. His abilities as a sailor 
 were employed in a voyage of observation 
 and discovery towards the north pole in 
 1 773, and he set sail with captain Lutwidge 
 470 
 
 in two ships, and at his return published an 
 interesting narrative of his remarks and ob- 
 servations in 4to. He was also author of 
 a Letter of a Member of Parliament to his 
 Constituents on the Proceedings of the 
 House of Commons in the Westminster 
 Election. He succeeded to the Irish ho- 
 nours of his father in 1775, and in 1790 
 was created an English peer, and died 1792. 
 
 Phlegon, a native of Tralles in Lydia, 
 author of some historical tracts under Adri- 
 an. It is said that he mentioned the dark- 
 ness which took place at the crucifixion of 
 our vSaviour. 
 
 Phocas, a Chalcedonian noble, who seiz- 
 ed on the empire of the East, by the mur- 
 der of the emperor Maurice, and of his 
 children, 602. To maintain his power, he 
 dispersed his spies all over the empire, and 
 devoted to destruction those who presumed 
 to speak against his tyranny. But though 
 absolute, he dreaded the attacks of foreign 
 enemies, and afraid to meet the Persians 
 in the field, he had the art to bribe their 
 general Narses, and to draw him to Con- 
 stantinople, where, in reward for his trea- 
 chery, he burned him alive. A conduct so 
 flagitious at last roused the general indig- 
 nation, and Heraclius, governor of Africa, 
 boldly conspired against the monster, and 
 cut off his head and his right hand, 5th 
 Oct. 610. 
 
 Phocas, John, a monk of the 12th cen- 
 tury, born in Crete, or according to others 
 in Calabria. He for some time was in the 
 military service of Emmanuel Commenus, 
 but quitted it for the monastic life ; and 
 after visiting the Holy Land, he built a 
 small church on mount Carmel, where he 
 fixed his residence, with other monks. He 
 wrote a Description of the Holy Land, of 
 Syria, Phoenicia, &c. 
 
 Phocion, an Athenian general, who 
 bravely fought against Philip and Alexan- 
 der. Though forty-five times placed at the 
 head of affairs, he was accused at last of 
 treachery, and cruelly put to death by his 
 ungrateful countrymen, 318 B.C. His 
 death was avenged by his son Phocus. 
 
 Phoctlides, a Greek poet of Miletus, 
 about 540 B.C. 
 
 Phormio, a peripatetic philosopher of 
 Ephesus. He had once Annibal among his 
 auditors, when ignorantly lecturing on the 
 art of war. 
 
 Phormio, an Athenian general, who dis- 
 played great bravery during the Peloponne- 
 sian war. He sold his property to supply 
 the pay of his army, but refused the rank 
 of commander-in-chief. 
 
 Photinus, bishop of Sirmium, was de- 
 posed for supporting that Christ was only 
 a man. Though recalled by Julian, he was 
 afterwards exiled by Valentinian, and died 
 376. 
 
riA 
 
 I'lC 
 
 Thotius, patriarch of Constantinoidc, 
 for ten years, during which he was exposed 
 to turbulent opposition and cabal. lie was 
 at last deposed, and died in a monastery 
 891. He is author of a Coinnientary on 
 Ancient writers, folio ; a Collection of the 
 Canons of the Church, folio ; liCtlers, 
 folio. 
 
 Fhraates III. king of Parthia, after 
 Pacorus, was murdered by his two sons 
 Orodes and Mithridaics, B.C. :iG. 
 
 PiiRAATES IV. was raised to the Par- 
 thiant hronc by Orodes his father, whom he 
 soon after murdered. His conduct was so 
 tyrannical tliat his subjects revolted, but he 
 was restored to his throne by the assistance 
 of the Scythians, and at last perished by 
 the hands of his own son. 
 
 Phranza, George, a Greek author, mas- 
 ter of the wardrobe to the emperor of Con- 
 stantinople. When the city was sacked by 
 the Turks he fled to Corfu, where he wrote 
 an History or Chronicle of his own Times, 
 to 1641. 
 
 Phreas, or Freas, .John, an English 
 writer, born in London about the close of 
 the 14th century, and educated at Oxford, 
 where he became fellow of Baliol college. 
 He settled at Bristol, but afterwards travel- 
 led to Italy, where learning was beginning 
 to revive, and meeting with his countryman 
 Tiptoft, eai'l of Worcester, he dedicated to 
 him some of his performances. He trans- 
 lated into Latin, Diodorus Siculus, and 
 Synesius, &c. He took his doctor's de- 
 gree at Padua, where he read medical lec- 
 tures, as well as at Florence, and Ferrara. 
 He was presented by Paul II. to whom he 
 dedicated his Diodorus, to the see of Bath, 
 but survived the appointment only one 
 month, being poisoned, it is said, by a com- 
 petitor. It is said he acquired some for- 
 tune by practising physic in Italy. He died 
 about 14GC 
 
 Phrynt, a celebrated courtezan of 
 Athens, the mistress of Prexiteles, B. C. 
 328. She wished to rebuild Thebes, provi- 
 ded her name was inscribed on the walls, 
 which was refused. 
 
 PnRTNicrs, a Greek orator of Bithynia 
 under Commodus, author of some trea- 
 tises, &.C. 
 
 Phrynis, a musician of Mitylcne, who 
 is said to have added two string- to the 
 lyre, which before had only seven, B. C. 
 438. 
 
 Pia, Philip Nicholas, an eminent chy- 
 mist born at Paris 15th September, 1721. 
 He was for some years chief surgeon of 
 the hospital at Strasburg, and on his return 
 to Paris, was named sheriff of the city in 
 1770. In this last place he exerted all his 
 influence, and the knowledge which he de- 
 rived from experience, to establish a society 
 for the recovery of drowned or suffocated 
 persons. lie furnished the estahlishment 
 
 with the necessary apparatus, and the firat 
 year not less than '21 pitrioni wire uaved 
 and restored from lh<t waters of tin- Seine ; 
 but the revolution unrorlunaltdy ruined hi.i 
 humane projects, and reduced him to ex- 
 treme poverty. This benevolent and amia- 
 ble man died 11 th May, 17"J1J. He wrote 
 an account of his humane piojcciN m se- 
 veral vols. 8vo. and Timo. published 1770, 
 and 1773. 
 
 PiAZZi, Jerome Bartholomew, an Italian 
 born at Alexandria. He turned prolestant 
 from a Dominican friar, and came to Eng- 
 land, where he published a curious account 
 of the inquisition in Italy, with which he 
 was well acquainted, as he had been one 
 of its delegate judges. He maintained 
 himself by teaching French and Italian at 
 Cambridge, and died there 1745. 
 
 PiAZETTA, John Baptist, a painter of 
 Venice, whose pieces possess great merit 
 in the elegance, expression, and grace of 
 his figures. He studied much the style of 
 Michael Angelo ; but in the midst of his 
 great abilities, he was intemperate and 
 prodigal, and died so poor that his l)ody 
 was conveyed to the grave at the common 
 expense of his friends. He died 1754, 
 aged 72. 
 
 Pibrac. Vid. Faur. 
 
 PiCARD, John, a French ecclesiastic, 
 born at La Fleche. He was prior of Rille 
 in Anjou, and member of the academy 
 of sciences, and acquired great celebrity 
 as an astronomer. By order of the French 
 king, he visited, in 1671, Uraniburg, and 
 there assisted Tycho Brahc in his celes- 
 tial observations, and after his return he 
 was employed with Cassini in measuring 
 an arc of the meridian in France. He 
 died 1683. He wrote treatises on Level- 
 ling — on Measures — on Dioptrics — on the 
 Measui'ement of the Earth — an Account 
 of his Observations at Uraniburg, &c. — 
 besides communications to the memoirs of 
 the French academies. He was also the 
 first who applied a telescope to a quadrant. 
 
 PiCART, Bernard, a famous engraver, 
 born at Paris 1673. He studied design 
 under his father, and perspective and ar- 
 chitecture under Sebastian le Clerc. As 
 he was a protestant he settled in Holland, 
 where he produced the best part of his ad- 
 mired pieces. He died at Amsterdam, 
 1733, 12 years after his fiuher, who was 
 then nuiety. His engravings were pub- 
 lished, folio, Amsterdam, 175-1. His best 
 performance is an illustration of the various 
 religious ceremonies of all nations, and his 
 plates for the temple of the muses are also 
 much admired. 
 
 PiCART, Michael, a native of Nurem- 
 berg, who wa'! professor of philosophy and 
 poetry at Altorf, where he died 1620, ag i 
 46. He was tlie friend of Isaac Casaubon, 
 and published Commentaries on av^me of 
 
 471 
 
PIC 
 
 PIC 
 
 Aristotle's works — Disputes — Harangues 
 ■—Critical Essays— a Latin translation of 
 Appian, 1604. — His Liber Singularis Peri- 
 culorum Criticorum, was published at Nu- 
 remberg by John Saubert, thirty-seven 
 years after his death. 
 
 PicciNi, Nicholas, a celebrated musi- 
 cian, born at 3ari, in the kingdom of Na- 
 ples. He was intended for the church by 
 his father, but his fondness for music pre- 
 vailed, and he had for his masters the fa- 
 mous Leo, and afterwards Durante, who 
 saw and foretold his future celebrity. In 
 1754 he began to display his great abilities, 
 and soon acquired the highest reputation 
 in the cities of Italy. From Italy he came 
 to Paris, and for a while divided the ap- 
 plauses of the public with Gluck ; but the 
 climate of France was too severe for his 
 weak constitution, and he returned to Na- 
 ples. Instead, however, of being received 
 with kindness, he was treated as a revolu- 
 tionist, and accused before the government 
 as a jacobin, mischievous and violent. 
 Without the possibility of vindicating him- 
 self, he escaped from Italy and returned to 
 France, and died at Passy, overpowered 
 by age and misfortunes, 7th May, 1800, 
 aged 72. In private life he was an amia- 
 ble man, distinguished by benevolence, 
 kindness, and affability. His operas, 
 which he composed in Italy, are above 
 100 in number, besides those performed 
 in France, the best known of which are, 
 Roland — Atys — Iphigenia in Tauris — Di- 
 do, &c. An account of his life and works 
 has been published by his friend Ginguene 
 at Paris. 
 
 PiccoLOMiNi, James, an Italian eccle- 
 siastic, born near Lucca. He became suc- 
 cessively bishop of Massa, of Frescati, was 
 made a cardinal 1641, and exchanged his 
 name of Ammati for that of Piccolomini, 
 out of respect for Pius II. his patron. He 
 died 1479, aged 57, of an indigestion. 
 Sixtus IV, claimed the property which he 
 had left at his death in the hands of his 
 bankers, and appropriated part of it in the 
 endowment of the hospital of the Holy 
 Ghost. Piccolomini wrote Commentaries, 
 or History of his own Times, from 1464 to 
 1469 — besides Letters, &c. 
 
 Piccolomini, Alexander, author of se- 
 veral dramatic pieces, was born at Sienna, 
 where he was coadjutor, and also arch- 
 bishop of Patras. He died at Sienna, 12th 
 March, 1578. He was the first who used 
 the Italian language in philosophical sub- 
 jects. His works are numerous, the best 
 known of which are a treatise on the Sphere 
 — Moral Institutes — a Theory of the Pla- 
 nets — the Morality of Nobles, &c. The 
 work called, '' Delia Bella Creanza della 
 Donne," is attributed to him. 
 
 Piccolomini, Francis, of the same fa- 
 472 
 
 mily, was born 1520, and taught for 
 twenty-two years philosophy in the Ita- 
 lian universities. He died at Sienna, 1604, 
 and his death was mourned by, the whole 
 city. He wrote Commentaries on Aristo- 
 tle, 4to. Universa Philosophia de Moribus, 
 folio. 
 
 PicHEGRU, Charles, a French general, 
 born at Arbois in Franche Comte, 1761. 
 Though of obscure birth, he received a 
 good education among the monks of his 
 native place, and then entering into the 
 army, he rose from the ranks by gradual 
 steps to command, and at the revolution 
 obtained the office of general. His abili- 
 ties were well known to his superiors, and 
 therefore were usefully employed ; and by 
 the victory at Hagenau over the combined 
 forces, he procured promotion, and was 
 named commander-in-chief of the army of 
 the north. The relief of Landau, the dis- 
 comfiture of the Austrians under marshal 
 Cobourg, and the able and rapid ma- 
 noeuvres by which he completed the con- 
 quest of Holland, tended strongly to re- 
 commend him to the national gratitude, 
 and therefore he was elected in 1797 a 
 member of the legislatrue. In this new 
 office his conduct was firm and manly ; but 
 his opposition to the measures of the di- 
 rectory, drew upon him unpopularity, and 
 he was one of those unfortunate victims, 
 who were accused of intentions to destroy 
 the republic and restore royalty, and who 
 were, without trial, and in the most arbi- 
 trary manner, sent with every mark of 
 ignominy prisoners to Cayenne. He had 
 the good fortune to escape from this cli- 
 mate which proved so fatal to several of 
 his fellow-sufferers, and came to England. 
 Here he remained an honourable exile till 
 1804, when he ventured to visit Paris in 
 disguise ; but so vigilant is an arbitrary 
 government, he could not escape the eyes 
 of the police, and as rumours of plots 
 against the ruler of France were indus- 
 triously circulated, he was seized with others 
 on suspicion of machinations against the 
 safety of the country, and immured in the 
 Temple. A little time after, 6th April, 
 1804, he was discovered in his apartment, 
 strangled by means of a black silk hand- 
 kerchief, twisted round his neck with a 
 short stick, taken from the faggot which 
 was to light his fire. The position of his 
 body was such that no struggle seemed to 
 have been made in the agonies of expiring 
 nature ; but though it could easily be con-< 
 eluded that he had been assassinated, and 
 that he could not possibly have been him- 
 self the cause of his own suffocation, the 
 corpse was examined before a select num- 
 ber of medical men, and a prolix report 
 was drawn up to prove that he had destroy- 
 ed himself. So improbable an imputatior^ 
 
yiP 
 
 ITV- 
 
 aigjiinsl a man who had braved death lu u 
 thousajid dangers, could not be believed 
 wen in ibe streets of Paris. 
 
 PicHON, John, a native of Lyons, emi- 
 nent among the Jesuits. He was employ- 
 ed in Lorraine by king Stanislaus ; but iiiii 
 zeal gave oHence to his superiors, and his 
 book called the Spirit of Jesus Christ and 
 of the Church, 610. not only was condemn- 
 ed at Ivonie, but received afterwards the 
 severe censures of the author himself. He 
 died 5th Alay, 1751, ag( d 68. 
 
 PiCHOT, Peter, a physician of eminence 
 at Bourdeaux, in the loth century. He 
 publisi.ed treatises on the Plague j de Moi- 
 bis Animi ; de Rheumatismo, isLc. 
 
 PicHou, N. a Frencli poet of Dijon, who 
 ■»vas assassinated in 1631, in the flower of 
 his age. He was author of some diama- 
 tic pieces of no great merit, I'Aminte, a 
 pastoral ; a poetical translation of the pas- 
 toral of la FUis de Scire. 
 
 Pickering, John, LL.D. and F.A.Acad, 
 was born at Newington, New- Hampshire, 
 and graduated at Harvard college in 1761. 
 He was an eminent lawyer, and sustained 
 some of the first offices in the state with 
 great respectability. He was a principal 
 member of the convention which formed 
 the constitution of New-Hampshire, and 
 was at the head of the administration 
 from the period of governor Langdon's re- 
 signation in 1789 until a new election took 
 place. In 1787 he was elected a member 
 of the convention which framed the con- 
 stitution of the United States, but declined 
 taking his seat in it. He was a judge of 
 the supreme court of the state from 1790 
 to 1795, and at one period chief justice. 
 Afterwards he was judge of the district 
 court of the United States, for New- 
 Hampshire. For several years before his 
 death his reason was impaired, and he 
 was removed by impeachment in 1804. 
 He died at Portsmouth, April 11th, 1805, 
 aged 67. Ik L. 
 
 PiCTET, Benedict, a native of Geneva, 
 who after studying in his native city, with 
 great reputation, and travelling over Hol- 
 land, England, and other parts of the con- 
 tinent, was honourably solicited to fill the 
 chair of theology at Leyden. He declined 
 the liberal offer, and preferred the divinity 
 chair of his native town, which he filled 
 with great ability. He died at Geneva 
 9th June, 17-24, aged 69. He was a most 
 benevolent man, and a most pious and vigi- 
 lant pastor. He was author of Christian 
 Theology, 3 vols. 4to. in Latin — Christian 
 Morality, 8 vols. 12mo. — History of the 
 11th and 12th centuries, 2 vols. 4to. trea- 
 tise against Religious indifference — ser- 
 mons — letters — and other religious tracts. 
 Pious. Vid. Mirandula. 
 PiDou, Fmncis, lord of St. Olon, a na- 
 tive of Touraijio, became gentleman in or- 
 VOL. n. 60 
 
 diuary to L(«wi« \f\. who di.»co»f;red hii. 
 abilities, und empluje.] hiui an his aiuboflSft- 
 dor to Madrid, tienoa, and Morocco. Hr 
 acquitted himself nmcli ti> lh»- •.ati-ifuction 
 of his master, and was m-.uU: knight of St. 
 Lazarus. He died at Pans 17-2ii, aged Hi). 
 He wrote the pnsent State of Morocco 
 1694, r2mu. — the must remarkable Kvcnts 
 in the Reign of Lewis XI \. 12mo. 
 
 Pierce, Edward, an English painter in 
 the reign of Charles I. and 11. He excelleU 
 in drawings of arcliitecturc, per^-pective, 
 altar pieces, &c. ; but unfortunately the best 
 part of his work^ was destroyed in the lire 
 of London. He died in London about 1715, 
 leaving three sons. 
 
 Pierce, James, a native of Exeter, emi- 
 nent as a presbyterian di\me. He was at 
 the head of a dissenting congregation in his 
 native town ; but in 1725 his preaching in 
 favour of Aiianinm produced a violent dis- 
 pute, in consequence of which he wan ex- 
 pelled from his meeting, and opened an- 
 other in conjunction with his friend Hailct. 
 He also published a vindication of his con- 
 duct, and of bis principles, in a p:)mphlet 
 called Western Inquisition, which occasion- 
 ed a tedious paper war. He wrote also 
 a Commentary on St. Paul's Epistles, 4to. 
 — sermons — a Vindication of the Protest- 
 ant Dissenters, English and Latin, ice. He 
 died 1730. 
 
 PiERiNO, or PiRiNO DEL Vaga, a nativc 
 of Tuscany, son of a soldier, and nursed 
 by a she-goat. He was taught painting by 
 Vaga, and exchanged the name of Buona- 
 corsi for that of his teacher. By great ap- 
 plication he acquired extensive reputation, 
 and was engaged by Raphael in the comple- 
 tion of his designs at Rome in the Vatican, 
 and afterwards he embellished Doria's 
 palace at Genoa, and adorned other cities 
 of Italy with the extraordinary labours of 
 his pencil. His passage of the Jordan, the 
 fall of the walls of Jericho, the sun stand- 
 ing still at Joshua's command, are among 
 bis best pieces. He died of an apoplexy, 
 1547, in his 47th year. 
 
 PiERQUiN, John, son of a lawyer at 
 Charleville, studied at Rheims, where he 
 took his divinity degrees. He was for 40 
 years minister of Chatel in the diocess of 
 Rheims, and died there 1742, aged 70. He 
 wrote on the Colour of Negroes ; on Rais- 
 ing Spirits ; on the Sai)bath of Witches ; 
 Magical Transformations ; Proof of Inno- 
 cence by Immersion ; Amphibious Animals; 
 on the Conception of Jesus Christ, a di-- 
 scrtation ; Life of St. Ju\in, Uc. 
 
 PiERSON, Christopher, a historical and 
 portrait painter, born at the Hague. His 
 bunting pieces were particularly admired. 
 He died I7l4, aged 83. 
 
 PiERSON, Abraham, first president of 
 Yale college, Connecticut, was educated at 
 llai-v^d where be obtained bis degree in 
 
 473 
 
PIG 
 
 PIL 
 
 1668. He studied theology and settled at 
 Killingworth, Connecticut. He soon be- 
 came conspicuous for his learning and ta- 
 lents as a preacher, and in 1701, when the 
 college was established at Say brook, was 
 chosen its i-ector, and held the office till his 
 death in 1707. He was greatly respected 
 for his abilities and piety. He wrote a sys- 
 tem of natural phdooophy, which wasjor a 
 long time studied in the college. fCj^ L. 
 PiETRO Di Petri, a historical painter. 
 He was a native of Rome, and the pupil 
 and imitator of Carlo Maratti. He died 
 1710, aged 51. 
 
 PiETRO DE LA Francisca, a native of 
 Florence, distinguished as a painter, and as 
 a popular writer on arithmetic and geome- 
 try. He was patronised by Nicolas V. and 
 employed in adorning the Vatican. He 
 died 1443. 
 
 PiGALLE, John Baptist, an eminent sculp- 
 tor, born at Paris, 1714. By the liberality 
 of the elder Conston he was enabled to go 
 to Italy, where, with assiduous zeal, he stu- 
 died the works of the beat masters. On his 
 return to France he was patronised by 
 Lewis, who made him knight of the order 
 of St. Michael, and chancellor of the acade- 
 my of painting. His best works are a Mer- 
 cury and Venus, for the king, and present- 
 ed by him to the king of Prussia; Saxe's 
 Monument ; the Staiue of Lewis XV. ; 
 Voltaire ; a Boy holding a Cage ; a Girl ex- 
 tracting a Thorn from her Foot, &.c. He 
 died at Paris, 20th Aug. 1735. 
 
 PiGANioL DE LA FoRCE, John Aymar 
 de, a native of Auvergne, who acquired 
 some eminence as a writer iSl^ eograpby 
 and history. He is author ofSPi^fscription, 
 Historical and Geographical, of France, 15 
 vols. 12mo. a work of merit ; a Description 
 of Paris, 10 vols. 12mo. afterwards abridg- 
 ed in 2 vols. 12mo. ; Description of Ver- 
 sailles and Marly, 2 vols. l2mo. ; Voyage 
 de France, 2 vols. &,c» This respectable 
 man, amiable in private life, died at Paris, 
 Feb. 1753, aged 80. 
 
 PiGHius, Albert, a native of Kampen in 
 Overyssel, who studied at Cologne, and 
 Louvaine, and was provost of St. John's 
 church at Utrecht, where he died 1542, aged 
 52. He was author of Assertio Hierarchiae 
 Ecclesiasticae, fol. and controversial works 
 against Luther, Melancthon, and the other 
 great reformers. 
 
 PiGHius, Stephen Vinand, a learned Ger- 
 man, nephew to Albert, was born at Kam- 
 pen in Overyssel, 1520. He was well vers- 
 ed in Roman antiquities, and was patro- 
 nised by Cardinal de Granvelle, and by the 
 prince of Juliers and Cleves. to whose son 
 he was tutor. He died at Santcn, where 
 
 he was canon, in his 85th year. He pub- 
 lished an edition of Valerius Maximus — 
 Latin Annals of Rome, 3 vols. fol. — Her- 
 /!ulf»s Prodicus, a pane^vrir on the prema- 
 474 
 
 ture death of his illustrious pupil, and otW 
 works. 
 
 PiGNONi, Simon, a native of Florence, 
 eminent as a painter. His pieces are on 
 religious subjects, and are few, but very 
 valuable. He died 1612. 
 
 PiGNORius, Laurentius, a learned Ita- 
 lian, born at Padua, 1571. He was canon 
 of Treviso, and died of the plague at Pa- 
 dua, lUSl. He wrote Mtnsa Isiaca, to il- 
 lustrate the Egyptian antiquities ; poems; 
 a treatise De Servis et eorum apud Veteres 
 Ministeriis ; Origini de Padoua, and other 
 works. 
 
 PiGRAT, Peter, an eminent surgeon at 
 Paris, employed in the aimies of Henry 
 IV. and Lewis XIII. He was the disciple 
 and rival, and yet the friend, of the cele- 
 brated Ambrose Pare, and published Chi- 
 rurgica cum aliis Medicinae Partibus, &c. ; 
 Epitome Praeceptorum Medicinae, &c. He 
 died 1613. 
 
 Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, a brigadier 
 general in the army of the United States, 
 was born at Lamberton, New-Jersey, Ja- 
 nuary 5th, 1779. When young he entered 
 the army employed on the western frontier, 
 as a cadet, and was some time after 
 advanced to the rank ^f lieutenant. In 
 l805^e was employea*%t the head of a 
 small party to explore the Mississippi, while 
 Lewis aiid Clarke were sent on a similar 
 errand up the Missouri. He was afterwards 
 despatch^l?^ traverse the interior of Loui- 
 siana, ^d examine its principal rivers. 
 He publ^bed an account of both those ex- 
 peditions. In 1810 he received the com- 
 mission of colonel ; and at the commence- 
 ment of the war, in 1812, was stationed on 
 the northern frontier. In the beginning of 
 1813, he was appointed brigadier general, 
 and in April of that year despatched at the 
 head of about 1500 troops against York, 
 the capital of Upper Canada, and in a suc- 
 cessful assault on that place was killed, 
 with many of his troops, by an explosion of 
 the magazine of the fort. IdP L. 
 
 Pilate, Pontius, a Roman governor of 
 Judea. It was before him that our Saviour 
 was brought, and by him he was ignomini- 
 ously condemned to death, through the 
 fear of the Jews, though he asserted him- 
 self, from the tribunal, his innocence. Pi- 
 late was removed from Judea by Tibe- 
 rius for his cruelty and oppression, and 
 sent an exile to Gaul, where he hanged 
 himself, A.D. 37. The letter, said to be 
 written by him, to Tiberius, giving an ac- 
 count of our Saviour, and his miracles, is 
 spurious. 
 
 Pilatre du Rosier, Francis, a native 
 of Metz, who learned the business of an 
 apothecary in his native town, and then 
 eame to Parij, where he established a mu- 
 seum, and studied chymistry. The disco- 
 very of balloons by Mont^olfier, roused all 
 
I'lL 
 
 PliN 
 
 Uis ftttention, and he was one of the lirst 
 who ventured to ascend the air in those 
 frail and dangerous vehicles. Alter va- 
 rious successful experiments in the pre- 
 sence of the learned of Paris, and also of 
 ihe Royal lainily, Pilatre formed the hold 
 plan of passing over to England. He came 
 to Boulogne, and on the loth June, 178.), 
 he, accompanied hy his friend Komaiii, 
 rose in a heautil'ul balloon before tiiousands 
 of spectators, with the hopes of crossing 
 the channel. Half an hour after, however, 
 the machine caught fire, and the two un- 
 fortunate aeronauts were precipitated from 
 a height of aho\e 1500 feet to the ground, 
 and dashed to pieces. Pilatre was taken 
 up dead ; but his companion showed signs 
 of life for a few minutes. They were 
 buried in the village of Wimille, where a 
 monument records their merits and their 
 misfortune. • ^^ 
 
 Piles, Roger de,-^n ingenious painter, 
 born at Clamecy, 1635. He studied at Ne- 
 vers and Auxerre, and afterwards at Paris. 
 He was tutor to Ainelot, son of the presi- 
 dent of that name, a bom he attended when 
 sent as ambassador to N'enice, and other 
 European courts, and thus had the oppor- 
 tunity of viewi ngy ie finest executions of 
 art. Aftei thus visiting Lisbon and^^wit- 
 zerland, he was, in 16li2, sent to Holland 
 as a secret negotiator, but in the character 
 of a picture virtuoso. His intrigues, how- 
 ever, were discovered, and hS^bs thrown 
 into prison, from which the "f^^l^r Rys- 
 wick liberated him. In his c^^Hnnent he 
 wrote the lives of painters, and *n his re- 
 turn to France received a pension. He died 
 1709, aged 74. He published besides a 
 Translation of Dufresnoy ; an Abridgment 
 of Anatomy accommodated to Painting and 
 Sculpture ; Dissertation on the Works of 
 Famous painters ; Dialogues on the Know- 
 ledge of Painting, &c. 
 
 PiLKiNGTON, Laetitia, a lady of great wit 
 and literary celebrity, daughter of Dr. Van 
 Lewen, of Dutch extraction, was born in 
 Dublin, 1712. She became early known 
 for her poetical talents, and out of her 
 many admirers she selected the Rev. Matt. 
 Pilkington, author of some miscellanies, 
 for her hu.sband ; but her union was attend- 
 ed with unhappiness. The husband grew 
 jealous, and the wife rendered the quarrel 
 more inveterate by her levity of conduct. 
 They separated, but afterwards she follow- 
 ed her husband to London, and lived with 
 bim ; but at last, the apprehension of a gen- 
 tleman in her bed-room, at two o'clock in 
 the morning, rendered the breach between 
 them incurable. She attempted to vindi- 
 cate herself by saying, that this nocturnal 
 intruder was waiting for her reading a 
 book, which he refused to lend ; but the 
 apology is as improbable as it is indelicate. 
 iSbe afterwards lived on tJie generosity of 
 
 liie gieai und the learned, and ei.peciiilly ui 
 Cibber, and at one time j»el up with a slock 
 of hve guineas, a amull nliop !or hook«, in 
 St. .James'.s-strett. She. died noon after at 
 Duldin, 2yth Aug. 17JU, agi-d VJ. .she wrotr 
 I he Turki-sli Court, or l..ondon Appn nticc, 
 a comedy ; tiu Koinan Father, a lni;;< dy ; 
 Memuirs of herself, i».e. besides liglii pocuiji 
 of considerable merit. 
 
 Pii.ON, (.iermaiii, a native of Maine 
 known as an able sniljitor and ar(hiiecl. 
 The ingenious productions of hi.i chiscJ 
 ailorn the churches and the palaces of Parii«. 
 He died 1590. 
 
 PiLON, Frederic, a native of Cork, in 
 Ireland, who studied medicine at Ldin-> 
 burgh, under Dr. Cullen, but quitted it for 
 the stage. Nature had not, however, 
 formed him for eminence as an actor, and 
 he had recourse to his pen, and commenred 
 author by the publication of an Kssay on 
 the Character of Hamlet, as performed hy 
 Henderson. He afterwards wrote the In- 
 vasion, or a Trip to Brighton, well receiv- 
 ed in 1778. He wrote besides the Humours 
 of an Election, a farce, 1780; He would 
 be a Soldier, a comedy, represented with 
 applause at Covent Garden, 1786. This 
 author, whose merit began to be liberally 
 patronised by the town, and whose compa- 
 ny was courted by the witty and the fashion- 
 able of the times, unfortunately gave way 
 to debauched habits, and died of intempe- 
 rance, 17S8, aged 39. 
 
 PiLPAT, an ancient Bramin fabulist, 
 whose fables, written above 2000 years ago, 
 were translated into French from the Greek 
 orPersianJby Galland, 1755. It is supposed 
 that he ^^Hl governor of Indostan, and 
 counsellor to an Indian king. The " Ship- 
 wreck of the Floating Islands" is also attri- 
 buted to him. 
 
 PiNiEUS, Severinus, or Pinead, an emi- 
 nent surgeon, born at Chartres, 1550. He 
 became surgeon to the king, and acquired 
 reputation in cutting for the stone, an ope- 
 ration then little understood. He publish- 
 ed a Latin Treati.se on the Marks of Virgi- 
 nity, much read, besides a French Account 
 of Stones extracted from the bladder. He 
 died at Paris, 1619. 
 
 PiNAs, John, a native of Hacrlem, 1696, 
 who studied painting in Italy. His beau- 
 ties, and particularly his mode of colouring, 
 were imitated with great success by Rem- 
 brandt. His brother James also acquired 
 reputation as an eminent painter. 
 
 PiMDAn, prince of lyric poets, was bom 
 at Thebes in Baotia. He was particularly 
 happy in celebrating the conquerors at the 
 public games of Greece, and his fame was 
 so highly honoured, that when Alexander 
 sacked Thebes, he spared the house where 
 the poet was bom. He died al>out B.C. 440. 
 
 PiNEATT, Gabriel du, a native of Angers, 
 -^vho wa^cnTlodto Umj Ijar, and came to P?-* 
 
 4V.^ 
 
FIN 
 
 PIN 
 
 ns, where he acquired great celebrity by his 
 genius and eloquence. His abilities were 
 so respectable, and his opinions so disinter- 
 ested, that he was contidentially consulted 
 in all affairs of moment, so that he was 
 made master of requests by Mary de Me- 
 dicis, and by her son Lewis XIII. mayor 
 and captain genergil of the town of Angers. 
 He ivas so universally respected tUai he 
 acquired the extraordinary appellation of 
 father of the people. He died loth Oct. 
 1644, aged 71. He was author of Latin 
 Notes on the Canon Law, in opposition to 
 Du Moulin — Commentaries, Observations, 
 and Consultations on various Questions on 
 Custom and Law, with Dissertations, &c. 
 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Pineda, John, a learned Jesuit, born at 
 ScTille. He was well skilled in oriental li- 
 terature, and taught philosophy and theo- 
 logy in several colleges. He died 1637, 
 much regretted. He wrote Commentaries 
 on Job, 2 vols. fol. — and also on Ecclesias- 
 tes — a learned work De Rebus Solomonis, 
 fol. — a Universal History of the Church, 
 in Spanish, 4 vols. fol. — a History of Fer- 
 dinand II. in Spanish, &c. 
 
 PzNELLi, John Vincent, an Italian, son 
 of a noble Genoese, was born at Naples 
 1533. He settled at Padua, where he 
 i-howed his taste, and the fruit of his excel- 
 lent education, by holding a learned cor- 
 respondence with the most scientific men 
 of Europe, and by making a noble collec- 
 tion of books, which, to his honour, was 
 freely opened to the perusal of the curious. 
 He died 1601, and his excellent library, 
 enriched with the most valuable MSS. and 
 the most curious specimens of antiquity, 
 medal, and botany, was removed from Pa- 
 dua to Naples, where his descendants pre- 
 served it. In 1785, on the death of Ma- 
 phajus, his descendant, who had been a 
 learned printer at Venice, this noble collec- 
 tion p??sed into the hands of an English 
 bookseller, and was sold in London by pub- 
 lic auction in 1790. 
 
 PiNET, Anthony du, a native of Besan- 
 <.on, who defended, in the 16th century, 
 the protestant tenets, which he had em- 
 braced. He also translated Pliny's Natu- 
 ral History into French, Lyons, 2 vols. fol. 
 1566, and Paris 1608, a work of great me- 
 rit, on account of his learned notes. 
 • PiNET, N. a merchant of Paris, to whose 
 intrigues the scarcity of grain, during the 
 year 1789, was attributed. He was sum- 
 moned to Marly, to discover to the king's 
 ministers the cause of this supposed mo- 
 nopoly; but a few days after the conference 
 he was found murdered in a wood near 
 Passy, 29th July, 1789. 
 
 PiNGERON, I. C. a native of Lyons, au- 
 thor of some works of merit on commercial 
 and political subjects. He also translated 
 ■^vcral works from the Itnlten and the 
 470 
 
 English. He died at Versailles 1795, age d 
 60. 
 
 PiNGRE, Alexander Guy, librarian of St. 
 Genevieve, was born at Paris, 14th Sept. 
 1711, His great abilities, and his partiality 
 for astronomy soon recommended him, and 
 he was sent by the French government, in 
 1760, to the South Seas, to observe the pas- 
 sage of Vsrnus over the sun'b disc. He af- 
 terwards went with Courtanvaux, to Hol- 
 land, to ascertain the accuracy of the sea 
 time-pieces of Le Roy, and then embarked 
 as historian on board of the Isis and Flora, 
 on a voyage of discovery. He was, for his 
 services to science, made marine astrono- 
 mer, and admitted member of the academy 
 of sciences, and afterwards of the Institute. 
 This venerable philosopher died at Paris, 
 1796, aged 84. His works are, State of 
 the Heavens from 1755 to 1757 -Memoir 
 on the Discoveries in t'^o South Seas, 4to. 
 — a Historical and Tt^uretical Treatise on 
 Comets, 2 vols. 4to. — a translation of Ma- 
 nilius's Astronomy,8vo. — History ol Astro- 
 nomy in the 17th Century — Memoirs of the 
 Abbe Arnaud, &c. 
 
 PiNKNET, William, LL.D. a learned and 
 eloquent lawyer, was born at Annapolis, 
 Maryland, March 17th, 1765. Having pre- 
 pared himself for the bar under the instruc- 
 tion of judge Chase, he was admitted to 
 practise in 1786, and immediately gave pro- 
 mise of high distinction. He was a mem- 
 ber of the convention of Maryland, which 
 ratified the federal constitution, and in 1 789 
 was elected a member of the state legisla- 
 ture. In this station he continued until 
 1792, when he was elected a member of the 
 executive council, and became its president. 
 In 1795 he was again a member of the le- 
 gislature. In 1796 he was appointed, in 
 conjunction with Mr. Gore, a commissioner 
 under the British treaty. The state of 
 Maryland also employed him to procure an 
 adjustment of its claims on the Bank of 
 England, and he recovered for it the sum 
 of 800,000 dollai's. His agency detained 
 him in England until 1804, when he re- 
 turned and resumed the practice of law. 
 His experience, his talents, and his inti- 
 mate acquaintance with the political affairs 
 of the period led to his appointment in 1806 
 as envoy extraordinary to London, and on 
 the return of Mr. Monroe in 1808 he was 
 clothed with the authority of minister ple- 
 nipotentiary. He returned to the United 
 States in ISII. He was soon after elected 
 a member of the senate of Maryland, but 
 resigned his seat after a short time, and in 
 December 1811, received the appointment 
 of attorney general of the United States. 
 This office he sustained with high reputa- 
 tion until 1814, when he resigned it. Du- 
 ring the incursion of the British into Mary- 
 land, he commanded a battalion of rifle- 
 men, and wo.s engaged and severely 
 
k-W 
 
 i'tii 
 
 ^rounded in the battle of Bladciisburj^li in 
 August 1B14. Soon iifter this event lit: was 
 elected a representative in cungreHs, and 
 in 1816, was appointed minister plenipoten- 
 tiary to Russia, anil envoy to Naples, alter 
 his return he was appointed in 1811) one of 
 the senators of Maryland in e(*ngress, and 
 continued in that station till his death al 
 Washington, February 25th, 182"^. He 
 possessed splendid talentci, and was one of 
 the most aceomplished orators and states- 
 men of his time. ICJ^ L. 
 
 PiNON, James, a native of Paris, distin- 
 guished at the bar for his eloquence, his in- 
 tegrity, and extensive information. He was 
 also a good Latin poet, and wrote De Anno 
 Romano, a poem, dedicated to Lewis XI IL 
 &c. His poetical pieces were published at 
 Paris, 1615, and 1630, 8vo. He died 1641. 
 
 PiNSON, Richard, a native of Normandy, 
 in the service of Caxton. It is said, that 
 like his master, he excelled as a printer, as 
 he was honoured by the patronage of Hen- 
 ry VH. and VIH. He printed the Magna 
 Charta, and various books, which are now 
 very scarce, but objects of great curiosity. 
 He died 1530. 
 
 PiNTOR, Peter, a native of Valencia, in 
 Spain ; physician to pope Alexander VH. 
 He was an able writer, and died at Rome, 
 1503, aged 83. His works, now scarce, are 
 Aggregator Sententiarum Doctorum de 
 Curat. Pestilentiae, fol. 1499— De Morbo 
 Foedo et Occulto, &c. 1540, 4to. a work in 
 which he asserts that the venereal disease 
 was known in Europe before 1496. 
 
 PiNTURiccio, B'.^rnardino, an Italian 
 painter, who was patronised by pope Inno- 
 cent VIII and Alexander VI, His histori- 
 cal pieces and portraits were much admired. 
 He died 1513, aged 59. 
 
 Piper, Francis le, an English painter, 
 descended from a VValloon family, settled 
 in Kent. He was early fond of designing, 
 and took particular delight in drawing ugly 
 faces. He was so happy in delineating the 
 features, that he could draw from memory, 
 90 that he was said to steal a face, and 
 every person either deformed or averse to 
 be exhibited on canvass, was afraid in his 
 company, of having his imperfections made 
 the subject of his pencil. His fortune was 
 independent, therefore he never took any 
 thing for what he drew ; so that by fre- 
 quenting the Mitre tavern, in Stock's mar- 
 ket, he contributed to the celebrity of the 
 house, by his humour and vivacity, and to 
 its ornament by giving it many of his pieces. 
 In the last part of his life he brought on a 
 fever upon himself by free living, and upon 
 being bled, the surgeon unfortunately 
 pricked an arterj-, which accident proved 
 mortal 1740. 
 
 Piper, Count, counsellor of state and 
 first minister to Charles XII. of Sweden, 
 was t^ken prisoner by the Rn^sians, at tlm 
 
 fatal l)attlr of Pultowu, and conrf yed to fr- 
 tersbui-. IIh eapiivuj wiii n n.lcrcU 
 more dreadful, as the Czar Feicr suspected 
 hiui to be the euuv of the war whieh 
 Charles had uiulcrlaken again«i Uuvma. 
 lie died in the forlre-ju ol Schlun- Uiurg 
 1716, aged 70, and hi- remain;, were deli- 
 vered to the ."-(vvediih Miunar(!h, wU,, by a 
 mai^iuiieeiit luncra. atoned lor the hard- 
 hhijis wliii h his iiiini'ltr had i ndur< d. 
 
 PlRANESi, John Baptist, an eminent ar- 
 chitect and engraver, born at \ enice. He 
 settled at Rome, where he acquired great 
 celebrity. His style of etching was so free 
 tltat he generally drew all at uiiee upon the 
 plate without a previous sketch, so that his 
 plates were very numerous and equally well 
 finished. His engravings have been col- 
 lected in several vols, folio, containing a 
 very gr<at number of most interesting and 
 valuable plates. He was intimate with 
 some of the English artists, especially 
 Mylne, the architect ol Blackfriar's bridge, 
 and promised to dedicate one of his works 
 to lord Cliarleinont, but erased, in conse- 
 quence of a quarrel, the name of his patron 
 from his plates. He died about 1778. His 
 daughter Laura, was also famous as an en- 
 graver after the manner of her father, and 
 died 1785. One of his sons was employed 
 in a diplomatic line. 
 
 PiROMALLi, Paul, a Dominican of Ca- 
 labria, sent as missionary into the East. 
 During his residence in Armenia he con- 
 verted to the catholic faith several Eutyche- 
 ans and other heretics, and aAer visiting 
 Persia and Georgia, he returned to Europe 
 to represent Urban VIII. as his nuncio in 
 Poland. On his return to Italy he was 
 seized by pirates and carried to Tunis, and 
 when set at liberty he was received by the 
 pope with every mark of kindness and es- 
 teem. After revising an Armenian Bible, 
 he was again sent into the East, and ap- 
 pointed bishop of Nassivan. After a re- 
 sidence of nine years there he returned to 
 Italy, and died three years after, at Basig- 
 nano, 1667. He was a zealous and most 
 learned ecclesiastic. He was author of 
 Controversial and Theological Tracts — 
 two Dictionaries, the one Latin-Persian, 
 and the other Armenian-Latin— an Ar- 
 menian Grammar — and a Directory. 
 
 PiRON, Alexis, author of Mrtromanie, a 
 comedy, and of other works, plays, poems, 
 tale>, &c. collected in 7 vols. 8vo. was bom 
 at Dijon, 1679. His vivacity, and the wit 
 and agreeable manner of his convcr^ation, 
 rendered him the friend and favourite of the 
 "■reat at Paris. He died 1778. His come- 
 dies are said to be far superior to his trage- 
 dies, and the best of his works. 
 
 PisAN, Thomas, an astrologer of Bologna. 
 He went to Venice at the solicitation of 
 Forli, counsellor of the republic, whose 
 (laughter he married, tuid afterwards whefl 
 
 47V 
 
PIS 
 
 PIT 
 
 invited by Charles V. of France, he settled 
 in Paris, and died there 1380, the very day 
 it is said which he had foretold. 
 
 Pisan, Christina de, daughter of the 
 above, was born at Venice 13o3, and went 
 with her father to Paris, where at the age 
 of 15 her beauty and wit procured an ex- 
 cellent husband, whom she lost ten years 
 after. Sue was patronised and pensioned 
 by Charles V. whose history she wrote. 
 She died about .420. She iv rote besides, 
 a hundred stories of Troy in rhyme — a 
 collection of poems — Treasure of the City 
 of Ladies. 
 
 PiSANi, Victor, a Venetian general who 
 distinguished himself against the Genoese 
 and the Dalmatians. An unfortunate ex- 
 pedition turned his popularity into public 
 odium, but the sentence of death was 
 changed into imprisonment for five years. 
 At the expiration of his confinement the 
 sailors of Venice loudly demanded him to 
 conduct them against the Genoese, who 
 threatened their country with a dreadful 
 war, and he was received with acclama- 
 tions, and led his countrymen to victory. 
 He died in the midst of his successes, 
 1380. 
 
 PiscATOR, John Fischer, professor of 
 theology at Strasburg, was obliged to fly to 
 Herborn, on embracing the tenets of the 
 Cahinists. He was author of valuable 
 Commentaries on the Old and New Testa- 
 ments — Arnica Collatio de Religione cum 
 C. \ orsitio, 4to. and died 1546. 
 
 PisiSTRATUs, an Athenian general, who 
 by artifice seized upon the sovereign power 
 of his country. Though absolute, he paid 
 respect to the laws and privileges of his fel- 
 low-citizens, and he died B. C. 528, in pos- 
 session of the supreme power, which was 
 inherited by bis sons, but soon after lost. 
 
 Piso, Cneius, a Roman consul, accused 
 of poisoning Germanicus in Syria, upon 
 which he destroyed himself, A. D. 20. A 
 senator of that family assumed the impe- 
 rial purple on Valerian's death, but was de- 
 feated by Valens, and put to death 261. 
 
 PissELEU, Anne de, a woman of great 
 beauty, born in Picardy. She was one of 
 the maids of honour to Louisa the mother 
 of Francis L and she captivated the heart 
 of the young prince. More freely to en- 
 .ioy her company, he married her to John 
 de Brosses, who in thus assenting to a dis- 
 graceful union, recovered some lands 
 which his family had lost, and rose to the 
 rank of duke of Etampes, that his guilty 
 wife might shine with greater splendour in 
 a corrupt court. Though the new dutchess 
 had a polished mind, and deserved to be 
 called the fairest of the learned, and the 
 most learned of the fair, yet she used her 
 powerful influence to crush her enemies ; 
 and to enrich herself she hesitated not to 
 betray the secrets of the state to the emis- 
 47« 
 
 saries of Charles V. After the death of 
 Francis she retired to one of her estates in 
 the country, by order of the next king, 
 Henry li. and there she died neglected and 
 despised 1576. In the last years of her life 
 she became a convert to the principles of 
 the protestants. 
 
 PiSTORius, John, a native of Nidda, wh© 
 studiea medicine and afterwards the law, 
 and became counsellor to the margrave of 
 Baden Uourlach. Some time after he again 
 changed his profession, and abandoning the 
 protestant tenets embraced the catholic 
 laith, and became a doctor of divinity, 
 counsellor to the emperor, and provost of 
 the cathedral of Breslaw, and prelate to 
 the abbot of Fulda. He was author of 
 treatises against the Lutherans — Artis Ca- 
 balisticse Scriptores, a curious collection— 
 Scriptores Rerum Polonicarum — Scriptores 
 de Rebus Germanicis, 3 vols. fol. a valuable 
 collection, &c. He died 1603, aged 52. 
 
 PiTAU, Nicolas, a native of Antwerp, 
 eminent as a painter and engraver. His 
 portraits, especially that of St. Francis de 
 Sales, and his engraving of the Holy family 
 after Raphael, were deservedly admired. 
 He died 1671, aged 38. 
 
 PiTCAiRNE, Archibald, an able physician, 
 of an ancient family, born at Edinburgh, 
 25th Dec. 1652. From Dalkeith school he 
 was removed to Edinburgh, and applied 
 himself to divinity, and afterwards to civil 
 law ; but at last adopted physic and mathe- 
 matics as his favourite profession. He 
 studied for some time at Paris, and on his 
 return to Scotland, excited the public atten- 
 tion by a small publication in which he dis- 
 puted the right of Harvey to the discovery 
 of the circulation of the blood, which he 
 asserted was fully known to Hippocrates. 
 In 1692, he was invited to Leyden where 
 he accepted a chair as professor of medi- 
 cine ; but the next year he returned to 
 Scotland and married. He acquired here 
 greater reputation by his pen than by his 
 profession. His Dissertationes Medicse, 
 appeared 1701, and were again edited 1713. 
 He wrote besides some obscure Latin sati- 
 rical poems, chiefly levelled against the 
 friends of the revolution, which he by no 
 means approved. He died 1713. His Ley- 
 den lectures were published after his death. 
 His only daughter married the earl of 
 Kelly. 
 
 PiTHOU, Peter, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Troyes 1539. He studied at Paris 
 under Turnebus, and at Bourges under Cu- 
 jacius, and soon became distinguished at 
 the bar as a learned and eloquent civilian. 
 He escaped with difficulty the slaughter of 
 St. Bartholomew, and as if the catastrophe 
 influenced his opinions he immediately em- 
 braced the Romish faith. He visited Eng- 
 land in the retinue of the duke of Mont- 
 iTipreBcy, and ?g great was his charpcter 
 
PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 ioT learning and integrity that Ferdinand, 
 duke of Tuscany, referred some intricate 
 points to bis impartial decision, and the 
 third and fourth ilenries employed his uhi- 
 lities, not only to oppose the league, but to 
 support the (jaliican cliurch :igainst the 
 Usurpations of the Roman ponliti. Filhou 
 died on his birthday 1596. Ho published 
 some valuable works on law, history, und 
 classical literature, and to his indefatigable 
 industry we are indebted for the discovery 
 of Fha'drus, of the Novella of Justinian, 
 and other ancient books buried in obscuri- 
 ty. The best known of his works are 
 treatise on the Liberties of the Gallican 
 Church, 4 vols. fol. — Comnu ntary on the 
 Customs of Troyes, 4to. — notes on authors, 
 &c. 
 
 PiTHOU, Francis, brother of Peter, was 
 born at Troyes 1544, and became procureur 
 general of the chamber of justice under 
 Henry IV. against the financiers, and after- 
 wards was admitted into the kitip;'s council. 
 He discovered the fables of Pha'drus, 
 which he published conjointly with his bro- 
 ther. He was a learned and amiable man, 
 and published of his own a comparison of 
 the laws of the Romans with those of Mo- 
 ses, r2mo. ; an edition of the Salique Law 
 with notes ; treatise on the Greatness and 
 the Rights of the French Monarch} , 8vo. ; 
 an edition of Comes Theolo<rus ; Observa- 
 tiones ad Codicem, fol. ; Antiqui Rhetores 
 Latini, Rutilius Lupus, Aquila Romanus, 
 &c. He died universally respected 7th 
 Feb. 1621. 
 
 PiTiscus, Samuel, a learned man, born 
 at Zutphen 1637. He studied at Deventer 
 and Groningen, and was elected master of 
 the school at Zutphen, and afterwards ob- 
 tained the direction of the college of Je- 
 rome at Utrecht, where he died 1717. He 
 was author of several learned works, Lexi- 
 con Latino-Belgicum, 4to. ; Lexicon Anti- 
 quitatum Romanorum, fol. ; besides an 
 edition of Rufmus's Rom. Antiquities ; and 
 editions of Suetonius, Q. Curtius, Aurclius 
 Victor, &c. 
 
 PiTiscus, Bartholomew, the learned au- 
 thor of Thesaurus Mathematicus, fol. and 
 of a treatise on Trigonometry, died 1613. 
 
 Pitkin, William, was appointed a judge 
 of the superior court of Connecticut in 
 1711, and in 1713 chief justice. He was 
 twenty-six years a magistrate, and died at 
 Hartford, April 5th, 1723, aged 50. 
 
 ICJ^-L. 
 
 Pitkin, William, governor of Connecti- 
 cut, was the son of the preceding, and was 
 elected governor in 1766. He was appoint- 
 ed a judge of the supreme court in 1741, 
 and chief justice in 1 754. In this office he 
 succeeded Mr. Fitch, and continued until 
 chosen governor. In 1754 he was one of 
 the delegates to the convention at Albany, 
 and a member of the committee appointed 
 
 to draw up the plan of union which wan 
 adopted on thiil occaaion. Ht died at 
 East-llarlford, October Isl, 17by. 
 
 K r L. 
 PiTOT, H. nry, a French malh.niaiirian, 
 who was born at Araiuom in the dion-ssef 
 Uses, 2Uth May, IGliJ), and died ihtrt 27th 
 Dec. 1771. He was »elf-tau^ht in laatbe- 
 matical knowledg*-, but so re»p« «iabi« ibat 
 he gained the friendship of th«- ^real K«-uu- 
 mur, and in 1724, was aduiitted iniu ihe 
 academy of sciences. He was in 1740, 
 appointed by the stales of Laiiiiui doc, 
 their chief engineer, and he embellished 
 the province with various monuments of 
 his gi iiius and abilities. He also coineyed 
 water to Montpellier from a distance of 
 nine miles, by canals which must ever ex- 
 cite the admiration of travellers. He was, 
 in 1754, honoured with the order of St. 
 Michael, and he had been long before elect- 
 ed memt)er of the Royal Society of Lon- 
 don, in consequence of his treatise on the 
 Theory of the Management of \ essels, 
 1731, which was translated into English 
 and much applauded. He enricln-d the 
 memoirs of the French academics with 
 valuable communications. 
 
 Pits or Pitseus, John, an English bio- 
 grapher, born at Alton, Hants, 1560, and 
 educated at W inchtster school, and New 
 college, Oxford. After two years residence 
 at Oxford he went to Douay, and thence to 
 Rbeims, and next to Rome, wliere he stu- 
 died seven years and became a priest. The 
 civil wars of France drove him from the 
 country to Lorraine, and afterwards to 
 Germany. By the patronage of cardinal 
 Lorraine he obtained a canonry at Verdun, 
 and afterwards was confessor to the dutch- 
 ess of Cleves for 12 years. He next was 
 promoted to the deanery of ^'erdun, where 
 he died 1616. He wrote a useful work 
 collected from English history, containing 
 the lives of the kings, bishops, apostolical 
 men, and writers of England, in four large 
 volumes ; but of these only part wa> pub- 
 lished under the title of " de Illustribus 
 Angliae Scriptoribus," and some other 
 works. 
 
 Pitt, Christopher, an English poet, born 
 at Blandford 1699, and educated at Win- 
 chester school, where he distinguished him- 
 self so much, that when chosen to college 
 he presented to his electors a poetical trans- 
 lation of Lucan's Pharsalia, which unfor- 
 tunately is not now extant. In 1722 he 
 obtained from his relation Mr. Pitt of 
 Stratfieldsea, the living of Pimpern, Dor- 
 setshire, and after taking his master's de- 
 gree in 1724, he went to reside in his na- 
 tive county. He closed a life of benevo- 
 lence and virtue 174S, and was buried at 
 Blandford, where a stone records the can- 
 dour and simplicity of his manners, and 
 assert? that he lived innocent and died b^- 
 
 470 
 
prr 
 
 Pill 
 
 loved. He is chiefly known as the author 
 of an eloquent translation ol the JEutid, 
 wUich rivals Drydeii's, but ol wuich it ma) 
 be said, that while Pitt pleases the critic, 
 Dryueii chaims the people, and that I'ltt is 
 quoted while Urjden is read ; each indeed 
 possesses peculiar beauties, but li Dryden 
 is admired lor bis vig.ui, i'lit is entitled to 
 the highest coinmeiiuation lor tUe excel- 
 lence ol uis lints, and tue correctness ol 
 bis versihcatiOi.. iie ai^o tiansiated V Ida's 
 Art ol Foetry, anu wrote besides some 
 poems pubiisUeu in an o^o. vol. 
 
 1*1X7, UiUiam, earl ol Chatham, an illus- 
 trious statesman, born l.th JSov. 1706. 
 His lather uas Robert i'ltt ol Buconnock 
 in Cornuall, esq. and his grandfather Tho- 
 mas, was the governor ol Madras, who ac- 
 quired some property in the Jiast Indies, 
 and purcUased lor 20,400/. a celebrated 
 diamond, weighing 127 carats, which re- 
 ceived the name of Regent, because sold 
 by him to the duke of Orleans the regent of 
 France for 135,000/. The }0ung states- 
 man was educated at Eton, and in 1726, he 
 entered at Trinity college, Oxford, which 
 he left for the military profession, and the 
 rank of cornet. A ditierent held of action, 
 however, was destined for the exhibition of 
 his powers, and in 1735, he was elected 
 into parliament for Old Sarum, and soon 
 began to distinguish himself as an eloquent 
 and well-informed speaker. He enlisted 
 eariy in tlie ranks of opposition against 
 Walpole, and in his speeches against the 
 Spanish convention, and against the bill for 
 registering seamen, displayed such acute- 
 ness, vehemence, and deptii ol argumenta- 
 tion as astonished the house, and marked 
 him as worthy of the highest offices of the 
 state. The dutchess of Marlborough also, 
 the inveterate enemy ol Walpole, applaud- 
 ed the patriotism of the young orator, and 
 in her will left him an honourable legacy of 
 10,000/. for defending, as she said, the laws 
 of his country, and preventing its ruin. In 
 1746 his abilities w'ire solicited to support 
 the administration which had succeeded to 
 Walpole, and he became joint vice-trea- 
 surer of Ireland, and soon after treasurer, 
 and pay-master of the army, and privy 
 counsellor. In 1755, he re.-,igned; but 
 though the next year he received the seals 
 of secretary of state for the Southern de- 
 partment, his continuance in office wa> of 
 short duration, the public voice of applause, 
 however, accompanied him in his retire- 
 ment, and had such effiict on the govern- 
 mf;!it, that in June, 1757, he was reinstated 
 in his office of secretary. The restoration 
 of this favourite of the people to power, 
 Avas the beginning of a new era of splen- 
 did conquests, and of national glory. 
 The arms of England proved every 
 where successful in consequence of the ju- 
 dicious plans of the new minister : Quebee 
 
 was conquered, the French were defeated 
 in Africa, and in the East, and the shores 
 of Europe too witnessed the bravery and 
 the victories of the British by sea and land. 
 The death of George II. in the midst of 
 these brilliant achievements, and the acces- 
 sion of deorge III. was soon followed by 
 the resignation of the popular minister, who 
 refused to co-operate with an administra- 
 tion, which by the influence of lord Bute, 
 as it is supposed, thwarted his vigorous 
 measures. His retirement was accompa- 
 nied not only by the regrets of the nation, 
 but by the honourable grant of a peerage 
 to his lady, and a pension of 3000/. The 
 peace ol 1763 was censured by this saga- 
 cious patriot, who declared that England, 
 from the extent of her victories, was en- 
 titled to more solid advantages ; yet whilst 
 he blamed the minister, he did not continue 
 a petulant and capricious opposition, but 
 remained silent till the question of general 
 warrants in 1764 called forth all his elo- 
 quence, and the keenness of his satire 
 against the illegality and oppression of 
 those unpopular engines of arbitrary power. 
 In 1766 he was prevailed upon to accept 
 the privy seal in the administration, and 
 with it an earldom ; but he resigned the 
 office Nov. 1768, and ever after refused to 
 be connected with the government. His 
 health indeed declined, and a hereditary 
 gout helped to undermine his constitution, 
 without, however, diminishing the ener- 
 getic powers of his mind. When the sub- 
 ject 01 the American war engaged the at- 
 tention of the public, lord Chatham burst 
 forth from his retirement, and, in his place 
 in the house of lords, vindicated the honours 
 of his country, and deprecated severe mea- 
 sures against the discontented colonists. 
 On one of these occasions, after the duke 
 of Richmond had replied to his powerful 
 and convincing arguments in favour of 
 conciliation, the venerable peer rose up to 
 answer the speech of his opponent, but his 
 debilitated constitution sunk under the at- 
 tempt, and he fell in a fit into the arras of 
 those who were near him. This extraor- 
 dinary event, which exhibited a favourite 
 statesman breathing his last, while he 
 uttered the most animated sentiments for 
 the honour, the glory, and the independ- 
 ence of his country, happened 8th April, 
 1778, and he died on the ensuing 11th 
 May. All ranks and all parties now united 
 to pay due respect to the memory of the de- 
 parted patriot ; the unpopularity which for 
 a while had obscured his career, because 
 he had accepted a pension and a peerage, 
 had now disappeared in his unshaken cha- 
 racter of the statesman, and the sagacious 
 defender of the liberties of his country. A 
 public funeral and a monument in West- 
 minster-abbey, at the expense of the na- 
 tion, were immediately voted by parl.ia- 
 
1- 
 
 PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 incut, as a testimony, as the inscri].i;.)ii re- 
 cords, to the virtues and abilities of a man, 
 during whose administration divine provi- 
 dence had exalted Great Britain to a height 
 of prosperity and glory unknown to any 
 former age. As a statesman, says one of 
 liis biographers, lord Chatham was born 
 with all the graces of the orator, and pos- 
 sessed every requisite to bespeak respect, 
 and even awe. A manly figure and pene- 
 trating look fixed attention and command- 
 ed reverence, and the keen lightning of his 
 eye spoke the high spirit of his soul, even 
 before the lips had begun utterance. The 
 roost fluent and ready orators have shrunk 
 back appalled from his all-powerful elo- 
 quence. He had not, indeed, the correct- 
 ness of language so striking in the great 
 Roman orator, but he had the verba ar- 
 dentia, the bold glowing words, which 
 darted with such irresistible efficacy, that 
 Walpole, surrounded with power and the 
 unshaken support of a decided majority, 
 never heard his voice in the house of com- 
 mons without being alarmed and thunder- 
 struck. Lord Chatham had by his wife, 
 daughter of Richard Grenville, five chil- 
 dren, John, the inheritor of his titles, Wil- 
 liam, the subject of the next article, Charles, 
 who died young, Hester, who married lord 
 Stanhope, and is since dead, and Harriot, 
 who married Mr. Elliot, and is also dead. 
 His lady died in 1803, at Burton Pynsent, 
 in Somersetshire, an estate which was left 
 to him in 1766, in consequence of the ex- 
 ertion of his great talents in the service of 
 his country, by sir William Pynsent, who 
 in thus showing his admiration for the cha- 
 racter of the great statesman, disinherited 
 liis own relations. Some letters from lord 
 Chatham to his relation, the first lord Ca- 
 melford, when resident at Cambridge, were 
 published in 1804, by lord Grenville. The 
 life of lord Chatham has been published in 
 3 vols. Svo. 
 
 Pitt, William, a celebrated statesman, 
 second son of the preceding, was born at 
 Hayes, 28th May, 1759. From his earliest 
 years he was instructed by his father, who 
 foresaw the future greatness of his son, and 
 taught him to argue with logical precision, 
 and to speak with elegance, correctness, 
 and force. He was afterwards under the 
 tuition of the Rev. Mr. W^ilson, and at the 
 proper age he was admitted member of Pem- 
 broke-hall, Cambridge, where he had for 
 his tutors Dr. Turner, since dean of Nor- 
 wich, and Dr. Prettyman, bishop of Lincoln. 
 Under the guidance of these able men, he 
 rapidly matured his knowledge of classical 
 literature, and of mathematics, and he left 
 the university with the degree of M.A. and 
 a high character for application, for abilities, 
 and for correctness and propriety of de- 
 portment. He next entered as student at 
 Lincoln's-Inn, and was called to the bar, 
 
 Vot, II. 61 
 
 and aflcru aids wf lit once oi i.virc on llir 
 western circuit, whore he was occa-sionally 
 employed as junior counsel. A higher 
 situation, however, aw.iiled him. At the 
 general eleclion he was proposed as mem- 
 ber for Cambridge university, but few se- 
 conded his pretensions, and the next year 
 he obtained a seat for Appleljy, on the in- 
 terest of sir J. Lowther. In the house he 
 enlisted on the side of opposition against 
 lord North and the American war ; and his 
 first speech, in support of Mr. Burke's bill, 
 displayed that commanding eloquence 
 which many of the members had before so 
 warmly applauded in his illustrious father. 
 The first motion which he oflered to parlia- 
 ment was for the more equal representa- 
 tion of the people in parliament ; and 
 though it was lost by a small majority, it 
 rendered him a popular and a leading mem- 
 ber in the Commons. On the death of lord 
 Rockingham, he accepted, at the age of 22, 
 the office of chancellor of the exchequer j 
 and under the administration of which he 
 formed a part, the American war was con- 
 cluded. Though he ably defended the con- 
 duct of his colleagues, the terms of the 
 peace were regarded by the majority of the 
 nation as unpopular, and the ministry was 
 dissolved. Restored to privacy, Mr. Pitt 
 passed some months on the continent ; 
 and after visiting Italy, and several of tho 
 German courts, he returned to England, 
 and on the dismissal of the coalition ad- 
 ministration of Mr. Fox and lord North, 
 he was selected for the arduous office of 
 first lord of the treasury, and chancellor of 
 the exchequer, l8th December, 1783. 
 Thus seated at the head of affairs, he bent 
 the great powers of his mind to the framing 
 of a bill for the regulation of India affairs, 
 which might be more palatable to the na- 
 tion, and less objectionable than that of 
 Mr. Fox. His attempts, however, were at 
 first unavailing, as his predecessors, though 
 dismissed from office, still retained their 
 influence in the Commons ; and in con- 
 sequence of this struggle between the 
 house and the king's prerogative, an ap- 
 peal was made to the sense of the nation 
 in a new parliament. The people warmly 
 seconded the measures of the youthful pre- 
 mier, and the new parliament not only ap- 
 proved of his India bill, but adopted his 
 financial system for the reduction of the 
 national debt by a sinking fund, and ce- 
 mented the commercial treaty which, un- 
 der his auspices, had been concluded with 
 France, on a basis advantageous to the in- 
 terests and the prosperity of England. Du- 
 ring the unfortunate illness with which 
 the king was afflicted in 1783, Mr. Pitt 
 was supported by the unanimous concur- 
 rence of the nation in boldly resisting 
 the right of the prince of Wales ^o assume 
 the reigns of Qrovornment, which Mr, Fox, 
 
 481 
 
I'lT 
 
 PIT 
 
 ^Yilh more -ivnrmth than constitutional 
 knowledge, had hastily asserted. Hitherto 
 popular, and successful as a peace minister, 
 Mr. Pitt had now to contend with a new 
 and formidahle hydra in the French revo- 
 lution. The murder of the French king, 
 and the ambitio3|i« views of the rulers of 
 France, were jfroductive of disputes with 
 England, and war was declared in 1793. 
 During the continuance of hostilities for 
 right years, in situations where all prece- 
 dents were unavailing, and all the political 
 principles of former times disregarded, the 
 premier conducted the affairs of the nation 
 with that vigour and manly energy which 
 future historians will celebrate to his ho- 
 nour and glory. Amidst the political cares 
 of the continent, his mighty mind planned 
 in ISOO the union with Ireland, which 
 though at first opposed upon national and 
 constitutional grounds, was completed un- 
 «lcr his auspices, and promises to add 
 jttrength, solidity, and effect to the power 
 nnd prosperity of the sister islands. He 
 soon after retired from the head of affairs, 
 in consequence of disputes with respect 
 to the catholic emancipation ; but more 
 probably to make room for an administra- 
 tion, which might, with more propriety, and 
 greater probability of success, negotiate a 
 peace with France. The insidious peace 
 of Amiens, effected under the administra- 
 tion of Mr. Addington, met with the appro- 
 hation of Mr. Pitt, as the most advantageous 
 ivbich the situation of the continent, and 
 the gigantic power of France could allow, 
 and in 1804 he was again replaced at the 
 htad of affairs. Difficulties, however, sur- 
 vounded him on all sides ; many of his old 
 colleagues'had joined the ranks of opposi- 
 tion, and not a few condemned the method 
 \}y which he had regained his ascendency 
 in the king's councils, and it may be assert- 
 ed that all the complicated machine of 
 government was to be directed, in all its 
 minute parts, by him alone. Unappalled 
 by the dangers which threatened his coun- 
 try, and actively awake to resist all the 
 attacks of parliamentary opposition, he 
 formed that powerful confederacy with 
 Russia and Austria, which, had it been bet- 
 ter conducted by the generals of the bel- 
 ligerent powers, might have checked, if not 
 totally crushed, the colossal influence of 
 France. In the mean time, while public 
 affairs assumed the most threatening aspect, 
 a hereditary gout weakened the delicate 
 constitution of the minister, and the seeds 
 of the illness under which he laboured, in 
 1802, and which had never been completely 
 eradicated, produced the most alarming 
 debility in the nervous system. Excessive 
 anxiety, application to business, and be- 
 sides, a constant privation of rest, thus 
 contributed to the general breaking up of 
 his constitution, and the intelligpnoe of the 
 482 
 
 fatal disasters at Austerlitz, and the failure 
 of his favourite plan for the deliverance of 
 Europe from French tyranny, hastened 
 his end. He expired at his house at Put- 
 ney, Surrey, on the 23d Jan. 1806, and the 
 last words w hich quivered on the dying lips 
 of this most extraordinary and patriotic 
 man lyere. Oh, my country ! By a vote of 
 the commons, in which it is painful to ob- 
 serve the names of several of his former 
 friends among the 89 who opposed the man- 
 ly and dignified motion of Mr. Lascelles, 
 his remains were buried in Westminster 
 abbey, by the side of his father, at the pub- 
 lic expense, and with becoming funeral 
 pomp ; and the heart of every lover of 
 virtue and patriotism must assent to the 
 truth of the emphatical words which the 
 herald pronounced after the corpse had 
 descended to the tomb : non sibi sed patriae 
 vixit. By the same vote of the commons, 
 the debts of the departed premier were 
 discharged by the public, and it is not a 
 small proof of his great disinterestedness 
 and undeviating integrity, that, during a 
 long administration of above 20 years, he 
 not only did not accumulate riches, but 
 died insolvent. To appreciate the charac- 
 ter of so mighty a mind is no easy task. 
 His histoi*y is the history of civilized na- 
 tions ; as his counsels directed or influ- 
 enced every measure which was carried 
 into execution in every corner of the habi- 
 table globe. To him particidarly belonged 
 constancy and steadiness of purpose and 
 principle, a pride of superiority, arising 
 from the consciousness of great talents and 
 firm integrity ; and when, therefore, he 
 had fixed upon an end, he maintained his 
 opinion against all obstacles. This firm 
 adherence to principles which eventually 
 might be erroneous, was indeed a foible ; 
 but it was the foible of a great genius and 
 of a lofty mind. His eloquence, if it did 
 not possess the veheinence of Fox, nor the 
 brilliant splendour of Burke, was always 
 correct, powerful, and convincing ; he had 
 a perfect command of language, and in the 
 arrangement of his matter, he was natural 
 and luminous ; without art, without affec- 
 tation. Thus elevated above the rest of 
 the world in situation, in talents, and it> 
 character, it is not a matter of surprise that 
 he had not only political but private de- 
 tractors, and that at a period when obloquy 
 is hurled against whatever is most dignified 
 and sacred among mankind, his conduct 
 was attributed to motives of pride, of am- 
 bition, and of tyranny. Envy, indeed, as 
 one of his biographers observes, may re- 
 vile, and self-interest may seek to blacken ,• 
 but his fame, in spite of every effort to blast 
 it, in spite of all the assaults of little and 
 low minds, will flourish while this kingdom 
 or its language shall last. No state chi- 
 canery, no narrow system of vicious polf-. 
 
PIU 
 
 Pit 
 
 iics sunk him to the \o\c\ of tlic guilty 
 great. He was noble, elevated, niiignani- 
 mous in his plans ; his object was Eng- 
 land, his ambition was fame ; an ambition 
 that would have raised his country above 
 all the world, and himself along with her 
 glory. The penetration of his mind was 
 sagacious, was infinite, and his schemes of 
 government and policy were formed to 
 aflect not only his country, not the present 
 age only, but Europe and the world, and 
 to transmit the fruits of his administration, 
 the labours of his mighty genius, to the 
 admiration, and to the blessings of distant 
 posterity. 
 
 PiTTACus, a native of Mitylene, one of 
 the seven wise men of Greece. He was at 
 the head of the government of his country, 
 and displayed great moderation. He died 
 579 B.C. 
 
 Pius I. St. succeeded Hyginus as pope, 
 142, and suffered martyrdom 157. It is 
 said) but not well supported, that he order- 
 ed the celebration of Easter to take place 
 the Sunday after the 14th day of the March 
 moon. 
 
 Pius II. j3Eneas Sylvius Piccolomini. 
 Vid, iENEAS Sylvius. 
 
 Pius III. Francis Thodeschini, son of a 
 sister of Pius II. was made archbishop of 
 Vienna, and a cardinal by his uncle. He 
 succeeded Alexander VI. in thtj papal 
 chair; but when his virtues promised a 
 happy reign he was suddenly snatched 
 away, 21 days after his election, 13th Oct. 
 1503. 
 
 Pius IV. John Angelo, cardinal de Medi- 
 cis, brother of the famous Marquis de Ma- 
 rignan, and not of the Florence family, was 
 born at Milan 1499. He was early distin- 
 guished by his merit, and employed by 
 Clement VII. and his successors in several 
 honourable embassies, and in 1549 he was 
 created a cardinal by Julius III. He suc- 
 ceeded to the popedom on the death of 
 Paul IV. 1559, and evinced his zeal for the 
 church by his enmity against the Turks 
 and against heretics. He re-established 
 the council of Trent, and when it separated 
 in 1563 he aflBrmed its decriees by a bull. 
 A conspiracy formed against him by Bene- 
 dict Accolti and others, in 1565, was disco- 
 vered, and the conspirators punished. He 
 died 9th Dec. 1565, aged 66. 
 
 Pius V. Michael Ghisleri, was born at 
 Bosco, in Tortona^ l7th Jan. 1504, and 
 embraced the Dominican order. He was 
 made archbishop of Sutri by Paul IV. and 
 afterwards appointed inquisitor general in 
 the Milanese and in Lombardy, where his 
 proceedings were often marked by cruelty 
 and oppression. He was elected pope 
 after Pius IV. 1566; but though in this 
 new dignity he attempted to reform the 
 morals of Kome and pf his church, and to 
 •'orrect abuses, his measures frequently de- 
 
 generated into severity, and ii'iiiicicil liii/t 
 unpopular among his subjects. His publi- 
 cation of the bull calU'.d In Coena Domini, 
 by which he attempted to enforce the pow- 
 er and superior jiirisdictioa of the papal 
 see in tem|)oral allairs, raised him many 
 enemies. He joined his forces to those oi' 
 the Spaniards and >'enetiuns against the 
 Turks, and under his auspices the famous 
 battle of Lepanto was fought, 157i, in 
 which the infidels were so dreadfully de- 
 feated. He died of the stone, 30th April, 
 1572, aged 68, and he was regarded as so 
 formidable that the sultan Selim noticed 
 his death by three days of public rejoicings. 
 Some of his letters have been published. 
 
 Pius VI. John Angelo Braschi, was bora 
 at Cesena, 27th Dec. 1717. He was pa- 
 tronised by Benedict XIV. who made hira 
 treasurer of the apostolical chamber, and 
 he was raised to the rank of cardinal by 
 Ganganelli, whom he succeeded on the pa- 
 pal throne, 1775. His reign was one of 
 the longest, and likewise one of the most 
 unfortunate in the Roman history, and 
 some assert that in his pontificate was 
 fully verified the Latin adage ; 
 
 Semper sub Sextis perdita Romafuit. 
 
 His government was marked by popular 
 and useful measures ; he redressed abuses, 
 punished the peculation of his officers, and 
 laboured successfully in completing the 
 noble museum of the Vatican, begun by his 
 predecessor, by the collection of vases., 
 medals, statues, and monuments, which 
 were dispersed through the ecclesiastical 
 states. Of this valuable treasure a magni- 
 ficent account with engravings has appeared 
 in 6 vols. fol. From the arts Pius turned 
 his attention to commerce ; the port of 
 Ancona was repaired and embellished, and 
 the Pontine marshes were drained of their 
 pestilential waters. This labour, which 
 had engaged the attention of the ancient 
 Romans, and had been attempted by Au- 
 gustus and some of his successors, and by 
 several popes, was regarded as an object of 
 great public utility. To convert to pur- 
 poses of agriculture and commerce the vast 
 marshes which extend from the Appenines 
 to the sea, and from Astura to Terracina 
 and the Neapolitan frontiers, and to re- 
 move those noxious vapours which render 
 the neighbouring lands unhealthy and dan- 
 gerous to the inhabitants, was reserved ia 
 some degree for the perseverance of Pius. 
 By yearly visiting the spot he gave vigour 
 and encouragement to the work ; canals 
 were constructed to drain the superabun- 
 dant marshes, the Appian way was repair- 
 ed, or rather a new road was built 40 miles 
 in length, overshadowed with rows of pop- 
 lars, and houses were erected for the con- 
 venience of travellers. At Rome Pius 
 adorned the city with a new church an(* 
 
 483 
 
PIL 
 
 m 
 
 s.omc hospitals, and in the provinces his 
 magnificence was equally displayed. In 
 his character he was raild, and in his con- 
 duct hospitable, and Joseph II. of Germany, 
 Paul of Russia, and other princes, were 
 witnesses of his kindness and of his virtues. 
 In ecclesiastical affairs, though he was suc- 
 cessful against the innovations of Leopold 
 in Tuscany in 1775, he found himself una- 
 ble to stop the reforming hand of the Ger- 
 man emperor. The suppression of monas- 
 teries, and the rejection of the papal supe- 
 riority in Germany, alarmed the Roman 
 see ; and Pius repaired in person to Vien- 
 na ; but though treated with deference and 
 respect, the innovations of the imperial 
 reformer could not be checked. Pius had 
 fresh troubles to meet in Italy, and the 
 court of Naples disputed his right of nomi- 
 nation to the sees of Naples and Potenza. 
 The payment of a tribute, on the accession 
 of the Neapolitan monarch to the throne, 
 at last settled the dispute ; but new quar- 
 rels arose with the Venetians and the 
 court of Modena, when the French revolu- 
 tion began to engage the attention of Eu- 
 rope, and in its rapid vortex to drown all 
 inferior considerations. Pius naturally dis- 
 approved of the conduct of the French 
 reformers, who levelled their impious hands 
 against all ecclesiastical establishments, 
 and he embraced the cause of the allies. 
 He received with kindness the banished 
 priests, and this particularly drew upon him 
 the vengeance of the French rulers. Bo- 
 naparte was directed to attack the Roman 
 states, and after taking Urbino, Bologna, 
 Ancona, &.c. he checked his conquests, and 
 offered peace to the sovereign pontiff, on 
 condition of his paying a large sum of mo- 
 ney, and of sending to Paris the choicest 
 pieces in painting and sculpture preserved 
 at Rome. A reconciliation thus tyranni- 
 cally effected proved not of long duration. 
 Basseville, the new French ambassador, 
 behaved with such haughtiness that the in- 
 dignant Romans assassinated him, 1793; 
 and though the pope was incapable of pre- 
 venting this horrid deed, yet his enemies 
 easily persuaded themselves that he was 
 privy to it. The subsequent death of Du- 
 phot, who in the midst of Rome, while he 
 attempted to restore order and tranquillity, 
 was stabbed fatally, called on the French 
 government for severe measures. Rome 
 was therefore taken by the orders of Bona- 
 parte, and the captive pope dragged a pri- 
 soner from his palace, and conveyed amidst 
 the insults of the French soldiery, first to 
 Sienna, and afterwards across the Alps 
 into France. At Briancon his presence 
 converted the tumults and the ferocity of 
 his oppressors into admiration and reve- 
 rence, and at a moment when he expected 
 to be murdered by them, he saw the en- 
 vasred multitude suddenlv nioved with com- 
 
 passion, and fall down at his feet. Firom 
 Briancon he passed on to Gap, Grenoble, 
 Voiron, and to Valence, where he was per- 
 mitted to rest. Here his sufferings were 
 completed ; after an illness of 11 days, 
 from fatigue and old age, he died 29th Aug. 
 1798, aged 82. His remains were buried 
 at Valence by order of Bonaparte ; but af- 
 terwards they were removed to Rome in 
 1802, and entombed with great funeral 
 pomp. This prelate, so well known by his 
 misfortunes, was possessed of many vir- 
 tues, and the humility, patience, and meek- 
 ness with which he endured the indignities 
 of his barbarous persecutors, entitled him to 
 universal veneration. 
 
 PiVATi, John Francis, a Venetian law- 
 yer, known for his laborious compilation 
 of a general dictionary of arts and sciences, 
 which appeared at Venice in 10 vols. fol. 
 1746. 
 
 Pix, Mary, daughter of Mr. Griffith, a 
 clergyman, was born at Nettlebed, Oxford- 
 shire, and married Mr. Pix. She wrote 10 
 plays, which possess little merit, and she 
 died about 1720. 
 
 PiZARRO, Francis, the conqueror of Pe- 
 ru, was the illegitimate son of a gentleman 
 by a woman of low condition, and bom at 
 Truxillo. Though thus obscurely born, 
 and obliged to keep hogs for his support, he 
 possessed an undaunted courage, and em- 
 barked for America with other adventu- 
 rers. In 1524, fired with the love of glory, 
 he united with Almagro and Lucque to go 
 in quest of new undiscovered countries. 
 After incredible hardships and unceasing 
 perseverance he was enabled to penetrate 
 into Peru, 1531, where he seized perfi- 
 diously the monarch Atahualpa, and after- 
 wards cruelly and inhumanly put him to 
 death. The possession of an opulent Icing- 
 dom, and the servile submission of the in- 
 habitants, did not inspire the Spaniards 
 with the love of ease and tranquillity, but 
 produced quarrels, and Almagro and Pizar- 
 ro met in arms, 1538, to decide their supe- 
 riority. Almagro was defeated and put to 
 death ; but the son and the friends of the 
 fallen chief united against their oppressor, 
 and Pizarro was assassinated in his palace, 
 after making an obstinate resistance, 26th 
 June, 1541. This bold adventurer, who 
 knew not even how to read, was fully form- 
 ed for command. He laid the foundation 
 of the city of Lima, and might deserve the 
 name of a hero, were not perfidy and cruel- 
 ty indelible stains on his character. 
 
 Pizzi, Joachim, a native of Rome, edu- 
 cated among the Jesuits, and made in 1759 
 director of the academy of Arcades. He 
 possessed genius as a poet, and vigour and 
 correctness as a writer. His works are the 
 A ision of Eden, a poem in four cantos— the 
 Triumph of Poetry, a poem — Discourse on 
 Traffic and Comic Poetrv — Dissertation on 
 
I'LA 
 
 I'LA 
 
 Antique Cameo, &c. He died 17U0, aged 
 74. 
 
 Placcius, Vincent, an able philologcr, 
 born at Hamlturgh 1642. lie .studied at 
 Helinstadt and Leipsic, and after travelling 
 over France and Italy, he was made pro- 
 fessor of eloquence and morals in his na- 
 tive city, where he died, 1699, much re- 
 spected and beloved. He published Thea- 
 trum Anonymorum, et Pseudonymorum, 2 
 vols. fol. — Liber de Juris Consulto Perito, 
 Svo. — de Arte Excerpendi, &c. 8vo. — Car- 
 mina Juvenilia, Svo. 
 
 Place, Francis, a Yorkshire gentleman, 
 eminent as a painter and engraver. As he 
 worked only for his amusement his pieces 
 are scarce, but possess merit. His etch- 
 ings and his mezzotinto prints were in 
 great estimation, especially those of arch- 
 bishop Stern, and of Henry Gyles, a glass 
 painter in his neighbourhood. He died 1728. 
 
 Placentinus, Peter, a German Domini- 
 can, author of "Pugna Porcorum," a poem 
 of 360 verses, in which every word begins 
 with a P, Antwerp, 1530. He wrote also 
 a Latin History of the bishops of Tongres 
 and Liege, and died at Maestricht, 1548. 
 
 Placette, John de la, a protestant mi- 
 nister, bom at Pontac, in Bearn, 1639. At 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes he re- 
 tired to Denmark, and then to Holland, 
 and settled at the Hague, and lastly at 
 Utrecht, where he died, 1718. He wrote 
 Moral Essays, 6 vols. l2mo. — Treatise on 
 Pride, Svo. — on Conscience, translated in- 
 to English by Basil Kennet — on Good 
 Works — on Restitution — Christian Reflec- 
 tions, &c. and a Treatise against Bayle on 
 the Origin of Evil, and the Trinity. 
 
 Plantin, Christopher, an eminent print- 
 er, born near Tours. He settled at An- 
 twerp, and though not a man of learning, 
 he published the most correct and elegant 
 editions of various authors. He acquired 
 riches as well as fame by his profession, 
 and was extremely liberal and humane. 
 He died 1589, aged 65. His chief work is 
 said to be a Polyglott Bible. 
 
 Plakudes, Maximus, a monk of Con- 
 stantinople in the fourth century. He was 
 in the train of the imperial ambassador to 
 Venice, and on his return was imprisoned 
 in consequence of his strong partiality for 
 the Latin church. He wrote a curious, 
 but improbable Life of ^sop, and also a 
 Greek Anthologia. 
 
 Plater, George, was a judge of the 
 court of appeals of Maryland, and after the 
 revolution, governor of the state ; under the 
 old confedei-ation he was a delegate to 
 congress, and in 1788, was president of the 
 convention of Maryland, which ratified the 
 federal constitution. He died at Annapo- 
 lis, Feb. 10th, 1792, aged 56. lxj=^ L. 
 
 Platina, Bartholomew Sacchi, a learn- 
 ed Italian, born at Piedena, near Cremona, 
 
 1421. lie abandoned the military life for 
 the church, urid gou)'^ to Koine, by the 
 friendship and protection of cardinal Bcb- 
 sarion, he obtained some pnrfernient, and 
 was appointed apostolical alibrcvialor. Hc 
 was deprived of this oflice, which was abo- 
 lished by the succeeding pope, Paul IL but 
 when he respectfully complained of the 
 treatment, as he had purchased the [)ldce, 
 he was indignantly rejected by the sove- 
 reign pontitr, and even imprisoned and put 
 to the rack. The next pope, Sixtus IV. 
 made amends for his sufferings, and ap- 
 pointed him to be librarian to the Vatican. 
 He died of the plague, 1481. He wrote 
 the Lives of the Popes, printed first Ve- 
 nice, 1479, folio — History of Mantua — 
 the Life of Nerio Cappani, and some other 
 works, all in Latin, and collected in folio, 
 1752. 
 
 Plato, a celebrated philosopher of 
 Athens. He was the pupil of Socrates, 
 after whose death he travelled into various 
 countries, and then settled at Athens, 
 where his lectures were attended by nu- 
 merous and respectable auditors. After a 
 life devoted to virtue and philosophy, he 
 died at Athens, 348 B.C. aged 81. His 
 writings are very valuable, as not only his 
 language is very beautiful and correct, but 
 his philosophy sublime, so that some wri- 
 ters have imagined he drew many of his 
 opinions concerning the Supreme Being, 
 from the writings of Moses, while he resi- 
 ded among the Egyptian priests. 
 
 Plautus, Marcus Aceius, a Roman 
 comic poet of great celebrity. Only 19 of 
 his plays are extant, which abound in hu- 
 mour and interest, though often expressed 
 in coarse language. He died about 184 B.C. 
 
 Playfair, John, was born at Bervie, 
 near Dundee, of which parish his father 
 was minister, in 1749. He received his 
 education at St. Andrews, and, in 1772, 
 succeeded to his father's living ; but re- 
 signed it some years afterwai'ds, and went 
 to Edinburgh, where he became professor 
 of mathematics. W^hen the royal society 
 ^vas established there, he was appointed 
 one of the secretaries, and contributed many 
 papers to the memoirs of that institution. 
 In his latter years the professor applied to 
 the study of geology, which he pursued with 
 indefatigable ardour ; and, in 1816, under- 
 took a journey to the Alps, for the purpose 
 of making observations on those mountains. 
 He died at Edinburgh, July 20, 1819. His 
 works are — 1. Elements of Geometry, Svo. 
 2. Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of 
 the Earth. 3. A Letter to the Author of 
 the Examination of Professor Stewart's 
 Statement. 4. An edition of Euclid. 5. 
 System of Geography, 5 vols. 4to. 6. Out- 
 lines of Philosophy, Svo. — W. B. 
 
 Platford, John, a stationer and seller 
 of music books, &c. in Fleet-street, Lou- 
 
 485 
 
VLiJ 
 
 PLU 
 
 •don, was distinguished as a "writer. He 
 published an introduction to the skill of 
 music, 1655, several times reprinted, and 
 by other books he contributed much to the 
 improvement of the printing of music. He 
 also edited the psalms and hymns in metre, 
 with their appropriate tunes, 8vo. airs and 
 songs for the bass-viol, &.c. He died 1693, 
 aged 80, and was honoured with an elegy 
 by Tate the poet laureate. 
 
 Plempius, Vopiscus Fortunatus, a native 
 of Amsterdam, who took his medical de- 
 grees at Bologna, and practised in Holland. 
 He was made professor of medicine at Lou- 
 vain, where he died 12th Dec. 1671, aged 
 70. He was author of Ophthalmographia, 
 or de Ocuii Fabrica, 4to. — de Togatorum 
 Valetudine tuenda — de Affectibus Capillo- 
 rum et Unguium Natur^ — Tractatus dePes- 
 te — Antymus Coningius Peruviani Pulveris 
 Defensor repulsus a Melippo Protymo, a 
 refutation of the utility of the bark which 
 was introduced by Coningius, the assumed 
 name of the Jesuit, Fabri, and thus attacked 
 by Plempius, under the appellation of Pro- 
 tymus. 
 
 Plessis Richelieu. Vid. Richelieu. 
 
 Pliny, Caius Secundus, the Elder, was 
 a celebrated philosopher, born at Verona. 
 He perished during an eruption of Vesu- 
 vius, while he approached too near to make 
 observations on the awful phenomenon, 
 A. D. 79. Of his works, which were nu- 
 merous, only his Natural History remains, 
 which is a valuable compilation af facts 
 and observations, by the hand of a judi- 
 cious master. 
 
 Plint, Caecilius Secundus, the Younger, 
 was the nephew of the preceding. He 
 studied under Quintilian, and enjoyed the 
 friendship of Trajan, who made him con- 
 sul. He was for some time governor of 
 Bithynia, where he checked the persecu- 
 tion excited against the Christians. He 
 died A. D. 113, universally respected. His 
 letters, &c. are fine specimens of correct 
 Avriting. 
 
 Plot, Robert, an English philosopher 
 and antiquary, born at Sutton Barn, Kent, 
 1641, and educated at Wye school in that 
 county. In 1658, he entered at Magdalen 
 hall, Oxford, where he took his master's 
 degree, and afterwards removed to Uni- 
 versity college, where he took the de- 
 gree of LL. D. 1671. He was elected 
 member of the Royal Society, and appoint- 
 ed one of its secretaries, and as such pub- 
 lished the Philosophical Transactions from 
 No. 143, to 166, inclusive. In 1683, he 
 was nominated by Ashmole first keeper to 
 his newly erected museum, and made also 
 professor of chymistry, and in 1688, histo- 
 riographer to the king. He was made in 
 1695, by the duke of Norfolk, Mowbray, 
 herald extraordinary. He died of the stone, 
 30th April, 1696, at Borden, leaving two 
 ^ons. Dr. Plot, whose chief delight was 
 4«,6 
 
 the advancement of natural history and aA- 
 tiquities, published the Natural Histories 
 of Oxfordshire and Staffordshire, both in 
 folio, as essays towards a Natural History 
 of England — de Origine Fontium, &c. — an 
 Account of Elden Hole — several valuable 
 papers in the Philosophical Transactions, 
 &c. He left behind him several MSS. for 
 the Histories of Kent, Middlesex, and Lon- 
 don, which he intended to publish. 
 
 Plotinus, a Platonic philosopher, born 
 at Nicopolis in Egypt. He settled at Rome, 
 and died in Campania, 270, aged 66. His 
 works were collected by his pupil Porphyry. 
 
 Plowden, Edmund, an eminent lawyer, 
 born in Shropshire, 1517. He was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, but afterwards re- 
 moved to Oxford, where he took his de- 
 grees in physic, and practised as a physi- 
 cian. He soon after abandoned physic for 
 the law, entered at the Middle Temple, 
 and was made a sergeant. As he was a 
 Roman Catholic his preferments ceased on 
 the accession of Elizabeth. He died 1584. 
 His " Reports" are held in great esteem, 
 and show great learning, judgment, and 
 sagacity. 
 
 Pluche, Antony, a French writer, born 
 at Rheims, 1668. He distinguished him- 
 self by his application, and at the recom- 
 mendation of Rollin, was made tutor to the 
 son of the intendant of Rouen, after which 
 he went to Paris, and gave lectures on his- 
 tory and geography. He was presented in 
 1749, to the abbey of Valence St. Maur, 
 and died of an apoplexy, 1761. His works 
 are Spectacle de la Nature, 7 vols. l2mo. 
 an excellent work, twice translated into 
 English, and also into most European lan- 
 guages — Histoire du Ciel, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 containing a Mythological History of the 
 Heavens, also translated into English — la 
 Mechanique des Langues, 12mo. — Harmo- 
 nic des Pseaumes et de I'Evangile, 12mo. 
 
 Plukeket, Leonard, a v.ell-known Eng- 
 lish botanist, born 1642, and educated, as is 
 conjectured, at Cambridge. He took his 
 degrees in physic, but as he was without a 
 patron, he had to struggle with numerous 
 difficulties, till in his old age he was ap- 
 pointed by the queen superintendent of 
 Hampton-court garden, and honoured with 
 the title of Royal Professor of Botany. 
 His great work is his " Phytographia," to 
 the completion of which he devoted much 
 of his time and of his money. He had 
 correspondents for bis botanical researches 
 all over the world ; but though he assisted 
 Ray with liberal contributions, he differed 
 much from Sloane and Petiver, and cen- 
 sured their labours with some asperity. 
 He died about 1705. His Phytographia 
 appeared in four parts, 1691-1696, con- 
 taining 338 plates, 4to. He published be- 
 sides, Almagestum Botanicum, 4to. 1696, 
 containing 6000 species — Almagesti Bo- 
 tanici Mantissa, 4to. 1700, with 25 nc^v 
 
PLU 
 
 POC 
 
 ylalcs — Amalthcum Botanicum, 1705, 4to. 
 &c. His Herbarium contained 8000 plants, 
 and is now in the British museum. His 
 •works were reprinted 1769, 4 vols, and in 
 1779, by Dr. (iiscke of Hamburi^h Avith a 
 Linnean index. 
 
 Plumier, Charles, a famous French bo- 
 tanist, born at Marseilles, 1646. He was 
 of the order of Minims, and studied mathe- 
 matics at Toulouse under Maignan, but af- 
 terwards applied himself to botany and na- 
 tural history. His reputation was now 
 such that he was employed by Lewis XIV. 
 to go to the West Indies in search of curi- 
 ous and medicinal plants. He performed 
 three voyages for this laboriou- and useful, 
 object, and explored not only St. Domingo, 
 but the neighbouring islands, and part of 
 the continent. His zeal was honourably 
 rewarded by a pension from the king, and 
 the appointment of royal botanist. While 
 at the request of M. Fagon, the king's phy- 
 sician, he meditated a fourth voyage in the 
 cause of natural history, he was attacked 
 by a pleurisy, as he waited for the ship near 
 Cadiz, and died there, 1706. His works 
 are valuable, Nova Plantarum Americana- 
 rum Genera, 4to. — Description of the 
 Plants of America, folio. — Treatise on 
 American Ferns, folio. — the Art of Turn- 
 ing, folio, with plates — Dissertations on 
 Cochineal, in the Journal des Sqavans. Be- 
 sides these he left 1400 drawings, which 
 might make 10 volumes more. 
 
 Pluquet, Francis Andrew, a native of 
 Bayeux, who exchanged his canonry for 
 the professorship of history in the univer- 
 sity of Paris. He was an able lecturer 
 and a diligent and elegant Avriter, and died 
 of an apoplexy, 1790, aged 74. He wrote 
 an Examination of Fatalism, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 — a Dictionary of Heresies, 2 vols. 8vo. — 
 the Classical Books of Chinese, 7 vols. 
 12mo. — Treatise on Luxury, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 — a Treatise on Sociability, 2 vols, in which 
 he establishes the natural propensity of man 
 to kindness and religion, against the opi- 
 nions of Hobbes. 
 
 Plutarch, a celebrated philosopher and 
 historian of Cheronaea in Boeotia. He tra- 
 velled over various countries to improve 
 himself, and was honourably received by 
 the emperor Trajan, who raised him to the 
 office of consul. He died in his native 
 town at an advanced age, A. D. 140. The 
 best known and most valuable of his many 
 works, is the Lives of Illustrious Men, a 
 composition of great merit and singular in- 
 terest. 
 
 Pluvinel, Antony, grand equery and 
 chamberlain to Henry IV. of France, and 
 his ambassador to Holland, was born in 
 Dauphiny, and died at Paris, 1620. He 
 was the first who opened a riding school in 
 France. He wrote " I'Art de monter a 
 Cheval," the Art of Riding, with plates, 
 folio. 
 
 PocAiio>}TA«;, the daiighter of Powhatan, 
 Indian chief of Virginia, wa/i born about 
 the year 1595. She became warudy at- 
 tached to the English, and rendered them 
 on several occasions the most important 
 services. When the savages had captured 
 captain Smith, in 1607, and were in the 
 act of putting him to death, she threw her- 
 self on him, and protecting him from the 
 blow of the executioner, persuaded her- fa- 
 ther to spare his life. Two years alter, at 
 the hazard of her life, she revealed to 
 Smith a plot the Indians had formed of ex- 
 terminating the English, and saved them 
 from destruction. In 1612, she wa: seized 
 by captain Argal, and detained for the pur- 
 pose of obtaining a favourable peace from 
 her fath. r, and while with the English re- 
 ceived the offer of marriage from Thomas 
 Rolfe, an Englishman of good character, 
 to whom, by the consent of Powhatan, she 
 was soon united. By that event she re- 
 stored peace to the colony, and secured it 
 for many years. In 1616, she accompanied 
 her husband to England, and was received 
 with attention at court. She there met 
 with Smith, and displayed towards him 
 much atrcction. She soon after died at 
 Gravesend, when about to return to Vir- 
 ginia. She left one son, from whom de- 
 scended several respectable families in Vir- 
 ginia. tCj^ L. 
 
 PococKE, Edward, a celebrated oriental- 
 ist, born at Oxford, Nov. 8th, 1604. He 
 was educated at Thame school, and at 14 
 entered at Magdalen hall, Oxford, from 
 which, two years after, he removed to a 
 scholarship at Corpus, and afterwards be- 
 came a fellow of the college. He soon 
 distinguished himself by his great know- 
 ledge of classical and oriental literature, 
 and by the friendship of G. Vossius, and 
 other learned men ; and by the interest of 
 Selden he obtained, when in orders, the 
 place of chaplain to the English factory 
 at Aleppo. He reached Aleppo in 1630, 
 and devoted himself with unusual assidui- 
 ty to the further acquisition of the orien- 
 tal languages. He was, in 1631, employed 
 by Laud to make a collection of such valua- 
 ble and curious MSS. and of such coins as 
 might enrich a university library ; and in 
 1636 he was informed by that liberal pa- 
 tron that he was nominated by him to fill 
 his newly founded Arabic professorship in 
 Oxford. He returned in consequence to 
 England, but afterwards he went to Con- 
 stantinople, in company with Greaves, 
 who was going to explore the antiquities of 
 Egypt. He was invited by Laud in 1640 to 
 return, and in his way through Paris, he 
 became acquainted with Grotius, to whom 
 he communicated his intention of trans- 
 lating his book, de Veritate Christ. Re- 
 ligionis, into Arabic, which the pious au- 
 thor heartily approved. When he reached 
 
 487 
 
POC 
 
 POG 
 
 England, he found his leai'ncd patron in 
 the Tower, and his death and the conse- 
 quent confusion of the nation, tended little 
 to ensure him tranquillity in the prosecution 
 of his studies. In 1643 he was presented 
 by his college to the rectory of Childrey, 
 Berkshire, where he retired to perform his 
 ecclesiastical duties , but he was deprived 
 of his professorship by the republican 
 plunderers. His great merit, however, 
 pleaded in his favour, he was in 1647 re- 
 stored to his salary, and the next year no- 
 minated by the king, then a prisoner, pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew and a canon of Christ- 
 church, an appointment approved by the 
 parliament, but rescinded when he refu3ed 
 to subscribe to tlie engagement. Though 
 deprived of his canonry, he yet read lec- 
 tures, and in 1652 assisted in preparing the 
 edition of the Polyglott Bible. The resto- 
 ration reinstated him in all his offices, and 
 he soon after took his degree of D.D. but he 
 ■was neglected among those who had by their 
 services contributed most to the advance- 
 ment of religion and learning in the king- 
 dom. He died at Oxford, lOth Sept. 1691, 
 aged 87, and was buried in the cathedral, 
 where a monument records his merits. 
 As a scholar and orientalist his abilities 
 were most eminently displayed. His sole 
 ambition was the advancement of oriental 
 literature, to which he devoted himself 
 with the most assiduous care. His works 
 are Specimen Historiae Arabum, 1648, 
 much commended by Prideaux, Ockley, 
 Selden, Reland, and others — Porta Mosis, 
 or six prefatory Discourses of Moses 
 Maimonides — Eutychius's Annals — Abul 
 Feraji Historia Dynastarum, 4to. — Com- 
 mentaries on Micah, Malachi, Hosea, 
 and Joel, folio — St. Peter's second Epistle, 
 the second and third of John, and that of 
 Jude, translated into Syriac — Letters with 
 several learned men, published by Twells, 
 2 vols, folio, 1740. Dr. Pococke was fa- 
 ther of nine children. His eldest son Ed- 
 ward, rector of Minal, Wilts, published 
 under his father's direction, an Arabic 
 work, called Philosophus Autodidactus, sive 
 Epistola Jaafar Ebn Tophail, &c. translated 
 afterwards by Simon Ockley. 
 
 Pococke, Richard, a learned divine, re- 
 lated distantly to the celebrated orientalist. 
 He was born l704, at Southampton, where 
 his father was master of the free-school, 
 and he was educated at Corpus Christi, 
 Oxford, where he took the degree of LL.D. 
 1733. He travelled into the East in 1737, 
 and returned in 1742, and in 1744 was 
 made precentor of Waterford. He ac- 
 companied as chaplain lord Chesterfield to 
 Ireland, and was appointed by him arch- 
 deacon of Dublin, and under another vice- 
 roy, the duke of Devonshire, he was made 
 bishop of Ossory, 1756. In 1765 he was 
 translated to Elphin and Mcath, and died 
 488 
 
 the September of that same year, of a fit 
 of apoplexy during his visitation. He pub- 
 lished a most valuable and interesting ac- 
 count of his travels, under the title of 
 " Observations on Egypt, Palestine, the 
 Holy Land, Syria, Mesopotamia, Cyprus," 
 &.C. 3 vols, folio. He enriched also the 
 British museum by the gift of various vo- 
 lumes of MSS. from 4811 — 4827. 
 
 PoERSON, Charles Francis, a native of 
 Paris, eminent as an historical and portrait 
 painter. He was made director of the 
 French academy of painting at Rome, and 
 died 1725, aged 72. His father, who was 
 a native of Lorraine, was also a good 
 painter, and died 1660. 
 
 PoGGio Bracciolini, Johu Francis, a 
 learned and illustriou;^ character born of a 
 respectable family at Terranuova in Flo- 
 rence, 1380. He studied at Florence, 
 where he learnt Latin under John of Ra- 
 venna, and Greek under Emanuel Chryso- 
 loras, and applied also to the Hebrew, 
 though some commentators assert that that 
 language was not cultivated in Italy before 
 the fifteenth century. He was for some 
 time at Rome, where he held the place of 
 writer of the apostolic letters for 10 
 years, and afterwards became secretary to 
 the pope. In 1414 he attended the council 
 of Constance, and directed all his attention 
 to the recovery of classical authors from 
 the wrecks of time ; and to his indefatiga- 
 ble researches posterity is indebted for the 
 preservation of Quintilian, Silius Italicus, 
 Ammian Marcellinus, Lucretius, Tertul- 
 lian, and other authors. He next extend- 
 ed his researches to England, and from 
 London passed into Germany and Hun- 
 gary, and on his return to Rome, married 
 a lady of great beauty, and young, though 
 he himself was 54. After continuing apos- 
 tolic secretary under seven popes, during 
 40 years, he was prevailed upon, in 1453, 
 to become secretary to the republic of Flo- 
 rence, and died in the neighbourhood, at 
 an elegant villa, which he had built for his 
 summer retreat, 1459, aged 79, leaving a 
 widow and six children, five of whom were 
 boys, distinguished afterwards for their 
 abilities. The works of Poggio were a 
 Latin History of Florence from 1350 to 
 1455, 4to. ; Epistles ; de Varietate For- 
 tunae ; FuneraJ Orations ; Facetiae, or 
 Witticisms, certainly unworthy of the au- 
 thor ; a translation of Diodorus Siculus ; 
 of Xenophon's Cyropaedia, &c. To Pog- 
 gio literature is much indebted. He not 
 only cultivated letters himself, but pro- 
 moted their advancement. Erasmus has 
 censured his private character, which cer- 
 tainly was not always free from blame ; 
 but Michiavel and others speak in the 
 highest praise of his learning, and the dis- 
 interestedness of his conduct ; and his un- 
 availing interference in favour of the unfor- 
 
yui 
 
 v<n 
 
 Uinate Jerome of Prague at Constance, 
 must be recorded with every mark of ap- 
 probation, llii* son James, translated his 
 Florentine history into Italian, and also 
 X^uoi»bou's Cyrus ; and after maintaining 
 a character worthy of his father, was put 
 to death as concerned in the conspiracy of 
 tjie ^azzi, in 1478. 
 
 PoiLLi, Francis, a French engraver 
 born at Abbeville, 1622. He studied un- 
 der Duret, and at Rome, and was made en- 
 graver to the French king, 1G64. After 
 enjoying great reputation as an excellent 
 engraver, and a fair character, he died at 
 Paris, 1693. His brother Nicolas, who 
 died three years after him, possessed also 
 merit as an engraver. 
 
 PoiNsiNET, Anthony Alexander Henry, 
 a dramatic writer, born at Fontainebleau. 
 His pieces were acted, but have little to re- 
 commend them. He was fond of travel- 
 ling, and unfortunately lost his life in 
 the Gaudalquiver, where he was drowned 
 during an excursion in Spain, 1 769, aged 34. 
 
 PoiRET, Peter, a mystic enthusiast, born 
 at Metz, 1646, and educated at Basil. He 
 became minister at Heidelberg and An- 
 Avell, and by reading the works of Madame 
 Bourignon, and other mystical writers, he 
 became an infatuated enthusiast. He 
 afterwards retired to Holland, and died at 
 Keinsberg, May, 1719. He wrote the Di- 
 vine (Economy, 7 vols. 8vo. translated into 
 English ; Cogitationes Rationales de Deo, 
 Auimii, et Malo ; Solid Principles of Chris- 
 tian Religion ; Peace of Good Souls, 
 12mo.; Theology of the Heart, 2 vols. 
 l2mo ; de Eruditione Triplici, 2 vols. 4to. ; 
 Life of Madame Bourignon. 
 
 PoiRiER, Germain, a native of Paris, 
 who was of the order of the Benedictines 
 of St. Maur, which he quitted in 1769. He 
 was engaged as a coadjutor in the art of 
 verifying dates, and be continued with 
 Precieux the 11th volume of the historians 
 of Gaul and France, begun by Bouquet. 
 He was afterwards member of the national 
 institute, and died at the beginning of 1803, 
 aged SO. 
 
 Pois, Anthony le, a physician to Charles 
 III. duke of Lorraine, was well skilled in 
 the knowledge of antiquities. He wrote 
 a valuable Discourse on Medals and An- 
 cient Engravings, 4to. and died in his na- 
 tive town, Nancy, 1578. 
 
 Pois, Nicolas le, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was eminent as a physician. His 
 son Charles was also a physician in the 
 household of the duke Henry H. and the 
 father and the son, assuming in Latin 
 the name of Pisones, published some me- 
 dical tracts, which were considered as so 
 valuable, that Boerhaave republished them 
 at Leyden, 1736, ia 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 PoiSLE, John, a counsellor of the par- 
 liament of Paris, who acquired riches by 
 
 means of bribery and corruption, which 
 procured his disj^ruce, 1582. His son 
 James, who died 16'23, was author of some 
 poetry. 
 
 PoissoN, Nicolas Joseph, a priest of the 
 oratory, admired for his eloquence, and 
 made superior of the alibey of NCndoiiie. 
 He died at Lyons, 5th May, 171U, very 
 old. He wa> the friend of Des Cartes, and 
 was eminent as a philosopher. He wrote 
 Delectus Auctorum Ecclesia; Universalis, 
 sen Gemma Conciliorum, 2 vols, folio ; 
 Remarks on Des Cartel's Discourses on 
 Method, Mechanics, and Music ; a treatise 
 on Benefices ; Account of his Travels in 
 Italy ; treatise on the Rites and Ceremonies 
 of the Church, &c. 
 
 PoissoN, Raymond, son of a mathema- 
 tician at Paris, was patronised, after the 
 early death of his father, by the duke of 
 Crequi ; but he quitted the profession of a 
 courtier for the stage. He was afterwards 
 noticed by Lewis XIV. and died at Paris, 
 1690, respected as one of the first come- 
 dians of the French stage. He wrote the 
 Baron de la Crasse ; the Good Soldier, 
 comedies of one act, Lubin ; the Fool of 
 Quality, 6i.c. published together at Paris in 
 2 vols. l2mo. 1743. 
 
 PoissoN, Paul, son of the preceding, 
 was eminent also as a comedian. He 
 died at St. Germaine-en-Laie, 1735, aged 
 77. His son Philip was likewise a come- 
 dian of celebrity, who died at Paris, 1743, 
 aged 60. He was author of six comedies, 
 published in 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 PoissoNNiER, Peter Isaac, a French phy- 
 sician, born at Dijon 5th July, 1720. He 
 was one of the first who read chymical lec- 
 tures at Paris ; and he acquired such re- 
 putation as a medical man, that he was 
 sent by the court, at the request of Eliza- 
 beth, empress of Russia, who wished for 
 the advice of an eminent physician. On 
 his return he was admitted into the academy 
 of sciences, made first a physician to the 
 army, &c. and obtained a pension of 12,000 
 livres. The revolution not only stripped 
 him of his independence, but sent him with 
 all his family into confinement ; but he 
 was restored to liberty after the fall of 
 Robespierre, and died 1797, aged 79. He 
 wrote treatises on the Means of rendering 
 Sea Water potable ; on the Fevers of St. 
 Domingo ; on the Diseases of Seamen, 2 
 vols. 8vo. ; Abridgment of Anatomy, 2 
 vols. l2mo. ; Course of Surgery, volume 
 5th and 6th, &c. 
 
 Poitiers, Diana de, dutchess of Valen- 
 tinois, was born 31st of March, 1500. 
 When her father, the count of St. \'allierj 
 was condemned to lose his head for favour- 
 ing the escape of the constable Bourbon, 
 Diana obtained his pardon by throwing 
 herself at the feet of Francis I. and, ac» 
 cordiog to some, by yielding her person to 
 
 489 
 
POL 
 
 POL 
 
 the wishes of the monarch. After the 
 death of her husband de Breze, grand 
 seneschal of Normandy, she was seen and 
 admired by Henry II. and though aged 40, 
 she so captivated the heart of the young 
 monarch, who was only 18, that till his 
 death in 1559, she i-emaincd sole mistress 
 not only of his atlcctions, but of the king- 
 dom. She died in retirement, 2Gth April, 
 1566, aged 66. To groat personal charms 
 she united unusual powers of mind, and 
 commanding dignity of manners. 
 
 PoivRF, N. a native of Lyons, who em- 
 bmccd the ecclesiastical order, and went 
 as missionary to China, where he travelled 
 with the sagacity of a philosopher and a 
 naturalist. On his return to Europe, the 
 ship in which he was emharked was at- 
 tacked by Barnet, the English admiral, and 
 during the fight he lost his right arm, w hich 
 ■was shot off by a canon ball, in conse- 
 quence of which he renounced the eccle- 
 siaiitical state. He was afterwards employed 
 by the French East India company in 1743, 
 to open an intercourse with Cochin-China, 
 and in 1766 he was sent by the duke de 
 Choiseul to the isles of France and Bour- 
 bon, with full powers to improve their 
 commerce and agricu'tuie. He there in- 
 troduced the cultivation of various trees, 
 especially the bread-fruit tree, the musca- 
 dine grape, the clove, &.c. He returned to 
 Pmncc, and died at Lyons, 6th Jan. 17S6. 
 He is author of the Voyage of a Philosopher, 
 12mo. — on the Dying of Silks — on the 
 History and Manners of China — Orations, 
 &c. 
 
 PoLAN, Amand, a native of Oppaw in 
 Silesia, professor of theology at Basil, 
 wbere he died 17th July, 1610, aged 49. 
 He wrote Commentaries on Ezekiel and 
 Daniel, Dissertations, &c. and was dis- 
 tinguished as an able and learned protes- 
 tant. 
 
 Pole, Reginald, cardinal and archbishop 
 of Canterbury, was of royal descent, as 
 being the son of lord Montague, the couain 
 of Henry VII. by Margaret the daughter 
 of George duke of Clarence, the brother 
 of Edward IV. He was born at Stoverton 
 castle, Worcestershire, 1500, and after re- 
 ceiving in:-tiuction from the Carthusians, 
 he entered at the age of 12, at Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, where he had Linacre and 
 X<atimf r for his tutors. He took his first 
 degree at 15, and when admitted into or- 
 ders he was made prebendary of Salisbury, 
 and soon after dean of Exeter. Thus 
 liberally patronised by tl;e favour of his re- 
 lation Henry ^■III. he was, with a splendid 
 allowance, permitted to go to Italy to finish 
 his edu.'ation, and in the universities of 
 Padua, Venice, and Rome, he acquired dis- 
 tinction by the extent of his learning, his 
 engaging manners, and exemplary pie- 
 tv. He returned in 1525 to England, and 
 •1W> 
 
 ■tt^3 received with great kindness by Hen- 
 ry ; but the agitation of the divorce from 
 Catherine soon after disturbed the harmo- 
 ny which subsisted between him and the 
 court. Henry wished to add to the fa- 
 vourable opinion of foreign universities 
 the assent of his respectable kinsman. 
 Pole, however, refused to approve what 
 his conscience condemned, and after with- 
 drawing from the presence of the king, 
 who at one time was so enraged that he 
 seized his poignard to stab him, he obtain- 
 ed permission to travel. In Italy the Eng- 
 glish ecclesiastic found retirement and 
 tranquillity in the bosom of his friends, and 
 in his intercourse with learned societies ; 
 but Henry, incensed against the pope, not 
 only divorced his queen to marry Ann 
 Boleyn, but determined to shake off the 
 Roman yoke, and relying on the affection 
 of his subjects, declared himself supreme 
 head of the church. To reconcile this to 
 the feelings of the people, a book was 
 written in its favour by Sampson, bishop 
 of Chichester, and sent over to Italy for 
 the approbation of Pole. Without imme- 
 diately answering the king's request, Pole 
 expressed soon after his sentiments in a 
 little book called Pro Unitate Ecclesiasti- 
 ca, which, in maintaining the papal supre- 
 macy, highly offended Henry, and procured 
 not only the withdrawing of all his pen- 
 sions and his ecclesiastical revenues, but 
 the i)assing of a bill of attainder against 
 him. Stripped of his honours in England, 
 Pole found protection and favour at Rome ; 
 he was created a cardinal, and sent as le- 
 gate to France and Flanders, where, how- 
 ever, the intrigues of Henry were so pow- 
 erful, and his influence so great, that he 
 returned to Rome for safety. He next 
 went as legate to the council of Trent, 
 and maintained by his eloquence, as well 
 as by his pen, the cause of the papal see. 
 On the death of Paul III. 1549, Pole was 
 twice elected by the cardinals to succeed 
 to St. Peter's chair, but he rejected the 
 proffered honour, and soon after retired to 
 a monastery in Verona, where he con- 
 tinued till the death of Edward VI. On 
 the accession of Mary, Pole was selected 
 as the fittest legate to reconcile England to 
 the holy see ; and after he was informed 
 that the bill of attainder which condemn- 
 ed him and set a price on his head was re- 
 pealed, he returned to his native country. 
 He appeared before the parliament, and 
 easily prevailed upon them to be recon- 
 ciled to the ceremonies of Rome, after the 
 example of their queen ; and after he had 
 granted them absolution, he made his pub- 
 lic entry into London, with all the solemn- 
 ity of Italian pomp. But though invested 
 with great authority as the legate of the 
 pope, and the favourite of the queen, Pole 
 did not assent at first to those violent mea- 
 
VOL 
 
 htji. 
 
 sjL»res which bigotry and perseculioii wish- 
 ed to follow. Mild hy iiaturt-, and humane 
 in his disposition, he prcfern'd llio arms of 
 persuasion to the violence of authority ; 
 but his opposition was at last overpowered, 
 and by the influence of the queen, some 
 severe measures were adopted against the 
 protestants, which reflect di?<grace, not so 
 much upon the heart as upon the accom- 
 modating conduct of the legate. His for- 
 bearance, indeed, had been such that he 
 %vas accused to the pope as a heretic, and 
 for a while his legatine powers were with- 
 drawn from him ; but the respectability of 
 his character, and the good opinion of the 
 queen, prevailed at Rome, and restored 
 htm to his office. On the death of Gar- 
 diner, whose violent measures he repro- 
 bated, he wascoiifirmed by the pope in the 
 see of Canterbury, to which he had before, 
 on the expulsion of Cranmer, been elect- 
 ed ; and to his other dignities was added 
 the honour of being chancellor to both uni- 
 versities. He was attacked by a quartan 
 ague which proved fatal, Nov. iSth, 1558, 
 16 hours after the death of his royal mis- 
 tress, whose demise is said to have hasten- 
 ed his own. From Lambeth he was re- 
 moved to Canterbury, where he was bu- 
 ried. If his attachment to the see of Rome 
 had not been so bigoted and violent, Pole 
 might have shone a very perfect character, 
 as in learning, piety, eloquence, humility, 
 and all the amiable virtues of private and 
 of public life, no man was superior to him. 
 Besides the tract already mentioned, he 
 ■wrote two defences of it ; one addressed 
 to Henry, and the other to Edward VI. and 
 several other pieces. 
 
 PoLEMBERG, Comclius, an eminent 
 Dutch painter, born at Utrecht 1586. He 
 went to Rome, where he studied with great 
 success the manner and beauties of Ra- 
 phael, and surpassed his contemporaries in 
 the delicacy of his touches, and the ele- 
 gance of his figures. His landscapes were 
 also much esteemed. He was invited to 
 England by Charles I. and painted here 
 some valuable pieces ; but he returned, 
 during the civil troubles, to his native 
 country, and died at Utrecht 1660, in great 
 affluence and reputation. 
 
 PoLEMON, a Greek philosopher, the dis- 
 ciple of Xenocrates. By the representa- 
 tion of his ma-^ter, whose school he once 
 entered in a state of intoxication, he was 
 persuaded to reform his conduct, and he 
 became a most temperate man, and a very 
 intelligent instructer. He died B.C. 270. 
 
 PoLENi, John Marquis, a native of Pa- 
 dua, eminent as a professor of astronomy 
 and mathematics. He was in 1739 admit- 
 ted into the academy of sciences at Paris, 
 after obtaining three prizes from that re- 
 spectable body, and he was also honoured 
 V ith a seat in the London Roval Society, 
 
 the Herliu, and other learned socieiith. 
 His knowledge of hydraulics waa such, 
 that he was consulted by several states, 
 and was appointed surveyor of the water 
 works of the Venetian territories. He 
 was also an able architect, and hi» opinion 
 was solicited by pope Benedict XIV . about 
 St. Peter's church at Rome. He was the 
 friend and corrcopondent of all the great 
 men of Europe, of Newton, Leibnitz, Cas- 
 sini, the Bernouillis, tec. He was also 
 well skilled in anticpjarian knowledge, and 
 published a supplement to the collections 
 of Graevius and Gronovius, 5 vols. fol. 
 1737, Venice, lie died at Padua 1761, 
 aged 78. 
 
 PoLi, Martin, a native of Lucca, who 
 studied and professed chymistry at Rome. 
 it is said that he discovered some powerful 
 agent of destructive effect in niilitary af- 
 fairs, which he communicated to Lewis 
 XIV. The monarch commended his in- 
 genuity, and rewarded him liberally with a 
 pension, and the title of engineer ; but in- 
 sisted that the secret should die with him, 
 observing that the methods of destroying 
 life, and increasing human miseries are 
 already sufficiently numerous. This able 
 man, who had been admitted associate in 
 the academy of sciences, and was invited 
 by the French king to settle at Paris, died 
 there of a violent fever soon after his ar- 
 rival 29th July, 1714, aged 52. He pub- 
 lished II Triomfo degli Acidi, an Apologv 
 for Acids, &c. 1706. 
 
 PoLiDORo, Da Caravaggio, a painter so 
 called from the village of Caravaggio near 
 Milan, where he was born 1495. He waa 
 origuially a day labourer to carry the stones 
 and mortar for the masons in the buildings 
 of the Vatican ; but while he supplied ma- 
 terials for the fresco, his genius incited him 
 to observe with accuracy, and to copy with 
 success the figures desci'ibed upon it. The 
 first exertions of his pencil were so re- 
 markably spirited that Raphael, astonished 
 at his powers, encouraged him, and employ- 
 ed him among the other artists in the deco-- 
 rations of the Vatican ; and not only that 
 noble building, but many other edifices were 
 ornamented by the labours of his genius. 
 When Rome was besieged by the Spaniards 
 he fled to Naples, and afterwards to Mes- 
 sina, where he was murdered by his ser- 
 vant, who had observed the great sums of 
 money which he had drawn from the bank,- 
 with the intention of returning to Italy. 
 He died 1543, aged 48. The murderer was 
 discovered, and torn to pieces between four 
 horses. 
 
 PoLiER, Charles do, a native of Lau- 
 sanne, educated at Gottingen. He way- 
 lieutenant in a Swiss regiment in France, 
 but soon left the profession of arms for 
 literature, and became tutor to lord Ty- 
 rone's rhildren. He tJied at his patroir* 
 
 4^i 
 
JPUL 
 
 POL 
 
 seat uear VVaterford, 1782, aged 29. He 
 made some ingenious communications to 
 the Manchester society, of which he was 
 a member, and memoirs of him by Dr. 
 Percival have appeared in their transac- 
 tions. 
 
 PoLiGNAC, Melchior de, a French car- 
 dinal, born of a noble family 1662. He 
 studied at Paris, and was well versed in the 
 philosophy of Aristotle, and afterwards 
 embraced the doctrines of Des Cartes, 
 both of which he ably defended. He ac- 
 companied cardinal de Bouillon to Rome, 
 and was afterwards sent by Lewis XIV. as 
 ambassador extraordinary to procure the 
 succession to the croAvn of Poland in fa- 
 vour of the prince de Conti, upon John 
 Sobicski's death. His ill success on this 
 business produced his disgrace at court ; 
 but he was afterwards restored to favour, 
 and sent to Rome, and in 1709 employed as 
 one of the plenipotentiaries at the con- 
 ferences at Gertruydenburg ; and five years 
 after he assisted at the settling the peace 
 of Utrecht. Clement XI. raised him to 
 the dignity of cardinal, and he resided at 
 Rome UKder Lewis XV. as minister of 
 France. In 1726 he was raised to the see 
 of Auch, and 1732 made commander of 
 the order of the Holy Ghost. He died at 
 Paris 1741, aged 81. He was member of 
 the French academies, and evinced his 
 abilities by his Latin poem called Anti-Lu- 
 cretius, seu de Deo et Natura, in nine 
 books, inculcating doctrines exactly con- 
 trary to those of Lucretius. 
 
 PoLiNiERE, Peter, a native of Coulonce 
 near Vire, who studied philosophy at the 
 Harcourt college, Paris, where he took his 
 degree of doctor in medicine. He was so 
 well versed in philosophy, mathematics, 
 and chymistry, that he was the first who 
 read lectures on those abstruse sciences at 
 Paris, where he had the king frequently 
 among his auditors. He died suddenly at 
 bis house at Coulonce, 9th Feb. 1734, aged 
 63. He was a man of great learning, but 
 little acquainted with the world, and more 
 fond of his books and of retirement than 
 of public life. He wrote Elements of Ma- 
 thematics — treatise on experimental Phi- 
 losophy, 2 vols. l2mo. 1741. 
 
 PoLiTi, Alexander, professor of rheto- 
 ric, philosophy, and divinity, at Genoa, 
 was born at Florence, 1679. In 1733 he 
 became professor of eloquence and Greek 
 at Pisa, and died there, July 23, 1752, of 
 an apoplexy. He is known for his edition 
 of Eustathius's Commentary on Homer, 
 with a Latin translation and notes, 5 vols, 
 fol. — the Roman Martyrology, corrected 
 in fol. — Orations in the Academy of Pisa, 
 &c. 
 
 PoLiTiANo, Angelo, an ingenious Ita- 
 lian, born July, 1454, at Monte Pulciano, 
 *n Tuscany. His real name wa.s Ba^o, or 
 4?i'J 
 
 according to others Ambrogini. He learni 
 Greek under Andronicus of Thessalonica, 
 and studied philosophy under Ficinus, and 
 Argyropylus. He was noticed by the Me- 
 dicean family, and was for some time pre- 
 ceptor to Lorenzo's children, and after- 
 wards professor of Greek and Latin at Flo- 
 rence. He was the intimate friend of the 
 learned men of the times, and especially of 
 Picus, of Mirandula. He died 1494, and 
 some have attributed his death to his great 
 grief for the misfortunes of the Medicean 
 family, who kad been cruelly expelled from 
 their country. Politiano was a man of 
 great erudition, vast application, and a most 
 sound judgment. As a poet his lines on 
 the tournament of Julian de Medicis are 
 much admired. He wrote, besides, the 
 history of the Pazzi conspiracy — Miscella- 
 nea — some other poems, and a Latin trans- 
 lation of Herodian, so elegant and so spi- 
 rited that it is doubted which is the more 
 valuable, the original or the version — a 
 treatise on Anger, &c. His works altoge- 
 ther were printed in 1550, 3 vols. 8vo. and 
 1553, folio, Basil. Though admired for 
 his learning, wit, and vivacity, by Erasmus 
 and others, Paul Jovius has described him 
 as a malevolent satirist, who viewed the 
 literary labours of others with mean jea- 
 lousy, and with ferocious virulence resisted 
 every criticism upon his own productions. 
 
 PoLLio, Caius Asinius, a Roman of great 
 celebrity under Augustus. He was the 
 friend of Mecaenas, of Virgil, and of Ho- 
 race, and himself a man of learning. He 
 died A.D. 4, aged 80. 
 
 Pollock, Thomas, was at the head of 
 the administration in North Carolina, from 
 the death of governor Hyde in 1712 till the 
 arrival of his successor. He had been 
 twenty years the deputy of lord Carteret 
 or his father, and was much esteemed for 
 his integrity. On the death of governor 
 Eden he was again placed at the head of 
 the government, but died soon after in 1722. 
 
 rC?- L. 
 
 Pollux, Julius, a native of Nancrates^ 
 in Egypt, in the reign of Commodus, au- 
 thor of Onomasticon, or Greek Vocabulary 
 of groat merit. 
 
 Poli.?:nus, a Macedonian, author of 
 Stratagems in War, in the age of Antoni- 
 nus and Verus, to whom the work is in- 
 scribed. 
 
 PoLTBius, a Greek historian, of Megalo- 
 polis. He was the friend of the great Phi- 
 lopoemen, and distinguished himself as a 
 soldier against the Romans in the Macedo- 
 nian war. After the ruin of Macedonia, 
 Polybius became the friend of the Romans 
 and of Scipio, and wrote a valuable and in- 
 teresting Universal History, of which only 
 part remains. He died B.C. 121. 
 
 PoLTCARp, St. a bishop of Smyrna, wb© 
 suifered martyrdom, 10&, aged 95. Ar» 
 
eoM 
 
 i'uiy 
 
 epistle lifoiii liim to the Philippmns is pre- 
 served. 
 
 PoLYtLBTUS, a sculptor of Sieyon, of 
 great celebrity. He was regarded as the 
 first artist, and Phidias as the second, in 
 Greece. He flourished B.C. 232. 
 
 PoLTDORE \ iRGiL, a native of Urhino, 
 who came to Knglaiid in the suite of Cor- 
 neto, the papal legate. He so pleased 
 Henry N HI. by his manners and his learn- 
 ing, that he detained him in Knglaiid by 
 giving him the archdeaconry oi Wells, and 
 prevailed upon him to employ his talents in 
 a history of the country. He afterwards 
 left England in consequence of the tyran- 
 nical conduct of VVolsey, who had impri- 
 soned him one year for revenge, because 
 his patron, Corneto, had solicited the see 
 of York, and he retired to Italy, where he 
 died, 1555. His works are the History of 
 England to the end of the seventh Henry's 
 reign, dedicated to Henry VHl. a work 
 written in elegant Latin, but not very ac- 
 curate as a history, edited at Basil, 1534, 
 fol. — de Inventoribus Rerum, l2mo. — trea- 
 tise on Prodigies, fol. — Corrections on Gil- 
 das — Collection of Proverbs. 
 
 PoLTGNOTUs, a Greek painter of Rhodes. 
 His painting of the battle of Marathon was 
 very celebrated. 
 
 PoMBAL, Sebastian Joseph Carvalho, 
 marquis of, a famous Portuguese minister, 
 born at Soure, near Coimbra, 1699. He 
 studied at Coimbra, and afterwards em- 
 braced a military life, which he quitted for 
 retirement and a union with Donna Alma- 
 da, a rich and noble Spanish lady, who 
 died 1739. He was in 1745 sent ambassa- 
 dor to Vienna, where he married the count- 
 ess of Daun, related to the marshal of that 
 name, and by means of this lady, who be- 
 eame a great favourite with the queen of 
 Portugal, he rose to eminence in the state. 
 On the succession of Joseph to the throne, 
 1750, Pombal was appointed secretary for 
 foreign affairs, and he displayed his abili- 
 ties by the wisdom of his administration, 
 and the excellent regulations which he in- 
 troduced for the promotion of the agricul- 
 ture, the finances, and the marine of the 
 kingdom. A haughtiness in his conduct, 
 however, displeased some of the nobles, 
 arid a conspiracy was secretly formed 
 against him and the king ; but the disco- 
 very of it brought disgrace and death on 
 the accomplices, and the Jesuits, who were 
 concerned in the plot, were expelled from 
 the kingdom. In the dreadful earthquake 
 •which destroyed Lisbon, 1755, Pombal 
 showed great benevolence, and the most 
 liberal patriotism, and by his means the 
 city rose from her ruins with nev/ splen- 
 dour and increased magnificence. On Jo- 
 seph's death, 1777, Pombal fell into dis- 
 grace and was banished to one of hie es- 
 ♦at€Sj where he died, May, 1782, c^gedSo. 
 
 Though accused of avarice and pride, bfc 
 possessed undoubted!) great talents. His 
 memoirs appeared at Pari><, 1783, in 4 Tola, 
 rimo. 
 
 PoMET, Peter, a wholesale druggist at 
 Paris, superintendent of the materia medi- 
 ca in the king's gardens, o( which he drew 
 up an account. He acquired opulence, and 
 also literary reputation by his works, espc- 
 ciall) his General History of Drugs, 101)4, 
 fol. republished by his son, 1735, 2 vols. 
 4to. He died I69y, aged 41. 
 
 PoMKY, Francis, a Jesuit of Lyons, 
 known by his Pantheum Mysticuni, trans- 
 lated into English by Andrew Tooke, as 
 his own performance. He wrote, besides, 
 a French and Latin Dictionary, 4to. — Flo<? 
 Latinitatis — Libitina, or on the FuneralF 
 of the Ancients — Novus Rhetoricae Can- 
 didatus, and died at Lyons, 1673, aged 55. 
 
 PoMFRET, John, an English poet, born 
 about 1667, at Luton, Bedfordshire, where 
 his father was rector. He was educated 
 at Cambridge, and when in orders obtained 
 the living of Maldon, in Bedfordshire. In 
 1703 he came to London, for institution to 
 a larger living, but found bishop Conipton 
 strongly prejudiced against him, for four 
 lines in his poem called Choice, in which it 
 was falsely said that he preferred a mis- 
 tress to a wife, and before the prelate's 
 scruples could be removed, the unfortunate 
 candidate for his favour caught the small- 
 pox, and died of it, aged 35. In his " Cru- 
 elty and Lust," he has introduced the cha- 
 racter and conduct of Kirk with great effect 
 and pathos. No poem, says Johnson, has 
 been oftener perused than his Choice. He 
 pleases many, and he who pleases must 
 have merit. A volume of his poems ap- 
 peared, 1699, and two other pieces were 
 published after his death by Philaiethes. 
 
 Pompadour, Jane Antoinette Poisson, 
 marchioness of, the mistress of Lewis XV. 
 was daughter of a financier, and married 
 D'Etiole, nephew of Normand Tournehem. 
 The licentious monarch first saw her while 
 he was hunting in the forest of Senar, and 
 from that time he made her his favourite, 
 and raised her, in 1745, to the rank of a 
 marchioness. She enjoyed great influence 
 at court till her death, 1764, at the age of 
 44. The liberal manner with which she 
 patronised the arts and literature, has in 
 some degree blunted the shafts of criticism 
 against the infamy of her life. Her me- 
 moirs have been published, 2 vols. 8vo, 
 and also her letters, 3 vols, in which she 
 is represented as having great influence iiv 
 the politics of France, and especially iu 
 the war of 1 756. 
 
 PoMPEY, Cneius the Great, a celebrated 
 Roman, who, after bearing the highest ho- 
 nours of the state, and distinguishing him- 
 self in war, formed the first triumvirate 
 with J. Caesar aud Crassas. A union ill 
 
 493 
 
¥0U 
 
 PON 
 
 ceiuenteil was quickly broken, and war was 
 declared between him and Caesar. The 
 battle of Pharsalia proved fatal to the cause 
 of Pompey and of Rome, and the great fu- 
 gitive, flying from his enemy, was basely 
 murdered in Egypt by order of king Ptole- 
 my, whom he had formerly established on 
 the throne, B.C. 49. 
 
 PoMPiGXAN, John James le Franc, mar- 
 quis of, a French writer, born at Montau- 
 ban, 1709. He was educated for the ma- 
 gistracy ; but his genius led him to the cul- 
 tivation of the muses, and his tragedy of 
 Dido raised him to the rank of an able 
 poet, liitle inferior to Racine. He became 
 a member of the French academy in 1760, 
 and he had the courage to pronounce, at 
 bis admission, a discourse in favour of 
 Christianity, by proving that the man of 
 religion and virtue is the only true philoso- 
 pher, an orarion which drew upon him the 
 ridicule and satire of the profligate philoso- 
 phers of the times ; of Voltaire, Helvetius, 
 and their infidel associates. This illiberal 
 treatment drove him from Paris to his es- 
 tate, where he spent the rest of his days in 
 the labour of true philosophy and active 
 religion, and died there, of an apoplexy, 
 1784, highly and deservedly respected. 
 His works, consisting of dramatic pieces 
 — moral discourses — sacred odes — an Imi- 
 tation of the Georgics — Voyage de Langue- 
 doc — Eulogium on the duke of Burgundy, 
 &c. were published in 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 PoMPiGNAN, John George le Franc de, 
 a learned French prelate, brother to the 
 preceding, born at Montauban, 22d Feb. 
 1715. He was, at the age of 29, made 
 bishop of Puy, and afterwards translated to 
 the see of Vienne. At the revolution he 
 ■was deputy from Dauphine to the constitu- 
 ent assembly, and became one of the mi- 
 nistry. The pope wrote to him, and called 
 upon him to exert his authority and influ- 
 ence to prevent all the mc'litated innova- 
 tions in the church. He died at Paris, 
 29th December, 1790. He was author of 
 sixteen different works, the best known of 
 which are Critical Essay on the Present 
 State of the Republic of Letters on the 
 Secular Authority in Matters of Religion 
 • — Religion avenged on Incredulity by In- 
 credulity itself — Skepticism convicted by 
 the Prophecies — Letters from a Bishop, 2 
 vols. — Pastoral Letters — Defence of the 
 Clc-rgy of France in Religion, &c. 
 
 PoMPONATiU'^, Peter, an Italian philoso- 
 pher, born at Mantua, 1462. He was of a 
 dwarfish stature, but possessed great ge- 
 nius, and taught philosophy with uncom- 
 mon success at Padua and Bologi>a. His 
 book "De Immortalitate AnimEe," in 1.")16, 
 occa«ioned a violent controversy, but while 
 he maintained the immortality of the soul 
 ^s a matter of faith, and not by the support 
 ^ philosophical reasoning, he was, though 
 
 patronised by Bembo, universally brandeii 
 with the name of an atheist. His work, 
 therefore, was condemn' d and publicly 
 burnt. His philosophical works were 
 printed at Venice, folio, 1525. He was 
 three times married, and had only one 
 daughter. He died 1525. 
 
 PoMPONius Ljstus, Julius, an eminent 
 scholar, whose real name was Julio Sanse- 
 verino, born at Amendolara, in Calabria, 
 1425. He was well acquainted with Latin, 
 though totally ignorant of Greek, but ra- 
 ther inclined to heathenism, since he is 
 said to have dedicated altars to Romulus, 
 and to have refused to read the Bible, for 
 fear of acquiring a bad and corrupted taste- 
 He was accused of conspiring against pope 
 Paul II. and in consequence fled to Venice, 
 but returned to Rome after that pontifTs 
 death. It is said that before his death he 
 became a sincere and penitent Christian. 
 He died 1495. He wrote Abridgment of 
 the Lives of the Caesars, fol. — de Romanae 
 Urhis Vetustate, 4to. — De Mahumedis Ex- 
 ortu, fol. — De Sacerdotiis, Legibus, &c. 
 4to. — De Arte Grammatica — Vita Statii et 
 Patris ejus — Editions of Sallust, Pliny, and 
 Cicero — Commentaries on Virgil, Quinti- 
 lian. Columella, though some consider 
 these, from their Greek quotations, with 
 which he was unacquainted, as the work 
 of some other person. 
 
 PoNA, John Baptist, author of Diatribe 
 de Rebus Philosophicis, Venice, 1590 — La- 
 tin poems— II Tirreno, a pastoral, &c. was 
 a native of Verona, who died there very 
 young, 1588. His brother John was an 
 eminent botanist at Verona, and wrote 
 Plantae quae in Baldo Monte reperiantur, 
 4to. re-printed in De I'Ecluse's Historia 
 Rariorum Stirpium — Del \ ero Balsamo 
 degli Antichi, 4to. Venice, 1623. 
 
 PoNA, Francis, a physician of Verona, 
 who died there, 1652, aged 58. He is 
 author of Medicina Anmiae, 4to. — Lucerna 
 di Eureta Misoscola, 4to.— Saturnalia, 8vo. 
 — L'Ormondo, a ronr- ;ice, 4to. — Messalina, 
 a romanc. — Galeria delle Donne Celebri, 
 12mo, — L'Adamo, a poem — tragedies and 
 comedies — Delia Contraria Forza di dne 
 Belliocchi, 4to. 
 
 Pons, John Francis de, a French eccle- 
 siastic, of an illustrious family, born at 
 Marly. He studied at Paris, and obtained 
 a canonry at Chauraont, which he re^^igned 
 to settle at Paris, to indulge his literary 
 pursuits. He ably defended La Mothe 
 against Mad. Dacier. He was a learned 
 man, deformed in his person, but of the 
 best character. He died at Chaumont, 
 1732, aged 49. He was author of a Sys- 
 tem of Education — Four Dissertations on 
 Languages, &.c. printed together, 12mo. 
 1738. 
 
 PovT, Lewis du, a Jesuit of Valladolid,^ 
 whose meditations; written in Spanish- have 
 
roN 
 
 POO 
 
 been twice translated into French. lie died 
 1624, aged 70. 
 
 Pont de Vesle, Antony de Ferriol, 
 count de, a comic writer, who loved rttire- 
 ment, but was drawn into public life by his 
 XiuvU- cardinal de Tcncin. He was made 
 o-ovcrnor o( Font dc \ esle, and uitcndaiit 
 general ol marine, and died at Fans, 3d 
 Sept. 1774, aged 77. He was autlior ol 
 the Complaisant, a couiedy — the Coxcomb 
 Punished a comedy — Sleep Walker, a I'arce 
 — songs, and many other fugitive pie* es. 
 His uncle Ferrioi, ambassador at Constan- 
 tinople, published 100 engravi; gs in folio, 
 1715, explanatory of the dress and man- 
 ners ol the Eastern nations, &c. 
 
 PoNTANus, John Jovian, a learned Ita- 
 lian, born at Cerreto, 1426. He was pre- 
 ceptor, and afterwards secretary to Alphon- 
 so, king of Arragon, whom by his inliueiice 
 he reconciled to his father Ferdinand. 
 These services ought to have been reward- 
 ed, but Pontanus, finding himself neglected, 
 inveighed in his Dialogue on Ingratitude, 
 against the conduct of the prince, who 
 nobly disregarded the satirical attack. He 
 died 1503, aged 77. He wrote "the His- 
 tory of the wars of Ferdinand I. and Jolm 
 of \njou," 4 vols. Svo. Basil, 1556. His 
 other works, which are miscellaneous, and 
 contain some licentious and indelicate 
 poetry, appeared at Venice, 3 vols. 4to. 
 His epitaph on himself has been imitated 
 by Dr. Forster. 
 
 Po.NTANUs, or DupoNT, Peter, a gram- 
 marian of Bruges. Though he lost his 
 sight at the age of three, he acquired great 
 reputation as a teacher of belles lettres at 
 Paris. He died at the end of the 16th 
 century. He is author of a Treatise on 
 Rhetoric, and on the art of making verses. 
 
 Pontanus, James, a Jesuit of Brugg, 
 in Bohemia, who taught belles lettres in 
 Germany with great reputation, and died at 
 Augsburg, 1626, aged 84. He wrote In- 
 stitutiones Poetioae, Svo. — Commentaries 
 on Ovid's Tristia et Epist. de Ponto — on 
 Virgil — Translations from Greek authors, 
 and other works in prose and verse. 
 
 Pontanus, John Isaac, an author, born 
 in Denmark, ol Dutch parents. He be- 
 came historiographer to the king of Den- 
 mark, and died at Harderwyck, where he 
 had for some time tauglit medicine and 
 mathematics, 1640, aged 69. He was au- 
 thor of Historia Urbis et Renim Amstelo- 
 dam. fol. — Itinerariu Gallia; Narbonens. 
 l2mo. — Rerum Danicarum Historica cum 
 Chorographic;i Rcgni Urbiumque Descrip- 
 tione, fol. a valuable work — Disceptationes 
 Chorographica; de Rheni Divortiis et Os- 
 tiis, et Accollis Popul^s adversus P. Cluve- 
 rum, Svo. — Observationes in Tractatum de 
 Globis Coelesti et Terr. Svo. — Discussiones 
 Historicae, Svo. against Selden's Treatise 
 on the Sea — Historia Geldrica, fol. trans- 
 
 lated afterwards into Flemish— Originea 
 Francica-, 4to. a learned book— Historia 
 Llrica, lol.— ihe Life of Frederic II. of 
 Denmark, 6ic. 
 
 Pontas, John, a learned French eccle- 
 siastic, wlio died at Fari.,, 27tli April, 
 1728, aged 90. He was author of Scrip- 
 tura Sacra uliique sibi con.-stans — Dietio- 
 nare dcs cas de Conscience, three vols. fol. 
 and other spiritual v\orks. 
 
 Pontchasteau, Sebastian Joseph de Cam- 
 bout, baron de, a French author, nearly 
 related to Richelieu. He was born in 1634, 
 and alter travelling over Italy and Germa- 
 ny, he bid adieu to the world, and passed 
 several years of his life engaged as the gar- 
 dener of the Port Royal congregation. He 
 afterwards retired to Rome, and then to 
 Orval, and died at Paris, 27th June, 1699, 
 aged 57. His acts of charity and devo- 
 tion were very numerous and singular. 
 He was author of Treatises on the Cul- 
 tivation of Fruit-trees, 12mo. — on the 
 Moral Practice of the Jesuits — Letter to 
 Perefjxe, &c. 
 
 Pontedera, Julian, a native of Pisa, 
 professor of botany at Padua, and superin- 
 tendent of the botanic garden there. He 
 was member of the learned societies of 
 Paris, and died 1757, aged 69, universally- 
 respected (or his extensive knowledge of 
 botany. He wrote Compendium Tabu- 
 larum Botanicaium in quo Plantae 272, 
 in Italia nuper detectae, recensentur, Pa- 
 tavii, 1718, 4to.— de Florum Natural, 4to. 
 — Antiquitat. Latin. Graec. Enarrationes, 
 
 &.C. 
 
 PoNTHiEU, Adelaide, a French lady, 
 whose adventures during tiie crusades un- 
 der St. Louis, have furnished a subject to 
 \ ignancourt for a romance, and to La 
 Place for a tragedy, and to St. Marc for an 
 opera. 
 
 PoNTOPPiDAN, Eric, bishop of Bergen, 
 in Norway, was author of a valuable His- 
 tory of the Reformation in Denmark, fol. 
 and another of Norway, translated into 
 English. He died about 1750. His uncle 
 ol the same name was a native of 'he 
 island of Funen, and became bishop of 
 Drontheim, where he died 1678, aged 62. 
 He wrote a Danish grammar, much esteem- 
 ed, and other learned works. 
 
 Pontormo, James, a painter, who was 
 born at Florence, and died there, 1556. 
 aged 63. His early pi( ces di-played ge- 
 nius, and were ailmired bv Raphael and 
 Michael Angelo ; but he afterwards aban- 
 doned the vigour and chaste style of his 
 genius by imitating the cold taste of the 
 German school. His last pieces are not so 
 highly valued as the first. 
 
 Pool, Rachel Van, a native of Amster- 
 dam, eminent as a painter of flowers, fruits, 
 &c. She died 1750, aged 86. Her hus- 
 band, Jurjan Pool, was also an eminent 
 
 495 
 
POP 
 
 PO? 
 
 ariidt in portrEuts, who died five years be- 
 fore her, aged 79. 
 
 Poole, Matthew, an eminent nonconfor- 
 mist, born at York, 1624. He was educa- 
 ted at Emanuel college, Cambridge, wtiere 
 he took his master's degree, and when or- 
 dained according to ihe t»;ncts of the pres- 
 b>terians, he was made minister of St. 
 Michael le Q,uern, in Loudon, from which 
 he was ejected in 1662 for nonconformity. 
 Among his other works he wrote with 
 great zeal against the papists, and accord- 
 ing to Titus Oates's deposition in 1679, he 
 was on the list of those who were to be cut 
 off. In consequence of this meditated vio- 
 lence he retired to Holland, and died at 
 Amsterdam, Oct. 1679. He possessed 
 great learning, and was indefatigable in his 
 studious pursuits. Besides English Anno- 
 tations on the Bible, completed after his 
 death, in 2 vols, folio, and other things, 
 he compiled that useful work, " Synopsis 
 Criticorum Biblicorum," or Elucidations 
 of Scripture by various hands, 5 vols. fol. 
 1669. 
 
 Pope, sir Thomas, a native of Dedding- 
 ton, Oxfordshire, educated at Eton, after 
 which he studied the law. In 1536 he was 
 appointed treasurer of the court of aug- 
 mentations, and afterwards visiter of reli- 
 gious houses, and in 1540 he was knighted, 
 and made master of the jewel office in the 
 Tower. He has rendered himself cele- 
 brated as the munificent founder of Trinity 
 college, Oxford, in 1554. He died in Lon- 
 don four years after, aged 46, and his re- 
 mains with those of his wife were interred 
 in the chapel of his college. He was a 
 man of high respectability, and the friend 
 of the learned and the great. He was or- 
 dered by Henry VIII. to communicate to 
 his friend sir Thomas More the mournful 
 intelligence of his approaching execution. 
 
 Pope, Alexander, an illustrious English 
 poet, born Sth June, 168S, in the Strand, 
 where his father was a hatter. He learned 
 writing by imitating printed books, and at 
 eight years of age he was placed under the 
 care of a priest named Taverner, under 
 whom he learned the rudiments of Latin 
 and Greek. He next was sent to a popish 
 school near Winchester, and then removed 
 to a seminary near Hyde-park corner. At 
 the age of 12 he went to live with his pa- 
 rents at Binfield, in Windsor forest, and 
 first discovered his taste for poetry by read- 
 ing Ogilby's Virgil and Sandys's Ovid ; but 
 the writings of Spenser, Waller, and Dry- 
 den, now became his favourite employ- 
 ment. He early began to try his strength 
 in poetry, and it is said that at the age of 
 10 he converted some of the stories of Ho- 
 mer into a play, which his school-fellows 
 acted with the assistance of his master's 
 sardener, who undertook the part of Ajax. 
 Kis first regular composition was his Ode 
 19fi 
 
 Dn Solitude ; but his pastorals, begun iu 
 1704, introduced him soon as a promising 
 bard to the wits of the age, especially Wy- 
 cherley and Walsh, who applauded the la- 
 bours of the youth, and strongly recom- 
 mended to him to study correctness. In 
 1 704 he also wrote his first part of Windsor 
 Forest, which was not completed till six 
 years after, and inscribed to lord Lans- 
 down. The Essay on Criticism appeared 
 in 1708, and in this most incomparable 
 performance, though not yet 20 years old, 
 he evinced all the taste, the genius, and 
 judgment of the most mature reflection, 
 and the most consummate knowledge of 
 human nature. The fame of the essay was 
 soon surpassed by the Rape of the Lock, 
 which was published in 1712. The poet 
 chose for his subject the sportive conduct 
 of lord Petre in cutting off a lock of Mrs. 
 Fermor's hair ; and he had the happinesS; 
 by the elegant and delicate effusions of his 
 muse, and the creative powers of his ima- 
 gination, to effect a reconciliation between 
 the offended parties. The Temple of Fame 
 next engaged the public attention, and in 
 1713 he published Proposals for a transla- 
 tion of Homer's Iliad by subscription. This 
 was generously supported by the public, 
 and the poet received from his subscribers 
 6000^ besides 1200/. which the bookseller 
 Lintot gave him for the copy. Thus raised 
 to independence by the efforts of his genius, 
 Pope purchased a house at Twickenham, 
 where he removed with his father and mo- 
 ther, 1715. In 1717 he published a collec- 
 tion of his poems , but in his edition of 
 Shakspeare, which appeared in 1721, he 
 proved to the world that he had consulted his 
 private emolument more than his fame. The 
 success with which the Iliad had been receiv- 
 ed, encouraged him to attempt the Odyssey 
 with the assistance of Broome and Fenton, 
 whose labours he rewarded with 500/. and 
 he received the same honourable subscrip- 
 tion as before, but only 600/. from the 
 bookseller. In 1725, he joined Swift and 
 Arbuthnot in writing some miscellanies, 
 and in 1727 he published his Dunciad, with 
 notes by Swift, under the name of Scrible- 
 rus. This singular poem owed its origin 
 to the severe and illiberal remarks to which 
 the poet had been exposed from the infe- 
 rior scribblers of the day, and after long ex- 
 hibiting patience, he revenged the attack by 
 the keenest of satires. As a composition, 
 the Dunciad is a work of great merit ; and 
 Gibber himself, the hero of the piece, bears 
 the most manly testimony to the talents of 
 his persecutor, by declaring that nothing 
 was ever more perfect and finished in its 
 kind than this poem. The principles, how- 
 ever, of the poet must be condemned ; if it 
 was justice to retort abuse on those who 
 had offended him, it was the most illiberal 
 and profligate conduct to haag up ta im- 
 
^■ 
 
 pUf 
 
 woital ignominy the characters of mcu of 
 genius, talents, and rcspcctabihty, who in- 
 stead of censuring him had been loud in hia 
 praise. Lord Bolingbroke in 1721) entreat- 
 ed him to turn his thoughts to moral sub- 
 jects, and this produced his Essay on Man,' 
 a work of acknowledged merit, containing 
 a system of ethics in the Horatian way. In 
 his ethic epistles, it is supposed that he re- 
 flected, in the character of Timon, on the 
 duke of Chaiidos ; and this propensity was 
 unfortunately indulged in bis satires, 
 which he continued till 1739, and in which 
 he censures in the severest language, per- 
 sons of the highest rank and birth. A col- 
 lection of his letters appeared in 1737, and 
 the following year a translation of his Es- 
 say on Man, was published in France by 
 Resnel, and at the same time a severe ani- 
 madversion on it by Cronsaz, a German 
 professor, who declared it nothing but a 
 system of materialism. This publication 
 was answered by Warburton, and appeared 
 as a commentary on the republication of the 
 poem in 1740. In 1742 the poet gave to the 
 world a fourth book of his Dunciad, and 
 prepared a more perfect and comprehen- 
 sive edition of his works ; but death stop- 
 ped bis hand. His constitutional attack 
 of the headach was now increased by a 
 dropsy in the breast, which baffled all re- 
 lief, and he expired 30th May, 1744, aged 
 56. He made, by his will, Miss Blount 
 heiress to his property during her life, and 
 he bequeathed the property of all his works 
 to his friend Warburton, who accordingly 
 in' 1751, published a complete edition of the 
 whole, in 9 vols. 8vo. A very interesting 
 Essay on his writings and genius appeared 
 in 1756, and in 1782, by Dr. Warton, and 
 it was again reprinted with a new edition 
 of his works by the learned author in 1797. 
 Though a catholic in religion, it is generally 
 supposed that Pope was little more than a 
 deist, as his Essay on Man fully justifies ; 
 yet in the latter part of his life, he attended 
 the service of the English church. In his 
 person he was little and somewhat crook- 
 ed ; but the powers of the mind compen- 
 sated for all the defects of the body. He 
 was capricious in his friendships ; and 
 though he was courted by men of rank and 
 fashion,by lords Harcourt, Bolingbroke,and 
 others distinguished for opulence, as well as 
 celebrity and wit, yet he never forgot the 
 homage which should be paid to the man of 
 poetical eminence, and of acknowledged 
 literary fame. His manners, as lord Or- 
 rery has observed, were delicate, easy, and 
 engaging; he treated his friends with a 
 politeness that charmed, and a generosity 
 that was much to his honour. Every 
 guest was made happy within his doors ; 
 pleasure dwelt under his roof, and elegance 
 presided at his table. 
 ,PoPHAM, Sir John, an eminent English 
 ' Vol. II. 63 
 
 I'OK 
 
 lawyer, born at llunlwortu, Somcrjctsliire, 
 1531. He was of Baliol college, Oxford, 
 and afterwards went to the Middle Tem- 
 ple, and rose to high honours in the law. 
 He was solicitor and attorney-general, and 
 in 1592 was made chief justice of the 
 King's Bench. He was considered as a 
 severe judge against robbers ; but his 
 strictness proved of service to the kingdom; 
 and reduced the number of depredators. 
 He died 1G07, aged 76, and was buried at 
 AVellington. He published Reports and 
 Cases in Elizabeth's Reign, folio — Resolu- 
 tions and Judgments, &c. 4to. 
 
 PoPHAM, Sir Home Riggs, a naval officer 
 and knight commander of the Bath, was 
 born in Ireland in 1762. He rose to the 
 rank of lieutenant in the American war, 
 and after the peace went to India, where 
 he commanded a country-ship and disco- 
 vered a passage for navigation at Pulo Pe- 
 nang. In 1794 he rendered such service 
 to the duke of York in Holland as to be ap- 
 pointed to the rank of master and comman- 
 der, and shortly after attained that of post 
 captain. He was next employed in the 
 Baltic, %vhere the emperor of Russia gave 
 him the cross of Malta. In 1800 he was 
 appointed to a command in the East In- 
 dies, and in 1803 he entered the Red Sea, 
 where he settled advantageous terms of 
 eommexTc for the English merchants. On 
 his return home, however, his conduct was 
 rigorously examined, and the most unfa- 
 vourable report of it was made to the 
 house of commons ; from which he was ef- 
 fectually cleared on farther inquiry. He 
 was afterwards engaged in the expedition 
 againstBuenosAyres; but though successful, 
 he was brought to a court-martial, and cen- 
 sured for it when the administration by 
 whose orders he acted could no longer pro- 
 tect him. After the last peace he obtained 
 the appointment of commander-in-chief on 
 the Jamaica station, from whence he had 
 but just returned, when death closed ^i-* 
 services at Cheltenham, Sept. 13th, 1620. 
 Sir Home published — " A Statement of 
 the Treatment experienced by him since 
 his return from the Red Sea," and "A 
 Description of Priiice of Wales's Island." 
 —W. B. 
 
 PoRDAGE, Joan, an English enthusiast, 
 during the civil wars. He was for some 
 time vicar of St. Laurence's, Reading, but 
 deprived by the Berkshire commissioners 
 on an accusation of magic. He afterwards 
 practised medicine, and acquired celebrity 
 as an astrologer, well versed in the abstruse 
 science of alchymy. He was author of 
 Manifest Innocence, in answer to Fowler's 
 Dsemonium Meridianum, and of some 
 other mystical treatises of little merit. He 
 died about 1670. 
 
 PoRDENONE, John Anthouy Licinio, ai 
 painter, born in the village of Pordenone, 
 
 497 
 
 y 
 
POR 
 
 POR 
 
 near t'dino, 1484. lie studied attentively 
 the works of Giorgone, and by Lis abilities 
 firserved to be called the rival of the great 
 Titian. He was for some time at Genoa, 
 under the patronage of Doria, and then 
 ■went to Venice, and to Fcrrara, where he 
 died 1540, it is said by the efi'ects of poi- 
 son, administered by some painters jealous 
 of bis fame. He was knighted for his ser- 
 vices by Charles V. His nephew, called 
 the younger Pordenone, born at Venice, 
 studied under him, and became also emi- 
 nent. He died at Augsburg, 1570. 
 
 PoREE, Charles, a French Jesuit, born 
 iicar Caen in Normandy, ICun. He acqui- 
 red reputation as professor of belles let- 
 frcs, rhetoric, and theology at Caen, and 
 afterwards in the college of Louis the 
 (Jreat at Paris. He died 1741, at Paris. 
 He wrote comedies and tragedies in Latin 
 — Orations, 3 vols. — poems, &c. — His bro- 
 t!)cr, Charles Gabriel, was of the society of 
 the oratory, and canon of Bayeux cathe- 
 dral, and died at his cure of Louvigny, 
 }icar Caen, 1770, aged 85. He was author 
 of la Mandariuade, or Histoire du Manda- 
 rinat do I'Abbe de St. Martin, 3 vols. 
 l*2mo. — Letters on burying in Churches, 
 &c. 
 
 PoRPiiTRT, a Platonic philosopher of 
 Tyre, who wrote a violent book against 
 the Scriptures, which was publicly burnt by 
 order of Theodosius the Great. He wrote 
 besides various treatises, and died at the 
 end of Dioclesian's reign. — There was a 
 j'oet of that name in the reign of Constan- 
 tine. 
 
 PoRSENNA, king of Etruria, supported 
 the cause of the exiled Tarquin against the 
 Romans, and laid siege to Rome. His 
 measures proved unsuccessful against the 
 ■\alour of Rome. 
 
 Porta, Joseph, a native of Castel-Nuo- 
 vo, known as a painter. He took the 
 name of his master Salviati, and acquired 
 celebrity by his pieces in oil and in fres- 
 co. He wrote also some mathematical 
 treatises, which, it is said, he afterwards 
 destroyed. He died at Venice 1585, aged 
 60. 
 
 Porta, John Baptist, a Neapolitan, emi- 
 nent for his learning, and his knowledge of 
 mathematics, medicine, and natural histo- 
 ry. As he admitted a society of learned 
 friends into his house, he was accused of 
 magical incantations, and exposed to the 
 censures of the court of Rome. He died 
 1515, aged 70. He invented the Camera 
 Obscura, improved afterwards by Graves- 
 ande, and formed the plan of an Encyclo- 
 pedia. He wrote a Latin treatise on Na- 
 tviral Majgic, 8vo.— another on Physiogno- 
 my, mixed with Astrology, &c.— de 
 Occultis Literarum Notis— Physiognomica, 
 ^eu Methodus cosniosccndi ex Inspectione 
 49S 
 
 vires Abilas cujusque Rei, folio — de Distil- 
 lationibus, 4to. &c. 
 
 Porta, Simon, or Portius, a Neapoli- 
 tan, the disciple of Pomponatius. He dis- 
 tinguished himself by his learning, and 
 became professor of philosophy at Pisa, and 
 then retired to Naples, where be died, 
 1554, aged 57. He is author of treatises 
 de Mente Humana — de Voluptate et Do- 
 lore — de Coloribus Oculorum, 4to. — de 
 Rerura Naturalium Principiis Libri Duo — 
 Opus Physiologicum, 4to. — de Conflagra- 
 tione Agri Puteolani, 4to. 
 
 Porte, .foseph de la, a native of Be- 
 fort, who died at Paris, Dec. 1779, aged 61. 
 He was for some time among the Jesuits, 
 but quitted their society for a literary resi- 
 dence at Paris. jHe published the Anti- 
 quary, a comedy of no great merit, and af- 
 terwards was engaged in a periodical work, 
 called Observations on Modern Literature, 
 which ended in the ninth volume. After- 
 wards he assisted Freron in the 40 first 
 volumes of the Literary Year, and he pub- 
 lished separately the Literary Observer. 
 He next was engaged in the publication of 
 the School of Literature, 2 vols. 12mo. — 
 Dramatic Anecdotes, 3 vols. 8vo. — Literary 
 History of French Ladies, 5 vols. 8ro. — 
 the French Traveller, twenty-four vols. 
 12mo. — Pensees de Massillon, &c. 
 
 Porte, Peter de la, a domestic in the 
 service of Ann of Austria, and of Lewis 
 XIV. He was concerned in the intrigues 
 of the French court, and fell under the dis- 
 pleasure of cardinal Mazarin, who sent 
 him to the Bastille. He died at Paris, 
 13th Sept. 1680, aged 77. His memoirs 
 were published at Geneva, 1756, in 12mo. 
 
 Porter, Francis, a native of Meath in 
 Ireland, who was educated in France, and 
 was admitted into the order of the Recol- 
 lects, and was afterwards divinity professor 
 in the convent of Isidorus at Rome, where 
 James II. gave him the title of his histo- 
 riographer. He published Seeuris Evange- 
 lica ad Hagresis Radicis posita — Palinodia 
 Religionis praetense Reformatae — Compen- 
 dium Annalium Ecclesiastieorum regni Hi- 
 bernian, 4to.— Systema Decretorum Dog- 
 matic, ab initio naseentis Eecles. per 
 summ. Pontifie. Coneil. Generalia et Par- 
 ticul. hue usque editorum 1698. He died 
 at Rome 7th April, 1702. 
 
 PoRTES, Philip des, a French poet, 
 born at Chartres 1546. He greatly im- 
 proved the French language, and was libe- 
 rally rewarded for his poetical works. 
 Henry Ill.bestowed on him 10,000 crowns, 
 Charles IX. gave him 800 crowns of gold 
 for a poem, and admiral de Joyeuse con- 
 ferred on him an abbey for a sonnet. 
 Though in high favour with the court, and 
 promoted to various benefices, he yet re- 
 fused a bishopric. He was an eminent 
 
FO.S 
 
 i»oT 
 
 fticnd to learned mon. He obtained latterly 
 the friendship of Henry IV. and died 1G0«]. 
 He wrote a translation of the Psalms — Imi- 
 tations of Ariosto — Christian poems — tlic 
 Amours of Hippolytua and Diana — Sonnets 
 — Elegies, &.c. 
 
 PoRTUS, Francis, a native of Candia, 
 educated at the court of Hercules II. of 
 Ferrara, after whose death he retired to 
 Geneva. He taught at Ferrara, and after- 
 wards at Geneva the Greek language, and 
 at Geneva embraced the protcstant tenets. 
 He died 15S1, aged 70. He wrote Addi- 
 tions to Constantine's Greek Lexicon, folio 
 — Commentaries on Pindar, Thucydides, 
 Longrnus, Xenophon, and other Greek 
 authors. His son iEmilius was also an 
 able Grecian, and published Dictionarium 
 lonicum et Doricum, GroDco-Latinum, 2 
 vols. 8vo. — a translation of Suidas, and 
 other learned works. He was professor of 
 Greek at Lausanne and Heidelberg. 
 
 PoRUS, king of India, is celebrated in 
 history for the bold resistance which he op- 
 posed to the invasion of Alexander the 
 Great, and the noble answer he made when 
 asked how he wished to be treated. 
 
 PosiDippus, a Greek poet, B. C. 280. 
 His dramatic pieces have perished. 
 
 PosiDONius, an astronomer of Alexan- 
 dria, who called the circumference of the 
 earth 30,000 furlongs. — A stoic philoso- 
 pher of Rhodes, B.C. 30. 
 
 PossEviN, Antony, a Jesuit, born at 
 Mantua 1533. He distinguished himself 
 as a preacher, and was employed by pope 
 Gregory XIII. in embassies to Poland, Swe- 
 den, Germany, and other courts. He died 
 at Ferrara, 26th Feb. 1611, aged 78. He 
 wrote Bibliotheca Selecta de Katione Stu- 
 diorum, 2 vols, folio — a Latin Description 
 of Muscovy, folio — Miles Christianus — 
 Apparatus Acer, 2 vols, folio — Confutatio 
 Ministrorum Transilvaniae et Fr. Davidis 
 de Trinitate, &c. — He had a nephew of 
 his name, physician at Mantua, who wrote 
 Gonzagarum Mantuae et Montis Serrati 
 Ducum Historia, 1628, 4to. 
 
 Post, Francis, an eminent painter, born 
 at Haerlem, where he also died 1680. He 
 was in 1647 in the West Indies, and em- 
 ployed his pencil most successfully in deli- 
 neating the beauties and the scenery of that 
 quarter of the globe. 
 
 PosTEL, William, a French visionaiy, 
 bom at Doleric in Normandy, 1510. At the 
 age of eight he lost both his parents by the 
 plague, and had now to struggle with po- 
 verty, and a supercilious world. By perse- 
 vering assiduity, however, he not only 
 gained his livelihood, but improved his mind 
 by study, and going to Paris, he became 
 the assistant and the companion of some 
 students in the college of St. Barbe. His 
 merits_ at last became known to Fn<.nci5 !> 
 
 who si-nt him to the F,a«t to colled curious 
 MSS. At his return he was rewarded with 
 the place of professor roy;il of mathematics 
 and languages, with a good salary ; but his 
 strong attachment to the chancellor Poyet 
 proved fatal to his happiness ; and by th«-. 
 influence of the queen of Navarre, he was 
 deprived of his literary honours, and banish- 
 ed from France. Now a fugitive, he wan- 
 dered from Vienna to Rome, where he be- 
 came a Jesuit, and afterwards retired to 
 Venice, where he was imprisoned. When 
 liberated, he again came to Paris, and then 
 to Vienna, where he obtained a professor- 
 ship ; but afterwards he made his peace 
 with his French persecutors, and was re- 
 stored to his chair for a while, till another 
 fit of madness and eccentricity drove him 
 away to die a penitent fanatic in a monas- 
 tery, where he expired, 6th Sept. 1581, 
 aged 71. Though wild and extravagant in 
 his conduct, he was a man of deep erudi- 
 tion, and of extensive information, so that 
 his lectures were attended by the most nu- 
 merous and respectable audiences. His 
 opinions were at times as extravagant as 
 his conduct. It was not only at Rome that 
 he exposed himself to persecution, for as- 
 serting that general councils were superior 
 to the pope, but at Venice he formed a ri- 
 diculous attachment to Joan, an old maid, 
 in whom he pretended that the redemption 
 of women, hitherto imperfect, was now ac- 
 complished. His works are 26 in number, 
 on curious and strange subjects, the best 
 known of which are, Clavis Absconditoruni 
 a Constitutione Mundi, 12mo. 1547 — His- 
 tory of the Gauls — Description of the 
 Holy Land — de Phoenicum Literis — de Ori- 
 ginibus Gentium — Alcorani et Evangelii 
 Concordia, 8vo. — de Linguae Hebraic. Ex- 
 cellentia — de Ultimo Judicio, &c. — de Tri- 
 bis Impostoribus, &c. attributed by some to 
 him. 
 
 PosTHUMUs, Mar. Cass. Latienus, a Ro- 
 man general made emperor after ^^alerian's 
 death, 261. His valour and virtues pro- 
 mised happiness to Rome, when he was 
 murdered with his son by his rebellious 
 soldiers, 267. 
 
 PosTLETHWATTE, Malachi, the learned 
 author of the English Commercial Dic- 
 tionary, 2 vols. fol. a work of great merit 
 and utility, was a London merchant, and 
 died 1767. 
 
 PoTAMON, a philosopher of Alexandria in 
 the age of Augustus, was chief of the Ec- 
 lectic sect. 
 
 PoTAMoy, an orator of Lesbos, whose 
 panegyric on Tiberius was much admired, 
 though too full of flattery. 
 
 PoTE, Joseph, an English bookseller and 
 printer, settled at Eton, where he died 
 1787, He publisbeti an interesting Hf*- 
 
 499 
 
PUT 
 
 PUT 
 
 {ory of Winusor castle, and of its antiqui- 
 ties, and of St. George's college and chapel, 
 4to. 
 
 PoTEMKiN, Gregory Alexander, a Russian 
 prince descended from a Polish family, and 
 born at Smolensko in 1736. He was an 
 ensign in the horse-guards when his person 
 first attracted the notice of Catherine, and 
 he rapidly rose to the envied situation of 
 favourite, and of war minister. He sug- 
 gested to his imperial mistress the necessity 
 of seizing upon the Crimea, and by his ad- 
 vice the foundations of Cherson were laid 
 in 1778 on the banks of the Nieper, and a 
 new city suddenly arose, important for its 
 maritime situation, and well protected by a 
 population of above 40,000 inhabitants. 
 In the enjoyment of the favours of the 
 empress, Potemkin sighed for new distinc- 
 tions, and to obtain the ribband of St. 
 Geoi^e, which was bestowed only on vic- 
 torious generals, he persuaded his mistress 
 io declare war against the Turks 1787, and 
 Le took the field in person at the head of 
 150,000 men. In the midst of the winter 
 Le laid siege to Oczakow, which he took by 
 assault, and delivered up to the plunder of 
 his licentious troops, who sacrificed to their 
 fury upwards of 25,000 men. Thus vic- 
 torious he was received by Catherine with 
 unusual pomp ; the most splendid presents 
 V ere lavished upon him, and he was better 
 enabled to indulge that fondness for luxury 
 and debauched intemperance which covered 
 his table with the choicest dainties, and the 
 rarest fruits at the most extravagant ex- 
 pense. He attended afterwards the con- 
 gress of Yassi, which was to cement a re- 
 conciliation between the Russians and the 
 Turks ; but his intemperance here brought 
 on indisposition, and as he wished to re- 
 move to the more salubrious air of Nico- 
 laeff his distemper grew so violent, that he 
 alighted from his carriage by the way, 
 und expired suddenly under a tree, 14th 
 Oct. 1791, aged 55. His remains were 
 ronveyed to Cherson, and buried by order 
 of the empress under a magnificent mau- 
 .*oleum. Potemkin in his character was 
 violent, haughty, and tyrannical ; not only 
 the courtiers of Catherine felt the over- 
 bearing power of this guilty favourite, but 
 tven foreign ambassadors were treated with 
 studied disdain and ceremonious superiori- 
 ty. His intemperance at table has been 
 ijientioned as so extraordinary, that it is 
 .«aid he generally devoured a whole goose, 
 or a ham for his breakfast, with a copious 
 draught of wine, and feasted the rest of the 
 day with equal voracity. It is reported 
 that not satisfied with the pompous title of 
 rhief of the Cossacks, he aspired to the 
 dignity of duke of Courland, and to the 
 throne of Poland, and in the midst of his 
 ♦Icvotion there were not tome wanting who 
 ."iOO 
 
 expected that at the head of the Russian 
 armies he. would declare himself indepen- 
 dent, or presume to dethrone his benefac- 
 tress. 
 
 PoTENGER, John, son of the master of 
 Winchester school, was born at Winches- 
 ter, July 21st, 1647. He was of Corpus 
 Christi college, Oxford, where he took his 
 batchelor's degree, and then entered at the 
 Temple, and was called to the bar. He 
 married the daughter of Sir John Ernie, 
 chancellor of the exchequer, and died 
 comptroller of the pipe oflfice. He died Dee. 
 18th, 1733, and was buried in the parish of 
 Highworth, Wilts. He wrote a Pastoral 
 Reflection on Death, a poem — the Life of 
 Agricola, from Tacitus — poems, epistles, 
 discourses, &c. 
 
 PoTER, Paul, a native of Enckuysen, in 
 Holland, eminent as a painter. His land- 
 scapes, farms, cattle, &c. are much admired, 
 and it is said that he was superior to all 
 other artists, in throwing, with effect, the 
 rays of the meridian sun upon the various 
 rural objects of his pieces. He died at 
 Amsterdam 1654, aged 29. 
 
 Pott, Percival, a very able surgeon, 
 born in Thread-needle-street, London, 
 Dec. 1713. Though he might have obtain- 
 ed preferment in the church, by means of 
 his patron, bishop Wilcox, he chose the 
 profession of a surgeon, and under the ju- 
 dicious directions of Mr. Nourse, soon dis- 
 tinguished himself. In 1745 he was elect- 
 ed surgeon of Bartholomew hospital, and 
 by sound judgment, attention, and expe- 
 rience, he was enabled to introduce a mild 
 and rational mode of practice in the treat- 
 ment of his patients. In 1764 he was 
 made fellow of the Royal Society, and the 
 next year he attracted the public attention 
 by his lectures, and then removed from 
 Watling-street to Lincoln's Inn, and in 
 1777, to Hanover square. After a long 
 life, devoted to the service of mankind, 
 universally respected and admired, he died 
 Dec. 1788, in consequence of a cold which 
 he caught in visiting a country patient. 
 This worthy man advanced the science of 
 surgery, not only by the result of lo.ig ex- 
 perience, but by the invention of several 
 surgical instruments, and by the publication 
 of some valuable treatises. The chief of 
 his works are, a Treatise on the Hernia — 
 on the Wounds of the Head — Observations 
 on the Fistula Lacrymalis — Remarks on 
 the Hydrocele — on the Cataract, &c. all of 
 which have been collected and published 
 1790, in 3 vols. 8vo. by his son-in-law Mr. 
 Earle. 
 
 Pott, John Henry, a learned German 
 chymist, author of a treatise De Sulphuri- 
 bus ]\Ietallorum, 173S, 4to. — Observationes 
 circa Sal, 1741, 2 vols. 4to. and other 
 works, in high reputation. 
 
I'UT 
 
 POU 
 
 Pott, John, succeeded West, in the ad- 
 ministration of the government of Virginia 
 in 1G28, and continued in otfice until the 
 arrival of Sir John Harvey, in 1029. Du- 
 ring this period the assembly was twite 
 convened, and many regulations adopted 
 for the defence of the colony. He was a 
 member of the council under the provi- 
 sional government constituted by the king, 
 in 1625, and is styled by Burk a doctor in 
 physic. fC?^ L. 
 
 Potter, Christopher, an English divine, 
 born in Westmoreland, 1591. He was 
 educated at Queen's college, Oxford, where 
 he took his degrees, and became fellow, 
 and also succeeded his uncle, Dr. Barnaby 
 Potter, 1626, as provost. He published a ser- 
 mon, preached at his uncle's consecration at 
 bishop of Carlisle, 1628, and he himself was 
 made dean of Worcester, 1635, aiid in 
 1640, vice-chancellor of Oxford. He sig- 
 nalized himself by his loyalty during the 
 civil wars, and sent his plate to the king, 
 saying that he wished rather to diink like 
 Diogenes in the palm of his hand, than 
 that his majesty should want. In Jan. 
 1646, he was nominated to the deanery of 
 Durham ; but he died in his college the 
 following March, and before he was install- 
 ed. He wa? a learned and exemplary cha- 
 racter. He wrote besides some tracts on 
 predestination against the Calvinists. 
 
 Potter, Paul, or Poter, a Dutch paint- 
 er. Vid. Poter. 
 
 Potter, John, primate of England, was 
 born at Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1674. He 
 was educated at University college, Oxford, 
 and at the age of 19, began to distinguish 
 himself as an able Grecian, and acute 
 critic, by his publication of Variantes Lec- 
 tiones ad Plutarchi Librum de audiendis, 
 &c. He was, in 1694, chosen fellow of 
 Lincoln college, where he became an emi- 
 nent and popular tutor. He was in 1704, 
 made chaplain to archbishop Tenison, and 
 went in consequence to reside at Lambeth. 
 In 1708 he was appointed canon of Christ 
 church, and regius divinity professor, and 
 in 1715, was raised to the see of Oxford. 
 In 1737 he succeeded Wake, at Canterbury, 
 and after supporting this high office with 
 becoming dignity, died 1747. In his ^^ri- 
 vate character, it i? said, that he was haugh- 
 ty, and to prove this, it is mentioned that 
 he disinherited his son for marrying below 
 his rank. He published Antiquities of 
 Greece, 2 vols. 8vo. which have passed 
 through several editions — an Edition of 
 Lycophron, folio, much valued — Discourse 
 on Church Government — Edition of Cle- 
 mens Alexandrinus, &c. His theological 
 works, charges, &c. were edited, 3 vols. 
 8vo. Oxford, 1753. 
 
 Potter, Francis, an English divine born 
 in W^iltshirc, and educated at Oxford. He 
 
 succeeded his father as minister of Kil- 
 mington 10.^7, and was admitted member 
 of the Royal Society in conseciucncc of his 
 presenting a curious hydraulic machine to 
 that learned body. He was equally emi- 
 nent as a painter ; but his Explication of 
 the Number GOG, in the Apocalypse, 4to. 
 Oxford, 1642, does not reflect much on his 
 sense or genius as a commentator. He 
 died blind, 1678. 
 
 Potter, Robert, a learned divine, was 
 born in Norfolk in 1721, and educated at 
 Emanuel-college, Cambridge, where he took 
 his bachelor's degree in 1741. His first 
 preferment was the vicarage of Seaming in 
 Norfolk, where he wrote several ingenious 
 poems in imitation of Pope, which were 
 published in one volume, octavo, in 1774. 
 In 1777 appeared his translation of ^s- 
 chylus, with notes, 4to. ; reprinted in 1779, 
 in 2 vols. 8vo. In 1781 came out the first 
 volume of his translation of Euripides, and 
 the second volume in the following year. 
 In 1788 he printed his Sophocles, for which 
 his old school-fellow, lord Thurlow, gave 
 him a prebend in the church of Norwich ; 
 and bishop Bagot presented him to the vi* 
 carages of Lowestoft and Kessingland. He 
 died at Lowestoft in 1804. Besides the 
 above works, Mr. Potter wrote *' Observa- 
 tions on the Poor Laws ;" an " Answer to 
 Dr. Johnson's Lives of the Poets ;" *' A 
 Translation of the Oracle concerning Baby- 
 lon," &c.—FF. B. 
 
 PoucHARD, Julian, a native of Lower 
 Normandy, who was engaged in the direc- 
 tion of the Journal des S<;avans, and was 
 also professor of Greek in the royal college 
 at Paris. He wrote a discourse on the 
 Antiquity of the Egyptians — another on 
 the Liberalities of the Romans, &c. and 
 died 1705, aged 49. 
 
 PouGET, Francis Ame, a French divine, 
 born at Montpellier, 1666. He was priest 
 of the oratory, doctor of the Sorbonne, re- 
 gent of an ecclesiasticnl school at Mont- 
 pellier, vicar of St. Roche, Paris, and died 
 at the convent of St. Magloire, 1723. He 
 was an able theologian, and is said to have 
 proved his powers by the penitence and 
 conversion of La Fontaine. He wrote a 
 " Catechism of Montpellier, or a Body of 
 Divinity," 5 vols. 12mo. afterwards traasla- 
 ted into Latin, in 2 vols. foK— Christian In- 
 structions on the Duties of the Knights of 
 Malta, 12mo. Sac. 
 
 Poulle, Lewis, preacher to the king, 
 and abbot of Nogent, dic*^ at Avignon, his 
 native place, Sth Nov. 1781, aged 79. Be- 
 sides eloquence, which he possessed in the 
 highest degree, he was also eminently 
 known as a poet, and he obtained the po- 
 etical prize at Toulouse, in 1732 and 1733. 
 His sermons were very popular, and it is 
 remarkable that he never committed them 
 
 501 
 
PUU 
 
 POW 
 
 to paper, but retained them in his memory, 
 and at last, after the lapse of forty years, 
 he was with difficulty prevailed upon by his 
 friends, to favour the public with discourses, 
 which had charmed and consoled the most 
 numerous audiences. They appeared in 
 2 vols. l2mo. 1778. 
 
 PouPART, Francis, a native of Mans, 
 who studied anatomy and philosophy at 
 Paris, and took his degree of M. D. at 
 Rheims. He wrote a Dissertation on the 
 Leech, in the Journal des S<:avans — a Me- 
 moir on Hermaphrodite Insects — History 
 of the Formica-Leo, and Formica-Pulex, 
 besides other valuable tracts, inserted in the 
 memoirs of the academy of sciences, of 
 which ho was a member. Though in nar- 
 row circumstances, he maintained his cha- 
 racter of gayety, good humour, and modes- 
 ty. He died Oct. 1709, aged 48. 
 
 PouRBUs, Peter and Francis, father and 
 son, two eminent Flemish painters. The 
 father was born at Gonde, and died at An- 
 twerp, 1 583. The son was born at Bruges, 
 and died at Paris, 1622. The landscapes 
 ^nd animals of the father were much ad- 
 mired ; but the son was superior in his por- 
 traits and historical pieces. 
 
 PouRCHOT, Edme, a native of Pouilly, 
 near Auxerre, who became professor of 
 philosophy in the college of the Grassins, 
 and then of that of Mazarin, at Paris. He 
 was a man of great information, and inti- 
 mate with Racine, Despreaux, Mabillon, 
 Montfaucon, and the other learned men of 
 his time. He wrote Institutiones Philoso- 
 phical, edited a fourth time in 4to. 1744, 
 and 5 vols. l2mo. and also other works, 
 and died at Paris, 22d June, 1734, aged 83. 
 
 PouRFouR, Francis, a physician, who 
 died at Paris, his native place, 1741, aged 
 77. He is author of three letters on a New 
 System of the Brain, 4to. ; Dissertation on 
 the New Method of Operating for the Cata- 
 ract, 19mo. ; on the Diseases of the Eyes, 
 4to. in three letters, &c. He was also a 
 most skilful herbalist, and after his death, 
 which happened at Paris, 18th June, 1741, 
 in his 77th year, there was found among 
 his papers a valuable MS. herbal, of 30 folio 
 vols, of which the plants had been carefully 
 prepared by himself. 
 
 PoussiN, Nicolas, an eminent French 
 painter, born at Andely, in Normandy, 
 1594. He studied at Paris, and in his 30th 
 year passed to Rome ; but scarce able to 
 maintain himself by his pencil, till his ge- 
 nius burst through the clouds of prejudice, 
 and established his character as a great and 
 sublime artist. He devoted much of his 
 time to the contemplation of the sculptured 
 heroes of ancient Rome, and her various 
 relics of antiquity ; and thence arose that 
 exactness in the manners and customs, the 
 times and places, ivhicU he every where 
 502 
 
 mingles with elegance of form, correctuesa 
 and variety of proportions, and interesting 
 air, and boldness of feature. His fame 
 was so great, that Lewis XIH. sent him 
 an invitation which he could not refuse j 
 but though he was flattered, and lodged in 
 the Thuilleries, he sighed for the classic 
 retreats of his favourite Rome, and at last 
 returned there, and died there of a paraly- 
 tic stroke, 1665. His chief works in 
 France were, the Lord's Supper ; the La- 
 bours of Hercules, for the Louvre, which 
 he did not complete, in consequence of the 
 satirical remarks made by Vouet and his 
 pupils, upon him. 
 
 PoussiN, Gaspar, a painter. His real 
 name was Dughet, but he assumed that of 
 Poussin, when that celebrated artist mar- 
 ried his sister. His landscapes are much 
 admired, and as he studied with unusual 
 attention the various views of nature, it is 
 to his highest credit that he has been ena- 
 bled to convey his observations into his 
 pieces. His land storms have particular 
 expression ; but his figures are said to want 
 dignity. He is mentioned by Mason, as 
 uniting in his pieces the style of his bro- 
 ther-in-law, and of Claude Lorraine. He 
 died 1675, though some place his death in 
 1663, at the age of about 63". 
 
 PowEL, David, a learned Welchman, 
 born in Denbighshire, 1552. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and on the foundation of 
 Jesus college there, he became D. D. in 
 1583. He was vicar of Ruabon, Denbigh- 
 shire, and had some other preferment in 
 the church of St. Asaph. He died 1590, 
 and was buried in his own church. He 
 published Caradoc's History of Cambria, 
 with annotations, 4to. 1584; Annotationes 
 in Itinerarium Cambriae per Sylv. Geral- 
 dum, 1585 ; Annotationes in Cambriae De- 
 script, per Gerald. ; De Britannied Histo- 
 ric recte Intelligendci ; Pont. Virunnii His- 
 toria Britannica. 
 
 Powell, William Samuel, an able divine, 
 born at Colchester, 27th Sept. 1717. He 
 was educated at St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow, 1740, 
 and master, 1765, after promoting its inter- 
 ests as an active tutor. He was also arch- 
 deacon of Colchester, and rector of Fresh- 
 water in the Isle of Wight, and died Jan. 
 19th, 1775. He published a well-known 
 sermon on subscribing to the 39 articles, 
 and other excellent discourses. 
 
 Powell, George, an actor, considered 
 for some time as the successful rival of Ret- 
 terton, till his irregularities and his propen- 
 sity to drinking ruined him in the public 
 opinion. CoUey Cibber compares him to 
 Wilks. He died 1714. He wrote Alphon- 
 so, a tragedy, and other dramatic pieces. 
 His great character was Alexander. 
 
 Powell, Foster, a famous pedestrian 
 
?uV 
 
 PKA 
 
 vvho frequently walked from Lomloa to 
 York in a short period of time, with great 
 rase. Though high wagers depended upon 
 his exertions, and though he betted much 
 npon himself, yet he died poor, in 1793, 
 ao-cd 59. He was then an under clerk in 
 an attorney's office. 
 
 Powhatan, father of Pocahontas, and 
 emperor of the Indians in Virginia when 
 the English made their first settlement in 
 1607, was the most powerful of the Indian 
 kings, swaying the sceptre over thirty na- 
 tions. He was remarkable for the vigour 
 of his body and the energy of his mind ; 
 also equally eminent for skill in intrigue, 
 courage in battle, equanimity in victory, 
 and fortitude in the hour of adversity. He 
 commanded the highest respect from his 
 subjects, and lived, for a savage, in great 
 dignity and splendour. He was always at- 
 tended by a guard of forty warriors, and 
 ■watched by a sentry at night. He was 
 hostile to the English, and came near ef- 
 fecting their destruction repeatedly ; but 
 on the marriage of his daughter to Rolfe, 
 he became friendly, and remained at peace. 
 He died soon after hearing of the death of 
 
 his daughter. 
 
 ?CP L. 
 
 PowNALL, Thomas, an English writer, 
 born in Lincolnshire. He went early to 
 America, and obtained the government of 
 New-Jeisey, and afterwards that of Massa- 
 chusetts, which he exchanged, in 1760, for 
 that of South Carolina. During the Ameri- 
 can war he returned to England, and was 
 made comptroller general of the expendi- 
 ture, &c. of the army in Germany, and was 
 also elected member of the commons in 
 three parliaments. He afterwards retired 
 from public business for the pursuit of lite- 
 rary labours, and died at Bath, much re- 
 spected, 1795, aged 73. He was a man of 
 great information, and well skilled in anti- 
 quities, and contributed much to the me- 
 moirs of the Antiquarian Society, of which 
 he was a member. He wrote Memoirs on 
 Drainage and Navigation ; Letter to Adam 
 Smith on his Wealth of Nations ; Treatise 
 on Antiquities ; Memorials to ithe Sove- 
 reigns of Europe ; Memorial to the Sove- 
 reigns of America ; the Right, Interest, &c. 
 of Government concerning East India Af- 
 fairs ; Topographical Description of Part 
 of North America ; Description of Anti- 
 quities in the Provincia Uomana of Gaul : 
 Intellectual Physics ; Essay on the Nature 
 of Being ; Treatise on Old Age, &c. 
 
 PoYET, William, a native of Angers, who 
 was patronised by Louisa the mother of 
 Francis I. and became at last chancellor of 
 France, 1538. He for a while maintained 
 Lis power by flattery, but the displeasure of 
 the queen of Navarre and of the dutchess 
 d'Etampes, the king's mistress, hastened 
 his disgrace, and he was in 1545, deprived 
 
 of all his honours by a decree of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and confined in the tower of 
 Bourgcs. He died 1548, aged 74. 
 
 PoYNiNGS, sir Edward, ;i gentleman of 
 Kent, who recommended hiniself to the fa- 
 vour of Henry VII. by whouj he was sent 
 to Ireland. In this new government he 
 displayed great courage, firmness, and wis- 
 dom ; the rebellions of lord Desmond and 
 Kildare were overpowered, a parliament 
 was called, and salutary laws were enacted. 
 In the next reign Poynings was made a privy 
 counsellor, and appointed governor of Tour- 
 nay, in Flanders. 
 
 Pozzo, Andrew, a native of Trent, emi- 
 nent as a painter and architect. Some of 
 his pictures adorned the church of St. Ig- 
 natius at Rome. He wrote 2 vols, on per- 
 spective, with little judgment. He died 
 1709, aged 67. 
 
 Pozzo, Modesta. Vid. Fonte Mode- 
 
 RATA. 
 
 Pradon, Nicolas, a French poet, who 
 affected to be the rival of Racine. Through 
 prejudice and party, his Hippolytus and 
 Phaedra, for a time balanced the merits and 
 the popularity of that great poet ; but his 
 presumption and ignorance have been se- 
 verelv censured by Boileau. He was born 
 at Rouen, and died at Paris, 1693. His 
 works were printed, 1744, in 2 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Pratt, Samuel Jackson, a miscellaneous 
 writer, was born at St. Ives, in Hunting- 
 donshire, in 1749. He went on the stage 
 early in life ; but failing in that line, he 
 became an itinerant lecturer, and next a 
 bookseller at Bath, where he published se- 
 veral poems, and novels under the name of 
 Courtney Melmoth. The principal of his 
 poems were, the tears of Genius on the 
 Death of Goldsmith ; a sentimental piece, 
 entitled Sympathy ; and Landscapes in 
 verse. His best novels were. Liberal Opi- 
 nions, 5 vols. ; Emma Corbctt, 3 vols. ; 
 the Pupil of Pleasure, 2 vols. ; and Family 
 Secrets, 5 vols. ; Besides these works, he 
 published Gleanings, or Travels Abroad 
 and in England, 3 vols. 8vo. He also wrote 
 the fair Circassian, a tragedy, and some 
 other works. He died at Birmingham in 
 1S14.— fr. B. 
 
 Pratt, Charles, carl of Camden, third 
 son of sir John Pratt, chief justice of the 
 king's bench, was born 1713. From Eton 
 and from King's college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his master's degree, he entered at 
 the Inner Temple, and studied assiduously 
 the law. His merits, however, remained 
 buried in obscurity, till called forth by the 
 protection of Henley and of Mr. Pitt ; and 
 when the former was made chancellor, in 
 1757, be obtained the ofticc of attorney ge- 
 neral for his friend. In 1762, he was raised 
 to the dignity of chief justice of the com- 
 mon pleas, and it was in this office that l»e 
 
 r.03 
 
?RA 
 
 PRE 
 
 gained such deserved popularity, when after 
 a patient hearing of arguments on both 
 sides, he pronounced the detention of Mr. 
 Wilkes illegal, against the opinion and the 
 wishes of government. This Impartial con- 
 duct procured for him the thanks and the 
 freedom of the city of London in a gold 
 box : his picture was placed in Guildhall 
 as an honourable testimonj of his virtues, 
 and various ciiics in the kingdom re-echoed 
 the sentiments of th-^ capital. In 1765, he 
 was raised to tlu [iecrage, and in 1766, ad- 
 vanced to the seals , but iiis opinion on the 
 Middlesex elcrtion ".vas so opposite to the 
 views of the mml.tr} that he was stripped 
 of his honours, though he had the satisfac- 
 tion to see some of his colleagues proud 
 to share his disgrace. In the American 
 war he reprobated the violent measures 
 pursued by lord North, and in the case of 
 the libel laws he wished to give greater 
 power to the deliberation of jurymen. In 
 17S2, he was appointed president of the 
 council ; and though the next year he re- 
 signed for a little time, be continued in the 
 honourable office till his death. This vene- 
 rable character died 18th April, 1794. 
 
 Pratt, Benjamin, chief justice of New- 
 York, was a native of Massachusetts, born 
 about the year 1710, and educated at Har- 
 vard college, where he was graduated in 
 1737. He studied law, and entered on the 
 practice in Boston, where he soon became 
 one of the most conspicuous in learning 
 and eloquence. He possessed an under- 
 standing of great energy and clearness, a 
 splendid fancy, a philosophical accuracy of 
 thought, and great independence of feeling. 
 From erainence at the bar he soon rose to 
 political distinction, and was a bold and 
 ardent friend of freedom. He was much 
 esteemed by governor Pownall, and lost 
 bis popularity in Boston by proposing, for 
 the accommodation of that governor on his 
 leaving the province, that a public ship 
 should be allowed to convey him to Eng- 
 land. Soon after, however, by the influ- 
 ence of Pownall, be was appointed chief 
 justice of New- York, and gained the high- 
 est reputation in discharging the duties of 
 the office. He died on the 5th of January, 
 1763, in the fifty-fourth year of his age. 
 Judge Pratt wrote poetry of a very respect- 
 able character, and made an extensive col- 
 lection of materials for a history of New- 
 England, which his early death prevented 
 bis completing. ?C5^ L. 
 
 PuAXAGORAS, a Greek historian of 
 Athens, lie wrote a History of Athens — 
 of Constantine — and of Alexander, about 
 345 A. D. 
 
 Praxeas, author of a heresy in the se- 
 cond century, maintained that there is but 
 one person in the trinity, the same which 
 suffered on the cross. 
 504 
 
 Praxiteles, a Grecian sculptor, B. C. 
 364. His statues of Venus and Phyrne 
 were much admired. 
 
 Preble, Edward, captain in the navy of 
 the United States, was born at Falmouth, 
 now Portland, Maine, August ISth, 1761. 
 After having made several voyages as a 
 sailor, he, in 1779, entered the navy as mid- 
 shipmun, and not long alter became a lieu- 
 tenant in a sloop ol war, commanded by 
 captain Little, where he distinguished him- 
 self by capturing, with a small party, a Bri- 
 tish vessel at Penobscot. After the peace 
 of 1783, he was employed in merchant ves- 
 sels, till 1798, when he was appointed to 
 the command of the brig Pickering, and soon 
 after to that of the Essex, in which he made 
 a voyage as a convoy to Batavia. In 1803, 
 he was intnisted with the command of a 
 fleet sent to act against the Barbary states. 
 By his skilful and vigorous exertions he 
 soon procured a peace from the emperor of 
 Morocco, and repeatedly attacked Tripoli 
 with considerable success, injuring the bat- 
 teries, and destroying several vessels. He 
 was superseded in the command in Sep- 
 tember, 1804, and returned to the United 
 States, greatly applauded for his bravery 
 and success. His conduct commanded 
 high respect, also, in Europe. The pope 
 remarked that he did more toward hum- 
 bling these barbarians, than all the states 
 of Europe had ever done. His health be- 
 gan to decline in 1806, and on the 25th of 
 August, 1807, he died, in the forty-sixth 
 year of his age. iC3* L. 
 
 Premontval, Peter le Guay de, mem- 
 ber of the academy of sciences at Berlin, 
 was born at Charenton, 1716. He wrote 
 Monogamia, or a Tract on single Marriage. 
 3 vols. 8vo. — Preservative against the Cor- 
 ruption of French Language in Germany, 
 8vo. — the Mind of Fontenelle, 12mo. — 
 Thoughts on Liberty — Memoirs on the Ber- 
 lin Academy. He inclined to the doctrines 
 of Socinus and Epicurus, and of fortuitous 
 creation. He died at Berlin, 1767. 
 
 Preston, Thomas, fellow of King's Col- 
 lege, Cambridge, was doctor of civil law, 
 and master of Trinity hall in Elizabeth's 
 reign. WTien the queen visited the univer- 
 sity, 1564, he played with such success in 
 the Latin tragedy of Dido, that her majesty 
 settled a pension of 201. on him. He 
 wrote some dramatic pieces. 
 
 Preston, John, master of Emanuel col- 
 lege, Cambridge, was an able writer in fa- 
 vour of the Puritans. He died 162S. 
 
 Prestre le. Vid, Vauban. 
 
 Preti, Jerome, a native of Tuscany, 
 distinguished as a poet. He died at Barce- 
 lona 1626. His elegant poems were pub- 
 lished 1666, in 12mo. 
 
 Preville, Peter Lewis Dubus de, an 
 
J*R1 
 
 PKl 
 
 •^imiitiit French actor. He was intended by 
 his iuircnts lor the ccclcsiastic-al profession ; 
 but far some childish misconduct, he left 
 Iiis lathcr'd house, and after working for a 
 little time with some masons, lie joined 
 himself to a company of strolling players. 
 From Lyons, where he first gained popu- 
 larity, he came to Paris, and in his exhi- 
 bition before the royal lamily, he so much 
 pleased the iving, Lewis XV. that he was 
 made one of the comedians of the court. 
 He withdrew from the stage in 1785, but 
 again reappeared in 1792, in' support of 
 his profession, which bad suHered by the rc- 
 vo.ution. He afterwards retired to the 
 house of his daughter at Beauvais, where 
 he died blind in IbUO. As an actor he pos- 
 sessed great powers, he could adopt the 
 manners and expressions of every age and 
 profession, and after exciting the loudest 
 laughter, he has been known to rouse the 
 deepest compassion, and to draw tears from 
 his auditors. 
 
 pREVOT d'Exiles, Antony Francis, a 
 French writer, born at Hcsdin in the pro- 
 vince of Artois, lb97. He was educated 
 among the Jesuits, but relinquished their 
 society for the army, and afterwards re- 
 tired among the Benedictines of St. iMaur. 
 The love of pleasure and of the world, 
 however, pre\ ailed upon him again to vio- 
 late his vows, and tly from the monastery. 
 He went to Holland, where he formed a 
 connexion with a woman of some merit 
 ?ind beauty, and with her visited England 
 1733, and the following year returned to 
 France. Under t e patronage of Couti he 
 promised himself a peaceful old age ; but 
 a fatal accident terminated his days. On 
 the 23d Nov. 1763, he was found in an apo- 
 plectic fit in the forest of Chantilly, and a 
 surgeon, suppo (iig hicn dead, opened his 
 body. I'ue beginning of the operation 
 restored the fallen man to his senses, but 
 too late, as the vital parts had been lacera- 
 ted. He is known as the author of trans- 
 lations of Clarissa Harlowe, and of sir 
 Charles Grandison into French, besides 
 which he wrote Memoirs of a Man of 
 Quality, in 6 vols, a romance of some 
 merit — History of Cleveland, natural son 
 of Cromwell, 6 vols. —Pro and Con., a pe- 
 riodical journal, continued in 20 vols, in 
 which he censured with too much freedom 
 the works of his cotemporaries — the Dean 
 of Coleraine, a novel — a General History 
 of Voyages — History of Margaret of An- 
 jou, 2 vols. l2mo. and other works. 
 
 Priceus or Price, John, an English- 
 man who resided in Paris, but returned to 
 England in 1646, which he left in conse- 
 quence o( the civil wars. He afterwards 
 settled at Florence, where he became a 
 Roman Catholic, and was made keeper of 
 the medals to the grand duke, and Greek 
 professor. He diod at Romp, 1676, a^ed 76. 
 
 Vnr . n. (^1 
 
 He wrote notes on the Psalms — on Si, 
 Matthew — on the Acts — on Apnh ins, HlfiO, 
 &c. in which he evinced extensive erudi- 
 tion and great taf^te. 
 
 Price, Sir John, a gentleman oi' Breck- 
 nockshire, who was employed in surveying 
 the monasteries which were dcjumed to 
 dissolution at the reformation. He v/ha 
 well skilled in aiiti(|uities, and wrote a de- 
 fence of British History in answer to Poly- 
 dore Virgil, published by his son Ilichard, 
 1573. He died about 15o3. 
 
 Price, Richard, an eminent dissenting 
 minister and ai)le political writer, bora 
 about 1723 in Glamorganshire. He was 
 educated for the ministry among the dis- 
 senters, and began early to preach at New- 
 ington, Middlesex, and afterwards removed 
 to Hackney. In 1764, he was elected fel- 
 low of the Royal Society, and some years 
 after obtained the degree of D.D. from a 
 Scotch university. In 1772, he commenced 
 author by his appeal to the public on the 
 national debt, and in I776,during the party 
 disputes which attended the beginning of 
 the American war, he published his famous 
 observations on the nature of civil govern- 
 ment. This work, which did not pass 
 without censure from various writers, ac- 
 quired great popularity, and procured for 
 its author the thanks of the common coun- 
 cil of London that year. As preacher at 
 the m eting-house in the Old Jewry, he de- 
 livered a discourse in 1789, which was af- 
 terwards made public. In this sermon "on 
 the Love of Our Country," he enlarged on 
 the French revolution with party preju- 
 dices, and with democratic zeal, and as- 
 serted the right of the people to cashier 
 their governors for misconduct ; but what- 
 ever may be the opinions of politicians on 
 popular subjects, it must reflect disgrace on 
 the man who, assuming the character of 
 a Christian minister, rejoices at the misfor- 
 tunes of fallen greatness, and triumphs on 
 the ruins of a throne. These allusions to 
 the fate of the French monarch were read 
 and commented upon by Mr. Burke with 
 the noble indignation of offended virtue • 
 but the pamphlets which have appeared in 
 consequence of this controversy, though 
 numerous, deserve now little the notice of 
 the world, only so far as they recommend 
 the cultivation of benevolence and charity 
 among men, and loyal attachment to that 
 government which protects eciually the per- 
 son and the property of all its subjects. 
 Dr. Price died 19th March, 1791. As a 
 political writer he carried his ideas of 
 equality and liberty much farther than th.e 
 vices and pas:?ions of men will with safety 
 allow. As a calculator on political ques- 
 tions he was eminently distinguished. His 
 works are four dissertations on Providence 
 and Prayer, on the Evidences of a Future 
 Statp, «n the Imprtrtanrc ftf Christia-nitv-- 
 
PRI 
 
 vm 
 
 -a Revieu' of the Principal Questions and 
 Diliiculties in Morals, 8vo. — Observations 
 6n Reversional Payments, Annuities, &c. 
 2 vols. 8vo. — Discussion of the Doctrines 
 of Materialism and Necessity, in a Corres- 
 pondence AVith Dr. Priestley, 8vo. — Essay 
 on the Population of England and Wales, 
 8vo. — a volume of sermon - on various oc- 
 casional subjects. Mrs. Chapone has de- 
 scribed him, in her miscellanies, as a very 
 amiable man in private liie. 
 
 pRicHARD, Rees, a native of Llando- 
 very, in Caermarthenshire, educated at St. 
 .John's college, Oxford. He wrote some 
 poetical pieces, which are still read with 
 fond partiality by the Welch, and died 1644, 
 vicar of his native village, rector of Llame- 
 dy, chancellor ol St. David's, and preben- 
 dary of Brecon. 
 
 Pkideaux, John, an English prelate, 
 born at Stowford, Devonshire, 1578. His 
 
 when disap- 
 clerkship of 
 
 parents were very poor, and 
 
 the 
 
 pointed as candidate for 
 Ugborough church, near Harford, he tra- 
 velled on fool to Oxford, and from the mean 
 occupation of a helper in the kitchen of 
 Exeter college, he rose to be one of its 
 most respectable fellows, and in 1612, was 
 elected the rector of the society. In 1615 
 he was made regius professor of divinity, 
 and canon of Christ church, and afterwards 
 served the office of vice chancellor, and in 
 1641, was raised to the see of Worcester. 
 The troubles of the state exposed hirfi to 
 great persecution for his loyalty, so that he 
 died poor, of a fever, at the house of his 
 son-in-law. Dr. H. Sutton, atBredon.Wor 
 cestershire, 1650. He wrote various works 
 in Latin, besides orations, lectures, and 
 Fasciculus Controversiar. Theologicarum. 
 
 Prideaux, Humphrey, an eminent di- 
 vine, bo.n at Padstow, Cornwall, 3d Maj-, 
 1648. He was educated under Busby, at 
 Westminster, and entered at Christ church, 
 Oxford, 1668 ; and in 1676, when he took 
 Ijis master's degree, he published his Mar- 
 mora Oxonicnsia, &c. in fol. a work of some 
 merit, which explained more fully than Sel- 
 uen's account, the Arundelian marbles. 
 This publication recommended him to the 
 patronage of Finch, lord Nottingham, the 
 chancellor, who gave him the living of St. 
 Clement's in Oxford, and afterwards added 
 a prebend in the church of Norwich, in 
 1681. He refused, in 1691, the Hebrew 
 professorship at Oxford, of which he after- 
 wards repented ; but in 1702 he was pro- 
 moted to the deanery of Norwich. He 
 was unfortunately afflicted with the stone, 
 for which he was cut in 1712; but so un- 
 skilfully was the operation performed, that 
 he was afterwards obliged to void his urine 
 through the orifice by which the stone had 
 been extracted. This disagreeable acci- 
 dent disabled him from appearing in the 
 pulpit ; but his hours were devoted to the 
 or 6 
 
 public service, and he then wTote his con- 
 nexions of the Old and New Testament, 2 
 vols, folio, and 4 vols. 8vo. a work of great 
 merit and utilitv, which has been transla- 
 ted into various languages, and often edit- 
 ed. This worthy character, amiable in 
 private life, and respectable as an intelli- 
 gent and learned author, died 1st Nov. 
 1724. He wrote besides, the Right of 
 Tithe-i ; Directions for Church wardens ; 
 some pamphlets ; sermons, and a lite of 
 Mahomet, of which three editions were 
 sold in one year, as pait of a larger w urk on 
 the Saracen Empire, a design which he 
 abandoned. 
 
 Prie, N. de Bertolet, marchioness de, an 
 intriguing female, wtio on her return Irom 
 Turin, where her husband tue marquis de 
 Prie was ambassador from France, became 
 the favourite ol Bourbon the pi ime minister. 
 After dispensing for some time tue lavours 
 of the court in the mosi capricious manner, 
 she was exiled to a country seat by the car- 
 dinal de Fleury ; and the disgrace had 
 such eiiect upon her mind that she soon af- 
 ter died of a broken heart, 1727, aged 29. 
 Priestley, Joseph, an English puiioso- 
 pher and dissenting divine, born at Field- 
 head, Yorkshire, 1733. He was educated 
 at Daventry, under Dr. Ashworth, for the 
 ministry among the dissenters, and at the 
 proper age he took care of a congregation 
 at Needham market, Sutfolk, and after- 
 wards at Nantwich, Cheshire. He became 
 in 1761, professor of belles iettres in the 
 Warrington academy, and after seven 
 years residence there he removed to Leeds, 
 and two years after accepted the office of 
 librarian and philosophical companion to 
 the earl of Shelburne. In this retreat the 
 philosopher devoted himself laboriously to 
 metaphysical and theological studies, and 
 published various works, and when at last 
 he separated from his noble patron, he re- 
 tired with an annual pension of 150/. to 
 settle at Birmingham as pastor to a unita- 
 rian congregation, in 1780. While here 
 usefully employed in advancing the cause 
 of philosophy, and too often engaged in 
 theological disputes, he became the victim 
 of popular fury, and the conduct of some 
 of his neighbours in celebrating the anni- 
 versary of the French revolution in 1791, 
 Avith more intemperance than became Eng- 
 lishmen and loyal subjects, excited a 
 dreadful riot. Not only the meeting-houses 
 were destroyed on this melancholy occa- 
 sion, but among others Dr. Priestley's 
 house, library, manuscripts, and philosophi- 
 cal apparatus, were totally consumed, and 
 though he recovered a compensation by su- 
 ing the county, he quitted this scene of pre- 
 judice and unpopularity. After residing 
 some time at London and Hackney, where 
 he preached to the congregation over which 
 his friend Price once presided, he deter 
 
I'KI 
 
 j'hi 
 
 Jiuitied to quit his native country, und seek 
 a more peaceful retreat in America, where 
 some of liis family were already settled. 
 He left England in I7'J4, and (ixcd li is resi- 
 dence at Northumberland, in Ti nnsylvania, 
 where he died in 18U4. His writings were 
 very nunjerous, and he long attracted the 
 public nolice, not only b^ discoveries in 
 philosoph}, but by the boldness of his the- 
 ological opinions. Had be confined his 
 studies merely to philosophical pursuits, his 
 name would have descended to posterity 
 with greater lustre ; but he who attempts 
 innovations in government and religion for 
 singularity, and to excite popular preju- 
 dices, must be little entitled to the ap- 
 plauses of the world. His chief publica- 
 tions are, an Examination of Dr. Reid's 
 Work on the Human Mind, Dr. Beattie's 
 on Truth, and Dr. Osborne's on Common 
 Sense, 1755; Disquisition on Matter and 
 Spirit, in which he denied the souTs im- 
 materiality, 1777 ; Experiments and Ob- 
 servations on various kinds of Air, 2 vols. 
 8vo. and other learned and valuable com- 
 munications to the philosophical transac- 
 tions ; Letters to Bishop Newcome on the 
 Duration of Christ's Ministry ; History of 
 the Corruptions of Christianity, 2 vols. 
 8vo. a work of singular character, which 
 brought on a controversy with Dr. Horsley, 
 and also excited the animadversion of the 
 monthly reviewers and other writers ; His- 
 tory of Early Opinions concerning the per- 
 son of Christ, &c. He also published 
 charts of History and Biography ; History 
 of Electricity ; History and Present State 
 of Discoveries relating to Vision, Light, 
 and Colours ; Lectures on the Theory and 
 History of Language, and on the principles 
 of Oratory and Criticism, &.c. He at one 
 time adopted the doctrine of philosophical 
 necessity, in which Dr. Price ably opposed 
 him ; and in America he defended his So- 
 cinian principles with great warmth in a 
 controversy with Dr. Linn, of Philadelphia. 
 His discoveries and improvements in the 
 knowledge of chymistry were very great 
 and important ; but he lived to see the ge- 
 neral explosion of the doctrine of phlogis- 
 ton, which he had so zealously established, 
 and so pertinaciously defended. From his 
 extensive information as a philosopher, he 
 had correspondents in eveiy part of the 
 world, and was member not only of the 
 London Society, but of other learned 
 bodies in the two continents. 
 
 Prieur, Philip, a native of Normandy, 
 professor of belles lettres in Paris universi- 
 ty, and author of Dissertatio de Literis Ca- 
 nonicis, 8vo. &c. He also edited Cyprian, 
 Arnobius, Minutius Felix, &c. fol. and 
 died 1680, 
 
 Primaticcio, Francesco, a noble Bo- 
 lognese, known as a painter and architect. 
 He was patroiiis^d by Francis L kins of 
 
 i" runro, Hud as commirtHarj' gcncr.il oi the 
 lloyal buildings, he improved the taste of 
 the nation in the arts. Hr died at Paris, 
 much respected, ir)7(), aged HO. 
 
 PuiMEROSE, (iillvrt, a Scotch divine, 
 minister of the French church in London, 
 chaplain to James L and canon of Windsor. 
 He was made D.D. at Oxford by royal 
 nianilaiTius, and died 1642. He is the au- 
 thor of Jacob's Vow in opposition to the 
 vows of monks and friars, in French, 4 
 vols. 4to. — the Trumpet of Sion, in IS 
 sermons, and other theological works. His 
 son James was a physician, who for some 
 time practised at Paris, and afterwards set- 
 tled in Yorkshire. He wrote several trea- 
 tises de Mulicrum Morbis, 4to. — de Circu- 
 latione Sanguinis — Enchiridion Medico- 
 Practicum — Ars Pharmaceutica — de Vnlgi 
 Erroribus in MedicinA, 8vo. translated into 
 French by Ro>tagny, and into English by 
 Dr. Witlie, 1651, 8vo. — Acadcmia Mons- 
 peliensis Descripta, &.c. 
 
 Prince de Beaumont, Mad. !e, a 
 French lady, born at Rouen. She wa? 
 long engaged in education in England, and 
 b} her various popular pid)lications render- 
 ed instruction pleasing and delightful to 
 her youthful readers. Her pietes are Ic 
 Magasin des Enfans — des Adolescentes — 
 I'Education complete — and other works, 
 all of which are highly interesting:, and 
 promote the cause of morality and virtue. 
 She died 1780. 
 
 Prince, John, a native of Axminster, 
 Devon, educated at Brazen Nose, Oxford. 
 He became curate of Bideford, and after- 
 wards obtained St. Martin's, Exeter, the 
 vicarage of Totness, and then Berry Po- 
 meroy, where he died 1720. He is author 
 of the Worthies of Devon, fol. a work of 
 merit, now scarce — Humble Defence of 
 the Exeter bill, &c. — Letters to a Young 
 Divine — sermons and tracts, &c. 
 
 Prince, Thomas, governor of Plymouth 
 colony, New-England, was a native of 
 England, and came over to Plymouth in 
 1621. He was for many years an assist- 
 ant, and was chosen governor in 1634 and 
 1638, and again in 1657, from which time 
 he held the office till his death. He was 
 happily qualified for the station by great in- 
 tegrity and piety. He was zealously opposed 
 to those whom he deemed heretical, but did 
 much service to the colony by promoting the 
 employment of educated clergymen, in place 
 of lay preachers, whom many were desirous 
 of introducing into the churches, and also 
 by strenuously encouraging the establish- 
 ment of grammar-schools. He died in 1673, 
 in the 73d year of his age. jdP" L. 
 
 Prince, Thomas, minister of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, was a native of Middlebo- 
 rough, and was graduated at Harvard col- 
 lege in 1707. After studying theology he 
 visited Enscland, and preached at Comb^. 
 
 507 
 
l^KI 
 
 FRI 
 
 ivliere iie v.as invited to settle, but he pi<;- 
 ferred to return to America. Soon after 
 his arrival at Boston in 1718 he wa£ or- 
 dained pastor of the Old South church in 
 that town, and laboured there with great 
 popularity and usefulness* till his death in 
 1758. He possessed a fine mind, and had 
 enriched it with an extent of learning which 
 had been seldom equalled in New-England. 
 He published a valuable Chronological His- 
 tory of New-England, and made large col- 
 lections for a civil and religious history of 
 it in manuscripts and books, many of which 
 unhappily were destroyed during the war 
 of the revolution. iC3^ L. 
 
 pRiNGLE, Sir John, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born in Roxburghshire, 10th April, 
 1707. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, 
 and afterwards completed his education 
 under Boerhaave at Leyden, where he took 
 his medical degrees. He was in 1742 ap- 
 pointed physician to the army in Flanders, 
 and he attended the forces of the duke of 
 Cumberland to the battle of Culloden, after 
 •which he settled in London, and was made 
 physician to the queen in 1761 His prac- 
 tice was great, and his reputation such 
 that he was created a baronet in 1766, and 
 elected president of the Royal Society, from 
 1772 to 1778, and physician to the king. 
 This respectable rnan died in London, 18th 
 Jan. 1782. He is author of Observations 
 on the Diseases of the Army, 8vo. — Me- 
 moirs on Septic and Antiseptic Substances, 
 Svo. for which he received the gold medal 
 of the Royal Society — Observations on the 
 Treatment of Fevers in Hospitals and Pri- 
 sons — Anniversary Discourses before the 
 Royal Society. 
 
 pRioLO, Benjamin, author of a good La- 
 tin History of France, from the death of 
 Lewis Xni. 1643, to 1661, was born of a 
 noble family at \ enice, 1602. After stu- 
 dying at OrtluiZ, Monlauban, and at Ley- 
 den, under Heinsiusand \ ossius, he visited 
 Paris, and afterwards Padua, and at last 
 became the friend and the associate of the 
 duke de Rohan. After his patron's death, 
 1638, he retired to Geneva, and afternards 
 was engaged in various negotiations in fa- 
 vour of the French court. He died of an 
 apoplexy at Lyons, 1667, as he was going 
 on a secret embassy to Venice. The best 
 edition of his history is that of Leipsic, 
 1686, 8vo. 
 
 Prior, Matthew', an English poet of ce- 
 lebrity. He was born 21st July, 1664, in 
 London, where his father was a joiner. 
 After his father's death, his uncle, a vintner 
 near Charing-cross, took care of him, and 
 sent him to Westminster school, with the 
 intention of bringing him up to his business ; 
 t»ut while he pursued occasionally his stu- 
 dies he was fortunately called to settle a 
 dispute on a passage in Horace, by some 
 company in hi? uncle's housie, and lord 
 5n«? 
 
 Dorset was so pleased with his abilities and 
 ingenuity that he liberally patronised him. 
 He was therefore sent to St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, of which he soon became fel- 
 low ; and the application which he bestow- 
 ed to learning advanced him still more in 
 the good opinion of his patron and of his 
 friends. In 1686 he joined his friend Mr. 
 Montague, afterwards lord Halifax, in 
 ridiculing tlie Hind and Panth; r of Dryden, 
 in the story of the country and city mouse, 
 and at the revolution, when his poetical 
 merits became publicly known, he was in- 
 troduced by lord Dorset to king William, 
 a^id employed about the court. In 1690 
 he was secretary to the plenipotentiaries 
 at the Hague, and the king, sensible of his 
 merits, kept him about his pei'son, as gen- 
 tleman of his bedchamber. He was after- 
 wards secretary of the negotiations at Rys- 
 wick in 1697, and also principal secretary 
 of state in Ireland, and the next year he 
 went as secretary to the embassy in France. 
 In 1700 he was one of the lords commis- 
 sioners of trade and plantations, and ob- 
 taining a seat in parliament for East Grin- 
 stead, he voted for the impeachment of the 
 lords who had advised the partition treaty. 
 Though he celebrated the illustrious deeds 
 of the English at the battle of Blenheim, yet 
 he was an advocate for peace, and in 1711 
 he was sent by queen Anne to France as 
 ambassador plenipotentiary. He continued 
 in that character even after the accession 
 of George I. but he was accused by the 
 parliament, and committed to close custo- 
 dy ; yet, though exempted from the act of 
 grace passed in 1707, he was liberated from 
 confinement, and no charge laid against 
 him. He retired from public, life to his 
 seat, Down-hall, Essex, engaged solely in 
 literary pursuits. He was employed for 
 some time on a history of his own time, 
 but he was suddenly carried off by a fever, 
 Sept. 18, 1721, in his 58th year, at Wim- 
 ple, the seat of lord Oxford. He was 
 buried in Westminster abbey, and a monu- 
 ment, for which he laid apart 500/. was 
 erected over him, with an elegant inscrip- 
 tion by Freind, the master of Westminster 
 school. The History of his own Time ap- 
 peared after his own death ; but though 
 said to be published from his papers, was 
 evidently a spurious composition. The 
 poems of Prior are chiefly on light subjects, 
 but written with elegance, ease, and spirit. 
 His Solomon on the Vanity of the World, 
 was inscribed to his early patron, lord 
 Dorset. His works have appeared in va- 
 rious editions. He continued till his death 
 fellow of St. John's college, and when cen- 
 sured by his friends for keeping so small 
 an income, -when he was the favourite of 
 the court, he replied that what he had be- 
 sides was precarious, but tlrat his fellow- 
 ship would always be bread and cheese to 
 
?K0 
 
 I'KY 
 
 llim. When hliowii Avitli great pomp and 
 parade the apartments and curiosities of 
 Versailles, in which the viciories of Lewis 
 XI\ . were described, and asked wluther 
 kinii, William's victories were so reprcsiiit- 
 cd 111 his palaces, he nobly answered, " no, 
 the moiiuineiits of my master's actions are 
 to be seen every where but in his own 
 Louse." 
 
 Priscianus, a famous grammarian of 
 Cai»area, A.L). 525. 
 
 Priscillian, a Spaniard, who became 
 the chief of a sect in the fourth century. 
 He was beheaded 384. He favoured the 
 errors of the Gnostics and the Manichees. 
 
 Pritz, or Pritius, John George, a pro- 
 testant divine, born at Leipsic 1662. He 
 was professor of divinity at Gripswalde, 
 and died much beloved, as one of the mi- 
 nisters of Frankfort, 24th Aug. 1732. He 
 published an Introduction to the New Tes- 
 tament, 8vo. — de Immortaiitate Hominis — 
 an edition of Macarius's works — Milton's 
 Letters — an edition of the Greek Testa- 
 ment, &.C. 
 
 Probus, M. Aurel. Valer. a general, 
 made emperor of Rome at the death off a- 
 citus, 276. He was successful against the 
 Goths and other barbarians ; but at last was 
 murdered by his own soldiers, 282. He was 
 a prince of great worth, and deservedly be- 
 loved by his subjects. 
 
 Procaccini, Camillo, a painter of Bolog- 
 na. In his last supper, preserved in Genoa 
 cathedral, the figures are represented 
 larger than life, and with the most striking 
 effect. He died 1626, aged 80. His bro- 
 ther Julius, who also died in 1626, was an 
 artist of great genius and superior celebrity. 
 This family produced several men of emi- 
 nence in painting. 
 
 Proclus, a Platonic philosopher of Ly- 
 cia, who attacked the Christian religion 
 "ivith great acrimony. He died about 485. 
 
 Proclus, St. the disciple of Chrysostom, 
 and patriarch of Constantinople, died 447, 
 author of some theological works. 
 
 Procopics, a Cilician, the relation of 
 Julian. After the death of the next empe- 
 ror, Jovian, he retired among the barba- 
 rians, but afterwards returned to Constan- 
 tinople, during the absence of Valens, 
 and proclaimed himself emperor, 365. 
 He was defeated and beheaded the next 
 year. 
 
 Procopius, a Greek historian, patronised 
 by Belisarius and by Justinian. He was 
 author of a History of the Wars of the 
 Goths, Persians, and Gauls, &c. 
 
 Procopius, a Greek sophist of Gaza, 
 A.D. 560. Author of Commentaries on 
 the books of Kings, the Chronicles, Isaiah, 
 &c. 
 
 Prodicus, a sophist of Cos, about 396 
 B.C. He taught at Athens, where Socra- 
 tes, Euripides, &c. attended his lecturer. 
 
 Pronapides, a (j'nck poet, f^aid to 
 have been the ma>t»r of the gnat Homer, 
 and t^o have taugiithis countrymen to write 
 from the lelt to the right. 
 
 PhOPERTits, Sextus Aurelius, a Ro- 
 man poet of merit, eonti iiipoiary v\ith 
 Tibullus, U\id, and Micanas. He died 
 about ly B.C. 
 
 Prosper, St. a Christian writer «)f the 
 fifth century, the disciple o( Augustine. 
 Thou;;h dissipated in the beginning ol life, 
 he reformed his manners, and l>eeaiii< an 
 able advocate of the faith, and died about 
 463. 
 
 Protagoras, a Greek philosopher of 
 Abdera. He was banished from Athen.s for 
 supporting atheism. He died in Sicily about 
 4U0 B.C. 
 
 Protogenes, a painter of Rhodes, spa- 
 red and patronised by Demetrius at the 
 siege of the place about 300 B.C. 
 
 Provenzale, Marcello, an Italian, emi- 
 nent as a painter in moi-aic. His pieces 
 were much admired. He died 1639, 
 aged 64. 
 
 Prudentius, Aur. Clement, a native 
 of Saragossa, in Spain. He was distin- 
 guished as an advocate, a soldier, a ma- 
 gistrate, and a poet. His Latin poems 
 were edited by Elzevir, with Heinsius's 
 notes, 1667. 
 
 Prusias, a king of Bithynia, at whose 
 court Annibal took reiuge. When he 
 seemed inclined to betray 'he illustrious 
 fugitive, Annibal destroyed himself. Pru- 
 sias was put to death by his subjects, 
 B.C. 149. 
 
 Prynne, William, an English lawyer, 
 distinguished during the civil wars. He 
 was born at Swanswick, Somerset.-^hire, 
 1600, and educated at Bath grammar- 
 school, and Oriel college, Oxford, from 
 whence he removed to Lineoln's-inn, l(i20. 
 His Histriomastix, or Discourse on Stage 
 Plays, in 1632, was noticed by the court, 
 as it was supposed to throw reflections on 
 the queen, and the author was condemned 
 by the star-chamber to be pilloried, to pay 
 a fine of 5000/. and to lose his ears. This 
 severity did not check his pen , he wrote 
 other books, which satirically reflected on 
 the conduct of Laud, and for this offence 
 he was in 1637, again brought before the 
 star-chamber, and condemned to be pil- 
 loried, fined 5000/. to lose the remainder 
 of his cars, to have S. L. schismatical le- 
 veller, branded on both his checks, and to 
 be imprisoned for life. He was, pursuant 
 to the sentence, confined in Mount Orgueil 
 castle in Jersey ; but in 1610 he was set at 
 liberty by the Commons, and he returned 
 to London in triumph. He was member 
 for Newport, in Cornwall, in the long par- 
 liament, and was one of the visiters at 
 Oxford in 1647. He was a violent enemy 
 tn I^ud., and was the chief manager of hf« 
 
 509 
 
PSA 
 
 FFO 
 
 trial ; but he attacked with equal violenee 
 the independents, and did not spare their 
 leader Cromwell, by whom he was impri- 
 soned in Dunster castle, Somersetshire. 
 He was restt)red to his seat in parliament 
 when the recall o( Charles II. took place, 
 and sat afterwards for Bath. At the resto- 
 ration He was made ke> per of the records 
 in the Tower, with a salary of 500/. per 
 annum, and died at Luicoln's-inn, 24th Oct. 
 1661^. He wrote a great number of books, 
 ehiefly on politics and r- ligion, the best 
 known of which are, his History of Laud, 
 folio — the Lives of John — Henry III. — 
 and Edward I. — Records, 3 vols. fol. &c. 
 
 Przipcovids, Samuel, a Socinian writer, 
 expelled, 1658, from Poland with his par- 
 tisans on account of his opinions. He 
 retired to Prussia, and died there 1670, 
 aged 80. His uorks, which are all on 
 theological subjects, appeared in one vol. 
 fol. 1692. 
 
 PsALMANAZAR, Georgc, an extraordinary 
 character, whose real naine and birthplace 
 are unknown, though he is supposed to be 
 a native of France. With an excellent 
 education, obtained in some of the colleges 
 of the Jesuits, he began at an early age to 
 impose upon the world, first in the habit of 
 a pilgrim, and afterwards in the character 
 of a native of Formosa. He travelled from 
 Germany to Liege, pretending to be a Ja- 
 panese converted to Christianity ; but af- 
 terwards he professed himself to be a hea- 
 then, and by the assiduity and zeal of the 
 chaplain of brigadier Lauder's regiment, 
 stationed at Sluys, he was admitted into 
 the pale of the Christian church, and was 
 baptized. The conversion of so able and 
 so extraordinary a man, procured an easy 
 introduction to Compton, the bishop of 
 London, and Psalmanazar was taken into 
 his house, and patronised as a deserving 
 character. He was prevailed on to trans- 
 late the church catechism into the Formo- 
 san language, and he also composed a 
 grammar of that language ; and though 
 there were some who suspected the impo- 
 sition, yet he was generally considered by 
 the learned as a man of superior abilities, 
 and a great prodigy. He afterwards pub- 
 lished his History of Formosa, which quick- 
 ly passed through two editions ; and that 
 greater confidence might be placed in his 
 narrations, he accustomed himself to feed 
 on raw flesh, roots, and herbs. Some ab- 
 surdities, however, were discovered in his 
 history, and at last, after living some years 
 on the credulity of the public, he confessed 
 himself an impostor, and declared his sor- 
 row for the impropriety of his conduct. 
 Though thus disgraced and abandoned by 
 his former patrons, yet he found sufficient 
 means to subsist by his pen ; he undertook 
 a share in the Universal History, and dis- 
 pl^Yed in the execution great abilities. He 
 =^10 
 
 lived many years after in an exemplary 
 manner, and died 1763, fully sensible, and 
 sorry for the vile imposition which he h%d 
 practised. 
 
 PsAMMENiTUS, a king of Egypt after 
 Amasis, B.C. 525. He was defeated by 
 Canibyses, and put to death six months 
 after. 
 
 PsAMMETicus, a king of Egypt, who 
 shared the sovereign power with 11 other 
 princes. When exiled by his royal asso- 
 ciates, he returned, and with the assist- 
 ance of the Greeks defeated them, and 
 made himself sole monarch. He died 
 616 B.C. 
 
 PsELLUs, Michael Constantius, a Greek 
 writer, who flourished about 1 105, and was 
 tutor to Michael, son of the emperor Con- 
 stantine Dumas. He was a good scholar, 
 and wrote comments on 24 of Menander's 
 plays t.:idnt in his time. He wrote be- 
 sides, de quatuor Mathematicis Scientiis, 
 1556, 8vo.-— de Lapidum V irtutibus, 8vo. — 
 de Operatione Dsemonum, 8vo. — de V ictus 
 Ratione, Svo. — Synopsis Legum, Versibus 
 Graecis edita. 
 
 Ptolemy Lagus, or Soter, was the son 
 of Arsinoe, the mistress of Philip of Mace- 
 don, and he became one of the generals and 
 favourites of Alexander the Great. On the 
 hero's death he obtained Egypt as his 
 share of the spoils, and founded there a 
 kingdom, and made Alexandria his capital. 
 He patronised learning and the arts, and 
 died B.C. 285. 
 
 Ptolemi Philadelphus, son of the 
 preceding, was like his father a zealous 
 patron of learned men, and of commerce 
 among his subjects. He died B.C. 246. 
 
 Ptolemy Evergetes, son and succes- 
 sor of Philadelphus, was a mild and benevo- 
 lent prince. He conquered Syria and Cili- 
 cia, and died B.C. 221. 
 
 Ptolemy Philopater, son of Ever- 
 getes, was cruel in his behaviour to the 
 Jews, whom afterwards he favoured. He 
 died B.C. 204. 
 
 Ptolemy Epiphanes, succeeded his 
 father Philopater, and was poisoned by his 
 successor Philoiuetor, 180 B.C. 
 
 Ptolemy Philometor, the murderer of 
 the preceding, was slain in a battle against 
 Alexander Bala of Syria, B.C. 146. 
 
 Ptolemy Physcon, succeeded Philome- 
 tor, his brother, and proved tyrannical to- 
 wards his subjects. He died 116 B.C. 
 
 Ptolemy Lathyrus, succeeded his fa- 
 ther, Physcon, but was banished to Cyprus 
 by his mother, who placed his brother 
 Alexander on the throne. He regained 
 his power after his brother's death, and 
 died B.C. 81. 
 
 Ptolemy Auletks. illegitimate son and 
 successor of Lathyrus, maintained his 
 power by an alliance with the Romans. He 
 died B.C. S\. 
 
PDF 
 
 PUL 
 
 "Vtolemt DioNTsius, son of Auletee, 
 married his sister Cleopatra, and became 
 the murderer of his benefactor Pompey. 
 He was drowned in the Nile, B.C. 46, 
 
 Ptolemy, Claudius, a mathematician, 
 born at Pelusium, 138. His geography, in 
 which he places the earth in the centre of 
 the universe, is a valuable work. 
 
 PubLius Syrus, a Syrian .^lave, who 
 was set at liberty by iiis masti^r, and distin- 
 guished himself at Rome as a poet, 44 B.C. 
 His moral sentences are excellent. 
 
 Pucci, Francis, a noble Florentine, who 
 left the pcipish tenets for the protestant, 
 but afterwards returned at Prague to his 
 ancient principles. He travelled thruugli 
 Poland, and with new inconsi^tency again 
 embraced the protestant faith, for which 
 he was sei/ed at Strasburg, and hurried to 
 Rome, and burnt as a heretic, 1600. In a 
 book inscribed to pope Clement V HI. 1592, 
 he supported the opinion that Christ by his 
 death had made sufficient atonement for 
 the sins of mankind. 
 
 PuFFENDoRF, Samuol de, a famous civi- 
 lian and historian, born 1631, at Fleti, near 
 Chemnitz, in Upper Saxony, where his fa- 
 ther was minister. He studied at Grim 
 and Leipsic, and Jena, and by his great ap- 
 plication qualified himself to become an 
 active and distinguished counsellor in some 
 German court. He was advised by his 
 brother to seek for preferment and honour 
 out of his country, and in consequence he 
 accepted the place of tutor to the son of 
 M. Coyet, a noble Swede, who was ambas- 
 sador at the court of Denmark. War be- 
 tween the two countries, however, obscu- 
 red his pleasing prospects ; he was seized 
 with all the retinue of the Swedish ambas- 
 sador, and imprisoned, and during the te- 
 dious hours of his confinement for eight 
 long months, he digested in his mind ob- 
 servations on what he had read in Grotius's 
 book, de Jure Belli et Pacis, and Hobbes's 
 work, and afterwards published it at the 
 Hague, 1660, by the title of Elementorum 
 Jurisprudentiae Universalis Libri duo, and 
 this gave rise to his excellent treatise de 
 Jure Naturae et Gentium. His literary re- 
 putation now procured him the appoint- 
 ment of professor of the law of nature and 
 of nations at Heidelberg, on the presenta- 
 tion of the elector palatine, and in 1670 he 
 was honourably invited by Charles XI. of 
 Sweden, to be professor in the newly found- 
 ed university of Lunden. His fame con- 
 tinued to increase as a writer, and as a 
 pjofessor, and he was nominated historio- 
 grapher and counsellor to the king, and 
 raised to the dignity of a Swedish baron. 
 He was afterwards in 16S8 invited to Ber- 
 lin in the most liberal manner, with the 
 distinction of historiographer and counsel- 
 lor, by the elector of Brandenberg, to write 
 the life of the elector, Williom the Gre«t, 
 
 d Nations, 2 vols. 
 
 and he died there 1694, of a nuortilicatioii 
 in one of his toe-*, in con-.equenc of cut- 
 ting the nail. This niost enlight< iied phi- 
 losopher wrote various works, the most, 
 known of which arc History of Sweden, 
 from 1628 to 1654 -History of Charles 
 Gustavus, 3 vols, folio — History of the 
 elector VVilliam, 2 vols, folio — A Historical 
 and Political Discnption of the Papal 
 State — introduction to the History ol the 
 princip:il European States, 8vo. — a treatise 
 on the Law o( Nature a 
 4to. — Opuscula Juvenilia, &.c. 
 
 PuGATscHEFF, Yciuelka, a Cossack, 
 who, after serving against the Prussians 
 and the Turks, deserted from the army, and 
 after spending some time among som* Po- 
 lish hermits, appeared in Kussia, and iaid 
 claim to the crown as the real Peter III. 
 He met with some success, and might have 
 seized Moscow ; but at last the crutlties 
 which he exercised u,on the inhabitancs of 
 the places where he passed, revolted even 
 his own followers against him, and he was 
 delivered up to the officers of Catherine. 
 He was conveyed in an iron cage to iMos- 
 cow, where he was beheaded 21st Jan. 
 1775, and in his last moments he showed 
 as nmch weakness as he had display ed 
 vigour and intrepidity at the head ol his 
 desperate adherents. 
 
 PuGET, Peter, a French painter born at 
 Marseilles 1623. His talents were equally 
 eminent as a sculptor, and an architect, and 
 his Milo, Crotona, and Perseus, and An- 
 dromeda, in the park at Versaille>, are 
 pleasing proofs of the power of iiis chisel. 
 Several of his paintings are presei^ved at 
 Aix, Toulon, Marseilles, and in the south 
 of France. He died 1694, 
 
 Pulaski, Count, brigadier general in the 
 army of the American revolution, was a 
 Polander of distinguished birth, courage, 
 and patriotism. He made great eflbrts to 
 restore his country to freedom and inde- 
 pendence, but without success. In 1771 
 with a few accomplices he seized king; 
 Stanislaus, and carried him prisoner from 
 his palace through a numerous body of 
 guards, but he soon escaped and declared 
 Pulaski an outlaw. He left his native 
 country, and soon after came to the United 
 States, and ofll'ered his services against the 
 British. He was appointed a brigadier ge- 
 neral, and raised a corps of cavalry of se- 
 veral hundred, with which he served some 
 time with the northern army, and after- 
 wards with the southern. He was mor- 
 tally wounded in the atta<k on Savannah 
 on the !Hb of October, 1779, and died two 
 days after. Congress voted to erect a 
 monument to his memory. IdP* L. 
 
 PuLCHERiA, St. daughter of Arcadius, 
 ascended the throne uith her brother 
 Theodosius the younger, and at his death 
 in 450, she married Marcianus. She wa*: 
 
 511 
 
PXJL 
 
 PUR 
 
 •z great patroness of learned men, and in 
 her conduct very devout and exemplary. 
 She assembled the council of Cbaiteuon, 
 451, and died three jears after. 
 
 PuLci, Lewis, an Italian poet of merit, 
 born ol a noble family at Florence, Dec. 
 nd, 1431. He was the friend of Lorenzo 
 de Medici. His chief work is iMorgante 
 Maggiore, asi epic romance, wiiich lliough 
 coun)aied by some to the coiiipositiuus oi 
 Tasso and Ariosio, has been rigutly cun- 
 sidtred by otbtrs as a vuigar and prolane 
 woik, vvbicu unites the most solemn and 
 serious subjects with the burlesque and 
 comic. He wrote besides a poem on a 
 tournament at Florence, 14tJS, calied Ciios- 
 tra di Lorenzo de Medici, and some son- 
 nets. He died about 1487. His brothers 
 Luke and Bernard were also known as the 
 successful votaries of tiie muses. 
 
 PoLiGO, or PuGLio, Dominico, a native 
 of llorence, distinguished as a portiait 
 painter. He died 1527, aged 53. 
 
 PuLMANNUS, Theodore, properly Poel- 
 MAN, a Dutch commentator, born ai Cran- 
 enbuigh in the dutchy of Cieves, 1510. 
 Fiom a fuller he became a scholar, and an 
 able critic, and at the press of Plantm u- 
 perintended the publication of some valua- 
 ble editions of Virgil, Lucan, Horace, Ju- 
 venal, Terence, Ausonius, and other au- 
 thors. He died at Sa.amanca about 1 580. 
 
 PuLTENEY, William, earl o( Bath, was 
 born of an ancient and opulent family, 
 16S2. He was early elected into the Hou-.e 
 of Commons, and was an able and elo- 
 quent opposer of the ministry in queen 
 Anne's reign. At the accession of George 
 I. he was made secretary at war ; but after 
 some years of co-ope lation with sir Ro- 
 bert Wal[iol'', he disagreed with liiin, and 
 ivarmly opposed his measures for advancing 
 the interests of Hanover at the expense of 
 England. DifTerence of opinion produced 
 altercation, and altercation hatred, so that 
 TV'aipole's measures were opposed with per- 
 sonal virulence, and the kmg at last struck 
 off the name of Pulteney from the list of 
 privy counsellors, and put him out of the 
 commission for the peace. These violent 
 steps increased the opposition, and the po- 
 pularity of Pulteney, and his sarcasms and 
 his attacks were pointed with the most 
 powerful effect against the minister, who 
 often declared that he dreaded his tongue 
 more than another man's sword. At last 
 opposition prevailed, VValpoIe was dis- 
 graced in 1741, and Pulteney rose in his 
 seat, and was restored to the privy council, 
 and made earl of Bath ; but when he got 
 into place he lost his popularity, and after- 
 wards despised that good public opinion 
 which he could not procure. He died Sth 
 June, 1764, and without issue. He was 
 concerned in the " Craftsman," and wrote 
 *nmc political pamphlet?. 
 
 Pulteney, Richard, a native of Lough- 
 borougti, Leicestershire, who after prac- 
 tising as an apothecary at Leicester took 
 his medical degrees at Edinourgh, 1764. 
 He was patronised by his relation the earl 
 of Bath, and settled at Blandford, Dorset- 
 shire, where he acquired great reputation 
 in nis prolession. He was fellow of the 
 Royal Society, and other learned bodies, 
 and died 1801, aged 71. He is author of 
 a lienerai V iew oi the Life and Writings 
 of Linnajus, 1781 — Historical and Biogra- 
 phical 8kv tcUes of the Progress of Botany 
 in t^ngiaiiU, 2 vols. 8vo. and he made be- 
 sides vaiuabie communications to the His- 
 tory ol Lcicestershu'e by Mr. JNichols, and 
 to tuat of Dorsetshire by Hutchins, newly 
 edited by Gough ; but he particularly con- 
 tributed to the pages of the Gentleman's 
 Magazine, which he enriched by various 
 dissertations and papers on antiquities, and 
 especially on history, a science to which he 
 was very partial, and which he had studied 
 with great skdl and attention. An Ac- 
 count of his Life has been published by 
 Dr. Maton in 4to. 
 
 PuNTORMo, Giacomo, an Italian painter, 
 the pupil oi Leonard de Vinci, and Andrea 
 del Saito. His pieces, which are much 
 admired, are generally on sacred subjects. 
 He died 1558, aged 61. 
 
 PuRBACH, George, a learned German, 
 born at Purbach. He was eminent as a 
 divine and philosopher, and particularly ap- 
 plied himself to astronomy, in which 
 science he made several observations, and 
 for the improvement of which he invented 
 some instruments, and calculated useful ta- 
 bles. He translati d Ptolemy's Almagest, 
 and died at Vienna, 1462, aged 39. 
 
 PuRCELL, Henry, a celebrated musical 
 composer, born in 1658. His abilities 
 were early dispiayeci, so that at the aj,c of 
 18 he was ap|Jointed organist of Westmin- 
 ster, and in 1682 he was made one of the 
 organists of the chapel royal. He soon 
 distinguished himself by the publication of 
 some sonatas, and anthems, and divided 
 equally his services between the church 
 and the theatre. Dryden, some of whose 
 poetry he set to music, has highly compli- 
 mented his powers, and from the superior 
 style of his church music, he deserved the 
 greatest encomiums. He died of a con- 
 sumptive disorder, 21st Nov. 1695, leaving 
 a wife and children not amply provided 
 for. He was buried in Westminster ab- 
 bey, and his early death was seriously la- 
 mented. His works were published by 
 subscription, under the title of Orpheus 
 Britannicus, 1698, and dedicated to his pa- 
 troness lady Howard. His brother Daniel, 
 a famous punster, was organist of Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, and of St. Andrew's, 
 Holborn. 
 
 PrncHAs, S«mnel, an able divine, born 
 
I'L I 
 
 n \ 
 
 Tliaxstciil, r.shcv, 1J77, aiul cdiKalcd 
 at Cambridge. He obtained in h;04 the 
 vicarage of Eastwood, Essex, whiob he in- 
 trusted to the care of his brother, to prose- 
 cute with greater facility his studies in 
 London. He obtained afterwards the 
 living of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, 
 and was also chaplain to archbishop Abbot. 
 He died about 1028. His great work was 
 " his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World, 
 and the Religions observed in all ages, 
 &c." 5 vols, folio. These are a valuable 
 compilation. 
 
 PuRvER, Antony, an extraordinary cha- 
 jacter, born at Up-Hursborn, Hants, 1702. 
 His parents were quakers ; but though he 
 was taught only to read and write, he ap- 
 plied himself with such assiduity that he 
 was well versed in the most diflicult parts 
 of arithmetic, and had such a retentive 
 memoiy, that, %vhen young, in 12 hours he 
 could repeat 12 of the longeijt and most 
 difficult chapters in the Bible. He was ap- 
 prenticed to a shoemaker, but still turned 
 his thoughts to learning, and acquired such 
 a knowledge of the learned languages, that 
 he began to translate the Bible from the 
 original text. To maintain himself he kept 
 school at his native village, and at Tren- 
 chay, Gloucestershire, where he married, 
 and afterwards settled at Andover, where 
 he completed, in 1764, his translation of 
 the Old and New Testament, a most labo- 
 rious work, the fruit of 30 years' applica- 
 tion. It appeared in 2 vols, folio, by the 
 generosity of his friend Dr. Fothergill, 
 who gave him lOOOL towards his expenses, 
 and though it is occasionally deficient in 
 judgment and taste, it yet possesses great 
 and pleasing simplicity, as being very lite- 
 ral. As a preacher among the quakers, 
 Purver was highly respected. He died at 
 Andover, 1777, and was buried there in the 
 ground of the quakers' meeting. 
 
 PuTEANUS, Erycius, properly Vande- 
 PUTTK, an eminent scholar born at Venlo, 
 Guelderland, 1574. He studied at Dort, 
 Cologne, Louvain, and afterwards at Pa- 
 dua, and in 1601, was chosen professor of 
 eloquence at Milan. His reputation as a 
 teacher was so great that the king of Spain 
 appointed him his historiographer, and the 
 Romans enrolled him in the number of 
 their patricians. In 1601 he was appoint- 
 ed to succeed his master, the celebrated 
 Justus Lipsius, in the professor's chair at 
 Louvain, and was further honoured with 
 the title of governor of the castle there. 
 He died at Louvain 1646. He wrote se- 
 veral works on literary and political sub- 
 jects, the best known of which is his Sta- 
 tem Belli et Pacis, the balance of peace 
 and war, 1633, during a negotiation be- 
 tween the Spanish monarch and the United 
 Provinces. His works form 5 vols, folio. 
 Putnam, Israel, maior-ceneral in the 
 Vol. II. fi- 
 
 ariu^ ul iiit; L lilted Stalc.i, uas born ai' 
 isalcm, Massachusetts, the 7ih of January, 
 171S. He possessed a mind of great vi- 
 gour, but had not the advantages of a 
 thorough education. In 173J he removed 
 to Pomfrct, Connecticut, and employed 
 himself in agriculture. He there gave an 
 example of the singular couragt:, which cha- 
 racterized him as a military oiliccr, by de- 
 scending at the most imminent hazard of 
 his life into a cavern, and shooting a wolf 
 which he and his neighbours had driven 
 thither. During the war of 1755 with the 
 French he commanded a company, and 
 was engaged in several contests with the 
 enemy, in which he displayed the most ad- 
 venturous bravery and great skill. In 1756 
 he fell with his party into an ambuscade, 
 and was taken prisoner, and subjected to 
 the most cruel tortures by the savages. 
 He was released in 1759, and at the con- 
 clusion of the war, returned to his farm. 
 He served in the expedition against Cuba 
 in 1762, as lieutcnant-colouel, and in 1764 
 as colonel under general Bradstrect in the 
 campaign against the savagci. Soon after 
 the battle at Lexington he joined the army 
 at Cambridge at the head of a regiment, 
 and was not long after appointed major- 
 general, and signalized himself at the bat- 
 tle of Bunker's Hill. On the arrival of 
 general Washington he was given the com- 
 mand of the reserve. In 1776 he was de- 
 spatched to New- York to complete its forti- 
 fication begun by general Lee, and after- 
 wards sent to Philadelphia to fortify that 
 city. During the winter of 1777 he was 
 stationed w'ith a small body at Princeton, 
 and in the spring was appointed to a sepa- 
 rate command at the Highlands, where he 
 continued most of the time till the close of 
 1779, when he was seized with a paralytic 
 affection, and disqualified for further ser- 
 vice. He died the 29th of May, 1790. 
 He possessed an excellent judgment, great 
 enterprise, the most intrepid courage, and 
 ardent patriotism; and was justly consi- 
 dered one of the most eflicient of thi 
 American officers. iCIJ^ L. 
 
 PuTscHius, Elias, an eminent gramma- 
 rian born at Antwerp, 15S0. He publish- 
 ed Sallust with notes and fragments, be- 
 sides a collection of 33 old grammarians, 
 and died at Stade 1606. 
 
 PuY, Peter de, a learned Frenchman, au- 
 thor of some valuable political works ou 
 the salique law, and other antiquarian sub- 
 jects. He was born at Paiis, and died 1 652, 
 aged 69, universally lamented. Voltaire 
 as well as De Thou speaks highly of his 
 abilities. 
 
 Put Seguu, James de Chastenct, lord 
 of, a celebrated general, born of a noble 
 family at Armagnac, 1600. He served his 
 country 43 years, and though present at 
 120 sieges, and 30 battles, in which he be^ 
 
f\S 
 
 PVT 
 
 liaved Avrtli aitivity and courage, lie was 
 never wounded. He died at his castle of 
 Bernouille, near Guise, 1682. His me- 
 moirs, extending from 1617 to 1658, have 
 appeared in 2 vols. 12mo. and are written 
 with boldness and truth. His son James 
 was marshal of France, and author of a 
 work on the Military Art, in folio, and 
 two vols. 4to. 1748. He died 1743, aged 88. 
 
 Ptle, Thomas, M.A. an eminent divine, 
 born at Stodey near Holt, Norfolk, 1674. 
 He was educated at Caius college, Cam- 
 bridge, and then became minister of King's 
 Lynn, where he distinguished himself as 
 a good preacher, and as an exemplary man. 
 He engaged warmly in the Bangorian con- 
 troversy, and for his services he was made 
 prebendary of Salisbury, by Dr. Hoadly, 
 and two of his sons also were presented to 
 prebends in the church of Winchester. 
 Hb paraphrase on the Acts, and all the 
 epistles, is an excellent work, often re- 
 printed. He published besides 3 vols, of 
 sermons. This excellent character died at 
 tynn, 1757. 
 
 Pym, John, a celebrated republican, 
 member of Parliament for Tavistock. He 
 distinguished himself by his virulence 
 against the unfortunate Charles, and ac- 
 quired such power and influence among his 
 partisans, that he was called king Pym. 
 He died 1643 of an imposthame in his 
 bowck. 
 
 Ftnaker, Adam, a landscape painter, 
 born at Pynaker, near Delft, in Holland, 
 1621. He improved himself at Rome, 
 
 and acquired great celebrity by the exceP 
 lence and correctness of his pieces, espe« 
 cially his cabinet pictures. He died 1673. 
 
 Pyrrho, a Greek philosopher, founder of 
 the sect of Skeptics, who doubted of every 
 thing. He died about 300 B.C. 
 
 Pyrriius, a king of Epirus, celebrated 
 in history as the friend and alley of the 
 Tarentines in their war against the Ro- 
 mans. He afterwards made war against 
 Sicily and against Sparta, and was killed at 
 Argos by a tile thrown down upon his head 
 by a woman, B.C. 272. 
 
 Pythagoras, a celebrated philosopher, 
 born at Samos. After visiting Egypt and 
 other places to improve his knowledge, and 
 cultivate his mind, he settled at Crotona in 
 Italy, where he established a famous 
 school. He also reformed the effeminate 
 manners of the Crotonians, and rendered 
 infinite service to mankind, by the wisdom, 
 prudence, and virtues, with which he in- 
 spired his numerous pupils. He was well 
 acquainted with the true system of the uni- 
 verse, as he placed the sun in the centre. 
 He was the author of the absurd doctrine 
 of the transmigration of souls, and forbade 
 the eating of animal flesh. He died about 
 490 B.C. 
 
 Pytheas, a Greek philosopher, in the 
 age of Aristotle. His discoveries about 
 the different length of the days in various 
 climates, appeared astonishing to the phi- 
 losophers of his age. 
 
 Pytheus, a rhetorician of Athens, known, 
 as the rival of the great Demosthenes. 
 
 aUA 
 
 vJuADRATUS, St. a disciple of the apos- 
 tles, and the learned author of an apology 
 for the Christians, a valuable work, which 
 he himself presented to the emperor Adri- 
 an. Some suppose him to be the angel or 
 bishop of Philadelphia mentioned in the 
 Apocalypse, and it is asserted that he was 
 made bishop of Athens about 126. Only 
 fragments of his apology remain. 
 
 QuADRio, Francis Xavier, a Jesuit, born 
 2^d Dec. 1 695, in the Valteline. He was of 
 a melancholy turn of mind, and retired to 
 Zurich, where, with the consent of the 
 pope, he became a secular priest. He died 
 at Milan, 21st Nov. 1756. He is author 
 of a treatise on Italian poetry, under the 
 name of Joseph Mary Andrucci — History 
 of Poetry, 2 vols. — Historical Dissertations 
 on Rhaetia and the Valteline, 3 vols. 4to. 
 1755. 
 
 QuAiNi, Lewis, a native of Bologna 
 Jiaown as a painter. He assisted his mas- 
 
 QUA 
 
 ter Cignari in some of his most celebrated 
 works, and died 1717, aged 74. 
 
 QuARLES, Francis, an English poet born 
 at Steward's in the parish of Rumford, Es- 
 sex, 1592. He was educated at Christ col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and then entered at Lin- 
 coln's inn, and was afterwards cup-bearer 
 to Elizabeth, daughter of James I. electress 
 Palatine, and queen of Bohemia. He was 
 next secretary to archbishop Usher in Ire- 
 land, and was a great sufferer in the Irish 
 rebellion. He did not meet that friendly 
 reception in England which his loyalty de- 
 served, and it is said that the loss of his 
 valuable MSS. preyed deeply upon his 
 mind, and hastened his death, which hap- 
 pened 1644. He was eminent as a poet, 
 and in no case, says Langbaine, offended in 
 his writings against the high duties he owed 
 to God, to his neighbour, and to himself^ 
 He wrote some theatrical pieces, but th^ 
 best known of his works are his Emblems. 
 
<ii;k 
 
 H\jV. 
 
 -Metlitations, niid llierogljphi<<. Some 
 have imagined that Pope ^vas unich indebt- 
 ed to his writiiigri. lie was father of 18 
 children by his first wife, and one of his 
 sons, John, became known as a poet, and 
 particularly as an active royalist in the 
 king's army. He died of the plague in 
 London, 1665, aged 41. 
 
 QuATROMANi, Sertorio, a native of Co- 
 senza in Naples. He obtained admission 
 into the Vatican by means of his friend 
 Paul Manutius, and in this valuable library 
 he devoted himself with indefatigable dili- 
 gence to the study of Greek literature. 
 His great abilities recoinmended him to the 
 notice of the duke of Nocera, in whose 
 service he was for some time employed. 
 He, after his patron's death, went into the 
 family of the prince of Stigliaaio, but soon 
 left him, and died 1606, aged 65. He was 
 in his temper capricious aud haughty, easily 
 ofl'ended at trifles, and censorious on the 
 faults of others. He, however, possessed 
 learning and information, and his transla- 
 tion of the iEneid into Italian verse is held 
 in estimation. His other works have been 
 collected in 1714, in 8vo. containing Latin 
 and Italian verses, letters, &c. 
 
 QuELLiN, Erasmus, a painter of Ant- 
 werp, the disciple and successful imitator 
 of Rubens. He died 1678, aged 71. His 
 60n John Erasmus was also distinguished 
 as a good artist, and some of his pieces 
 adorn the churches of Antwerp. He died 
 at Antwerp, 1715, aged 85. 
 
 QuENSTEDT, John Andrew, a Lutheran 
 divine, author of a Latin account of learn- 
 ed men from Adam to 1600, 4to. — Sculptu- 
 ra Veterum, 8vo. his best work — a System 
 of Divinity, according to the Confession of 
 Augsburg, 4 vols, folio, and some other 
 works. He was born at Quedlinburg, and 
 died22d May, 1688, aged 71. 
 
 QuENTAL, Bartholomew du, a native of 
 the Azores, distinguished for his piety and 
 learning. He became confessor to the king 
 of Portugal, and refused a bishopric, that 
 he might with greater ardour devote him- 
 self to preaching, and to the more laborious 
 works of charity. He died 20th Dec. 
 1698, aged 72. , Clement XL gave him the 
 appellation of the Venerable. He wrote 
 Meditations, &c. — Sermons in Portuguese, 
 &c. 
 
 QuERENGHi, Anthony, an Italian poet, 
 born at Padua, 1546. He was in the ser- 
 vice of the popes, and was secretary to the 
 sacred college. He died at Rome, 1st 
 Sept. 1633. His Latin poems, and some 
 Italian poetry, were published at Rome, 
 1616 and 1629. 
 
 QuERLON, Anne Gabriel Meusnier de, an 
 eminent scholar, born at Nantes, loth 
 April, 1702. For 22 years he published a 
 periodical paper for Brittany, and other 
 prints, and haiialsDSDme share in the Journal 
 
 Enrjclopciliqup. TIo dird \pji!, \7iQ. 
 universally regrcllt^d. His rhicf work* arc 
 Les Impostures innocenles, a little enter- 
 taining novel — Collertion Historii|ue — 
 Marsy's Latin Poem on Painting, transla- 
 ted into French — Editions of LucretiuiK, 
 with notes — also of Pha^drus, and of Aua- 
 creon. 
 
 QuERNO, Camillo, an Itali.ui poet, born 
 at Monopolis, in Naples. He carried hii 
 poem, called Alexiada, containinj; 20,000 
 lines, to Leo X. who honoured him with his 
 friendship, and made him hisbulFoon, 1514. 
 After the taking of Rome, he retired to 
 Naples, and died in the hospital there, 
 about 1528. 
 
 QuESNAT, Francis, an eminent French 
 physician, born at Ecquevilli, 1694. Though 
 the son of an obscure labourer, he rose to 
 reputation in his profession, and became 
 first physician to the king of France, mem- 
 ber of the academy of sciences at Paris, 
 and of the London Royal Society. He 
 had an early taste for agriculture, and was 
 a leading man in the society uf Economists. 
 He died Dec. 1774. His works are Obser- 
 vations on Bleeding, l2mo. — Essay on Ani- 
 mal Economy, 3 vols. 12mo. — the Art of 
 Healing by Bleeding — Treatise on Con- 
 tinued Fevers, 2 vols. 12mo. — on Gangrene, 
 12mo. — on Suppuration — Physiocratia, &c. 
 besides an elegant poem, called the Farm 
 House. 
 
 QuESNE, Abraham, marquis du, a native 
 of Normandy, who entered into the naval 
 service of France, under his father, and 
 soon distinguished himself. He was, in 
 1637, at the attack of the Isles of St. Mai- 
 garet, and the next year he greatly contri- 
 buted to the defeat of the Spanish fleet at 
 Cattari. He afterwards signalized his va- 
 lour before Tarragona, Barcelona, and be- 
 fore Cadiz, and in 1644 he went into the 
 service of Sweden, and was particularly- 
 instrumental in the defeat of the Danish 
 fleet. He was recalled home in 1647, and 
 intrusted with a squadron in the Mediter- 
 ranean, and he next obliged Bourdeaux, 
 which had revolted, to surrender, and after- 
 wards, in 1676, in three engagements, de- 
 feated the combined fleets of Holland and 
 Spain, under Ruyter, near Sicily. It was 
 on this memorable occasion that the follow- 
 ing verses were written, alluding to the de- 
 feat and the death of the great Ruyter^ 
 who perished in the second engagement : 
 
 Ternd in oceanojam solo nornine classes, 
 Ter mine in Sicido territus ipse rui. 
 
 Si vera inversiim quondam dedit amtna/iOJ/if «, 
 *Vm7JC Rui-ter 7iomen veriiis omen habet. 
 
 He next carried the terror of his arms 
 agahist Algiers and Genoa, and every where 
 commanded respect and submission. This 
 gallant officer was deservedly ennobled by 
 
 515 
 
QUI 
 
 QUI 
 
 tlic French king. lie died at Paris, 2d 
 Feb. 1688, aged 78, leaving four sons. 
 
 QuESNEL, Pasquier, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, and priest of the oratory, born at 
 Paris, 1634. In 1675 he published at Paris 
 !he works of St. Leo, 2 vols. 4to. and as 
 his notes defended the ancient Gallican 
 ihurch, against the opinions of the Roman 
 pontiffs, the work was condemned at 
 Rome, and the author, in 1685, retired, 
 through fear of persecution, to Brussels. 
 He published in 1687, his Moral Reflections 
 on the New Testament; but though he 
 ?eemed strongly to favour the Jansenists, 
 the work was well received, and became 
 very popular, on account of the meekness 
 and philanthropy of his sentiments ; but 
 the work, though thus publicly counte- 
 nanced, and even commended by pope Cle- 
 ment XI. was soon after attacked by the 
 .Jesuits, and condemned, for reasons of 
 state, even by the pope himself, who issued 
 against it his famous bull, called Unigenitus. 
 By the influence of the .Jesuits, Quesnel 
 was seized and imprisoned ; but, by means 
 of a Spanish gentleman, who secretly 
 espoused his cause, he escaped, and reach- 
 ed Amsterdam, where he died 1719. He 
 was author of various works, but chiefly 
 on polemical subjects. The author of the 
 History of the Jesuits, was also a Quesnel, 
 Peter, and he died at the Hague, 1774. 
 
 QuESKOT, Francis, a native of Brussels, 
 eminent as a sculptor. His works, chiefly 
 bas-reliefs in bronze, ivory, marble, or wax, 
 possess great elegance, beauty, and charac- 
 ter. They generally represent children, 
 bacchanals, &e. and are much sought after. 
 He died at Leghorn, 1644, aged 42. His 
 brother Jerome, who died at Ghent, 1654, 
 was also an eminent sculptor. 
 
 QuEVEDO DE ViLLEGAS, Francisco de, a 
 Spanish author, born at Madrid, 1570. He 
 possessed great powers of writing in verse 
 as well as prose, and on subjects of wit, of 
 morality, and of science, showed himself 
 correct, judicious, and enlightened. His 
 works were published by Gonzales de Sa- 
 las, under the title of Parnasso Espagnol, 
 in 3 vols. 4to. His " Visions," a prose 
 work, have been indifferently translated 
 into English, from a French version, and 
 some others of his works have also appear- 
 ed in an English dress. His satire was so 
 keen, and so imprudently used, that he 
 rendered count d'Olivares, the prime minis- 
 ter, his enemy, and in consequence of this, 
 was imprisoned, till the fall of the royal 
 favourite. He died 1645, or, according to 
 some, 1647. 
 
 QuiEN DE LA Neufville, Jamcs Ic, a 
 French author, born at Paris, 1647. He 
 was successively an officer in the French 
 guards, an advocate at the bar, and lastly 
 a literary character. His General History 
 ?f Portugal, 2 vols. 4fo. procured his ad- 
 r>ie 
 
 mission into the academy of Inscriptions 
 at Paris. He afterwards published a Trea- 
 tise on the Use of Posts among the An- 
 cients and Moderns, l2mo. 1734, which 
 was so well received that it gained him the 
 office of director of the posts of French 
 Flanders. In 1713 he went with the 
 French ambassador to Portugal, and was 
 received with great kindness by the court, 
 and rewarded with a pension. Out of 
 gratitude to the monarch, he determined to 
 continue bis History of Portugal, which 
 had concluded in 1531, at the death of 
 Emanuel I. ; but excessive application 
 brought on disease. He died at Lisbon, 
 20th May, 1728, aged 81, leaving two sons. 
 
 QuiEN, Michael de, a French Dominican, 
 born at Bologne, 1661. He was an able 
 scholar, and well versed in oriental litera- 
 ture. He published Panoplia contra Schis- 
 ma Graecorum, 4to. — Nullity of the Eng- 
 lish Ordinations, against Courayer — Oriens 
 Christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus diges- 
 tus in quo exhibentur Ecclesiae, Patriarchse, 
 casterique Praesides Orientis, 3 vols, folio — 
 Defence of the Hebrew Text against Per- 
 ron, besides an edition of John Damasce- 
 nus, 2 vols. fol. He died at Paris, 1733. 
 
 QtJiLLET, Claudius, a French writer, 
 born at Chinon, in Tourraine, 1602. He 
 studied physic, and practised for some 
 years ; but his views were changed by his 
 interference with the affair of the nuns of 
 Loudun, who were said to be possessed of 
 the. devil. He ridiculed the measures 
 which were pursued there by the secret in- 
 trigues of Richelieu ; and in consequence 
 of this he fled to Rome, for fear of persecu- 
 tion. He became, at Rome, acquainted 
 with d'Etrees, the French ambassador, 
 who made him his secretary ; and there he 
 wrote his famous poem called " Callipae- 
 dia," on the Art of having fine Children, 
 in which he reflected with satirical severity 
 on cardinal Mazarine. The cardinal, in- 
 stead of persecuting the author, made him 
 his friend, and gave him an abbey, and 
 Quillet, in gratitude, when he published 
 the second edition of his poem, erased the 
 offensive parts, and dedicated it to his no- 
 ble patron. This well-known poem is dir 
 vided into four books, and is written in 
 elegant poetry, and contains many very 
 beautiful passages. The work, however, 
 though defended by Bayle and de la Mon- 
 noye, as containing only the language of a 
 man who wrote like a physician, has been 
 deservedly censured by Baillet, as abound- 
 ing in description both indelicate and licen-f 
 tious. The Callipsdia has been translated 
 into English by Rowe. He wrote, besides, 
 two other short Latin poems. He died 
 1661, aged 59, and left his papers, with 
 500 crowns, to Menage, for the printing of 
 his Henriade, a Latin poem, in honour of 
 Henrv IV. 
 
*iH 
 
 QLI 
 
 Qciw, James, a celebrated actor, born ii\ 
 K'ing-8trcet, Covent Garden, 21th Feb. 
 1693, and descended from a respectable fa- 
 mily in Ireland. He was intended for the 
 bar ; but in consequence of the law-suits 
 which took place after his father's death, 
 he had little left to depend upon ; and 
 therefore turned his thoughts to the stage. 
 After performing inferior parts on the Dub- 
 lin theatre, he came to London, and en- 
 gaged himself with the managers of Drury- 
 lane, and two years after, 1717, he re- 
 moved to Rich's theatre, Lincoln's Inn 
 Fields. The following year he had an un- 
 pleasant dispute with Bowen, a fellow actor, 
 at a tavern, and in consequence they 
 fought, and Bowen died some time after of 
 his wounds. In this unfortunate dispute, 
 for which Quin was tried, and found guilty 
 of manslaughter, it does not appear that 
 his conduct was very blamable, as Bowen 
 was the aggressor ; and therefore he suf- 
 fered little diminution of the public favour. 
 In 1732 Quin, who was now become a 
 popular performer, removed, with the Lin- 
 «-oln's Inn Fields company, to Covent Gar- 
 den, which was opened on the 7th Dec. 
 for their reception ; but two years after, he 
 quitted it for Drury-lane. In this theatre 
 he continued a favourite actor till 1742, 
 when he returned again to his old friend 
 Rich, at Covent Garden. At this time he 
 had to struggle against the rising fame of 
 young Garrick, of whom he said sarcasti- 
 cally, that he was a new religion, and that, 
 as Whitefield, he was followed for a time, 
 but that people would all come to church 
 again. In this, however, he was disap- 
 pointed ; Garrick, contrary to his expecta- 
 tions, rose to high and deserved reputa- 
 tion ; but the two rival heroes, who now di- 
 vided the applauses of the town, were pre- 
 vailed upon to act together in the Fair Pe- 
 nitent. Their appearance on the stage to- 
 gether was received with loud and reite- 
 rated plaudits, and each performed with 
 admirable success, and fully supported his 
 former claims to superior eminence. In 
 1751 Quin retired from the stage to Bath, 
 though, in a few instances, he afterwards 
 appeared in the character of FalstafT, for 
 the benefit of his theatrical friends ; and 
 the 19th March, 1753, was the last time of 
 his acting, when, in compliment to his 
 abilities, the price of admission to the pit 
 and boxes was raised to five shillin^rs. 
 This respectable actor died at Bath, of' a 
 fever, 2l9t Jan. 1766, aged 73. His great- 
 est characters were Cato, Othello, Richard 
 III. &c. He was, in consequence of his 
 merit, patronised by Frederic, prince of 
 Wales, and he had the honour to teach his 
 children a correct mode of pronunciation 
 and delivery. When he was informed of 
 the graceful and dignified manner in which 
 the present king pronounced his first 
 
 speech, at the meeting of parliament, the 
 veteran performer exclaimed, with eager 
 exultation, " It was I who taught the boy." 
 In his character, Quin whs a man of strong 
 sense; his wit was pointed, often coarse, 
 and in his temper he was occasionally vio- 
 lent, but not devoid of the noblest feel- 
 ings of human nature. When Thomson, 
 the author of the Seasons, was arrested, 
 Quin, who knew him only by character, 
 nobly stepped forth, and liberated the poet 
 from the spunging-house l)y paying the 
 debt and the costs. He was, at times, in- 
 temperate in the use of the bottle, and 
 some pleasant stories are related of his cha- 
 racter as an epicure. 
 
 QuiNAULT, Philip, a celebrated French 
 poet, born at Paris 1635. His first thea- 
 trical piece, called " Les Sceurs Rivales," a 
 comedy, appeared before the public when 
 he was only 18, and his future years were, 
 with equal diligence and good success, de- 
 voted to the muses. His marriage with a 
 rich widow set him above dependence, and 
 he afterwards became auditor of accounts. 
 Though satirised by Boileau, he was com- 
 mended by his contemporaries ; and Vol- 
 taire has observed of him, that artless and 
 inimitable strokes of nature frequently 
 appear with interesting charms in his wri- 
 tings. His works consist of 16 dramatic 
 pieces, which have all appeared on the 
 stage, besides operas, which were set to 
 music by the famous Lully. His works 
 were published at Paris, with his life pre- 
 fixed, in 5 vols. 12mo. 1778. He was 
 member of the French academy, and of 
 that of inscriptions, and died at Paris, 
 1688. 
 
 QuiNCY, Jolin, author of a Dictionary 
 of Physic, 8vo. — a Universal Dispensatory, 
 8vo. — Chymical Pharmacopoeia, 4to. be- 
 sides a Translation of Sanctorious's Apho- 
 risms, and other valuable works ; was a 
 physician of high reputation, who practised 
 with success in London, and died there, 
 1723. 
 
 QuiNCT, Edmund, agent for Massachu- 
 setts at the court of Great Britain, %vas 
 born at Braintree, October 21st, 16S1, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1699. In 
 1718 he was appointed a judge of the su- 
 preme court, and held a scat for a long 
 time in the house of representatives, and 
 in his majesty's council. In 1737 he was 
 selected as an agent to the British court to 
 procure a decision of the controversy re- 
 specting the boundary line between Massa- 
 chusetts and New Hampshire, and died 
 while in London, on the 23d of Febru- 
 ary, 1738, in his fifty-seventh year. The 
 general court testified the high respect in 
 which they held him, by erecting a monu- 
 ment to his memory in Bunhill Fields, on 
 which they commemorate him as distin- 
 jTuished for talents, learning, piety, and 
 
 517 
 
QUI 
 
 am 
 
 uprightness, and ability in discharging the 
 vaiuous public duties to which he had been 
 called. \ar L. 
 
 QoiNCY, Josiah, jun. a distinguished 
 lawyer, orator, and patriot, of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, was born in that place in 
 1743, and educated at Harvard college, 
 where he was graduated in 1763. He ear- 
 ly became eminent in the practice of law, 
 from superior talents as a speaker, and 
 extremely popular for his courage and zeal 
 in the cause of liberty. In 1774 he took 
 a voyage to Europe for the benefit of his 
 health, and to advocate the cause of the 
 colonies. He died on his return on the 
 25th of April, 1775, the day the vessel ar- 
 rived in the harbour of Cape Ann. His 
 eminent talents, and zealous attachment 
 to the cause of freedom, as well as his 
 amiable and interesting manners, made his 
 death a subject of universal lamentation. 
 
 QciNTiLiAN, Marcus Fabius, a Roman 
 orator and critic of great celebrity. He 
 was intimate with Pliny, and patronised by 
 the emperors, and he established a school 
 of rhetoric at Rome, where he died about 
 60 A.D. His Institutioues Oratoricae are 
 well known, edited by Burman, 4 vols. 4to. 
 Ley den, 1724. 
 
 QuiNTiNiE, John de la, a famous French 
 gardener, born at Poitiers 1676. He stu- 
 died philosophy and the law, and was ad- 
 mitted an advocate at Paris. After prac- 
 tising with great reputation, he devoted 
 himself totally to agricultural pursuits, and 
 enlarged his knowledge of that pleasing 
 science by travelling into Italy, and by vi- 
 siting England. He received liberal offers 
 from Charles II. to settle in England ; but 
 he preferred the service of his king, and 
 was appointed director general of the fruit 
 and kitchen gardens of Lewis XIV. He 
 died at Paris, after 1700, universally re- 
 gretted. He published, in 2 vols. 4to. 
 " Directions for the Management of Fruit 
 
 and Kitchen Gardens," which have beeit 
 adopted throughout Europe. 
 
 QuiRiNi, Angelo Maria, a Venetian car- 
 dinal, born 1680, or, according to others, 
 1684. He was admitted among the Bene- 
 dictines at Florence, and after storing his 
 mind, with astonishing application, he 
 began, in 1710, to travel over Germany, 
 Holland, England, and France ; and every 
 where received distinguishing marks of re- 
 spect and esteem. Thus noticed and ho- 
 noured by the friendship of Basnage, Gro- 
 novius, Kuster, Bentley, Newton, Burnet, 
 Cave, Potter, Fenelon, Montfaucon, and 
 other learned characters, he returned to 
 Italy, and was raised to the dignity of car- 
 dinal, and of archbishop, by Benedict XIII. 
 This amiable man, equally respected by 
 protestants and catholics, for his liberality 
 and benevolence, as well as for his learning, 
 died in the beginning of Jan. 1755, of an 
 apoplexy. His works are numerous and 
 respectable, the best known of which are 
 Primordia Corcyrae, ex Antiquissimis Mo- 
 numentis Illustrata, 4to. — Veterum Brixioe 
 Episcoporum Vitae — Specimen Varias Lite- 
 raturae quae in Brixia, ejusque Ditione, 
 Typographiae in Cunabula florebat, 4to. — 
 Enchiridion Graecorum — Gesta et Epistola; 
 Franc. Barbari — De Mosaicae Historian 
 prsestanti^, &c. His valuable library was 
 presented to the pope, to adorn the Va- 
 tican. 
 
 QuiRos, Fernand de, a Spanish navi- 
 gator, who, under the patronage of Philip 
 III. discovered the Society Islands, and 
 other places in the great Pacific Ocean, in 
 1605. 
 
 QuiSTORP, John, a Lutheran divine, au^ 
 thor of Commentaries on St. Paul's Epis- 
 tles ; Articuli Formulae Concordiae Illus- 
 trati ; Manuductio ad Studium Theologi- 
 cum. He was the friend of the great Gro* 
 tins, and attended him during his last illness. 
 He died at Rostock, his native place, 1646, 
 aged 62. 
 
 RAB 
 
 IXABAN-MAUR, Magnentius, a native of 
 Fulda, of noble birth. He studied at Ful- 
 da, and afterwards at Tours, under Alcui- 
 nus, and on his return home he was elect- 
 ed abbot of Fulda. He was made archbi- 
 shop of Mayence in 847, and afterwards 
 engaged in a controversy with Gotescalc, 
 whose doctrines he condemned, and whose 
 person he delivered up to Hincmar, archbi- 
 shop of Rheims. He died at Winsel, 856, 
 aged 68. His works, which are numerous, 
 5JS 
 
 RAB 
 
 and on theological subjects, were published 
 at Cologne, 1627, in 6 vols, folio. 
 
 Rabaud St. Etinne, John Paul, a pro- 
 testant minister, born at Nismes, from 
 which place he was sent as deputy to the 
 constituent assembly. He possessed elo- 
 quence and address ; but though deluded 
 by the factious spirit of the times, he re- 
 sumed his moderation in the convention, 
 and spoke with boldness against the punish-* 
 ment of Lewis XVI. Tliese sentiments 
 
ItAU 
 
 i{AC 
 
 marked him for death under tlic saiiguiiiAi-y 
 Robespierre, and thoujijh he escaped to 
 Bourdcaux, he was, two months after, 
 seized and brought to Paris, where, the 
 day after, he was guillotined, 28th July, 
 1793, aged 50. He was a man of learning 
 and information, and published a Letter on 
 the Life and Writings of Gebelin, 8vo. ; 
 Letters on the Primitive History of Greece, 
 8fo. ; Considerations on the Interest of the 
 Tiers Etat. ; Pieces on the Revolution, &c. 
 Rabel, John, a native of Fleury, eminent 
 among French portrait painters. He died 
 1603. 
 
 Rabelais, Francis, a celebrated wit, 
 born 1483, at Chinon, in Touraine, where 
 his father was an apothecary. He was ad- 
 mitted among the Franciscans at Poictou ; 
 but he excited the envy of the fraternity, on 
 account of the application with which he 
 studied literature, and especially Greek, 
 then regarded as a barbarous language. 
 An intrigue exposed him to fresh insults, 
 and he escaped at last from persecution, 
 and was permitted by pope Clement VIL 
 to renounce the order of Franciscans, and 
 to enter into the society of the Benedic- 
 tines, whom also he soon after left. He 
 next settled at Montpellier, and took his 
 degrees in medicine, and became a popular 
 professor. When du Prat the chancellor, 
 abolished the privileges of Montpellier uni- 
 versity, that learned body deputed their 
 professor to go to Paris, and his eloquence 
 and arguments proved so powerful that the 
 decree was reversed, and Rabelais's suc- 
 cessful interference was ever after com- 
 memorated by investing, in the robe which 
 he wore, all future candidates for academi- 
 cal honours. He quitted Montpellier in 
 1532, for Lyons ; but in 1534, followed du 
 Bellay, bishop of Paris, to Rome, as his 
 physician, and six months after, returned 
 lo France, and obtained from the Roman 
 pontiff, the privilege, though now a lay- 
 man, of holding ecclesiastical benefices. 
 In consequence of this he obtained the ab- 
 bey of St. Maur, near Paris, and died 1553. 
 His chief work is the " History of Gargan- 
 tua and Pantagruel," a satirical romance 
 against priests, popes, fools, and knaves, 
 which, though praised by some as a maga- 
 zine of wit, learning, and science, may be 
 considered as a bold, unintelligible rhapso- 
 dy, wild and irregular, and disgraced by 
 profane allusions, coarse raillery, obscene 
 and vulgar jests. He wrote, besides, some 
 medical works, and other tracts, the whole 
 of which have been published in 5 vols. 8vo. 
 1715, and in 1741, 3 vols. 4to. The works 
 have appeared in an English dress twice, 
 by Motteaux, 1708, and latterly by Ozell, 
 5 vols. l2mo. Rabelais was universally ac- 
 knowledged as a man who possessed great 
 l»rilliancy of wit, and smartness of repartee. 
 Rabirius, a Latin poet, who celebrated 
 
 the victory of Augustus over Antony V 
 forces at Actium. Tliere was an architect 
 of that name in Doniitian's reign. 
 
 Raburn, William, governor of Georgia, 
 was born in Halifax county, North ('arolina, 
 April 8th, 1771, and removed to Georgia at 
 the age of fifteen, where with few advan- 
 tages of education, he rose by his superior 
 mental powers, industry, and exemplary 
 moral and religious deportment, to the 
 highest honours of the state. After having 
 been a judge of the inferior court and 
 member of the assembly and senate, he 
 was in 1817 elected governor. The second 
 year of his administration was memora- 
 ble for the Seminole war on the frontiers 
 of Georgia and the neighbouring Spanish 
 territory. He held the ofl5ce till his death, 
 October 23d, 1819. iCJ^ L. 
 
 Rabutin. Vid. BussY. 
 Racan, Honorat de Bueil, marquis of, a 
 French poet, born at Roche Racan, in Tou- 
 raine, 1589. He wrote pastorals, sacred 
 odes, letters, and memoirs of his friend 
 Malherbe, of whom he learnt the art of 
 poetry, and though not a first-rate poet, 
 deserved to be highly commended by Boi- 
 leau and by Menage. He was one of the 
 first members of the French academy, and 
 died 1670. His works were edited 1660, 
 Svo. and 1720, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Racchetti, Bernard, an Italian painter. 
 His views of perspective and architecture 
 were highly finished. He died I702,aged63. 
 Racine, John, an illustrious French 
 poet, born at Ferte-Milon, 1639. He was 
 educated at Port Royal, where his abilities 
 began to unfold themselves by the most ra^ 
 pid progress in the attainment of the Greek 
 and Latin, and by an excessive fondness 
 for the sublime compositions of Luripidcs 
 and Sophocles. He afterwards went to 
 Paris, and was one of those who employed 
 their muse in celebrating the king's mar- 
 riage ; and so successful and popular Avas 
 his Nymphe de la Seine, on this occasion, 
 that the courtiers were full of his praises, 
 and the monarch settled on him a pension 
 for the rest of his life. Thus distinguished 
 he began to turn his thoughts to higher sub- 
 jects, and in 1666, he produced his Alexan- 
 dra. About this time he was engaged in a 
 controversy with Nicole, of the Port Royal, 
 who had inveighed against romance and 
 dramatic writers, and denominated them 
 poisoners not of bodies, but of souls, and ia 
 consequence of this attack, produced two 
 spirited pamphlets. L: l668,hc produced his 
 " Plaideurs," a comedy, and Andromache, 
 a tragedy ; and in 1G70 appeared Britanni- 
 cus, Berenice in 1671, Bajazet in 1672, 
 Mithridates in 1673, Iphligenia in 1675, 
 and Phcedra in 1677. These were repre- 
 rcnted with increased applause ; but such'i-s 
 the envy which generally attends greatnc;^ 
 und superior merit, that a cabal was raiscC 
 
 519 
 
ilAC UAI> 
 
 against the poet, and Pradon, a writer of poet of considerable merit, and besides 
 
 little capacity, was prevailed upon to pro- poems, wrote Reflections on Poetry — the 
 
 duce a Phaedra to oppose the noble compo- Life of his Father, 2 vols. 1747 — a prose 
 
 sition of Racine. This treatment hurt the translation of Milton's Paradise Lost, and 
 
 feelings of the poet, and with a mind other works. 
 
 strongly alive to the violence of persecu- Rack, Edmund, a native of EUingbam, 
 tion, he formed a design of becoming a Car- Norfolk, who from a spinning boy, became 
 thusian friar. He had formerly worn the the menial servant, and afterwards the ap- 
 ecclesiastical habit at the Port Royal, but prentice and journeyman of a woollen dra- 
 bis confessor in this instance, with com- per. The little opportunities which were 
 mendable sincerity, expostulated with him, allowed him for improvement were usefully 
 and prevailed upon him to marry, and thus and laboriously employed, and in 1758 he 
 instead of bidding adieu to the world, to settled at Bradford, Essex, in business for 
 become one of its most useful and honour- himself, and afterwards retired to Bath, 
 able members. He followed the advice, master of an honourable competency. He 
 and was thus a father of seven children ; here established the agricultural society, to 
 but superstitiously credulous, he determined which he became secretary, though a qua- 
 nevcr to write for the theatre, and to com- ker. He wrote the ruins of an Ancient 
 pletc his full atonement before the church. Cathedral, a poem, 1768 — a volume of 
 he was reconciled to the gentlemen of the poems, 1775 — Mentor's Letters, 1777 — 
 Port Royal, and all those whom satire, ill Poems and Essays 1781. He also contri- 
 language, or jocularity had made his ene- buted materially to CoUinson's History of 
 mics. In spite, however, of his pious re- Somersetshire, and died 1787, aged 52. 
 solutions, he was prevailed upon by Mad. Racle, Leonard, an architect, born at 
 Maintenon to write a sacred tragedy to be Dijon. By study and application he emer- 
 acted by her young ladies at St. Cyr„ and ged from obscurity and acquired distinc- 
 this produced Esther, and afterwards tion. He joined the Reyssouze to the 
 Athalie, which last was, when after his death Saone, built the harbour of Versoix, and in 
 introduced on the public theatre, rewarded 1786 obtained the prize of the Toulouse 
 with the most unbounded applause. He academy, by his memoir on the erection of 
 was in 1673 admitted member of the French an iron bridge of a single arch of 400 feet 
 academy, and in 1677 he was employed span. He was the friend of Voltaire and 
 with Boileau his friend to write the history built his house at Ferney. He declined 
 of Lewis XIV.; but the efforts of these two the liberal offers of Catherine of Russia, 
 great geniuses proved abortive, and the and preferred the honours of his native 
 work was never completed. Racine after- country. He died at Pont-de-Vaux 1792. 
 wards drew up the History of the Port He wrote besides Memoii-s on the Pro- 
 Royal, 2 vols. 12mo. in an elegant and perty of the Cycloid — on regulating the 
 pleasing manner. His excessive sensibility Course of the Rhone and the Ain, &c. 
 at last proved the cause of his death. He Radcliffe, Alexander, an oflicer of the 
 wrote a memorial on the Miseries of the army, better known as a poet. He traves- 
 Poor, which he lent to Mad. Maintenon, tied Ovid's Epistles, and wrote besides 
 but it fell accidentally into the hands of the other works of Ioav humour, such as News 
 king, who expressed his indignation at the from Hell — the Sword's Farewell, &c. He 
 presumption of the poet. Racine heard of died at London about 1700. 
 the royal displeasure, and was so terrified Radcliffe, John, a celebrated physi- 
 that he fell into a fever, and though the cian, born at Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1650. 
 king was very kindly inquisitive after his From the school of his native town he 
 welfare, the disorder at last proved fatal, came to University college, Oxford ; but 
 He died 1699, and was buried in the Port not finding, as he expected,,a vacant fellow- 
 Royal monastery. A pension was honour- ship, he removed to Lincoln, where he be- 
 ably settled by the king on his family. He came fellow. He took his master's de- 
 wrote besides, Canticles or Hymns, for the gree in 1672, and then laboriously devoted 
 use of St. Cyr — Letters and Epigrams, himself to the study of medicine, botany, 
 &c. He has often been compared to Cor- and chymistry. In 1675 he took the de- 
 neille, and on them Perrault observes, that gree of M. B. and began to practice with 
 if Corneille surpassed Racine in heroic increasing reputation. In 1677, he re- 
 sentiments, and the grand character of his signed his fellowship in consequence of a 
 personages, he was inferior to him in mo- quarrel with the rector of the college, upon 
 ving the passions, and in purity of Ian- whom he had imprudently been severe in 
 guage. His works appeared at London, 2 the criticisms of his gayer hours, and in 
 vols. 4to. 1723. 1682, he took his degree of M.D. and two 
 Racine, Lewis, son of the poet, was ho- years after removed to London. Here his 
 nbured, though an ecclesiastic, with a civil reputation had preceded him, he quickly 
 appointment, by cardinal Fleury. He became the most popular practitioner of the 
 died 1763, aged 71. He was himself a town, and added to his other honours tTic 
 520 
 
KAl> 
 
 JtAi 
 
 lixle oi" physician to the priiiccbs Anne ol' 
 Denmark. In 1693, his umrriage with the 
 daughter of a rich citizen was prevented 
 by the discovery of the incontiiienct; of the 
 fair one, and this so irritated the disap- 
 pointed lover, that he ever after spoke with 
 iuditlerence and even contempt of the sex. 
 ^VTien called in 1699, to attend king Wil- 
 liam, his rough address proved very offen- 
 sive to the court. The king showing him 
 his swollen ancles, asked his opinion ; I 
 Avould not, answered the blunt physician, 
 Lave your majesty's two legs for your three 
 kingdoms. Though discarded from the 
 court, he found his practice undiminished 
 in the town ; but his popularity created him 
 enemies, and while his opinion was con- 
 sulted above that of others, his medical op- 
 ponents censured him as an adventurous 
 empiric, whom success and not merit had 
 raised to eminence. On the last illness of 
 queen Anne, it is said by some of his bio- 
 graphers that he refused to visit her, 
 though requested by the privy council ; but 
 it seems by his own statement, that he was 
 never solicited to attend, and that the un- 
 popularity which consequently awaited him 
 on the occasion of the queen's death, and 
 the attempts to censure him in the house of 
 commons were totally unmerited. He 
 died Nov. lit, 1714, aged 64, three months 
 after the queen ; and it is said that the pub- 
 lic odium which was heaped on him in con- 
 sequence of the charge of disrespect and 
 obstinacy towards his sovereign, hastened 
 his death. He was buried in St. Mary's 
 church, Oxford, with great solemnity. In 
 his character and conduct Radcliffe was 
 violent, fickle, and avaricious. His maxim 
 to make a fortune was to use all mankind 
 ill ; but though he practised in some degree 
 what he taught, it has been observed, that 
 Mead, who followed a contrary rule, obtain- 
 ed much greater opulence. The vast bulk 
 of his fortune was left to charitable pur- 
 poses ; besides creating two travelling fel- 
 lowships in University college, Oxford, he 
 left ample provision for the erecting of an 
 infirmary, and of a splendid library in his 
 favourite city, which bear his name. The 
 library, in the erection of %vhich above 
 40,000/. were expended, was finished in 
 1747, and opened 12th April, 1749, with 
 great academical pomp. Dr. Radcliffe was 
 chosen member of parliament for Bucking- 
 bam the year before his death. 
 
 Radegonde, St. daughter of Bertarius, 
 king of Thuringia, renounced, at the age of 
 10, paganism for the Christian faith, by the 
 direction of Clotaire, who afterwards mar- 
 ried her. She united to personal charms 
 the most amiable virtues of private life ; but 
 such was her attachment to religious duties, 
 that she obtained from her husband, six 
 yeai's after her marriage, the permission of 
 retiring from the ^vorld and of devoting her* 
 Vol., 11. «'*? 
 
 self to the seclusion of a monustei). she 
 died 13th Aug. 5S7, aged 68, at the abbey ol 
 St.Croix, alter performing arts of the great- 
 est charity and most ex«inplary devotion. 
 
 Rademaker, Gerard, a [laintcr ol Am- 
 sterdam, whose pieces of architecture and 
 perspective were much admired. He died 
 1711, aged 38. His relation Abraham ex- 
 celled in landscape painting, and died at 
 Haerlem 1735, aged 60. 
 
 Ragotzki, Francis Leopold, prince of 
 Transylvania, was imprisoned at Neustad^ 
 in 1701, on suspicion of attempts to 
 
 make the Hungarians revolt 
 
 against 
 
 the 
 
 emperor, he, however, escaped soon after, 
 and from Poland repaired to Hungary, 
 where he joined the disalil'ected, and was 
 declared chief of the insurgents. Success 
 emboldened him, and when degraded by 
 the imperial court, and condemned to lose 
 his head, he caused himself to be proclaim- 
 ed protector of Hungary and prince of 
 Transylvania. In 1713, when peace wa.s 
 restored, he retired to France, and from 
 thence went to Constantinople, where the 
 Turks paid great deference to him. He 
 died at Rodosto on the sea of Marmora, 
 8th April, 1735, aged 56. His Memoirs on 
 the Revolutions of Hungary, in 2 vols. 4to. 
 or six in 12mo. are interesting; but the 
 Testament Politique et Moral, which 
 passes under his name, is supposed to be a 
 fictitious publication. 
 
 Ragueau, Francis, a professor of juris- 
 prudence at Bourges, author of a Commen- 
 tary on the Customs of Herri ; and of an 
 account of the Royal Rights. He died 
 1605. 
 
 Raguenet, Fi-ancis, a learned ecclesias- 
 tic of Rouen, who obtained the prize of 
 eloquence in the French academy, 1689, 
 on the subject of the dignity and merit of 
 martyrdom. His parallel of the Italian and 
 French music and operas, in which he al- 
 lows the superiority to the Italians, occa- 
 sioned a long paper war between him and 
 Frenuse. He died in a good old age, 1722. 
 He wrote besides, the Monuiiieiits of Rome, 
 or a Description of the Finest Works of 
 Painting, Sculpture, &c. of Rome, with 
 Observations, 12mo. ; History of Oliver 
 Cromwell, 4to. ; History of the Ancient 
 Testament ; History of Tnrenne, 12mo. &,c. 
 Raikes, Robert, a printer and philan- 
 thropist, was born at Gloucester in 1735. 
 He was educated at Cambridge, and after- 
 wards succeeded his father in the printing- 
 business, which he carried on with credit 
 and advantage. In 178 1, he i>lanned the 
 institution of Sunday-schools, in conjunc- 
 tion with the Rev. ^Ir. Stock. Mr. Raikes 
 died at Gloucester, in iSll. — JV. B. 
 
 Rainaldi, Oderic, a priest of the oratory, 
 who died about 1670. Ho published a^ 
 Continuation of Baronius, in 9 vols. fol. 
 from 1199, to 1567. 
 
 .V3J 
 
KAL 
 
 liAL 
 
 Kainaud, Theophilus, a Jesuit, boru at 
 ^>ospelIo in Nice, 1583. He was engaged 
 in teaching belles lettres and theology 
 among the Jesuits, and died at Lyons 31st 
 October, 1663, aged 80. Though learned 
 and well informed, he was singular and ca- 
 pricious in his conduct, and his writings are 
 often obscure and uninteresting. His works 
 appeared at Lyons, 1665, in 20 vols. fol. 
 
 Raine, Matthew, a divine, was born in 
 1760, and educated first under his father, 
 who was a clergyman, at Hackforth, in 
 Yorkihire 5 and next at the Charter-house, 
 from whence he was elected to Trinity- 
 college, Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 fellowship. In 1791 he was appointed 
 n aster of the Charter-house school. In 
 T798 he took his doctor's degree; and 
 in 1809 was elected preacher of Gray's 
 Inn. He died in 181 0. Dr. Raine pub- 
 lished only two sermons. — W. B. 
 
 Rainolds, John, an English divine, born 
 at Pinto, Devonshire, 1549. He was of 
 Merton college, Oxford, and afterwards re- 
 moved to Corpus Christi, where he became 
 fellow. In 1598, he was made dean of Lin- 
 coln, but the next year exchanged it for the 
 presidentship of his college. He was of- 
 fered a bishopric by Elizabeth, but modest- 
 ly refused it. He died 1607. He was a 
 man of such learning, that he was called a 
 living library, &.c. His private character 
 was exemplary for piety and every virtue. 
 He was one of those divines employed in 
 the translation of the Bible under James 1. 
 He wrote besides Censura Librorum Apo- 
 cryphorum Vet. Testament! ; Apologia 
 Thesium de SacrA Script, et Eccles. ; de 
 Romanae Eccles. ; Ido!at. in Cultu Sancto- 
 rum, &c. He had a brother William, ori- 
 ginally of New college, who turned papist, 
 and became Hebrew professor of the Eng- 
 lish college at Rheims. He was author of 
 Calvino-Turcismus, 8vo. ; a Defence of the 
 Rhemish Translation of the New Testa- 
 ment, &c. and died at Antwerp, 1594. 
 
 Raleigh, sir Walter, an illustrious Eng- 
 lishman, born at Hayes, in the parish of 
 Budley, Devonshire, 1552. He was for 
 some time at Oriel college, Oxford ; but the 
 pursuits of ambition, and an active life, 
 were more congenial to his feelings than 
 academical labours. In 1569, he accom- 
 panied the gentlemen volunteers whom Eli- 
 zabeth sent to France to support the pro- 
 testants, and there he continued for nearly 
 six years. Though afterwards he residc'd in 
 the Middle Temple, he paid no attention to 
 the law, but, in 1578, embarked for the 
 Netherlands with the troops sent against 
 the Spaniards, and the next year he went 
 with his half-brother, sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
 on an expedition to discover and colonize 
 .«omc part of North America. The plan 
 did not succeed, and, in 1580, he engaged 
 %s captain in the wars of Ireland, and be- 
 
 came one of the commissioners for the gv- 
 vernment of Munster in lord Ormond's ab- 
 sence. On his return to England he be-* 
 came a favourite of the court, by his polite 
 attention and gallantry to the queen. Walk- 
 ing in the number of her attendants, he ex- 
 tricated her from a dirty part of the road 
 which she was afraid to cross, by spreading 
 his new plush cloak on the ground, over 
 which she gently trod and passed clean 
 and dry. This courtesy gained him the 
 queen's favour, and he gradually rose to 
 places of honour and distinction. In 1583, 
 he sailed again with his brother Gilbert in 
 an expedition to Newfoundland ; but though 
 his companions were attacked by a conta- 
 gious disease, and his brother was drowned 
 on his return, he still was animated with 
 the desire of new discoveries. In 1514, 
 therefore, he obtained letters patent, and 
 sailed to America, where he discovered 
 Wigandacoa, which was called Virginia, in 
 honour of his virgin mistress, and in this 
 country he afterwards in a second and 
 third voyage settled flourishing colonies. 
 He had been chosen member of parliament 
 for Devonshire in 1584, and knighted, and 
 now the favour of the queen appointed him 
 seneschal of Cornwall, and warden of the 
 Stannaries ; but the wish to improve navi- 
 gation by the discovery of the northwest 
 passage, and by visiting distant countries, 
 was still the ruling object of his ambition. 
 A fourth and a fifth expedition were fitted 
 out to Virginia ; and if he had done no 
 other service to the nation, his recommen- 
 dation of tobacco, which he first introduced 
 into the country from Virginia, would in a 
 commercial point of view have procured 
 him high distinction. In 1.588, his courage 
 was eminently displayed against the Spa- 
 nish armada, to the destruction of which he 
 ably contributed, and the following year he 
 was employed with a fleet in the restora- 
 tion of Don Antonio, the expelled king of 
 Portugal. In 1592, he was at the head of 
 the expedition sent to attack the Spaniards 
 at Panama, and on his return he became 
 an active and eloquent speaker in the house 
 of commons ; but he incurred the displea- 
 sure of the clergy, and the public odium, by 
 accepting the grant of the manor of Sher- 
 borne, which formerly belonged to the see 
 of Salisbury. Though stigmatised by his 
 enemies with the name of atheist, it ap- 
 pears, however, that he was a zealous as- 
 serter of God and of his providence. In 
 1593, he highly offended the queen by an 
 amour with one of her maids of honour, 
 daughter of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton ; 
 but after being imprisoned for several 
 months, he made due reparation for his 
 violation of decorum by man-ying the lady, 
 with whom he lived in the enjoyment of 
 uninterrupted domestic harmony. He en- 
 gaged, in 1595, in the discovery and con- 
 
KAI. 
 
 liAM 
 
 quc^i 01" fiulana, in South Amerito, and 
 after storiiiing the city of .St. Joseph, and 
 taking the Spanish governor prisoner, he 
 returned to England. He was afterwards 
 employed against Cadiz, and then became 
 active in his opposition to Essex, and great- 
 ly contributed to the defeat of his treason- 
 able designs ; but on the death of the queen 
 his happiness was at an end. On the ac- 
 cession of James, Raleigh was not only 
 stripped of his honours, but tried and con- 
 demned for high treason, on charges not 
 only frivolous, but oppressive and arbitra- 
 ry. Though reprieved he remained for se- 
 veral years a prisoner in the Tower, while 
 his estates were lavished on Car, the royal 
 favourite. During his long captivity, which 
 was soothed by the attentions of his wife, 
 the heroic prisoner devoted himself to lite- 
 rary pursuits, and wrote some valuable 
 works, among which is his History of the 
 World, of which the first volume appeared 
 in 16l4, folio. In 1616, after a confine- 
 ment of nearly thirteen years, this illustri- 
 ous character was permitted to leave his 
 prison, and James, as if pretending first to 
 discover his merits, sent him on an expedi- 
 tion to explore the golden mines of Guiana. 
 The affair proved unfortunate : sir Walter 
 lost his eldest son, who was killed by the 
 Spaniards at St. Thomas, and after destroy- 
 ing the town, Avhich was burnt against his 
 orders, he returned home to meet the most 
 cruel and arbitrary treatment. Incensed 
 at his conduct, the Spaniards were loud in 
 their complaints by Gundamor their am- 
 bassador, and James ordered Raleigh to be 
 seized. Though no blame could attach to 
 him for his conduct in Guiana, the king, 
 determined on his punishment, ordered his 
 execution on his former attainder. In vain 
 the unfortunate leader pleaded in his de- 
 fence, and asserted that his life could not 
 be taken away in consequence of a sentence 
 passed fifteen years before, and which had 
 been revoked, since in his late expedition 
 the king had granted him power of life and 
 death over his crew. Nothing, however, 
 availed ; and the pusillanimous James, 
 either to please the vindictive Spaniards, 
 or to gratify his own personal enmity, as- 
 sented to his death, and thus brought eter- 
 nal disgrace upon his otherwise illustrious 
 reign. This injured hero was beheaded in 
 old palace yard, 29th Oct. 1618, and suf- 
 fered with great magnanimity. His body 
 was interred in St. Margaret's, Westmin- 
 ster, but his head was preserved for several 
 years in his family. Without hesitation, 
 sir Walter must be pronounced one of the 
 greatest and most useful characters of those 
 times. His perseverance in making disco- 
 veries and in visiting foreign countries first 
 inspired the nation with that ardour after 
 maritime distinction, which has since not 
 only increased its oommerce and prosperi- 
 
 ty, but raised its glory to the most exalted 
 rank. He was dislingnished not only as u 
 bold navigator and a valiant leader, but as 
 an able negotiutor ; and as a man of let- 
 ters, his valualtle works, conqjoscd in the 
 obscurity of a dungeon, on subjects of his- 
 tory, politics, geography, and philosophy, 
 as well as some respectable poetical pieces, 
 will transmit his name with honour to the 
 most distant posterity. His son Carcw, 
 who was born in the tower, was author of 
 some sonnets, and he wrote also a Defence 
 of his Father against the Attacks of James 
 Howell. He was made governor of Jer- 
 sey in 1659, and died 1666. 
 
 Ralph, James, a miscellaneous writer, 
 originally a schoolmaster at Philadelphia. 
 He came to London in the beginning of 
 the second George's reign, and wrote him- 
 self to notice. His " Night," a poem, and 
 some theatrical pieces, were received with 
 applause. His History of England pos- 
 sesses merit, and some of his political pam- 
 phlets for a time enjoyed popularity. He 
 died of the gout, January 24th, 1762, at 
 Chiswick. He was one of the heroes of 
 Pope's Dunciad. 
 
 Ramazzini, Bernardin, an Italian physi- 
 cian, born at Capri, near Modena, 1633. 
 He studied and took his degrees at Parma, 
 and after visiting Rome, settled at Modena, 
 where he became medical professor, and 
 practised with great success. In 1700, he 
 removed to Padua, and though blind, dis- 
 charged the duties of professor with great 
 applause. He died 1714, upon his birthday, 
 5th Nov. aged 81. His works appeared at 
 London, 1716, in 4to. 
 
 Rameau, John Philip, a celebrated mu- 
 sician, born at Dijon, 25th Sept. 1683. He 
 at first travelled over the country with a 
 strolling company, and afterwards was 
 made organist of Clermont cathedral in 
 Auvergne. He now studied the principles 
 of his art with great success, and produced 
 his Treatise on Harmony, and his new 
 System of Music. In 1750, he gave to the 
 public his famous " Demonstration of the 
 Principles of Harmony," in which he makes 
 the whole depend on a single and clear 
 principle, the fundamental base ; and for 
 this excellent work he has been deservedly 
 called the Newton of that science. He was 
 made manager of the opera at Paris, and 
 for his great merit appointed composer to 
 Lewis XV. and by him honoured with the 
 order of St. Michael, and raised to the rank 
 of nobility. He died at Paris, Sept. 12, 
 1764. He was a man of exemplary cha- 
 racter, a good husband, and a benevolent 
 neighbour. As a theorist he is deservedly 
 admired by Handel, but as a composer, 
 some dispute his merit. 
 
 Ramelli, Felix, a native of Asti, who 
 though an ecclesiastic, became an eminent 
 painter, and wn*! liighlv honoured at the 
 
 533 
 
RAM 
 
 KAM 
 
 (U)urt ef the king of Sardinia for the excel- 
 lence of his highly finished miniature por- 
 traits. He died 1740, aged 74. 
 
 Ramsat, Andrew Michael, called also 
 the chevalier Ramsay, was a Scotchman, 
 born at Ajt, 9th June, 1686. He studied 
 at Edinburgh, and was tutor to lord We- 
 niys's son at St. Andrew's, and afterwards 
 travelled to Leyden, where the conversa- 
 tion of Poirct, the mystic divine, shook his 
 religious principles. In 1710, he visited 
 the celebrated Fenelon, at Cambray, and 
 became by his persuasion a convert to the 
 catholic faith, and in consequence of this 
 connexion, obtained the place of tutor to 
 the duke of Chateau Thiery, and to the 
 prince of Turenne, and was made knight 
 of St. Lazarus. He was afterwards at 
 Rome, engaged in the education of the 
 children of the pretender, called there, 
 James III. but soon after returned to Scot- 
 land, where he was favourably received. 
 In 1730, he was honoured by the university 
 of Oxford with a doctor's degree, and after- 
 wards returned to France, and died in the 
 service of his patron, the duke of Turenne, 
 at St. Germain-en-laie, 6th May, 1743. 
 He wrote Discourse sur la Poesi Epique ; 
 la Vie de Fenelon, in return for the influ- 
 ence of the learned prelate in his conver- 
 sion ; Essay sur le Gouvernment Civil ; 
 les Voyages de Cyrus, the best of his 
 works ; Histoire de M. de Turenne ; la 
 P5ychometre,or Reflections on lord Shaftes- 
 bury's Characteristics; besides a Plan of 
 Education and Philosophical Principles of 
 Natural and Revealed Religion, 2 vols. 4to. 
 and smaller pieces. 
 
 Ramsat, Charles Lewis, a Scotchman, 
 author of a Treatise on Short-hand ivri- 
 ting, dedicated to Lewis XIV. and transla- 
 ted into French, Paris, 1681. 
 
 Ramsat, Allan, a Scotch poet, born at 
 Peebles, 1696. He was originally a barber 
 at Edinburgh ; but possessing emulation, 
 and a strong genius, he devoted himself to 
 the muses, and was honoured with the pa- 
 tronage of the great and learned. Of all 
 his poems the most deservedly known is 
 His ** Gentle Shepherd," a pastoral comedy, 
 which was first acted at Edinburgh, 1719, 
 and which for merit, simplicity, and ele- 
 gance, is most universally admired. For 
 some time the poet kept a bookseller's 
 shop, but retired in his old oge, and died a 
 private man, 1763, aged 67. His poems 
 form 2 vols. 4to. and his songs 4 vols. 
 
 Ramsat, David, M. D. the historian, 
 was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylva- 
 nia, April 2d, 1749, of intelligent and pious 
 parents, who gave him a religious edu- 
 cation. He early exhibited a superiori- 
 ty of talent, and made uncommon profi- 
 ciency in his studies, both at school and at 
 college. He was graduated at Princeton 
 ^ 1765. After two vear.^ devoted to gene- 
 
 ral literature, he commenced the study of 
 medicine at Philadelphia, and received a 
 diploma of Bachelor of Physic, from the 
 Medical college of that city in 1772, with 
 the highest reputation for talents and learn- 
 ing. After practising medicine a short 
 time in Maryland, he went, in 1773, to 
 Charleston, South Carolina, where he soon 
 rose to eminence in the profession, and en- 
 joyed extensive employment. At the com- 
 mencement of the war of the revolution he 
 took a decided and active part in the cause 
 of freedom, and contributed much to its 
 promotion by his exertions in the legisla- 
 ture of South Carolina, of wh'ch he was a 
 member during the whole war ; and in the 
 army, where he served for some time as a 
 surgeon, as well as by his conversation and 
 numerous publications in the papers. He 
 was one of the privy council for some time, 
 and was banished, with others, by Corn- 
 wallis to St. Augustine, where he remained 
 eleven months. On his return he exhibited 
 his moderation and wisdom by opposing 
 the acts of the legislature confiscating the 
 estates of the royalists. In 1782, he was 
 elected to a seat in congress, and was a 
 conspicuous member of that body. He 
 was again elected in 1785, and chosen pre- 
 sident, pro tempore, during the illness of 
 Hancock, and discharged the duties of that 
 station through the year. In 1786, he re- 
 sumed his profession, and was distinguish- 
 ed for an assiduous attention to its duties, 
 and for skill. He was a rigid disciple of 
 doctor Rush. During the progress of the 
 revolution, doctor Ramsay, employed him- 
 self in collecting material.' for a history of 
 that event ; and his great impartiality, his 
 fine memory, which retained whatever came 
 within his observation, and his extensive 
 intercourse with many of the principal per- 
 sons, both of the army and national legis- 
 lature, eminently qualified him for that 
 task. He gave his History of the Revolu- 
 tion in South Carolina to the public in 1785, 
 a work characterized, like all his others, by- 
 vigorous thought, neatness of style, judi- 
 ciousness, and fidelity. In 1790, he pub- 
 lished a History of the American Revolu- 
 tion ; in 1801, a Life of Washington ; and 
 in 1808, a History of South Carolina. He 
 also wrote a Universal History, and a His- 
 tory of the United States up to the year 
 1808, which have been published since his 
 death. He was distinguished through the 
 whole course of his life by great enterprise, 
 industiy, and perseverance. The chief de- 
 lect in his character was a want of judg- 
 ment in affairs foreign to his profession, 
 which led him into fallacious schenn^es of 
 acquiring wealth and promoting the public 
 good, and involved him in disappointments 
 and losses. He was eminently philanthro- 
 pic and pious, engaged with ardour in 
 every plan to advance the well-being nf 
 
RAM 
 
 RAN 
 
 mankind, and exhibited a bright example of 
 the Christian virtues. He died on the 7th 
 of May, 1815, of a wound received in the 
 street from a maniac. [IZJ^ L. 
 
 Ramsay, Martha L. wife of the prece- 
 ding, was the daughter of Henry Laurens, 
 president of congress, and born in Charles- 
 ton, South Carolina, Nov. 3d, 1759. She 
 possessed a superior mind, and early be- 
 came distinguished for her attainments in 
 knowledge, and for piety. On the com- 
 mencement of the American revolution in 
 1775, she left America, and resided in Eng- 
 land .-jnd France till 1785, when she re- 
 turned to Charleston, and was married to 
 Doctor Ramsay in January, 1787. Her 
 death took place on the lOthof June, 1811. 
 Her superior sense and excellence of cha- 
 racter rendered her an object of universal 
 esteem. A memoir of her life was publish- 
 ed by Doctor Ramsay. ICJ^ L 
 
 Ramsden, Jesse, a native of Halifax, 
 Yorkshire, son of a clothier. In 1751, at 
 the age of 21, he abandoned his father's 
 business, and came to London to be an en- 
 graver, and then applied himself to the ma- 
 king of mathematical instruments, in which 
 he showed great skill and ingenuity. He 
 was admitted fellow of the Royal Society, 
 1786. His improvements in the theodo- 
 lite, the barometer, Hadley's quadrant, and 
 other mathematical and optical instru- 
 ments, were very important to science, and 
 he acquired no little celebrity from his as- 
 tronomical apparatus and quadrants. 
 
 Ramus, Peter, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Verm?ndois, in Picardy, 1515. 
 Though of a reepectable family, his parents 
 were poor ; but such was his devotion to 
 literature, that rather than abandon it, he 
 was content to attend the college of Na- 
 varre at Paris in the humble character of a 
 servant. Assiduity, however, overcame 
 every difficulty, and when a candidate for 
 his master's degree, he boldly attacked the 
 prejudices of the times, by assuming for his 
 thesis that all that Aristotle had written 
 was false. This kindled a violent disturb- 
 ance in the university of Paris, where Aris- 
 totle's works were regarded as the effu- 
 sion of more than human powers, and the 
 young professor was not only accused of 
 intentions of sapping religion, but he was 
 forbidden to teach philosophy ; and that 
 his disgrace might be more publicly known, 
 the sentence was published in every street 
 in Paris, and his person and character ex- 
 posed to ridicule on the stage. He, how- 
 ever, was gradually restored to public fa- 
 vour^ and in 1551, was made Royal profes- 
 sor o- philosophy and eloquence ; but the 
 Sorbonne viewed with a jealous eye his 
 elevation, and when he attempted an inno- 
 vation in the pronunciation of Latin, by 
 pronouncing Quisquis with the sound of 
 *he Q, and not Ki^kis^ as in the old wav. 
 
 he was exposed to great virulence, till the 
 matter being referred to a court of justice, 
 was dismissed, and every person allowed to 
 pronounce his words a.s \n- |.|.;aM(Ml. Whea 
 Ramus deserted the catholic n;ligion for 
 the protestant, he exposed liimscif to fresh 
 persecutions, and was in consequence dri- 
 ven from his professorship ; but though af- 
 terwards restored for a while to favour, he 
 found himself still attacked by new injuries, 
 and at last fell by the hands of the assas- 
 sins in the massacre of St. BartholomeWj 
 1572. His body, after being, it is said, 
 thrown out of a window, having the bowels 
 dispersed about the streets, was dragged 
 with every species of ignominy by his Aris- 
 totelian adversaries, and thrown into the 
 Seine. He wrote various learned works, 
 the best known o( which are Treatises on 
 Arithmetic and Geometry ; de Militia Cae- 
 saris ; de Moribus V eterum Gallorum ; 
 Grammars in Latin, French, and Greek, 
 &.C. As a scholar and mathematician he 
 was very respectable ; and his followers, 
 called Ramists, for a while became very nu- 
 merous in England and Scotland, and par- 
 ticularly in Germany. 
 
 Ramusio, John Baptist, secretary of the 
 council of 10 in the Venetian republic, died 
 at Padua, 1557, aged 72. He Avas author 
 of a Treatise de Nili Incremento ; a Col- 
 lection of Maritime Voyages, in 3 vols. fol. 
 in Italian. He was for some time ambas- 
 sador from Venice to France, Rome, and 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Rang, John, a native of Montpellier, ad- 
 mired as a painter. He was a great fa- 
 vourite in Spain, and was chief painter to 
 the king. He died at Madrid, 1735. 
 
 Range, Armand John le Boutillier de, a 
 French ecclesiastic, born at Paris, 9th Jan. 
 1626. He was so well .skilled in Grecian 
 literature that at the age of 13 he published 
 an edition of Anacreon with notes ; but 
 after taking orders, and being presented to 
 some abbeys, he gave way to his licentious 
 inclinations, and became an abandoned sen- 
 sualist. Returning once from a distant voy- 
 age, he entered privately the apartments of 
 his mistress, but instead of finding the usual 
 caresses of affection, he saw her head in a 
 platter, cut off, because a small leaden 
 coffin could not contain the length of her 
 dead body. This sudden shocking sight 
 operated so powerfully upon his feelings, 
 that he retired to a monastery^ and devoted 
 the rest of life to refor-n and improve the 
 monks of la Trappe. He died there in the 
 midst of his society, 136th Oct. 1700, much 
 and deservedly respected. He published a 
 translation of the works of Dorothee, 8vo. ; 
 Explanation of St. Benedict's Rules ; In- 
 structions and Maxims ; Moral Reflections 
 on the Four Gospels, in 4 vols. kc. 
 . Randolph, Thomas, a native of Kent, 
 pducated at Christ-rhtirch, and made ma^o- 
 
RAN 
 
 RAP 
 
 ter of Broadgate-hall, Oxford, 1 549. He 
 Tvas disgraced by Mary on account of his 
 religion, but his abilities as a negotiator 
 were employed by Elizabeth in France, 
 Russia, and Scotland, and he was knighted 
 for his services, and made chamberlain of 
 the exchequer and master of the posts. He 
 died 1590, aged 60. He wrote an Account 
 of his Embassy in Russia, 1568, inserted 
 in Hakluyt's Voyages ; Letters, Instruc- 
 tions, &c. 
 
 Randolph, Thomas, an English poet, 
 born at Newnham, Northamptonshire, 
 1605 where his father was steward to lord 
 Zouch. He was educated at Westminster 
 school and Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 "where he became fellow. He possessed 
 great genius, but unfortunately was too 
 much addicted to pleasure, and thus short- 
 ened his life. He was the friend and fa- 
 vourite of Ben Jonson, who often called 
 him his son, and in his poems he displayed 
 all the vivacity of a genuine wit. He died 
 1634, when not yet 30. His works, among 
 ivhich is the " Muse's Looking-Glass," a 
 superior comedy, and three other dramatic 
 pieces, were collected by his brother Ro- 
 bert, of which the fourth edition appeared 
 in 1664. Robert himself was a poet, and 
 ■was of Christ-church, Oxford, and became 
 rector of Donington, Lincolnshire, where 
 he died 1671, aged 60. 
 
 Randolph, Edward, an agent sent from 
 Great Britain to ascertain the state of the 
 New- England colonies, and who gave them 
 great trouble by his hostility to their in- 
 terests. He came to Boston in 1676, and 
 was the principal means of depriving Mas- 
 sachusetts of her charter. He was a con- 
 spicuous character during the government 
 of sir Edmund Andross, and was imprison- 
 ed with him in 1689 as a traitor. He was, 
 however, released, and went to the West 
 Indies, where he died. He was violent 
 in his prejudices, arbitrary, unjust, and 
 implacable in enmity to the colonies. 
 
 ?C3^ L. 
 
 Randolph, Peyton, first president of the 
 American congress, was a native of Virgi- 
 nia, and one of the most distinguished law- 
 yers and patriots of that state. He was as 
 early as 1756 appointed king's attorney for 
 that colony, and held the office for many 
 years. In 1766 he was elected speaker of 
 the house of burgesses, and in 1773 a mem- 
 ber of the committee of correspondence. 
 The following year he was appointed a de- 
 legate to the congress which assembled at 
 Philadelphia, and was elected its president, 
 and also presided in the congress of 1775, 
 till obliged to return to Virginia, when Han- 
 cock was chosen his successor. He soon 
 resumed his seat in congress, but died sud- 
 denly on the 22d of Oct. 1775, aged 52. 
 
 ICJ^ L. 
 
 Randolph, Edmund, governor of Virgi- 
 nia, was the son of John Randolph, attor- 
 526 
 
 ney-general of that colony before the 
 revolution. He was an eminent lawyer, 
 and a warm friend of the revolution. 
 After having held several honourable 
 stations in the state he was in 1779 
 elected to a seat in congress, and held it 
 till 1782. In 1787 he was a member of the 
 convention which formed the federal con- 
 stitution, but voted against its adoption. 
 The next year he was chosen governor of 
 Virginia, and in 1789 was appointed attor- 
 ney-general of the United States, and in 
 1794 secretary of state, but engaged in an 
 intrigue with the French minister, by 
 which he lost the confidence of the cabinet, 
 and resigned in August, 179,*^. He died 
 Sept. 12;h, 1813. |C3^ L. 
 
 Rannequin, N. a celebrated engineer, 
 born at Liege, 1648, and known for the ma- 
 chine of Marly, which raised water to the 
 top of a hill 502 feet above its level, and 
 with such power that not less than 5258 
 tons are forced up every 24 hours. This 
 able man died 1708. 
 
 Rans, Bertrand de, a native of Rheims, 
 who, after living in deep solitude as a her- 
 mit in the forests of Parthenay and Tour- 
 nay, imposed himself in 1226 upon the cre- 
 dulity of the people as the emperor Bald- 
 win I. of Constantinople, who about 20 
 years before had been defeated by the Bul- 
 garians, and put to death. Though the 
 daughter of Baldwin, who was governess of 
 Flanders, discovered his artifice, the im- 
 posture prevailed, and Rans was acknow- 
 ledged by the Flemish nobility as their law- 
 ful sovereign. At last deception ceased, 
 and the usurper, when tortured, confessed 
 his guilt, and was hanged at Lisle. 
 
 Rantzan, Josias, a noble native of Hol- 
 stein, who left the Danish service for the 
 French, and was made marshal of the king- 
 dom by Lewis XIII. He was wounded 
 and lost an eye 1636 at Dole, and after- 
 wards lost an arm, a leg, and one of his 
 ears. In 1645 he became a protestant, 
 and died five years after in prison. He is 
 chiefly known as the active instrument by 
 whom the protestant religion was establish- 
 ed in Denmark. 
 
 Raodx, John, a native of Montpellier, 
 eminent as a painter of historical pieces, 
 and of portraits. He was of the Paris aca- 
 demy of painting, and died at Paris, 1734, 
 aged 57. 
 
 Raphael, d'Arezzio, a native of Arez- 
 zio, the pupil of Zucchero, admired as a 
 historical and portrait painter. He died 
 1580, aged 28. 
 
 Raphael, Sanzio, an illustrious painter, 
 born at Urbino, on Good Friday, 1483. 
 His father was a painter, and under him 
 and Perugino he first began to cultivate his 
 talents, after which he visited Sienna, and 
 Florence, to see the incomparable works of 
 Leonardo da Vinci, and Michael Angelo. 
 By studying thus tixe best, masters, he soon 
 
JtAJt* 
 
 KAb 
 
 vuse lu cuiincncc ami reputatiuii, and lue- 
 riled the appellation of the divini- Kapliacl. 
 He also fxfflh'd aa an arcliitrct, and was 
 employed by Leo X. in Ihr building of St. 
 Peter's at Rome, and be enjoyed the patro- 
 nage and esteenj not only of the popes, but 
 of I'raneis I. ol France, and of other 
 prinees. He unfortunately wa^ too much 
 given to licentious pleasures, which at last 
 hurried him to an untimely grave, on his 
 birthday, 1520. He was buried in the Ro- 
 tunda at Rome, where these two lines by 
 Bembi mark his tomb : 
 
 Jlle hie est Raphael, timxiil quo sospite vinci 
 Jterum magna parens, el moriente mori. 
 
 He surpassed, says a connoisseur, all mo- 
 dern painters, because he possessed more 
 of the excellent parts of painting, and above 
 all he possessed the graces in so advan- 
 tageous a manner, that he has never since 
 been equalled by any other. 
 
 Raphelengius, Francis, a learned Fle- 
 ming. He studied the oriental languages 
 at Paris, and was Greek professor at Cam- 
 bridge. He was afterwards corrector of 
 the press to Christopher Plantin, whose 
 daughter he married, and he was concerned 
 in the publication of the famous Antwerp 
 Hebrew Bible, printed 1571. He was af- 
 terwards professor of Hebrew and Arabic 
 at Leyden, and died there 20th July, 1597. 
 His works besides are, a Hebrew Gram- 
 mar — an Arabic Lexicon — a Chaldee Lexi- 
 con, &c. 
 
 Rapin, Nicholas, a French poet, born at 
 Fontenai-le-Comte, Poictou. He was the 
 favourite of Henry IIL by whom he was 
 made provost of Paris, from which he was 
 expelled by the league, but afterwards re- 
 stored by Henry IV. His wmks, which 
 were elegantly written, consisted of odes, 
 epigrams, and elegies. He attempted to 
 banish rhyme from the French poetry, and 
 to write after the Greek and Latin metre. 
 He died 1609. His poems are among the 
 Delices des Poetes Latins de France. 
 
 Rapin, Renatus, a learned Jesuit, born 
 at Tours, 1621. He taught for nine years 
 polite literature with success, and wrote 
 Latin with great elegance. His poem on 
 Gardens, in four books, has been translated 
 into English by Evelyn, and also by Gardi- 
 ner. 1 his and his other poems, consisting 
 of odes, sacred eclogues, &c. were publish- 
 ed 2 vols. l2mo. 1681. His treatises on 
 Polite Literature were translated from the 
 French into English, by B. Kennet, 2 vols. 
 8vo. They contain well-written compari- 
 sons between Demosthenes and Cicero on 
 eloquence, between Homer and N irgil, kc. 
 and are intended to restore good taste and 
 polite studies in France. He died at Paris, 
 16S7. 
 
 Rapin de Thoyuas, Paul de, a French- 
 man, known as a« eminent historian, born 
 
 at Castrcs, £,anguedoe, 1661, and UcsceuU • 
 ed from an ancient family in Savoy. He 
 studied at Fuylaurrns and Saumur, and 
 then, after the example of his father, who 
 was an advocate of rcflpectability, he ap- 
 plied himself to the law. lie afterwards 
 abandoned the law for the profession of 
 arms, but on the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes he left France, and came to Eng- 
 land in I68f> ; but after a short stay in I^on- 
 don he went to Holland, where he enlisted 
 in a company of French volunteers. He 
 accompanied William IIL into England, 
 and served in the army in Ireland, and wa*' 
 at the battle of the Boyne, and the siege of 
 Limerick, where he was wounded. In 
 1693 he became tutor to the son of the earl 
 of Portland, with a pension of 100/. from 
 the king, and the promise of greater pa- 
 tronage, which he never received. He tra- 
 velled over Europe with his pupil, and 
 married at the Hague, where he settled for 
 some time. In 1707 he retired to Wezel, 
 in the dutchy of Cleves, with his family, 
 and there devoted himself for 17 yeai's to 
 the completion of his History of England. 
 His health suffered by his great application, 
 and the attack of a fever carried him to his 
 grave after a week's illness, 1725. He left 
 one son and .six daughters. He published 
 before his death 8 vols. 4to. of his history, 
 to the death of Charles I. and two more 
 were added in 1724. This history has been 
 translated by Tindal, and published in 8vo. 
 and in folio, with a continuation to 1760, 
 and notes, and also by J. Kelly, in 2 vols. 
 folio. As a historian, Rapin has his ad- 
 mirers and detractors, and while admired 
 by some for moderation, he is charged by 
 others with tediousness and obscurity. 
 Voltaire has said of him, that he was 
 the author of the best and most impar- 
 tial history of England that had hitherto 
 appeared. 
 
 Rasles, Sebastian, a French Jesuit mi.s- 
 sionary among the Indians, who came to 
 Quebec in 1689. After spending several 
 years in the interior he went to Norridgc- 
 wock, on the Kenebeck river, where he 
 resided twenty-six years till his death. Ho 
 was an implacable enemy to the English, 
 aiid excited the Indians to rob and destroy 
 them. In 1724 a party from New-Hamp- 
 shire attacked the village, and killed him 
 and many of the Indians. He was in his 
 sixty-seventh year. He possessed a vigor- 
 ous mind and extensive learning, was an 
 accomplished Latin scholar, and an im- 
 pressive preacher. He had acquired great 
 influence over the Indians, and made him- 
 self familiar with their language, of which 
 he wrote a dictionary, which is preserved 
 in the library of Harvard college, •dp' L. 
 
 Kastal, John, an eminent printer, born 
 in London, and educated at Oxford. He 
 wrote a Description of Europe, Asia, and 
 
 .^27 
 
KAV 
 
 KAW 
 
 Africa, in the form of a drama, with cuts — 
 and also Canones Astrologici — Dialogues 
 concerning Purgatory — Rules of a good 
 Life — Anglorum Regum Chronicum — Apo' 
 logy against John Fryth, &.c. He married 
 a sister of the great sir Thomas More, and 
 died 1536. His son William was one of 
 the justices of the King's Bench under 
 Mary, and at her death retired to Louvain. 
 He published a Chronological Table from 
 the Conqueror — the Chartuary, 15S0 — 
 Terms of the English Law — Collection of 
 Statutes — the Life of sir Thomas More, 
 &c. 
 
 Rater, Anthony, an eminent architect 
 of Lyons. His abilities were employed in 
 beautifying and adding to the conveniences 
 of his native city ; but he had the misfor- 
 tune before his death to see his fellow-citi- 
 zens proscribed, and the places which he 
 had embellished laid in ashes by the mur- 
 derous hands of the revolutionary anar- 
 chists. He died at Miribel, near Lyons, 
 4th Aug. 1794, aged 65. 
 
 Ratramnus, a monk of the abbey of 
 Corbie, in the ninth century. He publish- 
 ed two books on predestination, against 
 Hincmar, archbishop ofRheims, which are 
 inserted in the Vindiciae Predestinationis, 
 2 vols. 4to. He wrote besides, treatises 
 on the Conception of Christ — and on Tran- 
 substantiation, a work much quoted by the 
 Calvinists. 
 
 Ratte, Stephen Hyacinth de, an astro- 
 nomer, was born at Montpellier in 1722. 
 He was secretary to the Academy of Sci- 
 ences in his native city, and published two 
 volumes of its memoirs ; but was prevented 
 from continuing the collection by the Re- 
 volution. He was Q.ho counsellor of the 
 court of aids ; and when the National In- 
 stitute was formed he was chosen an asso- 
 ciate. He died in 1805. His observations 
 have been published by Flauguergues. 
 — W.B. 
 
 Ravaillac, Francis, a native of Angou- 
 leme, who took the habit of the Feuillans, 
 a society from which he was soon after ex- 
 pelled on account of his irregularities. The 
 excesses and the fanatical discourses of 
 the advocates of the league had so de- 
 ranged his understanding, that he formed a 
 most inveterate hatred against Henrv IV. 
 and determined to cut him off. Full of 
 melancholy fury he came to Paris, and for 
 some days followed the monarch to commit 
 his horrid purpose. On the fatal 14th 
 May, 1610, when the x'oyal carriage was 
 stopped in the street by some wagons, the 
 murderer raised himself upon the wheels of 
 the chariot, and with two blows stabbed 
 the monarch to the heart. He was seized 
 by the duke of Epernon, and condemned 
 to be torn to pieces by four horses. The 
 dreadful sentence was executed the follow- 
 ing 27th May, and be declared to the 
 52B 
 
 last that he had no accomplices in the cruef 
 deed. 
 
 Ravennas, Agnellus, or Andreas, author 
 of a crude history of the bishops of Raven- 
 na, of which he was a native. He was 
 abbot of a monastery there, and died before 
 the middle of the ninth century. 
 
 Ravesteyn, John, a Dutch painter, born 
 at the Hague about 1560. His portraits 
 were much admired. There were two 
 others of his name, Hubert, born at Dor- 
 drecht, 1647, whose fairs, markets, &c. 
 were in high esteem, and Nicholas, born at 
 Bommel, in 1661, who chiefly excelled in 
 portraits and in historical pieces. 
 
 Ravius, Christian, a native of Berlin, 
 who travelled into the East, where he 
 learned the Persian, Turkish, and Arabian 
 languages, and collected valuable MSS. 
 On iiis return to Europe he became profes- 
 sor of oriental languages at Utrecht, after- 
 wards at Kiel, and at Frankfort on the 
 Maine, where he died 21st June, 1667, 
 aged 64. He was also one of the learned 
 con-espondents of queen Christina. He 
 wrote a Plan of Hebrew Orthography and 
 Etymology — a Grammar, Hebrew, Chal- 
 daic, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, and Eng- 
 lish, London, 8vo. — a Latin translation 
 from the Arabic of Apollonius Pergseus. 
 His son John was librarian to the elector 
 of Brandenburg, and was author of a Com- 
 mentary on Cornel. Nepos — of Military 
 Aphorisms — and other works. 
 
 Raulin, Joseph, physician to the French 
 king, and member of several learned socie- 
 ties, died at Paris, 12th April, 1784, aged 
 76. He published treatises on Diseases 
 occasioned by Variations of the Atmos- 
 phere ; on the Vapours in Females , on the 
 Fluor Albus ; on the Preservation of In- 
 fants ; on Diseases in Lying-in-Women ; 
 Pulmonary Consumption , Comparison of 
 the Mineral Waters of France and Ger- 
 many, &c. There was an ecclesiastic of 
 that name, John, who died at Cluni, 1514, 
 aged 71, He wrote sermons in a weak 
 style — Another, John Facond, xvho was a 
 Spaniard, in the l7th centurv, and wrote 
 an Ecclesiastical History of Malabar, 4to. 
 
 Rauwolf. Vid. Rawwolf. 
 
 Rawlet, John, B.D. an English divine^ 
 lecturer of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, a place 
 which he refused to quit for the living of 
 Coleshill, Warwickshire. He wrote the 
 Christian Monitor, an excellent book often 
 edited ; and a treatise on Sacramental Co- 
 venanting, and died 1686, aged 44. 
 
 Kawley, William, D.D. chaplain to 
 Charles I. and II. and also to the great 
 Bdcon, and the editor of his works, was 
 born at Norwich, 1588. He was educated 
 at Benet's college, Cambridge, of which he 
 became a fellow, and in 1616 obtained the 
 rectory of Landbeach, near Cambridge, 
 from which lie vas exoelled during the re- 
 
lU^V 
 
 liW 
 
 bcllion, but replaced at the restoration. 
 He died there 18th June, l(jG7. 
 
 Rawlins, Thomas, engraver of the mint 
 during the reign of the second Charhs, was 
 author of three dramatic pieces, Rebellion ; 
 Tom Essence ; and Tunbridge Wells, and 
 died 1670. 
 
 Kawi.inson, Thomas, knt. descended of 
 an ancient family in Lancashire, was born 
 at London, March, 1647. He was sheriff", 
 and in 1 700 lord mayor of the city, and he 
 rendered his name memorable by repairing 
 and beautifying the Guildhall. He died 2d 
 Nov. 1705. lie was father of 15 children 
 by his wife, Mary, daughter of Richard 
 Taylor, Esq. 
 
 Rawlinson, Thomas, a judicious col- 
 lector of books, and a liberal patron of 
 learning, and of learned men. While in 
 Gray's-inn he had four chambers filled with 
 his valuable collections, and he removed 
 to London-house, Aldersgate-street, which, 
 though once the palace of a bishop, could 
 scarce contain the number of his books. 
 He died there 6th Aug. 1725, aged 44. His 
 library was disposed of by auction after 
 his death, and his MSS. took 16 days in 
 the sale, and the books a much greater 
 portion of time. Addison alluded satirical- 
 ly to him in the 158th number of the Tatler, 
 under the character of Tom Folio. 
 
 Rawlinson, Richard, fourth son of sir 
 Tiiomas, was an eminent antiquary, educa- 
 ted at St. John's college, Oxford, where he 
 took, by diploma, the degree of LL.D. in 
 1719. This indefatigable man made a col- 
 lection for the enlargement of A. Wood's 
 Historia et Antiquitates Oxon. and for the 
 continuation of the Athense Oxoniensis, 
 and History of Oxford, and he assisted 
 liberally his contemporary antiquaries in 
 the completion of their works. He also 
 published a translation of Fi*esnoy's New 
 Method of studying History, &c. 2 vols. 
 8vo. ; and the English Typographer, &c. 
 8vo. He also founded in 1750 an Anglo- 
 Saxon professorship at Oxford, and be- 
 queathed to the university all his books, 
 papers, MSS. seals, and curious and valua- 
 ble collections. He died at Islington, 6th 
 April, 1755. He was also a great bene- 
 factor to Hertford college, and particularly 
 to St. John's college, to which he left an 
 estate worth 700/. per annum. His heart, 
 according to his direction, was placed in a 
 beautiful urn against the wall of St. John's 
 chapel, and his body deposited in a vault in 
 St. Giles's church, Oxford. In his right 
 hand was placed the head of counsellor 
 Layer, which he had purchased for a large 
 sum, when it had been blown off from Tem- 
 ple Bar, where, after his execution for trea- 
 son, it had been placed, 1722. Dr. Raw- 
 linson's printed books were sold in 1756. 
 The sale lasted 50 days, and that of the 
 pamphlets 10 davs more. 
 
 Vol.. IL 67 
 
 Rawmmsom, Christopher, eniinent for 
 his knowledge ofSuxou and Northern lite- 
 rature, was born at Sprinj^fndd, Essex, 
 13th June, 1G77, of an Hncicut family, 
 situated at Clarkhill, Lamahhin . H<; wns 
 educated at Queen's college, ()xfor<|, and 
 published, whilst there, an eilition of Al- 
 fred's Saxon Translation of Boethius dc 
 Consolatione Philosophia;, bvo. lie. left a 
 valuable collection of MSS. respecting the 
 counties of Westmoreland and Cumber- 
 land. He died 8th Jan. l732-.i, aged 55, 
 and was buried in the abbey church of St. 
 Alban's. 
 
 Raw WOLF, Leonard, a native of Augs- 
 burg, who, in pursuit of botanical know- 
 ledge, travelled into Syria, Judea, Arabia, 
 and other Eastern countries, where he ob- 
 tained a great number of curious plants. 
 On his return to Europe, 1576, he removed 
 to Lintz, and gained some reputation as a 
 medical practitioner, and was made physi- 
 cian to the archdulics of Austria. He died 
 1606. His Travels were published at 
 Frankfort, 1532, in 4to. which were trans- 
 lated into English by Staphrost, 1693, and 
 afterwards by Mr. Ray. The catalogue 
 of his plants was published by J. F. Gro- 
 novius, at Leyden, 1755, under the name 
 of Flora Orientalis, Svo. 
 
 Ray, or Wray, John, an eminent Eng- 
 lish naturalist, born at Black Notley, near 
 Braintree, Essex, 1628. Though but the 
 son of a blacksmith, he was well educated 
 at Braintree school, and in 1644, he en- 
 tered at Catherine-hall, Cambridge, from 
 which two years after he removed to Tri- 
 nity college, where he obtained a fellow- 
 ship. As he distinguished himself in the 
 university by his application, he was in 
 1651 made Greek lecturer of his college, 
 and two years after mathematical reader, 
 and in 1655 humanity reader. Not only, 
 however, the business of the college com- 
 manded his attention, but he devoted him- 
 self particularly to botany and the univer- 
 sal history of nature, and in 1660, pub- 
 lished a catalogue of the Cambridge plants. 
 To enlarge his knowledge of plants, he tra- 
 velled over the greater part o( England, 
 Wales, and Scotland, and in these journeys 
 was generally accompanied by his pupil 
 and friend, Mr. Willoughby, by Sir Philip 
 Skipton, and Mr. P. Courthope. At the 
 restoration he took orders, but two years 
 after he resigned his fellowship, as he re- 
 fused to subscribe against the solenui league 
 and covenant. In 1663, he embarked for 
 the continent, where he continued about 
 three years with his learned pupil, in pur- 
 suit of botanical knowledge, of which he 
 published an account in 1673. In 1667 he 
 was elected fellow of the Royal Society, 
 and contributed much by his valuable com- 
 munications to the philosophical transac- 
 tions. In 1672 iio lost his worthy frien'f 
 
 5-29 
 
RAY 
 
 EAY 
 
 Willouo-liliv, and the follo^ving; j'car lie in l74S,ancl settled at Paris. Here determi- 
 
 married the daughter of Mr. Oakley, of ned to support himself by his pen, he wrote 
 
 Launton, Oxon, "though nearly 24 years Literary Anecdotes, 3 vols, and Memoirs'of 
 
 younger than himself. After superintend- Ninon de L'Enclos, and was engaged in 
 
 ins; for some time the education of his the Mercure de France ; but as he had 
 
 friend Mr. Willoughby's children at Middle- greater partiality for commercial occu- 
 
 lon-hall, he removed to Sutton Colfield, pations, he devoted himself more closely ta 
 
 and then to Falborne-hall, Essex, and in that subject, and in 1770, published his His- 
 
 1679 settled in his native place, where he torj'. Philosophical and Political, of theEs- 
 
 died 17th Jan. 1704-5. As a botanist, Ray tablishment,and of the Commerce of theEu- 
 
 has acquired great and deserved celebrity, ropeans in the East and West Indies. This 
 
 and his writings are held in high estimation, work was received with general approba- 
 
 To strong benevolence of heart he added tion ; but while the style and the language 
 
 s;reat humility of mind and modesty of man- were admired, his calculations were disco- 
 
 ners, and in his character he was so amia- vered to be erroneous, his principles suspi- 
 
 ble that those who knew him respected cious, and his conclusions false. To cor- 
 
 those who knew him respected 
 him, not so much for his literary acquire- 
 ments as from personal friendship. The 
 best known of his works are the Wisdom 
 of God manifested in the Works of the 
 Creation, 8vo. edited three times — three 
 Discourses on the Primitive Chaos, the 
 
 rect and improve, therefore, a composition 
 which embraced so many concerns of po- 
 licy and commerce, he travelled over 
 France, Holland, and England, in pursuit 
 of information, and of well-attested facts. 
 His reputation was such, that in England, 
 
 Creation, Deluge, and Conflagration of the the speaker of the commons observing him 
 
 World, 8vo. — Synopsis Methodica Anima- among the spectators, suspended the busi- 
 
 linm, Quadrupedum, Avium, et Piscium — ness of the house, till he had seen the his- 
 
 Rawwolf s Travels into the East translated, torian placed in a more commodious seat, 
 
 gyo. — Persuasive to a Holy Life, 8vo. — On his return he published a new edition 
 
 Collection of English Proverbs, often re- of his work at Geneva, in 10 vols. 8vo.; but 
 
 printed, 8vo. — Catalogue of English Plants though corrected in some parts, his severe 
 
 — Noraenclator Classicus, for the use of language against governments drew upon 
 
 him the censure of the parliament of Paris^ 
 and not only his history was burnt with 
 ignominy, but his person was ordered to be 
 seized. He was, however, allov.ed suffi- 
 cient time to make his escape, and he went 
 to reside in Germany, and received marks 
 of favour and protection from the king of 
 Prussia, and from the empress of Russia, 
 though he had spoken of them with sarcas- 
 tic indifference. In 1788 he returned to 
 Paris, and viewing the rapid progress of the 
 constituent assembly, in the destruction of 
 whatever was venerable and useful in the 
 
 kis friend's sons — Observations, Topogra- 
 phical, Moral, &c. in foreign Countries — 
 — Discourse on Seeds and the Differences 
 of Plants — Methodus Plantarum Nova — 
 Historia Plantarum Generalis — Fasciculus 
 Stirpium Britannicarum — Synopsis Me- 
 thodica, &c. He also assisted Mr. Wil- 
 loughby in his History of Birds, Fishes, 
 ice. and after his death, his History of In- 
 sects appeared in 4to. under the care of 
 ©r. Derham — and also a collection of Phi- 
 losophical Letters, between him and his 
 friends, 8vo. — and his Select Remains 
 were published in 1760, 8vo. by Mr. Scott. French monarchy, he had the boldness in 
 Rat, Benjamin, an ingenious and learned 1791, to address a letter to that body, and 
 man, but very ignorant of the world. He in firm and energetic language, he censured 
 TR-as born at Spalding in Lincolnshire, and the imprudence of their proceedings. This 
 educated there and at St. John's college, magnanimous appeal to the sense of the le- 
 €ambridge. When in orders, he became gislators was ridiculed as the effusion of do- 
 curate of Surfleet, and of Cowbitt. He tage ; but it proved too prophetic of the ca- 
 wrots an Account of a Water Spout Obser- lamities which followed. Displeased with the 
 ved in Deepingfen, inserted in the philo- tumults of the capital, the venerable philo- 
 sophical transactions. He wrote other sopher retired to Passy, where he expired 
 things, never printed. He died at Spald- 6th March, 1796, aged 84. Though the fa- 
 ing, 1760. vourite of great men, and of princes, he 
 
 Raymond, Robert, lord, a learned law- died in poverty, and the only property 
 ycr, raised to the office of chief justice found belonging to him, was an assignat of 
 of the King's Bench. He wrote Reports, fifty livres, worth not three pence in ready 
 &.C. held in high reputation, and died 1733. money. His reputation, nevertheless, will 
 
 Ratnal, William Francis, a distinguish- 
 ed French historian, born at St. Genies, 
 in Roucrgue, 1718. He early entered 
 among the Jesuits, and became a popular 
 prearher,but his love of liberty and indepen- 
 dence was too great to continue in the con- 
 fincmcntof a clcistcr.nnd he left thesociety, 
 .^30 
 
 be immortal, and though he is to be cen- 
 sured for his ophiions, which are often li- 
 centious and skeptical, his writings possess 
 vigour, clearness, and elegance, and exhi- 
 bit the nervous powers of an ardent ima- 
 gination, and the striking features of a ra- 
 pid invention. He published besides, a 
 
HE A 
 
 lit\ 
 
 History oi' the Stadtbolderale, 2 vob. — 
 History of the English I'urliament, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — Historical Anecdotes from the Age 
 of Charles V. 3 vols. l2mo. — History of the 
 Divorce of Henry VIH. — Ecole Militaire 
 — Historical Memoirs of Europe — History 
 the Revolutions of the English American 
 Colonies, 2 vols. It is said, that he had 
 written besides, a History of the Revoca- 
 tion of the Edict of Nantes, which he partly 
 destroyed during the reign of the sangui- 
 nary Robespierre. 
 
 Raynaud, Theophilus, a native of Sos- 
 pello, in Nice, who became a Jesuit, and 
 professor of belles lettres and theology in 
 the society. He died at Lyons, 31st Oct. 
 1663, aged 80. He wrote Tables for Sa- 
 cred and Profane History, &,c. His works 
 form 20 vols. foi. printed Lyons, 1665. 
 
 Ratssiguier, N. a French dramatic 
 writer, whose Aminta, Astrea, &.c. were 
 represented on the Paris theatres between 
 1730 and 1735, with some applause. 
 
 Read, Alexander, an eminent Scotch 
 physician, created by royal mandate, M.D. 
 in the university of Oxford, 1620. He 
 wrote some valuable works on medical and 
 anatomical subjects, and died 1680. 
 
 Read, John, a lawyer of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, distinguished for genius, learning, 
 wit, patriotism, eloquence, and integrity, 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1697. 
 He studied divinity, and preached for some 
 time with popularity, but at length left that 
 profession for the law, and soon became 
 eminent in the practice. He first reduced 
 the redundant and obscure phraseology of 
 the English deeds of conveyance to the 
 simple form now in use. He held a con- 
 spicuous place for some time also in the 
 house of representatives and council. He 
 died at an advanced age in 1749, after 
 having been long and justly regarded as one 
 of the greatest and most useful lawyers his 
 country had produced. iCP L. 
 
 Read, George, one of the signers of the 
 declaration of American independence, was 
 born in Cecil county, in the province of Ma- 
 ryland, 1734. His lather John Read, came 
 from Dublin, in Ireland, and settled in that 
 neighbourhood. George was the eldest of 
 six sons. After his birth his father remo- 
 ved to New Castle county^ on Delaware. 
 He was intended by his parents, from an 
 early age, for a learned profession, and was 
 carefully educated with that view.^ He 
 was first placed at an Academy at Chester, 
 Pennsylvania, where he commenced, and 
 pursued to a considerable extent, the study 
 of the classics. He was thence removed 
 to Ne%v London, and put under the care of 
 the Rev. Dr. Allison, one of the most ac- 
 complished classical scholars then in Ame- 
 rica. Here Charles Thompson, afterwards 
 secretary of congress, Hugh Williamson, 
 .member of congress from North Carolina, 
 
 the Rev. Dr. I'.win^, pro^o^t of liiu L iiivcv^ 
 sity of Peiiiisylvaiua, and a iiijnil)cr of other 
 persons, who wero aflerwanls ilistinguinhed 
 men, were his fellovv-studtnts. Ailcr quit- 
 ting the academy Mr. Read studied law 
 with John Morlan, an eminent lawyer in 
 Philadelphia ; was admitted to the bar at 
 the age of nineteen ; commenced the prac- 
 tice of this profession at New Castle in 
 1754,- was made attorney-general of the 
 three lower counties on Delaware in 176'?, 
 and held the office until he was made a de- 
 legate to congress in 1775. In July, 1776, 
 he was a member of that venerable assemblv 
 and put his name to that memorable instru- 
 ment by which the independence of hi.s 
 country was proclaimed. Mr. Read filled . 
 a variety of honourable stations, legisla- 
 tive and judicial, in the state of Delaware, 
 in which he resided. After the adoption 
 of the federal constitution, he was chosen 
 a member of the senate of the United 
 States, from Delaware. He continued to 
 occupy this place, until he was appointed 
 chief justice of the supreme court of thai 
 stale, in which otfice he remained until his 
 death in 1793. Mr. Read was eminent as 
 a lawyer of deep research, and was not a 
 little distinguished far his dignified appear* 
 ance, his polished manner's, his domestic 
 virtues, and his uniform patriotism, and 
 public usefulness. ICP' L. 
 
 Real, Caisar Richard de St. a French 
 writer, born at Chamberri. He came early 
 to France, and afterwards visited England. 
 After living some time at Paris, he return- 
 ed to Chamberri, and died there, 1693, 
 very old and poor. He possessed great 
 abilities, and was well acquainted with his- 
 tory and literature. He wrote Discourses 
 on History; Don Carlos, a historical novel; 
 Account of the Conspiracy of the Spaniards 
 against the Venetian republic ; the Life of 
 our Saviour ; Dicourses on Valour ; trea- 
 tise on Criticism ; Apostacy of Geneva, 
 &c. all which were published together, in Ci 
 vols. 4to. 1722, at the Hague, and also at 
 Paris, 1745, with his letters to Atticus. 
 
 Real, Caspar de, seigneur de Curban, 
 author of a valuable work on the science 
 of government, in 8 vols. 4to. was born at 
 Sisteron, and died at Paris, 8th Feb. 175?, 
 aged 70. His nephew, the abbe, was alx* 
 born at Sisteron, and died 1774, aged 73, 
 author of a Dissertation on the Name of the 
 Royal Families of France and Spain, 1762, 
 in 12mo. 
 
 Reaumur, Rene Anthony FerchauU 
 sieur dc, a French philosopher, born at 
 Rochelle, of a good family, IGSo. He 
 studied philosophy at Poitiers, and the 
 law at Bourges ; but his inclinations lei 
 him particularly to the pursuits of ma- 
 thematics and jdiysics, and for that pur- 
 pose he removed to Paris. His high re- 
 putation as a philosopher, procured him 
 
 531 
 
REE 
 
 REE 
 
 a seat in tUa academy of pcieiices ut 
 Paris, 1708, and he repaid the honour 
 by contributing largely to their memoirs. 
 lie died in 1757, in consequence of a 
 fall. His works were very ingenious, 
 and therefore much admired. The best 
 is his History of Insects, 6 vols. 4to. be- 
 tides a History of the rivers of France, &c. 
 
 Reboult, Simon, a native of Avignon. 
 ?Ic was brought up among the Jesuits, but 
 left them on account of bad health, and 
 afterwards married. He was author of 
 Histoire des Filles de I'Enfance, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — Memoires du Chevalier de For- 
 bin, 2 vols. — Histoire de Louis XIV. 3 
 vols. 4to. — Histoire de Clement XI. 2 vols. 
 4to. &c. He died at Paris, 1742, aged 65. 
 
 Recorde, Robert, an English mathe- 
 matician, who sometimes practised as phy- 
 sician. He is the first English writer 
 on Algebra. He died in the King's Bench 
 prison, 1558. 
 
 Rede, William, bishop of Chichester, 
 in 1369, was eminent as a mathematician, 
 and built the first library of Merton col- 
 lege, where he had been brought up, and 
 alto Amberley castle. 
 
 Redi, Francis, an Italian physician, born 
 at Arezzo, 1626. He studied at Florence, 
 and then at Pisa, where he became doctor 
 of philosophy and medicine. Though in 
 great reputation as the physician of Ferdi- 
 nand II. duke of Tuscany, he devoted 
 much of his time to literature, and assisted 
 greatly in the compilation of the Crusca 
 dictionary. He published Experiments on 
 the Generation of Animals, 4to. ; Observa- 
 tions on Vipers ; Experiments on Natural 
 Curiosities brought from India, 4to. &c. 
 He was not only a learned man, but the 
 liberal patron of learning. He was found 
 tlcad in his bed, 1697. 
 
 Redi, Thomas, a Florentine painter of 
 eminence, whose pieces are chiefly preser- 
 ved in the churches of Tuscany. He died 
 1 728, aged 63. 
 
 Redman, John, M.D. first president of 
 the college of physicians in Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania, was born in that city in 
 1722. After having studied medicine and 
 practised a short time in that place, he 
 went to Bermuda and resided several 
 years. He then went to Europe, and spent 
 .some time at Edinburgh, Paris, and Ley- 
 den, in perfecting his knowledge of medi- 
 cine. He at length returned to America, 
 and settled in his native city, where he soon 
 became greatly distinguished, and was 
 elected president of the college of phy- 
 sicians. He was eminent for piety and 
 benevolence also, as well as professional 
 skill. He died March 19th, 1808, in the 
 eighty-seventh year of his age. 
 
 ^ ICP L. 
 
 Reed, Joseph, president of Pennsylva- 
 *iia, was graduated at the college of New- 
 S32 
 
 Jerse}', in 1757. At the commencemeiii 
 of the war of the revolution he engaged 
 with zeal in the cause of bis country, and 
 was chosen in 1774 one of the committee 
 of correspondence of Philadelphia, and 
 afterwards president of the convention. 
 In 1775 he repaired to the camp at Cam- 
 bridge, and was appointed an aid by Wash- 
 ington, and in the following year adjutant- 
 general. In 1776 his confidence in the 
 success of the colonies was almost dissipa- 
 ted by the disasters which befell them, and 
 he was on the point of relinquishing the 
 service, but the return of success revived 
 his courage, and he continued firm and 
 zealous in the cause. In 1778, when he 
 was a member of the congress, the British 
 commissioners attempted by bribery to 
 procure his influence to obtain a reconcilia- 
 tion of the colonies to the parent country, 
 but he rejected their proposals with be- 
 coming firmness and dignity, replying, 
 " That he was not worth purchasing, but 
 such as he was, the king of Great Britain 
 was not rich enough to do it." In Octo- 
 ber, 1778, he was elected president of 
 Pennsylvania, and retained the oflfice till 
 his death on the 5th of March, 1781. 
 
 Reed, Isaac, an ingenious writer, was 
 born in London in 1742. He was brought 
 up to the conveyancing business ; but re- 
 linquished it for literary pursuits, though 
 he retained his chambers in Staple's Inn, 
 where he collected a large and curious li- 
 brary. In 1768 he published the poems of 
 lady Mary Wortley Montague ; in 1773 he 
 edited the Seatonian prize poems ; in 1780 
 he revised and enlarged Dodsley's old 
 plays ; in 1782 he published the Biogra- 
 phia Dramatica, 2 vols. ; in 1783, four vo- 
 lumes of humorous pieces, under the title 
 of the " Repository ;" and in 1785 an edi- 
 tion of Shakspeare, in 10 vols., which he 
 extended, afterwards, to 21 vols. Mr. 
 Reed was for many years editor and one 
 of the proprietors of the European Maga- 
 zine. He died Jan. 5, 1807, and was bu- 
 ried at Amwell. The sale of his library 
 took up thirty-nine days, and produced four 
 thousand pounds. — IV.B. 
 
 Reese, Thomas, D.D. a presbyterian 
 clergyman, who was born in Pennsylvania,, 
 in 1742, and graduated at Princeton col- 
 lege, in 1768. He studied theology, and 
 settled as the pastor of the church of Sa- 
 lem, in South Carolina. He pursued his 
 studies with an ardour which injured his 
 health, and finally destroyed his life in 
 1796. He left behind him the character of 
 a distinguished scholar, an able preacher, 
 and an eminently pious man. His chief 
 publication was an " Essay on the In- 
 fluence of Religion on Civil Society." 
 
 Reeve, Tapping, LL.P. chief justice of 
 
KLU 
 
 KEti 
 
 Connttlicut, was born at JJrook-lIavcii, 
 Long- Island, in 1744, graduated at the col- 
 lege at Princeton, New-.Iersey, in 1763. 
 After spending some time at that seminary 
 as a tutor, he established himself as a law- 
 yer at Litchfield, Connecticut, and soon 
 became one of the most eminent in the 
 profession. He was for many years a judge 
 of the supreme court of that state, and 
 for a considerable period chief justice. 
 He founded the law school at Litchfield, 
 and was for nearly thirty years the princi- 
 pal instructer in that distinguished institu- 
 tion. He was eminent for ingenuousness, 
 simplicity of manners, uprightness, and 
 piety, and held the first rank among his 
 professional cotemporaries in energy of 
 talents, and extent of legal attainments, 
 and in the esteem and confidence of his fel- 
 low-citizens. IC?' L. 
 
 Rega, Henry Joseph, professor of medi- 
 cine, and physician at Louvain, was author 
 of vai'ious treatises of merit, on his profes- 
 sion. De Urinis Tractatus duo — Sympa- 
 thia, seu de Consensu Partium Humani 
 Corpor. 12mo. — Accurata Methodus me- 
 dendi per Aphorismos Proposita, 4to. — 
 Dissertatio Medica de Aquis Mineral. 
 Fontis Marimont. &c. He died at Louvain, 
 1754, aged 64. 
 
 Regiomontanus, an eminent astrono- 
 mer, whose real name was John Mullerus, 
 born at Konigsberg, Franconia, 1436. He 
 studied at Leipsic, and then removed to 
 Vienna, where he was the pupil, and after- 
 wards the successor of the famous Purba- 
 chius, the professor. To be able to read 
 Ptolemy, he travelled in the suite of cardi- 
 nal Bessarion to Italy, and began to learn 
 Greek under Beza, and after visiting the 
 universities of that country, and making a 
 valuable collection of MSS. he returned to 
 Vienna. He was afterwards employed at 
 Buda, to make a library for Corvinus, king 
 of Hungary, and in 1471, he settled atNu- 
 rembei^. In 1474 he went to Rome to as- 
 sist pope Sixtus IV. in the reformation of 
 the calendar, and for his services, was 
 named by him archbishop of Ratisbon, but 
 died at Rome, 1476, of the plague, or, as 
 some assert, by poison, administered by 
 the sons of his enemy Trapezentius. As 
 an astronomer and mathematician, in the 
 dawning of that science, he was very re- 
 spectable. 
 
 Regis, Peter Sylvian, a French philoso- 
 pher, born at Agenois, 1632. He studied 
 at Cahors, under the Jesuits ; but the lec- 
 tures of Rohault determined him to leave 
 divinity for the study of philosophy. He 
 went in 1665, to Toulouse, and there ac- 
 quired great reputation as a lecturer on the 
 new philosophy introduced by Des Cartes, 
 and in 1670 he removed to Paris, where he 
 was attended by such numerous audiences, 
 Ibat the followers of the old doctrines pre- 
 
 vailed upon the archbishop of Paris to si- 
 lence this liold and eloijucnt innovator. He 
 was a member of the academy of Hcicnces, 
 and died 1707. lie wrote System of Phi- 
 losophy, 3 vols. 4to.— Use of Reason and 
 Faith, 4to. — an Answer to Huct's Censura 
 Philosophia; Cartesiana;, kc. These works 
 though once popular, and written with 
 plausibility, have long since ceased to in- 
 terest the public in consequence of the 
 new lights thrown on the walko of philoso- 
 
 Regius, Urban, or Le Roy, was born at 
 Langenargen. He studied at Lindaw, Fri- 
 burg, Basil, and Ingoldstadt, and distin- 
 guished himself so much by his literary ta- 
 lents, that he received from the hands of 
 the emperor Maximilian, the poetical and 
 oratorical crown. He was afterwards 
 made professor of poetry and rhetoric ; 
 but being a convert to Luther's opinions, 
 he went to settle at Augsburg, where he 
 established a reformed church. He died 
 suddenly at Zell, 1541. His works are 
 contained in 3 vols, folio. 
 
 Regnard, John Francis, next to Mo- 
 liere, the best comic writer in France, was 
 born at Paris, 1647. He early indulged 
 his passion for travelling ; but in passing 
 from Italy to Marseilles, the ship in which 
 he embarked was taken by pirates, and car- 
 ried to Algiers. Now doomed to slavery, 
 he gained the good graces of his master by 
 his skill in making ragouts, and thus he be- 
 came a useful man in the kitchen ; but an 
 amour brought on new difficulties and dan- 
 gers. He was discovered, and had n o 
 choice, but either to turn Mahometan, or 
 to be burnt alive. The French consul, 
 however, extricated him from his situation, 
 by ransom, and sent him back to his coun- 
 try. In 1681 he resumed his travels, and 
 visited Flanders, Holland, and Sweden, 
 and extended his excursions to Lapland, as 
 far as the borders of the Icy Sea. He re- 
 turned through Poland and Vienna, and 
 after three years' absence, settled at Paris, 
 and ardently devoted himself to the muses. 
 He was made treasurer of France, and 
 lieutenant of the waters and forests, and 
 in the midst of independence, led the life 
 of a voluptuary. He died at Dourdan, near 
 Paris, it is said, of chagrin, 1709. His 
 dramatic pieces have been published in 5 
 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Regnault, Noel, a learned Jesuit, bora 
 at Arras. He wrote Philosophical Con- 
 versations, 3 vols. r2mo. — System of Lo- 
 gic, l2mo. — Origin of the Old and New 
 Philosophy, 3 vols. — Mathematical Con- 
 versations, 3 vols. He died 1762, aged 79. 
 
 Regmer, Mathuiin, a French poet, born 
 at Chartrcs, 1573. He was canon of Char- 
 trcs, and held other benefices, besides a 
 pension from Henry IV. ; but though an 
 ecclesiastic, he greatly disgraced himself 
 
 533 
 
KEl 
 
 REI 
 
 Vy his debaucheries, and brought on pre- 
 mature old age. He was patronised by 
 cardinal Joyeuse, and died at Rouen, 1613. 
 He was the first French satirist, and in his 
 own way, was equal to his able successor 
 Boileau. Juvenal and Persius were his mo- 
 dels, but he painted vice sometimes in lan- 
 guage offensive to modesty. Seventeen of 
 his satires, and other poems, appeared at 
 Rouen, 1614. The best edition is that of 
 London, 1729, 4to. by Brossete, and that 
 of Paris, 1746, 12mo. 
 
 Regnier des Marets, Seraphin, a 
 French writer, born at Paris, 1632. He 
 went in 1662, as secretary to his patron, 
 the duke de Crequi, ambassador to Rome, 
 and in consequence of some elegant Ita- 
 lian sonnets, obtained a seat in the Crusca 
 academy. In 1684 he became secretary to 
 the French academy, in the room of Meze- 
 ray, and died 1713, prior of Grammont, 
 and an abbot. He published a French Gram- 
 mar — an Italian translation of Anacreon — 
 Poems in French, Latin, Spanish, and Ita- 
 lian — History of the Disputes of France 
 with the court of Rome, &c. besides a 
 translation of Homer's Battle of the Frogs 
 and Mice, finished at the age of 15. Vol- 
 taire says of him, that he did great service 
 to the French language. 
 
 Regulus, Marcus Attilius, a Roman ge- 
 neral, who went to Africa to carry war 
 against Carthage. Hisjrapid successes were 
 checked by the arrival of Xantippus, and 
 Regulus, defeated and taken prisoner, was 
 sent by the Carthaginians to Rome, to in- 
 duce his countrymen to make peace. He 
 dissuaded the Romans from accepting the 
 offer, and on his return to Carthage, was 
 cruelly put to death, B.C. 251. 
 
 Reid, Thomas, an able Scotch divine, 
 educated at Glasgow. He took his doc- 
 tor's degree there, and was appointed pro- 
 fessor of moral philosophy. He wrote 
 Inquiry into the Human Mind — and essays 
 on the Intellectual and Active Powers 
 of Man, works of great merit, but very 
 abstruse. He died 1796, aged 87. An 
 account of his life has been given by Stew- 
 art. 
 
 Reihing, James, a native of Augsburg, 
 who after violently opposing the tenets of 
 Luther, at last embraced them with unusual 
 warmth, and obtained the chair of profes- 
 sor of theology at Tubingen. As he mar- 
 ried, the catholics ascribed his conversion 
 to his attachment to the female sex. He 
 died 1628, aged 48. His works are all 
 controversial. 
 
 Reinbeck, John Gustavus, a protestant 
 minister of the churches of Werder and 
 Villeneuve, and afterwards of Cologne, and 
 confessor to the queen and princess royal 
 of Prussia. He was born at Zell, and died 
 at Berlin 1741, aged 53. He was author 
 534 
 
 of treatises on Redemption — on Marriage 
 — Considerations on the Augsburg Can^^ 
 fession — sermons in several vols. — meta'^ 
 physical works, &c. 
 
 Reineccius, Reinier, professor of belles- 
 lettres at Frankfort and Helmstadt, where 
 he died 1595. He was a native of Stein- 
 heim, and wrote Methodus legendi Histo- 
 riam, fol. — Historia Julia, 3 vols. fol. — 
 Chronicon Hicrosoiymitanum, 4to. — His- 
 toria Orientalis, 4to. 
 
 Reiner, Wenceslaus Laurence, a paint- 
 er of Prague, whose landscapes and bat- 
 tles were finished in a very striking style. 
 He died 1743, aged 57. 
 
 Reinesius, Thomas, a learned native 
 of Gotha, in Thuringia, who studied medi- 
 cine, and practised at Altenburg, where he 
 became burgomaster. He was afterwards 
 counsellor to the elector of Saxony, and 
 then retired to Leipsic, where he died 
 1667, aged 80. He was also an elegant 
 scholar and philologist, and published be- 
 sides medical treatises, Variarum Lectio- 
 num Libri tres, 4to. ; Syntagma Inscrip- 
 tionum Antiquarum, 2 vols, folio ; some 
 letters and lectures, &c. 
 
 Reinhold, Erasmus, an eminent astro- 
 nomer and mathematician, born at Sal- 
 feldt, Thuringia, 11th Oct. 1511. He stu- 
 died and was also professor at Wittemberg, 
 and died 19th Feb. 1553. He published an 
 edition of Pinbachius's Theoriae Planeta- 
 rum ; Ptolemy's Almagest, and other as- 
 tronomical works. His son of the same 
 name was also eminent as a mathematician 
 and physician. 
 
 Reisk, John, author of treatises on the 
 Horns of Ammon ; on the Oracles of the 
 Sibyls ; on the Ahasuerus of Esther ; on 
 Job's Malady ; on the Images of J. C. ; 
 on Glossopetres, &c. was rector of the 
 college of Wolffenbuttel, and died 1701; 
 aged 60. 
 
 Reiske, John James, an eminent critic, 
 born in the dutchy of Anhalt, 1706. He 
 studied at Leipsic, and by application sur- 
 mounted the difficulties which aiise from 
 narrow fortune, and the want of power- 
 ful patrons. He afterwards went to Ley- 
 den, where he resided eight years, till the 
 severity of his remarks on Burman's Pe- 
 tronius excited a cabal against him, which 
 obliged him to return to Leipsic. In 1758, 
 he was placed above independence by be- 
 ing appointed rector of the academy of 
 Leipsic, and his classical reputation was 
 increased by his marriage, in 1764, with 
 Ernestina Christina MuUer, a lady of great 
 talents, well versed in literature, and well 
 qualified to assist and cheer his literary 
 labours. He died 1774. He published 
 Animadversiones in Auctores Gra^cos, 5 
 vols, a valuable work ; an edition of the 
 Greek Orators, 12 vols. Svo. which were 
 
RUI 
 
 11 KN 
 
 •roiYiplotcd by his widow ; DIonysius of 
 Halicarnassus, 7 vols ; PJutarcli's Works, 
 in 9 vols. ; Theocritus, &c. 
 
 Rei.anp, Hadrian, a Icarnrd orientalist, 
 born at Ryp, North Holland, July I7tli, 
 1676. He studied at Amsterdam, and 
 made such progress in the Hebrew, Sy- 
 riac, Chaldce, and Arabic, and in polite 
 literature there and at Utrecht, under Gra;- 
 vius, and I.eusden, that at the age of 22 
 he was offered a professorship at Linden, 
 Avhich, however, his father would not per- 
 mit him to accept. In 1699 he accepted 
 the professorship of philosophy at Harder- 
 wick, and two years after removed to the 
 chair of oriental languages at Utrecht. 
 This learned and amiable man died of the 
 smallpox at Utrecht, 5th Feb. 1718. His 
 chief works are Pala-stina Monumentisvet. 
 illustrata, 2 vols. 4to. ; Dissertations on 
 the Medals of the Ancient Hebrews, 3 
 Tols. 12mo. ; Introduction to Hebrew 
 Grammar ; Antiquitates Sacra; Veterum 
 Hcbraeorum ; de Religione Mahomedica, 
 fivo. ; de Spoliis Templi Hicrosolymit. in 
 arcu Titiano Roma; conspicuis ; Epictetus, 
 a new edition ; Dissertationes Tredecim 
 ■on some curious subjects, &c. these 
 works are all in elegant Latin. His brother 
 Peter collected the Fasti Consulares, 8vo. 
 
 Rembrandt, Van Rein, a celebrated 
 Flemish painter, son of a miller, born on 
 the banks of the Rbine near Leyden, 1606. 
 His education was so neglected that he 
 scarce knew how to read, but nature sup- 
 plied all the deficiencies of art, and gave 
 him a genius with whichhe soared to fame, 
 affluence, and immortality. His manner 
 was entirely his own, and his knowledge of 
 the chiaro obscuro was particularly cor- 
 rect. His chief aim was to imitate living 
 nature, and he here succeeded to an ad- 
 mirable degree. He was singular in his 
 conduct, he was fond of low company, and 
 in his appearance was slovenly. He died 
 at Amsterdam, 1668, or as some say 
 1678. When once told that his grounds 
 were dark, he replied that he was a painter, 
 not a dier. He engraved some pieces 
 after his own designs, and with great judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Remi or Remigics, St. archbishop of 
 Rheims, is known as the prelate who con- 
 verted Clovis to Christianity and baptized 
 bim. He died before 535. The letters 
 published under his name are spurious. 
 Another, almoner to the emperor Lothaire, 
 became archbishop of Lyons, 854. He 
 presided at the council of A'alentia, and 
 was also present in other ccclesiasticRl 
 synods. He died 875, author of a tract 
 in support of St. Augustine's doctrine of 
 predestination. Another professor in the 
 university of Paris, author of a commen- 
 tary on the Psalms, &c. He died about 998. 
 
 Remi, .Joseph Honoi-e, a native of lif" 
 
 mircmont, who was advocate in the parlia- 
 ment of Paris. He lost his cycHi^ht at 
 the age of eight by the smallpox, but re- 
 covered it SIX years after. \\v acquired 
 celebrity by his learning, and was author of 
 Cosmopolisma — Day?, a burlesque, in op- 
 position to Young's Night Thoughts — la 
 Code dcs Francois, 2 vols. 12nio. — Flogc 
 on the chancellor de I'Hopital, a valuable 
 work, crowned by the l-rench academy, 
 though censured by the Sorbonnc — eloges 
 on Moliere, Colbert, Fenelon, besides seve- 
 ral articles of jurisprudence in the New 
 Encyclopedia. 
 
 Remigio Florentino, author of Re- 
 flections on the History of Guiciardini — 
 of Italian poems — oi translations of Corn. 
 Nepos — ot Ammianus Marceilmus, and of 
 Fazello's History of Sicily, was a learned 
 Dominican of Florence, who died 1580, 
 aged 62. 
 
 Remond de St. Mard, Toussaint, a 
 French writer who died at Paris, 29th Oct. 
 1757, aged 75. He is author of Dialogues 
 of the Gods — Letters Galantcs, Philoso- 
 phiques, kc. — Treatises on Poetry — Let- 
 tei's on Taste, Genius, &c. — Wisdom, a. 
 poem, &c. 
 
 Renau D'Elisagaray, Bernard, a ma- 
 thematician, born at Beam, of an ancient 
 family. Under the protection of Colbert 
 du Terron, of Seignelai, and of the count 
 de Vermandois, he obtained distinction, and 
 was employed by Lewis XIV. in the im- 
 proving of the construction of vessels, for 
 which he was rewarded with a pension. 
 He advised the bombarding of Algiers, 
 which succeeded against the opinion of 
 other engineers, and afterwards he was 
 very useful in conducting the sieges of Phi- 
 lipsburg, Manheim, &c. His services 
 were honourably noticed, and he was made 
 counsellor of marines, and grand cross of 
 the order of St. Louis, and enjoyed the 
 rank and privileges of a captain of the na- 
 vy. This ingenious man died 30th Sept. 
 1719, aged 67. He wrote the Theory of 
 the Management of Ships, 1689, 8vo. ; 
 Letters in Answer to the Objections of 
 Huygens and Bcrnouilii against his Opi- 
 nions and Theory. 
 
 Renaudot, TIjeophrastus, a physician, 
 known as the first editor of Gazettes in 
 France, 1631. He was born at Londuu, 
 and died at Paris, 1G53, aged 70. He pub- 
 lished besides an Abridgment of the Prince 
 de Condc's Life, 4to. ; Marshal Gassion's 
 Life ; Cardinal Michael Mazarine's Life, 
 4to. 6cc. 
 
 Renaidot, Eusebius, grandson of the 
 preceding, was born at Paris, 1646. He 
 was educated by the .Jesuits, and acquired 
 great knowledge of oriental literature. In 
 1700, he went with cardinal Noailles to 
 Rome, and received from Clement XI. high 
 marks of attention, and the priory of F(>-- 
 
 535 
 
RES 
 
 llEY 
 
 say in Brittany. He was also honourably 
 received by the grand duke of Tuscany, 
 and admitted member of the Crusca aca- 
 demy. Some of his learned dissertations 
 are published in the memoirs of the acade- 
 my of inscriptions, of ivhich he was a 
 member, as also of other learned rocieties. 
 He died at Pai'is, 1720, highly respected 
 for his learning and piety. He prevented, 
 says Voltaire, the publication of Bayle's 
 dictionary in France. His works are, a 
 Continuation of Nicole's Book on the Per- 
 petuity of Faith, 2 vols. 4to. ; Historia 
 Patriarch ai'um Alexandrinorum, Jacobita- 
 rum, &c. 4to. ; Relations on the Indies 
 and China, from the Arabic ; Collection of 
 Ancient Oriental Liturgies, 2 vols. 4to. ; 
 Athanasius's Life, from the Arabic, &c. 
 
 Rennell, Thomas, a native of Chud- 
 leigh, Devon, who acquired some reputa- 
 tion as a limner. He was educated at 
 Exeter, and after studying painting in Lon- 
 don, he settled in his native county, and 
 died at Dartmouth, 1788, aged 70. He 
 also MTote some poetical pieces of consi- 
 derable merit. 
 
 Repton, Humphrey, an ingenious gen- 
 tleman, was born at Bury St. Edmund's, in 
 Suffolk, in 1752. He accompanied Mr. 
 Wyndham lo Ireland in 1783, and for a 
 short time held a lucrative situation in the 
 castle of Dublin ; but when his friend 
 quitted that kingdom, Mr. Repton also re- 
 tuined to England. He now directed his 
 attention to drawing, architecture, and 
 particularly ornamental gardening, in which 
 last line he obtained considerable employ- 
 ment. He died in 1818, leaving several 
 sons, one of whom married a daughter of 
 lord Eldon. Mr. Repton published some 
 books on miscellaneous subjects ; but his 
 principal works are on landscape garden- 
 ing. — W. B. 
 
 Resenius, Peter John, counsellor and 
 professor of moral philosophy at Copenha- 
 gen, was born there 1625. He studied at 
 Leyden, and afterwards travelled over 
 France, Spain, and Italy, and was made 
 counsellor at Padua. He was, on his re- 
 turn home, promoted to offices of trust and 
 honour, and ennobled. He died 1688. He 
 published Jus. Aulicum Norvegicum, 4to. ; 
 an Icelandic Dictionary, 4to. ; an edition 
 of Edda Islandorum, Danice ct Latine, 
 4to. ; translated by Mallet in his Introduc- 
 tion to the History of Denmark. 
 
 Ressius, Rutger, a learned Greek pro- 
 fessor of Louvaine, highly commended by 
 Erasmus. He was born near Liege, and 
 died 1545. He edited the Aphorisms of 
 Hippocrates ; the Laws of Plato ; Theo- 
 philus's Institutions of the Greek Law, 
 1536. 
 
 Restaut, Peter, a native of Beauvais, 
 distinguished by his learning and integrity. 
 He became advocate in the king's cotmcil. 
 
 and died at Paris, universally respected, 
 14th Feb. 1764, aged 70. He published 
 Principes Generaux et Raisonnes de la 
 Grammaire Fran^oise, 12mo. a most valua- 
 ble work, and other works. 
 
 Restout, John, a native of Rouen, emi- 
 nent as a painter. He became painter to 
 the king, member and president of the 
 academy of painting, and died 1768, aged 
 76. His best pieces are Alpheus saved in 
 the arms of Diana, the tinumph of Bacchus, 
 painted for the king of Prussia, and the 
 destruction of the palace of Armida. His 
 son John Bernard, became also known as a 
 painter. He studied at Rome, and was mem- 
 ber of the French academy of painting. He 
 died 1797. His best pieces are Anacreon 
 with a cup in his hand, Jupiter and Mercu- 
 ry entertained by Philemon and Baucis, &c. 
 
 Retz, John Francis Paul de Gondy, car- 
 dinal de. Vid. GoNDT. 
 
 RoucHLiN, John, a learned German, who 
 greatly contributed to the revival of litera- 
 ture, born at Pforzheim, 1455. He studied 
 at Paris and Basil, and took the degree of 
 doctor of laws at Orleans, 1479. Both at 
 Basil and at Orleans he acquired great re- 
 putation as a scholar, and as professor of 
 Greek and Latin. He accompanied the 
 count ofWirtemburg to Italy, and when he 
 came to Rome he was persuaded by the 
 learned of that place to alter his German, 
 name, which signifies Smoke, into the more 
 dignified corresponding Greek word Cap- 
 nion. He was afterwards sent by the court 
 of Wirtemberg as ambassador to the empe- 
 ror Frederic III. by whom he was honoura- 
 bly received ; but after the death of his pa- 
 tron, he retired to Worms, till again employ- 
 ed in negotiations at Rome by the elector 
 Palatine. He died at Ingoldstadt, 1522, uni- 
 versally respected for his learning, and re- 
 garded as the first scholar who introduced 
 the study of the Hebrew among modern 
 Christians. He wrote de Arte Cabalistic^, 
 fol. 1517, and the celebrated " Epistolae 
 Obscurorum Virorum," according to some 
 authors. 
 
 Revet, Edward, a writer in the reign of 
 Charles II. author of " Town Shifts," a 
 comedy of some merit, and said to have 
 been written in a fortnight. 
 
 Revelet, Willey, an English architect 
 of merit, who studied under Sir William 
 Chambers. He was with the Athenian 
 Stuart in Greece, and edited his works on 
 the antiquities and history of that country. 
 The new church of Southampton is a spe- 
 cimen of his architectural skill. He died 
 1799. 
 
 Reuven, Peter, a Dutch painter, who 
 was employed in decorating the palace of 
 Hoo in Holland, which he executed with 
 great taste and elegance. He died 1718, 
 aged 68. 
 Ret, William, a native of Guillotiere, near 
 
KKV 
 
 HMV 
 
 Lyous, eminent as a pliysician. He wrote 
 Dissertations on Delirium ; on the Pla};ue ; 
 on a White Negro, 4>i.c. and dicii lOlli Feb. 
 175G, aged 61). 
 
 Reyhek, Samuel, a native of Schlciisin- 
 f^n in Henneberg, professor of niatlicma- 
 tics and jurisprudence at Kiel, and eoun- 
 sellor of state to the duke of Saxe Gotha. 
 He wrote Mathesis Biblica ; a Dissertation 
 on the Inscription on the cross of Jesus 
 Christ, and on the Hour of his Crucifixion ; 
 and translated Euclid into German. He 
 died at Kiel, 22d Nov. 1714, ag( d 79. 
 
 Reylof, Oliver, a native of Ghent, emi- 
 nent as a Latin poet. He wrote Poema- 
 tum Libri. 3. et Dissertationes de Piscibus; 
 Opera Poetica, &c. and died 13th April, 
 1742, aged 72. 
 
 Retn, John de, a painter, born at Dun- 
 kirk. He studied under Vandyke, and fol- 
 lowed him into England, wliere his pieces 
 procured him celebrity. He died 1650, 
 aged 40. 
 
 Reyna, Cassiodorus, a Spaniard, who 
 after great labour translated the Bible into 
 the Spanish language, 1569. 
 
 Reyneau, Charles Reno, an eminent 
 mathematician, boin at Brissac in Anj<>u, 
 1650. He taught philosophy at Pezenas 
 and Toulon, and in 1683 was promoted to 
 the mathematical chair at Angers. He 
 published Analysis demonstrated, 2 vols. 
 4to. a popular work, in which he attempt- 
 ed to reduce to a body the theories of New- 
 ton, Des Cartes, Leibnitz, &c. He was 
 member of the French academy, and dis- 
 tinguished himself further by the publica- 
 tion of " Science du Calcul des Gran- 
 deurs," 2 vols. 4to. and a Tract on Logic, 
 12mo. He died 172S, universally es- 
 teemed. 
 
 Reyner, Edward, author of Precepts of 
 Christian Practice , Vindication of Human 
 Learning and Universities, was a native of 
 Yorkshire, and educated and graduated at 
 Cambridge. He settled at Lincoln, 1627, 
 but was ejected from his living for noncon- 
 formity at the restoration, and died soon 
 after. His son John was born at Lincoln, 
 and became fellow of Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge. He took orders, but was de- 
 prived for nonconformity, after which he 
 studied physic, and practised at Notting- 
 ham, where he died young. He wrote 
 some things of considerable merit. 
 
 Reynolds, Edward, a native of South- 
 ampton, educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford, and appointed rector of Braynton, 
 Northamptonshire, and preacher of Lin- 
 coln's Inn. Though he favoured the ruling 
 party in the civil wars, and was a meniber 
 of the Westminster assembly, and one of 
 the presbyterian ministers at the Savoy con- 
 ference, yet he became bishop of Norwich, 
 to the great offence and indignation of his 
 t^issenting brethren. He. died 1676, aged 
 
 Vol. 1.1. 6^ 
 
 HL. He was in his opinions a strong C'ui 
 vinist. Ilia works, nil on theological iiuii- 
 jects, have appean^d in one fol. vol. 
 
 Reynolos, Sir Jo>diiia, a celebrated 
 painter, born 16tli July, 1723, at PlymptoUj 
 Devonshire, where his hither, a clergyman, 
 was master of the grammar-school. He 
 had very early a strong partiality for paint- 
 ing ; but being intended for the cliurrh, he 
 was sent to Oxford, where he took the de- 
 gree of bachelor of arts. Nothing, how- 
 ever, seemed so congenial to his taste as 
 painting, and his father indulged him, and 
 placed him in London under the care of 
 Hudson, after which, about 1749, he tra- 
 velled into Italy. Here he continued two 
 years in company with Mr. afterwards lord 
 keppel, and after improving himself in the 
 Italian school, and copying the best pro- 
 ductions of Roman genius, he returnd to 
 England. His first production which at- 
 tracted notice, was a portrait of his friend 
 Keppel, and other pieces equally correct, 
 and equally finished, continued to command 
 the public attention, and to rank him among; 
 the greatest artists of the age. But though 
 portrait painting was the fashion of the 
 times, the young artist did not neglect his- 
 torical subjects, but acquired from these 
 more solid fame. On the establishment of 
 the academy of painting, sculpture, and 
 architecture, in 1769, none seemed more 
 entitled to the honourable office of presi- 
 dent than Reynolds, and he accordingly 
 was appointed, and received the dignity of 
 knighthood on the occasion. But not only 
 as a painter the name of Reynolds must 
 stand respectable, but also as a literary 
 character, and as the active promoter of the 
 literary club, which was established in 1764^ 
 and which had among its illustrious mem- 
 bers the names of Johnson, Burke, Gar- 
 rick, Douglas, Goldsmith, the Whartons, 
 Windham, &c. He furnished some valua- 
 ble annotations to his friend Mason, when 
 he published, in 1782, a translation of Du- 
 fresnoy's Art of Painting ; and he also con- 
 tributed much to the illustrations of Shak- 
 speare's text by his curious and original re- 
 marks. In the academic lectures which he 
 delivered, sir Joshua displayed not only 
 great taste and a perfect acipiaintance with 
 his profession, but strong powers of lan- 
 guage, sound judgment, an elegant style, 
 and luminous order. His merits did not 
 pass unrewarded ; he was created doctor 
 of laws by the universities of Duldin ani 
 Oxford, and was honoured with the friend- 
 ship of the greatest men of the age, at home 
 and abroad. The last portrait which he 
 painted was that of Mr. Fox, which dis- 
 played to the last period of life the strong 
 powers of his genius and elegant taste. 
 He resigned the chair of president of the 
 Royal academy, and died 23d Feb. 1792, 
 aged 6P. His remains %yere deposited i^i 
 
 537 
 
Rm: 
 
 RIB 
 
 St. Paul's cathedral, and while his obse- 
 quies were graced with the attendance of 
 men of rank, of genius, and learning, the 
 shops through the streets were shut up, so 
 that the funeral of a private man engaged 
 the attention of the public, and for a while 
 suspended the busy concerns of the first 
 commercial city in the world. As sir Jo- 
 shua left no children, he bequeathed the 
 best part of his property to his niece Miss 
 Palmer, since married to lord Inchiquin, 
 now marquis Thomond. 
 
 Reynolds, John, governor of Georgia, 
 was the first who held that office after the 
 resignation by the trustees of their charter 
 to the king. He was an officer in the navy 
 at the time of his appointment in 1754. In 
 1757, governor Ellis succeeded him, and 
 Reynolds returned to England. ICIP' L. 
 
 Reyrac, Francis Philip de Laurens de, 
 canon of Chancelade, minister of St. Mac- 
 Ion of Orleans, and member of the acade- 
 my of inscriptions and belles lettres, was 
 born at Longueville, Limousin, 1734, and 
 died at Orleans, 21st Dec. 1782, aged 49. 
 He was not only a learned, but an amiable 
 character. He wrote an Hymn to the Sun, 
 in poetic prose ; Idylls, also in prose ; Sa- 
 cred poems, 8vo. ; Manuale Clericorum,&c. 
 
 Reys, Antony dos, author of Latin po- 
 ems ; Life of Ferdinand de Menaza, in 
 Latin ; Introduction to a Collection of Por- 
 t.iguese Poets , and an edition of a Corpus 
 Illustrium Poetarum Lusitanorum qui La- 
 tine scripserunt, 7 vols. 4to. was a native 
 of Peres, and died at Lisbon, 1738, aged 
 4S. He was chronologer of Portugal, and 
 an ecclesiastic ; but he refused to be raised 
 to a bishopric, satisfied with retirement and 
 privacy. 
 
 Rhadamistus, son of Pharamanes, king 
 of Iberia, married Zenobia, the daughter of 
 Mithridates, and was put to death, A.D. 52. 
 
 Rhazis, Mohammed Ebn Zacharia Abu- 
 betrial, a learned Arabian physician, born 
 at Rhei in Chorosana, 852. He was the 
 first after Serapion who introduced the me- 
 dical art among his countrymen, and wrote 
 various useful works, published folio, 1548. 
 His Treatise on the Smallpox, %vas pub- 
 lished by Dr. Mead, 8vo. 1767. He died 
 about 935. 
 
 Rhenanus, Beatus, author of a His- 
 tory of Germany, 4to. ; Illyrici Provincia- 
 rum Utrique Imperio cum Romano turn 
 Constantinopolitano Scrvientis Descriptio, 
 8vo. ; an edition of Velleius Paterculus, 
 and other classics, was a native of Schele- 
 stadt, and died at Strasburg, 1547, aged 62. 
 He was for some time corrector of the 
 press to Frobenius at Basil, and thus be- 
 came acquainted with Erasmus, whose life 
 he wrote. 
 
 Rhenferd, James, a native of Mulheira, 
 professor of oriental languages and divinity 
 .'?38 
 
 at Franeker, died 1712, aged 58, author of 
 various treatises of little merit. 
 
 Rhese, John David, a native of Angle- 
 sea, educated at Christ-church. He went 
 in 1555 to Italy, and took there his degree 
 of M. D. He was so conversant in the 
 Italian language, that he was appointed 
 moderator of the school of Pistoia. On his 
 return home he practised physic at Breck- 
 nock, and died there, 1609, aged 75. He 
 wrote de Italicas Linguae Pronunciatione ; 
 Cambro-Britannicae, Cymeraecaeve Linguae 
 Institutiones, et Erudimenta, &c. 
 
 Rheticus, George Joachim, a German 
 astronomer, born at Faldkirk, Tyrol. He 
 was mathf^matical professor at Wiitemberg, 
 and afterwards assisted the great Coperni- 
 cus in his calculations. He was afterwards 
 professor in Poland, and at Cassaria in 
 Hungary, where he died, 1576, aged 62. 
 He published Narratio de Libris Revolu- 
 tione Copernici, &c. 
 
 Rhodiginus, Ludovicus Caelius,. author 
 of Antiquae Lectiones, Basil, 1566, and 
 other works, was born at Rovigo in the 
 state of Venice, and died at Padua, where 
 he taught the classics 1525, aged 75. 
 
 Rhodius, John, author of Notes on Scri- 
 bonius Largus ; Three Lectures on Medi- 
 cal Observations ; and a Treatise on Arti- 
 ficial Baths, was an eminent physician, 
 born at Copenhagen. He died at Padua, 
 1659, aged 72. 
 
 Rhodius, Ambrose, professor of physic 
 and mathematics at Anglo in Norway, was 
 a native of VVittemberg. During the civil 
 dissensions which prevailed in Norway he 
 was seized and cruelly sent to prison, 
 where he died, 1633, aged 56. He was 
 author of a Treatise on the Transmigration 
 of the Soul, and other works. 
 
 Rhodoman, Laurentius, author of His- 
 toriae Sacrae, 4to. ; of a Latin Translation 
 of Diodorus Siculus , of Quintus Calaber, 
 &c. was born at Sassowerf, Upper Saxony, 
 and died historical professor at Wittem- 
 berg, 1606, aged 60. 
 
 Rhotenamer, John, an eminent painter, 
 born at Munich, 1564. He fixed his resi- 
 dence at Venice, and studied the manner 
 of Tintoret. His colours are very bril- 
 liant. His best piece was the banquet of 
 the Gods and ny i^phs dancing. The time 
 of his death is unknown. 
 
 RiBADENEiRA, Peter, a Spanish Jesuit of 
 Toledo, elegant as a writer, but supersti- 
 tions in the extreme. He studied at Pa- 
 ris and Padua, and was professor of rheto- 
 ric at Palermo. He died at Madrid, 1611, 
 aged 84. He was author of Lives of Saints, 
 folio, 1616, of Ignatius Loyola, of Francis 
 Borgia, of Lainez, and Salmeron, &c. ; 
 a Treatise on the Schism of England ; the 
 Prince ; the Library of the Jesuits, Svo. &c. 
 
 RiBERA, Anastasius Pantaleon de, the 
 Scarron of Spain, was born at Madrid, and 
 
KIC 
 
 KIC 
 
 became in consequence of his wit u greut 
 favourite at the court of Philip IV. His 
 poems were all on ludicrous subjects, and 
 a|)peared at Madrid, 1048. A .Jesuit of 
 that name died professor at Salamanca, 
 1591. He wrote Connnentaries on the 
 Minor Prophets, (ol. ; on St. John's (Jos- 
 pel ; the Epistle to the Hebrews ; and the 
 Apocalypse. 
 
 RicAUD, John Marie, an advocate of the 
 parliament of Paris, who died 1678, aged 50. 
 He wrote some things on his profession. 
 
 KicARD, Dominic, a native of Toulouse 
 who settled at Paris, where he devoted him- 
 self to literature. Between 1783 and 1790, 
 he translated the works of Plutarch in 17 
 vols. r2mo. in a manner elegant, correct, 
 and faithful, and wrote the Sphere, a poem, 
 in eight cantos, with learned and curious 
 notes. This benevolent ecclesiastic died at 
 Paris, Jan. 1803, aged 63. 
 
 RiCAUT, or Rtcaut, sir Paul, an Eng- 
 lish writer, the tenth son of sir Peter Ri- 
 caut, knight. He travelled over Europe, 
 Asia, and Africa, and in 1001, accompa- 
 nied lord W'inchelsea, the ambassador at 
 the Ottoman court as secretary, and while 
 there he wrote " the Present State of the 
 Ottoman Porte, in three books," printed 
 1670, folio. He was afterwards consul at 
 Smyrna for 11 years, and during his resi- 
 dence there wrote the State of the Greek 
 and Armenian Churches, published 1679. 
 In 1685, he went with lord Clarendon, the 
 viceroy of Ireland, as secretary for the pro- 
 vinces of Leinster and Connaught, and he 
 was, in 1688, knighted by James II. and 
 made judge of the Irish court of admiralty. 
 He went afterwards as resident for king 
 William in the Hanse towns, and after 10 
 years absence returned to England in 1700, 
 and died that same year. He wrote be- 
 sides a Continuation of Knolles's History 
 of the Turks, fol. ; a Continuation of Pla- 
 tina's Lives of the Popes, fol. ; Vegra's 
 Commentaries of Peru translated, fol. ; the 
 Spanish Critic, 8vo. 
 
 RiccATi, Vincent, a Jesuit, born at Cas- 
 tel Franco in the Trevisa. He was profes- 
 sor of mathematics at Bologna till the sup- 
 pression of his order, at\er which he re- 
 tired to his native town, where he died 
 1775, aged 68. He wrote some mathema- 
 tical works, the best known of which is his 
 treatise on the Integral Calculus, 3 vols. 
 4to. &,c. 
 
 Ricci, Matthew, a Jesuit, born at Ma- 
 cerata, 1552. He went to India, and after 
 fnii&hing his studies at Goa, he was sent as 
 missionai-y to China. With difficulty he 
 reached Pekin, where his mathematical 
 knowledge recommended him to the notice 
 of the emperor, for whom he Ibrnied a geo- 
 graphical map, in which out of flattery he 
 placed China in the middle of the earth. 
 He conducted himself with, such addres? 
 
 that he obtained leave to build a church uL 
 Pekin. He died there 1610, aged 58. He 
 wrote Lettres EdifianttB ; Memoirs of Chi- 
 na, iiC. 
 
 Ricci, Michael Angcio, a cardinal, bom 
 at Rome. He was an able nifUheniatician, 
 and was patronised l)y Innocent H. who 
 raised him to the purple 1081. His trea- 
 tise de Maxiniis et Minimis, is a valualjle 
 performance. He died 21st May, 1682, 
 aged 03. 
 
 Ricci, Lawrence, a native of Florence, 
 of illustrious birth. He embraced the 
 order of the Jesuits, which was suppressed 
 while he was general. He was imprisoned 
 in the castle of St. Angelo by pope Cle- 
 ment XIV. and obliged to write a circular 
 letter to his order to announce their final 
 suppression. He died in his confmement, 
 ii4th Nov. 1775, aged 72. He wrote a me- 
 moir which appeared after his death, in 
 which he protested against the violence of- 
 fered to the Jesuits, and declared that they 
 had committed nothing which deserved 
 such harsh treatment. 
 
 Ricci, Sebastian, an Italian painter, 
 born at Belluno neai- ^'enice. He distin- 
 guished himself greatly by his pieces, and 
 was received with much applause in Ger- 
 many, France, and England. He died at 
 Venice 1734. His nephew Mark was emi- 
 nent also as a landscape and historical 
 painter, and died 1730. 
 
 Riccio, Dominico, an eminent painter, 
 born at ^erona. The gathering of the 
 Manna forms the subject of one of his ad- 
 mired pieces in the church of Verona. He 
 died 1517, aged 23. 
 
 RiccioLi, John Baptista, an Italian as- 
 tronomer, born at Ferrara, and educated 
 among the Jesuits, of whose society he be- 
 came a member. He taught rhetoric, phi- 
 losophy, &c. at Parma and Bononia, but 
 chiefly devoted himself to mathematics 
 and astronomy, and died 1671, aged 73. 
 His best known works are, Geographia'j 
 and Hydrographia,', lib. 12, 1672 ; Chrono- 
 logia Reformata, fol ; Astronomia \ etns, 
 2 vols. fol. ; Astronomia Reformata, fol. 
 
 RiccoBONi, Lewis, a native of Modenaj 
 who distinguished himself on the Italian 
 theatre, and in 1716, came to France with 
 his wife and his son, where he acquired 
 equal celebrity. He abandoned the stage 
 in 1729, in consequence of religious scru- 
 ples, and died 175^^, aged 79. He wrote 
 several comedies, some of which were re- 
 ceived with great applause, Thoughts on 
 Declamation ; Discourse on the Reforma- 
 tion of the Theatre, 12mo. ; Observation* 
 on Comedy, and on Molicre's Genius ; 
 History of the Italian Theatre, Svo. ; Re- 
 flections on the Theatres of Europe, Svo 
 His second wife Mary Laboras de Mezieres 
 ^vas a native of Paris, who acquired repu- 
 ♦ niion 95 an actress in ihe Italian tbeatr<v 
 
KIG 
 
 KIC 
 
 which ske quitted 1761. She was a woman and an armed multitude, headed by Wat 
 of great sensibility, elegant taste, and vast Tyler, appeared in Smithfield in defiance 
 
 information. She wrote several romances, 
 which possess merit, besides letters and 
 other miscellanies. She died in great dis- 
 tress 6th Dec. 1792, aged 68. His son 
 Antony Francis, by his first wife, was born 
 at Mantua. He was on the stage in the 
 Italian theatre at Paris, from 1726 to 1750, 
 and played with success. He wrote some 
 pieces, some of which are still in MS. but 
 his Art du Theatre in Svo. 1750, possesses 
 great merit, and is still read with satisfac- 
 tion. He died 15ta May, 1772, aged 65. 
 
 Richard I. king of Lngland, surnamed 
 Cceur de Lion, succeeded his father, Henry 
 II. 1189. The beginning of his reign was 
 
 disgraced by the massacre of the Jews, and war against France and Scotland, but his ad- 
 by the plunder of their property, not only ministration revolted some of the nobles, 
 in London, where their appearance at the and at last Henry, duke of Lancaster, his 
 coronation had excited the indignation of cousin, offended with the tyranny of his con- 
 fhe populace, but at York, and other places, duct, took up arms against him. The king. 
 In 1190, Richard, instead of establishing abandoned by his subjects, threw himself 
 order and tranquillity in his dominions, on the mercy of his victorious enemy, and 
 set sail with Philip Augustus of France for begged only for life and a pension. He 
 the Holy Land. Though, however, dissen- was afterwards deposed by the parliament, 
 
 and on the breaking out of an insurrection 
 
 of the government. Richard, though but 
 15, boldly rode up to meet the insurgents, 
 and when the lord mayor, Walworth, who 
 attended him, had with the blow of his 
 mace struck dead the chief of the rebels, 
 the young king called out to the multitude, 
 who prepared by acts of violence to avenge 
 the death of their leader, " what, my lieges, 
 will you kill your king, follow mc, 1 will be 
 your leader." The appeal was successful, 
 and the people returned to their duty ; but 
 though their grievances w.re redressed, after 
 the punishment of a few violent leaders, 
 still by degrees acts of oppressiorvwere per- 
 mitted to prevad. Afterwards Richard made 
 
 sion between these monarchs partly defeat- 
 ed the purpose of the enterprise, and 
 caused the return of Philip to France, 
 Richard led his army against the infidels, 
 defeated Saladin in a battle at Caesarea, 
 and then concluding a truce with him, em- 
 barked for Europe. In his return he was 
 shipwrecked on the Venetian shores, and 
 as he passed in disguise through Germany, 
 he was seized by Leopold, duke of Aus- 
 tria, and delivered to the emperor Henry 
 TI. and cruelly doomed to the horrors of 
 captivity. His retreat was discovered by 
 the fidelity of his friend Blondel, and by 
 the eager loyalty of his subjects, and for a 
 
 to liberty, 
 1194. To give 
 return, he was 
 and soon after 
 
 large ransom, he was restored 
 
 and landed at Sandwich 
 greater dignity to his 
 crowned a second time. 
 
 in his favour, eight murderers entered his 
 apartments at Pontefract castle, determined 
 to take away his life. The unhappy man 
 wrested a battle-axe from one of the assas- 
 sins, and after laying four dead at his feet, 
 perished by the repeated blows of the others 
 1400. 
 
 Richard III. duke of Gloucester, and 
 brother of Edward IV. was a monster of 
 iniquity. He caused his infant nephews, 
 Edward V. and Richard, duke of York, to 
 be murdered in the Tower, and then pro- 
 cured his own nomination to the crown, 
 1483. Soon after he had to defend him- 
 self against Buckingham, who had support- 
 ed him in his crimes ; but he triumphed, 
 and beheaded his enemy. He was less 
 fortunate against Henry, earl of Richmond, 
 who had invaded the kingdom. The rival 
 armies met in Bosworth field, and after 
 performing prodigies of valour, Richard 
 fell, covered with wounds, and left his vic- 
 torious antagonist in possession of the 
 throne, 22d Aug. 1485. This worthless 
 monarch was said to have been deformed 
 from his birth, but some modern historians 
 
 marched against Philip Augustus, who 
 had not only excited John against his 
 absent brother, but had seized part of 
 his continental dominions in Normandy. 
 Though a peace was made in 1 196, Richard 
 three years after renewed the war, and 
 while besieging Chalus, in the Limousin, 
 he received a mortal wound from an ar- 
 row. He died 6th April, 1199, aged 42. deny the fact. Though a tyrant and a hy- 
 Though he pardoned the man who had shot pocrite he possessed great courage, and for 
 
 him, his generals after his death ordered 
 the unhappy wretch to be flayed alive. 
 Though brave, Richard was haughty and 
 aiaricious, and it was said of him that he 
 would have sold even London if he could 
 have found a purchaser. 
 
 Richard II. son of Edward, prince of 
 
 firmness of mind had few equals. 
 
 Richard I. surnamed the Fearless, suc- 
 ceeded his father William as duke of Nor- 
 mandy, 942. His territories were invaded 
 by Louis IV. of France, and by Otho of 
 Germany ; but his rights were defended by 
 the valour of his subjects, and the aid of the 
 Wales, succeeded his grandfather, Edward king of Denmark and the count of Paris. 
 
 III. on the English throne, 1377. The se- 
 verity of some taxes imposed by the parlia- 
 ment, raised discontent amona; the people, 
 540 
 
 He died at Fecamp, 996, aged 64. 
 
 Richard II. surnamed the Good, sut;- 
 ceeded hi^ father Richard L as duke of 
 
HlC 
 
 RIC 
 
 INormandy. He was much engaged in war 
 with his iicighliours, and died IU'27. 
 
 KiCHARi), Thomas, a Bcnedictinr monk 
 in the abbey ol' Tavistock, who lriiii>lal«;d 
 into English verse the live books ol boe- 
 thius's CousoUiiioiis of FInlosophy. This 
 ivork was printed in Tavistock abbey, 1525. 
 
 Richard, Martin, a native of Antwerp, 
 born »vith only a left arm. Though thus 
 helpless by nature, he became a pai. ter ot 
 eminence, and produced pieces which me- 
 rited the high praises of Vandyke. He 
 died 1636, aged 45. His brother David, 
 though an inferior artist, possessed merit 
 as a painter. 
 
 Richard de St. Victor, a Scotchman, 
 ■who was prior of St. Victor's monastery at 
 Paris, where he died 1173. He wrote se- 
 veral tracts on Theology, collected together 
 in 2 vols. fol. Rouen, 1650. 
 
 Richard, N. a native of Dundalk, in Ire- 
 land, who studied at Oxford, and became 
 archbishop of Armagh, 1347. He died uni- 
 versally respected, 1359. He wrote ser- 
 mons, besides tracts, &c. 
 
 Richard, John, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Paris. He died there 1586, aged 65. He 
 wrote some theological works, iic. 
 
 Richard, Rene, a Fr. nch ecclesiastic, 
 of the congregation of the oratory. He died 
 31st Aug. 1727, aged 73, dean of St. Op- 
 portune, at Paris. He wrote a parallel be- 
 tween Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin — 
 Christian Maxims, &c. 
 
 Richard, Charles Louis, a Benedictine, 
 born at Blainville, in Lorraine, 1711. He 
 wrote sermons, 4 vols. — Dictionary of Ec- 
 clesiastical Knowledge, six vols. fol. — 
 Analysis of General Councils, 5 vols. 4to. 
 &c. and died at the close of the 18th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Richards, Nathaniel, a dramatic writer 
 in the reign of Charles L He was edu- 
 cated at Caius college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his bachelor's degree, 1634. His 
 poems, sacred and satirical, including Mes- 
 salina, a tragedy, &e. appeared 1645. 
 
 Richards, James, missionary in Cey- 
 lon, was born at Abington, Massachusetts, 
 February 23d, 1784, and graduated at Wil- 
 liam's college in 1809. He studied theo- 
 logy at the seminary at Andover, Massa- 
 chusetts, and medicine at the medical 
 school in Philadelphia. He was one of 
 the mission sent by the American Board of 
 Commissioners for Foreign Missions to 
 Ceylon, and embarked for that island in 
 October, 1815. Soon after his arrival 
 there he was seized with a pulmonary com- 
 plaint, which suspended his labours as a 
 missionary, and at length terminated in his 
 death on the 3d of August, 1822. 
 
 ICJ-L. 
 
 Richardson, John, a native of Che- 
 shire, educated at Oxford, and afterwards 
 incorporatetl at Duuiivi. He became bi- 
 
 shop of Ardah, in Ireland ; but left tho 
 country during the rebellion, and came to 
 London, llo. died lt;54. Hi: in author of 
 Observations on I.ztkiel, iic. fol. 
 
 Richardson, Jonathan, an Kngli«h por- 
 trait painter, born about 1665. He wag 
 origiiiaily apprenticed to a scriven.r, but 
 afterwards became the pupil ol lidty, 
 whose niece he married. He acquired re- 
 putation and independence, though ~ome 
 speak of the merits of his pencil with in- 
 diflerenee, and died May 2Sih, 1745. He 
 published, in 1719, an Essay on the whole 
 Art of Criticism, as it relates to painting, 
 and an account of some statues, bas-reliefs, 
 &,c. in wiiich he was assisted by his son. 
 These united labours afterwards produced 
 notes and remarks on Milton's Paradise 
 Lost. As the fatiier had observed, that in 
 classical literature he hau looked at it 
 through his son, the sportive pencil of Ho- 
 garth represented him as peeping at a Vir- 
 gd on a shelf, through a telescope, with 
 which his son was perforated. 
 
 Richardson, Joseph, a native of Hex- 
 ham, Nortliuinberiand, who entered at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge, in 1774, and af- 
 terwards studied the law at the Middle 
 Temple, and was called to the bar. He 
 wrote Criticisms on the Rolliad and Proba- 
 tionary Odes, for the Laureatship, in which 
 he censured with broad satire the great 
 public characters of the times — the Fugi- 
 tive, a comedy, performed with some ap- 
 plauL-iC, &c. Hi; was for some time in 
 parliament, on the interest of the duke of 
 Nbrthumberland ; but did not distinguish 
 himself as an orator, either at the bar, or 
 in the house of commons. He died 1803. 
 
 Richardson, Samuel, an eminent novel 
 writer, son of a farmer in Derbyshire, and 
 born 1689. His education was very con- 
 fined ; but though he imbibed in his youth 
 no knowledge of the learned languages, 
 his natural good sense and reflection sup- 
 plied all deliciences of art. In 1706 he 
 was bound apprentice to Mr. Wilde, of Sta- 
 tioners' hall, and afterward-' h' worked as 
 compositor, and corrector of the press, till, 
 on taking his freedom, he hired a house in 
 one of the courts of Fleet-street, from 
 which he removed to Salisbury-square. 
 He was in 1723 engaged with the duke of 
 Wharton in the publication of the True 
 Briton ; but as the work was violently se- 
 vere against the government, he stopped at 
 the sixth number. He next was concerned 
 with the Daily Journal, and afterwards 
 with the Daily Gazetteer, and at last, by 
 the friendship of Onslow, the speaker, he 
 obtained the lucrative ottice of printi r of 
 the Journals of the house of commons. In 
 1754 he was elected master of the company 
 of Stationers, and in 1760 he purchased a 
 moiety of the patent of law printer to the 
 king, which he conducted with Miss Lin- 
 
 541 
 
RIC 
 
 KIC 
 
 tot, afterwards the wife of sir H. Fletcher. 
 In 1740 he appeared before the pubhc as 
 the author of Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded, 
 a novel, which was universally read, and 
 universally approved; and alttrwards he 
 pro(iuced Clarissa Harlowe, and then Sir 
 Charles Grandison. Of these two last per- 
 formances, the former is regarded by the 
 generality of critics as superior to the 
 other ; but in all his works the author has 
 presented to hi.-^ reader a most interesting 
 and accurate picture of human nature. 
 His wish was to benefit mankind, and with 
 all the treasures of a benevolent heart, he 
 drew scenes which gave virtue the noblest 
 of her attractions, and vice the most horrid 
 and disgusting of its deformities. These 
 works were particularly popular, and the 
 author was every ivhere regarded as a man 
 of the most virtuous sentiments, of the 
 most amiable modesty, and possessed of 
 the most dignified powers of the imagina- 
 tion. By the creative faculties of his mind 
 Ricijardson thus raised himself to celebrity 
 and opulence ; but his elevation was still 
 adorned by all the humble virtues which 
 rejoice in the opportunity of doing good, 
 and of disseminating blessings wherever 
 human nature is capable of improvement. 
 Richardson generally retired from his town 
 house on the Saturday, to bis villa at North 
 End, Hammersniith, and afterwards to 
 Parsons' Green, where he resided till the 
 Monday, and was visited by persons of 
 rank, literary fame, and splendid talents. 
 Sedulous in business, he acquired property 
 and independence ; but in the midst of the 
 consequence of wealth, and the flattery of 
 admiring friends, he was the kind master 
 and the hospitable friend, and never forgot 
 to add exemplary conduct to religious ap- 
 pearances, and sincere de\otion to pious 
 exhortations. This worthy and amiable 
 man, who was honoured with the friendship 
 or favourable good opinion of every person 
 of talents, of virtue, and of rank, in his 
 time, was afflicted in the last part of life 
 with a paralytic disorder, which proved 
 fatal, 4th July, 1761, in his 72d year. He 
 ivas buried by the side of his first wife, in 
 St. Bride's church. He was twice mar- 
 ried ; by his first wife, daughter of Mr. 
 "Wilde, printer, he had five sons and one 
 daughter, who all died young, and by the 
 second, who survived him, daughter of 
 Mr. Leake, bookseller of Bath, he had a 
 son and five daughters, of whom only four 
 daughters survived him. Besides his ex- 
 cellent novels, he published a volume of 
 familiar letters, for the use of young peo- 
 ple — ^sop's Fables, with reflections — a 
 paper. No. 97, in the Rambler — Negotia- 
 tion of sir Thomas Roe, ambassador to the 
 Porte, &c. A well-written account of his 
 life has appeared in 1804, by Mrs. Bar- 
 bauld, prefixed to an edition of h'u Corres- 
 543 
 
 pondence with Eminent Persons, a publica- 
 tion which, while it sets the character of 
 Richardson in an amiable light, shows that 
 his correspondents sought to gain his good 
 opinion by the incense of flattery, of praise, 
 and adulation. 
 
 Richardson, William, a native of Scot- 
 land, who became a studtnt of the univer- 
 sity of Glasgow in 17a8. On completing 
 his education, and taking his master's de- 
 gree, he was appointed tutor to a nobleman, 
 whom he accompanied to Russia. After 
 his return he was elected professor of hu- 
 manity, or classical literature, at Glasgow, 
 which chair he filled with reputation above 
 (brty years. He died in 1814. Mr. Ri- 
 chardson publisiied " Essays on the Dra- 
 matic Characters of Shakspeare," and some 
 other works. — W. B. 
 
 RicHELET, Caesar Peter, a French wri- 
 ter, born at Cheminon, in Champagne. He 
 was the author of a useful dictionary of the 
 French language, full, however, ot satirical 
 reflections and obscenities, in 4to. Geneva, 
 afterwards enlarged to two volumes folio, 
 1721, Lyons, and again 3 vols. fol. Lyons, 
 1755. He also translated Vega's Con- 
 quest of Florida, and wrote a dictionary of 
 Rhymes, and other critical works. He 
 died 1698. 
 
 Richelieu, Armand du Plessis de, a ce- 
 lebrated statesman in France, born of noble 
 parentage at the castle of Richelieu, 5th 
 Septembt r, 1585. He studied at the Sor- 
 bonne, and at Rome, and in 1607 was 
 made bishop of Lucon. On his return to 
 Paris, he became the favourite of Mary de 
 Medic is, to whom he was appointed almo- 
 ner, and he soon was made secretary of 
 state. The death of marshal d'Ancre, how- 
 ever, his friend and protector, checked his 
 ambition, and he retired with the queen 
 mother to Blois ; but soon again to be re- 
 stored to favour. By intrigue he effected a 
 reconciliation between the queen and her 
 son Lewis XIIL and in 1624 he was placed 
 in the difficult office of prime minister of 
 France, and afterwards of superintendent 
 of navigation and commerce. Naturally 
 bold, and fond of war, the new minister, 
 who had been raised to the dignity of car- 
 dinal, determined to reduce Rochelle, whose 
 protection of the protestants was offensive 
 to the nation, and whose independence and 
 naval power seemed a disgrace to the 
 greatness of France. After a vigorous 
 siege, during a year, Rochelle opened her 
 gates to the conqueror, 28th Oct. 1628, and 
 proud of his conquest, the minister ad- 
 vanced to the subjugation of the protes- 
 tants in other parts of the kingdom. He 
 next attacked Savoy, and after taking Pig- 
 nerol and Casal, he returned to Paris, to 
 conquer the intrigues of his enemies, and 
 to restore himself to the undisputed favour 
 of the king. By his power, Gaston, th^ 
 
UIC 
 
 UID 
 
 Icing's brother, was banished, and Mary de 
 Medicis, the queen, to whom he owed his 
 elevation, was sent to end her life in me- 
 lancholy exile at Cologne, and while all 
 France was submissively obedient to his 
 nod, the neighbouring kingdoms were, 
 by his intrigues, torn by dissensions, se- 
 cretly agitated by fears, or openly threat- 
 ened by insurrections. Yet while engaged 
 in establishing his own power, he did not 
 forget to consolidate the prosperity of the 
 people; and while he persecuted, an I cru- 
 elly |)uiiished his enemies and his rivals, he 
 did not neglect the glory of France. He 
 erected the French academy, rebudt the 
 Sorbonn , founded the royal printing-liouse, 
 and established the botanical garden, with 
 a munificence worthy not merely the minis- 
 ter, but the monarch of a great kingdom. 
 He was liberal in his patronage to nun of 
 letters ; but as he had a poetiral turn, he 
 was unfortunately jealous of the celebrity 
 of the Cid of Corneille, and employed 
 some of the literary hirelings of the court 
 to depreciate the merits of the immortal 
 bard. He died 4th December, 1642, aged 
 58. In his character Richelieu united all 
 the abilities, and the ambition of a great 
 man, but little of the virtues of a good 
 mail ; and while be patronised the arts and 
 sciences, and « xti nded protection to litera- 
 ture and industry, it might proceed not 
 from the motives of a generous mind, hut 
 the ostentatious wish of being surrounded 
 by men whose works and gratitude can 
 confer immortality. Besides the dignity 
 of cardinal conferred on him by Gregory 
 XV. he was cn^ated duke and peer of 
 France, and enjoyed all the favours which 
 the partiality of the king, and the adulation 
 of the nation could bestow on him. He 
 •wrote Political Testament, 2 volumes 
 8vo. — Methods of Controversies concern- 
 ing Points of Faith — Defence of the Ca- 
 tholic Faith — Christian Instruction — Per- 
 fection of a Christian — a Curious Journal 
 — letters, relations, &c. His life has been 
 written by J. Le Clerc, 5 vols. 12mo. 1753. 
 Richer, Edmund, a native of Chaouvce, 
 in Langres. He possessed great powers of 
 mind, and a lively imagination, and he 
 embraced with unusual ardour, the party 
 of the League, whose conduct he ably 
 defended with his pen. He took his de- 
 grees in theology at Paris, and in 1611, 
 wrote against the Dominicans, and assert- 
 ed the superiority of general councils over 
 the pope. This drew upon him the cen- 
 sures of the pope's legate, though he was 
 defended by the parliament of Paris, and 
 at last he was dismissed from the office of 
 syndic in the university, and afterwards 
 imprisoned, and obliged by the virulence of 
 bis enemies, to make a public recantation 
 of his opinions. These proceedings in- 
 jured his constitution, and hastened his 
 
 death, which happened 2Sth November, 
 1631, aged 72. His other works are V indi- 
 cias Doctrinae Majorum de Aurtoritate Ec- 
 clesiai in Rebus Fidei ct Morum. 4to. ; de 
 Potestate Ecclesix- in Rebus I emporalilnw, 
 4to. ; History of Utneral Councils, 3 \ol«, 
 4to. ; Obstetrix Animorum, ^to. Aic. 
 
 Richer, John, a bookstiicr of Pari«», 
 who died 1665. He is known as ibc iirt,t 
 compiler of the Mercure Fran(;ois. 
 
 Richer, Henry, a native of I.ongueil, in 
 Caux. He was intended for the law ; but 
 he preferred literature, and settled at Paris, 
 where he died, l2tii March, 1748, aged 63. 
 He translated into vt rse Virgil's Eclogues ; 
 a Collection of Fibles ; Lif of Maicenas, 
 witli notes ; Sabinus and Conolanus, two 
 tragedies. 
 
 Richer D'Aube, Francis, a native of 
 Rouen, author of an Essay on the Princi- 
 ples of Ri<i;ht and Morals, 4to. He died at 
 Paris, Oct. 1752, aged 63. 
 
 Richer, N. a French philosopher, who 
 first observed the shortening of the pendu- 
 lum, while at Cayenne, 1672. This singu- 
 lar discovery, in the hands of Newton and 
 Huygens, led to the most astonishing 
 truths. 
 
 RiciMER, a Roman patrician, who ac- 
 quired such power as a general, tliat ht- put 
 down the emperors, and introduced revo- 
 lutions into tht state, as he pleased. He 
 put 10 dea h Majoiian, and raised to the 
 throne in his room, Libius Severus, 461, 
 and he afterwards bravely repelled the 
 Vandals of Africa, who attacked the I'omi- 
 nions of his master. After the death of 
 Severus, Antht mius was made emperor, 
 and Ricimer married bis daughter, but 
 soon after dethroned him. 
 
 Ricius, Paul, a converted Jew, professor 
 of philosophy at Pavia. He was afterwards 
 physician to the emperor Maximilian, and 
 was highly esteemed by Erasmus, and other 
 learned men. He had a controversy with 
 Eccius, and supported that the celestial bo- 
 dies are animated. His works are, De Coe- 
 lesti Agricultura, fol. ; Talmudica Com- 
 mentariola, 4to. ; De LXXIII. Mosaics 
 Sanctionis Edictis, 4to. 
 
 liicoBONi, Antony, a learned native of 
 Rovigo. He was professor of eloquence at 
 Padua, and died there, 1599, aged 58. He 
 wrote in elegant Latin, Historical Com- 
 mentaries ; Treatise on Rhetoric, 8vo. . 
 History of Padua University ; Commen- 
 taries on Aristotle's and Cicero's Works, 
 &e. 
 
 Rider, William, autlior of a History of 
 England ; a Commentary on the Bible ; 
 and other popular works, was lecturer of 
 St. Vedast, Fosterlane, and for several 
 years under-master of St. Paul's school. 
 He died 1785. 
 
 RiDGELT, Thomas, a dissenting divine, 
 born in London, 1670. He was for seve^ 
 
 543 
 
RID 
 
 RI£ 
 
 KSil years minister of a congregation near 
 Blucklriars, and afterwards kept an acade- 
 my, near Aldermanbury. He died in Moor- 
 flelds, 1737. He wrote a Commentary on 
 the Assembly's larger Catechism, 2 vols, 
 foiio. 
 
 Ridley, Nicolas, an eminent bishop and 
 martyr, born of an ancient family in Tyne- 
 dale, Northumberland, 1500. He >¥as 
 educated at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and 
 Pembrokt-hall, Cambridge, where he ob- 
 tained a fellowship. His abilities were such 
 that he was invited to University college, 
 Oxford, but declined the liberal offer, and 
 went for three years to travel on the conti- 
 nent. On his return to Cambridge, he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his application, and 
 by his zeal in favour of the reformation. 
 B> the friendship of his patron Cranmer, 
 be obtained the vicarage of Heme, in 
 Kent, and afterwards was chosen master 
 of Pembroke-hall, and nominated chaplain 
 to the king. During the royal visitation 
 in the north of the kingdom, he attended 
 the visiters and preached to the people, 
 and explained with eloquence and ability 
 the true principles of religion. In 1547 he 
 was appointed bishop of Rochester, and 
 three years after, on Bonner's expulsion 
 from the see of London, he was placed in 
 his room, where he behaved with tender- 
 ness and affectionate attention to the mo- 
 ther and relatives of his predecessor. He 
 was very instrumental in settling the arti- 
 cles of religion, the liturgy, and the homi- 
 lies, and by his influence with the king he 
 procured the establishment of those noble 
 foundations, Christ's hospital, St. Tho- 
 mas's, Southwark, St. Bartholomew's, and 
 Bridewell. The share which he bore in 
 the labours of the reformation, marked him 
 as an object of hatred under Mary, and 
 particularly the zeal with which he em- 
 braced the cause of the unfortunate Jane 
 Grey. He was ordered to dispute on theo- 
 logical subjects at Oxford with some popish 
 bishops ; and when he refused to recant 
 the principles which he had advanced, he 
 was cruelly sentenced to the stake. He 
 suffered this inhuman treatment with great 
 resignation, and was burnt near the corner 
 of Baliol college, with his friend, the vene- 
 rable Latimer, 1555. He was author of a 
 treatise against transubstantiation, and 
 some of his letters and sermons were af- 
 terwards published. An interesting ac- 
 count of his life and labours was published 
 by his descendant, Gloster Ridley. 
 
 Ridley, Thomas, a native of Ely, of the 
 same family as the preceding. He received 
 his education at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge, and then applied himself to the 
 study of the civil law. His abilities re- 
 commended him to the court ; he was 
 knighted, made master in chancery, and 
 afterwards vicar general to the archbishop 
 544 
 
 of Canterbury. He was author of a Vie\v 
 of the Civil and Ecclesiastical Law, and 
 died 1626. 
 
 Ridley, Gloster, an eminent divine, 
 born at sea in 1702, in the Gloster India- 
 man, from which circumstance he received 
 his Christian name. He was educated at 
 Winchester school, and became fellow of 
 New college, Oxford, where he took the 
 degree of B.C.L. 1789. He had a great 
 partiality for the stage in his younger years, 
 and wrote, with some friends, a tragedy, 
 in four acts, and to this partiality may be 
 attributed the eloquence and graceful deli- 
 very which he displayed in the pulpit. He 
 obtained the living of Westow, Norfolk, 
 and the donative of Poplar, in Middlesex ; 
 and after some years spent in the peaceful 
 obscurity of a country curacy, he was at 
 last, in 1768, in consequence of his able 
 labours, presented to a golden prebend in 
 Salisbury, by archbishop Seeker, who also 
 conferred on him the degree of LL.D. He 
 died 3d Nov. 1774, and had his virtues re- 
 corded in an epitaph by the learned Dr. 
 Lowth. He left a widow and four daugh- 
 ters. He had lost two sons early ; one, 
 Thomas, by the smallpox, at Madras, and 
 James, the other, when he began to distin- 
 guish himself as an author. He published 
 the Life of bishop Ridley, from whom he 
 was descended — Sermons at Lady Moyer's 
 Lectures — Melampus, a poem — two trage- 
 dies, never printed — Review of Philips's 
 Life of cardinal Pole — Psyche, a poem, &c. 
 — His son James was author ol the Tales 
 of the Genii, 2 vols, a book much admired 
 — James Lovegrove, a novel, &.c. He was 
 minister of Romford, Essex, and had been 
 educated at Winchester and New college, 
 Oxford. 
 
 Ridolfi, Claudio, a painter of Verona, 
 whose historical pieces and portraits were 
 much admired. He died 1644, aged 84. 
 
 Ridpath, George, a native of Stirling- 
 shire, educated at Edinburgh. For his at- 
 tachment to Protestantism, and for boldly- 
 opposing the second James in his religious 
 innovations, he fled from Scotland ; but af- 
 terwards returned at the revolution, and 
 was one of the clerks of session. He died 
 1717, aged 54. He translated Craig's Scot- 
 land's Sovereignty. 
 
 Riedesel, John Herman, baron de, a 
 learned German, author of Travels in 
 Greece. He was in the service of the 
 Prussian court, and resided as ambassador 
 at Vienna, where he died 1785, aged 45. 
 
 Riegles, M. a native of Denmark, who 
 published a valuable history of his country. 
 He was governor of the king's pages at Co- 
 penhagen, and died 1802, aged 74. 
 
 RiELEY, Henry, author of the " Anato- 
 my of the Brain, &c." published 1695, was 
 fellow of the college of physicians. 
 
 RiENZi, Nicolas Gabrini de. a remarkib- 
 
HIE 
 
 KK) 
 
 ible character in the 1 1th century, who, 
 though but the son of a miller, or a com- 
 mon vintner at Home, raiscil liiinsclf to the 
 sovertign power. By education and labour 
 he polished and improved a mind naturally 
 stronic, fervent, and ambitious, and in read- 
 ing the historians of ancient Rome, he (lat- 
 tered liimself thathe should one day restore 
 the glories and the liberties of his country. 
 By his assiduity and demeanour he became 
 so popular, that he was one of the deputies 
 sent to Avignon, to solicit pope Clement VI. 
 to come and fix his residence at Rome ; and 
 though the embassy did not succeed, Rienzi 
 had the satisfaction of gaining the pontiff's 
 favour and protection. He returned to 
 Rome as apostolic notary, and by degrees 
 gained to his party the common people of 
 Rome, and many of the nobles. Inveighing 
 with bitterness against the debaucheries of 
 the great, and painting in the most striking 
 colours, the ancient glories and the present 
 decay of Rome, he persuaded his friends 
 and followers that he was able to restore 
 their country to its former dignity. Sur- 
 rounded by those who were necessary to 
 his views, he ascended the capitol, and af- 
 ter haranguing the people with the permis- 
 sion of the papal vicar, he raised up the en- 
 signs of liberty, and promised to the Ro- 
 mans that he would reward their obedience 
 to the laws by the grandeur and the power- 
 ful influence of their forefathers. Declared 
 sovereign of Rome, he had the address to 
 obtain the pope's approbation to his mea- 
 sures, and to conciliate his protection ; but 
 though he for a while commanded the re- 
 spect of the Romans, envy attended him, 
 and enemies arose determined to effect his 
 downfal. While he reprobated the con- 
 duct of the nobles, he himself was guilty of 
 excesses, and the obscure plebeian, raised 
 to sovereignty, not only feasted with all the 
 luxury of the monarch, but acted frequently 
 in a capricious and oppressive manner. 
 After enjoying absolute power for six 
 months, under the title of tribune of Rome, 
 he was forced to fly by the nobles, and be- 
 ing seized by his enemies, was sent to the 
 pope at Avignon, and thrown into a dun- 
 geon. Innocent VI. the successor of Cle- 
 jnent, knew, howevei', the influence of his 
 prisoner, and he drew him from his con- 
 tinement, where he had pined away three 
 years, and sent him to Rome with the title 
 of governor and senator, hoping that by his 
 gratitude he might defeat the schemes and 
 insurrections of those petty tyrants who 
 harassed and distracted the state. Rienzi 
 again raised himself, over the opposition of 
 lus enemies, to power ; but success again 
 inade him violent and resentful, and four 
 months after his second elevation, durino- a 
 (umult excited by some conspirators, a 
 dagger was aimed at his heart, which de- 
 prived him of life, 8th Oct. 1354. Such 
 VOT., TJ, GO 
 
 wan the tragical end of thj.-, amhjUous de- 
 magoguo, who, by his abilities, for a while 
 restored plenty, justior, and lilxrty to th«- 
 degenerate Romans and not only fdled all 
 Europe with the fame of his wisdom an-1 
 exploits, but commanded the respect and 
 submission of foreign potentates. Petrarch, 
 who witnessed his elevation, Hpeaks wiiU 
 raptures of his conduct, and recalling to 
 mind the splendid achievements of Rome, 
 compares him to the immortal Brutus. 
 
 Ri«ALTics, Nicolas, an ingenious French- 
 man, born at Paris, 1577. He was brought 
 up by the Jesuits, and applied himself to 
 the law, which, however, he soon relin- 
 quished for polite literature. He soon re- 
 commended hiniself to the notice of the 
 learned, particularly Thuanus, and he was 
 appointed king's librarian after the depar- 
 ture of Isaac Casaubon to reside in Ens- 
 land. He was also made by the king pro- 
 curer general of the court of Nancy, and 
 counsellor of the parliament of Metz. He 
 died 1654. His works are, excellent edi- 
 tions of Cyprian, Tertullian, and Minutius 
 Felix, with valuable notes — Continuation of 
 Thuanus's History — de Verbis in Novellis 
 Constitutionibus post Justinianum Glossa- 
 rium, 4to. Diatribe de Juvenalis Satiria — 
 Funus Parasyticum — Auctores Finium 
 Regundorum — do Modo Foenori Proposi- 
 to, &c. 
 
 RiGAUD, Hyacinth, a painter, born at 
 Perpignan, 1663, and called for his excel- 
 lence the French Vandyke. He was enno- 
 bled by his countrymen, and also by Lewis 
 XV. and made director of the academy of 
 painting. His draperies were much admi- 
 red. He died 1743. 
 
 RiLET, John, a London painter, who af- 
 ter the death of sir Peter Leiy, acquired 
 high reputation and much opulence for his 
 porti-aits. He died 1691, aged 45. 
 
 RiMiNALDi, Orazio, a native of Pisa, 
 eminent as an historical painter. He died 
 1638, aged 40. 
 
 RiNCON, Antonio del, a Spanish painter, 
 born at Guadalaxai-a. His pieces are much 
 admired in Spain. He died 1500. 
 
 RiNUCCiNi, Octavio, an Italian poet, bora 
 at Florence. He went to France in the 
 retinue of Mary de Medicis, and was said 
 to be the inventor of the opera, which, 
 however, some attribute to Emilio del Ca- 
 vabero of Rome. His poetry as well as his 
 operas are highly and deservedly admired. 
 He died 1621, at Florence, where his works 
 were published. 
 
 RioLAN, John, a physician at Paris, born 
 at Amiens. He defended the doctrine of 
 Hippocrates against the modern chymists, 
 and wrote various works on anatomy and 
 medicine, printed together, Paris, 1610, 
 fol. He was a man of great erudition, and 
 died iSth Oct. 1G05. His son John was 
 also a phv«icinn of eminence, and professoi' 
 
 545 
 
KIS 
 
 EiT 
 
 ^i anatomy and botany. He -wrote Coinpa- 
 ratio Veteris Medicinae cum Nova, 12mo. — 
 Scbola Anatomica, 8vo. reprinted in folio 
 Avith additions — Gigantomachia, 8vo. in 
 consequence of the pretended discovery of 
 the skeleton of a giant — Gigantologia, 8vo. 
 
 Ripley, George, an English mathemati- 
 cian, canon of Bridlington, Yorkshire, and 
 author of Compound of Alchymy, &.c. — 
 Aurum Potabile, or the Universal Medicine. 
 He died 1490. 
 
 RippERDA, John William, baron de, a 
 native of Groningen, of illustrious family, 
 who, after serving the States General as 
 colonel of infantry, was sent as ambassador 
 to Spain. His conduct was so pleasing to 
 Philip V. that he settled at Madrid, and 
 was employed on affairs of importance, and 
 was created a duke and peer of the king- 
 dom, and intrusted with the departments 
 of marine, war, and finance. These offices 
 were too high for his abilities, and he was 
 disgraced, and afterwards sent to the prison 
 of Segovia ; but he escaped to Portugal, 
 and after passing through England, he land- 
 ed in Holland, where he was persuaded by 
 the ambassador of Morocco to go and settle 
 in Africa. At Morocco he became a great 
 favourite with the emperor, and professed 
 the religion of Mahomet. To render him- 
 self still more popular, and to acquire autho- 
 vity, he pretended to establish a religion 
 which embraced all the tenets of the Chris- 
 tian, Judaic, and Mahometan doctrines ; 
 but these measures at last created him ene- 
 mies, and he fled from Morocco to Tetuan, 
 where he died Nov. 1747. His two sons 
 were drowned in coming from Spain to 
 England. 
 
 RisBECK, Gaspard, a German writer, 
 born near Mayence. An ardent imagination 
 and the love of independence hurried him 
 into extravagance, and at last, while he de- 
 spised all political and civil employments, 
 he found himself poor and without re- 
 sources. He then entered into the service 
 of a bookseller, and afterwards travelled, 
 and then settled at Zurich, and next at 
 Arau, where he died 3d Feb. 1786, aged 
 36, a victim to melancholy and affected mi- 
 santhropy. He wrote Travels through 
 Germany — and a History of Germany. 
 
 RisDON, Tristram, author of a History 
 ©f Devonshire, which has been published 
 in a mutilated form, 1714, 2 vols. Svo. was 
 a native of Winscott, Devon, and was edu- 
 cated at Oxford. He died at Winscott, 
 1640, aged 60. The topographical part 
 of his history was edited separately, 
 1735, 4to. 
 
 RiSLET, Thomas, a puritan divine. He 
 was bom near Warrington, Lancashire, and 
 brcame fellow of Pembroke college, Ox- 
 ford, but in 1662 he was ejected for non- 
 conformity. He then became preacher to 
 a dissenting congregation, and died 1716^ 
 046 
 
 aged 86. He wrote a treatise on Family 
 Religion, Svo. &c. 
 
 RiTsoN, Joseph, a native of Stockton on 
 Tees, who became a conveyancer in Gray's 
 inn, and afterwards purchased the office of 
 high bailiff of the Savoy in 1785. He studied 
 antiquities, and published observations on 
 Shakspeare's editions by Johnson and Ste- 
 vens , Criticisms on Malone's edition ; 
 Descent of the English Crown ; Observa- 
 tions on Warton's History of English Poe- 
 try ; English Anthology ; Collection of Eng- 
 lish Songs, 3 vols. ; and of Scotch Songs, 2 
 vols. ; Bibliographia Poetica ; Metrical Ro- 
 mances, 3 vols. ; Treatise on Abstinence 
 from Animal Food, &c. Though a man of 
 learning and information, he adopted a 
 most singular and capricious form of Or- 
 thography, and in his temper was violent 
 and overbearing. He died 1803, aged 51. 
 
 RiTTENHOusE, David, a native of Phila- 
 delphia, who, from a clock-maker, became 
 an eminent astronomer. He pursued his 
 astronomical studies while engaged in the 
 business of his farm ; but was so respectable 
 a philosopher, that he succeeded Franklin 
 as president of the American philosophical 
 society. He made observations on the tran- 
 sit of Venus over the sun's disc in 1769, with 
 great accuracy, at the request of the Ameri- 
 can philosophers, and deserved the esteem 
 of the learned of both continents. He died 
 1796, aged 64. Several of his communica- 
 tions appear in the American transactions. 
 
 This eminent mathematician was born at 
 Gerniantown, Pennsylvania, April 8th, 
 1732. His ancestors were emigrants from 
 Holland. He was employed during the 
 early part of his life in agriculture, and oc^ 
 cupied himself habitually at that period 
 with mathematical studies. "WTiile residing: 
 with his father he made himself master of 
 Newton's Principia, by an English transla- 
 tion, and also discovered the science of 
 fluxions, of which he for a long time sup- 
 posed himself to be the first inventor. His 
 constitution being too feeble for an agricul- 
 tural life, he became a clock and mathema- 
 tical instrument-maker, and without the 
 aid of an instructer, produced work supe- 
 rior to that of the foreign artists. He also 
 contrived and erected an orrery, much more 
 complete than any which had been before 
 constructed. In 1770 he removed to Phi^ 
 ladelphia, and employed himself in his 
 trade. He was elected a member of the 
 philosophical society of that city, and one 
 of the number appointed to observe the 
 transit of Venus in 1769, an account of 
 which he communicated to the society. 
 His excitement was so great on perceiving 
 the contact of the planet with the sun, at 
 the moment predicted, that he fainted. He 
 was one of the commissioners employed to 
 determine the boundary line between Penn-:- 
 sylvania and Virginia, and, between Ne^v^* 
 
lil\ 
 
 kuii 
 
 York and Massachusetts. He lu^ld the otlicc 
 of treasurer of Pennsylvania from 1777 to 
 1789. In 1791 he was chosen president of 
 the philosophical society, and held the 
 place till his death. He was also in 1792 
 appointed director of the United States 
 mint, and continued in the office till 1795, 
 when ill health induced him to resign. His 
 mathematical talents were of the highest 
 order ; and had it been his lot to have had 
 the advantages of education which the 
 fjreat European mathematicians enjoyed, 
 he would undoubtedly have been excelled 
 by none of them in the extent of his disco- 
 veries, and lustre of his fame. iCJ^ L. 
 
 RiTTERSHUSius, Conradus, a learned ci- 
 vilian, born at Brunswick, Sept. 25th, 
 1560. He studied at Helmstadt, and after- 
 wards became professor of law at Altorf, 
 where he continued to reside till his death, 
 1613, though he had the most liberal invita- 
 tions from German and Dutch universities. 
 He edited Oppian's Cynegeticon, and some 
 other works. His son George wrote the 
 life of his father, and his son Nicolas was 
 afterwards professor of law at Altorf, 
 and published Genealogiae Imperatorum, 
 Kegum, Ducum, Comitum, &c. 7 vols fo- 
 lio. He died 1670. 
 
 RivALz, Anthony, a native of Toulouse. 
 He studied painting under his father, and 
 afterwards improved himself at Rome, and 
 obtained a prize from St. Luke's academy. 
 His portraits and historical pieces were 
 much admired. He died 1735, aged 68. 
 
 RivARD, Francis, a native of Neufcha- 
 teau, in Lorraine, eminently known as a 
 mathematical professor at Beauvais. He 
 published several valuable treatises on geo- 
 metry, &c. and died at Paris, 5th April, 
 1778, aged 81. — Another of his name, 
 Denis, was an eminent surgeon at Neuf- 
 chateau, and very skilful in cutting for the 
 stone. He died 17th March, 1746. 
 
 RivAROL, Anthony de, a French writer, 
 born at Bagnols, in Languedoc, 17th April, 
 1757. He settled at Paris, and became the 
 friend of the learned, of Voltaire, d'Alem- 
 bert, and Buflbn. He married early an 
 English woman^ but this union was unfor- 
 tunate. On the breaking out of the revo- 
 lution he retired to Germany, and lived for 
 some time at Hamburgh and at Berlin, where 
 he was honoured by the notice of the royal 
 family, and where he died 11th April, 
 1801. He was a man of great information 
 and some genius. He published the Uni- 
 versality of the French Language, which 
 obtained the prize of the Berlin academy, 
 1784 ; Hell, translated from Dante ; Let- 
 ters on Religion and Morality ; a little Al- 
 manac of great Men, a satire ; Letters to 
 the French Nobility, 1792, 8vo. ; La Fay- 
 ette's Political Life ; Prospectus of a New 
 Dictionary of the French Language ; a Dis- 
 course on the Intellectual and Moral Facul- 
 
 ties oi Man, 4to. ; poems. Hia life wa*. 
 published in 1802, 2 vols. 12ino. 
 
 Rivet dk la Giian(ji:, Antlionv, n 
 learned Benedictine of Poitou. His His- 
 tory of France, 9 vols. 4to. employed 30 
 years of his life in the composition. He 
 died 1749, aged 66. 
 
 RiviKRE, Henry Francis de la, a native 
 of Parisj who embraced the profession of 
 arms, and afterwards privately m;»rri«;d thr 
 daughter of the count of Bussi-ltabutin, 
 who was widow of the marquis of Co- 
 ligni. This union was displeasing to her 
 father, and produced not only a paper war, 
 but a law-suit ; but though the rights oi 
 the husband were established, the fickle 
 fair refused to live with him. In conse- 
 quence of this he retired to the seclusion of 
 a monastic life in the oratory at Paris, 
 where he died 1743, aged 94. He was 
 author of Letters, 2 vols. l2mo. &c. His 
 wife wrote also some letters, &c. which 
 possess elegance of diction and interest. 
 
 RiviNUS, Andrew, a native of Halle, in 
 Saxony, whose real name was Barchmanii. 
 He was a physician, and became professor 
 of poetry and philosophy at Leipsic, and 
 died 4th April, 1656, aged 56. His works 
 arc. Remarks on Ancient Christian Poets ; 
 Dissertations on Literary subjects, publish- 
 ed under the title of Philo-Physiologica, 
 4to. ; Veterum Scriptorum de Medicini 
 Collectanea, 8vo. ; Mysteria Medico-Phy- 
 sica, 12mo. &c. 
 
 RiviNUs, Augustus Quirinus, a professor 
 of medicine at Leipsic, who died there 
 1 722, aged 70, respected as an able practi- 
 tioner and botanist. He wrote Introduc- 
 tio in Rem Herbariam, folio, with plates ; 
 Ordo Plantarum quae sunt Flore IiTegulari 
 monopetalo, tetrapetalo, pentapetalo, foL 
 with figures ; Censura Medicamentorum 
 Officinal. 4to. ; Dissertationes Medicae, 4to ; 
 Manuductio ad Chymiam Pharmaceuticani, 
 8vo. ; Notitia Morborum. 
 
 Rizzio, David, or Rizzi, an Italian mu- 
 sician, born at Turin. He came in the re- 
 tinue of the Piedmontese ambassador tff 
 the court of Scotland, and as his abilities 
 were very great as a musician and a singei", 
 he became a favoui-ite with queen Mary, 
 who placed him near her person, and made 
 him her secretary for foreign languages. 
 His influence with his mistress, as well as 
 his religion, proved highly offensive to the 
 Scotch nobles, and especially to Darnley, 
 her husband, who headed a conspiracy 
 against him, and despatched the unfortunate 
 favourite, with 56 wounds, in the queen's 
 presence, 1566. It is said that Rizzio's 
 musical powers were exerted to polish and 
 refine the Scotch airs, and to infuse into 
 them that sweetness which is still so muct 
 admired. 
 
 Robert de Courtemay, French empe- 
 ror of the East after his father Peter, 131^. 
 
 547 
 
KGB 
 
 HUB 
 
 ivas a ivcak priuce, under nhose reign the 
 two empires of Trebizond and Thessalonica 
 were established. He died of grief, 1228, 
 because his wife had been mutilated by a 
 private gentleman of Burgundy, to whom 
 she had been formerly betrothed, and who 
 revenged this insult to his affection by cut- 
 ting her lips and her nose. 
 
 Robert, elector palatine, was chosen 
 emperor, 1400. He alienated the affec- 
 tions of the German princes to his govern- 
 ment by his attachment to the anti-pope 
 Gregory XII. and died 18th May, 1410, 
 aged 58, at a moment -when a powerful com- 
 bination had been formed to deprive him of 
 the crown. 
 
 Robert, king of France, surnamed the 
 Wise or the Devout, succeeded his father, 
 Hugh Capet, 996. He married Bertha, 
 daughter of Conrad, king of Burgundy ; 
 but as she was his cousin, this union was 
 annulled by the pope, Gregoiy V. and the 
 monarch afterwards took for his second 
 wife Constance, daughter of the count of 
 Aries and Provence. He refused the crown 
 of the empire and of Italy, better satisfied 
 to reign over his native dominions, where 
 he laboured earnestly for the happiness of 
 his people. He died at Melun, 20th July, 
 1031, aged 60, much respected. 
 
 Robert of France, count d'Artois, bro- 
 ther of St. Louis, refused the empire of 
 Gennany offered to his ambition by pope 
 Gregory IX. and he accompanied his bro- 
 ther to the Holy Land. He behaved with 
 great valour at the battle of Massourah, 
 9th Feb. 1250 ; but being too eager in pur- 
 suit of the flying enemy, he was attacked 
 with stones and perished. 
 
 Robert, count d'Artois, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was called the Good or the Noble. 
 He was a very brave prince, and distin- 
 guished himself greatly in the African ex- 
 pedition, 1270, against the Arragonois in 
 Sicily, 1289, against the English near Bay- 
 onne, and the Flemings at Furnes. He 
 was killed in a battle with the Flemings 
 near Courtrai, 1302. 
 
 Robert of Anjou, succeeded his father, 
 Charles the Lame, on the throne of Naples, 
 1309. He supported the papal power 
 against the encroachments of the emperors, 
 and died 19th Jan. 1343, aged 64, univer- 
 sally respected by his subjects and by fo- 
 reign nations. 
 
 Robert the Magnificent, duke of Nor- 
 mandy, succeeded his brother Richard, 
 1028. In 1035 he undertook a pilgrimage 
 on foot to the Holy Land, and on his re- 
 turn was poisoned at Nicaea, in Bithynia. 
 He was succeeded by his natural son Wil- 
 liam, better known as the Conqueror. 
 
 Robert, surnamed Short Shanks, was 
 son of William the Conqueror, and obtain- 
 ed for his inheritance the dukedom of Nor- 
 mandy. He was in the holy wars, where 
 548 
 
 he behaved with great valour ; but on k'tf^ 
 return he found himself stripped of the 
 throne of England, which belonged to him, 
 and afterwards he lost Normandy, and 
 being made prisoner by his brother Henry, 
 remained in long and cruel captivity till his 
 death in 1134. 
 
 Robert Bruce, a Scotch nobleman, 
 who disputed the crown with John Baliok 
 The influence of Edward I. of England, 
 prevailed in favour of his rival ; but after 
 his deposition, though watched by the Eng- 
 lish, he escaped from his retirement, and 
 appearing in the midst of his countrymen, 
 he was unanimously elected king. He 
 maintained his elevation by valour, and 
 defeated the English at the famous battle 
 of Bannockburn, 1314. Peace was after- 
 wards re-established between the two king- 
 doms, and Robert devoted himself to ad- 
 vance the happiness and the prosperity of 
 his subjects. He died 1329, and desired 
 that his heart might be conveyed to Jeru- 
 salem, and buried in the holy sepulchre. 
 He was succeeded by David II. 
 
 Robert, Nicholas, a native of Langres, 
 eminent as a painter, in the service of Gas- 
 ton, duke of Orleans. His birds and plants, 
 painted chiefly on vellum, were deservedly 
 admired. He died 1684, aged 74. 
 
 Robert de Vaugondy, N. a French 
 geographer, born at Paris. His Atlas, in 
 108 maps, is well known. He wrote 
 Abridgment of the Different Systems of 
 the World ; Introduction to Geography f 
 Sacred Geography, &c. and died at Paris, 
 1766, aged 78. 
 
 Roberts, Barre Charles, was the son of 
 Edward Roberts, esq. deputy clerk of the 
 pells of the exchequer, and born in West- 
 minster, March 13, 1789. He was educa^ 
 ted first at Chiswick, and next under Mr. 
 Goodenough, at Ealing, where he remained 
 six years, during which he became an ex- 
 cellent classical scholar. His favourite 
 study, however, was history ; in his appli- 
 cation to which he became particularly par- 
 tial to numismatics ; on which subject he 
 wrote several articles in the Gentleman's 
 Magazine. In 1805 he went to Christ 
 church, Oxford, where he obtained a stu- 
 dentship, and took his first degree ; but 
 died of a consumption, Jan. 1, 1810. In 1814 
 his "Letters and Miscellaneous Papers" 
 were printed, with a memoir, in 4to. — W.B. 
 
 Roberts, Peter, a learned divine, was 
 born in North Wales, and educated Ett 
 Trinity-college, Dublin, where he took the 
 degree of master of arts. On entering into 
 orders he was presented by the bishop of 
 St. Asaph to the rectory of Halkin, in the 
 county of Flint, where he died in 1819. 
 His works are — 1. Observations on the 
 Principles of Christian Morality. 2. Chris- 
 tianity vindicated against Volney. 3. Har" 
 mony of the Epistles, 4, Sketch of the 
 
KOB 
 
 KUli 
 
 early History of the Cymri, or ancient 
 Britons. 5. \ icw of the Poliry of the 
 Church of Rome. 6. Chronicle of the 
 Kings of Britain. 7. Canibriun Popular 
 Antiquities. — iV. B. 
 
 KoBERTKLi.0, Francis, author of some 
 commentaries on the Greek and Latin 
 poets, and other works , was professor of 
 rhetoric and philosophy at Padua, where 
 he died, 1667. 
 
 KoBERTsoN, William, an eminent divine, 
 born in Dublin, ICth Oct. 1705. From Dub- 
 lin he went to Glasgow university where 
 he distinguished himself as a zealous de- 
 fender of the rights of the students to elect 
 tbeii rector, in which cause after much 
 trouble and great obloquy he at last suc- 
 recded. His conduct on this occasion re- 
 commended him to the notice of lord King, 
 bishop Hoadly, and other leading charac- 
 ters, and he afterwards took orders and 
 went to settle in Ireland, as rector of Ra- 
 villy, in the county of Carlow. Other pre- 
 ferments followed, and he acquired some 
 distinction among the clergy by freeing his 
 parishioners from tithes, and by defending 
 in pamphlets his conduct. Thus popular, 
 and in the way of procuring higher eccle- 
 siastical honours, he happened to read 
 '* Free and Candid Disquisitions," which 
 totally changed his ideas with respect to 
 his profession, and at last induced him in 
 1764 to resign all his preferments. About 
 1766 he returned to London, and was com- 
 plimented in consequence of his " Apology 
 of his Faith and Conduct," by his alma 
 mater of Glasgow, with the degree of D.D. 
 In 1768 he was appointed by the company 
 of Merchant-tailors master of Woolver- 
 hampton free-school. He died there 20th 
 May, 1783, and was buried in the church- 
 yard of the new church. 
 
 Robertson, George, a landscape painter, 
 born in London. He travelled over Italy 
 under the patronage of Mr. Beckford, and 
 greatly improved himself there. He after- 
 wards went to Jamaica, of which island he 
 published six beautiful views, and on his 
 return to London he taught young ladies for 
 his subsistence. His trees, and particularly 
 his leaves, are much admired. His beauties 
 resembled much those of Salvator Rosa. 
 He died 1788. 
 
 Robertson, Joseph, a native of Knipe, 
 Westmoreland, educated at Appleby school, 
 which he quitted in 1746 to enter at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, where he took his 
 degrees. When in orders he obtained 
 Herriard vicarage, Hants, and in 1770 was 
 presented to Sutton rectory, in Essex, and 
 nine years after to Horncastle vicarage, in 
 Lincolnshire. He possessed eminent lite- 
 rary talents, and from 1764 to 17S5 sup- 
 ported by his able criticisms the character 
 of the Critical Review. He was also author 
 of p small volume called Introduction to 
 
 the Study of Pohtc Litcniiurc, 1782, and hi 
 1785 he published hia valuable cosay on 
 Punctuation, and three years afU;r his di»- 
 sertation on the Parisian Chroniele, which 
 excited some controversy. His translation 
 of Telemachus, with the author's life, and 
 learned notes, appeared in 1795, and in 
 1798 an Essay on the Education of Young 
 Ladies. His Essay on the Nature of Eng- 
 lish verse was published 1799, and he died 
 1802. 
 
 Robertson, William, a celebrated his- 
 torian, born in Scotland, 1721. He was 
 educated at Edinburgh university, and from 
 his earliest years evinced the most laudable 
 application, and the strongest wishes of 
 distinguishing himself in literature. His 
 first and greatest work, the History of 
 Charles V. was followed by the History of 
 Scotland, in which he laboured earnestly to 
 vindicate the character of the unfortunate 
 Mary. His next work was the History of 
 America, which is unfinished, and after- 
 wards he published a disquisition concern- 
 ing India. These popular compositions did 
 not pass to the perusal of the public unre- 
 warded. The author ^vas made principal 
 of the university of Edinburgh, historio- 
 grapher to the king for Scotland, one of his 
 majesty's chaplains for Scotland, and one 
 of the ministers of the Old Gray-friars 
 church, Edinburgh, and he might have risen 
 to higher honours if he had been willing to 
 remove from Scotland into the English 
 church. As a preacher zealous, active, and 
 pious, he acquired no less fame than as ac 
 elegant, well-informed, and luminous his- 
 torian. His learning and abilities have 
 conferred immortal honour, not only on the 
 university over which he presided with such 
 dignity, but on the whole kingdom ; and 
 the History of Charles V. %vill be read to 
 the latest times with increasing approba- 
 tion. This worthy man left two sons and 
 three daughters, and died universally and 
 most deservedly esteemed, at Grange- 
 house, Edinburgh, June, 1793. His work^ 
 have passed through several editions. He 
 published besides a sermon before tht 
 Scotch society for promoting Chiistiar. 
 knowledge. 
 
 RoBERVAL, Gilles Personne, sicur dc, 
 author of a treatise on Mechanics, inserted 
 in the Harmony of father Mersennus, and 
 of an edition of Aristarchus Samius, was a 
 native of Roberval in Beauvais. He was 
 professor of mathe matics at Paris, and in 
 his philosophical inquiries had some dis- 
 putes with Des Cartes. He died 27th Oct. 
 1675, aged 73. 
 
 Robespierre, Maximilian Isidore, a 
 sanguinary demagogue during the French 
 revolution. He was born at Arras of poor 
 parents, 1759, and was educated at the ex- 
 pense of the bishop of the diocess. After 
 studying at Paris he applied himself to tbe 
 
 549 
 
kOB 
 
 law, and in 1784 obtained the prize of the 
 academy of Metz, by his discourse on the 
 disgrace which attends the relations of 
 criminals. At the meeting of the consti- 
 tuent assembly he obtained a seat, and be- 
 gan now to distinguish himself more by 
 the originality of his observations, than his 
 eloquence. Though not visibly engaged 
 in the atrocious scenes of the 20th of 
 June, of the lOth August, and of Septem- 
 ber, he was anxious to reap the fruit of those 
 bloody transactions, and when admitted 
 into the convention he artfully employed 
 his influence, and the darkest intrigues to 
 render his opponents unpopular, and to lead 
 them to the scaffold, With the criminal 
 wish of being declared dictator, he hasten- 
 ed the destruction of the unfortunate 
 Louis, and persecuted his innocent family, 
 and after making Danton, Hebert, and 
 others the guilty ministers of his atrocious 
 deeds he prevailed upon the intimidated 
 convention to send them to the guillotine. 
 France was now filled with denunciations, 
 in every province, and in every town tribu- 
 nals were erected, which condemned alike 
 the innocent and the guilty, and no man 
 could, with safety, intrust his secrets, or his 
 life into the hands of his parent, his neigh- 
 bour, or his friend. Suspicious, timid, 
 and irresolute, the tyrant yet had sufficient 
 art to interpret the machinations formed 
 against his power as treason against the 
 republic, and to sacrifice his personal ene- 
 mies, and his public rivals as the most 
 abandoned and perfidious citizens of 
 France. Proscription thus followed pro- 
 scription, and every day the streets of Pa- 
 ris exhibited the melancholy procession of 
 wretched victims dragged to the scaffold, 
 on the accusation of persons whom they 
 had never known, and for crimes which 
 they never had meditated. If he had 
 known how to spare, Robespierre might 
 have longer continued to direct the govern- 
 ment of France , but his cowardly con- 
 duct in sacrificing those who were ready 
 to be his associates and ministers in the 
 vilest deeds, at last roused the courage of 
 a few, who suspected that they were next 
 marked for destruction. The tyrant and 
 his two accomplices Couthon, and St. 
 Just, were suddenly impeached in the con- 
 vention, and " down with the tyrant," were 
 the only exclamations which were heard 
 on all sides when these bloody assassins 
 attempted to ascend the tribune to defend 
 themselves. In vain the commune of Paris 
 took up arms against the convention to pro- 
 tect its accused leaders, Robespierre was 
 conducted as a criminal, fearful and sup- 
 plaint, and no longer haughty and fero- 
 cious, to the Hotel-de-Ville, where a gen- 
 d'arme, discovering him in the midst of the 
 uproar and confusion, concealed in an ob- 
 scure corner, fired a pistol at him and 
 550 
 
 broke to pieces his lower jaw. Extendcc^ 
 on a table, in the severest agonies, yet 
 without uttering a groan, the tyrant viewecJ 
 in silence the preparations made for his 
 punishment. On the morrow, 28th July, 
 1794, at four in the evening he was carried 
 with 22 of his accomplices, amidst the 
 groans, the hisses, and the rejoicings of the 
 populace, to that scaffold where he had 
 made to bleed so many thousand innocent 
 victims. Such was the influence of this 
 sanguinary monster, that France forgot her 
 religion and her honour at his command ; 
 but after he had seen the altars insulted, 
 the churches thrown down, and public 
 worship abolished, he claimed the merit of 
 restoring to the Supreme Being some share 
 in the government of the universe, and he 
 appeared in the name of the convention, as 
 the priest and founder of a new religion, 
 and decreed with great solemnity that a god 
 existed in the world. 
 
 Robin-Hood, the leader of a band of 
 robbers, who issued out from the recesses 
 of Sherwood forest, Nottinghamshire, and 
 spread terror and confusion over the king- 
 dom. This formidable body of depreda- 
 tors, over which presided Little John, as 
 second in command, continued their plun- 
 dering life with success and with little op- 
 position from the year 1189 to 1247. Some 
 authors have asserted that Robin-Hood 
 was no other but Robert earl of Hunting- 
 don, whom the malice of his enemies 
 banished from the favour of the first Rich- 
 ard. 
 
 Robins, Benjamin, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, born at Bath, 1707. His parents 
 were quakers, and possessed of little pro- 
 perty, yet he received some instruction, 
 which, by severe application he greatly- 
 improved. His knowledge of mathematics 
 was such that he was recommended to Dr. 
 Pemberton, and went to live in London^ 
 as mathematical teacher. Here, besides 
 his professional engagements, he devoted- 
 much time in perusing the works of the 
 most celebrated mathematicians in ancient 
 and modern times ; and as proof of his 
 abilities he published in the Philosophical 
 Transactions, 1727, a demonstration of the 
 last proposition of Newton's treatise on 
 Quadratures. The next year he attacked 
 in the present state of the republic of let- 
 ters, Bernouilli's dissertation in support of 
 Leibnitz's Opinion of the Force of Bodies 
 in motion. After bestowing much attention 
 on gunnery, and visiting some of the best 
 fortified places in Flandei-s, he engaged in 
 a controversy against Dr. Berkley's Ana- 
 lyst on the Fluxionary Method, and pub- 
 lished in 1735, a discourse concerning the 
 nature and certainty of Sir I. Newton's 
 Method of Fluxions, and of prime and ulti- 
 mate ratios. He afterwards defended Sir 
 Isaac against Baxter, and printed Remafk" 
 
HUB 
 
 KOIi 
 
 «n Eulcr's Treatise of Motion, &c. In 
 1739 he published three political pam- 
 I)hlets, which attracted nuich of the public 
 attention, and in 1742; appeared his New 
 Principles of Gunnery, a work of merit, 
 and the result of his own laborious experi- 
 ments ; in 1748, lord Anson's Voyage round 
 the U'orld was published, and though it 
 appeared under the name of Walter, the 
 chaplain of the centurion, it is clearly as- 
 certained that the whole work was written 
 by Robins, from the materials furnished by 
 the journals, and the observations of the 
 reverend gentleman. He afterwards wrote 
 an apology for the unfortunate aflair of 
 Preston-pans, in favour of Sir John Cope, 
 and by the protection of lord Anson, he 
 was employed in superintending the im- 
 provements made in Greenwich observa- 
 tory. His reputation was now such that 
 he was offered to go to Paris as commis- 
 sioner, to settle the boundaries of Acadia, 
 or to proceed to the East Indies as general 
 engineer of the company, in visiting and 
 repairing their forts, and he accepted this 
 last honourable appointment. He reached 
 India in 1750, and immediately formed 
 plans for the improvement of the forts of 
 Madras, and of St. David ; but unfortunately 
 did not live to see them carried into execu- 
 tion. The climate proved unfavourable to 
 his constitution, and a gradual consumption 
 proved fatal, 29th July, 1751. He left the 
 publication of his works to his friends, 
 Martin Folkes, and James Wilson, and 
 they appeared in 2 vols. 8vo. 1761. 
 
 Robinson, Robert, a native of Swaff- 
 ham, Norfolk. He was well educated at 
 the public grammar-school of his native 
 town ; but the indigence of his parents 
 was ill calculated to support further ex- 
 penses at the university, and, therefore, he 
 was apprenticed to a hair-dresser. Instead 
 of shaving, and of combing wigs with dili- 
 gence he paid more attention to books, and 
 by the preaching of Whitfield, he became 
 a convert to methodism. With enthu- 
 siasm he now embraced the tenets of Cal- 
 vin, which he soon after exchanged for 
 those of the baptists, and then settled at 
 Cambridge, where his abilities and elo- 
 quence were exerted with great success in 
 his appeals to crowded audiences. The 
 respectable character which he here sup- 
 ported, endeared him not only to the inha- 
 bitants of Cambridge, but to some of the 
 learned in the university, and his Plea of 
 the Divinity of Christ, when published, 
 proved to the world that he wa3 not desti- 
 tute of talents, nor of the powers of argu- 
 mentation. He was, in 1785, invited to 
 preach to the baptists in London ; but af- 
 ter some trials, he preferred his farm at 
 Chesterton, near Cambridge, and the ap- 
 probation of his neighbours, to the uncer- 
 tain profits pf a residence in the metropo- 
 
 lis. He died in the summer of 1790, at 
 Birmingham, where he had gone on a visit 
 to Dr. Priestley, aged 55. He published 
 besides a translation of Saurin's Sermons, 
 4 vols. 8vo.— anEssay on the Composition 
 of a Sermon — a History of Bapti.im, &.c. 
 In the latter part of life he was a Soci- 
 nian. It is said that when at Cambridge he 
 was offered honourable preferment if he 
 would enter into the church, which he mo- 
 destly declined. 
 
 Robinson, Tancred, fellow of the Royal 
 Society and of the college of physicians, 
 was an able physician. He wrote some in- 
 genious papers on Natural History, and 
 also medical books, and died 1748, ad- 
 vanced in life. 
 
 Robinson, Mary, known for her genius 
 and misfortunes, was born at Bristol 
 where her father, of the name of Darby, 
 an American, was captain of a ship. Af- 
 ter receiving her education under the able 
 care of Hannah More, and her sisters, she 
 married at the early age of 1 5, a Mr. Ro- 
 binson, an attorney, and this connexion 
 proved the source of much misery. Her 
 husband was unfortunate and extravagant, 
 and after accompanying him to a jail, she 
 turned her thoughts to the stage for sup- 
 port. As her person was pleasing, and her 
 abilities very respectable, she appeared 
 with credit in the characters of Juliet, 
 Ophelia, Rosalind, Imogen, Viola, &c. 
 Whilst thus rising in the public estimation, 
 and under the patronage of Garriek, she 
 unfortunately attracted, in the character 
 of Perdita, the attention of the prince of 
 W. and those who ought to have defended 
 his virtue, became the criminal encouragers 
 of a licentious amour, which this frail wo- 
 man had not the prudence to withstand. 
 She left the stage for the guilty protection 
 of her Florizel , but, such is the fate of 
 illicit love, she soon became indifterent in 
 the eyes of the once enraptured prince. 
 Thus cut off from the protection of a hus- 
 band, from whom she had separated, and 
 lost to virtue and to honour, she became 
 for support the degraded mistress of pro' 
 fligate men. She fell a victim to a violent 
 rheumatism, and died at the end of 1800, 
 aged 42, and was buried in Old Windsor 
 church-yard, where some elegant lines 
 from the pen of Mr. Pratt, mark her un- 
 timely tomb. She wrote a number of 
 poetical trifles under the name of Laura 
 Maria — \^]^enza, a Romance — poems, 2 
 vols. 8vo. — Nobody, an unsuccessful farce 
 — and memoirs of her life have appeared 
 under the care of her daughter, 
 
 Robinson, Richard, a native of York- 
 shire, educated at Westminster school 
 from which he was elected to Christ church, 
 Oxford. He was made prebendary of York, 
 and vicar of Aldborough, by archbishop 
 Blackburne, to whom he was chaplain, and 
 
 551 
 
ROB 
 
 ROC 
 
 in 1751 he went as chaplain to the duke of 
 Dorset in Ireland, and obtained the bishop- 
 ric of Killala. In 1759 he was translated 
 to Leighlin and Ferns, two years after to 
 Kildare, and in 1765 to the primacy of Ar- 
 magh, and in 1777 he was created a peer 
 of Ireland, by the title of baron Rokcby. 
 He employed the munificent patronage 
 which he possessed in the most liberal 
 manner, and not only built an elegant pa- 
 lace at Armagh, which he adorned with an 
 observatory, but he founded a school, and 
 built four new churches. He died lOth 
 Oct. 1794. 
 
 Robinson, Moses, governor of Vermont, 
 succeeded Mr. Chittenden in 1789. He 
 was afterwards a representative from that 
 state, and a member of the senate of the 
 United States under the administration of 
 president Adams. He was one of the mi- 
 nority who were opposed to the ratification 
 of Jay's treaty. He died at Bennington, 
 May 26th, 1813, aged 72. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Robinson, Jonathan, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was appointed chief justice of Ver- 
 mont in 1801, in the place of judge Smith, 
 resigned, and in 1806 succeeded Mr. Smith 
 as senator in congress. He died at Ben- 
 nington, November 3d, 1819, aged 64. 
 
 fCPL. 
 
 Robinson, John, minister of the English 
 church in Holland, to which the first set- 
 tlers of New-England belonged, was born 
 in Great Britain in 1575, and educated at 
 Cambridge. He for some time held a be- 
 nefice in the established church, but in 1602 
 became pastor of a dissenting congregation 
 in the north of England, and in conse- 
 quence of persecution went with them to 
 Holland in 1608. After a short residence 
 at Amsterdam they removed to Leyden. 
 His talents and reputation were such that 
 he held a public disputation with Episco- 
 »ius in 1613. A part of his church emi- 
 grated to Plymouth in 1620, and it was his 
 intention to follow them with the retnain- 
 jtler, but his sudden death, March 1st, 1625, 
 prevented. He was distinguished for 
 learning, liberality, and piety. ICJ^ L, 
 
 RoBisoN, John, a Scotchman, who be- 
 came director of the marine cadet academy 
 at Cronstadt, in Russia, and on his return 
 to Scotland was made professor of chymis- 
 try at Glasgow. He afterwards became 
 professor of natural philosophy at Edin- 
 burgh, where he was honoured with the 
 degree of LL.D. Besides elements of me- 
 chanical philosophy, and some articles in 
 the Encyclopaedia Britannica, he published, 
 in 1797, Proofs of a Conspiracy, a work 
 which, together with that of the abbe Bar- 
 uel on the same subject, produced a great 
 sensation in Europe, and in tracing the va- 
 rious causes of the French revolution, 
 proved that it proceeded from a conspiracy 
 among the illuminati of France and Germa-? 
 
 ny, for the destruction of all socieiy, 
 of morality, and religion, in the world. 
 Dr. Robison died at Edinburgh 1805. 
 
 RocHEFORT, William de, author of a 
 Translation of Sophocles — of a refutation 
 of M. Rabaud's System of Nature— of 
 Ulysses, Antigone, and Electra, three tra-- 
 gedies — of a Critical History of the Opi- 
 nions of the Ancients on Happiness, &.c. 
 was a native of Lyons, and member of the 
 academy of inscriptions and belles lettres 
 at Paris. He died 1788, universally and 
 deservedly respected. 
 
 RocHEFOUCAULT, Francis, duke of, a 
 French nobleman of celebrity, born 1613. 
 He distinguished himself in the wars of la 
 Fronde, and for some time was deprived of 
 sight by the blow of a musket. He is 
 known as the author of Memoirs of the 
 Regency of Anne of Austria, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 — and " Maximes, or Sentences," which, 
 says Voltaire, have contributed, more than 
 any other performance, to form the taste of 
 the French nation. His Memoirs, adds 
 that author, are read, but the Maxims are 
 learnt by heart. He died 1680. 
 
 Rochester, John Wilmot, earl of, a ce- 
 lebrated wit at the court of the second 
 Charles, born April, 1648. He was well 
 educated at Burford school, and then en- 
 tered at Wadham college, Oxford, and 
 afterwards travelled over France and Italy. 
 He was in 1665 in the action at Bergen, 
 under lord Sandwich, when an attack was 
 made on the Dutch fleet that had taken 
 shelter there, and he was in another en- 
 gagement, in both of which he displayed 
 great intrepidity and coolness, though his 
 courage was afterwards called in question 
 for refusing to fight a duel with lord Mul- 
 grave. The excellent qualities of his minu 
 were, however, ruined by the dissipation of 
 the court, and so fond of intemperance and 
 of vci:iptuous indulgence did he gradually 
 show iiimself, that he was the gi'eatest liber- 
 tine of tho age, and was, for five years, as 
 he confessed to Dr. Burnet, in a continual 
 state of intoxication. This gross sensuali* 
 ty, accompanied with the greatest contempt 
 of decency and of religion, was sometimes 
 chequered by fits of study and literature ; 
 but unfortunately the elegant powers of 
 language and of poetry which he possessed 
 were prostituted to the most lascivious and 
 disgusting subjects. Thus devoted to low 
 gratifications, the lamp of life was soon 
 extinguished, and at the age of 31 he found 
 all the debilities and the rapid decay of ex- 
 treme old age. Sickness at last brought 
 on reflection, and in a moment of contri- 
 tion he sent for Dr. Burnet, to whom he 
 opened his heart, and the alarming state of 
 his conscience, and after living an atheist 
 and a libertine, he prepared himself to die 
 a good Christian and a sincere penitent. 
 Thot his contrition was from the heart, the 
 
KOI) 
 
 Uol) 
 
 inoat scrupulous may he convinced Irom 
 the account of lus last moments, l)y liis spi- 
 ritual guiilc, Burnet, lie expired 21)lli 
 July, 16S0, leavint; a son behind him, who 
 died the next year, and three daughters, 
 'i'hc \vritini;s of this licentious nobleman 
 have, unfortunately for religion and mora- 
 lity, been too much and too extensively dis- 
 persed, and not, [)erhaps, with the antidote 
 which his contrition and a death-bed re- 
 pentance should convey to the profligate 
 mind. Many of the obscene writings of 
 the times have no doubt been attributed to 
 him which he never wrote ; and the ad- 
 vocates of lewdness and seduction have 
 taken advantage of his infamous celebrity 
 too often to shelter their poisonous produc- 
 tions under his name. Besides his licen- 
 tious poems, he wrote a tragedy, called Va- 
 lentinian, and a speech, delivered in the 
 character of a mountebank, a profession 
 ■which for some time he followed with great 
 success in Tower-street. His wit rendered 
 him a cheerful companion, and at the court 
 he was regarded as lively and facetious, 
 full of mirth, repartee, and extravagance. 
 
 RociioK DE Chabannes, Mark Anthony 
 James, a French dramatic writer, who died 
 at Paris in the spring of 1800, aged 70. 
 Some of his operas met with great success 
 on the French theatre. Besides his plays, 
 •which are collected in 2 vols. 8vo. he wrote 
 la Noblesse Oisive, and other works. 
 
 RoDGERS, John, D.D. minister of New- 
 York, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, 
 August 5th, 1727. His parents removed 
 while he was young to Philadelphia, and 
 gave him a classical education. He early 
 became pious by the instrumentality of Mr. 
 Whitefield, and in 1747 was licensed to 
 preach, and after having spent some time 
 as a missionary in Virginia and Maryland, 
 was settled in St. George's, Delaware, on 
 the 19th of March, 1749, where he conti- 
 nued to labour with popularity and useful- 
 ness until 1765. In July of that year he 
 removed to New- York, and became colle- 
 giate pastor of the Wall-street presbyterian 
 church, at that time the only church of 
 that denomination in that city. He conti- 
 nued in that station, labouring with exem- 
 plary diligence in the duties of his office, 
 and enjoying in an unusual degree the af- 
 fection of his people and the respect of his 
 fellow-labourers in the gospel, till the close 
 of his life. He died on the 7th of May, 
 1811, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, 
 and the sixty-third of his ministry. 
 
 PCJ=* L. 
 
 Rodney, George Brydges lord, a brave 
 English admiral, son of a naval officer, of a 
 Somersetshire family, was born about 1718. 
 He was early engaged in the naval service 
 of his country, and in 1751 was promoted 
 to the rank of commodore, and in 1759 
 employed, as admiral, to bombard Havre 
 
 Vol. n. 70 
 
 do (jracc. In I7(;i he was sent agaiusL 
 Martinico, and for his great Hervircs in 
 that expedition was made knight of the 
 bath. The return of peace, and inter- 
 ference in a severely disputed j-lection at 
 Northampton, rendered his pecuniary re- 
 sources very scanty, and he fled to France 
 to escape the impDrtunitie.*^ of his creditors. 
 His distresses were seen by the French go- 
 vernment, and very liberal oilers were 
 made to him to enter into the service of 
 the king of France, a proposal which he 
 rejected with becoming indignation. This 
 noble conduct was not, however, buricrl in 
 oblivion. It was honourably mentioned 
 by M. Sartine, the French minister to the 
 English government, and Kodney, at the 
 invitation of lord Sandwich, returned to 
 serve his country. He was immediately 
 placed at the head of a fleet, and had the 
 good fortune, in 1730, to capture a Spanish 
 convoy near Cadiz, and a few weeks after 
 to defeat the squadron of admiral Langara, 
 by the capture of five ships of the line. 
 This great success was the prelude of new 
 victories. In 1781 he took St. Eustathius 
 fx'om the Dutch, and on the 12th April, 
 1782, he obtained a complete triumph over 
 de Grasse's fleet in the West Indies, by the 
 sinking of one ship and the capture of five 
 others. For these glorious services he was 
 raised to the peerage, and had a pension of 
 2000/. a year settled upon him, and eveiy 
 other demonstration of respect and gra- 
 titude was shown by a nation which so 
 well knows how to reward her brave de- 
 fenders and her heroic chiefs. Lord Rod- 
 ney died 1792. 
 
 RoDOLPH, duke of Swabia, husband to 
 Matilda, si»ter of the emperor Henry 
 IV. was elected king of Germany, 1077, 
 by some of the German insurgents. After 
 doubtful battles, he was at last defeated at 
 Wolcksheim, and perished in the field. 
 
 RoDOLPH I. of Hapsburg, surnamed the 
 Clement, was elected emperor of Germany 
 1273. Though he refused to^otoRorae 
 to be crowned by the pope, he made a trea- 
 ty of alliance with him. He made war 
 against Ottocar, king of Bohemia, and ob- 
 tained with victory the cession of Austria, 
 Styria, and Carniola. This disgrace, and 
 the doing of homage to the conqueror, dis- 
 gusted Ottocar, and by the advice of hi? 
 queen he renewed the war, and was defeat- 
 ed and slain at the battle of Marckfield, 
 near Vienna, 26th Aug. 1278. The empe- 
 ror died at Gemersheim, 30th Sept. 1291, 
 aged 73. 
 
 RoDOLPH II. son of Maximilian II. was 
 born at \ ienna 1552. He was made king 
 of Hungary 1572, of Bohemia and of the 
 Romans 1575, and the following year elect- 
 ed emperor on his father's death. He was 
 an irresolute and unfortunate monarch, his 
 domijiions were invaded by the Turks, and 
 
 553 
 
ROE 
 
 ROG 
 
 tie showed neither spirit nor courage to 
 repress the attack, and when his brother 
 -"Matthias revolted from him he yielded up 
 to him, with little opposition, the kingdoms 
 of Bohemia and Hungary. He was very 
 superstitious, and though he patronised 
 learned men, he had the weakness to listen 
 to the suggestions of astrologers. He died 
 unmarried, 20th Jan. 1612, aged 60. 
 
 Roe, sir Thomas, an eminent statesman, 
 born at Low Layton, Essex, 1580. He 
 resided for about two years at Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, and then studied at one of 
 the inns of court. He was knighted by 
 James, 1604, and I6l4 went as ambassador 
 to the coui't of the Great Mogul, where he 
 continued four years. In 1621 he went as 
 ambassador to the Grand Signior, and re- 
 mained there till 162S. During his resi- 
 dence abroad, not only the commercial inte- 
 rests of his country were his chief concern, 
 but also literature, and he made a most 
 valuable collection of MSS. in the Greek 
 and Oriental languages, which at his re- 
 turn he presented to the Bodleian library. 
 He brought also, as a present from Cyril, 
 patriarch of Constantinople, to Charles I. 
 the famous Alexandrian MS. of the Greek 
 Bible, since transcribed and published by 
 Dr. Grabe. In 1629 he successfully nego- 
 tiated a peace between the kings of Swe- 
 den and Poland, and in that embassy gain- 
 ed the confidence and friendship of the 
 great Gustavus Adoiphus, whom he advised 
 to make a descent on Germany to restore 
 the freedom of the empire, which he ac- 
 tually eftected. In 1640 sir Thomas was 
 elected member for Oxford, and afterwards 
 went again as ambassador to Ratisbon, in 
 favour of the king of Bohemia's son. At 
 his return he was made chancellor of the 
 garter, and privy counsellor. He died 
 1664, no doubt broken in heart to see 
 the disastrous affairs of the times. His 
 curious account of his negotiations, &c. at 
 the Porte was published 1740. There 
 are besides published of his. Speeches in 
 Parliament — a Discourse on the Spanish 
 King's Seizure of the Valteline, &c. 
 
 RoEMER, Olaus, a Danish astronomer, 
 born at Arhusen, in Jutland, 1644, and 
 educated at Copenhagen. He accompa- 
 nied back to Paris Picard, who had been 
 sent by the French king to make observa- 
 tions in the North, and so great did his 
 knowledge of mathematics appear, that he 
 was appointed to instruct the dauphin. 
 After 10 years' residence at Paris he was, 
 in 1681, recalled back to Copenhagen by 
 Christian V. and made professor of astro- 
 nomy there. His abilities were employed 
 in reformi.,g the coin of the kingdom, and 
 in measuring the roads. He died at Co- 
 penhagen 1710, leaving no literary work 
 behind him. Some of his observations 
 were published bv his pupil Horrebow in 
 
 173;7, under the title of Basis Astronomia;, 
 4lo. His observations on light were no- 
 ticed and applauded as correct by the great 
 Newton. 
 
 Roentgen, N. a German artist, born at 
 Ncuwied. His great talents were employed 
 and liberally rewarded by the empress Ca- 
 tharine of Russia, and the palace of Peters- 
 burg still exhibits the beautiful monuments 
 of his genius and workmanship. He died 
 at the end of the 18th century. 
 
 RoEPEL, Conrad, a painter, born at the 
 Hague. He died 1748, aged 71. His fruit- 
 trees and flowers were much admired. 
 
 RoESTRAETEN, Pctcr, a native of Haer- 
 lem, 1698, eminent as a portrait painter. 
 He was also very successful in his repre- 
 sentations of musical instruments, of vases, 
 shells, agates, &c. 
 
 Roger, first king of Sicily, conquered 
 Apulia, Calabria, and Naples, and by em- 
 bracing the party of the antipope Anacletus 
 he strengthened his power. He took Inno- 
 cent II. prisoner, and restored him to liber- 
 ty only upon his confirming his dominions 
 in Italy. He afterwards made war against 
 the Eastern empire, and after plundering 
 Athens, Corinth, Negropont, &c. and ad- 
 vancing to the gates of Constantinople, he 
 returned to Sicily loaded with booty. He 
 died 1154, aged 58. 
 
 Roger, Charles, an eminent printer at 
 Paris in the 16th century. He edited seve- 
 ral valuable books. 
 
 Roger, Joseph Louis, a physician of 
 Strasburg, who died 1761. He published 
 Latin dissertations on the palpitation of 
 muscular fibres, &.c. 
 
 Roger, prior of Hexham, was, about 
 1138, author of a History of the Campaign 
 of the Scotch Army under king David, 
 when the famous battle of the standard was 
 fought. 
 
 Rogers, Woods, an English navigator, 
 known for his expedition against the Spa- 
 nish settlements in the South seas, in a 
 small ship of war from Bristol. He re- 
 turned to his country 1711, after surround- 
 ing the globe, and published an account of 
 his voyage. He died 1732. His works 
 have appeared in French, 3 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Rogers, John, an English divine, educa- 
 ted at Canibx'idge. He was for some time 
 chaplain to the English factory at Antwerp, 
 and on the succession of Edward VI. he 
 returned home and obtained a prebend of 
 St. Paul's church. As he was an eloquent 
 and zealous preacher, he was marked for 
 persecution in Mary's reign, and was the 
 first who suffered martyrdom at the stake 
 in Smithfield, 1555. He had assisted Co- 
 verdale and Tindal in translating the Bible 
 into English. 
 
 Rogers, John, an able divine, born 1679, 
 at Ensham, Oxfordshire, where his father 
 was vicar. He was educated at New col- 
 
ItOH 
 
 ROL 
 
 lege school, and became fellow of Corpus 
 Christi, and in 1712, went to London as 
 lecturer of St. Clement Danes, lie ob- 
 tained in 1716, the rectory of Wrinp^ton, 
 Somersetshire, and about that time married 
 lord Coleraine's sister, lie engaged in 
 1719, in the Bangorian controversy, and he 
 acquired on that occasion so much credit 
 by his discourse on tiic visible and invisible 
 church of Christ, that the university of 
 Oxford conferred upon him the degree of 
 D.D. in 1721. He obtained a canonry, 
 and the ollicc of subdean, in the cathedral 
 of Wells, and in 172S, when he wished for 
 the retirement of a country life, he was 
 promoted to the living of St. Giles, Crip- 
 plegate, London. He died six months 
 after, May 1st, 1729. He was buried in 
 Ensham church, where a handsome monu- 
 ment records his virtues. After his deatii, 
 were published 4 vols, of his sermons — a 
 Persuasive to Conformity, addressed to 
 Dissenters, &.c. He wrote besides, a De- 
 fence of Christianity against Collins's 
 Scheme of Literal Prophecy, &c. 
 
 Rogers, John, president of Harvard col- 
 lege, was born at Assington, England, and 
 came with his father to Massachusetts in 
 early life. He was educated at Harvard, 
 where he was graduated in 1649. He 
 studied theology, and preached some time, 
 but at length became a physician. He was 
 elected successor of president Oakes, in 
 1682, and installed in August, of the next 
 year, but died suddenly in 16S4, on the 2d 
 of July, the day after commencement. 
 
 fCJ^ L. 
 RoGHMAN, Roland, a native of Amster- 
 dam, distinguished as a landscape painter. 
 He died 1686, aged 89. 
 
 Rohan, Henry duke of, a peer of France, 
 prince of Leon, born at Blein castle in 
 Brittany, 1579. He gained the friendship 
 of Henry IV. by his bravery at the siege of 
 Amiens, and afterwards distinguished him- 
 self at the head of the Huguenots, for 
 whom he obtained a very advantageous 
 peace with Lewis XIU. From France he 
 passed into the service of Venice, and was 
 made general-in-chief of the armies of that 
 republic against the imperialists. He was 
 then recalled by Lewis XHL and his abili- 
 ties were employed in negotiation as well 
 as in war,but the jealousy of Richelieu drove 
 him to Geneva. From Geneva he went to 
 join the arms of his friend the duke of Saxe 
 Weimar against the imperialists, and was 
 fatally wounded in battle, and died six 
 weeks after, 13th April, 1638. His me- 
 moirs of the political affairs of France, Sac. 
 from 1610, to 1629, in 2 vols. 12mo. are 
 much admired. He wrote besides, the 
 Interest of Princes, printed Cologne, 1666, 
 l2mo. — on the Government of the 13 Can- 
 tons — an Abridgment of Ca;sar's Commen- 
 iarie?, &c. His sister Anne possessed 
 
 merit as a Hebrew scholar, and as the mi- 
 ter of some ( xrcllciit verses. 
 
 RoHAiJhT, Jamcy, ;i French philosopher, 
 born at Amiens 1620. He studi(<l at Paris, 
 and was well versed in the philosophy of 
 the ancients, but attachid himself most 
 zealously to the popular doelrint s of Des 
 Cartes, and wrote an account of ihem under 
 the title of " Physics." This work, written 
 in French, was translated into Latin by Dr. 
 Saumel Clarke, and adapted to the system 
 of Newton's philosophy, and it has also ap- 
 peared in English, 2 vols. 8vo. lie wrote 
 besides Elements of Mathematics — treatise 
 of Mechanics, &,c. and died 1675, respected 
 as a man of learning and probity. 
 
 Roland dk la Platiere, J. M. a native 
 of Villefranehe near Lyons. As he was 
 the youngest of five brothers, who, though 
 of respectable family, were left poor and 
 early orphans, he determined to quit his 
 native town in quest of his fortune, and at 
 the age of nineteen, not to enter into the 
 ecclesiastical profession, he left home and 
 travelled on foot to Nantes. Here he was 
 dissuaded from going to the East Indies on 
 account of the bad state of his health, and 
 therefore he removed to Rouen, where he 
 had the good fortune to be noticed, and to 
 find his knowledge of commerce and poli- 
 tical economy rewarded by the appointment 
 of inspector general at Amiens, and after- 
 wards at Lyons. His travels in Switzer- 
 land, Italy, and other countries, tended to 
 enlarge his understanding, and to render 
 him known as an able and well-informed 
 writer. His Memoirs on the Rearing of 
 Cattle, and the Preparing of Wool, 4to. — 
 his Art on the Printing of Woollen, and 
 Cotton Stuffs — and his Letters from Sicily, 
 Switzerland, Malta, and Italy, were read 
 with avidity and with interest, and there- 
 fore at the revolution he was easily select- 
 ed as one of the deputies from Lyons. His 
 abilities recommended him to the court, 
 and he became one of the ministers of 
 Lewis XVI. but instead of conciliating the 
 good opinion of his master, he oH'ended his 
 feelings by his republican conduct, his 
 coarse affected manners, and the singularity 
 of his dress. Though driven from the 
 ministry by the monarch, he was restored 
 by the voice of the people ; but whilst he 
 laboured for the establishment of liberty, 
 he often permitted those excesses which 
 proved so fatal to the dearest interests of 
 France. He resisted, indeed, with manly 
 indignation the violence of faction, and 
 w ished to repress the massacres of Septem- 
 ber, but in vain. The popular fury was 
 too strong to permit a man of independent 
 spirit to continue long in power, and when 
 the fall of Brissot and of the Girondists 
 was determirieJ, Roland saw his fate de- 
 creed in theirs, and he escaped from Paris 
 at the moment when his person was goinff 
 
 555 
 
JlUL 
 
 KOL 
 
 to be seized. He retired to Koucn, where 
 he might have concealed his misfortunes ; 
 but when he heard that his wife had perish- 
 ed on the scaftbld he resolved not to sur- 
 vive her, and going about four leagues from 
 Rouen on the Paris road, he stabbed him- 
 self to the heart, 15th Nov. 1793. He 
 wrote besides, a dictionary of manufac- 
 tures and the arts dependnig upon them, 3 
 vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Roland, Mary .lane Philipon, wife of 
 the preceding, was born at Paris 1754, and 
 received from her father, who was an en- 
 graver of merit, an excellent education. 
 Early devoted to books, she acquired a 
 very extensive knowledge of the arts, and 
 became known for her wit and learning. 
 At the age of twenty-five she married Ro- 
 land, though much older than herself, and 
 when he was raised to consequence in the 
 revolution, bhe lent all the resources of her 
 mind to assist him, and often wrote the de- 
 spatches and letters which were to issue from 
 his hands. Her house was the receptacle 
 of the learned, the powerful, and the in- 
 triguing, and she was the soul of the party, 
 and secretly guided many of the public 
 measures which were proposed in the con- 
 vention. Her influence escaped not, how- 
 ever, without envy, and when accused, she 
 appeared before the convention, and cleared 
 herself with all the graceful energy of in- 
 nocence. When her husband was proscri- 
 bed, she hoped to be permitted to remain 
 secure at Paris ; but in vain, she was soon 
 after seized and sent to prison, and after 
 five months confinement she was dragged 
 to the scaflold, as the active accomplice of 
 the Girondists. She Avas guillotined 8th 
 November, 1793, aged 41, and as she ex- 
 pired she exclaimed, O liberty, what crimes 
 are committed in thy name. Her works 
 consist of tracts on melancholy, morality, 
 friendship, Socrates, &c. besides memoirs 
 which she wrote during her captivity, and 
 in which she gave an interesting history, or 
 appeal to posterity, about her husband, his 
 conduct, his ministry, and their private life. 
 She also published an account of her travels 
 in England and Switzerland, two places 
 where she imbibed true principles of liberty 
 and government. In her character she 
 was an amiable woman, but unfortunately 
 her partiality for republican liberty tinctu- 
 red her conduct with an affectation of Ro- 
 man virtues and ancient forms. Respect- 
 able in private life, and followed as a wo- 
 man of superior information and great 
 talents of mind, she might at any other 
 period have most powerfully contributed by 
 her example and by her writings to the re- 
 commendation of virtue, and to the happi- 
 ness of mankind. 
 
 Roland d'Erceville, B. G. president 
 of the parliament of Paris, was a learned 
 f\nd popular character, but all his merit<» 
 
 n56 
 
 could not save bim from the revolutionary 
 tribunal. He was guillotined 20th April, 
 1794, aged 64. He wrote a Letter on the 
 Authority of the States of France, 12mo. 
 — Discourse on the Jesuits — Plan of Edu- 
 cation, &c. 
 
 Role, Michael, a French mathematician, 
 born at Ambert in Auvergne, 1652. He for 
 some time maintained himself by writing 
 for an attorney ; but by attending mathe- 
 matical lectures became himself a popular 
 lecturer, and afterwards a respected mem- 
 ber of the academy of sciences. He 
 wrote a treatise on Algebra — Methods of 
 resolving undetermined Questions in Alge- 
 bra, &c. and died 1719. 
 
 Rollin, Charles, an eminent French 
 writer, born at Paris 30th January, 1661. 
 He was intended for the business of his 
 father, a master cutler, but his genius was 
 happily discovered by a Benedictine, and he 
 was permitted to study in the college of 
 Plessis, where his abilities soon procured 
 him the appellation of the Divine. He 
 succeeded his beloved master, Hersan, in 
 1687, as professor of rhetoric and elo- 
 quence, and in 1694 he was appointed rec- 
 tor of the university. In these important 
 offices he distinguished himself by his zeal 
 for the improvement of his pupils and the 
 honour of learning, and by his example and 
 attention the Greek language was cultivated 
 with great attention, and emulation intro- 
 duced among the students. In 1699 he 
 was made coadjutor to the college of 
 Beauvais, which his reputation soon ren- 
 dered popular, respectable, and flourishing ; 
 but in 1712, the disputes between the Je- 
 suits and Jansenists proved fatal to his re- 
 pose. By the influence of Tellier, the 
 king's confessor, the tool of the Jesuits, he 
 was driven from his appointments and re- 
 tired to privacy. In 1720 he was chosen 
 again rector by the university of Paris ; 
 but two months after the election was dis- 
 annulled by a lettre de cachet, and from 
 that time Rollin devoted himself in retire- 
 ment to the composition of his excellent 
 works. His valuable publications are, an 
 edition of Quintilian, 2 vols. — treatise on 
 Studying and Teaching the Belles Lettres, 
 4 vols. — Ancient History of the Egyptians, 
 Carthaginians, Babylonians, &c. 13 vols. — 
 the Roman History from the Foundation of 
 the City to the Battle of Actium, comple- 
 ted to the time of Constantine by his pupil 
 Crevier, and published in 16 vols. 12mo. — 
 Miscellaneous Discourses, Lectures, &c. 
 This learned man was as amiable in private 
 life as he was respected in public ; pious, 
 benevolent, and humane, the friend of vir- 
 tue, morality, and religion. So highly re- 
 spected was he among his countrymen, 
 that the poet Rousseau ventured from his 
 banishment in disguise to Paris to see and 
 converse with the venerable professor- 
 
IIOM 
 
 ^ oUaire has desenretlly passed higli eulo- 
 giuius on his mrrits as a historian, and call- 
 ed his Ancient History the best compilation 
 in any lanj'uage, correct, eloquent, and 
 pleasing. He died I'Uh Sept. 1741. 
 
 KoLLius, Reiiiliold Henry, a German 
 philologist, author of two Latin works con- 
 taining the lives of philosophers, poets, his- 
 torians, orators, *tc. published 1709. 
 
 Roi.LO, A Norwegian chieftain, driven 
 from his country by tbe king of Denmark. 
 He landed in Normandy, of which he ob- 
 tained the sovereignty by the permission of 
 Charle* the Simple, 912, who gave him his 
 daughter Giselle in marriage. He on this 
 occasion became a convert to Christianity, 
 and took upon him the title of duke of 
 Normandy. He was the ance^<tor of Wil- 
 liam the Cgnqueror, and died about 932. 
 
 RoLLOCK, Robert, a native of Stirling- 
 shire, educated at St. Leonard's college, 
 St. Andrews, where he took his master's 
 degree, 1532. On the foundation of Edin- 
 burgh university by James V L in 1587, he 
 ivas appointed tirst principal and divinity 
 professor, though not more than 28 years 
 of age. Hi-j great application and seden- 
 tary life brought on the stone and gravel, 
 of which he died 1601, aged 41. His Com- 
 mentaries on tue Ephesians— the Revela- 
 lations — St. John's Gospel — and Daniel, in 
 Latin, have been much admired. He 
 wrote some sermons besides. 
 
 RoMAiNE, William, an English divine, 
 born at Hartlepool, Durham, 1714. He 
 entered at Hertford college, Oxford, and 
 afterwards removed to Christ-church, 
 ■where he took his degrees in arts, and en- 
 tered into orders. For some years he was 
 a popular preacher before the university ; 
 but the love of singularity, and a propen- 
 sity to the doctrines of Calvin, prevailed 
 upon him to seek for distinction in the ap- 
 plauses of a London audience. He was 
 elected lecturer of St. Dunstan in the West 
 1749, to which was afterwards added the 
 offices of morning preacher at St.George's, 
 Hanover square, and of astronomical pro- 
 fessor of Gresham college, which he soon 
 resigned. He was in 1764 appointed rec- 
 tor of St. Ann's, Blackfriars, and when 
 not engaged in tbe itinerant labours of the 
 ministry, he co t med to collect there 
 and at St. Dunstan's, those numerous con- 
 gregations which admired the vehemence 
 of mcthodistical eflfusions, and the familiar 
 addresses of a vociferous preacher. He 
 published various sermons and tracts which 
 Lave been edited in 8 vols. Svo. and he also 
 edited in 1749 Calasio's Concordance to 
 the Hebrew Bible, 4 vols, folio, in which 
 he made some unpardonable alterations in 
 favour of the then prevalent doctrine of 
 Hutchinson. He died 1795. His life has 
 been published by Cadogan. 
 
 HoiyiANELLi, Jobi Francis, a painter, 
 
 ROM 
 
 born at Viterbo. Ht was the |>upd of Cor- 
 tona, and was patronised by th. pope, and 
 elected head of the academy of St. Luke. 
 His abilities were noticed by Mazarine, 
 ajid recommended to the French king, who 
 created him knight of St. Michael ; but he 
 preferred a residence in his i. alive country, 
 where he died 1662, aged 15. His histo- 
 rical pieces are much admired. His son 
 Urban wa-* also eminent as a painter and 
 died 1682, aged 44. 
 
 Romano, Julio, an Italian painter, bor« 
 at Rome 1492. He was the pupil and the 
 friend of Raphael, and was made the htfir of 
 that illustrious artist. He was patronised 
 by Leo X. and by Clement \ 11. and after- 
 wai'ds met with great encouragement at 
 Mantua, under the marquis Frederic Gon- 
 zagas. He died 1546. He was distin- 
 guished in architecture as well as painting. 
 His learning gave him great advantage 
 over contemporary artists, and he derived, 
 from the study of the ancients, that judg- 
 ment and taste which he displayed in the 
 ancient edifices, porticos, ve-tibules, and 
 theatres introduced into his pieces. The 
 best of his pieces are said to be the fall of 
 the giants, and the battles of Constantine. 
 
 RoMANUs L emperor of the East, sur- 
 named Lecapenus, was a native of Arme- 
 nia, and was raised to distinction, from the 
 obscurity of a common soldier, by saving 
 the lile of the emperor Basil in a battle 
 against the Saracens. By marrying his 
 daughter, Constantine X. cemented the 
 union which existed between tliem, and 
 he then raised him as his asso-oiate on the 
 throne, 919 In his elevation Romanus 
 displayed great powers of mind ; he defeat- 
 ed the Muscovites and the Turks, and to 
 superior military talents he joined the 
 milder virtues of humanity and benevolence. 
 When he wished to restore greater powers 
 in the empire to his son-in-law, Con-itan- 
 tine, he was driven by the jealousy of hi* 
 own son Stephen, into a monastery, where 
 he died 948. 
 
 Romanus II. the Younger, was son of 
 Constantine Porphyrogenitu^, whom he 
 succeeded 959. He was an effeminate and 
 worthless prince ; he drove his mother He- 
 lena from the palace, and obliged his sis- 
 ters to prostitute themselves, and he de- 
 stroyed himself by his intemperance and 
 debauchery, 963. During his short reign 
 Phocas, his general, was successful against 
 the Saracens in Candia. 
 
 RoMAvrs III, son of Leo, the imperial 
 general, obtained the crown by marrying 
 Zoe, the daughter of Constantine the 
 Younger, 1U2S. His indolence, and the 
 success of the Saracens, who seized upon 
 Syria, offended his subjects, and his wife 
 having fallen in love with Michael, the trea- 
 surer of the empire, determined to depose 
 
 557 
 
KOM ROxM 
 
 Ijer husband, and raised her favourite to the 12th, 1744, and educated at the college at 
 throne in his stead. Romanus was there- Princeton, in that state, where he was gra- 
 fore poisoned, and afterwards strangled, duated in 1765. He was settled in the mi- 
 April, 1034. nistry, in his native town in 1766, and con- 
 RoMANUS IV. surnamed Diogenes, by tinued there till 1784, when he accepted the 
 marrying Eudoxia, the widow of Constan- care of a church in Schenectady, New- York, 
 tine Ducas, ascended the throne of Con- His death took place in 1804. He was twice 
 stantinople. He marched against the offered the presidency of Queen's college, 
 Turks, and defeated them ; but in 1071 he New-Jersey, and was for a considerable 
 "was unfortunately taken prisoner by Asan, time a professor of theology in the Reform- 
 the enemy's general, who, instead of insult- ed Dutch Church. He was a man of ex^ 
 ing bis misfortunes, generously set him at tensive learning, and one of its most active 
 liberty. On his return he found the throne patrons. It was chiefly by his efforts that 
 usurped by Michael, the son of his prede- Union college was instituted at Schenec- 
 cessor, and in a subsequent battle, he was tady, not long after his removal there. He 
 defeated by his rival, who cruelly ordered was distinguished for piety, was an elo- 
 his eyes to be put out. Romanus died in quent preacher, and enjoyed in a high de- 
 consequence of the operation, Oct. 1071. gree the respect and esteem of his contem- 
 
 RoMANzoFF, N. marshal de, a distin- poraries. ICP L. 
 guished Russian general. He defeated the Romilly, John, an ingenious mechanic 
 Turks, 1770, at the battle of the Pnith, and and clock-maker, born at Geneva. He pre- 
 then at Kagoul, where 100,000 of the ene- sented to Lewis XV. a watch, which went 
 my were left on the field ; and thus, by his a whole year without winding. He died at 
 extraordinary successes, he contributed to Paris, 16th Feb. 1796, aged 82. He wrote 
 the enlargement of the Russian dominions, all tlie articles on clock-making in the En- 
 and to the free navigation of the Black Sea, cyclopedia, and published besides a Letter 
 and of the Dardanelles. He received with against the Possibility of Perpetual Mo- 
 modesty the presents and the honours tion. He also established the Journal de 
 which the gratitude of Catherine heaped Paris, 1st Jan. 1777. His son, John Edme, 
 upon him, and afterwards went with Paul, was a Calvinistic minister at Geneva and 
 the grand duke, to the court of Berlin, London, and published 3 volumes of Dis- 
 where Frederic the Great received him courses. He was the friend of d'AIembert, 
 with every mark of esteem and respect. Voltaire, and J. J. Rousseau, and died in 
 In the war of 1787, he refused to share the 1779. 
 
 the command with the fa* ourite Potemkin, Romilly, Sir Samuel, an eminent law- 
 and was permitted on account of his great yer, was the son of a jeweller, in Frith- 
 age, to retire from the service, and he died street, Westminster, and born there March 
 soon after, universally respected as one of 1st, 1757. His education was private and 
 the greatest warriors of the age. contracted ; after which he became a clerk 
 RoMBOUTS, Theodore, a painter of Ant- in an attorney's office, but left that situa- 
 werp, the pupil of Jansens. He was very tion to study in one of the inns of court, 
 successful in historical subjects, but pai'ti- In 1783 he was called to the bar ; and for 
 cularly excelled in the representation of several years confined his practice to 
 low scenes, ale-houses, markets, musicians, draughts inequity. At length he rose to 
 &c. He had the vanity to oppose his pro- distinction in the court of chancery ; and in 
 ductions to the labours of his contempo- the last administration of Mr. Fox, was 
 rary Rubens, and by this comparison in made solicitor-general, when he received 
 some degree robbed his pieces of the merit the honour of knighthood. "WTien the 
 which they, uncompared with others, pos- party to whom he was attached went out 
 sessed. He died 1637, aged 40. of office, he also retired; but still continued 
 Rome de l'Isle, John Baptist, a native in parliament, where he displayed great 
 of Gray in Franche Comt6, who from his powers in debate. He exerted himself in 
 birth devoted himself to observations on endeavouring to effect a revision of the 
 
 o 
 
 mineralogy and natural history. He pos- ci'iminal code, with a view to the limita- 
 
 sessed great abilities, but in his opinions tion of capital punishments to a few heinous 
 
 differed from other mineralogists, and thus offences ; on which subject he published an 
 
 gave rise to opposition. He published able pamphlet ; as he also did another 
 
 among other woi-ks, Crystallography, 4 against the erection of the office of vice- 
 
 vols. 8vo. J Exterior Characters of Mine- chancellor. The death of this eminent 
 
 rals, 8vo. ; Metrology, 8vo. ; Letters to man was melancholy. Shocked at the loss 
 
 Bertrand on the Polype of Fresh Water, of his lady, who died of a dropsy in the 
 
 l2mo. &c. He died at Paris, 10th March, Isle of Wight, he became delirious, and 
 
 1790. destroyed himself, Nov. 2d, 1818.— IF. B. 
 
 RoMEYN, Theodoricus, D.D. professor of Romnet, George, an eminent painter, 
 
 theologyin the Reformed Dutch Church, Avas born of obscure parents in Lancashire. He, 
 
 born at Hackensack, New-Jei^sev, .Jaiiuarv from his vouth, devoted himself to paint- 
 55S ... 
 
110 N 
 
 fiOO 
 
 ing, which he improved under the care of 
 an itinerant painter. When he first came 
 to London, he presented his death of gene- 
 ral Wolfe to the public, and it not ordy ob- 
 tained the second prize of the exhibition, 
 but en3ured him public notice, with a 
 handsome price. Eager to improve hmiself, 
 he determined to visit Italy by means of 
 the little property which he had already 
 saved by his pencil, and on his return from 
 the continent, he was received with the dis- 
 tinction due to an able and ingenious artist. 
 His portraits were much admired, and his 
 historical pieces also possessed great merit. 
 He died at Kendal in 1802. 
 
 Romulus, son of Rhea Sylvia, daughter 
 of Numitor, king of Alba, laid the foun- 
 dations of Rome, 753 B. C. and died after 
 a reign of 38 years. 
 
 RoNCALLi, Christofano, called also Po- 
 meraneio, from the place of his birth, ex- 
 celled as a historical painter. He was the 
 pupil of Circignano, and died 1626. 
 
 RoNDELET, William, a native of Mont-- 
 pellier, who studied anatomy with great 
 success, and acquired celebrity as a physi- 
 cian. He wrote a Latin treatise on Fishes, 
 3 vols, folio — and various tracts on medi- 
 cine, published, 8vo. 1628. He died at 
 Realmont, 18th July, 1566, aged 59, in con- 
 sequence of eating tigs to excess. 
 
 RoNSARD, Peter de, a French poet, of a 
 noble family, born at Vendomois, 1524. 
 He studied at Paris, and became page to 
 the duke of Orleans, and afterwards was 
 for two years in the service of James V. of 
 Scotland. On his return to France, he 
 was engaged in negotiations, and at the 
 same time devoted much of his time to li- 
 terature and poetry. He was the favour- 
 ite of Henry H. of France, and his four 
 successors, and though a layman, obtained 
 some ecclesiastical dignities in commen- 
 dam, especially St. Cosmas priory, near 
 Tours, where he died 1 585. His poetry 
 was much admired in France, so that he 
 obtained in that age the honourable ap- 
 pellation of the poet of France. His 
 genius was certainly great, and his concep- 
 tions sublime, yet he was deficient in judg- 
 ment. His works consist of hymns, odes, 
 elegies, sonnets, &c. but in his amorous 
 poetry he does not always adhere to that 
 delicacy of expression which virtue ap- 
 proves. 
 
 RoNSiN, Charles Philip, a native of Sois- 
 sons. The French revolution opened a 
 scene for the display of the impetuous pas- 
 sions and bold designs of his character, 
 and by the influence of his friends Danton 
 and Marat, he was soon promoted to the 
 office of war minister, and then to the com- 
 mand of the revolutionary ^my. In La 
 Vendee, and at Meaux his steps were 
 traced by all the horrors of open murder 
 and secret assassination , but on his return 
 
 to Paris, he was soon marked for destruc- 
 tion when he attempted to raise the power 
 of the commiincH :il)o\c thf convention. 
 He was guillotined 2 kli March, 1794, aged 
 42, and met death with an undaunted coun- 
 tenance. He was the author of «ome tra- 
 gedies, Lewis Xil. — Areaiipliile, Hu:. 
 which, though acted, possess not nmch 
 merit. 
 
 RooDSEUS, John Albert, a native of 
 Hoorn in Holland, eminent as a portrait 
 painter, whose pieces were highly finished 
 and delicately coloured. He died 1674, 
 aged 50. 
 
 RooKE, Sir George, a brave admiral, 
 born of a respectable family in Kent, 1650. 
 He was educated for a learned profession, 
 but bis father yielded at last to his wish to 
 serve in the navy, and in this favourite em- 
 ployment he soon distinguished himself. 
 His most glorious exploits were in saving 
 the Smyrna fleet from a French squadron, 
 in taking the almost impregnable fortress 
 of Gibraltar, 1703, in destroying the French 
 ships at the battle of La Hogue, in the af- 
 fair of Malaga, and at the glorious action 
 before Vigo. His brilliant services, though 
 acknowledged with gratitude by William, 
 were disregarded by the whig party, which 
 swayed the kingdom in Anne's reign, and 
 the gallant admiral, because he voted in the 
 House of Commons against the ministry, 
 was considered as no longer fit to serve 
 his country, and retired, neglected, to his 
 seat in Kent, where he died 24th Jan. 
 1708-9. He was buried in Canterbury ca- 
 thedral. His fortune was very moderate, 
 and he truly said, in making his will, " the 
 little I leave was honestly gotten, never 
 cost a sailor a tear, or the nation a far- 
 thing." 
 
 RooKE, Laurence, an English astrono- 
 mer and geometrician, born at Deptford in 
 Kent, 1623, and educated at Eton and 
 King's college, Cambridge, from which, af- 
 ter taking the degree of M.A. he removed 
 1650 to Wadham college, Oxford. In 1652, 
 he was chosen astronomical professor at 
 Gresham college, which he exchanged 
 three years after for the chair of geometry. 
 He was one of the first members of the 
 Royal society, to whose formation he great- 
 ly and zealously contributed. He died at 
 Gresham college, 1662. . His works are 
 Observations on Comets — Methods of Ob- 
 serving Eclipses of the Moon — Obsena- 
 tions on the Eclipses of Jupiter's Satellites 
 — Directions to Seamen going to the In- 
 dies. 
 
 RooME, Edward, a political writer, ap- 
 pointed solicitor to the treasury, 1729. He 
 wrote some satirical papers called Pasquin, 
 in which he abused Pope, and the oflfended 
 poet in return gave him a conspicuous place 
 in his Dunciad. He died 10th Dec. 1729, 
 and after his death appeared " the Jovial 
 
 559 
 
ROS 
 
 ROS 
 
 Crew," a play, acted with some degree of 
 success. 
 
 RooRE, James, a native of Antwerp, who 
 distinguished himseli as an historical paint- 
 er, and died 1747, aged &i. 
 
 Rocs, John Hendrick, a citizen of Ot- 
 tenburg, born 1631, eminent as a painter. 
 His portraits, and particularly his land- 
 scapes, were admired. Theodore, his bro- 
 ther, was also a good artist, and died 1698. 
 His son Philip was equally celebrated, and 
 another son, who died 1 31, aged 72, also 
 inherited the abilities of the family as a su- 
 perior artist. 
 
 Root, Jesse, chief justice of Connecti- 
 cut, was graduated at New-Jersey college 
 in 1756. In 1776, he was elected a dele- 
 gate from Connecticut to congress, and 
 again in 1778, and continued in the station 
 until 1783. In 1777, he was a short time 
 in the army at Peekskill, and held the rank 
 of colonel. In 1789, he was appointed a 
 judge of the supreme Court of Connecticut, 
 and in 1798, chief justice. He continued 
 in this office until 1807, after which he was 
 a member of the legislature, and in 1808, 
 one of the electors of president and vice 
 president. He died at Coventry, April 5, 
 1822, aged 85. Judge Root was a mem- 
 ber of the American academy, and of the 
 Connecticut academy of arts and sciences. 
 He published in 1798, Reports of Cases 
 adjudged in the court of Errors of Con- 
 necticut, from July 1789, to June 1793, and 
 a second volume in 1802. idp" L. 
 
 RoQUE, John de la, member of the aca- 
 demy of belles lettres at Marseilles, wrote 
 a Voyage into Arabia Felix, 12mo. ; into 
 Palestine ; into Syria and Mount Libanus, 
 and assisted his brother Anthony in the 
 composition of the Mercure de France. 
 He died at Paris, 8th December, 1745, aged 
 84. Anthony, who wrote Medea and Ja- 
 son ; and Theone, two tragedies, died at 
 Paris, 1744, aged 72. 
 
 RoRENMULLER, Johu Gcorgc, a German 
 divine and critic, was born in 1736 at Um- 
 merstadt in the county of Hildburghausen. 
 In 1773 he was appointed to the divinity 
 professorship at Erlangen, whence he re- 
 moved in 1783 to Giessen and in 1785 to 
 Leipsic, where he principally contributed to 
 the foundation of a free-school , and died 
 in 1815. He published — 1. Scholia on 
 the New Testament. 2. Historia et Facta 
 interpretationis librorum Sacrorum. 3. 
 Sermons. — W. B. 
 
 Rosa, Alba Cariera, a Venetian lady, 
 celebrated for her talents in crayon paint- 
 ing and miniatures. Her great correct- 
 ness, delicacy, and judgment, have been 
 long and deservedly admired. She died 
 1755, aged 85. 
 
 Rosa, Salvator, a painter. Vid. Salva- 
 
 TOR. 
 
 Rosamond, daughter of Walter dc 
 560 
 
 Clifford, lord Hereford, is celebrated iu 
 history as the fair mistress of the second 
 Heni'y. To conceal this amour from his 
 jealous queen, Henry, it is said, removed 
 the frail beauty to a labyrinth in Wood- 
 stock park, where, however, his wife dis- 
 covered her and obliged her to take poison. 
 Some authors declare that the fair Rosa- 
 mond died at Godstow nunnery, near Ox- 
 ford, and that she was buried there. She 
 had two sons by Henry, William, sur- 
 named Longsword, and Jeffery, afterwards 
 archbishop of York. 
 
 Roscius, Quintus, a celebrated Roman 
 actor. He was a native of Gaul, and came 
 to Rome, where he became acquainted with 
 Cicero, and the other great men of the age, 
 and acquired such high celebrity as a 
 dramatic performer, that he was allowed 
 a public salary. He died about 61 B. C. 
 
 Roscommon, Wentworth Dillon, earl of, 
 an English poet, born in Ireland, 1633. He 
 was brought up in England, but the com- 
 motions of the times, and the impeachment 
 of his uncle, lord Strafford, drove him from 
 the country to Caen, where he finished his 
 education under the great Bochart. He 
 afterwards travelled to Italy, and at the 
 restoration came to England, where he was 
 honourably received by Charles II. and 
 made captain of the band of pensioners. 
 He nearly ruined himself by gaming, and 
 by the vicious indulgences prevalent at a 
 corrupted court ; but when master of horse 
 to the dutchess of York, he prudently mar- 
 ried Frances, daughter of lord Burlington, 
 widow of colonel Courtney, and then be- 
 gan to devote himself to literature and po- 
 etry, and to plan, with Dryden, a design to 
 fix and refine the English language. He 
 died of the gout, which was iinproperly 
 treated by a French empiric, 17th Jan. 
 1684, and was buried in Westminster ab- 
 bey. His poems are few, and of those the 
 best are, his Essay on translated Verse ; 
 and his translation of Horace's Art of 
 Poetry. Though perhaps not a sublime 
 poet, he certainly is a correct one, and he 
 has the singular merit of being the only 
 moral writer in Charles's days. 
 
 Rose, George, a statesman, was the son 
 of an episcopal clergyman at Brechin, iu 
 the shire of Angus, and born there June 11, 
 1744. He was brought up under an uncle, 
 who kept a school near London, after 
 which he went into the navy, and became 
 a purser ; but, by the interest of the earl 
 of Marchmont, hi was taken from thence, 
 and made keeper of the records in the ex- 
 ch( quer. Here his talents for business 
 were soon discovered, and he was appoint- 
 ed to superintend the publication of the 
 Domesday Book ; after which he was em- 
 ployed to complete the journals of the 
 Lords, in 31 vols, folio. From this period 
 his advancement was rapid, and his scr- 
 
nos 
 
 !{•> 
 
 Vic«s were duly appreciated, ami cneiivgcd 
 by almost every administration. Mr. Pitt, 
 in particular, placed unbounded confidence 
 in bis judgment on subjects of trade and 
 finance ; and when that great man return- 
 ed to power, alter the short peace, Mr. 
 Hose w.is made president of the board of 
 trade, and treasurer of the navy. On the 
 death of Mr. Pitt, another change occur- 
 red ; but when the administration, formed 
 by lord Grenville, retired, Mr. Rose resu- 
 med his former station, and continued in 
 it till his death, which happened at Cufi'nels, 
 his seat in Hampshire, Jan. 13, 1818. He 
 published — 1. A Report on the Records, 
 Ibl. 2. A brief Examination into the In- 
 crease of the Revenues, Commerce, and 
 Navigation, of Great Britain. 3. A Pam- 
 phlet on Frieadly Societies. 4. Conside- 
 rations on the Debt due by the Civil List. 
 5. Observations on the Poor Laws. 6. 
 Observations on the Historical Work of the 
 late Right Hon. Charles James Fox, with a 
 narrative of the events which occurred in 
 the Enterprise of the Earl of Argyle, in 
 1685, by Sir Patrick Hume, 4to. 7. A 
 Letter to Lord Melville, relative to the crea- 
 tion of a naval arsenal at Northfleet. 8. 
 Observations respecting the Public Expen- 
 diture, and the influence of the Crown. 
 9. A Speech delivered in the House of 
 Commons on the Report of the Bullion 
 Committee. 10. A Speech relative to the 
 Corn Law8. Mr. Rose presented to the 
 late King a manuscript translation of the 
 History of Poland, which is in the Royal 
 library.— fF. B. 
 
 Rose, Samuel, a lawyer, was born in 
 1767, at Chiswick, where he was educated 
 under his father Dr. William Rose, who 
 conducted an academy there many years. 
 He next went to Glasgow, where he gain- 
 ed several prizes ; after which he attended 
 the courts of law at Edinburgh, and in 178G, 
 entered himself a student of Lincoln's Inn. 
 In 1796, he was called to the bar. He 
 died of a consumption in 1804. Mr. Rose 
 wrote the Life of Goldsmith, and edited 
 Comyns's Reports, and Digest. — W. B. 
 
 RosEWELL, Thomas, a native of Somer- 
 setshire, educated at Oxford, and rjected 
 in 1662 from,his living of Strode for non- 
 conformity. He afterwards became emi- 
 nent among the dissenters ; but in 1684 he 
 was accused of high treason, because, in 
 his discourse addressed to his congregation 
 at Rotherhithe, he had spoken with con- 
 tempt and ridicule of the king's preten- 
 sions to cure scrophulous disorders. On 
 this slight accusation, he was tried and 
 condemned, but pardoned by Charles II. 
 He died 1691, aged 61. 
 
 RosiNUS, John, a learned German, born 
 at Eisenac, Thuringia, 1550. He was edu- 
 cated at Jena, and in 1592, became preach- 
 er of the cathedral of Naumberg in Saxo- 
 
 VoL. IL 71 
 
 ny, where he diod of the piag;i\ 16.26. The 
 best known of his works is Honuiionim 
 Anliquitatum Libri dercni, a most valuable 
 composition, of wliidithc best editions are 
 those of Amsterdam, lOi.'^, 4lo. and of 
 Ctrecht, 1701, 4to. lie wrote besides, de 
 Priscis Romanis Gentil)us, Sir. 
 
 Rosoi, Barnaby Firmin du, a French 
 writer, born at Paris, J 745. He holicited 
 the public attention by various dramatic 
 pieces, which, though acted with applause, 
 possess little merit. He was also author 
 of a romance — the Annals of Toulouse, 
 &.C. but though a voluminous writer, he yet 
 continued poor. At the revolution he dii- 
 tinguished himself in favour of the unfor- 
 tunate monarch, by the publication of his 
 gazette, called I'Ami du Roi, and in conse- 
 quence of the unyielding independence of 
 his principles, be was marked for death. 
 In his last moments he wished to benefit 
 mankind by soliciting that his blood might 
 be extracted from his veins, and transfused 
 into the body of an old man, which was 
 rejected. He was executed by the light of 
 torches, Aug. 1792. 
 
 Ross, Alexander, a Scotch prelate, born 
 at Aberdeen, 1640, and educated at St. An- 
 drews. He was, in 1686, made bishop of 
 Edinburgh ; but the revolution put an end 
 to his power, and to the episcopal authority 
 in Scotland. He died at Edinburgh, 1720, 
 aged 80. He was author of some tracts 
 now little known. 
 
 Ross, Alexander, author of Virgilius 
 Evangelizans, a singular canto on the life 
 of Christ, extracted all from Virgil — of 
 View of all Religions, in 8vo. — and other 
 tracts, was born in Abet'deen, and became 
 master of Southampton grammar-school, 
 and chaplain to the first Charles. He died 
 1654, aged 6 i. 
 
 Ross, John, a native of Herefordshire, 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 v/here he took his degree of D.D. 1756. 
 He afterwards obtained Frome vicarage, 
 Somersetshire, and in 1778, on the death of 
 bishop Keppel, was preferred to the see of 
 Exeter. He wrote a Defence of Dr. Mid- 
 dleton against the attacks of Mr. Mark- 
 land, 1746, and in 1749, edited Cicero's 
 Epistles ad Familiares, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 He published besides some single sermons-, 
 and died 1792. 
 
 Ross, George, one of the signers of the 
 declaration of American independenco, 
 was an eminent lawyer of Lancaster coun- 
 ty, Pennsylvania. ?r3^ L. 
 
 Rossi, John Victor, or Janus Nicius 
 Erithr.'eus, a Roman, of noble birth, who 
 devoted himself totally to studious pur- 
 suits. He died 15th Nov. 1647, aged about 
 70. He wrote Pinacotheca Imaginum 
 Ulustr. Virorum, 8vo. — Epistoli>, 2 vols. 
 —Dialog!, Svo. — Exempla Virtiitum ct 
 
IIUS 
 
 KOT 
 
 \ itioiuuij Svo. — Eudemias Libu dcccnij 
 Svo, 
 
 Rossi, Jerome, a learned native of Ra- 
 venna, physician to Clement VIII. He 
 died Sth Sept. 1607. He wrote a valu- 
 able History of Ravenna — besides trea- 
 tises de Distillatione Liquorum — de Melo- 
 nibus, kc. 
 
 Rossi, Bernard Marie de, a native of 
 Forly, educated at Florence. He became 
 theological professor to the Dominicans of 
 Venice, and declined all the ecclesiastical 
 lionours offered to him. He wrote several 
 works on historical and antiquarian sub- 
 jects, the best known of which are his Ac- 
 count of the Church of Aquilcia. He died 
 1775, aged 8S. 
 
 RossLYN, Alexander Wedderburn, earl 
 ef, an able lawyer, descended from an an- 
 cient family, and born in Scotland, 13th 
 Feb. 1733.* He was educated at Edinburgh 
 Tiniversity, and called to the Scotch bar, 
 1752; but he was ambitious of a wider 
 sphere for the exertion of his abilities, and 
 he came the next year to London, and en- 
 tered at the Inner Temple. He was in 1757 
 called to the bar, and six years after, in con- 
 sequence of his merit, he v.as appointed 
 king's counsel. In parliament, where he 
 sat as member for Richmond, he distin- 
 g:uished himself as an able and well-in- 
 formed orator in support of Mr. George 
 (Jrenville's administration, and he zealous- 
 ]y espoused the cause of the mother coun- 
 try in her struggles to reduce the revolted 
 American colonies. Mr. Wedderburn was 
 appointed solicitor general in 1771, attor- 
 ney general in 1778, and created, June, 
 1780, baron Loughborough, and made chief 
 justice of the Common Pleas. He sup- 
 ported the coalition ministry ; and was in 
 1783 made first commissioner for keeping 
 the great seal ; but was dismissed with lord 
 North and Mr. Fox, whose opposition to 
 the new ministry he ably seconded in par- 
 liament. In 1793, however, he accepted 
 the seals under Mr. Pitt's administration, 
 and was in ISOI, created carlRossIyn, and 
 soon after resigned the office of chancel- 
 lor to retire to pi'ivacy. He died sudden- 
 ly', 2d Jan. 1805, at his seat at Baylis, near 
 Salt-hill, and was buried in St. Paul's ca- 
 thedral. He was twice married ; by his 
 tirst wife he had no issue, and by the se- 
 cond, sister of the late lord Courtney, 
 whom he married 1782, he had a son, who 
 died an infant. As he left no issue, he 
 obtained the grant of his earldom to his 
 relation sir James St. Clair Erskine. As a 
 lawyer and a judge, lord Rosslyn supported 
 a most respectable character ; he proved 
 himself on the bench the friend of the sea- 
 naen, whose rights had been invaded by 
 iheir commanders ; but he was censured by 
 some for arbitrarily placing at the trial of 
 the Southwark rioters in one indictment, 
 562 
 
 men who were strangers to each other, and 
 who thus were deprived of the privileges 
 afforded by the law even to the greatest 
 criminals. He was author of a pamphlet, 
 called " Observations on the State of the 
 English Prisons, and the Means of Impro- 
 ving them," a work of merit, and dictated 
 by the purest humanity. 
 
 Rosso, Le, or Master Roux, a native 
 of Florence, who, by studying the works of 
 Michael Angelo and Parmesan, acquired 
 celebrity as a painter, even without the as- 
 sistance of a master. Francis I. appointed 
 him superintendent of works at Fontaine- 
 bleau, and rewarded his attention and ser- 
 vices by a canonry of the holy chapel. He 
 was so much affected by the tortures which 
 were inflicted on his friend Pellegrin, whom 
 he had accused falsely of robbing him of a 
 sum of money, that in a melancholy mo- 
 ment of reflection, he took poison, and soon 
 after died, 1541, aged 45. His heads of 
 old men, and his female figures were much 
 admired. 
 
 RoTARi, Peter, a native of Verona, who 
 acquired great celebrity as a portrait and 
 historical painter. He was, in 1756, at 
 Petersburg, where he was patronised by the 
 court, and took the portraits of the impe- 
 rial family, and of the nobility, and he af- 
 terwards returned to Italy. The year of 
 his death is not ascertained. 
 
 RoTGANs, Luke, a native of Amsterdam, 
 who engaged in the wars of Holland in 
 1672, but after two years service, retired to 
 his country seat, where he devoted himself 
 to poetry. His epic poem, in eight books, 
 on the Life of W^illiam III. is held in high 
 estimation by the Dutch. He wrote also 
 other poems, and shares with Vondel and 
 Antcnides the honour of being at the head 
 of the bards of Holland. He died of the 
 smallpox, 3d Nov. 1710, aged 66. 
 
 RoTHEKAMER, Johu, a native of Munich, 
 eminent as a painter, and as the successful 
 imitator of Tintoret. His historical pieces 
 possessed merit, and he was liberally pa- 
 tronised by the emperor Rodolph II. He 
 died 1604, aged 40. 
 
 RoTHERAM, John, a native of Yorkshire, 
 who studied physic and took his medical 
 degrees, at Edinburgh. He published a 
 Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature and 
 Properties of Water, and other m.edical 
 works, and died 1787. 
 
 RoTHERAM, John, author of an Apology 
 for the Athanasian Creed ; Essay on the 
 Truth of Christianity ; Discourse on Faith, 
 and its Connexion with good Works, Svo. 
 and other religious tracts, was rector of 
 Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, and died 
 1788. 
 
 RoTHMAN, Christopher, author of a Trea- 
 tise on Comets, and Letters on Astronomy, 
 addressed to Tycho Brahe, was astronomer 
 to the landsrave of Hesse, and died 1592. 
 
ROL' 
 
 Kui; 
 
 RoTUOV, Jobn (Ic, fi native of Dreu.v, 
 distinguished as a poet, and as a magis- 
 trate. While an epidemic disorder raged 
 in Dreux, and all fled for safety, the hu- 
 mane Rotron remained to administer to the 
 necessities of the poor ; and in answer to 
 hi3 brother, who earnestly solicited his de- 
 parture, he said, " the bells are tolling for 
 the 22d person who has died this day, and 
 how soon soever they may announce my 
 departure I know not, but I will not desert 
 my post." Soon after the contagion car- 
 ried him off, 28th June, 1650, in his 41st 
 year. He was patronised by Richelieu, 
 but never would condescend, to please his 
 patron, to attack the Cid of Corneille, a 
 poet whom he reverenced and loved. He 
 wrote 37 plays, tragedies, and comedies, 
 with vigour, spirit, and success, of which 
 the best known are Chosroes, Antigone, 
 and Wenceslaus, tragedies. 
 
 RouBiLLAC, Francis, a native of Switzer- 
 land, eminent for his beautiful statuary. 
 He was engaged in finishing some of the 
 most splendid of the monuments erected in 
 Westminster Abbey, and died 1762, in 
 London, where he had been for some time 
 settled. 
 
 Rougher, J. A. a native of Montpellier, 
 distinguished as a poet. He hailed the ap- 
 proach of the French revolution as an era 
 which was to bless the earth ; but when he 
 beheld its atrocities, he spoke with free- 
 dom against the tyrants whose violent mea- 
 sures deluged the kingdom with blood. His 
 observations drew down upon him the re- 
 sentment of the revolutionary tribunal, and 
 he was guillotined, July 1794, and he met 
 death with great composure and resigna- 
 tion, after seeing 37 heads struck off before 
 he suffered. His chief work is the Months, 
 a poem in 12 cantos, which, though occa- 
 sionally tedious and weak, contains beau- 
 tiful and animated descriptions. He also 
 translated Adam Smith's Wealth of Na- 
 tions, and some of his fugitive pieces ap- 
 peared after his death, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 RouELLE, William Francis, a native of 
 Matthieuj near Caen, who practised as an 
 apothecary at Paris, and gave lectures in 
 chymistry in the royal botanical garden. 
 He contributed some valuable things to the 
 memoirs of the academy of sciences, and 
 left his chymical lectures in MS. He died 
 at Paris, 3d Aug. 1770, aged 67. His bro- 
 ther Hilary-Marin, succeeded him as lec- 
 turer in chymistry, and died 1st April, 
 1779. 
 
 RociLLE, Peter Julian, a Jesuit of Tours, 
 professor of theology and philosophy to his 
 order. He was engaged with Catrou in 
 the composition of the Roman History, in 
 21 vols. 4to. and also assisted in revising 
 the Revolutions of Spain by d'Orleans. 
 The Jounial dc Trevoux, was conducted 
 
 l)y him from 173."? to 1737. Uc died at 
 Paris, 17th May, 1740, aged .57. 
 
 Rous, Francis, one of the fanatics of lh»:! 
 commonwealth. Me uas of a jrood family 
 in Cornwall, and r(;presentcd Truro in the 
 long parliament, aufl became speaker of 
 Barebone's parliament under CroinwelJ. 
 His violent speeches against the bishop- 
 and against Arminianism, rendered him a 
 favourite with the usurper, and he was 
 made provost of Eton, though a layman. 
 His works, which breathe the same spjri*. 
 of enthusiasm, virulence, and bigotry, 
 which he every where exhibited, appeared 
 fol. 1657. He died 1659. He was called 
 in ridicule, the illiterate Jew of Eton. 
 
 Rouse, John, author of the Antiquities 
 of Warwick — a Chronicle of the Kings of 
 England — a History of the two Universi- 
 ties, was a native of W^arwick, and died 
 there, 1491. 
 
 Rousseau, .John Baptist, an eminent 
 French poet, born at Paris, 1669. Though 
 his father was a shoemaker, yet he received 
 a decent education, and early displayed « 
 strong and correct taste for poetry. Iii 
 1688, he went as page in the embassy to 
 Denmark, and from thence passed with 
 marshal Tallard, as his secretary, to the 
 English court. Distinction in literature, 
 and not in opulence, was his chief aim, an4 
 therefore he refused about this time some 
 honourable appointments which would have 
 set him above dependence, and was better 
 pleased to be enrolled member of the aca- 
 demy of inscriptions and belles lettrc;. 
 About tliis time some satirical verses, very 
 severe and grossly abusive, were producec? 
 as his own, and though he solemnly decla- 
 red his innocence, and pronounced them 
 forgeries invented by his enemies, he was 
 tx'ied by the parliament, and banished thR 
 kingdom. The sentence was harsh, as 
 even Voltaire, his personal enemy, admits,, 
 and he ever after protested that the treat- 
 ment he received was unjust, cruel, and il- 
 liberal. From France he came to Switzer- 
 land, where he was protected by de Luc the 
 French ambassador, and he afterward.-? 
 went to Baden, where he was noticed by 
 prince Eugene, and with him visited Vien- 
 na. In 1721 he came to London, where 
 he published a collection of his poems, 2 
 vols. 4to. and by that means found hi.s re- 
 sources respectable. He returned to Paris 
 incognito, 1739, and listened to those offers 
 of reconciliation which his friends promised 
 to procure for him ; but soon after he was 
 attacked by a fit of apoplexy at the Hague, 
 and died of that dreadful visitation at Brus- 
 sels, 17th IMarch, 1741. His poems, con- 
 sisting of odes, epigrams, epistles, come- 
 dies in verse, &c. have been published in 
 3 vols. 4to. and 4 vols. 12mo. 1743. His 
 poetry, particiUarly his odes, in Voltaire's 
 opinion, nre beautiful, diversified, ant! 
 
KOU 
 
 ROU 
 
 abound ivilh images. In his private eba- 
 yacter he was overbearing and unsubmis- 
 sive ; he quarrelled with bis patron prince 
 Eugene, and with the same levity and rude- 
 ness affronted the duke of Aremberg, who 
 had kindly and liberally noticed him. 
 
 Rousseau, James, a French painter born 
 at Paris, 1630. He studied in Italy, and 
 •was patronised by Lewis XIV. but as he 
 was a protestant, he left his country to 
 uvoid persecution. lie next went to Hol- 
 land, and afterwards visited England, where 
 be was employed by the duke of Monta- 
 gue. His landscapes and architectural re- 
 presentations are much admired. He died 
 in London, 1693. 
 
 Rousseau, John James, a celebrated phi- 
 losopher, born 28th June, 1712, at Geneva, 
 ^vhere his father was a watchmaker. His 
 mother died in bringing him into the world, 
 and his birth, as he observes, was the first 
 of his misfortunes. Though of a weakly 
 ♦constitution, his mind was strong and ac- 
 tive, and the reading of Plutarch and Taci- 
 tus, which adorned the shelves of his fa- 
 ther's shop, opened his ideas, and inspired 
 him with courage. Some juvenile frolic 
 induced him to quit his father's house, and 
 Avithout protectors he changed his religion 
 to procure bread. By the care of the bi- 
 shop of Anneci, in whose house he solicit- 
 rd an asylum, he was placed with Mad. de 
 Warens, a lady who had lately abandoned 
 the protestant for the catholic tenets, and 
 devoted part of her fortune to deeds of 
 charity. Rousseau some time after quitted 
 the hospitable roof of this amiable female, 
 who had been to him a mother and a friend, 
 and as he was fond of music he began to 
 teach it at Chamberri^ From Chamberri 
 he came, in 1741, to Paris, and two years 
 after went as secretary with Montague, 
 the French ambassador, to Venice ; but his 
 proud and restless spirit could not long 
 bear the confinement of servitude, and in 
 fonsequence of a quarrel with his employ- 
 er, he returned to Paris. Here he was no- 
 ticed by Dupin, the farmer general, who 
 gave him an office in his department, and 
 at last, in 1750, he began his literary ca- 
 reer, and obtained the prize of the acade- 
 my of Dijon, on the subject. Whether the 
 re-estabhshment of the arts and sciences 
 has been conducive to the purity of morals ? 
 He adopted, by the advice of his friend 
 Diderot, the negative position, and defend- 
 ed it with such eloquence and success, that 
 he excited a number of literary antagonists 
 against him. He next attracted the public 
 attention by his discourse on the cause of 
 inequality among men, and on the origin of 
 society, a work of singular character, and 
 which unites the boldest flights of imagina- 
 tion with the most incoherent ideas, and 
 elevates savage nature above the comforts 
 of domestic and s-ocial life. This compo- 
 564 
 
 sition, dedicated in animated language io 
 the republic of Geneva, restored him to the 
 favour of his native country, and to the 
 bosom of the protestant faith. After re- 
 turning for a while to Paris, he retired to 
 solitude, and devoted himself to study. 
 His letter to d'Alembert, written about this 
 time, and published in 1758, on the subject 
 of establishing a theatre at Geneva, drew 
 upon him the censures and the persecution 
 of Voltaire, and it was remarked with sur- 
 prise that this bold advocate for the purity 
 of morals against the contagion of theatri- 
 cal representation had himself written a 
 comedy and a pastoral, which had been ex- 
 hibited on the Paris stage. His next work 
 was the Dictionary of Music, which con- 
 tains many valuable articles, but not with- 
 out inaccuracies. His New Heloise appear- 
 ed in 1761, in 6 vols. 12mo. and, notwith- 
 standing its many defects, and its immo- 
 rality, excited much of the public attention, 
 for its bold delineation of character, its in- 
 teresting details, and its fascinating lan- 
 guage. Heloise was followed, in 1762, by 
 Emilius, in 4 vols. 12mo. a moral romance, 
 still of greater celebrity. In this popular 
 work the philosopher wishes to leave in 
 education every thing to nature, and whilst 
 he inveighs in warm language against the 
 luxuries, the vices, and the prejudices of 
 the age, he speaks truths worthy of Plato 
 and of Tacitus. It is, however, much to 
 be lamented that in tracing out the educa- 
 tion of a young man, and in drawing a most 
 affecting picture of the benign author of 
 Christianity, and of the sublime beauties of 
 the gospel, he attacks with blind misguided 
 fury the miracles and the prophecies on 
 w^hich that divine revelation rests, and 
 builds his system of salvation on reason 
 and natural religion. The book, though 
 popular, was exposed to the censures and 
 condemnation of the parliament of Paris, 
 and the author hastened out of France. He 
 sought an asylum at Geneva, but the gates 
 of the city were shut against the disgraced 
 philosopher, and he retired to Neufchatel 
 in Switzerland, where he begfin to write a 
 defence of his works, and of his principles. 
 Here, however, the populace was roused 
 to acts of violence, by the pulpit discourses 
 of the ministers of the neighbourhood, and 
 therefore fearing greater insults than the 
 pelting of his windows, he fled from Neuf- 
 chatel. Berne, where he sought an asy- 
 lum, was shut against him, and he therefore 
 hastened to Strasburg, where the marshal 
 de Contades relieved his necessities, and 
 enabled him to proceed to Paris, in whicli 
 place he expected the protection of David 
 Hume. With the English philosopher he 
 travelled to London, and found in this 
 country a peaceful residence ; but whilst 
 he fled from persecution the citizen of Ge- 
 neva still longed for celebrity. In England 
 
ROW 
 
 ROW 
 
 be Avas a common man, ami not tho fa- 
 vourite of the people, admired and applaud- 
 ed, and therefore he soon quarrelled with 
 his protector, Hume, and left the kingdom 
 in disgust. He passed through Amiens 
 and returned to Paris, where he was per- 
 mitted to remain, provided he wrote no- 
 thing oft'ensive against religion or the go- 
 vernment. Ever restless and suspicious he 
 now appeared in the Armenian dress, and 
 when flattered by the homage of those who 
 reverenced his abilities, he declared him- 
 self insulted, and began to interpret the 
 approbation of the world as a regular sys- 
 tem of persecution excited against him by 
 men of letters. The last years of his life 
 were spent in the company of a few friends, 
 and while he seemed to condemn the fal- 
 lacy of former opinions, he resigned him- 
 self to the peaceful studies and solitude of 
 declining age. He died of an apoplexy 
 at Ermenonville, the estate of M. de Gi- 
 rardin, 30 miles from Paris, 2d July, 1778, 
 aged 66 ; and in the isle of Poplars, in this 
 beautiful retreat, arc inscribed these words : 
 " Ici repose I'homme de la nature et de la 
 verite ! Vitam impendere vero." Rous- 
 seau, who may be called the Diogenes of 
 modern times, married in 1769, at Bour- 
 goin in Dauphine, a woman of the name of 
 le Vasseur, Avbo, without elegance of man- 
 ners and without mental attainments, ex- 
 ercised over him the most absolute domi- 
 nion. She, however, gave him in return 
 all the attentions of a nurse and of a friend, 
 and accompanied him in all his wanderings 
 at Montmorenci, Geneva, Berne, Motiers, 
 Neufchatel, London, Brienne, Bourgoin, 
 Paris, and Ermenonville. The works of 
 this singular character have been collected 
 ia 33 vols. Svo. and 12mo. His confes- 
 sions were published after his death. His 
 *' Pens6es" have appeared in a separate 
 form, and are valuable, as they exhibit 
 much of the original character of the man, 
 and the most sublime truths of morality 
 and of religion, without the prejudices, the 
 passions, and the absurdities of the misan- 
 thrope. 
 
 Rousseau, Samuel, a learned printer, was 
 born in London, in 1763. He served his 
 apprenticeship in the office of Mr. Nichols, 
 by whom he was occasionally employed in 
 collecting remains of antiquity. While an 
 apprentice and journeyman he made him- 
 self master of the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, 
 Syriac, Persian, and Arabic languages : 
 with some knowledge of the French. Yet 
 these acquisitions did not raise him to in- 
 dependence ; and he died in very indigent 
 circumstances in 18'20. He compiled — 1. 
 Flowers of Persian Literature — 2. Diction- 
 ary of Words used in the East Indies— 3. 
 Persian and English Vocabulary — 4. Grani- 
 mar of the Persian Language : and other 
 works. — ir. B. 
 
 RouiSKL, W illium, a bcncdicliiic of Con- 
 ches in Normandy. He devoted himself to 
 literary pursuits at Kheims, and died at Ar- 
 genteuil, 5th Oct. 1717, aged 5y. He ably 
 translated St. Jerome's 1 setters, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 and began a literary history of France, 
 which was finished by Rivet. 
 
 RoussEL, Peter, a native of Ax in Pa- 
 miers, who took his medical degrees at 
 Montpellier, and was the pupil of tlie great 
 Bordeu. He published Systeme Fhisique 
 et Moral de la Femme, 12mo. a work of 
 great merit, and began a work on the same 
 subject on man. He died at Chateaudun, 
 1803, aged 60, and his eloge was pronounced 
 by his friend Bordeu. 
 
 Roux, Augustin, a native of Gascony, 
 who studied medicine, and took his degrees 
 at Bourdeaux. He published a Treatise on 
 Purifying Liquors — Memoirs of Chymistry 
 — Typographical Annals — New portable 
 Encyclopedic, 2 vols. 8vo. — and also con- 
 tinued Vandermonde's Journal of Medicine. 
 He died 1776, aged 50. 
 
 RowE, Nicholas, an eminent English poet, 
 born at Little Bedfordshire, 1673. From 
 Highgate school he went to W^estminster, 
 under the tuition of the great Busby, and 
 at the age of 16 removed to the Middle 
 Temple. Though his abilities might have 
 raised him to eminence in the law, yet he 
 preferred literature to all other pursuits, 
 and at the age of 25 he produced his first 
 tragedy, " the Ambitious Stepmother," 
 v/hich was received with universal ap- 
 plause. Tamerlane ; the Fair Penitent ; 
 Ulysses ; the Royal Convert ; Jane Shore ; 
 and Lady Jane Gray, succeeded, and with 
 equal approbation ; but the poet found his 
 powers inadequate to the ease and spright- 
 liness of comedy, and his '* Biter" was so 
 little popular that it is not even inserted in 
 his works. His literary fame, made him 
 known to the great ; the duke of Queens- 
 bury, when secretary of state, made him 
 his public secretary, and on the Hanoverian 
 succession he was appointed poet laureat, 
 and land surveyor of the customs of the 
 port of London, and afterwards chancellor 
 Parker's secretary to the presentations, and 
 clerk to the prince of Wales's council. He 
 died 6th Dec. 1718, aged 45, and was in- 
 terred in Westminster abbey, lamented not 
 only by Pope's muse, but by nmny charac- 
 ters of merit and virtue, by whom he was 
 highly esteemed. He translated into verse 
 Lucan's Pharsalia, and Quillet's Callipaidia, 
 and edited Shakspoare's plays, with an ac- 
 count of his life. Rowe is still a popular 
 poet on the stage, and his Jane Shore, as 
 Johnson says, is always seen and heard 
 with pity. Though he does not often ex- 
 cite terror, yet he elevates the sentiments, 
 and though he seldom pierces the breast, 
 he always delights the ear, and often im- 
 proves the understanding. 
 
 565 
 
ROW 
 
 ROW 
 
 Howe, Llizabeth, an English lady, known 
 for her genius and virtues, daughter of Mr. 
 Singer, a dissenting minister, and bom at 
 Ilchester, 11th Sept. 1674. She early dis- 
 played a poetical genius, and in her 22d 
 year were published some of her poems 
 under the title of poems on several occa- 
 sions by Philomela. Her talents and vir- 
 tues rendered her soon a favourite with the 
 public, and among her respectable suiters 
 she had the poet Prior ; but she disregard- 
 ed all applications till 1710, when she gave 
 her hand to Mr. Thomas Rowe, a gentle- 
 man already known for his literary acquire- 
 ments. After his death, which happened 
 1715, and which she recorded in one of her 
 best elegies, she lived in retirement at 
 Frome, in the cultivation of the muses. 
 She died of an apoplexy, 20th Feb. 1736-7. 
 After her death, agreeable to her request, 
 her devotions were published by Dr. Watts, 
 under the title of Devout Exercises of the 
 Heart, &e. and in 1739, appeared her mis- 
 cellaneous works in prose and verse, 2 vols. 
 8vo. These works contain the History of 
 Joseph, a poem — Friendship in Death — 
 Letters Moral, &.c. and enforce by the 
 strongest conviction and the most interest- 
 ing examples, the love of virtue and the 
 practice of every good and benevolent 
 action. 
 
 Rowe, Thomas, the husband of the pre- 
 ceding, was son of Benoni Rowe, a dissent- 
 ing minister. He was born in London, and 
 educated at the Charter-house, and at Ley- 
 den university. In I7l0, two years after 
 his return from the continent, he married 
 Miss Singer, with whom he lived five years 
 in the enjoyment of every domestic com- 
 fort, till a lingering illness put an end to his 
 life. May, 1715, in his 28th year. Among 
 other things he wrote an ode to his wife, 
 some time after his marriage, under the 
 title of Delia, a proof of his love and of her 
 many virtues. He also undertook to give 
 a translation of Plutarch's Lives, but finish- 
 ed only eight. 
 
 Rowe, Thomas, a native of Petherwin, 
 Devonshire, educated at Exeter college, 
 Oxford. He became minister of Litchet, 
 Dorsetshire, but was ejected in 1662, for 
 nonconformity, and afterwards took the 
 care of a dissenting congregation at Wim- 
 born, where he died 1698. He was author 
 of the Christian's Work, &c. 
 
 Rowe, John, an English divine, born at 
 Crediton, Devonshire, and educated at 
 New-Inn-hall, Oxford. He was for some 
 time a popular minister at Witney, Oxford- 
 shire, and then removed to Tiverton, in 
 his native county, and in 1654 settled as 
 preacher in Westminster abbey, from which 
 he was ejected, 1662, for nonconformity. 
 He died I2th October, 1677, and was bu- 
 ried in Bunhill fields. His " Love of 
 Christ," in 30 sermons, are a much es- 
 566 
 
 teemed publication. He wrote besides 
 some practical treatises. 
 
 Rowland, Henry, a native of Anglesey, 
 known for a valuable and interesting histo- 
 ry of his native island, called Mona Re- 
 staurata, in 4to. He was in orders, and 
 died 1722. 
 
 Rowland, David S. congregational mi' 
 nister of Windsor, Connecticut, was born 
 at Fairfield, in that state, in 1719, and 
 graduated at Yale college in 1743. He was 
 first settled in Plainfield, and afterwards at 
 Providence, Rhode-Island, where he re- 
 mained twelve or thirteen years. At the 
 commencement of the revolution he re- 
 moved, and was installed, March 27th, 
 1776, pastor of the first church in Windsor, 
 where he continued, greatly esteemed for 
 his talents, piety, and usefulness, till his 
 death, January 13th, 1794, in the seventy- 
 fifth year of his age, and forty-seventh 
 of his ministry. iCj^ L. 
 
 Rowley, a monk of Bristol, said to have 
 flourished in the 15th century. Some par- 
 ticulars of his writings, either real or ficti- 
 tious, are mentioned under Chatterton. 
 
 Rowley, William, a dramatic writer in 
 the reign of the first Charles, educated at 
 Cambridge. He was the friend of the 
 learned of his own times, and is spoken of 
 with great commendation by Wood. He 
 left five plays, in one of which he was as- 
 sisted by Shakspeare. 
 
 Rowley, Samuel, a dramatic writer in: 
 Charles the first's reign, but of no great ce- 
 lebrity. Two historical plays by him ai-e 
 mentioned, but with little commendation. 
 
 Rowley, William, an eminent physician, 
 descended from an Irish family, born in 
 London, 18th November, 1743. After ap- 
 plying himself to the medical profession, he 
 served in the army, and was at the siege of 
 Belleislc, and at the taking of the Hava- 
 na, and bis conduct was so meritorious 
 that he was employed by the ministry un- 
 der the patronage of lord Keppel to make 
 professional visits to Cuba, and all the lee- 
 ward islands, for which he was honourably 
 rewarded. He settled afterwards in Lon- 
 don, and acquired an extensive practice, 
 but though he was honoured with a doctor's 
 degi'ee from St. Andrews, and had been 
 admitted bachelor of medicine from St. Al- 
 ban's hall, Oxford ; some objections were 
 made in that university to his obtaining 
 the next degree, and he never took it. His 
 publications were respectable in number, 
 and all on medical subjects. Though a 
 man of great observation and of extensive 
 experience, it is remarkable that either 
 from the love of singularity, or from preju- 
 dice, he opposed the vaccine inoculation, 
 and thus impeded by the weight of his au- 
 thority the adoption of a system which bids 
 fair to extirpate one of the greatest scourgCr 
 
ROY 
 
 RL'B 
 
 3f the human race. This excellent man, 
 nhose humanity and benevolence were as 
 conspicuous as his medical reputation was 
 extensive, died 17th March, 1806, and was 
 privately buried in St. James's chapel, Tot- 
 tenham court road. 
 
 RowNiNG, John, an able mathematician, 
 fellow of Magdalen college, Cambridge, 
 and afterwards rector of Anderby, Lincoln- 
 shire. He died in Carey-street, London, 
 November, 1771, aged 72. His compen- 
 dious system of natural philosophy, 2 vols. 
 8vo. is a popular work, and has often been 
 reprinted, and was once a standing class- 
 book at Cambridge. 
 
 RoxANA, a Persian lady of great beauty, 
 whom Alexander took for his wife, and at 
 his death left pregnant. Her son Alexan- 
 der was cruelly murdered by Cassander, 
 and she shai-ed his fate. 
 
 Roxburgh, William, a physician and 
 botanist, was born at Craigie, in Ayrshire, 
 in 1759. He received his education at 
 Edinburgh, where he served his time as a 
 surgeon ; after which he went to India, 
 and settled at Madras. Having communi- 
 cated several papers on natural history to 
 the Royal Society, he was appointed keeper 
 of the botanical garden at Calcutta, where 
 he formed an intimacy with Sir William 
 Jones, and became a member of the Asiatic 
 Society, whose volumes exhibited abun- 
 dant proofs of his talents. Dr. Roxburgh 
 made several important discoveries, parti- 
 cularly in the colouring matter of the lacca 
 insect, and the cultivation of hemp in Ben- 
 gal , for which he received three gold me- 
 dals from the Society of Arts. He died 
 at Edinburgh in 1815. His other works 
 are — 1. Plants of the coasts of Coromandel, 
 2 vols. 4to. 2. Botanical Description of 
 Swieteniae, 4to. 3. An Essay on the Natu- 
 ral Order of the Scitamineae, 4to. — W.B. 
 
 Roy, Julian le, a native of Tours, who, 
 from his earliest years showed great me- 
 chanical knowledge. He came to Paris at 
 the age of 18, and in 1713, was admitted 
 into the society of clock-makers. He 
 raised his profession to the highest pitch 
 of excellence, and his watches acquired the 
 same celebrity in France, as those of 
 Graham in England. He died at Paris, 
 20th Sept. 1759, aged 74, leaving four sons. 
 Peter the eldest was watch-maker to the 
 king, and published Memoirs for the Clock- 
 Makers of Paris, 4to. — Etrennes Chrono- 
 metriques — treatise on the Labours of Har- 
 rison and le Roy for the discovery of Lon- 
 gitude at Sea, 4to. — Letter to M. de Ma- 
 rivetz. He died 1785. Julian David, an- 
 other son, was member of the national in- 
 stitute, and became professor of architec- 
 tecture. He travelled over Greece and 
 other countries, and published Ruins of the 
 Finest Monuments of Greece, fol. a work 
 of merit — History of the Construction of 
 
 Christian Temples, Svo.— Observations on 
 the Edifices of the Ancients— on the Ma- 
 rine, Ships, Sails, kc. of the Ancients. He 
 died of an apoplexy at the end of Jan. 
 1803, aged 75. 
 
 RoYSE, George, D.D. an English divine, 
 born atMartock, Somersetshire, 1G55, and 
 educated at Edmund hall, Oxford. He 
 became fellow of Oriel college, and was 
 afterwards chaplain to king William, and 
 to Tillotson the primate, who gave him 
 Newington Rectory, Oxfordshire. He was 
 elected provost of Oriel 1690, and after- 
 wards was made dean of Bristol, and died 
 April, 1708. 
 
 RoYSE, John, A.M. a popular preacher 
 under Cromwell, educated at Pembroke 
 hall, Cambridge. He was ejected in 1662, 
 and died the next year. His " Spirit's 
 Touch Stone" is admired. 
 
 RozEE, N. a native of Leyden. She 
 excelled in the use of the pencil, but in the 
 finishing of her pictures she applied, in- 
 stead of colours, silk floss on the ground, 
 which she disposed with the highest effect, 
 and with the most correct taste. Her 
 landscapes, portraits, and historical pieces, 
 all finished in this delicate manner, arc 
 much admired. She died 16S2, aged 50. 
 
 RoziER, Francis, an eminent agricultu- 
 rist, born at Lyons, 24th Jan. 1734. 
 Though he embraced the ecclesiastical pro- 
 fession, and became doctor in divinity, and 
 prior of Nanteuil, he devoted himself 
 deeply to the study of his favourite science, 
 and to botany, chymistry, and natural his- 
 tory. At Paris, he was noticed by the 
 great and the powerful, but he sought for 
 retirement at Bezieres, where he composed 
 and finished his valuable course of agricul- 
 ture in 10 vols. 4to. In 1788, he returned 
 to Lyons, where the academy admitted him 
 among its most honourable members. 
 During the revolution he showed himself 
 firm and moderate, but when Lyons was 
 besieged a bomb fell on his bed while he 
 was asleep, and buried his shattered limbs 
 among the ruins of the house, 29th Sept. 
 1793. He wrote besides Memoirs on 
 making Wine, on Mills and Presses, and 
 other useful works on agricultui'al and com- 
 mercial subjects. 
 
 Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, a celebrated 
 painter, born at Cologne, 1577, He stu- 
 died at Antwerp, from which for a time the 
 civil wars had driven his family ; but while 
 he applied to the belles lettres, he display- 
 ed a strong partiality for the art of design- 
 ing. This taste was happily promoted, and 
 after receiving instruction from the best 
 Flemish masters he went to Italy, where 
 he greatly improved himself, especially by 
 studying accurately the colouring of Titian, 
 and all the striking beauties of Julio Ro- 
 mano, of Raphael and other illustrious 
 painters. After an absence of seven years 
 
 567 
 
KUD 
 
 RUF 
 
 spent in viewing the cabinets of Italy, Le 
 returned to Antwerp, where he took a wife, 
 whom after four years of domestic happi- 
 ness he lost. He afterwards took a second 
 wife of great beauty, whose personal 
 charms it is said, he transfused into his 
 paintings. The fame of his great talents 
 soon spread over Europe, and he was de- 
 servedly courted by great men and princes. 
 He was invited to Paris by Mary de Medicis 
 to paint the Luxemburg gallery, and he be- 
 came such a favourite with the infanta Isa- 
 bella of Spain, that she sent him as her 
 ambassador to England to negotiate a peace 
 in 1630. During his residence in England, 
 he painted the Banqueting house, and was 
 much noticed by Buckingham, and also by 
 Charles I. wbo knighted him. On his re- 
 turn to Spain he was honourably received 
 by Philip IV. and made secretary of state 
 in Flanders. He died 1640, leaving an 
 immense fortune behind him. His el- 
 dest son Albert succeeded him as secretary 
 in Flanders. Rubens was deservedly held 
 in high esteem, and it is said that few per- 
 sons passed through Flanders without see- 
 ing a man of whose talents and great repu- 
 tation they had heard so much. Of his 
 many pupils Vandyke acquired the greatest 
 celebrity. 
 
 Rubens, Albert, son of the above, was 
 born at Antwerp, 1614, and gained the es- 
 teem of the archduke Leopold William, go- 
 vernor of the Low Countries, by his vir- 
 tues and intelligence. He wrote de Re 
 Vestiarii Veterum, prsecipue de Lato Clavo 
 — Diatribae de Gemma, Tiberian^, Augus- 
 taea, &.c. — Regum et Imperatorum Roman. 
 Numismata, fol. — de Vit^ Flavii Manii 
 Theodori, 12mo. He died 1657. 
 
 RuccELLAi, John, a native of Florence, 
 of illustrious birth. He embraced the ec- 
 clesiastical state, and was sent by Leo X. 
 his relation, as ambassador to Francis I. 
 but the death of that pope cut off his hopes 
 of obtaining the purple, though the next 
 pontiff, Clement VII. appointed him go- 
 vernor of St. Angelo. He died in ob- 
 scurity about 1526, aged 50. He wrote 
 Rosamonde, and Orestes, tragedies, and 
 the Bees, a poem of merit in blank verse, 
 translated into French by Pingeron. 
 
 RuccELLAi, Bernard, a native of Flo- 
 rence, in the 15th century, author of Bel- 
 lum Italicum, printed, London, 1733, in 
 4to. &c. Another of the same family Avho 
 embraced the ecclesiastical profession and 
 obtained considerable benefices from the 
 pope. His intimacy with the pope raised 
 him enemies, and he left Italy and retired 
 to France, where he lived in the most effe- 
 minate and sumptuous manner. He died 
 at Montpellier, 22d Oct. 1622. 
 
 RuDBECK, Olaus, professor of medicine 
 hX Upsal, wrote Excercitatio Anatomica, 
 568 
 
 4to. — Atlantica, sive Manheim Vera Ja- 
 pheti Posterorum Sedes ac Patera, 3 vols, 
 fol. with an Atlas — Leges West-Gothicae, 
 fol. — collection of Plants on Plates, 2 vols, 
 fol. — Laponia Illustrata, et iter per Upland, 
 4to. — Dissertation on the Bird called Selai 
 in the Bible, &c. He died 1702, aged 73. 
 His son of the same name was also an emi- 
 nent physician, and published Dissertatio 
 de Hedera — a Catalogue of the Plants of 
 Laplard — Specimen Linguae Gothicae, 4to. 
 
 RuDDiMAN, Thomas, a learned Scotch- 
 man, born in Aberdeenshire, 1684, and 
 educated at Aberdeen. He was made 
 oversee;- of the king's printing-house, Edin- 
 burgh, and for near fifty years continued 
 keeper of the advocates' library there, and 
 distinguished himself for the many valuable 
 books which he edited. He was strongly 
 attached to the Stuart family, and there- 
 fore opposed the revolution. His Diploma- 
 ta et Numismata Scotiae, are admired, but 
 particularly his excellent Latin grammar, 
 with valuable notes. He died at Edin- 
 burgh, 1757, aged 84. 
 
 RuDiNG, Rogers, an English divine, was 
 born at Leicester, Aug. 9,1751. Hebe- 
 came fellow of Merton college, Oxford, 
 where he took the degree of bachelor of 
 divinity in 1782. In 1773, he was presented 
 to the college living of Meldun in Surrey, 
 and soon after he was elected a fellow of 
 the society of antiquaries, to whose archaeo- 
 logia he was a contributor. He published 
 " Annals of the coinage of Britain, and 
 its dependencies," in 4 vols. 4to. He died 
 in 1820.— ir.^. 
 
 Rue, Charles de la, a French orator and 
 poet, born at Paris, 1643. He was edu- 
 cated among the Jesuits, and distinguish- 
 ed himself as a professor of belles lettres 
 and rhetoric, and as an eloquent preacher. 
 He published in 1667, the Conquests of 
 Lewis XIV. a Latin poem, which Corneille 
 translated into French with many high com- 
 mendations of the original author. He 
 was among the editors of the Dauphin 
 classics, and published Virgil. He wrote 
 also tragedies in Latin and French, which 
 possessed great merit, besides 3 vols., of 
 sermons, and died 1725, aged 82. 
 
 Rue, Charles de la, a Benedictine monk, 
 born 1685. He was very learned in Greek 
 and Hebrew, and became the friend and 
 associate of Montfaucon, and by his ad- 
 vice published the works of Origen, in 3 
 vols. fol. He died 1739. 
 
 RuFFHEAD, Owen, an English writer. 
 He published the life of Pope — a collection 
 of statutes at large — and other works, and 
 died 1769. 
 
 RuFFi, Anthony de, a learned counsellor 
 of Marseiles. He is author of an History 
 of Marseilles, 2 vols. fol. which was con- 
 tinued by his son Louis Anthony, He 
 
RUll 
 
 JILAI 
 
 wrote besides, the History of the Generals 
 of the Galleys, &c. lie died 1689, aged 
 82, and his son 1724, aged 07. 
 
 RuFiNUS, a father of the ehurch. lie 
 tvas born at Aquileia, and was the friend 
 and afterwards the antagonist of St. Je- 
 rome. He died in Sicily 410. Besides a 
 Latin translation of Josephus, and of some 
 of the works of Origcn, he wrote the lives 
 of some of the fathers of the desert, &.c. 
 
 RuFus, Kphesius, an ancient Greek 
 anatomical writer in Trajan's reign. He 
 was considered as an able physician, but 
 his works have all perished, and only the 
 Greek names of the parts of the body are 
 preserved from his writings. He wrote 
 treatises on the Diseases of the Reins and 
 Bladder — on the Bile, &c. 
 
 RuGENDAs, George Philip, a native of 
 Augsburg, celebrated as a painter. He 
 painted with his left hand. He chiefly ex- 
 celled in the representations of battles, 
 sieges, and in historical pieces, and died 
 1742, aged 76. 
 
 RuGGLE, George, an English writer, fel- 
 low of Clare-hall, Cambridge. He wrote Ig- 
 noramus, a Latin comedy of some merit, 
 performed with great applause in the uni- 
 versity before James I. 1014. He died 
 about 1640. 
 
 RuGGLES, Timothy, a brigadier general, 
 under general Amherst, in the expedition 
 against Canada, was born at Rochester, 
 Massachusetts, October 11th, 1711, and 
 graduated at Harvard college, in 1732. 
 He established himself as a lawyer first 
 at Sandwich, and afterwards at Hard- 
 wick, and attained to high respecta- 
 bility in the profession. He served as a 
 brigadier general in the French war, and 
 was second in command in the battle with 
 Dieskaw. In 1756, he was appointed a 
 judge of the court of common pleas for 
 Worcester, and in 1762, chief justice, and 
 held the office till the revolution, when he 
 joined the royal party, and left the state. 
 He had been for many years a member of 
 the legislature, and possessed a large share 
 of influence, and was in 1765 sent a de- 
 legate to the congress, which met at New- 
 York, but refused to concur in the mea- 
 sure adopted by it, for which he was re- 
 primanded by order of the legislature. 
 After the war he resided in Nova Scotia, 
 and died in 1798. |::3^ L. 
 
 RuuNKENius, David, a native of Stolp 
 in Pomerania, who became professor of 
 belles lettres and history, and librarian, in 
 Leyden university. He died 14th May, 
 1798, aged 75. He wrote Epistolaj Critica; 
 in Hesiodi et Homeri Hymnos — de Vita 
 et Scriptis Longini— Timaei Sophistise 
 Lexicon — Historia Critica Oratorum Grse- 
 corum, 2 vols. Svo. — Editions of V. Pater- 
 culus, Rutilius Lupus, &c. The life of this 
 able and learned critic has been published 
 by VVyttenbach. 
 
 Vor., II. 
 
 7-2 
 
 RuiNART, Thierry, a Ecn^diclino monk. 
 born at Kheims, 1057. He was an able 
 theologian, and was the associate of Ma- 
 billon, in his literary labours. He was 
 author of tlie Acts of tbe .Martyrs of the 
 Four first centuries, 4to. — History of the 
 Persecution of the Vandals, 4to.— the Life 
 of Mubillon — the Life of Pope Urban V. 
 besides an edition of (Gregory of Tours 
 He died 1709. 
 
 Rule, Gilbert, a native of Elgin, edu- 
 cated at Aberdeen, where he becanie pro- 
 fessor of philosophy. He was, in 1059, 
 made principal of his college ; but was 
 ejected two years after for nonconformity, 
 after which he went to Leyden, and took 
 his degrees in medicine. At the revolu- 
 tion he was appointed principal of the uni- 
 versity of Edinburgh, and died there 1705, 
 aged 77. He wrote some pieces in defence 
 of his nonconformity, and against episco- 
 pacy, of little merit. Some specimens of 
 his pulpit oratory are preserved in the 
 Scotch presbyterian eloquence. 
 
 RuLHiERES, N. de, a learned French- 
 man, secretary to the French ambassador 
 I'Hopital in Russia, when Peter III. w^ 
 hurled from his throne. He published a 
 short but very interesting account of this 
 extraordinary event, and afterwards gave 
 a history of the revolution in Poland. He 
 was preparing an account of the French 
 revolution, when he died suddenly, 30th 
 Jan. 1791. He wrote besides a pamphlet 
 of great merit, on the Protestants of 
 France, and two poems on Disputes — les 
 Jeux des Mains. Two volumes of his post- 
 humous works appeared l2mo. 1791. 
 
 RuLLAND, Martin, a physician of Frei- 
 singen in Bavaria, professor of medicine at 
 Lawingen in Swabia, and physician to Ro- 
 dolphus II. He wrote Medica Practica — 
 Appendix de Dosibus, &c. — Thesaurus Ru- 
 landinus — Lexicon Alchymiae — Hydriatica, 
 or a treatise on Mineral Waters. He died 
 at Prague, 1602, aged 70. His son Martin 
 was born at Lawingen, and became physi- 
 cian to the emperor, and died at Prague, 
 1611, aged 52. He wrote some medical 
 tracts. 
 
 RuMPHics, George Everard, doctor of 
 medicine in Hanau university, became con- 
 sul at Amboyna, and paid there particular 
 attention to botanical pursuits. Though he 
 had the misfortune to lose his sight at the 
 age of 43, he yet followed his favourite stu- 
 dies, and by the delicate powers of his taste 
 and of his smell, he still distinguished all 
 the varieties of plants. His learned labours 
 were presented to the public in 1755, with 
 a supplement by John Burmann, in 6 vols, 
 fol. He published besides, Imagines Pis- 
 cium Testaceorum, fol. 1711, and Political 
 History of Amboyna. 
 
 RuMSEY, James, an ingenious mechanic 
 of Berkley county, Virginia, who invented 
 a method of employing steam in navigation, 
 
 •569 
 
RUR 
 
 KUS 
 
 ill 17S2, and obtained a patent (oy it IVom 
 Virginia, in 1787. In 1784 he published a 
 treatise on the subject in controversy with 
 John Fitch, who claimed to have also about 
 the same time discovered a method of pro- 
 pelling vessels by steam. Rumsey's method 
 was carried into effect on a small scale 
 both in the United States and England, but 
 did not succeed. He died at Philadelphia, 
 while publicly delivering a description of his 
 invention. Fitch also, whose invention 
 was subsequent to Rumsey's, obtained a 
 patent for it from Virginia in 1788, and 
 made a trial of it on the Delaware. But it 
 was equally unsuccessful. |C3^ L. 
 
 RuNDLE, Thomas, a learned prelate, edu- 
 cated at Exeter college, Oxford, where he 
 took the degree of LL.D. 1723. The 
 friendship of lord Talbot, to whom he was 
 chaplain, procured him preferment, and he 
 became archdeacon of Wilts, treasurer of 
 Sarum, rector of Sedgefield, and preben- 
 dary of Durham, which he exchanged in 
 1735, for the see of Derry. He was the 
 intimate friend of the learned and of the 
 >>olite in his agp. A volume of his letters 
 has been printed. He died 1743. 
 
 RuNNiNGTON, Charlcs, sergeant at law, 
 was born in Hertfordshire, in 1751. His 
 education was private, and in 1768 he was 
 placed with a special pleader, who em- 
 ployed him in a digest of the law of Eng- 
 land. In 1778 he was called to the bar, and 
 in 1787 to the degree of sergeant at law. 
 In 1815, he was appointed commissioner 
 for the relief of insolvent debtors, which 
 office he resigned in 1819. He died at 
 Brighton, Jan. 18, 1821. Sergeant Run- 
 nington published— 1. Hale's History of 
 the Common Law, 2 vols. 2. Gilbert's Law 
 of Ejectments, 8vo. 3. Rufihead's Statutes 
 at large, 4 vols. 4to. 4. History of the Legal 
 llemedy by Ejectment, and the resulting ac- 
 tion for Mesne Process, 8vo. — W. B. 
 
 Rupert, Prince, son of Frederic king of 
 Bohemia, and Elizabeth daughter of James 
 I. visited England at the beginning of the 
 civil wars, and as he had acquired some mi- 
 litary knowledge abroad, he was intrusted 
 by Charles with the command of some of 
 his armies, and behaved with spirit and 
 address. Under the second Charles he was 
 placed at the head of the navy, and de- 
 feated the Dutch fleet in 1673. In the midst 
 of his military engagements he paid particu- 
 lar attention to the arts and sciences, he 
 was fond of chymistry, and from the acci- 
 dental observation of a soldier scraping his 
 rusty gun he invented mezzotinto printing, 
 of which he himself executed the first spcr 
 cimen, still to be seen in Evelyn Sculptura, 
 first edition. This gallant prince died 1632. 
 
 RuREMOND, John William de, a French 
 
 fanatic. He believed himself to be inspired 
 
 in 1580, and commissioned by heaven to 
 
 restore the tenets of the anabaptists of 
 
 570 
 
 Munstcr, and for a while he collected ad- 
 herents around him, by encouraging them 
 to pillage the rich, whose property he re- 
 garded as common to the disciples of 
 Christ, and by permitting them polygamy. 
 He was at last seized, and by order of the 
 duke of Cleves condemned to be burnt by 
 a slow fire. He suffered the punishment 
 with astonishing fortitude, and two of hjs 
 wives, imitating his example, shared his 
 fate with the same obstinate indifference. 
 
 RuscELLi, Jerome, a native of Viterbo, 
 educated at Venice. He was eminent for 
 his learning, and published Rimario, or a 
 dictionary of Rhymes — Imprese Illustri, or 
 Illustrious Coats of Arms, &c. and died at 
 Rome, 1565. 
 
 Rush, Benjamin, M.D. LL.D. a distin- 
 guished American physician, was born Ja- 
 nuary 6th, 1745, near Bristol, about twelve 
 miles from Philadelphia. His father died 
 while he was young, and left him to the 
 care of an intelligent and pious mother, 
 who gave him a virtuous education. At the 
 age of eight or nine years he was placed 
 under the tuition of Dr. Samuel Finley, 
 afterwards president of the college at 
 Princeton, and after becoming accomplish- 
 ed in the knowledge of Latin and Greek, he 
 entered that institution, then under the 
 care of president Davies, and was gradua- 
 ted in 1760. The next succeeding six 
 years he devoted to the study of medicine, 
 under the direction of Dr. John Redman, 
 of Philadelphia. He there embarked for 
 Europe, and attended the medical lectures 
 at the University of Edinburgh for two 
 years, and afterwards spent some time at 
 the hospitals in London. In 1769 he re- 
 turned to America, with qualifications for 
 his profession seldom equalled, and com- 
 menced the practice of physic in Philadel- 
 phia, where his superior talents and learn- 
 ing, and highly amiable and engaging man- 
 ners, soon procured him extensive practice. 
 Not long after his establishment there he 
 was appointed professor of chymistry in 
 the medical school in that city. In 1789 
 he became professor of the theory and 
 practice of medicine ; in 1791 of the insti- 
 tutes of medicine and clinical practice ; and 
 in 1805 was chosen to the united profes- 
 sorships of the theory and practice of me- 
 dicine, and of clinical medicine, which he 
 held the remainder of his life, On the com- 
 mencement of the contest with Great Bri- 
 tain, Dr. Rush entered with warmth into 
 the defence of the rights of the colonies, 
 and in 1776 was elected a member of con- 
 gress, and signed the declaration of inde- 
 pendence. In April of the next year he 
 was appointed surgeon-general of the mili- 
 tary hospitals of the middle department ; 
 but, preferring the place of physician-gene- 
 ral, for which his studies had better quali- 
 fied him, he was transferred to that statioii 
 
RUS 
 
 KtS 
 
 in July. He resigned that ofllce in 177S, 
 and after employing bis influence to pro- 
 mote the establishment of a new constitu- 
 tion in Pennsylvania, and serving as a 
 member in the convention of that state, 
 which ratified the constitution of the Uni- 
 ted States, retired from political life, and 
 devoted himself to medical studies. He 
 had before this period published several 
 medical tracts, and he continued for 
 many years to add frequently to their 
 number. In 1798 he collected his works 
 relating to medicine, and published them 
 in five volumes. They were republish- 
 ed in 1804, in four volumes, and again 
 in 1809. His volume on diseases of the 
 mind he gave to the world in 1812. He 
 died on the l8th of April, 1813, in the 
 sixty-ninth year of his age. Dr. Rush 
 was one of the greatest and best men 
 who have adorned his country. He pos- 
 sessed an acute and rapid perception, 
 a discriminating judgment, a brilliant 
 imagination, a retentive memory, and a 
 cultivated taste. He was a most assidu- 
 ous and persevering student ; his know- 
 ledge was various and profound, and he 
 eminently excelled in the several depart- 
 ments of his profession, both as a practi- 
 tioner and lecturer. His writings are a 
 noble monument of his genius. His inves- 
 tigations were characterized by great inde- 
 pendence and originality. He added many 
 important facts to the science of medicipe, 
 and was peculiarly felicitous in his method 
 of describing diseases. His woi'ks enjoyed 
 an uncommonly extensive circulation, and 
 gave him a rank in the estimation of fo- 
 reigners, as well as his own countrymen, 
 among the greatest men who have adorned 
 his profession. In private life he was dis- 
 tinguished by amiableness, modesty, up- 
 rightness, affability, uncommon powers of 
 conversation, great punctuality to his en- 
 gagements, and great philanthropy ; and 
 he enjoyed to a remarkable degree the con- 
 fidence, esteem, and admiration of all 
 around him. To those characteristics he 
 also added, in an eminent degree, the vir- 
 tues of an enlightened and practical Chris- 
 tian. [tT L. 
 
 RusHwoRTH, John, a learned English- 
 man, born in Northumberland, 1607, and 
 educated at Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn, 
 where he was called to the bai*. He was 
 very expert as a short-hand writer, and in 
 consequence of his great dexterity was em- 
 ployed to minute down the particulars of 
 the most important debates and causes in 
 parliament, and in the courts of justice. He 
 was, in 1640, appointed joint clerk to the 
 house of commons, and afterwards at- 
 tended his relation, general Fairfax, as his 
 secretary. In 1658 he was chosen mem- 
 ber for Berwick, and also in 1660, and 
 1678, and the next year, and he vccom- 
 
 mended hlin.seir to (he king's r.ivoMr, by 
 presenting to him some valuable records of 
 the privy council, which he had preserved 
 during the civil wars. Either through ex- 
 travagance or carelessness, he uus impri- 
 soned in the king's bench, and died there 
 alter six years' conlinement, 12lb May, 
 1690. His historical collections of private 
 passages in state, &c. appeared at \ariou.s 
 times, in 7 vols. fol. and were reprinted iu 
 1721, with an additional volume. The 
 work is generally considered as too fa- 
 vourable to the republican party, and thence 
 he was accused of untruths, and of libelling 
 the government, by Dr. John Nalson of 
 Cambridge, who published in opposition, a 
 collection of the affairs of state, &c. 
 
 RussEL, Alexander, physician to tlie 
 English factory at Aleppo, was born and 
 educated at Edinburgh. During his resi- 
 dence in Turkey, he applied himself to ac- 
 quire the knowledge of the language, and 
 gained great celebrity by his medical abi- 
 lities, which procured him the patronage 
 and friendship of the pacha of Aleppo. He 
 returned to Europe in 1759, and was elecC- 
 ed physician of St. Thomas's hospital, Lon- 
 don. His history of Aleppo has been con- 
 sidered as a valuable performance, which 
 has been translated into various languages. 
 He died in London, 1770. 
 
 RussEL, Richard, an eminent physician, 
 author of a popular treatise on the virtues 
 of sea water. He died 1768. 
 
 RussEL, lord William, third son of Wil- 
 liam, the first duke of Bedford, was bom 
 about 1641. He obtained a seat in the 
 House of Commons under Charles II. and 
 distinguished himself as a violent opposev 
 of the succession of the duke of York 
 to the throne. His conduct was regarded 
 by the court with a jealous eye, and at last 
 he was arrested as guilty of treasonable 
 practices, in conjunction with the duke of 
 Monmouth, and condemned to death. He 
 was beheaded in Lincoln's Inn fields, 21st 
 July, 1683. After the revolution his sen- 
 tence was revised, and an act passed to ex- 
 amine who were the authors of his death. 
 He had married, in 1667, Rachel, second 
 daughter of Thomas Wriotesley, earl of 
 Southampton, widow of lord Vaughan, a 
 woman of great merit and piety. When 
 she heard of his condemnation, she threw 
 herself at the king's feet, but she implored 
 in vain : Charles was inexorable, and she 
 immediately went to the Tower, and em- 
 ployed all the powers of affection and elo- 
 quence in exhorting her husband to support 
 the dignity of his character, and to die with 
 heroic resolution, and all the firmness of a 
 Christian. She parted from him on the 
 day of his execution, and he, turning from 
 her, exclaimed, " the bitterness of death is 
 now past." This excellent woman conti- 
 nued a widow till her d(?ath, 1723, at the 
 
KUT 
 
 RUT 
 
 age of S7, and she had the consolation to 
 see her second son succeed to the honours 
 and to the estates of the Bedford family. 
 The letters which passed between her and 
 her husband have been published, and dis- 
 play, in the strongest features, the charac- 
 ters of a man of upright integrity, and of a 
 •woman of the most generous heart, and the 
 most affectionate sentiments. 
 
 RussEL, Elizabeth, lady, daughter of sir 
 Anthony Cooke, married sir Thomas Hob- 
 bey, who died 1566, and afterwards lord 
 John Russel, son and heir of Francis, the 
 second earl of Bedford. By her second 
 Lusband, who died 1584, she had one son 
 and two daughters, Anne and Elizabeth, 
 the last of whom was buried in Westmin- 
 ster abbey, where a statue on her monu- 
 ment seems to indicate that she died in 
 consequence of pricking her finger with a 
 needle. Lady Russel was a woman of a 
 well-cultivated mind, and fond of literature. 
 She translated from the French a religious 
 book on the Sacrament, printed 1605. She 
 died about 1600, aged 71. 
 
 Russell, Chambers, a judge of the su- 
 preme court of Massachusetts, was the son 
 of the Hon. Daniel Russell, a member of 
 the council and impost officer of Massa- 
 chusetts, by a daughter of the Hon. 
 Charles Chambers. He was graduated at 
 Harvard college, in 1731. In 1747 he 
 succeeded Mr. Auchmuty as judge of the 
 admiralty court, and died at Dover in Eng- 
 land, in 1766. The family of Russells was 
 one of the first rank and respectability in 
 Massachusetts. Richard Russell, the an- 
 cestor who came first to America, was 
 from Herefordshire in England. He was 
 treasurer, and a magistrate of the province, 
 in 1659. His son, grandson, and two 
 great grandsons Avere members of the 
 council. iC3^ L. 
 
 Russell, Thomas, who died in Boston, 
 in 1796, was a descendant of the above. 
 He was a merchant, and a member of the 
 rouncil. The first American ship employed 
 in the Russian trade was owned by him. 
 His wife was a daughter of colonel Watson, 
 of Plymouth, and after his death the lady 
 of sir Grenviile Temple. r CIP' L. 
 
 Rust, George, a fellow of Christ college, 
 Cambridge, who, by the friendship of Je- 
 remy Taylor, became dean of Connor, and 
 afterwards was raised to the see of Dro- 
 more. He died 1670, author of a discourse 
 on Truth — a sermon, preached at the fune- 
 ral of his friend bishop Taylor, and other 
 religious pieces. 
 
 Ruth, a woman of Moab, who married 
 Mahlon, and afterwards Boaz, by whom 
 she had Obed, the father of Jesse, and thus 
 became the progenitor of the royal race of 
 David. Her history is supposed to be writ- 
 ten by Samuel, in a simple, pleasing, chaste, 
 ^Tjd interesting style, and it fonns a con- 
 572 
 
 nexion between the book of Judges, and 
 the first of Samuel. 
 
 RuTHERFORTH, Thomas, a learned di- 
 vine, born at Papworth-Everard, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, 13th Oct. 1713, and educated 
 at St. John's, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He was afterwards professor 
 of divinity to the university, rector of 
 Shenfield, Essex, and Barley, Herts, and 
 archdeacon of Essex. He wrote a System 
 of Natural Philosophy, 2 vols. 4to — Insti- 
 tutes of Natural Law, 2 vols. 8vo. — some 
 sermons — charges, &c. besides an Expla- 
 nation of Plutarch's Description of the In- 
 strument used to renew the Vestal fife, 
 communicated to the Spalding society. He 
 died Oct. 5th, 1771. 
 
 RuTiLiA, a Roman lady, the wife of M. 
 Aur. Cotta, celebrated by Seneca, as a wo- 
 man of great virtue. 
 
 RuTiLius RuFus, Publius, a Roman con- 
 sul, banished about 105 B. C. by the 
 knights, through envy. He was honoura- 
 bly received wherever he went in his exile, 
 in Asia. 
 
 RuTiLius, Claudius, a native of Tou- 
 louse, in the fifth century, who wrote a 
 Latin Itinerary, in elegiac verse. It has 
 appeared at Amsterdam, 1687, in 12mo. 
 
 RuTLEDGE, John, govemor of South 
 Carolina, was distinguished for talents and 
 patriotism, and for vigorous efforts in sup- 
 port of the liberties of the country during 
 the war of the revolution. He was elected 
 a member of the congress of 1774 ; and 
 when the temporary constitution of South 
 Carolina was established in 1776, was ap- 
 pointed president and commander-in-chief 
 of the colony. He continued in the office 
 till the formation of the new constitution in 
 1778. The following year he was chosen 
 governor, and retained the office till 1782, 
 making the most strenuous and judicious 
 exertions in opposition to the British for- 
 ces which ravaged Carolina during that 
 period. He was conspicuous for eloquence, 
 decision of character, and integrity ; and 
 equally an ornament and a blessing to the 
 colony and nation. He died on the 23d 
 January, ISOO. (CT L. 
 
 RuTLEDGE, Edward, whose name is af- 
 fixed to the declaration of American inde- 
 pendence, was born in Charleston, South 
 Carolina, in November, 1749, and after re- 
 ceiving a classical education, and obtaining 
 some knowledge of law, went to England in 
 1769, and completed his preparation for the 
 bar in the temple. He returned in 1773, 
 and entered on the profession. He was 
 elected in 1774 a member of congress, and 
 repeatedly afterwards , and was a highlf 
 respectable member of that body. Being 
 prevented by sickness from attending the 
 session in 1779, he was at Charleston, 
 when the British attacked the place thaf 
 year, and had a command in the militia 
 
1<UV 
 
 ML 
 
 which opposed them. He afterwards re- 
 sumed his profession, and was long one of 
 the most respectable at the bar, and one of 
 the leading members of the legislature of 
 South Carolina. In 1798 he was elected 
 governor of the state. He died January 
 23d, 1800, in his fiftieth year. His dispo- 
 sitions were amiable, and his manners po- 
 lished ; he conducted his professional busi- 
 ness with great integrity, and was a popu- 
 lar speaker. lU' L. 
 
 RuYSCH, Frederic, a famous Dutcb ana- 
 tomist, born at the Hague, 1638. He stu- 
 died at Leyden and Franeker, and then set- 
 tled at the Hague, which he left on an ho- 
 nourable invitation to become anatomical 
 professor at Amsterdam. Here he devoted 
 himself with indefatigable industry, in the 
 dissection and examination of the various 
 parts of the human body, and made a most 
 valuable collection of natural curiosities, 
 which he was prevailed upon to present, for 
 30,000 florins, to the Czar Peter, when he 
 visited Amsterdam, and honoured the pro- 
 fessor with his notice and esteem. His 
 anatomical works, which are veiy valua- 
 ble, appeared in 4 vols. 4to. He was mem- 
 ber of the London royal society, and of the 
 Paris academy of sciences, and died Feb. 
 22d, 1731, aged 93. His son Henry, who 
 died before him, was also an able aualonriist, 
 ftnd published Theatrum Universale omni- 
 um Animahum, &c. 2 vols. fol. 1718. 
 
 RuTSDALL, Jacob, a famous landscape 
 painter, born at Haerlem, 1636. His 
 banks of rivers, cascades, hilly grounds, 
 woods, and groves, display great correct- 
 ness, and all the animated beauties of 
 nature. He died 1681. He had a brother, 
 Solomon, equally known as a painter, 
 though of inferior merit. He died at Haer- 
 lem, 1670. 
 
 RuTTER, Micliael Adrian, a famous Dutch 
 admiral, born at Flushing in Zealand, 1607. 
 At the age of 11 he began his military ca- 
 reer, and after various services, after going 
 eight times to the West Indies, and twice 
 to the Brazils, he was made admiral in 
 1641. He assisted the Portuguese against 
 the Spaniards with great braveiy, and af- 
 terwards went to the port of Salee, on 
 the Barbarj' coast, where he defeated a 
 superior force of Algerine corsairs. In 
 1653 he was second in command to Van 
 Tromp in the three battles fought against 
 the English, and two years after he display- 
 ed his valour against the Turks in the Me- 
 diterranean. His services to Denmark 
 against the Swedes in 1659, procured to 
 him a liberal pension from the king, and 
 the honours of nobility. His next expedi- 
 tion was against the combined fleets of 
 England and France in 1672, where he 
 upheld his former character of bravery and 
 intrepidity, and the next year he was en- 
 2;aged again in three battles with the same 
 
 hostile squadrons. He was in 1676 in the 
 Mediterranean, and in an engagement with 
 the French fleet before Sicily, he unfortu- 
 nately received a wound, which proved fa- 
 tal a few days after. His death was la- 
 mented not only by his nation, but even 
 Lewis XIV. expressed his sorrow at the 
 fate of a man who had carried personal 
 bravery and cool presence of mind to so 
 high a pitch. 
 
 Ryan, Lacy, a dramatic writer, born at 
 Westminster about 1GJj4. His friends in- 
 tended him for the law, but the stage had 
 greater attractions, and he was the first 
 who performed the character of Marcus in 
 Addison's Cato, which he gave with spirit 
 and eft'ect, though only eighteen years old. 
 He grew into public favour, and though a 
 very respectable actor, he never was con- 
 sidered as a first rate performer, as the ca- 
 dence of his voice was unfortunately and 
 disagreeably too shrill to please the ear. 
 His intimacy with Quin reflects honour on 
 both, and it was remarked with pleasure, 
 that the aged veteran stepped forth with 
 alacrity to perform his favourite Falstaflf, 
 for the benefit of his friend. Mr. Ryan 
 died 1 6th August, 1760, aged 68, at Bath, 
 where he had retired for his health. 
 
 Ryckhaert, Martin, a native of An- 
 twerp, esteemed as a landscape painter. 
 He was the friend of Vandyck, and other 
 eminent artists, and died 1636, aged 45. — 
 There lived also in his age, in the same 
 place, and of the same name, David, who 
 was eminent as a painter of rural scenery. 
 Rtkius, Theodore, professor of history 
 at Leyden, published editions of Tacitus, 2 
 vols. l2mo. — and of Stephanus Byzantius, 
 fol. &c. He died 1690. 
 
 Rycquius, Justus, a native of Ghent, 
 who travelled into Italy, and was honoured 
 with the title of citizen of Rome, in con- 
 sequence of his writings. He was made 
 by Urban VIII. professor of eloquence at 
 Bologna, where he died 1627. His work 
 de Capitolio Romano, I6l7, 4to. is a valu' 
 able composition, which was again edited 
 at Leyden, by J. Gronovius, with learned 
 notes. 
 
 Ryer, Peter du, a dramatic writer, bom 
 at Paris, 1605. He was, in 1626, appointed 
 secretary to Lewis XIII. but in conse- 
 quence of an imprudent marriage, and of 
 attendant poverty, sold the place. He 
 was afterwards secretary to the duke of 
 Vendome, and was made member of the 
 French academy, and also historiographer 
 of France, with a pension. He wrote 
 nineteen dramatic pieces, and translated 
 thirteen, which, according to Voltaire, 
 were popular on the stage. He died 1658. 
 Rtland, John, author of the Christian 
 Student and Pastor — the Preceptor — Ele- 
 ments of Mechanics — Sermons — and some 
 controversial tracts, was a baptist preacher 
 
EYS 
 
 RYV 
 
 al Northampton. To increase his income, 
 he kept for some years an academy, and 
 died at Enfield, 1792. As bis reputation 
 was extensive among people of his persua- 
 sion, he received the honorary degree of 
 M. A. from Edinburgh university, and as a 
 literary character, he vvas flattered by the 
 friendship and correspondence of Dr. John- 
 son, Doddridge, Hervey, and other learn- 
 ed men. 
 
 Ryland, William Wynne, an unfortu- 
 nate man, son of a London copper-plate 
 printer. He learnt engraving under Rave- 
 nat, and afterwards visited Italy andFrance, 
 where he greatly improved his talents. His 
 copper-plates, to yield impressions with all 
 the softness of chalk drawing, were so po- 
 pular, that he obtained the place of engra- 
 ver to the king, with a pension of 300/. per 
 annum. His connexion with a printseller 
 of Cornhill, afterwards embarrassed his af- 
 fairs, and produced a bankruptcy, and in an 
 evil hour he committed a forgery on the 
 East India company, for which he was tried 
 and executed, 1783. 
 
 Rtmer, Thomas, an eminent English an- 
 tiquaiy, born in Yorkshire, and educated 
 at Northallerton school, and at Cambridge. 
 He afterwards entered at Gray's inn, and 
 in 1692 became historiographer to William 
 III. He devoted some of his time to poe- 
 try, but his tragedy of Edgar possesses 
 little merit, and his "View of the Trage- 
 dies of the Last Age," displays his abilities 
 as a critic in a very unfavourable light, as 
 severe, partial, and uncandid, and an acri- 
 monious detractor of the immortal repu- 
 tation of Shakspeare. The best known 
 work of Rymer is his Foedera, in 20 vols, 
 fol. a most valuable collection, containing 
 public acts, conventions, treaties, state pa- 
 pers, letters, foreign correspondence, re- 
 printed at the Hague in 10 vols, abridged 
 by Rapin, and translated by Whatley in 4 
 vols. 8vo. 1731. 
 Rtsbrac, John Miehael, an eminent 
 
 statuaiy, who died in London 1770, ageti 
 about 78. 
 
 Rysbraeck, Peter, a native of Antwerp, 
 1657. He acquired reputation as a land- 
 scape painter, and particularly excelled in 
 the strong and spirited representation of 
 trees, and the other beauties of rural sce- 
 nery. 
 
 Rtves, Sir Thomas, a civilian, born ia 
 Dorsetshire, and educated at Winchester 
 school, and New college, Oxford. He ap* 
 plied himself to the civil law in Doctors' 
 Commons, and distinguished himself great- 
 ly in that profession. He was made mas- 
 ter in chancery, king's advocate, and was 
 knighted by Charles I. whom he served 
 with great ability, not only in the cabinet, 
 but in the field during the civil wars. He 
 died in 1651, and was buried in St. Clement 
 Danes, near Temple bar. He was a learn- 
 ed man, and wrote the Vicar's Plea — His- 
 toria iNavalis Antiqua — Historia Navalis 
 Media, &c. 
 
 Rtves, Bruno, a celebrated preacher, re- 
 lated to the preceding. He was chaplain 
 to Charles I. and for his attachment to his 
 master, was exposed, during the civil wars, 
 to persecution and plunder ; but at the res- 
 toration, he was made dean of Windsor, 
 and secretary to the Garter. He died 
 1677. He was author of "Mercurius 
 Rusticus," a political paper, first printed 
 22d Aug. 1642 — Querela Cantabrigiensis, 
 &c. — a Catalogue of those Lords, Persons 
 of Quality, &c. slain or executed during 
 the civil war — some Sermons, &c. 
 
 Rtves, Eliza, an Irish lady, known for 
 her literarj' abilities. Her family was re- 
 spectable ; but a law- suit devoured the lit- 
 tle property which she possessed, and she 
 found protection and subsistence by the la- 
 bours of her pen. She wrote the Hermit 
 of Snowdon,a novel — besides some popular 
 translations from the French, and a liberal 
 contribution to the annual registers. She 
 died in London, 1797. 
 
 SA 
 
 J^A, or Saa, Emanuel, a Jesuit, born at 
 Conde in Portugal. He was public profes- 
 sor of theology at Coimbra and Rome, and 
 then became a preacher, and was employed 
 by Pius V. to complete a new edition of 
 the Bible. He wrote besides, Scholia in 
 quatuor Evangelia — Notationes in totam 
 Sacram Scripturam — Aphorismi Comfessa- 
 riorum, and died at Arona, 30th Dec. 1596, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Sa de Miranda, Francis, a native of 
 Coimbra, knight of the order of Christ, 
 and professor of jurisprudence in the uni- 
 versity. He quitted the profession of the 
 574 
 
 SAA 
 
 law after his father's death, and though ho^ 
 noured by the king of Portugal, he prefer- 
 red a life of ease and retirement to the in- 
 trigues of the court. He died at his coun- 
 try seat, 1558, aged 65. His works are, 
 Satires — Comedies, and Pastorals, printed 
 together at Lisbon, 1614, in 4to. Though 
 the first, he is not the most correct poet of 
 his nation. 
 
 Saadas Gaon, a Jewish rabbi, author 
 of a book on the Belief of the Jews ; an 
 Arabic translation of the Old Testament j 
 Commentaries on Ezra and Daniel ; Ex- 
 planation of the Jezirah. He was at the 
 
SAA 
 
 .SAB 
 
 liead of the school at Sora, near Babylon, 
 and died 943. 
 
 Saas, John, a native of Franqueville, 
 near Kouen, %vho died of an apoplexy, 
 10th April, 1774, aged 72. He was mem- 
 ber of the Rouen academy, secretary to 
 the archbishop, and afterwards canon of 
 the church, and librarian. He wrote an 
 account of the MSS. of the Cathedral of 
 Rouen ; an Abridgment of the French His- 
 torical Dictionary, 4 vols. ; Criticisms on 
 the Supplement to Moreri ; on the Ency- 
 clopedic, &c. and other things. 
 
 Saavedra, Michael de Cervantes, a 
 celebrated Spanish writer, author of Don 
 Quixotte, born at Madrid, 1549. He was 
 from his very youth unusually fond of 
 reading novels, and curious adventures, 
 and thus he began to lay the foundation 
 for those comic and striking incidents 
 which prove so amusing and so interesting 
 in his hero. He quitted Spain for Italy, and 
 he was chamberlain to cardinal Aquaviva 
 at Rome. He was also for some time en- 
 gaged in the hardy profession of a soldier, 
 under the victorious Colonna, and was at 
 the battle of Lepanto, 1571, in which he 
 lost his left hand, which was either shot, or 
 dreadfully maimed by an harquebus. In 
 1574 he was unfortunately taken by a Bar- 
 bary corsair, and carried to Algiers, where 
 he endured, for five years and a half, all 
 the horrors of captivity, till ransomed by 
 the religious society of redemption. On 
 his return to Spain, he began to write co- 
 medies and tragedies for his maintenance ; 
 but though his pieces were acted with uni- 
 versal applause at Madrid, he pined in po- 
 verty, and at last found himself in a prison. 
 In his confinement he began his Don Quix- 
 otte, of which the first part appeared in 
 1605, and the second part ten years after. 
 This immortal work was a strong and plea- 
 sant satire on the books of knight errantry, 
 which were then so fashionable in Spain, 
 and it met with universal approbation ; and 
 though written to ridicule the follies of a 
 particular age, it continues still to be read 
 and admired in every known language. 
 Though deservedly popular, Cervantes, 
 such is too often the fate of literary men, 
 was little noticed by the great ; the book 
 was read, but the author was neglected, and 
 he could not obtain the small pittance of a 
 pension, which might have kept him above 
 want. Yet, in the midst of his wretched- 
 ness, he preserved his serenity and plea- 
 santness, and in his last moments displayed 
 that unconcern and jocularity which would 
 have become a happier period of life. He 
 received extreme unction at Madrid, ISth 
 April, 1616, and died soon after, but what 
 day is not ascertained. Besides Don 
 Quixotte, and dramatic pieces, he wrote the 
 Troubles of Persiles and Sigismunda, a no- 
 ^e? — Galatea, a novel in six books. 
 
 Saavedra Fajardo, Diego, a noble 
 Spaniard, born in Murria. He was for 
 some time ambassador in Switzerland, and 
 was made knight of St. J;igo, and member 
 of the supreme council of the Indies. He 
 wrote Idea of a Politic Prince — the 
 Gothic Crown — the Literary Republic, a 
 work of merit, translated into French at 
 Lausanne, 1770. He died 1648. 
 
 Sabas, a heresiarch, founder of the 
 Messalians. In his eagerness after perfec- 
 tion, he interpreted the gospel literally j 
 he made himself an eunuch, and distribu- 
 ted all his goods to the poor. This sect, 
 which prevailed near Edessa about 310, 
 was extinct at the end of the century. — 
 There was another of that name, who be- 
 came head of the monasteries of Palestine, 
 and died highly respected, 5th Dec. 531, 
 aged 92. 
 
 Sabatei-Sevi, a Jewish impostor, born 
 at Smyrna, 1626. With great natural ta- 
 lents well cultivated by education, he form- 
 ed a design of imposing himself upon the 
 Jews as their long-promised Messiah. 
 After some persecution, he was received at 
 Jerusalem as an extraordinary character, 
 and the dispersed HebrcAvs were invited to 
 come and salute their deliverer. In the 
 madness of his ambition, Sevi declared 
 himself king of kings, and amused his de- 
 luded followers with pretended communica- 
 tions with the divinity, and a promise that 
 the holy temple would descend all complete 
 and beautifully adorned, from heaven, and 
 that on it to the end of the world would 
 be regularly offered the adoration of all 
 the nations of the earth. While the vul- 
 gar, lost in astonishment, even forgot their 
 usual employments in hopes of the pro- 
 mised happiness, the impostor marched to- 
 wards Constantinople, where he expected 
 obedience and submission. He was, how- 
 ever, seized ; bur such was the enthusiasm 
 of his followers, that his keeper was en- 
 riched by the presents which he received 
 to permit the multitude to kiss the feet of 
 his prisoner. When brought before the 
 sultan Mahomet, Sevi refused to perform 
 miracles to prove his divine mission, and 
 preferred embracing Mahometanism to the 
 dangerous experiment of being exposed as 
 invulnerable to the arrows of skilful ar- 
 chers. As his conversion was not sincere, 
 the sultan still detained him in prison, and 
 there he died, 1676, aged 50. 
 
 Sabbathier, Peter, a native of Poitiers, 
 of the order of the Benedictines of St. 
 Maur. For twenty years he was engaged 
 in making a collection of the Latin versions 
 of the Bible, which was published in 1743, 
 under the title of Bibliorum Sacrorum La- 
 time ^'ersioncs Antiquse, 3 vols, folio. The 
 two last volumes were published, not by 
 the author, but by Charles de la Rue. He 
 died at Rheims, 24th March, 1742, aged 60, 
 
 575 
 
SAB- 
 
 SAC 
 
 Sabbathier, Francis, a French writer, 
 was born at Condom in 1735. He became 
 a teacher at the college of Chalons-sur- 
 Marne, where also he established an aca- 
 demy, to which he acted as secretary. Af- 
 terwards he ruined himself by engaging in 
 a paper manufactory. He died in 1807. 
 His works are — 1. Essai sur I'origine de la 
 puissance temporelle des Papes. 2. Le 
 Manuel des Enfans. 3. Dissertations sur 
 divers sujets de I'Histoire de France. 4. 
 Les Moeurs, Coutumes, et Usages des An- 
 ciens Peuples, 3 vols. 5. Dictionnaire 
 pour I'intelligence des auteurs classiques 
 Grecs et Latins, 36 vols. 8vo. — W. B. 
 
 Sabelucus, Mark Anthony Cocceius, a 
 learned Italian, born at Vicovaro, and made 
 professor of belles lettres at Udina, and 
 librarian to St. Mark's at Venice. He was 
 an able teacher, and began a Universal 
 History, of which one vol. appeared, be- 
 sides a History of the Venetian Republic, 
 folio, and other pieces in prose and verse, 
 .&c. He died ld06, aged about 70. 
 
 Sabellius, an African, founc'er of asect 
 in the third century, which denied any dis- 
 tinction in the three persons of the Trinity. 
 This heresy, which had many followers, 
 was condemned by the council of Constan- 
 tinople, 381. 
 
 Sabeo, Faustus, a native of Bresse, in 
 the Venetian territory, who distinguished 
 himself as a poet. His edition of Arno- 
 bius, Rome, 1542, in folio, is much valued. 
 He was honoured with a gold chain from 
 the emperor Henry H. to whom he dedi- 
 cated his epigrams, 1556. He died about 
 1558, aged 80. 
 
 Sabina, Julia, wife of Adrian, was cele- 
 brated for her respectable character in 
 public and private life. Her husband, at 
 his death, prevailed upon her to take poi- 
 son, and not to survive him, A.D. 138. 
 
 Sabinas, Aulus, a Latin poet in the age 
 of Ovid. His epistles were said to possess 
 merit. They have perished. 
 
 Sabinus, Francis Floribus, author of In- 
 terpretations of the Civil Law — of an Apo- 
 logy for the Latin Language, &c. was a ve- 
 ry learned and polite Italian writer, and 
 died about 1547. 
 
 Sabinus, George, an excellent modern 
 Latin poet. He was born in the electorate 
 of Brandenburg, 1508, and by his talents 
 acquired the esteem of the learned of his 
 times. He married, in 1536, Melancthon's 
 eldest daughter, after whose death, at Ko- 
 nigsberg, 1547, he settled at Frankfort on 
 the Oder, Avhere, in the character of pro- 
 fessor, he acquired great celebrity. He 
 was patronised by the elector of Branden- 
 burg, and also employed in various negotia- 
 tions by the emperor Charles V. who es- 
 teemed him and respected his talents. He 
 died in consequence of an illness contract- 
 ed in Italy, 1560. His Res Gesta; Ca^sa- 
 576 
 
 rum Romanorum, and other poems, are 
 well known. 
 
 Sablier, N. a French writer of emi- 
 nence. He published Varietes Serieuses 
 et Amusantes, 4 vols. 12mo. — Essai sur 
 les Langues, 8vo. besides translations from 
 Goldoni, &c. He died at Paris, 10th 
 March, 1785, aged 93. Another of that 
 name wrote two dramatic pieces for the 
 Italian theatre, and died about 1760. 
 
 Sabliere, Anthony de Rambouillet de 
 la, a French poet. He died at Paris, 1680, 
 and his Madrigals, admired for their sim- 
 plicity and delicate sentiments, were pub- 
 lished by his son. His wife, Hesseiin, 
 seemed to retain his virtues, and she was 
 the friend of the learned, and particularly 
 of Fontaine, who has repaid her kindness, 
 and the honourable asylum which for many 
 years she gave him in her family, by im- 
 mortalizing her name in his poems. 
 
 Sacchi, Andrea, an Italian painter, born 
 at Rome 1601. He studied with great as- 
 siduity the labours of his predecessors, and 
 the antique marbles , and by the directions 
 of Albani, and his own exertions, he soon 
 acquired a celebrity superior to that of his 
 cotemporaries. He was ambitious to be 
 correct, and therefore did little, and but 
 slowly ; and, as he said, he never did any 
 thing but what he proposed should be seen 
 by Raphael and Hannibal. He was pa- 
 tronised by some of the cardinals, and par- 
 ticularly by Urban VIII. whose picture he 
 drew, and in such a correct style as to be 
 equal to the best efforts of ancient or mo- 
 dern times. He died 1661. 
 
 Sacchini, Antoine Marie Gasper, an 
 able musician, born at Naples, 1735. He 
 studied under Durante ; and at Rome, Ve- 
 nice, and Naples, he began to display those 
 great powers of composition and harmony 
 which procured him so much applause in 
 Germany, Holland, England, and Paris, 
 He was of a benevolent disposition, and 
 died at Paris, 1786. His operas were 
 much admired. 
 
 Sacheverell, Henry, an English di- 
 vine of celebrated notoriety. He was son 
 of a poor clergyman at Marlborough, and 
 was educated by the kindness of his godfa- 
 ther, and placed at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, where he became demy, 1687, and 
 afterwards fellow. His regularity and po- 
 lite manners rendered him a favourite tutor 
 in the college, and his Latin poems, some 
 of which appeared in the Musae Anglicans, 
 proved him an elegant scholar, and a man 
 of respectable talents. He was, at Oxford, 
 the cotemporary and the friend of Addi- 
 son, who inscribed his farewell poem to 
 the muses to him, as his dearest friend 
 and colleague. He took his master's de- 
 gree 1696, and that of D.D. 1708. His 
 first preferment was Cannock, Stafford- 
 shire, to which in 1705 was added the 
 
bAC 
 
 SAC 
 
 preachcrsbip of St. Saviour's, Southwark. 
 His two famous sermons were delivered 
 at Derby, 14th Aug. 1709, and at St. 
 Paul's, Nov. Otii, before the lord mayor, 
 and as in one o( them he was supposed to 
 allude, under the name of Volpone, to lord 
 (iodolphin, they excited great attention, 
 and drew upon him the resentment of par- 
 liament. His trial before the peer^ began 
 27th Feb. 1709-10, and ended the '23d 
 March ; but though he was suspended for 
 three years from preaching, and his ser- 
 mons were burnt by the executioner, so 
 violent was the party spirit of the times, 
 that in laying the foundation of his future 
 preferment it completely overturned the 
 ministry. The queen saw with pleasure 
 the propagation of sentiments which en- 
 forced the divine rights of monarchs, and 
 submissive obedience to her authority, and 
 when the punishment of this persecuted 
 divine, therefore, was expired, he was pre- 
 sented to the valuable living of St. An- 
 drew's, Holborn, and received with such en- 
 thusiasm by the people, that of the first ser- 
 mon which he preached, and which he sold 
 for 100/. 40,000 copies were immediately 
 distributed througli the nation. Thus, for 
 a while regarded as the champion of the 
 church, and as the victim of party, Sache- 
 verell enjoyed honours and popularity, till 
 at last he sunk into retirement and obscu- 
 rity. He died 5th June, 1724, and by his 
 will left 500/. to bishop Atterbury, who is 
 supposed to have written for him the de- 
 fence which he made before the peers, and 
 to have composed the elegant Latin in- 
 scription for the silver basin gilt, which he 
 presented to his counsel and defender, sir 
 Simon Harcourt. He is described by the 
 dutchess of Marlborough, who no doubt 
 was displeased at his popularity, as an ig- 
 norant, impudent incendiary, a man who 
 was the scorn of those who made use of 
 Ivim as a tool ; and Burnet, with equal con- 
 tempt, observes of him, that he possessed 
 little of religion, virtue, learning, or good 
 sense, but forced himself to preferment by 
 railing at dissenters and low churchmen. 
 
 Sachtleven, Herman, a native of Rot- 
 terdam, whose landscapes were held in 
 high esteem. He died 1685, aged 76, 
 His relation, Cornelius, was also eminent 
 in landscape painting, but inferior to him. 
 
 Sackville, Thomas, first lord Buck- 
 hurst, was born at Buckhurst, Sussex, 
 1536. He was entered at Oxford, and 
 then removed to Cambridge, and after- 
 wards to the Inner Temple, where he was 
 called to the bar. He early acquired ce- 
 lebrity by his " Induction, or introduction 
 to the Myrror of Magistrates," a series of 
 poems, and by his " Gorboduc," a ti-agedy, 
 acted in 1561, with great applause, at 
 ^Vhitehall, before the queen. When thus 
 distinguished as a writer, he laid down his 
 
 Vol. II. 
 
 i o 
 
 pen and became a statesman, lie was 
 called up to the peerage, and served Eliza- 
 beth, to whont he was related by her mo- 
 ther's side, in various nc;;otiations. In 
 1590 he was made knight of the garter, and 
 the next year chancellor of Oxford, and in 
 1598 treasurer in the room of lord Bur- 
 leigh. Though he had been on«; of the 
 commissioners who tried the unfortunate 
 Mary, queen of Scots, he was noticed by 
 James, on his accession to the English 
 crown, and was created, 1604, earl of Dor- 
 set. He died suddenly, in consequence of 
 a dropsy in the brain, while attending at 
 the council board, April, 1603, and was 
 buried in Westminster abbey. It appears, 
 according to the testimony of Naunton, 
 and others, that he was an able, virtuous, 
 and magnanimous statesman, and few first 
 ministers have left so fair a character. Se- 
 veral of his letters have been printed in 
 the Cabala, &c. 
 
 Sackville, Charles, earl of Dorset and 
 Middlesex, descended from lord Buckhurst, 
 was born 1637. He was educated under a 
 private tutor, and afterwards travelled 
 through France and Italy, and returned a 
 little before the restoration. He sat for 
 some time as member for Cast Grinstead ; 
 but he was too fond of gallantry, and the 
 licentious excesses of a corrupt court, to 
 apply himself to political affairs. He 
 served as volunteer in the Dutch war in 
 1665, under the duke of York, and the 
 night previous to the naval engagement, 
 composed a celebrated song still regai'ded 
 as the best of his poetical pieces. He was 
 afterwards employed in embassies by the 
 king, and in 1674 succeeded to the estates 
 of his uncle, earl of Middlesex, and to the 
 honours of his father two years after. The 
 violent measures of James were wholly 
 disagreeable to him, and he warmly es- 
 poused the cause of the prince of Orange, 
 and accompanied Anne in her flight to 
 Northampton, and for his attachment to 
 the revolution he was made chamberlain of 
 the household, a privy counsellor, and 
 knight of the garter. He died at Bath, 
 19th Jan. 1705-6, and was succeeded by 
 Lionel, his son by his second wife, who iu 
 1720 was raised to the dignity of a duke. 
 Lord Dorset was not only a poet, but also 
 the friend and patron of learned men, and 
 he has been commended in the highest 
 strain of panegyric and admiration by Drj-- 
 den, Congreve, Addison, and especially by 
 Prior, whose dedication of his works to his 
 son is deservedly considered as a composi- 
 tion of superior merit. His poems arc 
 short and few, but possess great beauty. 
 
 Sackville, Edward, earl of Dorset, and 
 grandson of the above, was born 1590. He 
 was sent, in 1620, with a force to assist 
 Frederic, king of Bohemia, and was at the 
 battle of Prague, fought that year, and in 
 
 o77 
 
SAC 
 
 SAD 
 
 162^1 lie went as ambassador from ELgland 
 to the French court. His abilities recom- 
 mended him strongly to the favour of his 
 master, Charles, and after his brother's 
 death, to whose title and estates he suc- 
 ceeded, 1624, he ivas advanced in the go- 
 vernment, and made knight of the garter, 
 president of the council, and lord privy 
 seal. He died 1652, and was succeeded 
 by his son Richard, who died 1677. There 
 is, in the 129th paper of the Guardian, an 
 account of a duel which he fought in Zea- 
 land with lord Bruce, in 1613, and in which 
 he killed his antagonist. 
 
 Sackville, George, viscount, third son of 
 the firat duke of Dorset, was born in 1716. 
 From Westminsterschoolhe went to Ireland, 
 where his father was appointed viceroy, and 
 he received his education in Trinity college, 
 Dublin. He afterwards embraced the mili- 
 tary profession, and was at the battles of 
 Dettingenand Fontenoy, and distinguished 
 himself under the duke of Cumberland, 
 against the Scotch rebels. In 1758, he rose 
 to the rank of lieutenant-general, and went 
 with Marlborough in the expedition against 
 St. Malo's. At the battle of Minden, the 
 next year, where he commanded the united 
 English and Hanoverian cavalry, his con- 
 duct was highly censured, because during 
 the action he did not bring up his troops 
 with the celerity which he was ordered. 
 Whether the delay originated in the unin- 
 telligible manner in which the orders were 
 conveyed, or the timidity of the general, is 
 unknown ; but a court martial dismissed 
 him from the service, and his name was 
 struck oflf from the list of privy counsellors. 
 These severe measures were condemned in 
 the next reign, and he was restored to the 
 favour and protection of his sovereign, and 
 advanced to places of trust and honour. 
 In 1769 he assumed the name of Germaine, 
 according to the will of lady Elizabeth 
 Germaine, to whose property he succeeded, 
 and the next year he attracted much of the 
 public notice by the duel which he fought 
 with governor Johnstone, who, in one of 
 his speeches in the house of Commons, 
 had reflected on his conduct with more as- 
 perity than good manners permitted. He 
 was, in 1775, made secretary of state for 
 the colonial department, and also first lord 
 of the board of trade ; but on the change 
 of ministry he gave up his appointment, 
 and in 1782 he was created a viscount. He 
 died 26th Aug. 1785. 
 
 Sact, Lewis de, an eloquent advocate of 
 the parliament of Paris, and a learned 
 member of the French academy. He pub- 
 lished an excellent French translation of 
 Pliny's Letters, and a Panegyric on Trajan, 
 '6 vols. 12mo. — treatises on Friendship — 
 and on Glory — a Collection of Factums, 
 and other pieces, 2 vols. 4to. He died at 
 ?-arL«, 26th Oct. 1727, aged 73. 
 
 Saddee, or Saahdi, a famous Persian 
 poet, born at Schiraz, 1193. The invasio n 
 of Persia by the Turks, drove him into Pa- 
 lestine, where he fell into the hands of t he 
 Franks, then on a crusade, and was treated 
 as a slave, till ransomed by the kindness of 
 an Aleppo merchant, whose rich daughter 
 he married. This union proved not the 
 source of happiness, and the poet com- 
 plained bitterly of the disagreeable temper 
 and manners of his wife. He died, it is 
 said, at the advanced age of 116. His po- 
 ems have been much admired, though Vol- 
 taire and others affect to speak of them 
 with contempt. They consist of Gulistan, 
 or the Garden of Flowers — Bostan, or the 
 Garden of Fruits — and Molaamat, the 
 Sparkles, &c. which have been translated 
 at Calcutta, 1795, folio. 
 
 Sade, N. de, abbot of Ebreuil, died 
 1780, in an advanced age. He published 
 Memoirs of the Life of Petrarch, 3 vols. 
 4to. a work of merit. 
 
 Sadeler, John, a native of Brussels, 
 1550, eminent as a designer and engraver. 
 He was patronised by the duke of Bavaria, 
 and alter travelling into Italy, and present- 
 ing some of his pieces to Clement VIII. 
 who received them with barren praise, he 
 returned to Venice, where he died. His 
 brother and pupil Raphael, was also an ex- 
 cellent artist. He accompanied his brother 
 to Rome, and died at Venice. Their 
 nephew Giles, was superior to his uncles in 
 taste, and in the neatness and elegance of 
 his engravings. He was for some time 
 in Italy, and was patronised by the emperor 
 Rodolphus II. and his two successors. He 
 died at Prague, 1629, aged 59. His Vesti- 
 ges of the Antiquities of Rome, folio, 1660, 
 are much and deservedly admired. 
 
 Sadleir, Sir Ralph, a statesman, born 
 at Hackney in Middlesex, 1507. He was 
 educated under Cromwell earl of Essex, 
 and by his abilities and good conduct be- 
 came known to Henry VIII. who employed 
 him in several political affairs, and at last 
 admitted him into the privy council, and 
 made him secretary of state. He was at 
 the battle of Musselburgh in Scotland, and 
 for his bravery v/as made a knight banneret. 
 After being also in favour with Elizabeth, 
 and holding under her offices of trust and 
 honour, he died at his seat of Standon, 
 Herts, 30th March, 1587, aged 80, leaving 
 behind him three sons and four daughters. 
 
 Sadler, John, an English writer, born 
 in Shropshire, 1615, and educated at Ema- 
 nuel college, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He entered afterwards at 
 Lincoln's inn, and was in 1644 made mas- 
 ter in chancery, and in 1649 town clerk of 
 London. He was in great favour with 
 Cromwell, and was offered, by him, the 
 place of chief justice of Munster in Ire- 
 land, which he declined. He was also 
 
.SA<. 
 
 ^.\l 
 
 member of parliament ; but at the restora- 
 tion he lost all his places, because he re- 
 fused to subscribe to the oath which de- 
 clared it unlawful, under any pretence 
 whatever, to take up arms against the king. 
 To this public misfortune was afterwards 
 added the loss of some of his houses by 
 the great fire of London, and in conse- 
 quence of these calamities, he retired to 
 privacy on his estate of Warmwell, Dor- 
 setshire, where he died, April 1674, aged 
 59. He wrote Rights of the Kingdom, or 
 Customs of our Ancestors, &c. much es- 
 teemed — and " Olbia," or the New Island 
 discovered, &c. 
 
 Sadler, Anthony, a native of Chilton, 
 Wilts, educated at Edmund hall, Oxford, 
 ^Yhere he took his degree of D.D. He 
 was chaplain to Charles II. after the resto- 
 ration, and published a Divine Masque, in- 
 scribed to general Monk — several tracts — 
 sermons, &.c. and died 1680. 
 
 Sadoc, supposed founder of the sect of 
 the Sadducees among the Jews, lived two 
 centuries before the birth of Christ. His 
 tenets were, that virtue, for its own sake, 
 is to be loved and practised, as there are 
 neither rewards nor punishments after this 
 life. These opinions were very prevalent, 
 and in the days of our Saviour, the sect 
 was become very numerous and powerful. 
 It is said that the Sadducees still exist in 
 Africa, and in other places. 
 
 Sadolet, James, a learned Italian, born 
 at Modena, 1477. He received an excel- 
 lent education under his father, who was a 
 civilian, and professor at Ferrara, and ac- 
 quired a most extensive and perfect know- 
 ledge of Latin and Greek. He lived in 
 great intimacy with the learned at Rome, 
 and became with Bembus secretary to pope 
 Leo X. and to reward his merit the sove- 
 reign pontiff made him against his will bi- 
 shop of Carpentras, near Avignon, and he 
 held the same office of honourable confi- 
 dence with some of his successors, Cle- 
 ment VII. and Paul III. who raised him to 
 the dignity of cardinal, and employed him 
 in various negotiations. He died 1547, 
 not without suspicion, say some, of poison, 
 because he maintained too confidential a 
 correspondence with the protestants. His 
 works consist of epistles, discourses, expo- 
 sitions of the Psahns, and St. Paul's epis- 
 tles, poems, &c. published at Verona, 3 
 vols. 4to. These compositions are written 
 in elegant and truly Ciceronian Latin ; and 
 to the character of a polite scholar, Sado- 
 let united the amiable qualities of mildness, 
 moderation, and exemplary virtue, so that 
 Erasmus has called him with truth, eximi- 
 um a^tatis suae decus. 
 
 Sage, Alian Rene le, an ingenious wri- 
 ter, born at Ruys in Brittany, 1667. His 
 compositions display not only wit, taste, 
 ;ind judgment, but elegance and neatne??. 
 
 Though indebted for the plan and sulycct 
 of his romances to Spanish writers, yet he 
 possessed peculiar merits of his own. His 
 works are " (iil Bias"— the Diable Boitcux 
 — besides the Bachelicr de Saiamanque — 
 the New Don Quixote, and othfir theatrical 
 pieces, and the Letters of Aristena;tus froiu 
 the Greek. His Gil Bias is, and ever 
 will be, a popular performancr, and must 
 be read, because, as Voltaire has observed, 
 he has imitated nature. He died near Pa- 
 ris, 1747. 
 
 Sage, David le, a French poet, born at 
 Montpellier. He wrote the Follies of Le 
 Sage, containing epigrams, satires, sonnets, 
 elegies, &c. and died about 16.50. 
 
 Sage, John, a native of Fifeshirc, edu- 
 cated at St. Andrews, and made, after the 
 revolution, bishop of Edinburgh. He was 
 an able divine, and published a sensible de- 
 fence of episcopacy, against the persecution 
 of the Presbyterians, called the Principles 
 of the Cyprianic age, and other tracts, and 
 died 1711, aged 59. 
 
 Sagittarius, Gaspard, a native of L«- 
 nenburgh, who became professor of history 
 in the university of Hallo, and historian to 
 the duke of Saxony. He was also, as a 
 divine, an able supporter of the doctrines 
 of Luther. He published Dissertations on 
 the Oracles — the Succession of the Princes 
 of Orange to William III. — History of the 
 City of Hardewyck — Life of St. Norbet — 
 Historia Antiqua Norbergioe — Genealogy 
 of the Dukes of Brunswick — History of 
 Lubeck — Antiquities of Thuringia, &.c. 
 This learned man died 9th March, 1694, 
 aged 51. 
 
 Sagredo, John, a noble Venetian, pi*o- 
 curator of St. Mark, and in 1675 elected 
 doge, and afterwards employed as ambassa- 
 dor to various courts. He wrote the His- 
 tory of the Ottoman Empire, in Italian, 
 1677, 4to. a work valuable, candid, and 
 elegant, and deservedly compared to the 
 labours of Tacitus. A translation of it in 
 6 vols. 12mo. appeared at Paris. 
 
 Saillant, N. du, a French officer, who 
 at the beginning of the revolution raised 
 around his retreat at Jales near Mende, au 
 army of nearly 20,000 men, who like him- 
 self were zealous for the defence of the 
 monarchy, and the protection of the king's 
 person. " While, however, he hoped to per- 
 suade these adherents to march with him 
 against Paris, he found their loyalty grow 
 faint, and soon saw them desert from his 
 ranks. He was at last surrounded with a 
 few brave men who determined to share his 
 fortunes, and conducted to Vans, where he 
 was massacred in cold blood. 
 
 Saint-Amand, jNTark Antony Gerard de, 
 a native of Rouen, who spent the best part 
 of his life in travelling, and in writing po- 
 etrv. He might have obtained a settle- 
 
 579 
 
SAI 
 
 SAT 
 
 ment near the person of the queen of Po- 
 land, but in his inconstant conduct he re- 
 fused it, and died poor, l€60, aged 67, and 
 of giief, because Lewis XIV. censured 
 his poem on the Moon. His name is im- 
 mortalized in Boileau's satires. His best 
 piece is an Ode on Solitude. His works 
 are collected in 3 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Saint-Andre, Nathaniel, a native of 
 Switzerland, who became eminent in this 
 country as a reader on anatomy, and as a 
 surgeon. His character was ruined for 
 the foolish part which he acted with re- 
 spect to Mary Toftes, the rabbit impostor. 
 He died at Southampton, 1776. More 
 particulars about him are recorded in Ni- 
 cholas's Anecdotes of Hogarth. 
 
 Saint-Aulaire, Francis Joseph de 
 Beaupoil, marquis de,an ingenious French 
 poet, born at Limosin. He spent the 
 younger part of his life in the army, but his 
 love of literature prevailed, and he sought 
 retirement and learned ease. He wrote 
 short and light pieces, much in the manner 
 of Anacreon, and what is remarkable, his 
 best compositions were those of his old 
 age, when he had reached his 90th year. 
 He was admitted into the French academy, 
 though Boileau exclaimed against it, be- 
 cause he was an immoral poet. He was 
 for 40 years the favourite of the court of 
 the dutchess of Maine, and died at Paris, 
 17th Dec. 1742, aged near 100. 
 
 Saint Clair, Arthur, a general in the 
 American army, was born at Edinburgh, in 
 Scotland, and accompanied the fleet under 
 admiral Boscawen to America, in 1755. 
 He was a lieutenant in the British army 
 under general Wolfe, and when the peace 
 was concluded, he had the command of 
 fort Ligonier, iii Pennsylvania, assigned to 
 him. Here he settled, and becoming a 
 naturalized citizen of Pennsylvania, was 
 appointed to several offices of a civil na- 
 ture. When the revolution commenced, 
 he embraced the cause of the Americans, 
 and in January, 1776, was appointed to 
 command a battalion of Pennsylvania mili- 
 tia. He was engaged in the expedition to 
 Canada, and was the second in command 
 in the proposed attack on the British post 
 at Trois Rivieres. He was soon after or- 
 dered to join the army in New-Jersey. He 
 was in the battle of Trenton, and had the 
 credit of suggesting the attack on the Bri- 
 tish at Princeton which proved so fortunate. 
 In August, 1776, he was appointed a briga- 
 dier general, and in February following, 
 major general. He was the commanding 
 officer at Ticonderoga when that post was 
 invested by the British, and evacuated it 
 July 6th, 1777, with such secrecy that a 
 considerable part of the public stores were 
 embarked and safely conveyed away. 
 Charges of cowardice, treachery, and in- 
 capacity were brought against him in con^ 
 580 
 
 sequence, but a court of inquiry honoura- 
 bly acquitted him. He afterwards joined 
 the army under General Green, in the 
 south, and at the close of the war returnetl 
 to his former residence. In 1783, he was 
 a member of the council ol censors of Penn- 
 sylvania, and the same year was elected 
 president of the Cincinnati Society of that 
 state. In 1785, he was elected a delegate 
 to congress, and in February, 1787, was 
 chosen president of that body. In October 
 following, he was appointed governor of 
 the teiritory of the United States north- 
 west of the Ohio, an office which he re- 
 tained until November 1803, when he was 
 removed by Mr, Jefferson in consequence 
 of the too free expression of his political 
 opinions. In 1790, he commanded an ar- 
 my employed against the Miami Indians, 
 and was defeated with the loss of between 
 six and seven hundred men, on the 4th of 
 November. On this occasion a portion of 
 the citizens were loud in their censures of 
 his conduct ; but a committee of the house 
 of representatives appointed to examine 
 into the causes of the failure of the expedi- 
 tion, exculpated him from blame. He re- 
 signed his commission of major general in 
 1792. "Reduced in his old age to poverty, 
 and embarrassed by debts, he applied to 
 congress for relief. His claims on the 
 sympathy of his country were listened to 
 with indifference, and admitted with re- 
 luctance. After long suspense, he obtained, 
 in 1817, a pension of sixty dollars per 
 month. He died August 31st, 1818, aged 
 84. iCT- L. 
 
 Saint Ctr, Tannequil de Bouchet, a 
 brave Poitevin of the party of the Calvinists 
 under Charles IX. He was chief of the 
 conspiracy of Amboise, and was made go- 
 vernor of Orleans, after the battle of Dreux. 
 He was killed, bravely fighting, at the bat- 
 tle of Moncontour, 1569, aged 85. 
 
 Saint Ctran, John du Verger, de Hou- 
 ranne, abbot of, a learned ecclesiastic born 
 at Bayonne, 1581. He was educated in 
 divinity at Louvain, where he gained the 
 friendship of Lipsius, and he was patro- 
 nised by the bishop of Poitiers, who re- 
 signed to him the abbey of St. Cyran. He 
 wrote various books, and was universally 
 esteemed for his learning. He became ce- 
 lebrated in France for maintaining what 
 was called two extraordinary paradoxes, 
 that a person under certain circumstances 
 may kill himself, and that bishops may take 
 up arms. He was for some time pei-secu- 
 ted by Richelieu, and he was one of those 
 who disapproved of the council of Trent, 
 and considered it as a political assembly, 
 rather than as an ecclesiastical meeting. 
 He died of an apoplexy at Paris, 1643. 
 
 Saint Evremond. Vid. Evremond. 
 
 Saint Foix, Germain Francis Poullain 
 de, a French writer born at Rcnnes, 25th 
 
SAI 
 
 ^AI 
 
 Feb. 1703. After serving in tiic -army he 
 settled at Paris, and devoted liiinsclf to 
 literature. He warn appointed historiogra- 
 pher of the order of the Holy Ghost, and 
 died highly respected at Paris, 26th Aug. 
 1776. His works are, Turkish letters, an 
 epistolary romance of merit, yet inferior to 
 the work of Montesquieu in the same style 
 — Historical Essays on Paris, 7 vols. r2ino. 
 History of the Order of the Holy Ghost, 
 3 vols. 12mo. — Comedies, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 &c. All his works were published together 
 at Paris, 6 vols. 8vo. 1778. 
 
 Saint Gelais, Octavijin de, a native of 
 Cognac, who by the favour of Charles VHl. 
 was made bishop of Angouleme. He died 
 1502, aged 36. He is author of some poeti- 
 cal pieces, the Life of Lewis XH. — Trans- 
 lation of Terence — Ovid's Heroides, &c. 
 
 Saint Gelais, Melin de, the natural 
 sou of the preceding, as is generally sup- 
 posed, became known as a poet, and de- 
 served the name of the French Ovid. He 
 was educated at Poitiers and Padua, and 
 embraced the ecclesiastical profession. He 
 opposed Ronsard the poet, at the court of 
 Henry H. but this jealousy ended in the 
 closest friendship. He died at Paris, 1559, 
 aged 67. His works are in Latin and in 
 French, and consist of elegies, epistles, 
 sonnets, epigrams, songs, &c. Sophonisba, 
 a prose tragedy, and were first published at 
 Paris, 1719, in 12mo. 
 
 Saint Genniez, John de, a native of 
 Avignon, who became canon of Orange, 
 and died there, 1663, aged 56. He wrote 
 some satires, elegies, idyls, and other po- 
 etical pieces of great merit, collected to- 
 gether at Paris, in 4to. 
 
 Saint Germain, Robert, count of, a na- 
 tive of Lons-le-Saunier, in Franche Com- 
 tc, who left the Jesuits for the profession of 
 arms. He distinguished himself in Hun- 
 gary, and in the war of 1737, against the 
 Turks, and afterwards in the French ser- 
 vice, in the campaigns of 1741, and 1757. 
 Displeased, however, with the treatment of 
 the French court, he went into the service 
 of Denmark, where he was promoted to 
 the rank of field-marshal, and made knight 
 of the Elephant. The death of Struensee, 
 and the commotion which took place on 
 the occasion, rendered him dissatisfied 
 with the Danish court, and he retired to 
 Hamburgh, Avhere he lost nearly the whole 
 of his property by the failure of a banker to 
 whom he had intrusted it. This severe 
 blow did not break his spirits, and he with- 
 drew to the privacy of a small estate which 
 he had near Lauterbach in Alsace. He 
 was called away from his obscurity by 
 Lewis XVI. who knew his merit, to preside 
 over the war department, and after reform- 
 ing several abuses, and contributing to the 
 comforts of the military, he died. 15th Jan. 
 
 I77h, iifj;cd 70. He wrote iMeiiioirs, one 
 vol. 8vo. 1779. 
 
 Saint Gekmain, N. count dt , an im- 
 postor of some temporary celebritv, who 
 pretended to ha\c li\(d 2U00 ytarB," and to 
 have sat by ihe side of our Saviour at the 
 marriage of Cana. He died atSleswitk, 178-4. 
 
 Saint Hyacinthe, ThemistuI de, a 
 French writer born at Orleans, 16S4. He 
 taught Italian for his support, and ader 
 travelling over several countries of Europe, 
 he settled at Breda, where he married, and 
 where he died, 1746. He forced himself 
 much upon the public notice by his quarrel 
 with Voltaire, who heaped upon him every 
 opprobrious epithet. He wrote Le Chef 
 d'(Euvre d'un Inconnu, 2 vols. 8vo. ; Ma- 
 thanasiana, 2 vols. 8vo. ; some romances of 
 little merit, &c. 
 
 Saint John, Henry viscount Boling- 
 broke, a great politician and philosopher, 
 born 1672, at Battersea, of an illustrious 
 family. He was educated at Eton and 
 Christ-church, Oxford, and though his ear- 
 lier years were disgraced by extravagance, 
 and an immoderate love of pleasure, he laid 
 the foundation of that eminence which af- 
 terwards distinguished him as an orator, 
 and as a statesman. To wean him from 
 dissolute habits his friends married him to 
 the daughter of sir Henry Winchcombe, 
 and soon after he obtained a seat in parlia- 
 ment for Wotton Basset, 1700. He here 
 acquired great influence among the Tories, 
 and in 1704 was made secretary at war, 
 but resigned when his friend Harley was 
 dismissed from the seals in 1707. Three 
 years after he again shared the honours of 
 Harley, who was called to the office of 
 chancellor of the exchequer, and he became 
 secretary of state ; but the part which he 
 supported in framing the peace of Utrecht 
 has exposed him to much censure. In 
 1712, he was created lord St. John, vis- 
 count Bolingbroke, and made lord lieute" 
 nant of Essex ; but dissatisfied with these 
 honours because he was not raised to the 
 rank of an earl, he ambitiously meditated 
 a separation from his long-tried friend Har- 
 ley, and in the attempt to place himself at 
 the head of aflfairs, he ruined his own for- 
 tunes, and those of his former associate. 
 On the accession of George I. in 1714, the 
 seals were taken from him, though he had 
 shown himself a friend of the Hanoverian 
 succession, and all the papers of his office 
 were also secured. Finding it dangerous 
 to continue in the country, where threats 
 of impeachment were thrown out against 
 him, he retired to France, March, 1715, 
 and he resolutely rejected the overtures 
 which were made to him by the pretender. 
 The persecuting spirit, however, of his ene- 
 mies at home, made a change in his senti- 
 ments, and he accepted at last the office of 
 secretary of state to the pretender, and pre- 
 
 581. 
 
SAI 
 
 SAI 
 
 j^ated for tLe invasion of England. Tliese 
 measures were no sooner known than he 
 %vas impeached by Walpole ; but while dis- 
 graced at home he was exposed to equal 
 persecution abroad, and his new master 
 stripped him of his office, and impeached 
 him of treachery, incapacity, and neglect. 
 Thus discarded he determined to effect a 
 reconciliation with the government at 
 home, and by means of lord Stair, the am- 
 bassador in France, he obtained a promise 
 of pardon from the king, 1716, which was 
 fully granted in 1723. Restored to his 
 country, and to his forfeited property, he 
 settled near Uxbridge, and devoted himself 
 to literary and rural employments, and to 
 the conversation and correspondence of 
 Sxvift, Pope, and other learned friends ; but 
 finding the royal mercy not granted to its 
 full extent, as he was still excluded from a 
 seat in the House of Lords, he vented his 
 disappointment against the minister, Wal- 
 pole, and attacked his measures in the 
 Craftsman, and in some pamphlets. For 
 ten years he showed his opposition and 
 virulent hostility against the minister, and 
 then laid aside his pen, and retired, in 
 1735, to France, resolved never again to 
 enlist in political contests. He afterwards 
 returned to England, and settled at Bat- 
 tersea, where the last part of his life was 
 spent in the otium cum dignitate. He 
 died there l5th Nov. 1751, on the verge of 
 80. His manuscripts were left to Mallet, 
 who published them with the rest of his 
 ivorks in 5 vols. 4to. 1754. His works 
 may be divided into political and philoso- 
 phical, the former consisting of Letters 
 upon History ; Letter to Windham, on Pa- 
 triotism ; Papers in the Craftsman, pub- 
 lished separately in 3 vols. 8vo. under the 
 title of Political Tracts, &c. : and the lat- 
 ter, Substance of Letters written to de 
 Pouilly ; Letter on one of Tillotson's Ser- 
 mons ; Letters and Essays, addressed to 
 Pope. As a writer, lord Bolingbroke was 
 nervous, elegant, and argumentative, and 
 in him were united, as a panegyrist has 
 observed, the wisdom of Socrates, the dig- 
 nity and ease of Pliny, and the wit of Ho- 
 race. It is, hov.^ever, to be lamented that 
 in his writings he is too often skeptical, 
 and that he disregards or ridicules the great 
 truths of revelation, and of Christianity. 
 As the friend of poets and of wits, he has 
 also acquired reputation ; and Pope, who 
 esteemed him to adoration, has immortali- 
 zed himself and his noble friend in the 
 Essay on Man, which he began and finish- 
 ed by his persuasion. He married, in 
 1716, for his second wife, a niece of Ma- 
 dame de Maintenon, widow of the marquis 
 de Villette ; but as he died without issue, 
 his estates and titles were inherited by his 
 nephew. 
 .Saint Just, Louis L«on de, one of the 
 S8? 
 
 sanguinary revolutionists of France, wasy 
 born at Blerancourt near Noyon, 1768. He 
 obtained a seat in the national convention, 
 and gained the friendship of Robespierre, 
 by devoting himself to his infamous pur- 
 poses, and by supporting all his cruel mea- 
 sures. His easy eloquence, his bold ef- 
 frontery, and unappalled conduct, render- 
 ed him a fit partner for all the atrocities of 
 that dreadful period, and by his influence 
 the property of the emigrants was exposed 
 to sale, the Girondists were conducted to 
 the scaffold, and the effects of foreigners 
 were confiscated. The reign of Louis 
 XVL was described by this artful and 
 shameless orator as a scene of horrible ty- 
 ranny ; while the government of Robes- 
 pierre exhibited nothing but benevolence 
 and happiness to the people of France. 
 The punishment of this worthless tyrant at 
 last approached, and after he had insulted 
 the feelings of human nature, interpreted 
 pity into crimes, and condemned to death 
 those who presumed to weep for the loss 
 of their friends and relatives, it was not to 
 be expected that he could excite much of 
 the commiseration of the world. He was 
 conducted to the scaffold with Robespierre, 
 in 1794, and suffered death with more 
 courage than could have been expected 
 from such a tyrant. He wrote Esprit de 
 la Revolution, &c. 8vo. 1791. 
 
 Saint-Lambert, Charles Francis de, 
 member of the French academy, and after- 
 wards of the national institute, was born at 
 Nanci 1717, and died at the age of 85. He 
 was the friend of Voltaire, and his genius 
 and poetical abilities gained him the esteem 
 of the learned of France. He wrote Les 
 Fetes de I'Amour, a comedy — Essay on 
 Luxuiy — the Four parts of the Day — the 
 Seasons, a poem which Voltaire prefers, 
 but with injudicious partiality, to the Sea- 
 sons of Thomson — Oriental Fables, besides 
 fugitive pieces, &c. 
 
 Saint-Mark, Charles Hugh le Fevre de, 
 a French writer born at Paris, 1698. Af- 
 ter studying at Plessis and at the Mazarin 
 college, he embraced the military profession, 
 which he soon quitted for literature. He 
 died at Paris, 20th Nov. 1769. He edited 
 the Memoirs of Marquis de Feuquieres — 
 Rapiu's History of England — Despreaux's 
 Works — the Life of Hecquet— the Works 
 of Pavilion, Chaulieu, &c. 
 
 Saint-Martin, N. a native of Amboisc, 
 who, after serving six years in the army, 
 retired to privacy and literature. The re- 
 tirement which he loved and the sweetness 
 of his manners saved him during the horrors 
 of the revolution, and he died at Aunai in 
 the house of a friend, in the beginning of 
 1804, aged 60. He is author of an excellent 
 book on Error and Truth, 8vo. 1775, often 
 edited — a Picture of Natural Order, 8vo. 
 
 SAiNT-NECTAiREjMagdalen de, a French 
 
iiAl 
 
 •VU 
 
 heroine, I'amous in the wars of the I'rotes- 
 tants. She ably defended her castle of 
 Miremont in Limousin, against the superior 
 forces of her enemies. 
 
 Saint- IN ON, John Claude Richard de, 
 counsellor of the parliament of Paris, is au- 
 thor of Julia, a comedy, and of a voyage 
 pittoresque to Naples and Sicily, 5 vols. fol. 
 with 417 plates, lie died at Paris, 25th 
 Nov. 1791, aged 64. 
 
 Saint-Pavin, Denys Sanguin de, a 
 French poet. He was an ecclesiastic, but 
 he preferred literature and pleasure to the 
 austerities of a monastic life, and after 
 spending much of his time in frivolous and 
 often profane pursuits, he died very peni- 
 tent 1670, in an advanced old age. He was 
 attacked by Boileau in his satires, and he 
 retorted the censure. His poems consist 
 of epigrams, sonnets, epistles, &.c. published 
 in 1759, with those of Charleval, 12mo. 
 
 Saint-Phalikr, Frances Theresa Au- 
 mele de, a French lady, who wrote the Con- 
 fident Rival, a comedy, and some other po- 
 etical pieces, and died at Paris 1757. 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Eustache de, a native of 
 Calais, celebrated for his noble disinterest- 
 edness and patriotism. When Edward III. 
 in 1347, displeased with the obstinate resist- 
 ance of the people of Calais, demanded six 
 of the chief men to be devoted to death, 
 Saint-Pierre in the midst of the hesitation 
 of his countrymen offered himself, and walk- 
 ed with five others, who followed his great 
 example to the conqueror, with halters 
 about their necks. The English queen by 
 her entreaties with difficulty obtained the 
 pardon of these devoted men. 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenaeus Castel 
 de, a French ecclesiastic, born in Normandy 
 1658. He accompanied cardinal de Polig- 
 nac to the conferences of Utrecht, but 
 though a popular character he was excluded 
 from the French academy, for preferring 
 the measures of the regent duke of Orleans 
 to those of Lewis XIV. He was very intel- 
 ligent as a man of letters, and as a politician, 
 and died at Paris 29th April, 1743, aged 86. 
 He was author of a project for universal 
 peace among the European powers, 3 vols. 
 12mo. — Project for reforming the Orthogra- 
 phy of the European Languages — Memoirs 
 on Various Subjects, &.c. His works have 
 been collected in 18 vols. l2mo. 1744. 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Jacques Henri Bernardin 
 de, a French writer, was born at Havre de 
 Grace in 1737. His education was libera!; 
 but a great part of his youth was spent in 
 rambling from one country to another. At 
 length he entered into the corps of military 
 engineers ; but quitted it, and went to 
 Russia, where he obtained a commission as 
 lieutenant. At the expiration of eighteen 
 months, he joined the Poles, and was taken 
 prisoner ; but was soon released, and re- 
 tnrned to Pari."?. He now sailed for the 
 
 Isle of France ; but being dissalislied with 
 the situation, he revisited his native coun- 
 try, and in 1773 published a relation of his 
 voyage. In 1784 appeared his " Studies of 
 Nature," which became a popular work, and 
 the author was made intendant of the Bota- 
 nical garden, with a liberal salary. In 
 1789 came out his beautiful tale of *' Paul 
 and V irginia ;" and about the bainc time his 
 " Indian Cottage." He died in 1S14, leav- 
 ing a work entitled "The Harmonies of 
 Nature,'' which has been translated into 
 English ; as also have all his other writings. 
 — W. B. 
 
 Saint-Precil, Francis de Jussac d'Em- 
 bleville de, a French warrior, distinguished 
 at the battle of Castlenaudari, in which he 
 took Montmorenci prisoner, and at the 
 siege of Corbia, which he defended against 
 the Spaniards. He was afterwards gover- 
 nor of Arras, and was condemned to be be- 
 headed by his political enemies for having 
 attacked by mistake a body of men who 
 had surrendered prisoners of war. He suf- 
 fered at Amiens, 9th November, 1641, aged 
 forty. 
 
 Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroi, duke 
 of, a French statesman, born at Paris 16th 
 June, 1675. He quitted the military service 
 to become ambassador in Spain, 1721 ; but 
 without sharing the guilt of the perfidious 
 and artful measures of the government of 
 the regent Orleans, he retired to his coun- 
 try seat, vvhere he composed his memoirs. 
 He is accused of Jansenism, and of reflecting 
 with too much acrimony against his con- 
 temporaries. His works have appeared in 
 13 vols. 8vo. Strasburg, 1791. 
 
 Saint-Vincent, John Francis Fauris de, 
 a native of Aix, who distinguished himsell' 
 as an upright magistrate, and president of 
 the parliament of Provence. He was mem- 
 ber of the academy of inscriptions, and con- 
 tributed to its memoirs two valuable papers 
 on the coins of Provence, and on the ancient 
 monuments of Marseilles. He died 22d 
 Oct. 1798, aged 80. 
 
 Saint-Yves, Charles, an able oculist, 
 born at Viette near Rocroi. He acquired 
 great reputation in his profession, and died 
 1736, aged 69. His treatise on the Disor- 
 ders of the Eyes, 1722, 4to. and 1736, 8vo. 
 is much admired. 
 
 Sainte-Aldegonde, Philip de Marnix, 
 lord du Mont, an illustrious statesman, 
 born at Brussels,1538. He early signalized 
 himself by the copious resources of his mind, 
 and by a perfect knowledge of the classics, 
 of civil law, politics, and divinity ; but when 
 his country was persecuted by the tyrrany 
 of the Spaniards, he withdrew from oppres- 
 sion into Germany. At Heidelberg he was, 
 in consequence of his merits, raised to the 
 office of counsellor in ecclesiastical affairs ; 
 but the miseries of his country at last re- 
 called him home in 1572, and he prepared 
 
 583 
 
SAl 
 
 SAL 
 
 to assert her liberties, and to defend her re^ 
 ligion by the vigour of his mind. He was sent 
 as one of the deputies to England to solicit 
 the protection of Elizabeth, and afterwards 
 went to the diet of Worms, and here his 
 eloquence painted in frightful colours the ty- 
 ranny ofAlva,and called aloud for the assist- 
 tance of the Germans. In 1580, he again 
 served his country as ambassador, and went 
 to France, and offered the sovereignty of 
 the duke of Alen^on, whom he the next 
 year accompanied to England. He was, in 
 1584, consul of Antwerp, when that city 
 was besieged by the duke of Parma, and he 
 died at Leyden 1598, aged 60. For wisdom, 
 sagacity, and decision, he is deservedly re- 
 spected as one of the greatest politicians of 
 h's age. He published, in Dutch, 1571, Al- 
 vearium Romanum, a ludicrous work, which 
 was received and read with great applause, 
 as it ridiculed with well-directed satire the 
 church of Rome. His Tableau des Differ- 
 ens de la Religion, in French, published 
 after his death, was equally popular. He 
 wrote besides other things, and particularly 
 a famous song in praise of prince William 
 of Nassau, which animated his countrymen 
 to resist their oppressors, and like the muse 
 of Tyrtaeus, roused them to despise dangers, 
 and to brave death in the support of their 
 rights and liberties. 
 
 Sa.inte-Beuve, James de, a learned ec- 
 clesiastic, who became divinity professor at 
 the Sorbonne, from which he was expelled 
 for not subscribing to the censure on Ar- 
 nauld. He died in retirement 15th Dec. 
 1677, aged 64. His decisions, 3 vols. 4to. 
 were published by his brother. 
 
 Sainte-Marthe, Charles, a French 
 physician born 1512. He was honoured 
 with the patronage of Francis H. and of 
 queen Margaret of Navarre, and wrote some 
 elegant pieces in poetry and prose, in Latin 
 as well as French. He. died 1555. 
 
 Sainte-Marthe, Gaucher de, better 
 known by the name of Scaevola, was an ac- 
 tive character under Henry HL and Henry 
 IV". His conduct was very firm and loyal in 
 the states of Blois, 1588, and afterwards by 
 his influence he reconciled the town of Poi- 
 tiers to thecause and interests of his master, 
 who he again served with successful zeal 
 in the assembly of the notables at Rouen. 
 He died at Loudun, 29th March, 1623, aged 
 87, honoured with the title of father of his 
 country. He wrote Gallorum Doctrina II- 
 lustrium, &c. elogia, besides some poetical 
 pieces of great merit in Latin — epigrams, 
 &c. collected together in 1633, in 4to. 
 
 Sainte-Marthe, Abel de, eldest son of 
 the preceding, was counsellor of state, and 
 librarian at Fontainebleau. He wrote the 
 Laurel — the Salic Law — elegies, odes, epi- 
 grams &c. inferior in merit to the poetical 
 compositions of his father. He died 1652, 
 aged 82. 
 
 584 
 
 Sainte-Marthe, Gaucher de, or Scae 
 vola, and Louis de, twin brothers, sons of 
 Scasvola, were born at Loudun, 20th Dec. 
 1571. They resembled each other in their 
 features, as well as in the qualities of their 
 mind, and they both were appointed histori- 
 ographers of France, and wrote together 
 some valuable works. The elder died at 
 Paris 7th September, 1650, and Louis 29th 
 April, 1656, and their mutual atiection was 
 well depicted by this curious epitaph : 
 Ingeniinis unitm, geminos agnovit in uno 
 
 Ambos qxii potuit doctus adire senes. 
 Their works are Genealogical History of 
 the Royal Family of France, 2 vols. fol. — 
 the Genealogical History of the House of 
 Beauvau, fol. &c. 
 
 Sainte-Marthe, Claude de, grandson 
 of the Scaevola just mentioned, embraced 
 the ecclesiastic profession, and died in re- 
 tirement at Courbeville, 11th October,l690, 
 aged 71. He wrote some theological 
 pieces. His brother Denis was also an eccle- 
 siastic of great learning and exemplary 
 piety, in the congregation of St. Maur. 
 He wrote the Life of Cassiodorus — the His- 
 tory of Gregory the Great, &c. There were 
 besides other members of that family also 
 illustrious for learning. 
 
 Sainte-Palaye, John Baptist de la 
 Curne de, a native of Auxerre, who became 
 member of the French academies and of 
 that of inscriptions. He devoted himself 
 assiduously to the study of antiquities, and 
 wrote some valuable works, especially on 
 Ancient Chivalry, three vols. 12mo. Re 
 also formed the plan of a Universal French 
 Glossary in forty vols, folio. He died at 
 Paris much respected 1st May, 1781, aged 
 eighty- four 
 
 Saladin or Salaheddin, sultan of Egypt 
 and Syria, after Adad, was celebrated for 
 his valour during the crusades. After con- 
 quering Syria, Arabia, Persia, and Mesopo- 
 tamia, he marched to the attack of Jerusa- 
 lem, and with an army of 50,000 men he 
 defeated the Christians near Tiberias, and 
 took Guy de Lusignan the king of Jerusa- 
 lem prisoner. This signal victory opened 
 the gates of Jerusalem to his forces ; but 
 while all expected death, Saladin behaved 
 with humanity to the conquered, and res- 
 tored to their wives and children the va- 
 rious captives who had been detained in 
 slavery and in chains. These conquests 
 alarmed the Christians of Europe, and alrea- 
 dy the kings of England and France, with 
 numerous forces marched to the relief of 
 the oppressed Christians of Palestine, but 
 discord defeated their successes. Though 
 Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffa, yielded to the 
 arms of the Europeans, Richard king of 
 England found his forces so weak by deser- 
 tion and discord, that he concluded a truce 
 with the Egyptian sultan for three years and 
 three months, 1192. Saladin died the next 
 
year at Damascus, aged fifiy-sc\cn, Iea\- 
 ing seventeen sons, who divided his exten- 
 sive dominions amoni; thoin. He was a man 
 of high character, wlio viewed with the 
 eyes of a sa^e and a Cln-istian the vanity of 
 human grandeur. In his last iHncss he or- 
 dered to be unfurled before his army the 
 winding sheet which was to encircle his re- 
 mains, while a herald proclaimed aloud, 
 this is all which Saladin the vanquisher of 
 the East can retain of all his conquests. A 
 French history of this extraordinary charac- 
 ter was published in 1758, in 2 vols. 12mo. 
 by M. Marin. 
 
 Salario, Andrew, an eminent painter, 
 born at Milan 1487. He was a pupil of 
 Leonardo da Vinci, and his pieces were held 
 in high estimation. He died at Florence 
 at the age of 72. 
 
 Salden, William a native of Utrecht, 
 who became minister to the Hague church, 
 where he died 1694. He wrote Otia Thco- 
 logica, 4to. — Concianator Sacer, 12mo. — 
 DeLibrisVariorumque Eorum Usu et Abusu, 
 a work of merit, 12mo. 
 
 Sale, George a learned Englishman, 
 well skilled in oriental literature. He con- 
 tributed much to the completion of the uni- 
 versal history, but his chief work is a trans- 
 lation of the Koran with notes, with a long 
 and valuable preliminary discourse. He 
 died in London, I4th Nov. 1736. 
 
 Salerne, Francis, a physician of Or- 
 leans, who devoted himself to the elucida- 
 tion of natural history. He published with 
 Arnault, the Animal Kingdom — the Natural 
 History of Animals, &c. He also transla- 
 ted Ray's Synopsis Avium. He died 1760. 
 
 Salesburt, William, author of a Welch 
 dictionary — of some poems — of a treatise 
 on rhetoric — and other works, flourished in 
 W^ales at the beginning of the seventeenth 
 century. He was bred up to the law, and 
 assisted bishop Davies in the translation of 
 the New Testament into Welch, a useful 
 performance, published 1620. 
 
 Salian, James, a Jesuit of Avignon, who 
 became rector of the college of Besanqon, 
 and died at Paris, 1640. He wrote several 
 theological works, the best known of which 
 is Annals of the Ancient Testament, in 
 Latin, 6 vols. fol. 1625. 
 
 Salimbeni, Venuri, a native of Sienna, 
 distinguished as a painter. His historical 
 pieces were much admired. He died 1613, 
 aged 56. His descent of the Holy Ghost 
 is still admired at Lord Pembroke's, 
 Wilton. 
 
 Salinas, Francis de, a native of Burgos. 
 Though he lost his sight at the age of 10, 
 he acquired a most perfect knowledge of 
 Greek and Latin, and of mathematics and 
 music, and was liberally patronised by the 
 duke of Alba, Paul IV. and others. He 
 died 1590. He was author of an excellent 
 treatise on music, fol. and he ti'anslated 
 Vol. IL 74 
 
 ^\l. 
 
 into Spanish verse some of Martial's epi 
 
 grams 
 
 Sallnouerua, a chief of the Ghibclins, 
 who seized upon Ferrara, in 1195, and de- 
 fied the po>ver.s of the pope, and of the duke 
 of Este. lie afterwards was driven from 
 his strong post by d'l'.sle, and died in prison 
 at Venice, 1240, aged 80. 
 
 Salls, Ulysses de, a nolde Swiss. After 
 serving in the Venetian armies, he enga-'ed 
 in the wars of Valteline, and then cnte'rcd 
 into the service of France. He distin- 
 guished himself at the siege of llochellc 
 under Lewis XIII. and afterwards went to 
 the aid of his native country,whose indepen- 
 dence the Austrians had threatened. In 
 1635, he at the head of a French army, de- 
 feated the Spanish troops at Mont-Francis- 
 co, and afterwards signalized himself at the 
 siege of Coni. He died in the country of 
 the Grisons 1674, aged 79. 
 
 Salisbury, John, an English divine in 
 Stephen's reign. His works on subjects of 
 antiquity and criticism ai'e curious and valu- 
 able. 
 
 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, earl of, an able 
 statesman, son of William, lord Burleigh, 
 born 1550. He was educated at St. John'.s 
 college, Cambridge, and was introduced by 
 his father into the business and the intrigues 
 of political life. He was first secretary to 
 lord Derby, ambassador in France, and in 
 1596, was made under secretary to sir Fran- 
 cis Walsingham, after whose death he suc- 
 ceeded to the place of principal secretary of 
 state. He was made chancellor of Lancas- 
 ter 1597, and afterwards succeeded his fa- 
 ther lord Burleigh as prime minister, and 
 in this high and dangerous office behaved 
 with great prudence and sagacity. The in- 
 fluence which he possessed under Elizabeth, 
 he retained in the next reign, and James 
 was so pleased with the conduct of this mi- 
 nister, that he created him earl of Salisbury 
 in 1605, and made him knight of the gar- 
 ter. On the death of lord Dorset 1608, he 
 succeeded to the office of high treasurer, 
 and applied his great talents to restore the 
 finances of the kingdom to a more regular 
 and improving state. He died of the com- 
 plicated attacks of the dropsy and scurvy, 
 24th May, 1612. His opposition to the 
 earl of Essex, who at last ended his life on 
 the block, is exposed to reprehension , but 
 his enmity to the virtuous Raleigh, con- 
 tinued with increasing a;sperity, renders his 
 character on that subject peculiarly odious 
 and criminal. He was deformed, it is said, 
 in his person, but the energies of his mind 
 made sufficient amends for the defects of 
 personal appearance. 
 
 Sallengre, Albert Henry de, a learned 
 writer, born at the Hague 1694. He was 
 educated at Lcyden, and became an advo- 
 cate of the court of Holland, and afterwards 
 commissary of tlip finances of the States 
 
 58 «; 
 
&AL 
 
 SAL 
 
 licneial ; but his further and iieservecl ad- 
 vancement was stopped by the smallpox, 
 '.vhich carried him o'}* 1723, aged 30. He 
 ^ras much respected bj- the literati of Eng- 
 land and France, whom he visited, and was 
 author of Memoirs of Literature, 2 vols. — 
 History of Montmaur, 2 vols. 12:rio. — No- 
 vus Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarurn, 
 3 vols. foL — Essay on the History of the 
 United Provinces, 4to. which was part only 
 of a larger w ork which he did not live to 
 complete. 
 
 Sallo, Dennis de, a French writer, born 
 at Paris 1626. Though dull in his youth, 
 his powers gradually expanded, and he be- 
 came an acute classical scholar, and in 1652 
 was admitted counsellor of the parliament of 
 Paris. He did not, however, abandon lite- 
 rature, but M'as the first Avho, in 1664, form- 
 f d the project of a " Journal des Scavans." 
 JJut so severe were his censures on the la- 
 bours of his contemporaries, that a crowd 
 of enemies rose up against him, and he 
 dropped in dismay his critical remarks. 
 The plan nevertheless was adopted by the 
 learned of Europe after his example, but 
 >vith more moderation, and consequently 
 greater success. He died 1 669, and though 
 an author of some ability, he is remembered 
 now only as the inventor of a scheme of 
 periodical criticism, which has proved so 
 iiseful and so entertaining to the polished 
 nations of the world. 
 
 Sallust, Caius Crispus, a celebrated La- 
 tin historian. He was in the early part of 
 life so debauched that his name was erased 
 fronj the list of senators ; but the friend- 
 ship of Csesar restored him to his dignity, 
 and gave him the government of Numidia, 
 where he amassed an opulent fortune. He 
 built some stately edifices at Rome, which 
 still bear his name. He died B. C. 34. 
 Though devoted to luxury and voluptuous 
 case, he wrote valuable histories of the Ju- 
 gurthinc Avar,and of the Catiline conspiracy. 
 
 Saljvjanasar, a king of Assyria, who in- 
 vaded Samaria and put an end to the king- 
 dom of Israel, by carrying the people into 
 captivity. He was afterwards unfortunate 
 in his attack upon the TyrianSj who defeat^ 
 cd him by sea. He died about 714 B. C. 
 after a reign of fourteen years. 
 
 Salmasi'js, Claudius, or Saumaise, a 
 most learned writer, born at Saumur, 15S8, 
 of a respectable family. He was educated 
 under his father, who was a member of the 
 parliament of Burgundy, and afterwards 
 studied at Paris, and then passed to Heidel- 
 berg where he publicly professed the protes- 
 tant religion which he had imbibed from 
 the precepts and example of his mother. 
 Jn this place he drew upon himself the ad- 
 Triiration of the university by his learning 
 ajid continued application, and proved him- 
 self deservedly to be what his friend, Isaac 
 <'9saiibon, had described him, " ad miracri- 
 ^S6 
 
 lum doctus." His literary reputation was 
 now such that he received pressing and 
 most liberal invitations from Venice, from 
 Oxford, and even from the pope ; but these 
 he declined, and settled in 1632 in Holland, 
 where he succeeded Scaliger as professor 
 at Leyden. In 1640, on the death of his 
 father, he visited Burgundy,and received the 
 strongest solicitations from Richelieu, and 
 the otter of a pension of 12,000 livres a year 
 to settle in France ; but this he again re- 
 jected, and preferred the independence and 
 freedom of Holland to the servility of a 
 courtier. In 1650 he visited Christina, 
 queen of Sweden, who received him with 
 great respect, and treated him with the 
 most flattering marks of friendship. His 
 reputation, in the mean time, suffered in 
 the controversy which he had with Milton; 
 for while he defended, at the request of the 
 exiled family of England, the conduct and 
 principles ofCharles I.his a?rtagonist brought 
 against him, if not more learning, yet more 
 wit, more fancy, and more poignancy of 
 thought, so that the labours of the English- 
 man were read with more applause through- 
 out Europe than the duller composi- 
 tion of the defender of royalty. He began, 
 indeed, to answer Milton, but with slow- 
 ness and a heavy heart, and it was said that 
 he died of chagrin, at the superior powers 
 of his opponent. It is, however, more pro- 
 bable, that his death was occasionecl by 
 drinking improperly the Spa waters. He 
 died 3d Sept. 1653. His answer to Milton 
 was published by his son. Salmasius was 
 universally acknowledged to be the most 
 learned man of his time. He was well ac- 
 quainted with all the languages of Europe, 
 and in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and the other 
 oriental tongues, he was a most perfect 
 master ; but all these great qualities were 
 tarnished by self-love, by a fastidious disre- 
 gard of others, and the most inveterate 
 odium against, all such as dared to contro- 
 vert or differ from his opinions. His works 
 are very numerous, the best known of 
 which are his " Notae in Historiae Augustas 
 Scriptores — and Exercitationes Plinianae in 
 Solinum," besides good editions of Tertul- 
 lian, Florus, Polyhistor, Simplicius on 
 Epictetus — and Treatises de Modo Usura- 
 rum — de Re Militari Romanorum — de Hel- 
 lenistica — de Foenere Trapezetico, &c. 
 
 Salmeron, Alphonsus, a native of To- 
 ledo, who finished his studies at Paris. 
 He Avas one of the first and of the most 
 zealous followers of Ignatius Loyola, the 
 founder of the Jesuits, and after travelling 
 through Germany, Poland, the Low Coun- 
 tries, and Ireland, he appeared at the coun- 
 cil of Trent, where he displayed his learn- 
 ing and eloquence. He afterwards w^as 
 very active in the establishment of the .Je- 
 suits' college at Naples, where he died 13th 
 Feb. 15f?5, aged 69. He wrote Commen« 
 
8AJ. 
 
 SAJ. 
 
 larie.s on ibc Scriptures, and other works, 
 edited in 8 vols, folio, 1012. 
 
 Salmon, William, an eminent empiric, 
 uuthor of the Complete Physician, or 
 Druga;ist's Shop opened, 8vo. — a large 
 Herbal, 2 vols. fol. — Polygraphice, or the 
 Art of Painting, a work of merit — treatise 
 on Astrology, &c. lie flourished about 
 1685. 
 
 Salmon, Nathanael, an antiquarian, 
 Lorn at Mcpsall, Bedfordshire, and edu- 
 cated at Bcnet college, Cambridge. He 
 entered into orders, but though he had 
 taken the oaths to William, he refused to do 
 it to Anne, and being thus driven from the 
 church, he applied himself to physic, 
 which he practised at St. Ives, Huntingdon- 
 shire, and Bishop's Stortford, Herts. He 
 wrote a Survey of Roman Stations in Bri- 
 tain, 8vo. — a Survey of Roman Antiquities 
 in the Middle English Counties, 8vo. — 
 The History of Hertfordshire, folio — the 
 Lives of English Bishops from the Refor- 
 mation — the Antiquities of Surrey, and of 
 Essex. He died 1742. 
 
 Salmon, Thomas, brother to William, 
 was a writer of reputation. He was au- 
 thor of the Present State of all Nations — 
 a Geographical Grammar, Svo. afterwards 
 improved by Guthrie — the Chronological 
 History of England, 2 vols. 8vo. — Exami- 
 nation of Burnet's History of his own 
 Times, besides valuable assistance in the 
 Universal History, &c. He died suddenly, 
 April, 1743, and was buried in St. Dun- 
 stan's church. 
 
 Salonina, wife of Gallienus, was a wo- 
 man of great merit, as the friend of litera- 
 ture, and a benevolent princess. She was 
 murdered with her husband, 268. 
 
 Salter, Samuel, a learned divine, born 
 at Norwich, and educated at the Charter- 
 house, and Benet college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became a fellow. He was ap- 
 pointed by Sir Philip Yorke, afterwards 
 lord Hardwicke, tutor to his children, and 
 to this connexion, so well deserved by his 
 talents and attention, he was indebted for 
 his preferment in the church. He obtain- 
 ed from Herring the Lambeth degree of 
 D.D. 1751, and in 1754 was appointed 
 preacher at the Charter-house, and in 1761 
 master, on the death of Dr. Bearcroft. 
 He was besides prebendary of Norwich, 
 and had some livings. He died May 2d, 
 1778, and Avas buried in the burial ground 
 of the Charter-house. He was a man of 
 great abilities, eminent as a scholar, ami 
 popular as a preacher, and blessed with 
 such a retentive memory, that he always 
 delivered his sermons without even the use 
 of notes. He printed some single ser- 
 mons, &.C. — an edition of his maternal 
 grandfather, Dr. Jeffrey's tracts and ser- 
 mons, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. He was for 
 Bome time the friend of Bentley, and some 
 
 aiiCcdolCs ol thai cclebralcd liUic an- 
 preserved from his papers, by Bowycr. 
 
 SALTONSTALL,(;urdi)n, governor of Con- 
 necticut, was born i!7tii March, 1GG6, i". 
 Haverhill, Mas-sachusctts, and was gradua- 
 ted at Harvard college, in 1084. He wa- 
 endowed with fine talents, and dcvotine, 
 himself to the ministry, soon became dixtiii- 
 guished. He possessed a keen under- 
 standing, a rich fancy, aiid his style and 
 delivery were manly and attractive. H- 
 settled at New-London, Connecticut, oi. 
 25th November, 1691, and remained there 
 highly esteemed till 1707, when he was 
 selected as a candidate for the office of go- 
 vernor, and the legislature, to render hini 
 eligible, repealed a law, requiring the 
 choice to be made from among the magis- 
 trates. Ho was advanced to the oliice, 
 and annually re-elected till his death, in 
 1724, in his fifty-ninth year. His admi- 
 nistration was able and popular. He left a 
 a widow who was much celebrated in New- 
 England for her accomplishments, piety, 
 and munificence to literary and charitabVe 
 objects. iCs^ I.. 
 
 Saltonstall, Richard, nephew of the 
 governor, and grandson to the Hon. Na- 
 thaniel Saltonstall, was born in 1703, and 
 graduated at Harvard college, in 1722, and 
 as early as 1728 he was a representa- 
 tive from Haverhill, and was afterwards a 
 member of the council. In 1736 he was 
 appointed a judge of the superior court, 
 and held the office until a few months be- 
 fore his death, when he resigned on ac- 
 count of ill health. He died October 20tb, 
 1756, aged 54. His eldest son Richard 
 was graduated at Harvard college, in 1751. 
 He was an officer in the war with the 
 French, and afterwards sheriff of Esse.x 
 county. He married a daughter of the 
 Hon. Elisha Cooke of Boston. At the 
 commencement of the revolution he left 
 the province, and died at Kensington. 
 England, m 1785. l:ZP' L. 
 
 Salvator, Rosa, an Italian painter, born 
 at Renessa, near Naples, 1615. His youth 
 was dissipated, and passed frequently in 
 the abandoned company of banditti, in 
 whose wild and rugged retreats he imbibed 
 that taste for rough scenery which he de- 
 scribed on canvass with so masterly a hand. 
 His human figures are much admired, but 
 few of his larger works are to be found in 
 England, though he was so rapid in his exe- 
 cution, that he often began and finished a 
 picture in one day. His prints, of which 
 he etched a great number, are in general 
 esteem. He distinguished himself also as 
 a poet, and deserved, by the force and po- 
 pularity of his satire, to be called the Ju-' 
 venal of Italy. His v.orks were printed, 
 Amsterdam, 1719, Svo. He died at Rome, 
 1673. 
 
 Salvi. John, ^n historical painter. wK» 
 
 
SAM 
 
 J5AN 
 
 tlisplayed great taste and judgment in 
 copying the pieces of the best niasters. 
 He was born near Urbino, and died 1590 
 aged S6. 
 
 Salvi, Nicholas, an architect, born at 
 Rome. He died 1751, aged 52. The 
 best known of his works is the fountain of 
 Crevi, which he finished at the desire of 
 pope Clement XII. 
 
 Salviani, Hippolitus, a noble native of 
 Citta-di-Castello, who practised medicine 
 at Rome, and died there 1572, aged 59. He 
 is author of a treatise on Fishes, folio — de 
 Crisibus ad Galenj Censuram — poems and 
 remedies in Italian. 
 
 Salvianus, a divine of the fifth century. 
 He wrote, in an elegant style, a treatise on 
 Divine Providence, and other works, print- 
 ed, 2 vols. 8vo. 1623. He was a native of 
 Cologne, and died at Marseilles, 484. 
 
 Salviati, Francis, a painter of Flo- 
 rence, born 1510. He was patronised by 
 cardinal Salviati, and in consequence of 
 this he exchanged his name of Bossi for 
 that of his benefactor. He was at Paris 
 1554, but looked with envy upon the emi- 
 nence of rival painters, and afterwards re- 
 turned to Italy. He was much admired for 
 the grace which he gave to his naked 
 figures, and the beauty and ease of his 
 draperies. The best of his pieces are pre- 
 served at Florence, Venice, and Rome.^ 
 He died 1563. 
 
 Salviati, Joseph, a Venetian painter^ 
 who exchanged his family name of Porta 
 for that of his master Salviati. His design 
 and colouring were highly admired, and 
 his abilities were frequently employed by 
 the Venetians, with those of Tintoret and 
 Paul Veronese. He died at Venice, 1585. 
 Salvini, Anthony Marie, an eminent 
 scholar, born at Florence, and professor of 
 Greek there. He was member of the de 
 la Crusca academy, and contributed much 
 to the completion of their Dictionary, in 6 
 vols, folio. Besides elegant poetical trans- 
 lations into Italian of the Iliad and Odys- 
 sey, of Theocritus, Hesiod, Anacreon, and 
 other Greek poets ; besides Ovid's Meta- 
 morphoses, Horace's Satires and Art of 
 Poetry, and other Latin works ; and Boi- 
 leau's Art of Poetry, and Addison's Cato, 
 &c. he wrote some elegant sonnets ; Aca- 
 demical Discourses ; a Funeral Oration for 
 Ma^liabechi, &c. He died at Florence 
 1729. 
 
 Sambucus, John, a native of Tirnau in 
 Hungary, who studied medicine and im- 
 proved himself by travelling through Ger- 
 many, Italy, and France. He was patro- 
 nised by the emperors Maximilian II. and 
 Rodolphus n. and was appointed counsel- 
 lor of state and historiographer of the em- 
 pire. He wrote Lives of the Roman Em- 
 perors — History of Hungary — Emblemata 
 — Icones Medicorvrm, folio — translations 
 5S8 
 
 in Latin from Hesiod, Plato, Thucydides^ 
 &c. This learned and well-informed man 
 died of an apoplexy at Vienna, 13th June, 
 1584, aged 53. 
 
 Sampson, William, author of the Vow 
 Breaker, a tragedy, lived in the age of the 
 first Charles. He also assisted Markham 
 in the composition of his tragedy of Herod 
 and Antipater. 
 
 Sampson, Henry, M. A. a native of 
 South Leverton, Notts, educated at Pem- 
 broke hall, Cambridge, wh«re he became 
 fellow. He obtained the living of Fram- 
 lingham, but was ejected for nonconformity 
 at the restoration, and then studied physic 
 at Leyden and Padua, and practised with 
 success in London. He died 1705. He 
 published an edition of Porter on Divine 
 Grace, and prepared materials for a his- 
 tory of nonconformists, which, however, 
 he never published. 
 
 Samson, son of Manoah, of the tribe of 
 Dan. He is celebrated in Scripture for his 
 extraordinary strength, which he displayed 
 against the enemies of his country. He 
 was at last betrayed by his mistress, Deli- 
 lah, into the hands of the Philistines, who 
 put out his eyes, and made him work in a 
 mill. He avenged himself of his enemies 
 when they had assembled to make sport of 
 him, and while in the temple of Dagon, he 
 seized the pillars against which he rested, 
 and throwing down the whole edifice, pe- 
 rished in the ruins, with 3000 of the Philis- 
 tines, B.C. 1117. 
 
 Samuel, a celebrated prophet of Israel. 
 He was early devoted to the service of God 
 in the temple as the attendant upon Eli, 
 and when called to the holy oflTice of pro- 
 phet, he anointed Saul, and afterwards 
 David, to be kings over his nation. He 
 died about 1057, B.C. aged 98. The book 
 of Judges and of Ruth are supposed to be 
 written by him. 
 
 Samwell, David, a native of Nantglyn, 
 Denbighshire, known as the surgeon of the 
 Discovery, at the time when the unfortu- 
 nate Cook was murdered by the natives of 
 Owhyhee. As he was present at this 
 dreadful scene, he gave to the public a 
 very circumstantial account of it. He 
 also published some poems in Welch, and 
 died 1799. 
 
 Sanadon, Noel Stephen, a learned Je- 
 suit, born at Rouen, 1676. He taught 
 with reputation at Caen, and afterwards 
 with equal success, was professor of rhe- 
 toric at Paris. He was intrusted with the 
 education of prince de Conti, and made 
 librarian to the king. He died 21st Sept. 
 1733. He was author of some orations 
 and poems, much admired, besides a trans- 
 lation of Horace's works, accompanied 
 with learned notes, the best edition of 
 which is that of Amsterdam, 1735, in P 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 vols. 8vo. containing Dacicr's version and 
 notes. 
 
 Sanchez, Antonio Niints Ribeiro, a 
 learned physician, born 7th March, lG9t), 
 at Penna-Macor, in Portugal. He studied 
 at Coimbra and Salamanca, and afterwards 
 passed to London, and then visited Ley- 
 den, where be further improved his know- 
 ledge under the direction of Boerhaave. 
 When in 1731, Anne, empress of Russia, 
 required of that illustrious professor to re- 
 commend her three physicians, Sanchez 
 was honourably nominated one of the num- 
 ber. In this distant country he was ap- 
 pointed physician to the army, and he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his extensive and 
 successful practice, and at last became first 
 physician at court. The revolution of 
 1742, however, changed his prospects, and 
 in the midst of the proscriptions which he 
 daily witnessed, he had the good fortune 
 to be permitted to leave the country. He 
 retired to Paris, where he died l4th 
 Oct. 1783. His correspondence with the 
 learned was extensive, and his papers are 
 now, it is said, in the hands of Dr. Andre. 
 It is to be observed, that Catherine, when 
 she ascended the Russian throne, rewarded 
 bis services to her subjects with an honour- 
 able pension of lOOO roubles. The works 
 of Dr. Sanchez, aie Dissertations on the 
 Origin of the Venereal Disease — on Earth- 
 quakes — a Method of studying Medicine, 
 
 Sanchez, Thomas, a learned Jesuit, 
 born at Corduba, 1551. His reputation 
 for chastity and mortification was very 
 great. He died at Grenada, 19tb May, 
 1610, and was buried with extraordinary 
 magnificence. His works on the Deca- 
 logue, on Monastic Vows, &c. in 4 vols, 
 folio, display great genius ; but in examin- 
 ing the controversies concerning marriage 
 he has used language too often coarse and 
 indelicate. 
 
 Sanchez, Peter Anthony, a Spanish di- 
 vine, was born at Vigo, in Gallicia, in 1740. 
 He became canon of the cathedral of St. 
 James, and professor of divinity at his na- 
 tive place, where he was admired as a 
 preacher, and esteemed for his charity. 
 He died in 1S06. His works are — 1. Sum- 
 ma theologiae Sacra;, 4 vols. 2. Annales 
 Sacri, 2 vols. 3. A Treatise on Tolera- 
 tion, 3 vols. 4. History of the Church 
 of Africa. 5. Essay on the Eloquence 
 of the Pulpit. 6. Sermons, 3 vols. 7. 
 On the Means of encouraging Industry. — 
 W.B. 
 
 Sancho II. surnamed the Strong, king 
 of Castile, resented the division made by 
 his father Ferdinand, of his dominions, 
 aiid therefore on his mother's death, he de- 
 throned his brothers. Garcias was banish- 
 ed from Gallicia, and Alphonsus quitted 
 ^Iie throne of Leon, to end his davs in a 
 
 monaslcry. Sancho afterwards hlrippcd 
 his sisters of tlieir piitrimony ; but in be- 
 sieging Zamora, which belon^^ed to the 
 eldest, lie was assassinated, 1072. 
 
 Sancho, Ignatius, a negro of extraordi- 
 nary character, born 1729, at sea, on 
 board a ship in its passage from Guinea lo 
 Spanish America. He was baptized at 
 Carthagena, by the name of Ignatius, and 
 when two years old was brought by his 
 master lo England, and given to three 
 maiden sisters near Greenwich, who con- 
 temptuously bestowed on him the appelbi- 
 tion of Don Quixote's squire. Though 
 treated with harshness by his austere mis- 
 tresses, he found a patron and a friend in 
 the duke of Montague, and after that no- 
 bleman's death he lived with the dutchess 
 in the capacity of butler, and at her de- 
 cease, received from her bounty an an- 
 nuity of 30/. A habit of low debauchery, 
 however, and a fondness for gaming, soon 
 ruined his little fortune, till at last reflec- 
 tion brought him back to his senses, and as 
 he was very partial to theatrical represen- 
 tations, he presented himself as a proper 
 character, to portray the person of Othello 
 and Oroonoko. The attempt did not, 
 however, answer the public expectation ; 
 but though thus disappointed, a marriage 
 with a respectable young woman, of West 
 India origin, dictated to him the necessity 
 of industrious and honest exertions. By 
 the friendship o[ the Montague family, he 
 was again placed abo>e want, and settled 
 in a small grocery shop, where his good 
 conduct enabled him, in the enjoyment of 
 domestic comforts, to provide a decent 
 subsistence for himself and his numerous 
 family. He died 15th Dec. 1780. This 
 singular character, patronised by the 
 great, by the dutchesses of Queensbury 
 and Northumberland, and noticed by the 
 learned and the fashionable, by Sterne, 
 Garrick, and others, was author of seve* 
 ral letters, which possess great originality, 
 and display strong powers of intellect, 
 and which appeared for the benefit of his 
 family under the benevolent care of Miss 
 Crewe. 
 
 Sanchoniathon, a Phoenician historian, 
 who flourished about the time that Gideoi? 
 judged Israel. Some fragments remain in 
 Eusebius and Porphyry, of his history of 
 the Antiquities of Phoenicia, which Phila 
 of Byblos had translated into Greek. 
 
 Sancroft, William, an eminent Eng- 
 lish prelate, born at Frcsingfield, Suffolk, 
 1616. He was educated at Burv" school, 
 and Emanuel college, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow in 1612. He was eject- 
 ed from his fellowship in 1649 for refusing 
 to conform to the republican establishment, 
 and then went over to the continent, where 
 he continued till the restoration. He re- 
 turned to England soon after Charles, t>nd 
 
 5S9 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 btcame chaplain to Cosin bishop of Dur- 
 ham, who gave him the valuable living of 
 Houghton-le-Spring, and a prebend stall. 
 In 1662, he was elected master of Ema- 
 nuel college, in 1664 made dean of York, 
 and a few months after promoted to the 
 deanery of St. Paul. In this new situa- 
 tion he contributed much to the repairing 
 of the cathedral, and when it was destroy- 
 ed by the fire of London, he gave 1400/. 
 towards rebuilding it. In 1657 he was un- 
 expectedly raised by Charles II. to the me- 
 tropolitan see of Canterbury, and added 
 dignity to that high station by his exem- 
 plary conduct and paternal care of the 
 church. He attended his royal master in 
 his last moments, and it is said, used great 
 freedom of exhortation. Under his suc- 
 cessor be evinced a strong attachment to 
 the established church, by his opposition 
 to popery, and he was one of the seven 
 bishops sent to the tower in 16S8. Though 
 thus zealous against the papists, and one 
 of those lords who declared for the prince 
 of Orange, on James's abdication, yet he re- 
 fused to wait upon the new made mo- 
 narch, to whose elevation he had so pow- 
 erfully concurred, and for this pusillani- 
 mous conduct he is deservedly censured 
 by Burnet and others. This conduct, and 
 his refusal to take the oath of allegiance ren- 
 dered him unpopular with the court, he was 
 suspended, and Tillotson in 1691 was ap- 
 pointed in his room. As he refused to 
 leave Lambeth, he was cited before the 
 court of exchequer as an intinider, and 
 now, finding all resistance vain, he retired 
 to Fresingfield, where he lived for two 
 years in obscurity, till an intermittent fever 
 carried him off, 24th Nov. 1693. Though 
 a man of great learning, he published lit- 
 tle, which was a Latin dialogue against 
 Calvinism, called the Predestinated Thief 
 — Modern Politics, from Machiavel, Bor- 
 gia, &c. besides sermons — Familiar Let- 
 ters, &c. His MSS. were purchased for 
 80 guineas, and presented to the Bodleian 
 library by bishop Tanner. 
 
 Sanctorius, an ingenious physician, 
 professor at Padua, was born at Capo 
 d'Istria, 1561, and died at Venice 1636. 
 He is chiefly known for his curious experi- 
 ments on insensible perspiration, which he 
 made on himself in his statical chair, ascer- 
 taining, v\ ith incredible accuracy, what he 
 gained by aliment, and what he lost by se- 
 cretion and other discharges. This inge- 
 nious system was presented to the ad- 
 miring world in his " Ars de Static^ Medi- 
 cine," Venice, 1614, translated into French 
 1722, and into English by Dr. Quincy. 
 He published, besides, Methodus vitando- 
 vum Errorum in Arte Medica, 4to. — Com- 
 mentaria in Galeni, &c. all together col- 
 kcted in 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Sandby, Thomas, a native of Notting- 
 590 
 
 ham, who acquired some celebrity as an 
 architect, and was appointed professor of 
 that science in the Royal academy, Lon- 
 don. He died 1798, aged 77. 
 
 Sandby, Paul, an artist, was born at 
 Nottingham in 1732. At the age of four- 
 teen, he became a student in the drawing- 
 room in the Tower, and in 1748 he was 
 sent to take views in the Highlands for the 
 duke of Cumberland. Of these he made 
 small etchings, which he afterwards pub- 
 lished. After this he was much employed 
 in making sketches throughout the king- 
 dom ; and he executed several prints, in 
 imitation of drawings in Indian ink, which 
 art of aquatinta, as it is called, he carried 
 to great perfection. He became one of 
 the first members of the Royal Academy, 
 and in 1768 was appointed chief drawing- 
 master of that at Woolwich. He died 
 Nov. 7, 1809. His brother, Thomas 
 Sandby, became pi-ofessor of architecture 
 in the Royal Academy, and died in 1798, 
 at the age of 77.— IF. B. 
 
 Sandeman, Robert, a Scotchman, born 
 at Perth, 1723, and educated at St. An- 
 drews. Instead of entering into the 
 church, for which he was intended, he be- 
 came a linen manufacturer, and afterwards 
 turned preacher. — He came to America in 
 1764, and settled in Danbury, Connecticut, 
 where he gathered a church the following 
 year. He afterwards established several 
 societies in New-England. The chief pe- 
 culiarity of his creed was the dogma, that 
 justifying faith is a mere act of the under-' 
 standing, a merely speculative belief. He 
 died at Danbury, April 2d, 1771, aged 53 
 years. His sect still bears his name. He 
 wrote an answer to Hervey's Theron and 
 Aspasio, very offensive to the Calvinists. 
 
 rc?- L. 
 
 Sanders, Robert, an English writer, 
 born near Breadalbane, in Scotland, about 
 1727. From a comb-maker he became a 
 hackney writer, when transplanted to Lon- 
 don, and besides engagements in some pe- 
 riodical publications, was amanuensis to 
 lord Lyttelton, when he wrote his History 
 of Henry II. He wrote the Complete 
 English Traveller, folio — the Newgate Ca- 
 lendar — Gaffer Graybeard, a novel, in 4 
 vols. l2mo. in which he occasionally em- 
 ploys his wit with effect against fanaticism. 
 In his last years he projected a Chronology 
 of all Nations, but died before its comple- 
 tion, of a disorder on his lungs, 19th March, 
 1783. 
 
 Sanders, Nicolas, divinity professor at 
 Louvain, was born at Charlewood, Surrey, 
 and educated at Winchester school, and 
 New college, Oxford, from which he was 
 banished for his religious tenets. He was 
 with cardinal Hosius, at the council of 
 Trent, and afterwards went to Poland, and 
 he was sent by Gregory XIII. as his nuncio 
 
hAN 
 
 ^ \N 
 
 to Ireland, where he led for some time ii 
 ivanderinj; life in the woods and moun- 
 tains during the civil troubles, and at last 
 died of want, 1581. He wrote, against 
 the reformation, De Originc et Progressu 
 Schismatis Anglieani, Svo. 
 
 Sanderson, Robert, an eminent prelate, 
 born at Rotherham, Yorkshire, 19th Sept. 
 1587. After receiving his education at 
 Rotherham school, he entered at Lincoln 
 college, Oxford, where he became fellow, 
 1606. In 1618 he was presented to the 
 living of VVyberton, near Boston, which 
 he resigned the next year on account of 
 the unhealthiness of the place, and then 
 succeeded to Boothby Pagnel rectory, 
 which he enjoyed for 40 years. He was 
 afterwards promoted to a prebend of South- 
 well, and on account of his extensive 
 learning was recommended by Laud to the 
 king, and made his chaplain. In 1636 he 
 was created D.D. at Oxford, and in 1642 
 appointed regius professor of divinity, and 
 canon of Christ church. His attachment 
 to the king rendered him an object of per- 
 secution with the parliament ; but he ad- 
 hered to his principles, and attended the 
 king at Hampton court, and the Isle of 
 Wight, and advised him with respect to the 
 proposal of the parliament, to alter, and even 
 abolish the Episcopal government of the 
 church, and alsopublished his sentiments un- 
 der the title of Episcopacy not prejudicial to 
 regal power. In 1648 he was ejected from 
 his professorship, but permitted to retain, 
 though with difficulty, his living ; and at 
 the restoration he was reinstated to all his 
 ecclesiastical honours, and soon after 
 raised to the see of Lincoln. Though he 
 held this new dignity but a little time, yet 
 be assiduously was engaged in promoting 
 the interests of religion, and in improving 
 the poor vicarages of his diocess. He died 
 29th Jan. 1662-3, and was buried privately 
 in Bugden church. As a divine and a 
 scholar Sanderson was well versed in ec- 
 clesiastical and antiquarian history,and was 
 considered as the ablest casuist of the 
 times. He used to say that he read only 
 three books, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Aquinas's 
 Secunda Secunds, and Cicero's works, 
 especially his Offices, which he could re- 
 peat without book. The strong sense and 
 manly diction of his writings have been 
 deservedly admired. The chief of his 
 works are " Logica; Artis Compendium," 
 36 sermons, fol. — Nine Cases of Con- 
 science resolved — De Juramenti Obliga- 
 tione — de Obligatione Conscientiae, trans- 
 lated into English by Charles, during his 
 confinement in the Isle of Wight — Pax 
 Ecclesiae, about predestination, &c. — Dis- 
 courses concerning the Church, &c. — Lec- 
 tures in the Divinity School, Oxford, &c. 
 
 Sanderson, Robert, Esq. F.A.S. usher 
 pf the court of Chancery, and clerk of the 
 
 Rolls' ciiaprl, distinguished himself as tho 
 laborious continuator of Itvmer's Focdera, 
 from the lOlh to th.- -iOth \olume. A new 
 edition of Rymcr apptarr-d in 1727. San- 
 der.-on died -ioth Dec. 1711. 
 
 Sandrart, Joachim, a Cicrman painter, 
 born at Frankfort, 160G. lie stu<li(;d at 
 Prague, Utrecht, London, Venice, and 
 Rome. His abilities were noticed and re- 
 warded by the king of Spain ; but instead 
 of living the whole of his life abroad, he 
 returned to Frankfort, where he married, 
 and afterwards settled at Nuremberg, 
 where he established an academy of paint- 
 ing. He published some works on his art, 
 the best known of which is the Lives of 
 Painters, with their effigies, abridged from 
 Vasari and Ridolfi. He died at Nurem- 
 berg, 1683. 
 
 Sandys, Edwin, a distinguished prelate, 
 born in 1519, in Lancashire, at Hawks- 
 head, as it is supposed. He was educated 
 at St. John's college, Cambridge, and in 1547 
 wa.i elected master of Catharine-hall, and 
 in 1553 vice chancellor. He was a strong 
 advocate for the reformation, and therefore 
 willingly seconded the views of Northum- 
 berland in proclaiming Jane Grey queen ; 
 but when, two days after, the same noble- 
 man, yielding to the times, wished him to 
 proclaim Mary, he boldly resisted. For 
 this contumacy he was deprived of his ho- 
 nours, sent to the Tower for seven months, 
 and at last liberated with great difficulty. 
 His attachment to the protestant cause 
 was so zealous that Gardiner meditated 
 his ruin ; but he escaped to the continent, 
 where he continued till the accession of 
 Elizabeth. On his return to England he was 
 appointed one of the nine divines who were 
 to dispute against nine catholics before the 
 assembled parliament, and he was also 
 named one of the commissioners for the 
 revision of the liturgy, and the reformation 
 of the church. He was raised to the see 
 of Worcester, and in consequence of his 
 great learning, was one of those employed 
 in the translation of what is called the Bi- 
 shops' Bible, in which he translated for his 
 share the books of Kings and Chronicles. 
 In 1570 he succeeded Grindal in the see of 
 London, and in 1576 was translated to 
 York. His severity against the papists, 
 in the cause of the reformation, was so 
 great, that he created himself many ene- 
 mies, and so resentful were some of these 
 religious opponents, that they scrupled not 
 to charge the bishop of adultery, by intro- 
 ducing, while he was asleep at an inn at Don- 
 caster, the wife of the innkeeper into his bed, 
 and then exciting the husband, in pretended 
 irritation, to chastise the violence offijred 
 to his honour. This infamous conspiracy- 
 was fully detected, and the accomplices, 
 men of rank and fortune, were severely 
 punished in the star chamber. The arch-^ 
 
 501 
 
•SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 bishop, thus persecuted, and exposed du= 
 ring his active life to great obloquy and 
 much contention, died lOth July, 1588, 
 and was buried at Southwell. He was 
 twice married, and by his second wife had 
 seven sons and two daughters, from one of 
 "whom is descended lord Sandys. As a 
 preacher Dr. Sandys was much admired ; 
 22 of his sermons were published in 4to. 
 and some of his letters have also appeared 
 in print. 
 
 Sandys, sir Edwin, second son of the 
 archbishop, was born in Worcestershire, 
 1561, and educated at Corpus Christi, Ox- 
 ford, under the celebrated Hooker. In 
 1581 he obtained a prebend in the church 
 of York, and afterwards travelled into fo- 
 reign countries, and published an Account 
 of his Observations, under the title of Eu- 
 ropae Speculum. He resigned his prebend 
 in 1602, and was knighted by king James, 
 and employed by him in affairs of trust and 
 importance with foreign states. He op- 
 posed, in 1621, the measures of ihe court 
 in parliament, for which he was imprison- 
 ed, but soon after set at liberty, by the in- 
 terference of the commons. He died 
 1629, and was buried at Northbourne, in 
 Kent. He left 1500/. te the university of 
 Oxford, for the foundation of a metaphysi- 
 cal lecture. Some sacred hymns have ap- 
 peared under his name, though some attri- 
 bute them to another person of the same 
 name. 
 
 Sandys, George, brother to the prece- 
 ding, was the seventh and youngest son of 
 the archbishop, and was born at Bishops- 
 thorp, 1577. In 1588 he entered at St. 
 Mary's hall, Oxford, and afterwards re- 
 moved to Corpus Christi, and in 1610 set 
 out on his travels, and during an absence 
 of two years, visited not only the chief 
 countries of Europe, but the most celebra- 
 ted places of the East, the Holy Land, 
 Egypt, &c. He published, on his return, 
 an Account of his Travels, in folio, 1615, 
 with plates, which was very popular, and 
 was often reprinted. He was also distin- 
 guished as a poet, and translated, in 1632, 
 Ovid's Metamorphoses into English verse, 
 in folio — besides the Psalms of David Pa- 
 raphrased — Christ's Passion, a sacred dra- 
 ma, from Grotius, &c. He died at Bexley, 
 in Kent, March, 1643, and was buried 
 there. His learning and virtues have been 
 commended not only by his contempora- 
 ries, Lucius, lord Falkland, and others, but 
 by Dryden, who called him the best versi- 
 fier of his age, and by Pope, who declared 
 that English poetry owed much of its beau- 
 ty to his translations. 
 
 Sannazarius, James, an eminent Ita- 
 lian poet, born at Naples, 28th July, 1453. 
 He was patronised by Frederic, king of 
 Naples, and accompanied that prince into 
 France, after his expulsion from his king- 
 592 
 
 dom. He afterwards returned to Naples, 
 where he devoted himself to study and to 
 pleasure. He died 1530. His Latin poems, 
 consisting of elegies, eclogues, and epi- 
 grams, have been often edited. His epic 
 poem, De Partu Virginis, in 3 books, i^ 
 considered as an elegant and highly finish- 
 ed performance, though the mixture of 
 Christianity and paganism must be regard- 
 ed as offensive to truth and probability. 
 He wrote also two pieces in Italian, Arca- 
 dia, in prose and verse, and Rime, a poem. 
 Sanson, Nicolas, a French geographer, 
 born at Abbeville, Dec. 12th, 1600. He 
 early distinguished himself by his geogra- 
 phical labours, and was so indefatigable 
 that he executed not less than 300 large 
 maps of places, ancient and modern, in a 
 correct and elegant manner. He was en- 
 gineer and geographer to the king, and was 
 patronised by Richelieu and Mazarine. He 
 died at Paris, 1667, leaving two sons, who 
 inherited his geographical talents. His 
 Atlas was published, 2 vols. fol. Paris 
 1693. He wrote besides Treatises on the 
 Four Parts of the World ; a Description 
 of the Roman Empire, France, Spain, Ita- 
 ly, &-C. 
 
 Sansovino, James, called Fatti, a native 
 of Florence, eminent as a sculptor and ar- 
 chitect. The mint, the library of St. Mark, 
 and the palace of Cornavo, at Venice, are 
 beautiful specimens of his skill and genius, 
 which were so highly admired, that in a 
 public tax he and Titian were exempted 
 from the general contribution. He died 
 at Venice, 1570, aged 91. His son Francis 
 was bot-n at Rome, 1521, and studied at 
 Venice, but took his degrees in law at Pa- 
 dua. He, however, abandoned jurispru- 
 dence for polite literature, and erected a 
 printing-house at Venice, where he printed 
 his own works, and those of others. He 
 wrote a Chronology of the World, to 1582 
 — a Translation of Plutarch — Annals of 
 the Ottoman Empire — Description of the 
 Government of Genoa, Lucca, and Ragusa 
 — a collection of 100 novels of illustrious 
 Italian writers, &c. He died at Venice, 
 1586, aged 65. 
 
 Santeul, John Baptist de, a Latin poet, 
 born at Paris, 1630. He was one of the 
 canons of St. Victor, and was rewarded 
 for his merits with a pension from Lewis 
 XIV. He died at Dijon, 1697. His Latin 
 poems were much admired, and appeared 
 in 3 vols. 12mo. — besides Latin Hymns, in 
 another volume. Eruyere has spoken of 
 him in high strains of commendation. His 
 brother Claude, who died 1684, also ex- 
 celled as a Latin poet. 
 
 Santi di Titi, a native of Florence, 
 whose historical pieces and portraits were 
 much admired. The best part of his works 
 are preserved at Florence. He died 1603^ 
 
 aged 65. 
 
SAR 
 
 6 Mi 
 
 Sapor I. king of Persia after Lis father 
 Artaxerxes, A.l). 238, He exteiitled his 
 <Toiniiiioiis by the conquest of Mesopota- 
 mia, Syria, and Cilicia, and by the defeat 
 of tiic emperor Valerian. He was after- 
 wards defeated by Odenatus, and some 
 time after put to death by his subjects, 273. 
 Sai'or II. king of I'ersia after his faiher 
 Hormisdas, was a brave and successful 
 warrior against the Konians, but a violent 
 oppressor of the Christians. He died 380 
 A. D. 
 
 Sappho, a celebrated poetess, born in 
 Mit}lene, about 600 B.C. Her poetical 
 powers in lyric composition were so re- 
 spectable, that she was called the tenth 
 muse, and her countrymen even stamped 
 her image on their coin. Her manners, 
 however, were dissolute, and it is said that 
 she threw herself into the sea, on account 
 of the coldness with which young Phaon 
 returned her love. 
 
 Sarasin, John Francis, a French writer, 
 born at Hermanvillc, near Caen, 1604. He 
 studied at Caen and Paris, and though not 
 very learned, was eminent for his vivacity, 
 his wit, and his acquaintance with polite 
 literature. He was made secretary to the 
 prince of Conti ; but though long pro- 
 tected and favoured by him, he was at last 
 dismissed from his service with ignominy, 
 because he had prevailed upon him, through 
 interested motives, to marry cardinal Ma- 
 zarine's niece. This severe treatment 
 weighed heavily upon his spirit, and at 
 last occasioned his death, 1654. His 
 works were published under the care of his 
 friend Menage. They are in French, and 
 consist of a Discourse on Tragedy ; Histo- 
 ry of the Siege of Dunkirk, 1649 ; the Fu- 
 neral Pomp of Voiture ; Miscellanea ; be- 
 sides poems, odes, eclogues, epigrams, &c. 
 Saravia, Adrian, a native of Hesdin, in 
 Artois ; protestant professor of divinity at 
 Leyden, where he joined the conspiracy for 
 delivering up the city to Robert de Leices- 
 ter. Upon the failure of this plan he fled 
 to England, where he became canon of 
 Canterbury, and the friend of Hooker, 
 whose last moments he attended. His 
 works have been collected into one vol. 
 folio. He died 1611, aged 81. He is re- 
 presented by P. Burmam, as avaricious, 
 inconstant, and ambitious. 
 
 Sarbiewski, Matthias Casimir, a Jesuit. 
 Vid. Casimir. 
 
 Sardanapalus, a dissolute king of As- 
 syria. When defeated in an insurrection 
 of his subjects, who viewed with indigna- 
 tion his effeminate conduct, he set his pa- 
 lace on fire, and perished in the flames, 
 B. C. 820. 
 
 Sargent, Winthrop, governor of Mis- 
 sissippi, was a native of Massachusetts, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1771. In 
 July, 1775, he entered the army, and serv- 
 VoL. II. 75 
 
 ed in various caparitits with great reputa- 
 tion, until the termination of the war. Af- 
 ter the peace he became connected with the 
 Ohio company, ami in i7h»; was appointed 
 by congress surveyor of the northwestern 
 territory, and in 1787 secretary of the go- 
 vernment established there. He repaired 
 thither in 1788, and the succeeding year 
 was authorized to take upon him the go- 
 vernment in case of the d<;ath or resigna- 
 tion of St. Clair. The admiTiistration de- 
 volved on him in 1790, during the absenoc 
 of the governor. He attended general St. 
 Clair i[i the capacity of adjutant general in 
 his unfortunate expedition against the In- 
 dians, and was wounded in the retreat. 
 He was also adjutant general and inspector 
 under general Wayne, and on the depar- 
 ture ol St. Clair was again governor of the 
 territory. He was removed from office in 
 1801, and succeeded by Claiborne. He 
 died on a voyage from Natches to Phila- 
 delphia, June 3d, 1820. ICT^ L. 
 
 Sarisbury, John of, an English ecclesi- 
 astic, boi'n at Rochester, 1110. He was 
 the favourite of Henry II. and of Thomas 
 Becket, and for some time was the English 
 resident at the court of Rome. He was 
 afterwards the friend and faithful compa- 
 nion of Becket, and was with liim when he 
 was assassinated at Canterbury. He then 
 passed over to France, and was made bi- 
 shop of Chartres, 1179, but died soon 
 after. He was a man of great genius and 
 extensive learning, which he showed in a 
 Latin Treatise called PoHcraticon, sive de 
 Nugis Curialium, &e. ; besides his " Let- 
 ters ;" a Life of Becket ; a Treatise on Lo- 
 gic and Philosophy, much commended by 
 Du Pin, and by Lipsius. 
 
 Sarjeant, John, a secular priest, whose 
 real name was Smith, born in Lincoln- 
 shire, 1621, and educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. He became secretary 
 to Morton, bishop of Durham ; but after- 
 wards went to Lisbon, and in the English 
 college there, changed his religion. He 
 returned to England, 1652, and Avrote some 
 tracts in favour of the new tenets which he 
 had embraced, especially against Tillotson, 
 Bramhall, Pierce, Hammond, &c. He 
 died about 1670. 
 
 Sarpi, Peter Paul, commonly known by 
 the name of Father Paul, was born at Ve- 
 nice, 14th August, 1552. At the age of 
 twelve he entered into the order of the Ser- 
 vites, and soon acquired distinction by his 
 learning and abilities. Well skilled in the 
 knowledge of the learned languages, he 
 was equally conversant in philosophy, ma- 
 thematics, and theology, and had made 
 some progress in medicine and anatomy. 
 These high acquirejnents were noticed and 
 rewarded ; he was not only made provin- 
 cial of, his order, but was honoured with 
 the esteem of cardinals and prince?. The 
 
 593 
 
SAT 
 
 SAV 
 
 quarrels of Venice with pope Paul V. en- 
 gaged the attention of Sarpi, and he so 
 ably defended the rights of his fellow- 
 citizens, that the pope ordered him to come 
 to Rome, and on his refusal excommuni' 
 eated him. Undismayed by the displea- 
 sure of the pontiff, he did not cease to ad- 
 vocate the cause of Venice against foreign 
 powers, in his speeches and in his wri- 
 tings ; but his boldness proved almost fa- 
 tal to him. He was attacked on the bridge 
 of St. Mark by five assassins, who, after 
 stabbing him in three places, escaped to a 
 ten-oai'ed barge, which waited their aiTival ; 
 and though the republic, incensed at the 
 treatment of their brave defender, offered 
 a high reward, the murderers were never 
 discovered. The wounds were not mortal, 
 but they hastened the dissolution of Sarpi, 
 whose constitution was very delicate, and 
 his health feeble. He died 14th January, 
 1623, aged 71, and his last words were 
 esto perpetua, expressive of his wish for 
 the immortal glory of his country. This 
 learned man w rote several works of merit, 
 and his knowledge was so extensive, that 
 the Italians have not hesitated to ascribe 
 to him the discovery of the circulation of 
 the blood. He was author of the History 
 of the Council of Trent, a valuable work, 
 printed in Italian, London, 1619, and La- 
 tin, 1620 ; Considerations of the Cen- 
 sures of Paul V. against the Venetian Re- 
 public ; treatise on the Interdict ; De Jure 
 Asylorum ; treatise on the Inquisition ; 
 on Benefices ; letters ; Memoirs of his 
 life appeared at Venice, 1766. His works 
 were collected at >'enice, 1677, in 6 vols. 
 l2mo. 
 
 Sarto, Andrea de, an Italian painter, 
 born at Florence, 1471, the son of a tailor, 
 hence his name. He w^as first apprentice 
 to a goldsmith ; but he was born with a 
 genius for painting, and by copying and 
 imitating, at his leisure, the pieces of the 
 greatest masters, and by the instruction of 
 Basile, Cossimo, and Bigio, he soon ac- 
 quired correctness and celebrity. He was 
 invited by Francis I. to France, and re- 
 ceived very honourable marks of the royal 
 bounty ; but when permitted to visit Flo- 
 rence, to make a collection of pictures to 
 adorn the king's palaces, he not only 
 shamefully foigot his promise, but disho- 
 nourably embezzled the money intrusted 
 by the monarch to his care. This disho- 
 nourable conduct rendered him despised 
 and poor ; but he forgot himself for a 
 while in the intoxication of unlawful plea- 
 sures, and died of the plague, 1520, aged 
 42. As an artist he possessed superior 
 powers, though his pictures are said to be 
 deficient in boldness, in strength, and life. 
 Saturninus, a heretic of the second 
 ^'entury. He supposed that the world was 
 
 created by angels, and he regarded the con- 
 nexion of the sexes as criminal. 
 
 Saturninus, Pub. Sempronius, a Ro- 
 man general, who assumed the imperial 
 purple, 263. He was murdered by his sol- 
 diers four years after. A general of Aure- 
 lian, of the same name, was proclaimed 
 emperor by the Alexandrians, 280, and 
 reluctantly accepted the honour, but soon 
 after destroyed himself. 
 
 Savage, Richard, an eminent English 
 poet, natural son of Anne, countess of 
 Macclesfield, by the earl of Rivers, was 
 born 1698. Doomed to misery, his infancy 
 was intrusted to the care of a poor wo- 
 man, by his unnatural mother, who wished 
 not, indeed, to conceal her shame, but 
 punish her offspring. His father was pre- 
 vented from leaving him a legacy of 6000Z. 
 because the cruel countess declared that 
 he was dead, and after thus robbing him 
 of independence, she endeavoured to send 
 him to the plantations, and then placed 
 him apprentice to a shoemaker in Holborn. 
 The death of the nurse who had taken 
 care of him, now altered his situation, and 
 in searching the effects of a woman, 
 whom he considered as his mother. Sa- 
 vage discovered letters which informed 
 him of his real birth. Leaving, therefore, 
 in disdain, his humble profession, he ad- 
 dressed himself to his mother, and tried 
 by every art of tenderness and regard to 
 awaken her affection. His appeals were 
 in vain upon the obdurate heart of the 
 countess, and therefore, as he had acquired 
 some little learning at St. Alban's school, 
 he commenced author to gain subsis- 
 tence. But though noticed by the wits 
 of the age, by Sir Richard Steele, and by 
 Wilks, Savage often passed his nights in 
 the open fields, or in the streets, unable to 
 pay even for an obscure lodging. His tra- 
 gedy of Sir Thomas Overbury, at last raised 
 him to the short independence which 
 could be gained from the profits of 200Z. 
 but whilst he congratulated himself on his 
 success, he had the misfortune in a drunken 
 quarrel at a house of ill fame to kill one 
 of his companions in debauchery, a Mr. 
 Sinclair. He was tried for the offence and 
 found guilty, and it was now that he dis- 
 covered his mother's cruel conduct. She 
 not only rejoiced at his condemnation, but 
 used all her influence to cause him to be 
 executed, and her diabolical wishes would 
 have been gratifiedj had not the countess of 
 Hertford, out of compassion, reported to 
 the queen the extraordinary sufferings of 
 the condemned culprit, and procured his 
 pardon. Thus incapable of raising com- 
 passion in the breast of his mother, he 
 thought he might extort money from her 
 by the powers of ridicule, and he succeeded. 
 Lord Tyrconnel received him, in conse- 
 
SAV 
 
 SAV 
 
 fiuence, into his family and fricndsliip, and 
 allowed him 200/. a year. Diit the man- 
 ners of Savage were licentious ; he was 
 fickle in his temper, violent and irascible, 
 and he easily quarrelled with his patron, 
 and was dismissed from his favour. His 
 next eft'ort for subsistence was the publica- 
 tion of his " Bastard," a poem of great 
 beauty, and which grew so popular, that his 
 mother, at that time at Bath, was obliged 
 to fly from the place, to avoid hearing the 
 lines, which were repeated on all sides, to 
 create her shame and confusion. His 
 *' Volunteer Laureat," on the queen's birth- 
 day, procured him from the royal purse, a 
 present of 50/. with a promise of the like 
 annual sum ; but the money was soon 
 squandered, and the poet, left without re- 
 sources, often quitted the house of a friend, 
 where his wit and politeness procured him 
 an invitation, to pass the night in the so- 
 ciety of the meanest rabble, in the summer 
 on heaps of rubbish, and in the winter 
 among the ashes of a glass-house. The 
 death of the queen, in 173S, brought on, 
 with the loss of his pension, increasing po- 
 verty ; yet his friends exerted themselves 
 in his favour, and promised to raise 50/. a 
 year for him if he would retire to Wales, 
 and live there in privacy- He accepted the 
 kind offer, and departed for his distant re- 
 sidence, but grew soon tired, and sighed for 
 the dissipation of London. On his return 
 he passed through Bristol, where his ele- 
 gant manners, and pleasant conversation 
 procured him admittance to the tables of the 
 rich ; but after a time his company grew 
 disagreeable from his late hours, and his 
 irregularity of conduct. Poverty too in- 
 creased his miseries ; his clothes were 
 now too shabby for genteel company, and 
 at last he was arrested by the mistress of 
 his coftee-house for the small sum of 8/. 
 Six months he languished in the confine- 
 ment of a jail, when a fever came to ter- 
 minate his wretched existence. He died 
 1st Aug. 1743, aged 46, and was buried in 
 St. Peter's churchyard, at the expense of 
 the jailer. This unhappy man, whose 
 character was so chequered with vices and 
 good qualities, might have become, from 
 the strong natural powers which he pos- 
 sessed, a most respectable member of so- 
 ciety ; but his mind was untutored, and 
 the cruelty of his mother made him quarrel 
 with the whole world, which he regarded 
 with the consequence of persecuted virtue, 
 and injured innocence. Whatever kind- 
 nesses he received, he considered as due to 
 his merits, and he seldom suffered the good 
 opinion of a friend towards him, long to 
 continue in his favour. His works, which 
 display the power of a wild, but original 
 writer, have been collected together by T. 
 Evans, bookseller in the Strand, and pub- 
 Jished in 2 vols. 8vo. with the memoirs of 
 
 his life Ijy Dr. Johnson, who often sliar«'<I 
 his poverty, and was a witness to his suf- 
 ferings, his follies, and his imprudence. 
 
 Savage, John, D.D. president of the 
 Royston club, and lecturer of St. (ieorge's, 
 Hanover-square, was made rector of Clot- 
 hall, Herts, by lord Salisbury, whom he 
 had attended on his travels. He was edu- 
 cated at Westminster, and ever after 
 showed great fondness for the school. He 
 died 24th March, 1747, and out of respect 
 the scholars of Westminster inscril)cd a 
 small tablet to his memory, in the east 
 cloisters of the abbey. He printed two 
 occasional sermons. 
 
 Savage, Samuel Morton, a dissenting 
 divine, educated under Eames. He after- 
 wards was assistant to Dr. Jennings, whom 
 he quitted in 1785. He received the de- 
 gree of D.D. from Aberdeen university, 
 1767, and died 1791, aged 70. He pub- 
 lished some single sermons of little merit. 
 
 Savart, James, a French writer, born 
 at Doue, in Anjou, 1622. He was em- 
 ployed in the first part of his life in com- 
 mercial pursuits, and afterwards was ad- 
 mitted of the council for the reformation of 
 commerce. As his knowledge on mercan- 
 tile subjects was very extensive, he di- 
 gested his ideas into a volume, which he 
 published 1675, 4to. under the title of the 
 " Parfait Negociant," a most useful work , 
 translated into ev§ry language of Europe, 
 and of which the eighth edition appeared 
 with additions by his son Philemon Lew- 
 is 1721. He further published a supple- 
 mentary volume in 1688, and died 1690. 
 He had seventeen children by one wife, and 
 eleven survived him. Two of these sons, 
 James and Philemon, laboured together to 
 complete that useful work, the Universal 
 Dictionary of Commerce, which was pub- 
 lished, 2 vols. fol. 1723, and again in 3 
 vols. fol. 1748. James died 1716, and 
 Philemon, 1727. 
 
 Savary, N. a French writer, born at Vi- 
 tre, in Brittany. He studied at Rennes, 
 and in 1776, travelled into Egypt, where 
 he continued three years, earnestly atten- 
 tive to the manners and habits of the inha- 
 bitants, and to the antiquities of the coun- 
 try. On his return he visited the islands 
 of the Archipelago, and in 17S0, published 
 a translation of the Koran, and afterwards 
 produced his " Letters on Egypt," 2 vols. 
 8vo. a^popular work, translated into various 
 European languages. He published also 
 Letters on Greece. He was a man of good 
 talents, and refined taste, but too warm an 
 imagination for the soberness of an histo- 
 rian. He died 1788, at Paris. 
 
 Savery, Roland, a cclebi*ated landscape 
 painter, born at Canibray. He died 1639, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry, a learned English- 
 man, born at Bradlev, near Halifax, York-^ 
 
 595 
 
8AV 
 
 sliirCjSOth Nov. 1549, and educated'at Mei- 
 ton college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow. He early distinguished himself as 
 an excellent classical scholar, and after 
 travelling on the continent, was made tu- 
 tor, in the Greek language, to queen Eliza- 
 beth. In 15S5 he was appointed warden 
 of Mcrton, over which soeie^tj he presided 
 with great dignity 36 years, and iu 1596 he 
 was advanced to the provostship of Ett)n 
 College. He was as great a favourite with 
 James as he had been with Elizabeth ; but 
 he declined all offers of promotion either in 
 church or state, and was satisfied with the 
 honour of knighthood conferred, 1604. 
 Upon the loss of his son, he devoted all his 
 property and his time to the encouragement 
 of learning, and with commendable munifi- 
 cence, founded in 1619, two professorships 
 at Oxford, one in astronomy, and the other 
 in*^geometry, and bestowed various sums of 
 money, and also lands, for other benevolent 
 purposes of improvement in the university, 
 besides some valuable books to the Bod- 
 leian. This amiable man died at Eton col- 
 lege, 19th Feb. 1621-2, and was buried in 
 the chapel there. His character has been 
 deservedly applauded by his learned con- 
 t emporaries, by Is. Casaubon, Jos.Scaliger, 
 Mercerus, Meibomius, Montagu, &c. and 
 the university of Oxford, in a public speech, 
 paid also the highest honours to this their 
 worthy benefactor. His works are four 
 books of Tacitus's history, and the Life of 
 Agricola, translated into English, fol. with 
 notes ; Commentaries concerning Roman 
 warfare ; a Latin Collection of Ancient 
 Writers of English History, with a Chro- 
 nological Table from J. Caesar to William 
 the Conqueror ; St. Chrysostom's Works 
 in Greek, 8 vols, folio, a valuable edition 
 which cost him SOOO/. in the publication. 
 He published besides, Bradwardin's de 
 Causa Dei ; Prselectiones, 13 in Euclid, 
 &c. His brother Thomas was fellow of 
 Merton, and afterwards of Eton, and dis- 
 tinguished himself for his learning, and his 
 intimacy with Camden, &c. He died in 
 London 1592-3. 
 
 Savile, Sir George, marquis of Halifax, 
 an eminent statesman, descended from a 
 Yorkshire family, and born 1630. He con- 
 tributed greatly to the restoration, and was 
 rewarded for his services with a peerage. 
 In 1672 he went as ambassador to Holland, 
 with Arlington and Buckingham, to treat 
 about a peace with France, but with little 
 success ; and in 1675 he was removed from 
 the council board for opposing the test 
 bills, and the declaration for a toleration, 
 hy the influence of the duke of Yoi-k, whose 
 measures he warmly reprobated as hostile 
 to the constitution. He was, however, so 
 violent against the exclusion bill, that the 
 commons addressed the king to remove 
 }i»ni from his council, to which he had 
 596 
 
 lately been restored, but his firmness pre- 
 vailed ; the parliament was dissolved, and 
 he was raised to the dignity of an earl, and 
 refused the office of secretary of state, and 
 of lord lieutenant of Ireland. In 1682 he 
 was created a marquis, and made privy 
 seal, and on James's accession, he was ap- 
 pointed president of the council ; but when 
 he refused to consent toj the I'epeal of the 
 test act, he was dismissed by the king from 
 all his offices. When James abdicated the 
 crown, Halifax was made president of the 
 lords, and in the convention parliament, 
 was appointed speaker of the upper house, 
 and vigorously supported the elevation of 
 the prince of Orange to the vacant throne, 
 and for his services was nominated privy 
 seal. In 1689 he quitted the court, and 
 ever after displayed a strong and determi- 
 ned opposition to the measures of the mi- 
 nistry till his death, which happened in 
 April, 1695, occasioned by a gangrene in a 
 long-neglected rupture. Halifax was a man 
 of great abilities as a statesman and a 
 speaker, but the soundest arguments and 
 the most solid truths, were too often turned 
 into contempt by the force of ridicule, and 
 a vicious propensity to low and vulgar 
 wit, which he was eager on all occasions to 
 show. Though reputed an atheist by the 
 world, he confessed to Burnet, who attend- 
 ed his last moments, his firm belief in the 
 goodness of God, and the mediation of 
 Christ. His titles were extinct, by the 
 death of his only surviving son in 1700. 
 He was an elegant writer, and besides his 
 valuable " Advice to a Daughter," he pub- 
 lished the character of a Trimmer ; the 
 Anatomy of an Equivalent ; a Letter to a 
 Dissenter ; Maxims of State ; the Charac- 
 ter of king Charles II. &c. 
 
 Saul, son ofKish, of the tribe of Benja- 
 min, was anointed king of Israel by Sa- 
 muel, 1095, B.C. He disobeyed the com- 
 mand of God by sparing the Amalekites 
 and Philistines, who were devoted to des- 
 truction, and Samuel told him that the king- 
 dom would be removed from his family. 
 He was very jealous of the great popularity 
 of David, who had killed the giant Goliab, 
 and who was doomed to succeed him. He 
 killed himself after an unfortunate battle at 
 Gilboah. 
 
 Saunders, Charles, a dramatic writer 
 in the age of the second Charles. His abi- 
 lities displayed themselves so early, that 
 while at Westminster school, he wrote the 
 play of Tamerlane the Great. Little is 
 known of the particulars of his life. 
 
 Saunders, Sir Edmund, from a common 
 beggar, rose to eminence in the law, by 
 the friendship of a lawyer of Clement's 
 inn, who saw and patronised his abilities 
 by admitting him among his clerks. From 
 a clerk he became a counsel, and at last was 
 appointed chief justice of the King's Bench, 
 
i>AL 
 
 SAV 
 
 where he supported (he dignity of his oflice 
 by patience, integrity, and impartiality. 
 He died 1683. 
 
 Saunders, Richard, author of Astrolo- 
 gical Jnde;nirnt and Practice of Physic, 4to. 
 &c. — Physiognomy and Chiromancy, &i.c. 
 folio, obtained some celebrity in a credu- 
 lous and superstitious age, and died 1680. 
 Saunders, John Cunningham, a surgeon, 
 was born at Lovistone, in Devonshire, in 
 1773. He served his apprenticeship to an 
 eminent practitioner at Barnstaple ; after 
 which he became a pupil of St. Thomas's 
 hospital, where at the end of two years, he 
 was chosen demonstrator of anatomy. In 
 1804 he instituted an intirmary for diseases 
 of the eye, in operating on which organ he 
 was remarkably successful ; but while thus 
 prosecuting his favourite pursuit, he was 
 cut off by an apoplexy, Feb. 9th, 1810. He 
 published a folio volume on the Anatomy 
 and Diseases of the Ear; and an Essay on 
 the Inflammation of the Iris. After his 
 death appeared the papers which he had 
 left on disorders of the eye, with some 
 account of the author prefixed. — W. B. 
 
 Saunders, William, a physician, was 
 born in 1743. He took his degree in Scot- 
 land ; but after settling in London, entered 
 himself at Cambridge, where he regularly 
 graduated, and then became a fellow of the 
 college of physicians. He was senior phy- 
 sician to Guy's hospital; and died at Enfield 
 in 1817. His works are — 1. Treatise on 
 Mercury in Venereal Cases. 2. A tract on 
 the Devonshire Cholic. 3. Observationes 
 de Antimonis. 4. Treatise on the Mephi- 
 tic Acid. 5. Treatise on the Red Peruvian 
 Bark. 6. Dissertation on the Structure 
 and Diseases of the Liver. 7. Oratio Har- 
 veianae. 8. On the Chymical History of the 
 most celebrated Mineral Waters. 9. On 
 the Hepatitis of India. — W. B. 
 
 Saunderson, Nicolas, a celebrated ma- 
 thematician, born at Thurlston, Yorkshire, 
 1682. When 12 months old, he was deprived 
 of his sight by the sms^llpox, and therefore 
 retained no idea whatever of light and of 
 colours. His education, however, was not 
 neglected ; at Penneston grammar-school 
 he acquired such knowledge of the classics, 
 that he could most pex-fectly understand 
 Euclid, Archimedes, and Diophantus, when 
 read in Greek. His fondness for mathe- 
 matics began to appear when first he was 
 made acquainted by his father with num- 
 bers, and soon, by the power of his memo- 
 ry, he formed intricate calculations, and 
 resolved difticult problems. The friendship 
 of Mr. West, who observed his unusual 
 powers, initiated him into the knowledge 
 of algebra and geometry, and under the fur- 
 ther assistance of Dr. Nettleton, he ac- 
 ■quired all that correctness, and that vast 
 information which raised him to such cele- 
 brity. He afterwards improved his know- 
 
 ledge of logic and metaphysics at a private 
 school near ShetlicUl, and at the age of 25 
 appeared at Cambridge, as a resident in 
 Christ's college, thoiigh not a niend)er of 
 the society. His extraordinary powers, 
 and the dilficulties of a narrow fortune, 
 however, procured him friends and admi- 
 rers, and Whiston, the mathematical pro- 
 fessor, very liberally permitted him to lec- 
 ture before the university. His lectures 
 were on the Newtonian philosophy, and 
 were attended by crowded audiences, and 
 so deservedly popular did he become, that 
 on the removal of Whiston from his profes- 
 sorship, the blind lecturer was honourably 
 called upon, by the wishes of all the univer- 
 sity, to fill up the Lucasian chair, and a de- 
 gree of M.A. by royal mandate was ob- 
 tained, 1711, to qualify him for the office. 
 His inauguration speech was delivered in 
 elegant Latin, and his reputation continued 
 to increase, so that when George II. visited 
 the university, the professor was, by royal 
 favoux", created Doctor of Laws. This great 
 character became, by close application, a 
 valetudinarian, and at last was attacked by 
 a mortification in his foot, which carried 
 him off, 19th April, 1739, aged 57'. He 
 was buried at Boxworth, Cambridgeshire, 
 the rectory of Mr. Dickens, his father-in- 
 law, by whose daughter he had a son and 
 a daughter. The vivacity and wit of his con- 
 versation were much admired ; but hisjudg' 
 ment of persons and things was often ex- 
 pressed with such freedom, and such uncon- 
 cern, that he created himself many enemies. 
 This singular character had astonishing 
 powers of feeling ; when in a garden, where 
 observations Avere making on the sun, he 
 could point out every cloud that obscured 
 the sky, and he discovered such quickness 
 in observing the voice of persons with 
 whom he conversed, that he recollected 
 every one %vith the most singular exactness. 
 He was a great proficient in playing on the 
 flute, and cultivation was only wanting to 
 have made him as great in music as in 
 mathematics. His Elements of Algebra 
 were published at Cambridge, by subscrip- 
 tion, 1740, 2 vols. 4to. and a treatise on 
 Fluxions, 8vo. appeared also after his 
 death. It is needless to say that he was 
 the friend of the great men of his times, 
 admired and respected by them, and repay- 
 ing their esteem by the strongest gratitude. 
 Of Sir Isaac Newton, whom he knew inti- 
 mately, he always spoke in a style almost 
 bordering on veneration. 
 
 Savonarola, Jerom, an Italian monk, 
 born at Ferrara, 1492. He entered into 
 the Dominican order at Bologna, and be- 
 came an eloquent and popular preacher, 
 after teaching for some time physics and 
 metaphysics. His influence in the pulpit 
 was so great at Florence, that for some 
 years he guided the state as its sovereign ; 
 
 597 
 
SAU SAU 
 
 Ijut when he inveighed against the comip- engaged in a controversy with Rousseau, 
 tions of the church of Rome, and the scan- who had falsely charged him with writing 
 dalous life of the pontiff Alexander VI. he some libellous verses against some persons 
 drew down upon him the vengeance of the of distinction, which he himself, it is sup- 
 holy see, which neither his popularity, nor posed, had composed ; a scandalous con- 
 the purity of his morals could divert. He duct, which, when examined, proved the- 
 was condemned to be hanged and burnt, and innocence of Saurin, and the guilt of Rous- 
 suffered that dreadful punishment in 1498, seau. Voltaire has vindicated his memory, 
 with great resignation. He wrote ser- but still his character must be considered as 
 mons — the Triumphs of the Cross, and violent and unbending. He died at Paris, 
 various other theological works, printed 1737. 
 
 Leyden, 6 vols. 12mo. J. Fr. Picus, of Saurin, Bernard Joseph, son of the pre- 
 
 Mirandula, has written his life. ceding, was advocate of the parliament of 
 
 Savot, Lewis, a native of Saulieu in Paris, and member of the French academy. 
 
 Burgundy, who studied medicine, and be- He disregarded the law for literature and 
 
 came physician to Lewis XIIL He also poetry, and became the friend of Voltaire, 
 
 applied himself to antiquarian pursuits. Montesquieu, and Helvetius. He wrote 
 
 His works are. Discourse on Ancient Me- some plays of great merit and popularity, 
 
 dais, 4to. — French Architectuxe in Private especially Sparticus, Blanche and Richard, 
 
 Buildings, a work of merit, 4to. — Ga- tragedies — Anglomanie, a comedy, the 
 
 len's Art of Healing by bleeding, from Marriage of Julia — Moeurs du Tems, &c. 
 
 the Greek — de Causis Colorum, 8vo. He His dramatic pieces were collected in 2 
 
 died 1640, aged 61. vols. Svo. 1783. He was so much esteem- 
 
 Saurin, James, son of a protestant law- ed by Helvetius, that the philosopher al- 
 yer, was born at JNismes, 1677. He left lowed him a handsome pension. He died 
 France with his father, on the revocation at Paris, 17th Nov. 1781. 
 of the edict of Nantes, and went to Gene- Saussure, Nicolas de, a native of Gene- 
 va, where he studied with great assiduity, va, member of the council of 200, and dis- 
 and afterwards served as a cadet in lord tinguished by his writings on agriculture. 
 Galloway's regiment in the campaign of He is author of Essays on the Vine — on 
 1694. He, however, abandoned the mili- the Scarcity of Wheat — on Dew — on Fire, 
 tary life for philosophy and divinity, and &c. He died 1790, aged 81. 
 after improving himself further at Gene- Saussure, Horace Benedict de, son of 
 va, he passed, in 1700, into Holland and the above, was born at Geneva, 17th Feb. 
 England, and in 1703 married. In 1705 he 1740. From his earliest years he evinced 
 settled at the Hague, where his eloquence great partiality for literature, especially 
 as a preacher was displayed with astonish- natural history, and at the age of 21 he 
 ing effect to crowded audiences. He died was elected to the chair of philosophical 
 at the Hague, 30th Dec. 1730. He wrote professor at Geneva, which he filled with 
 a treatise on education, dedicated to the great public advantage, for 25 years. He 
 princes, sons of George II. and was re- first visited Paris in 1768, and afterwards 
 warded with a pension by the princess of examined the discoveries of Montgolfier at 
 Wales. He published besides, his ser- Lyons, and after travelling through Hol- 
 mons, highly esteemed, in 12 vols. 8vo. land, Belgium, and England, he, in 1772, 
 which have been translated into English by extended his philosophical researches to 
 Robinson and Hunter ; but his greatest Italy. He visited the island of Elba, and 
 work is Discourses Historical, Critical, and with sir William Hamilton, examined the 
 Moral, on the most memorable Events of wonders of Vesuvius, and afterwards meaT 
 the Old and New Testament, left incom- sured the crater of jEtna. In the progress 
 plete, but afterwards continued in 6 vols, of his important researches he discovered 
 folio. He was unfortunately engaged in a some valuable plants, and also invented va- 
 controversy with la Chapelle and others, rious instruments, very useful in the opera- 
 for asserting in a pamphlet that, in some tions of science and of art. His next ex- 
 cases, truth may be disguised, and though a cursions were on the Alps, and after cross- 
 strong friend to toleration, he was severely ing them 14 times by eight different places, 
 treated by his antagonists. he ascended, through a thousand difficul- 
 
 Saurin, Joseph, a French mathemati- ties, to the summit of Mont Blane, where 
 
 L'ian, born at Courtuson, in the principality he could scarce breathe. These laborious 
 
 of Orange, 1659. He was a protestant, but exertions in the cause of science, rendered 
 
 afterwards abjured his principles at Paris, him deservedly popular ; he was made mem- 
 
 and was admitted member of the academy ber of the academy of sciences at Paris, 
 
 of sciences, and received a pension from and of other learned bodies, and the empe- 
 
 the king. He devoted his life to geometri- ror Joseph, when he visited Geneva, paid 
 
 cal pursuits, and communicated some valu- particular attention to the philosopher. In 
 
 able papers to the Memoirs of the acade- the French revolution, he was elected, on 
 
 my, and the Journal des S<javans. He was the union of his country to France, to the 
 59S 
 
SAU 
 
 SAX 
 
 national assembly ; but the disorders which wrote besides, a treatise on Music, and pa- 
 prevailed not only ruined his little fortune, pers in the memoirs of the aca demy. He 
 
 Sawyer, sir Robert, an eminent lawyer, 
 attorney-general from 1681 to 1687. He 
 was removed from his offices for rcfusin" 
 
 but broke his heai't, and he died of cha 
 grin 1799. He is author of an Eulof^y on 
 his friend Bonnet, 8vo. — Dissertatio Phy- 
 sica de Ignc — Inquiry on the Bark of 
 Leaves, Uc. — Dissertatio Physiea dc Elec- 
 tricitate, 8vo. — Plan of Reform for the Col- 
 lege of Geneva — Description of the Electri- 
 cal Eliects of Thunder — Essay on Hygro- 
 metry, 4to. — Voyages in the Alps, 4 vols. 
 4to. a most valuable work, and various 
 communications to the meaioirs of the 
 learned societies of which he was a mem- 
 ber. 
 
 Sauvages, Fitincis Boissier de, a native 
 of Alais, who applied himself to medical 
 pursuits, and became professor of botany 
 and medicine at Montpellier, and member 
 of several of the learned societies of France, 
 and of foreign nations. His reputation was 
 so extensive, that he was consulted from 
 all parts of France, and he received the 
 merited surname of the Eoerhaave of Lan- 
 guedoc. This able and respected physician 
 died at Montpellier, 19th Feb. 1767, aged 
 61. He wrote Theoria Febris — Nosologia 
 Methodica, 5 vols. 8vo. — Physiologiae Me- 
 chanicae Elementa, l2mo. — Methodus Fo- 
 lioiiim, 8vo. — a translation of Hales' Sta- 
 tistical Essays on Animals, &.c. — Disserta- 
 tions — Memoirs, &c. 
 
 to lend his name to the arbitrary measures 
 of James's government. He was a warm 
 admirer and mutator of justice Hale, and 
 died 1692. 
 
 Saxe, Maurice, count de, natural son of 
 Frederic Augustus, elector of Saxony, and 
 king of Poland, by the countess Konigs- 
 mark, was born at Dresden, 13th October, 
 1696. He showed fondness for war from 
 his very infancy, and refused to undergo 
 the labours of study, unless his application 
 was rewarded with the permission of riding 
 or of military exercise. His first campaign 
 was in Flanders, under Eugene and \lart- 
 borough, where his valour was displayed at 
 the taking of Lisle, Tournay, and Mons, 
 and at the battle of Malplaquet. When 
 the king of Poland, in 1711, besieged the 
 fortress of Stralsund, the young warrior 
 appeared there to great advantage ; he en- 
 couraged the soldiers by his example, and 
 crossed the river in the sight of the enemy ; 
 and in the following dreadful battle of 
 Guedelbusck he had a horse shot under him, 
 while he rallied three times the retiring 
 troops. In 1717 he was with the emperor 
 
 Sauval, Henry, an advocate in the par- at the siege of Belgrade, where he defeated 
 
 liameot of Paris. He is author of a labo- 
 rious work, the History of the Antiquities 
 of Paris, 3 vols, folio, on which he was en- 
 gaged for 20 years, and which he did not 
 live to complete. He died 1670, and in 
 consequence of the death of his continua- 
 tor, the work did not appear till 1724. It 
 was again edited in 1733. 
 
 Sauveur, Joseph, a French mathema- 
 tician, born at La Fleche, 1653. He was 
 dumb till his seventh year, and then his 
 powers of speech appeared very weak and 
 imperfect, so that what he uttered was 
 with difficulty and slowness. He had a 
 strong propensity for mechanical know- 
 ledge, and disregarding the classical in- 
 struction which he received in the Jesuits' 
 college, applied himself to mathematical 
 studies, against the wishes of his friends, 
 who had marked out for him preferment in 
 the church. To maintain himself, he be- 
 gan to teach mathematics, and so great was 
 
 the Turks, and on his return he was deco- 
 rated with the order of the white eagle. 
 After the treaties of Utrecht and Passarow- 
 itz, he went to France, where the duke of 
 Orleans gained his attachment and services 
 by bestowing on him the brevet rank of 
 field marshal. During the peace of the 
 continent, he laboriously employed himself 
 in improving his mathematical knowledge, 
 and in introducing strict military discipline 
 in the regiment intrusted to his care ; but 
 in 1726 he was roused from his tranquil re- 
 tirement by the states of Courland, who 
 unanimously elected him their sovereign. 
 Poland and Russia opposed his elevation, 
 but he defended himself with bravery, and 
 with a small force resisted with success 
 thousands of his invaders ; but at last he 
 gave up the unequal contest, and abandon- 
 ing the supreme power which his valour so 
 
 retired, in 1729, to 
 Here, during the at- 
 
 much deserved, he 
 privacy in France. 
 
 his reputation, that at the age of 20 he had tacks of a fever, he composed, in 13 nights, 
 
 prince Eugene among his pupils. His abi- his Reveries, a work worthy of the pen of 
 
 lities recommended him to the great and a Ca;sar or a Conde, and valuable for the 
 
 the learned ; he was esteemed by Conde, important instructions which it conveys to 
 
 honoured with the notice of the royal fa- the general as well as to the soldier. The 
 
 mily, and in 1686 was made professor of death of the king of Poland, his father, in 
 
 mathematics to the royal college, and in 1733, rekindled the flames of war through 
 
 1696 admitted member of the academy of 
 sciences. He wrote a treatise on Fortifi- 
 cation, and to enable him to do it scientifi- 
 cally, he attended the siege of Mons. He 
 
 Europe, and Saxe prepared to share the 
 dangers and the glories of the approaching 
 campaign. He declined the command of 
 the Saxon troops, offered him by his bro- 
 
 599 
 
SAX 
 
 SCA 
 
 tker, the elector, and preferred serving in 
 the French armies on the Rhine under 
 marshal Berwick. He distinguished him- 
 self at the battle of Etlingen, and at the 
 siege of Philipsburg, and for his services 
 was rewarded with the rank of lieutenant 
 general. In the war which followed the 
 death of Charles VI. Saxe gathei-ed fresh 
 laurels. He besieged Prague in 1741, and 
 took it by assault, and soon after made 
 himself master of Egra, and then march- 
 ing to the Rhine, he seized the strong lines 
 of Lauterburg. In 1744 he was made 
 marshal of France, and intrusted with the 
 armies in Flanders. Though ill, he imme- 
 diately left Paris for his post, and opened 
 the campaign of 1745 by the famous battle 
 of Fontenoy, which he gained, though car- 
 ried around his camp in a litter. This was 
 followed by the fail of Tournay, Bruges, 
 Ghent, Oudenarde, Ostend, and Brussels, 
 and the next year another victory at Ro- 
 coux crowned his arms, and procured for 
 him the most flattering honours from the 
 king of France, and the title of marshal of 
 all his armies, and of governor of the newly 
 conquered countries. In the next cam- 
 paign the victory of Lawfeldt was followed 
 by the fall of Bergen-op-Zoom, and then 
 of Maestricht, when the terrors of the 
 Dutch arrested the career of the conqueror, 
 and peace was concluded in 1748. After 
 the peace Saxe visited Berlin, where he 
 was received with all the honour due to his 
 merits, and then he returned to France, 
 where he devoted himself to literature and 
 the arts. This great hero, whose celebrity 
 was extended over the whole world, died 
 30th Nov. 1750, aged 54, and was buried 
 in the Lutheran church of St. Thomas, 
 Strasburg. He had married the countess 
 of Lobin, whom he divorced some time 
 after from capricious motives, and he fre- 
 quently repented of this conduct, as she 
 possessed every amiable quality, and soon 
 after gave her hand to a second and more 
 constant husband. His eloge, by M. Tho- 
 mas, obtained the prize of the French aca- 
 demy in 1759. The best edition of his 
 Reveries is in 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1757. 
 
 Saxo, Grammaticus, a celebrated writer, 
 whose origin, and even country, is involved 
 in obscurity. He is generally acknow- 
 ledged to have been a native of Zealand, 
 an island of Denmark, and to have flourish- 
 ed in the 12th century. He studied theo- 
 logy, and was employed in the cathedral of 
 Roschild, and went, in 1161, to Paris, to 
 invite some of the monks of St. Genevieve 
 to come and to reform the morals of the 
 Danish priests. He died about 1208, aged 
 upwards of 70, and was buried in Roschild 
 cathedral, where, three centuries after, 
 Lago Urne, bishop of Scalandra, placed an 
 inscription upon his tomb. By the encou- 
 rajjement of Absalom, bishop of Roschild, 
 fiOO 
 
 Saxo undertook the History of Denmark 
 and other northern nations, and after 20 
 years of labour completed it in a manner 
 worthy a man of learning and virtue. 
 This valuable work was first published by 
 Petraeus at Paris, 1514, and reprinted at 
 Basil and Frankfort afterwards, and in 1644 
 at Sora, under the care of Stephanus. 
 
 Say, Samuel, a dissenting minister, who 
 after being engaged in various congrega^ 
 tions in Norfolk and Suffolk, succeeded 
 Dr. Calamy in 1734, at Westminster, 
 where he died in St. James's street, 12th 
 April, 1743, aged 68, of a mortification in 
 his bowels. After his death appeared a 
 thin 4to. volume of his poems, with two 
 prose essays on the harmony, variety, and 
 power of numbers, exhibiting great taste, 
 knowledge, and judgment. 
 
 Sayle, William, first governor of Caro- 
 lina, was sent by the proprietors, in 1667, 
 to examine the country. After exploring 
 the coast he returned to England, carrying 
 a favourable report, and encouraging them 
 to establish a colony there. The settle- 
 ment was commenced and Sayle appointed 
 governor in 1669. He was driven among 
 the Bahama Islands on his passage, and he 
 gave so favourable an account of them 
 that the Carolina company obtained a 
 charter also for them. He first landed in 
 Carolina, at or near Beaufort, early in 
 1670, but soon moved northwardly, and 
 established on the banks of Ashley river 
 the foundations of old Charleston, He 
 fell a victim to the unhealthiness of the 
 climate, and died in 1671. West succeed- 
 ed him. fCT' L- 
 
 ScALA, Bartholomew, an Italian states- 
 man, born about 1424. Though but the 
 son of a miller, he rose to distinction at the 
 bar, under the protection of Cosmo de Me- 
 dicis at Florence. After the death of his 
 patron, he retained the same confidential 
 oliices with his successor, Peter, and was 
 employed by him in some important nego- 
 tiations. He was, for his services, enno- 
 bled at Florence, and knighted by the pope, 
 and made senator of Rome. He died at 
 Florence, 1497. He wrote the History of 
 Florence, in 20 books, of which four 
 books only have been published, besides 
 letters — a Speech made to pope Innocent 
 VIII. — pro Imperatoriis Militaribus Signis, 
 &c. 
 
 ScALA, Alexandra, daughter of the above, 
 was distinguished for her knowledge of 
 classical literature, as well as for her beau- 
 ty, and her private virtues, which have 
 been deservedly praised by Politian and 
 others. Marullus married her for the pur- 
 pose of perfecting himself in the Latin lan- 
 guage in her company. She died 1506. 
 
 ScALiGER, Julius Caesar, a celebrated 
 writer, born 1484, at Ripa, in the territory 
 of Verona, and descended from the prinfpf 
 
.SCA 
 
 SLA 
 
 of \ erona. His father was in the military 
 service of Matthias Corviims, king of Hun- 
 gary, and at the age of 12 the son was 
 presented to the emperor Maximilian, and 
 continued as page about his person for 17 
 years. During his attendance on the em- 
 peror he was engaged in various expedi- 
 tions, and was at the battle of Ravenna, 
 1512, where he lost his father and brother. 
 At the age of 40 he abandoned the military 
 life, and after studying divinity, applied 
 assiduously to medicine, and settled, in 
 1526, at Agen, where, though 45, he took 
 for his wife a young girl of good family, 
 but scarce 16, with whom he lived 29 years, 
 and by whom he had 15 children. In this 
 retirement he devoted himself with uncom- 
 mon application to literature and the mo- 
 dern languages, and while he practised 
 physic for his maintenance, he acquired 
 celebrity by the labours of his pen. He 
 died of a retention of urine, 1558,- at Agen, 
 where he was buried with this epitaph, 
 Jul. Caesaris Scaligeri quod fuit. The abi- 
 lities of Scaliger were undoubtedly great, 
 but though commended by his son as a be- 
 nevolent and amiable character, he was 
 vain andfpetulant, and among others treat- 
 ed Erasmus with great vii'ulence and illibe- 
 rality, because he had ridiculed some of the 
 learned men of Italy for their servile at- 
 tachment to the Latinity of Cicero. The 
 best known of his writings are, Exercita- 
 tiones contra Cardanum de Subtilitate, 4to. 
 — de Causis Linguae Latinae, 4to. — Poe- 
 tices Libri septem, fol. — Poemata — Episto- 
 lae — Commentarii in Theophrasti Libros — 
 in Aristotelis Animal, fol. — in Hippocratis 
 Librum de Insomniis, Svo. — de Causis 
 Plantamm, fol. — Animadversiones in His- 
 toriam Plantarum, Svo. &c. 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph Justus, son of the 
 preceding, was born at Agen, 1540. He 
 studied at Bourdeaux and under his father ; 
 but after his death he passed to Paris to 
 attend the lectures of Turnebus. His 
 eagerness to improve, however, could not 
 await the slow progress of regular lectures, 
 and therefore he applied himself without 
 the assistance of an iiistructer, to Greek, 
 and Avhen a perfect master of the language 
 lie turned his attention to the Hebrew, and 
 with such activity that he was well ac- 
 quainted with 13 different languages. So 
 >auch learning, to which was united a pro- 
 found knowledge of the sciences, rendered 
 his name very celebrated. He was invited 
 to fill the chair of belles lettres at Leyden, 
 in 1603, and he accepted the honourable 
 appointment, and died there of a dropsy, 
 21st Jan. 1609. Like his father, Scaliger 
 possessed great abilities, but certainly su- 
 perior learning, so that he was deservedly 
 called the most learned man of the age ; 
 but these high qualities were obscured by a 
 haughty deportment, and a contemptuous 
 
 Vol. TT. 7fi 
 
 disregard of the merits of olliciH, attended 
 with abusive and illil)cral language profusely 
 directed against every opponent. The 
 works of this extraonlin;u \ umn ;irc nume- 
 rous and various, but the best known and 
 the most useful is his Opus dc Emenda- 
 tione Temporum, in which hu not only 
 displays vast erudition urul an extensive 
 knowledge of ancient writers, but lays the 
 foundation of regular and systematic chro- 
 nology, especially by the invention of tht; 
 Julian period, and deserves the name which 
 he has received, of the father of chronolo- 
 gy. He wrote, besides, " Thesaurus Tem- 
 porum, &c." in which he corrected some 
 of the errors of his former work — de Tribus 
 Sectis Judaiorum, 2 vols. 4to. — Latin 
 poems, Svo. — Epistolae, Notes on Varro, 
 and almost on all the authors of ancient 
 Greece and Rome, containing various 
 learned remarks, with bold, ingenious, ami 
 interesting conjectures. Two *' Scaligcr- 
 ana," have appeared, one at the Hague, 
 1666, and the other at Groningen, 1669. 
 
 ScAMOzzi, Vincent, a native of \ incen- 
 za, the most celebrated architect of his 
 time. After travelling over France, Ger- 
 many, and Hungary, to improve himself in 
 the knowledge of his art, he settled at Ve- 
 nice, which he adorned by the labours of 
 his genius. One of the most remarkable of 
 his works is the citadel of Palma in the 
 Friuli. He wrote, in Italian, Ideas on 
 Universal Architecture, in 10 books, which, 
 however, did not receive his finishing hand, 
 as he died before its completion, 1616, 
 aged 64. Of his valuable work only the 
 first six books appeared in 2 vols. fol. 
 
 SCANDERBEG, Or GeORGE CaSTRIOT, 
 
 king of Albania, was born 1404, and was 
 delivered up by his father, with three of his 
 brothers, as hostages to Amurath II. empe- 
 ror of the Turks. The three brothers were 
 cut oft"by poison, and George was spared oa 
 account of his youth, and by his valour soon 
 distinguished himself in the service of the 
 bloody oppressor of his family. He was cir- 
 cumcised, and took the command of a body 
 of troops under the title of Sangiac ; but on 
 the death of his father, 1432, he determined 
 to recover the dominions of his ancestors. 
 In the expedition with which he was intrust- 
 ed against Hungary, he formed a secret cor- 
 respondence with Huniades Corvinus the 
 king of the country, and enabled him to 
 defeat the Turks, 30,000 of whom fell in 
 the field. After this he compelled the se- 
 cretary of the sultan, who was in the camp, 
 to write letters, sealed with the imperial 
 signet, demanding the delivery of the capi- 
 tal of Albania into his hands. After the 
 messengers were despatched, he put to 
 death all those who were witnesses of his 
 measures, that no report might be carried to 
 Amurath, and then hastening to Albania, 
 he was received as a dclrvcrer by liis conn- 
 
f>CA 
 
 scu 
 
 trymeii, and acknowledged king 1443. In 
 vain Amurath and his successor Mahomet 
 made war against this enterprising hero, 
 and besieged Croie his capital ; their nu- 
 merous armies were defeated, and after 
 several years of hostility, peace was resto- 
 red in 1461, and the independence of Alba- 
 nia confirmed. At the request of Pius II. 
 the Albanian monarch visited Italy, and 
 not only relieved Ferdinand of Arragon, 
 who was besieged at Bari, but assisted him 
 to defeat his victorious enemy the count of 
 Anjou. Afterwards Scanderbeg was again 
 engaged in war with the Turks, and his capi- 
 tal was twice besieged, but immediately re- 
 lieved by his conquering arms. This heroic 
 prince, who had been present in 22 battles, 
 and had killed 2000 Turks with his own 
 hands without receiving only a slight wound, 
 died at Lissa in the Venetian territories, 
 17th Jan. 1467, aged 63. His death was 
 universally lamented, and the Turkish em- 
 peror bore witness to his bravery by dan- 
 cing for joy at the intelligence that he was 
 no more. Though occasionally severe, he 
 ■was a man of mild manners, and of the most 
 benevolent heart, and he exhorted earnestly 
 his soldiers to chastity, observing that no- 
 thing was more prejudicial to their profes- 
 sion than sensual pleasures. His life was 
 written by the Jesuit du Poncet, 1709, in 
 12mo. 
 
 Scapula, John, a lexicographer who stu- 
 died at Lausanne, and was afterwards en- 
 gaged in the printing-house of Henry Ste- 
 phens. While thus employed, he privately 
 made an abridgment of the great work 
 which his master was preparing for the 
 ptess, and by publishing it in 1590, under 
 the title of a Greek Lexicon, he not only 
 gained a considerable sum, but thus disho- 
 nourably ruined in some degree the labo- 
 rious Thesaurus of Stephens, which when 
 it appeared, found few purchasers. Ste- 
 phens vented his indignation in the "La- 
 tinity of Lipsius," but found no other re- 
 dress. 
 
 Scarborough, Sir Charles, physician to 
 Charles 11. and his two successors,was emi- 
 nent for his extensive practice, as well as 
 for his knowledge of mathematics, in which 
 he was so perfect that he could repeat in 
 order all the propositions of Euclid, Archi- 
 medes, and other ancient authors. He 
 was assistant and successor to Dr. Harvey, 
 as lecturer on subjects of anatomy and sur- 
 gery, and he was the first who judiciously 
 applied mathematics to medical subjects. 
 He wrote Syllabus Musculorum ; an elegy 
 on Cowley, &c. and died 26th of February, 
 1693. 
 
 ScARKLLA, John Baptist, an ecclesiastic 
 of Brescia, who warmly supported the 
 principles of Newton's system. He wrote 
 Physica Generalis, 3 vols. 4to. ; de Rebus 
 .Jh! Scientiam pertinent. 2 vols. 4to. 5 de 
 602 >. 
 
 Magnttc, 4to. ; Hydrodynamica, 4ta. ; 
 Elements of Logic, Ontology, and Natural 
 Theology, 4 vols. 4to. He died Feb. 1779, 
 aged 70. 
 
 ScARRON, Paul, a burlesque writer, born 
 at Paris 1610. Though deformed and in his 
 manners very licentious, he was intended 
 for the church by his father, who was a 
 counsellor in the parliament, and a canon- 
 ry at Mans was obtained for him. At the 
 age of 27 he unfortunately lost the use of 
 all his limbs, but in this helpless and de- 
 plorable state he indulged his propensity 
 for humorous writings, and was universally 
 courted for his wit and jocularity. Though 
 his father had displeased Richelieu, yet th6 
 son recovered his esteem, by presenting to 
 him a very humorous supplication. He 
 married, in 1651, Mademoiselle d'Aubigne^, 
 a lady of 16, afterwards so celebrated by 
 the name of Maintenon, who thus early 
 sacrificed her beauty, her person, and her 
 liberty, to the caprices of a deformed and 
 impotent invalid. Scarron died 1669. The 
 pleasantry which enlivened his conversa- 
 tion was transfused into his writings, 
 which were Virgil's vEneid travestied ; the 
 Comical Romance ; Comedies ; a tragi- 
 comedy, &c. which were all published at 
 Paris, 1685, and 1737, 10 vols. 12mo. and 
 in 1786, in 7 vols. Svo. 
 
 ScHAAF, Charles, a learned German, 
 bora at Nuys, near Cologne, 1646. He 
 was educated at Duisbourg, and became 
 professor of oriental languages there, from 
 which he removed in 1679 to Ley den, to 
 fill the oriental chair. He died of an apo- 
 plexy at Leyden, 1729. He wrote Opus 
 Aramaeum, cum Grammatica Chaldaica et 
 Syriac^, 4to. ; Novum Testamentum Syria- 
 cum cum Versione Latina, 4to. ; Lexicon 
 Syriacum Concordantiale ; Epitome Gram- 
 maticae Hebraicae, Svo. ; a letter in Syriac, 
 
 &.C. 
 
 ScHACiiT, Christian Paul, a native of 
 Harderwyck, in Holland. He took his de- 
 gree of M.D. and became professor of me- 
 dicine, botany, chymistry, and natural his- 
 tory, in his native place, 1791, and died 
 nine years after, aged 32. He is author of 
 some valuable memoirs, &c. inserted in the 
 Dutch journals. 
 
 ScHAGEN, Giles, a native of Alcmaer, 
 who acquired great celebrity as a painter 
 of portraits, and in historical subjects. He 
 i-esided for some time at Paris, and died 
 1668, aged 52. 
 
 ScHALKEN, Godfrey, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Dort 1643. He studied under 
 Hoogstraten, and Gerard Duow, and chiefly 
 excelled in painting candlelight pieces. He 
 was in London and drew William III. by 
 candlelight, and humorously made his 
 majesty hold the candle. He was vulgar 
 in his manners. He died at the Hague, 
 1706. 
 
si;h 
 
 sen 
 
 ScHATEN, Nicholas, author of Hisloria 
 Westphaliae, fol. 1690; Annales Parder- 
 borneses, fol. ; and a Dissertation on Char- 
 lemagne, was a German Jesuit at the end 
 of the 17th century. 
 
 ScHEELE, Charles William, an eminent 
 chymist, born at Stralsund, 1742. lie was 
 member of the Swedish academy of sci- 
 ences, of the medical society of Paris, and 
 universally esteemed for his knowledge, and 
 his chymical discoveries. He was first en- 
 gaged with an apothecary, who died much 
 in debt j but the industry of the apprentice 
 restored the prosperity of the house, and 
 the widow, pleased with his fidelity and 
 character, married him. But unhappily, 
 the day of the marriage, 17th May, 178G, 
 proved the beginning of a fever which hur- 
 ried him quickly to his grave. His valu- 
 able treatise on Air and Fire has been trans- 
 lated into French from the German, by 
 Dietrich, in 12mu. and is deservedly known 
 ov£r Europe. 
 
 ScHEELSTRATE, Emanucl dc, a native of 
 Antwerp, who became librarian of the Va- 
 tican, canon of St. John Lateran, and of 
 St. Peter at Rome. He died at Rome 5th 
 April, 1692, aged 43. He wrote Antiqui- 
 tates Ecclesiae Illustratae, 2 vols. fol. ; Ec- 
 clesia Africana sub Primate Carthaginicnsi, 
 4to. ; Acta Constantiensis Concilii, 4to ; 
 Acta Ecclesiae Oriental, &c. 
 
 ScHEFFER, John, a learned German, born 
 at Strasburg, 1621. ^Vhen driven by war 
 from his country, he went to Sweden at 
 the invitation of queen Christina, and ob- 
 tained the chair of eloquence and politics at 
 Upsal. He was also librarian, and hono- 
 rary professor of the law of nations in that 
 university. He died there 1679. He pub- 
 lished de Militia Navali Veterum ; Upsalia 
 Antiqua ; Laponia, translated into Eng- 
 lish ; Suecia Literata ; de Re Vehieulari 
 Veterum, besides notes on Phasdrus, ^Elian, 
 and other classics. 
 
 ScHEGKiKs, James, a native of Schorn- 
 doff in the dutchy of Wirtemberg, professor 
 of philosophy and medicine at Tubingen. 
 Though blind, he pursued his favourite stu- 
 dies, and even refused to submit to an ope- 
 mtion for the restoration of sight, observing 
 that he wished to avoid seeing many odious 
 and disagreeable objects. He wrote a dia- 
 logue, de Animae Principatu ; a treatise de 
 unA Person^ et duabus Naturis in Christo, 
 adversus Anti Trinitarios ; Refutatio Erro- 
 rum Simonii, fol. 1573. He died at Tu- 
 bingen, 1587. 
 
 ScHEiNER, Christopher, an able astrono- 
 mer, rendered memorable for first discover- 
 ing the spots on the sun's disc. He was 
 born at Mecklenburg, in Germany, and en- 
 tered among the Jesuits, and afterwards 
 taught Hebrew and mathematics at Ingold- 
 stadt, Brisac, Rome, &c. He was also coun- 
 sellor to the archduke Charles, and died 
 
 rector of the Jesuits' college at Neissc in 
 Silesia, 1650. His observation of the solar 
 spots was at Iiii^old«taflt, 1011 ; but he was 
 airaidto publish tha discovery, uliicli, how- 
 ever, Velscrus, to whom he coniniuiiicated 
 it, unhandsomely did, and (jalili o himself 
 laid claim, but improperly, to thu merit oil 
 being the first observer. He publisliea 
 these phajnomena in 1630, in folio, under 
 the title of Rosa Ursina, containing accu- 
 rate delineations of the spots. 
 
 ScHELHAMMER, Gouthicr Christopher, 
 a native of Jena, who was professor of me- 
 dicine at liehnstadt, afterwards at Jena, 
 and then at Kiel, and was physician to the 
 duke of Holstcin. He wrote Introductio 
 ad Artcm Medicam, 4to. and other medical 
 works, and died 1716, aged 75. 
 
 ScHELLiKKS, William, a native of Am- 
 sterdam, eminent as a painter of land- 
 scapes, history, and sea views. His chief 
 performance is said to be Charles II. em- 
 barking for England. He died 1678, aged 
 47. His brother Daniel excelled in land- 
 scapes. He died 1701, aged 63. 
 
 ScHENCK DE Graffeneerg, John, a 
 physician, who was born at Friburg, and 
 died there 12th Nov. 1598, aged 67. He 
 was author of Observationum Medicarum, 
 Rararum, Admirabilium et Monstros. Vo- 
 lumen, fol. edited by Spon. His son John 
 George was also eminent as a physician, 
 and settled at the Hague, where he died 
 about 1620. He wrote de Formandis Me- 
 dicinae Studiis, 12mo. ; Hortus Patavinus ; 
 Monstrorum Historia, 4to. 
 
 ScHENCKius, John Theodore, professor 
 of medicine at Jena, died 1671, aged 52, 
 author of Observations on Medicine, folio, 
 and 8vo. ; de Sero Sanguinis, 4to. ; a Ca- 
 talogue of the Plants of the Medical Gar- 
 den of Jena, l2mo. &c. 
 
 ScHERTLiN, Sebastian, a native of the 
 dutchy of Wirtemberg, who first served in 
 Hungary, and afternards greatly distin- 
 guished himself at the defence of Pavia. 
 At the taking of Rome and Narni, and in 
 the defence of Naples, 1523, he displayed 
 such valour and intrepidity, that several 
 potentates solicited his services ; but he at- 
 tached himself to the independence of • 
 Augsburg. He espoused the cause of the 
 league of Smalkalde against the emperor, 
 and afterwards passed into the service of 
 France, and accompanied Henry II. in his 
 expedition to the Rhine and the Low Coun- 
 tries. Charles V. afterwards restored him 
 his property, which had been confiscated 
 at Augsburg, and he distinguished himself 
 in the service of the emperor Ferdinand I. 
 and died 1577, aged 82, deservedly respect- 
 ed as a brave general. 
 
 ScHEUcHZER, Johu Jamcs, a native of 
 Zurich, who became there professor of ma^ 
 thematics and medicine. His reputation 
 as a phvsician and a man of letters was such 
 
 60 .'5 
 
SCH 
 
 SGH 
 
 ibar uxc C/.nv I'etrr inarle him libfral ofters 
 to settle in Russia; but the people, of Zti- 
 rich detainee! him by their generositj". He 
 died in his native t<nvn 1733, aged HI. He 
 published Natural History of the Bible, in 
 German, four large vols. fol. translated 
 into Latin, 1735, and into French, 1734, 
 nut of this the original edition in German 
 is the most valuable, on account of its 750 
 plates ; Itinera Alpina, 2 vols. 4to. ; Pis- 
 cium Querela?, 4to. ; Herbarium Diluvia- 
 nnm, fol. ; Musaeum Diluvianum, 8vo. ; 
 Homo Diluvii Testis, 4to. ; Historiae Hel- 
 veticae Naturalis Prolegomena ; Sciagra- 
 phia Lithologica, 4to. ; Nova Literaria 
 Helvetica, or Journal of Swiss Literature ; 
 a treatise on the Mineral Waters of Swit- 
 zerland, 4to. His son John Gaspard was 
 jwi able antiquarian. He translated into 
 English Koempfer's History of Japan, 2 
 vols. fol. and died at London, 1729, in the 
 flower of youth. John, brother of John 
 James, was professor of medicine andphyr 
 sician at Zurich, where he died, 1738. He 
 was author of j^grostographia, seu Gra- 
 minum, Juncorum, &c. Historia, 4to. 
 
 ScHiAVONE, Andrea, a Venetian paint- 
 er, born at Scbenico in Dalmatia, 1522. 
 Though poor and uneducated, he rose by 
 the powers of his genius, and his great ap- 
 plication, to eminence. His designs, how- 
 ever, were not much admired, while his 
 colouring, and the elegance of his drape- 
 ries, were superior to the efforts of his con- 
 temporaries. His pictures were esteemed 
 after his decease, though unfortunately for 
 him disregarded by his contemporaries. 
 He died poor, 1582, at Venice. 
 
 ScHiAVONETTi, Lcwis, an engraver, was 
 born at Bassano, in the state of Venice, in 
 1765. He studied painting ; but after the 
 death of his master, he applied to engra- 
 ving, in which ho attained considerable 
 eminence. The fame of Bartolozzi drew 
 him to England, and here he executed se- 
 veral very fine plates, after ancient and 
 modern masters. He died at Brompton in 
 iSlO.— ^F. B. 
 
 ScHicKARD, William, professor of He- 
 brew at Tubingen, died of the plague 1635, 
 at the age of 43. He wrote Horologium, 
 or Hebrew Grammar, 8vo. — Treatises de 
 Jure Regio Judaeorum, 4to. — Series Re- 
 gum Persiae, 4to. 
 
 ScHiDONE, Bartholomew, a native of 
 Modena, eminent as a painter. Though 
 patronised by the duke of Parma, bis fond- 
 ness for gaming reduced him to poverty. 
 His pictures are scarce, but possess great 
 merit. He died 1616, aged 56. 
 
 Schiller, Frederic, a German dramatic 
 writer of celebrity. He was born at Mar- 
 bach in Wirtemburg, and educated in the 
 >nilitary school of Stutgard, where he pro- 
 duced his first dramatic piece, called the 
 Jobbers. The principles inculcated in this 
 604 
 
 piece gave such offence to his superior^., 
 that he fled from their resentment to Man- 
 heim, and for some time supported himself 
 in the capacity of a regimental surgeon. 
 An appointment in the theatre at Manheimi 
 proved more congenial to his feelings, and 
 enabled him to produce his Conspiracy of 
 Fiesco, his Intrigue and Love, his Rhenish 
 Thalia, and other pieces. Eager after dis- 
 tinction, he went from Manheim to Mentz, 
 and afterwards to Dresden, and then to 
 Leipsic, where he completed his tragedy of 
 Don Carlos. For some time he resided at 
 Jena, as professor of history, and then re- 
 moved to Wiemar, where he died, 18Q5. 
 He wrote besides, the History of the Revolt 
 of the Netherlands from the Spanish Go- 
 vernment — the Maid of Orleans, and other 
 dramatic pieces, much admired for origi- 
 nality, fire, and elegance, though occasion- 
 ally immoral, and deficient in unity. 
 
 Schilling, Drebold, a native of Soleore, 
 who wrote in German a History of the 
 Wars of the Swiss against Charles duke of 
 Burgundy, published, Berne, fol. 1743. 
 The work is very accurate, as he was pre- 
 sent at the scenes which he describes. He 
 lived in the 15th century. 
 
 ScHLiCTiNGius, Jonas de Bukowic, a 
 native of Poland, banished on account of 
 his Socinian principles by the diet of Warv 
 saw. He retired to Muscovy and Ger- 
 many, and then settled at Zullickaw, where 
 he died, 1661, aged 65. His works, which 
 are chiefly commentaries on the holy Scrip- 
 ture, were published at Amsterdam, 1666, 
 folio. 
 
 Schmidt, George Frederic, a native of 
 Berlin, eminent as an engraver. He was 
 the pupil of Larmessen at Paris, and for his 
 abilities was admitted into the French aca- 
 demy of painting. His engravings of por- 
 traits were particularly admired. He died 
 at Berlin, 1775, aged 63. 
 
 Schmidt, Erasmus, professor of mathe- 
 matics, and of Greek, at Wittemberg, was 
 born at Delitzch in Misnia, 1560. He pub- 
 lished an edition of Pindar with learned 
 notes, 1616, 4to. and died at Wittemberg, 
 1637. 
 
 Schmidt, Sebastian, a professor of ori- 
 ental languages at Strasburg, who died 
 there, 1697. 
 
 Schmidt, John Andrew, a Lutheran di- 
 vine, born at Wonns, 1652. He was theo- 
 logical professor at Mariendal, and died 
 there, 1726. He Avrote Compendium His- 
 toriae Ecclesiasticae, 8vo. — de Bibliotheci?, 
 4to. — Lexicon Ecclesiasticum Minus, 8vo. 
 besides Pardies' Geometry, translated into 
 Latin, &c. 
 
 Schoepflin, John Daniel, a learned 
 German Lutheran divine, born Sept. 6, 
 1694, at Soulzbourg, in Baden Dourlach. 
 He studied at Dourlach, Basil, and Stras- 
 burg, and was appointed, in 1720, profcs- 
 
sen 
 
 MJli 
 
 ;ior of eloquence and bis.tory in Ibis last that Spain was oblij>;ed to ackiiou ledge llic 
 university. His reputation for learning family of Braganza as lawful sovereigns of 
 
 ■»vas so great that he received the most 
 bonourable invitations from tbe empress of 
 Russia, from Sweden, from Frankfort, 
 from Leyden, and otber learned bodies, 
 but he preferred the tranquillity and re- 
 tirement of Strasburg. In 1726, he quitted 
 his professorship, and travelled at the pub 
 
 Portugal. He was, in 107;'., made marshal 
 of France, though a proicstant, and the 
 next year he went to the campaign of the 
 Low Countries, and obliged the enemy to 
 raise the siege of Maestricht and Charleroi. 
 On the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 
 1685, he quitted France and retired to 
 
 lie expense, and as a philosopher he visited Prussia, where the elector of Brandenburg 
 Italy, Paris, London, and other places. He appointed him bis prime minister, and corn- 
 died at Strasburg of a slow fever, August 7, mander in chief. He was afterwards in 
 1771, universally and deservedly lamented. Portugal and in Holland, and he accompa- 
 His works are Historia Zaringo-BadensLs, nied William of Orange into England when 
 Carlsruhe, 7 vols. 4to. — Alsatia Diploma- he invaded the kingdom, and for his servi- 
 tica, fob — Alsatia lilustrata, 2 vols, fob — ees he was created an English duke, made 
 
 Alsaticarum Rerum Scriptores, fob — Vin- 
 diciae Typographicae, 4to. — Vindiciaj Cel- 
 ticae — Memoirs of a Rising Academy, ad- 
 dressed to the elector palatine, &e. 
 
 ScHOMBERG, Heory de, of an ancient 
 family of Misnia, established in France, 
 •was made governor of la Marche, and 
 served with reputation under Charles IX. 
 and his two successors. He died sudden- 
 ly in 1599. His son of the same name 
 
 knight of the garter, and rewarded with a 
 pension by the parliament. In 1689, he 
 was sent to Ireland as commander in chief, 
 and the following year he attended Wil- 
 liam at the battle of the Boyne, and brave- 
 ly crossed the river, which was obstinately 
 defended by the enemy. He was, how- 
 ever, wounded by one of the soldiers of 
 James II. and soon after shot dead by mis- 
 take by one of the French refugees in his 
 
 succeeded in his government of la Marche, own regiment, 11th July, 1690, in his 82d 
 
 and distinguished himself in Piedmont, in year. He was buried in St. Patrick's cathe- 
 
 1617, under marshal d'Estr^es, and against dx'al, where a monument, and an elegant 
 
 the Huguenots, in 1622, for %vhich he was inscription by Dr. Swift mark his grave, 
 
 made marshal of France. He contributed Schoner, John, a German philosopher, 
 
 much, in 1625, to the defeat of the English born at Carolostadt, 1477. His abilities 
 
 in their attack against the isle of Rhe, and 
 two years after he forced the passage of 
 Suza, where he was severely wounded. In 
 1630, he made himself master of Pignerol, 
 and relieved Casal, and soon after defeated 
 the rebels in Languedoc, at the famous bat- 
 tle of Castelnaudari, where Montmorenci 
 was wounded and taken prisoner. He was, 
 in reward for his services, made governor of 
 Languedoc, and died the next year of an 
 apoplexy, 17th Nov. aged 49. He was a 
 man of abilities in the cabinet, as well as in 
 the field. He was ambassador for some 
 time in England, and Germany, and he 
 wrote a Relation of the War in Italy, in 
 which he had been engaged, printed 1630, 
 4to. again 1669, and 1682. His son Charles 
 distinguished himself also in the service of 
 France, and was made governor of Lan- 
 guedoc, and marshal of France. He con- 
 quered the Spaniards at Leucate in Rous- 
 sillon, and took the town of Tortosa by as- 
 sault. He died at Paris, 6th June, 1656, 
 aged 56. 
 
 were so great that he was chosen, when 
 young, to be mathematical professor at Nu- 
 remberg. He was, however, too fond of 
 astrology, though in other respects a man 
 of vast intelligence and erudition. He 
 published some valuable astronomical ta- 
 bles after those of Regiomontanus — a Trea- 
 tise on Dialling — on the Astronomical 
 Equator — Use of the Globes — Organicum 
 Uranicum, &c. He died 1547. 
 
 ScHooKius, Martin, a native of Utrechtj 
 successively professor of languages and phi- 
 losophy at Utrecht, Deventer, Groningen, 
 and Frankfort on the Oder. He was a 
 man of erudition, though extremely satiri- 
 cal. He is author of Exercitationes Varia; 
 — de Harengis, seu Halecibus — de Signa- 
 turis Foetus — de Ciconis — do Statu Reipub- 
 licae Foederati Belgii — (le Sccpticismo — de 
 Sternutatione- — de Imperio Maritimo — de 
 Lingua Hellenisiica, &,c. He died at Frank- 
 fort 1669, aged 55. 
 
 ScHOONfiELD, John Henry, a painter of 
 
 eminence, born at Bibrach in Germany. 
 
 ScHOMEERG, Frcderic Armand de, of an Some of his pictures are preserved in the 
 
 illustrious family, but of a different branch 
 from the preceding, was early engaged in 
 the service of Frederic Henry prince of 
 Orange, and afterwards of his son William. 
 He went, in 1650, into the service of the 
 French king, and was made governor of 
 Gravelines and Furnes, and, in 1661, sent 
 to command the army in Portugal, where 
 he behaved with such bravery and prudence 
 
 churches and public edifices of Augsburg. 
 He died 1689, aged 70. 
 
 ScHOOxjANS, Anthony, a native of An< 
 twerp, distinguished as a painter. After 
 studying in Italy he settled at Vienna, 
 where he was patronised by the empe- 
 ror. His altar pieces for several German 
 churches arc mnrb admired. He died 1726, 
 aged 61. 
 
 p05 
 
SCH 
 
 SGH 
 
 ScHOREL, John, a Flemish painter, born 
 at Schorel, a village near Alcmaer, in Hol- 
 land. He studied under Albert Durer, and 
 then went with a friar to Jerusalem, where 
 he painted some very interesting pieces. 
 On his return he passed through Venice 
 and Rome, and was made by Pope Adrian 
 VI. superintendent of the Belvidere build- 
 ings. After that pontiif 's death he return- 
 ed to his country, where he died 1562, 
 much respected. He %vas also a tolerable 
 musician and poet, and well understood La- 
 tin, French, Italian, and German. 
 
 ScHOTTUs, Andreas, a learned German, 
 born at Antwerp, 1552. He was educated 
 at Louvain and Douay, and upon going to 
 Spain, was in consequence of his great abi- 
 lities, made, 1 580, Greek professor at To- 
 ledo. He entered among the Jesuits in 
 1586, and afterwards taught rhetoric at 
 Rome, and after three years residence re- 
 turned to Antwerp, where he spent the rest 
 of his life, and died 23d Jan. 1629. He 
 was author of Hispania lUustrata, 14 vols, 
 fol. — the Lives of Francis Borgia, Ferdi- 
 nand Nunez, Peter Ciaconius, &c. besides 
 valuable editions of Pomponius Mela, Cor. 
 Nepos, Valerius Flaccus, Aurelius Victor, 
 &c. 
 
 ScHOTTUs, Gaspard, a Jesuit, born at 
 Wurtsburg, in Franconia, where he died, 
 1666, aged 58. He resided for some time 
 at Palermo in Sicily, and at Rome, where 
 he became intimate with the famous Kir- 
 cher. He is the learned author of Physica 
 Curiosa, or Mirabilia Naturae et Artis, 2 
 vols. 4to. — Magia Naturalis et Artificialis, 
 4 vols. 4to. — Technica Curiosa, 4to. — Ma- 
 china Hydraulico-Pneumatica — Pantomet- 
 rum Kircherianum, seu Instrumentum Geo- 
 metricum Novum — Itinerarium Staticum 
 Kircher — Encyclopedia, containing a course 
 of mathematics — Mathesis Caesarea, 2 vols. 
 4to. — Anatomia Physico-Hydrostatica Fon- 
 tium et Fluminum, 8vo. — Arithmetica Prac- 
 tica Generalis, 8vo. — Schola Stegano-gra- 
 phica — Organ um Mathematicum, 4to. 
 
 ScHREVELius, Comclius, a laborious cri- 
 tic of Holland, born at Haerlam, 1615. He 
 published editions of Homer, Hesiod, and 
 other classics, said to be not very correct. 
 The work by which he is best known, is 
 his Greek Lexicon, 8vo. now in general 
 use. He died 1667. 
 
 ScHULEMBouRG, Matthias John, count 
 of, was born in 1661, and from his earliest 
 years devoted himself to military affairs. 
 He was first in the service of the king of 
 Poland, who intrusted him with the com- 
 mand of the Saxon troops in 1704, and with 
 a small force he bravely withstood, in an 
 advantageous situation, five atttacks of 
 Charles XII. of Sweden. In 1708, he was 
 placed at the head of 9000 Poles, who were 
 in the service of the Dutch, and the next 
 vcar he was at the battle of Malplaquet, 
 
 cm 
 
 where prince Eugene saw and admired his 
 valour, and gave him his esteem. In 1711 
 he went into the service of the Venetians, 
 and ably defended them against the Turks 
 at the siege of Corfu, where his conduct 
 was so intrepid, that a larger pension was 
 bestowed upon him, and a statue raised 
 to his honour. In 1726 he visited his sis- 
 ter, the countess of Kendal, in England, and 
 was received with distinction by George 
 I. and he afterwards returned to Venice, 
 where he died, 1743, universally respected. 
 ScHULTENS, Albert, a German divine, 
 born at Groningen. He was minister of 
 W^ossenar, and professor of oriental lan- 
 guages at Franeker, and afterwards at Ley- 
 den, where he died, 1741, aged 70. His 
 works are a Commentary on Job, 2 vols. 
 4to. — a Hebrew Grammar — the Life of Sa- 
 ladin, from the Arabic, folio — Commentary 
 on Proverbs, 4to. — Animadversiones Philo- 
 logicae et Criticae ad Varia Veteris Testam. 
 Loca — a treatise of Hebrew Roots, &c. 
 
 ScHULZE, John Henry, a physician 
 born at Colbitz in Magdeburg. He was 
 medical professor at Halle, where he died 
 1745, aged 58. He was also well skilled in 
 Greek, and in Arabic literature, and wrote 
 Historia Medicinae a Rerum Initio ad An- 
 num Urbis Romae 535 Deducta, 4to. — 
 Physiologia Medica, 8vo. — Pathologia Ge- 
 neralis et Specialis — de Materiel Medical 
 Dissertationes Medicae et Historicae, &c. 
 
 ScHURMAN, Anna Maria, a German lady 
 born at Cologne, 1607. She possessed un- 
 common powers, and not only excelled in 
 music, painting, sculpture, and engraving, 
 but in the knowledge of the learned lan- 
 guages, of Greek, Hebrew, Syriac, and 
 Arabic, as well as the modern tongues. 
 When six years old she cut on paper all 
 sorts of figures without model, and two 
 years after designed flowers in a very 
 masterly manner. These great accom- 
 plishments were adorned further by the 
 most modest and diffident manners ; but 
 her powers were too great to be long con- 
 cealed from the world, and by the means of 
 her friends and correspondents, of Vossius, 
 Spanheim, Rivetus, and others, her reputa- 
 tion was spread over Europe ; and she was 
 visited by Richelieu, and other persons of 
 the highest rank, and even princesses. Her 
 devotion was said to be equal to her learn- 
 ing, but in 1650, her attachment to Labadie 
 lessened her fame, and after living with 
 that enthusiast at Altona, and attending 
 him in his last moments, she retired to 
 Wiemar, in Friesland, where she died 
 1678. She wrote Latin poems — a Defence 
 of female study — Eukleria, in defence of 
 her attachment to Labadie — Opuscula, in 
 Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, printed 1'652, 
 4to. 
 
 SuHUT, Cornelius, a painter of An- 
 twerp, the disciple of Rubens. Some of 
 
sen 
 
 SCI 
 
 his pieces are still admired in tbc cliurches 
 of Antwerp. He died IGGO, aged 60. 
 
 ScHURTZFLEiscii, Conrad Samuel, a na- 
 tive of Corback in Waldeck, professor of 
 history, poetry, and Greek at Wittcmberg. 
 He travelled over Germany, France, Eng- 
 land, and Italy, and was made counsellor 
 and librarian to the duke of Saxe Wicmar. 
 He died 1708, aged 67. His works arc 
 Diaputationes Histories; Civilesj 3 vols. 
 4to. — Letters, 3 vols. 8vo. — Continuation 
 of Sleidan till 1678 — Dissertationes et 
 Opuscula. His brother, Henry Leonard, 
 wrote Historia Ensiferorum Ordinis Teu- 
 tonici, l2mo. 1701. 
 
 ScHUUR, Theodore Vander, a painter, 
 born at the Hague. He was at Paris, where 
 he studied under Sebastian Bourdon, and 
 then went to visit the Italian schools. He 
 was happy in his pieces, which he enriched 
 in the back grounds with fine ancient 
 ruins. He died 1705, aged 77. 
 
 Schuyler, Peter, mayor of Albany, 
 New- York, and distinguished for his pa- 
 triotism and popularity with the Indians. In 
 the year 1691, with a party of English and 
 Mohawks, he attacked the French at the 
 north end of lake Champlain, and defeated 
 them. He had great influence with the 
 five Indiaji nations, and in 1710 went to 
 England with five of their chiefs, for the 
 purpose of exciting the government to ex- 
 pel the French from Canada. In 1719, he 
 being the oldest member of the council, held 
 the chief command in New- York. [13^ L. 
 
 Schuyler, Philip, major-general in the 
 army of the American revolution, was ap- 
 pointed to that office in 1775, and de- 
 spatched to the fortifications in the north of 
 New- York, for the purpose of preparing for 
 an invasion of Canada. By the loss of his 
 health, the command soon devolved upon 
 Montgomery. On his recovery he em- 
 ployed himself in directing the operations 
 in that section, and on the approach of 
 Burgoyne in 1777, made every exertion to 
 obstruct his progress. In consequence of 
 the evacuation of Ticonderogaby St. Clair, 
 he unreasonably fell under some suspicion, 
 and was superseded in the chief command 
 by general Gates. He afterwards rendered 
 important services in the transactions at 
 New- York, though not in command. He 
 was a member of congress previous to the 
 establishment of the present constitution, 
 and afterwards twice a senator. He died 
 at Albany in 1804, in his seventy-third 
 year. He possessed a mind of great vi- 
 gour and enterprise, and was characterized 
 by integrity and amiableness. |[:3=^ L. 
 
 Schwartz, Bertholet, the inventor of 
 gunpowder, was a monk of the order of 
 Cordeliers, and was born at Friburg, in the 
 13th century. He was an able chymist, 
 and it is said, discovered the fatal secret of 
 the ingredients of gunpowder, when ma- 
 
 king some cbymical expcriniciits on nitre. 
 This discovery was first applied to fire- 
 arms at the battle of Creasy, 1346, or ac- 
 cording to others, as early as 1300, by the 
 Venetians ; and it consequently changed 
 the whole art of war. Roger Bacon is con- 
 sidered by some to have been acquainted 
 with the fatal secret, which he refused to 
 reveal. 
 
 Schwartz, Christopher, a native of In- 
 golstadt, eminent as a painter. He was 
 the pupil of Titian, and the successful imi- 
 tator of Tintoret. He was patronised by 
 the elector of Bavaria, and was called the 
 Raphael of Germany. He died at Munich, 
 1594, aged 44. 
 
 ScHWERiN, Christopher, count of, go- 
 vernor of Niess and Bricg, and field mar- 
 shal in the Prussian service, was born 26th 
 Oct. 1684, and rose by merit to the highest 
 honours. He gained the battle of Mol- 
 witz, in 1741, when the Prussians thought 
 that all was lost, and he continued to dis- 
 tinguish himself in succeeding engage- 
 ments against the Austrians, till the battle 
 of Prague in 1757, in which he fell, aged 
 72. His memory was honoured with a 
 statue by the king of Prussia in Berlin, and 
 a monument by Joseph II. in 1783, on the 
 very spot where he expired. He had been, 
 in 1712, envoy from the duke of Mecklen- 
 burg, to Charles XII. of Sweden, at Ben- 
 der, and he caught some of the martial 
 spirit of that celebrated monarch. 
 
 SchyndaL, Bernard, a Dutch painter, 
 whose shepherds, ale-houses, fairs, &c. 
 were much admired. He was born at 
 Haerlem, and died 1716, aged 57. 
 
 Scioppius, Caspar, a learned German, 
 born 1576, at Newark, Upper Palatinate, 
 and known for the virulence with which he 
 attacked every man of merit and reputa- 
 tion. He studied at Amberg, Heidelberg, 
 AltdorfF, and Ingolstadt, and early distin- 
 guished himself by writing, among other 
 things, a commentary on " Priapeia," with 
 obscene quotations, and licentious remarks. 
 In 1509 he turned Roman catholic, an<l 
 then abused not only the protestants, but 
 also the Jesuits, against whom he wrote 
 not less than 30 different treatises. Not 
 only Joseph Scaliger felt the acrimony 
 of his satire, but Henry IV. of France, 
 and James I. of England, to whom he 
 wrote a Latin pamphlet, called an " Eye 
 Salve for his Britannic Majesty." The last 
 part of his life he devoted to the explana- 
 tion of the prophecies of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures, and particularly of the Apocalypse, 
 and he pretended to have discovered the 
 very key which Peter left on earth. He 
 died 1649. He was a man of extraordina- 
 ry learning, and had he possessed equal 
 moderation and good sense, his fame won Kl 
 have been deservedly superior to the rest 
 of the world. His memory was such, that 
 
 607 
 
SCO 
 
 SCO 
 
 it ivas said that he could, like another Ez- 
 ra, have restored the Scriptures if lost, as 
 he knew them all by heart. His works 
 were more numerous than his years, the 
 best known of which are Verisimilium Li- 
 bri quatuor, 8vo. — Commentarius de Arte 
 Critica, 8vo. — Classicum Belli Sacri — de 
 Sua ad Catholicos Migratione — Notationes 
 in Phaedrum — Suspectarum Lectionum — 
 Grammatica Philosophica, 8vo. &c. 
 
 SciPio, Publ. Cornel, an illustrious Ro- 
 man. He avenged the death of his father 
 and uncle, who had fallen in Spain, by the 
 total defeat of the Carthaginians in that 
 country, and he afterwards passed into 
 Africa, to carry war to the gates of the ca- 
 pital. The battle of Zama, and the defeat 
 of Annibal, put an end to the second Punic 
 war, and the victorious Roman obtained 
 the honourable surname of Africanus. The 
 Romans afterwards behaved with jealousy 
 towards him, and he retired from public 
 clamours to his country house, where he 
 died, B. C. 180. 
 
 SciPio, Luc. Cornel, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, obtained the name of Asiaticus, 
 from his conquests in Asia, in which he 
 was assisted by the valour and the judg- 
 ment of the great Africanus. 
 
 SciPio Nasica, of the same family as the 
 conqueror of Carthage, was eminent for 
 his virtues, and for his success in Spain. 
 
 SciPio, Publ. ^milianus, son of Paulus, 
 was adopted by the Scipios, and obtained 
 the surname of the second Africanus, by 
 his final conquest of Carthage, B. C. 147. 
 He afterwards destroyed Numantia, and 
 enlarged the Roman possessions in Spain. 
 He was found dead in his bed, 128, assas- 
 sinated, it is supposed, by his political ene- 
 mies. 
 
 SciPio, Publius, father-in-law of Pom- 
 pey, retired from the battle of Pharsalia to 
 Africa, where he was soon after defeated 
 at Thapsus, by J. Caesar. 
 
 ScLATER, William, D.D. a native of 
 Somersetshire, educated at Brazen-nose 
 college, Oxford, of which he became fel- 
 low. He died 1647, on his living of Otter- 
 den, in Kent. He was author of elegies 
 and epitaphs, under the title of Threnodia 
 Britannica, 4to. — Palae-Albion, or History 
 of Great Britain to the Reign of the First 
 James, in Latin and English verse, fol. — 
 Psalms, or Songs of Sion — Genethliacon, 
 or Stemmi Jacobi Regis ab Adamo, folio. 
 Another divine of that name was also D. D. 
 fellow of King's college, Cambridge, and 
 vicar of Pitminster, Somersetshire, where 
 he died 1626 ; author of a Commentary on 
 the Epistles to the Thessalonians and Ro- 
 mans, fol. His son was prebendary of 
 Exeter, and minister of Cullumpton, De- 
 von, and author of some sermons. 
 
 ScoPAS, a sculptor and architect of Pa- 
 Vos, 430 B. C. His most admired works 
 608 
 
 were the Mausoleum of Artemisia, and a 
 statue of Venus. 
 
 ScoRZA, Sinibaldo, a painter and engra- 
 ver of Voltaggio, in the Genoese territory. 
 He particularly excelled in animals, flowers, 
 and landscapes, and also in nainiatures. 
 He was banished by his enemies, on the 
 false accusation of being leagued with the 
 duke of Savoy, against whom his country- 
 men were engaged in war. He was after- 
 wards recalled, and died at Genoa, 1631, 
 aged 41. Some of his engravings from Al- 
 bert Durer possessed great merit. 
 
 Scot, Reynolds, an English writer, born 
 of an ancient family near Smeeth, in Kent. 
 He was of Hart-hall, Oxford, but left the 
 university without a degree, and retired to 
 his seat, where he devoted himself to the 
 reading of obscure authors. He published 
 " a Perfect Platform of a Hop-Garden, 
 &c."in 4to. second edition 1576 — the Dis- 
 coveries of Witchcraft, &c. 4to. — Discourse 
 upon Devils and Spirits, &c. These works, 
 in a superstitious age, exposed him to much 
 obloquy, and his labours were attacked 
 with great virulence by those who support* 
 ed the doctrines of astrology, alchymy, le- 
 gerdemain, and witchcraft, and he was cen- 
 sured not only by Meric Casaubon, Jo- 
 seph Glanvil, Raynolds, and others, but by 
 James L in his Demonologia. This wor- 
 thy man, distinguished for his piety and 
 benevolence, as well as for his learning, 
 died at the seat of his ancestors, and was 
 buried at the church of Smeeth, 1599. 
 
 Scott, John, D. D. an able divine, bom 
 at Chippenham, Wilts, 1638. Though for 
 three years engaged in trade, he prevailed 
 upon his friends to send him to Oxford, 
 where, without taking his degrees in arts, 
 he accumulated the degrees of bachelor, 
 and doctor in divinity, in 1685. He was 
 successively minister of St. Thomas's, 
 Southwark, rector of St. Peter le Poor, 
 London, rector of St. Giles in the Fields, 
 prebendary of St. Paul, and canon of 
 Windsor, and refused a bishopric, because 
 he would not take the oath of homage. 
 He died 1694, and was buried in St. Giles 
 church. He was a warm opposer of the 
 catholics, and wrote various things, the best 
 known of which are the Christian Life, a 
 most valuable and popular work, in folio, 
 and 5 vols. 8vo. — Sermons — Cases of Con- 
 science Resolved, and some pieces against 
 the papists. 
 
 Scott, Daniel, an eminent writer, son 
 of a merchant. He was educated at 
 Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, and afterward 
 went to Utrecht, where he took the degree 
 of LL.D. but though he studied divinity, 
 he never entered into the church, as he 
 rather inclined to the Baptists. He pub- 
 lished an Essay towards the Demonstration 
 of the Scripture Trinity, 1 725, which pass- 
 ed through three editions — a New Ver- 
 
SCO 
 
 SCL 
 
 sion of St. Mutthew's (iospel, with notes, 
 1741 — Appendix to II. Stcpliens's Greek 
 Lexicon, 2 vols. Ibl. 1745, &lc. He liiccl 
 1759. 
 
 Scott, Thomas, brother of Daoiel, was 
 a dissenting minister, first at Hitchin, 
 Herts, and then at Norwich, where he died 
 1746. He is anthor of Occasional Ser- 
 mons, &c. in which he endeavoured to set- 
 tle the dispute about the godhead of Christ, 
 by John 20, v. 28. His son Joseph Nicol 
 was pastor of a dissenting congregation at 
 Norwich, and then became Arian, and at 
 last took the degree of M.D. in Scotland, 
 and practised as a physician. He was 
 author of 2 vols, of sermons, and assisted 
 in the revision of Bailey's folio Dictionary. 
 His brother Thomas was also a dissenting 
 minister at Lowestoff, afterwards at Ips- 
 wich, and then at Hapton, Norfolk, where 
 he died 1775. He is author of single ser- 
 mons — of lyric poems — of a translation of 
 Job into English verse, with notes, twice 
 edited, &c. 
 
 Scott, Thomas, B.D. an English di- 
 vine, for some years preacher to the Eng- 
 lish company at Utrecht. He was basely 
 assassinated by a soldier, as he was going 
 to his church, in 1626. He is author of 
 \ox Populi ; \q\ Dei ; Vox Regis ; the 
 Belgick Pismire Stinging the Slothful 
 Sleeper, 4to. ; Symmachia, or True Love's 
 Knot between Great Britain and the Uni- 
 ted Provinces, 4to. ; a Tongue Combat be- 
 tween Two English Soldiers in the Tilt 
 Boat of Gravesend, 4to. ; Digitus Dei ; the 
 Projector, a sermon before the judges at 
 Norwich ; the Highways of God and the 
 King, two sermons, 4to. ; News from Par- 
 nassus, 4to. 
 
 ScoTT, Samuel, an English painter, who 
 died 1772. His sea pieces were much ad- 
 mired, and were regarded as equal to the 
 interesting works of Vandervelde. 
 
 ScoTT, Michael, a native of Balwirie, in 
 Fifeshire, born 1240. He conducted him- 
 self with such bravery at the battle of Lar- 
 go, 1260, that Alexander IIL of Scotland, 
 knighted him, and afterwards employed 
 him in various political affairs. He was, on 
 the king's death, made one of the regents 
 of Scotland, and died 1291. He was much 
 addicted to astrology, and in consequence 
 of his great learning, passed for a ma- 
 gician. Some of his writings are preserved 
 by Dr. M'Kenzie. 
 
 Scott, David, a Scotchman, born near 
 Haddington, 1675. He was strongly at- 
 tached to the Stuart family, and refused to 
 take the oaths to William HL in conse- 
 quence of which he was exposed to much 
 persecution. He wrote a History of Scot- 
 land, folio, an indifferent performance, and 
 died at Haddington, 1742. 
 
 ScoTT, John, an English poet, of the 
 persuasion of the quakers. His father was 
 Vol. IL 77 
 
 a London trad<;.imaii, and retired to Am- 
 wcll, Hertfordshire, a place whieh our au- 
 thor ha>i fondly celcbnited in his elegant 
 poem of that name, lie wrote besides, 
 "Digest of Laws respecting Highways 
 and Turnpikes ;" Observations on the 
 Poor ; a Tract on Rowley's Poems. Ilia 
 poems, descriptive and moral, appeared to- 
 gether, 1782, in 8vo. and the author died 
 the next year. 
 
 ScouGAL, Henry,M.A. a learned Scotch- 
 man, born at Saltoun, East Lothian, 1650, 
 and educated there, and at Aberdeen uni- 
 versity, where he took his degree, and was 
 appointed professor of moral philosophy, 
 and also of theology. His exertions as a 
 preacher brought on a consumption, of 
 which he died in 1678, aged 28. This re- 
 spectable and amiable character wrote 
 " Life of God in the Soul of Man," much 
 admired, besides nine sermons. 
 
 Screven, James, a brigadier general of 
 the militia of Georgia in the revolutionary 
 war, commanded a body of troops which 
 was engaged in repelling the invaders from 
 Florida, and died of wounds received in a 
 skirmish with them at Midway, November 
 24, 1778. He early engaged in the cause 
 of liberty, and in 1774, was one of the 
 committee which drew up articles of as- 
 sociation for its defence in Georgia. Con- 
 gress ordered the erection of a monument 
 as a mark of their respect for him. 
 
 ICJ^ L. 
 ScRiBONius Largus, a Roman physician 
 of eminence, in the age of Augustus and of 
 Tiberius. Some of his works are extant. 
 ScRiVERius, Peter, a native of Haer- 
 lem, eminent as a poet and philologer. 
 He died 1653, aged 73, and was author of 
 " Batavia Illustrata," 4to. ; Bataviae Co- 
 mitumque Historia, besides editions of Ve- 
 getius, of Aquilius' Chronicon Geldricum, 
 &c. 
 
 ScROGGS, Sir William, a native of Ded- 
 dington, Oxfordshire, educated for the 
 church, but drawn into the army during 
 the civil wars. He afterwards entered at 
 Gray's Inn, and was called to the bar. His 
 abilities recommended him to the court; 
 he was knighted in 1669, made sergeant 
 at law, and in 1678 raised to the high office 
 of chief justice of the king's bench. Three 
 years after he was removed from his place 
 by an impeachment of the commons, be- 
 cause he was supposed to have acted with 
 partiality on the trial of persons concern- 
 ed in the popish plots which so frequently 
 alarmed the nation in those turbulent 
 times. He died 1683. Some of his 
 speeches have been preserved in the state 
 trials. 
 
 ScuDDER, Henry, minister of Colling- 
 bourne Ducis, Wilts, and bachelor of di- 
 vinity at Cambridge, was author of the 
 Christian's Daily Walk, 8vo. a popular 
 
 609 
 
SEA 
 
 HEC 
 
 ivork. He was in his principles a strong 
 presbj-terian, and died before the restora- 
 tion. 
 
 ScuDERi, George de, a French writer 
 born at Havre de Grace, 1603. He pos- 
 sessed great facility in writing, and paid 
 his court to Richelieu by publishing some 
 severe censures on the Cid of Corneille. 
 He wrote much, but with such rapidity 
 that, as Boileau says, he could each month 
 bring forth a volume. His works, there- 
 fore, are now little known. He was mem- 
 ber of the French academy, and died at 
 Paris, 1665. 
 
 ScuDERi, Madeleine de, sister of the 
 preceding, was born at Havre de Grace, 
 1607. She was eminent for her wit, her 
 vivacity, and her writings, and was made 
 member of the Ricovrati academy at Pa- 
 dua. She was also honoured with the cor- 
 respondence of several learned persons, 
 and was rewarded for her works by Maza- 
 rine, and pensioned by Christina of Swe- 
 den, and Lewis XIV. Her house was the 
 general resort of the witty and the learn- 
 ed. She died 1701, aged 94, and two 
 churches disputed the honour of possessing 
 her remains, which was at last settled by 
 the interference of cardinal de Noailles. 
 Her works are very numerous, but she is 
 better known for some elegant verses, ac- 
 cording to Voltaire, than for her ponderous 
 romances. She wrote Clelia, 10 vols. 
 8vo. — Artamenes, or the Grand Cyrus, 
 10 vols. 8vo. — Ibrahim, or the Illustrious 
 Bashaw, 4 vols. — Conversations and Dis- 
 courses, 10 vols. — a Discourse on Glory, &:c. 
 
 ScuLTETCS, Abraham, a native of Grum- 
 berg, in Silesia, professor of theology at 
 Heidelberg, and deputy of the university at 
 the synod of Dort. He left his place by 
 the envy and intrigues of his enemies, and 
 died at Embden, 1626, aged 60. He wrote 
 Medulla Patrum, 4to. and other theologi- 
 cal works. 
 
 ScTLAX, a geographer of Caria, whose 
 abilities were employed by Darius in visit- 
 ing and making observations in India, B.C. 
 522. The invention of geographical ta- 
 bles is ascribed to him by several authors. 
 His Periplus was edited by Gronovius, 
 1697. 
 
 Seaman, Lazarus, D.D. a native of 
 Leicester, educated at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, and made master of Peter- 
 house, in consequence of his active and 
 zealous exertions in favour of the parlia- 
 ment during the civil wars. He was after- 
 wards one of the divines of the Westmin- 
 ster assembly, and died 1675. He pub- 
 lished several sermons. It is said that his 
 library was the first ever sold by auction in 
 England. 
 
 Seabury, Samuel, first bishop of the 
 Episcopal church in the United States, was 
 born in 1728, and graduated at Yale col- 
 010 
 
 lege in 1751. He went to Scotland, and 
 studied theology, and in 1753 obtained or- 
 ders in London. After returning to Ame- 
 rica he settled in New-London, Connecti- 
 cut, where his father had preached. In 
 1784 he went to England to obtain conse- 
 cration as bishop of that state. Not suc- 
 ceeding in England, he went to Scotland, 
 and was consecrated by three non-juring 
 bishops. Returning to New-London he 
 discharged the duties of his ofiiee with 
 ability till his death in 1796. He publish- 
 ed several volumes of sermons. He pos- 
 sessed a vigorous mind, and had stored it 
 with extensive knowledge. id?^ L. 
 
 Seba, Albert, author of a valuable work- 
 on Natural History, in 3 vols, folio, with- 
 plates and explanations in Latin and 
 French, published Amsterdam, 1734, was 
 born at Etzeel, East Friesland. 
 
 Sebastian, posthumous son of the in- 
 fant John, and of a daughter of Charles V. 
 succeeded his grandfather John III. on the 
 throne of Portugal, 1557. He invaded in 
 1574, the Moors in Africa, but without ho- 
 nour, and four years after he went to the 
 assistance of Muly Mohammed, against 
 his uncle Moluc, king of Fez and Moroc- 
 co. The expedition was unfortunate, and 
 in a battle fought near Tangiers, 29th July, 
 1578, the greatest part of the Portuguese 
 army was cut to pieces, and Sebastian 
 shared their fate. As his body could not 
 be found, some supposed that he escaped 
 from the general slaughter, and in conse- 
 quence two impostors arose to claim the 
 throne, both of them hermits, and after 
 some confusion these ambitious hypocrites 
 were removed, the one being executed and 
 the other sent to the galleys. 
 
 Sebastiano, a painter, born at Venice, 
 1485, and called del Plombo, from an oflBce 
 in the lead mines, given him by pope Cle- 
 ment VII. He studied under Bellino and 
 Giorgione, and was the friend of Michael 
 Angelo, at Rome. His Lazarus raised 
 from the Dead, is his best piece, scarce 
 eclipsed by the famous transfiguration of 
 Raphael. He invented the preparing of 
 plaster walls for oil painting, and died 1547. 
 
 Seckendorf, Guy, Lewis de, a learned 
 German, born at Aurach, in Franconia, 
 1626. He was much noticed, and patron- 
 ised by the duke of Saxe-Gotha, and by 
 the duke of Saxe-Zeist, and afterwards by 
 the elector of Brandenburg, who made 
 him counsellor of state, and chancellor of 
 Halle university. He wrote several books, 
 the best known of which was Commenta- 
 rius Historicus, et Apologeticus de Luther- 
 anismo, &c. 2 vols. fol. a valuable work, 
 which contains the best account of Luther. 
 He died at Halle, 18th Dec. 1692. 
 
 Secker, Thomas, a pious prelate, born 
 at Sibthorpe near Newark, Notts, 1693. 
 As his father was a dissenter, he was in- 
 
SEC 
 
 ^i:i> 
 
 fliucted in the principles of those sec- 
 taries, first at Chesterfield, and then in 
 Yorkshire, and afterwards in (Gloucester- 
 shire, and in 1716 he began to study medi- 
 cine. In 1719, he visited Paris, where he 
 became acquainted, by means of his friends 
 Benson and Butler, with Mr. Talbot, son 
 of the bishop of Durham, who liberally 
 promised him his father's patronage, if he 
 would enter into the orders of the English 
 church. After mature deliberation he ac- 
 cepted the proposal, but to obtain his de- 
 grees with greater facility he went to Ley- 
 den, where after a residence of three 
 months he proceeded M.D. On his re- 
 turn to England he entered as gentle- 
 man commoner at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford, and soon after was admitted to the 
 degree of B.A. He was regularly ordain- 
 ed by bishop Talbot, and in 1724, obtain- 
 ed the rectory of Houghton-le-Spring, 
 Durham, which he afterwards exchanged 
 for a prebend, and the living of Ryton near 
 Newcastle, 1727. In 1732, he became 
 chaplain to the king, and the next year 
 resigned Ryton for St. James's, Westmin- 
 ster. In 1735, his abilities recommended 
 him to the bishopric of Bristol, and in 
 1737, he was translated to Oxford, and on 
 Hutton's death 1753, the duke of New- 
 castle, unsolicited, procured his elevation 
 to the sec of Canterbury. As he grew old 
 he was much aftlicted with the rheumatic 
 and gouty complaints, and on the last day 
 of July, 1768, he had the misfortune to 
 break his thigh-bone, while turning him- 
 self on his couch. A delirium followed the 
 fracture, but recovery was impossible, arid 
 he expired on the 3d August following, 
 aged 75. It was afterwards discovered that 
 his thigh-bone was perfectly carious, and 
 that the pains which long afflicted him 
 arose from the decayed state of that limb. 
 Seeker left the best part of his property to 
 charitable uses, and with great munificence 
 upheld the dignity of his see, and of his 
 clergy. In his conduct as a bishop he was 
 vigilant and attentive, eager to rewax'd 
 merit, and at all times severe against vi- 
 cious or dissipated members of the church. 
 The dissenters hoped much from his eleva- 
 tion, but he behaved with coolness and 
 distrust towards them, and while he for- 
 got the tenets in which he had been edu- 
 cated, he showed that his present opinions 
 were formed upon mature and well-weigh- 
 ed conclusions. He was an elegant scho- 
 lar, an animated preacher, and a sound 
 divine. His sermons are deservedly po- 
 pular, and in his lectures on the catechism 
 he displays all the perspicuity, eloquence, 
 and argumentation, which can command 
 not only admiration but convlclioii, in the 
 pure and apostolic doctrines of the church 
 of England. His works have altogether 
 been published in 12 vols. 8vo. 1795. 
 
 His life was given to the public by Dr. For- 
 teus, his chaplain and executor. 
 
 Seco.vdat de MoNTtsQuiKUj-Iohn Bap- 
 tist, son of the celebrated Montesquieu, 
 was counsellor in the parliament of Bour- 
 deaux, and devoted himself to the study 
 and the pleasures of agriculture. He died 
 at Bourdeaux, 17th July, 1796, aged 79. 
 He wrote Memoir on Electricity, 8vo. 
 against Nollet — Observations on the Mine- 
 ral waters of the Pyrenees, 12mo. — Consi- 
 derations on the Marine of France, 8vo. — 
 Natural History of the Oak, folio. 
 
 Secousse, Denys Francis, a learned 
 Frenchman, born at Paris, 8th Jan. 1691. 
 He was one of Kollin's first pupils, and af- 
 terwards left the bar for the study of litera- 
 ture. He was admitted into the academv 
 of belles lettres, and became the friend of 
 the learned and of the great. He conti- 
 , nued, at the request of the chancellor 
 d'Aguesseau, the collection of royal ordon- 
 nances, begun by Lauriere, and also dis- 
 charged the office of censor royal. He 
 gradually became blind in the last period 
 of life, and died at Paris, 15th March, 1754. 
 He was author of a collection of Royal 
 Ordonnances, from the second to the 9lh 
 vol. lately continued by Villevaut — Me- 
 moirs for the History of Charles the Bad, 
 2 vols. 4to. — Memoirs of Conde, edited 
 with Lenglet, 6 vols. 4to. — Dissertations 
 in the Memoirs of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Secundus, John, a modern Latin poet, 
 born at the Hague, 1511. He was well 
 skilled in painting and engraving, and stu- 
 died law under Alciatus, and became secre- 
 tary to the archbishop of Toledo. His 
 poems are excellent, and display great wit, 
 elegance, invention, and delicacy. They 
 consist of elegies, epistles, epigrams, odes, 
 and miscellanies, but the most famous is 
 his Basia, or Kisses, a beautiful poem, 
 translated into several modern languages. 
 He died at Utrecht, 1536. 
 
 Securis, John, a native of Wiltshire, 
 educated at New college, Oxford. He af- 
 terwards studied at Paris, and then settled 
 at Salisbury, where he practised physic 
 with great success, and died about 1570. 
 He wrote " Prognoticons," a sort of alma- 
 nacs, besides a Compendium how to keep 
 a Moderate Diet — Detection and Querimo- 
 ny of the Daily Enormities and Abuses 
 committed in the Three Branches of Phy- 
 sic. 
 
 Sedaine, Michael John, a French dra- 
 matic writer, son of an indigent architect, 
 was born at Paris, 11th June, 1719. He 
 left the obscure employment of stone mason 
 for literature, and by frequenting the thea- 
 tre he inibibcd such prxriiality for dramatic 
 pieces, that he directed all the powers of an 
 ardent imagination to the composition of 
 a plav. He was successful, and in 17&4 
 
 611 
 
SED 
 
 S£D 
 
 Monet, director of the comic opera, soon 
 discovered that by employing the talents of 
 the new dramatist, he could command nu- 
 merous and applauding audiences. Se- 
 daine was in his private character a mild 
 and amiable man, and his abilities procured 
 him a seat in the academy of inscriptions, 
 and he also became secretary to the acade- 
 my of architecture. He died in the spring 
 of 1797. His comic operas are numerous 
 and valuable, and some of them, such as 
 Richard Coeur de Lion, and Blue Beard, 
 have made their appearance on the English 
 stage. 
 
 Sedgwick, Obadiah, a native of Marlbo- 
 rough, educated at Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford. He Avent as chaplain to sir Horatio 
 Vere, in his expedition into the Low Coun- 
 tries, and during the civil wars he warmly 
 espoused the republican principles, and fre- 
 quently preached before the parliament. 
 He published some sermons and religious 
 tracts, and died in his native town, 1657, 
 aged 57. There was another of that name, 
 William, of a fanatical turn of mind, who 
 was surnamed Doomsday Sedgwick, be- 
 cause he foretold the day of judgment. 
 
 Sedgwick, Theodore, born at Hartford, 
 Conn. West Division, May, 1746, died 24th 
 January, 1813, at Boston, whence his re- 
 mains were removed to Stockbridge, Berk- 
 shire CO. Massachusetts, the place of his 
 residence. Major Robert Sedgeioicke, the 
 ancestor from whom the American branch 
 of this family is derived, is mentioned in 
 the early annals of Massachusetts as "ha- 
 ving been raised up to all feats of war in 
 London Artillery Garden." He was cho- 
 sen "the first sergeant-major in the regi- 
 ment of Essex," and it is stated that although 
 Charleston, where he resided, " doth not 
 advantage such overtopping batteries as 
 Boston doth, yet by the help of a good 
 head-piece he hath erected his to a very 
 good purpose, insomuch that all shipping 
 that comes into Boston or Charleston must 
 needs face it all the time of their coming 
 in ;" and that " the costs he hath been at 
 in helping on the discipline of his regiment 
 hath profited much." He was afterwards 
 sent by Cromwell to administer the govern- 
 ment of Jamaica as commissioner. An 
 interesting account of the sufferings and 
 death of himself and his associates is to be 
 found in Edwards's History of the West 
 Indies. His son, who had been educated 
 in Boston, returned there, went again to 
 Jamaica, and died on his pass9ge home, 
 and was buried in Boston. The family 
 estate having been impaired at Jamaica, 
 his widow removed to the interior, in the 
 northern part of Massachusetts, on the 
 Connecticut river, and the family was sub- 
 sequently compelled by the hostilities of 
 the Indians to migrate to Connecticut, and 
 fettled in Hartford, West Division. Here 
 612 
 
 the subject of the present article was born. 
 His father, Benjamin Sedgwick, relinquish- 
 ing mercantile busfness, removed to Corn- 
 wall, in the western part of Connecticut, 
 where he died, at the age of about 45, 
 leaving little property, and a widow and 
 six children, of whom Theodore, then about 
 ten years of age, was the youngest son. 
 Through the generosity of his eldest bro- 
 ther, John, he was with great difficulty edu- 
 cated at Yale college. He did not com- 
 plete his college term, but commenced the 
 study of divinity, which he left for the law. 
 He studied law with Mark Hopkins, Esq. 
 of Great Barrington, and was admitted an 
 attorney of the court of com.mon pleas in 
 Berkshire, in April term, 1776, before he 
 was twenty years of age. He first prac- 
 tised law in Great Barrington, then in 
 Sheffield, and in 1785 removed to Stock- 
 bridge, all in the same county. He em- 
 barked in the revolutionary struggle with 
 all his constitutional ardour. In 1776 he 
 was in the expedition to Canada as an aid 
 to General Thomas. Subsequently he made 
 great exertions in procuring supplies for 
 the army, and at the same time hazarded 
 his popularity by the protection which he 
 affiDrded to the tories. He represented 
 Sheffield in the Massachusetts general 
 court several times before and after the 
 revolution. In 1785 and 1786 he was a 
 member of congress under the old confede- 
 ration. In the winter of 1787 he was one 
 of the first to perceive the dangerous na- 
 ture of the insurrectionary spirit then per- 
 vading the state of Massachusetts. Active 
 and zealous in animating, rallying, and or- 
 ganizing the comparatively small number 
 of the well-affected, in defiance of danger 
 and in despite of the remonstrances of his 
 friends, he exposed himself, attended only 
 by a single individual, in every part of the 
 county, to outrage and insult, and as many 
 apprehended, to the loss of his life. His 
 house was plundered in his absence by a 
 party of the insurgents. In one instance, 
 advancing on horseback in front of a com- 
 pany of government troops, he raised his 
 sword over the head of the leader of the 
 rebels, and commanded him to direct his 
 men to lay down their arms. He obeyed : 
 the men did lay down their arms, and were 
 instantly dispersed. His exertions in the 
 suppression of what was called the " Shays 
 rebellion," were fully appreciated at the 
 time, and are honourably mentioned in Mi- 
 not's history of that commotion. In 1788 
 he was a member from Stockbridge of the 
 convention called in Massachusetts to de- 
 cide on the adoption of the federal constitu- 
 tion, and was one of the chief advocates in 
 its favour. In the same year he was a 
 member of the state legislature, and chosen 
 speaker of the house of representatives. 
 In the same year he was chosen a repre- 
 
SED 
 
 ^EG 
 
 seniative to the congress cumincncing 
 March, 1789, ai»d in this capacity he re- 
 mained in that body upon successive elec- 
 tions until March, 1796. In 1796 he was 
 chosen by the legislature of Massachusetts 
 a senator of the United States, and remain- 
 ed such until March, 1799, and during that 
 time he was president pro. tern, for a con- 
 siderable portion of one session. In 1799 
 he was again elected a member of the 
 house of representatives, and chosen speak- 
 er. In 1802 he was appointed judge of the 
 supreme judicial court of Massachusetts, 
 and continued in that office until his death 
 in 1813. While at the bar he was very 
 zealous in the cause of the emancipation of 
 the negroes, and was one of the counsel 
 who, shortly after the adoption of the Mas- 
 sachusetts constitution, procured a decision 
 giving a construction to that instrument 
 which abolished slavery in that state. He 
 received degrees as doctor of laws from 
 Nassau and Harvard. His life was in an 
 uncommon degree varied and active ; his 
 integrity was never questioned ; an ardent 
 enthusiasm was the basis of his character ; 
 his industry was unwearied ; his attach- 
 ments and aversions were strong and en- 
 during ; he was a zealous and consistent 
 politician ; his temper was unusually so- 
 cial, and his manners dignified and, benevo- 
 lent. He was beloved by his family and 
 friends, and as a statesman and jurist high- 
 ly valued by his country. He firmly be- 
 lieved the truth of the Christian religion, 
 and died in the communion of the church 
 of the Rev. Dr. Channing, in Boston. 
 
 itZr- L. 
 
 Sedlet, sir Charles, an English poet, 
 born at Aylesford, in Kent, 1639. He was 
 of Wadham college, Oxford, but left it 
 without a degree, and became afterwards 
 one of the wits of the debauched court of 
 Charles II. Thus devoted to dissipation 
 of every kind, he grew poor ; but though 
 unprincipled, he was highly offended with 
 the intrigue which James II. had with his 
 daughter, who was in consequence enno- 
 bled with the title of countess of Dorches- 
 ter. This elevation gave him the greater 
 concern, and he espoused the more warmly 
 the revolution, observing that he did it 
 from a principle of gratitude, " for since 
 his majesty," said he, " has made my 
 daughter a countess, I wish to do all I can 
 to make his daughter a queen." Sedley's 
 works were published, 2 vols. 8vo. 17i9, 
 and consist of plays, translations, songs, 
 epilogues, &c. but though without much 
 fire or genius, they possess the dangerous 
 art of insinuating loose and licentious prin- 
 ciples. He died 1703. 
 
 Sedulius, Coecilius, an ecclesiastic of 
 the fifth century, author of a poem on the 
 Life of Christ, called Paschale Carmen, 
 published by Aldus, 1502, 8vo. 
 
 Sekd, Jeremiah, an able divine, born at 
 Clifton, near Penrith, in Cumberland. Ue 
 ■was educated at Lowllier, and then enter- 
 ed at Queen's college, Oxford, of which be 
 became fellow, 1732. He mus for a long 
 time curate at Twickenham, and in 1 741 
 obtained from his college the rectory of 
 Enham, Hants, where he died 1747. This 
 excellent divine, deservedly esteemed for 
 his private exemplary character, published 
 discourses, on several important subjects, 
 2 vols. 8vo. and after his death his " Post- 
 humous Works," consisting of sermons, 
 letters, &c. appeared under the care of Mr. 
 Hall, of his college, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 See-ma-Koang, a Chinese philosopher 
 in the 11th century. Though a Mandarin 
 of distinction, and the favourite of the em- 
 peror, he relinquished all his employments 
 about the court, and retired to solitude, 
 where he devoted himself to study and me- 
 ditation. He was fifteen years in compo- 
 sing a history of China, Avhich began at the 
 year 403 before Christ. He wrote also 
 some moral pieces, &.c. and was universally 
 esteemed as a learned and amiable man. 
 
 Segar, sir William, garter king at arms, 
 and author of Honour Civil and Military, 
 fol. 1602, died 1633. His MSS. on he- 
 raldry were valuable, and from them Ed- 
 monson has chiefly extracted his baronage 
 of England. He was once imposed upon, 
 and granted to George Brandon, the com- 
 mon hangman, the royal arms of Arragon, 
 with a canton of Brabant, for which he was 
 imprisoned, but again set at liberty %vhen 
 the particulars were made known. 
 
 Seghers, Gerard, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Antwerp. He studied under Janssens, 
 and ably imitated Rubens and Vandyck. 
 He was happy in pieces of devotion, but he 
 also excelled in representations of musi- 
 cians and low scenes. He died at Ant- 
 werp, 1641, aged 49. His brother Daniel, 
 who was a Jesuit, painted flowers and in- 
 sects with admirable art. He was the dis- 
 ciple of Velvet Breughel. His pieces sold 
 for a high price. He died at Antwerp, 
 1660, aged 70. 
 
 Segneri, Paul, a native of Nettuno, 
 who entered among the Jesuits, and be- 
 came, by the austerity of his manners, and 
 the eloquence of his tongue, a popular 
 preacher, and an active missionary of the 
 society. He was invited to Rome by pope 
 Innocent XII. to whom he became chap- 
 lain ; but he soon after fell into a languid 
 state, which carried him off", 9th Dec. 1694, 
 aged 70. He wrote sermons, 7 vols. — the 
 Unbeliever without excuse — the Pastor in- 
 structed — the Illusions of the Quietists — 
 the Servant of Mary, &c. all collected into 
 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Segrais, John Renaud de, a French 
 poet, born 1624, at Caen, of a noble family. 
 He was educated among the Jesuits, but 
 
 613 
 
SEL 
 
 SEL 
 
 declined to enter into orders, and after- 
 wards distinguished himself so much by 
 his pen, that he was introduced, by. count 
 de Frisque, to Mad. de Montpensier, who 
 took him into her family. His opposition 
 to her marrying count de Lauzun, drove 
 him from her protection, but he found a 
 new patroness in Mad. de la Fayette, in 
 whose house and society he was for seven 
 years treated with kindness and honoura- 
 ble distinction. He afterwards returned 
 to his native country and married a rich 
 heiress, 1679, and spent the rest of his life 
 in the retirement of learned ease and inde- 
 pendence. He died at Caen, of a drop- 
 sy, 1701. His conversation was very fas- 
 cinating and witty, and many of his anec- 
 dotes are recorded in the *' Segrasiana," 
 published after his death. He «asa mem- 
 ber of the French academy, and wrote se- 
 veral things, the best known of which are 
 his poems, consisting of pastorals, besides 
 translations of Virgil's Geoi^ics and iEneid. 
 His prose writings were chiefly romances 
 possessing little merit 
 
 Segui, Joseph, a native of Rodez, who 
 early devoted himself to belles lettres and 
 poetry, and obtained in 1732 the poetical 
 prize of the French academy. He was ho- 
 noured, in consequence of his success, with 
 a place at the French academy, the abbey 
 of Genlis, and a canonry in Meaux cathe- 
 dral. He died at Meaux, March, 1761, 
 aged 72. He published Panegyrics, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — sermons, 2 vols. — Academical dis- 
 courses. His panegyric of St. Lewis was re- 
 ceived with such applause, that some attri- 
 buted it to the superior powers of la Mothe. 
 Seguier, John Francis, a native of Nis- 
 mes, who abandoned jurisprudence to fol- 
 low his more favourite studies of botany. 
 He improved his knowledge by travelling 
 with the marquis Scipio Maffei into France, 
 England, Holland, Germany, and Italy, 
 and was honoured on his return with the 
 place of president of the academy of Nis- 
 mes. This indefatigable writer, who also 
 paid great attention to medallic history, 
 died at Nismes, 1st Sept. 1784, aged 81. 
 He wrote Bibliotheca Botanica, 4to. — 
 Plantae Veronenses, 8vo. — a Translation of 
 Maffei's Memoirs, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Sejanus, ^lius, a well-known favourite 
 of Tiberius. He first introduced himself 
 to the notice of Caius Caesar, the grandson 
 of Augustus, and afterwards engrossed the 
 favours of Tiberius, when on the throne. 
 Not satisfied with the honours which he 
 enjoyed, he aspired to the imperial purple, 
 and after murdering Drusus, the emperor's 
 son, he claimed the hand of his widow, but 
 was indignantly rejected. Tiberius at last 
 opened his eyes, and the favourite, desert- 
 ed by all his flatterers, was strangled, A.D. 
 31, and his body thrown into the Tiber. 
 Selden, John, a learned Englishman, 
 614 
 
 born at Salvinton, Sussex, 1584. H* was 
 educated at Chichester school, and Hart- 
 hall, Oxford, after which he entered at 
 Clifford's Inn, and two years after removed 
 to the Inner Temple. He early distin- 
 guished himself as an antiquarian, and 
 in 1610 published Jani Anglorum Facis 
 Altera, et Duello, or the Origin of Single 
 Combat. Besides other pieces he publish- 
 ed Titles of Honour, 1614, a work of great 
 merit, and in 1618 appeared his History 
 of Tithes, which, as it censured the igno- 
 rance and laziness of the clergy, gave great 
 offence to that body. The work was attacked 
 by several writers, especially Montague, af- 
 terwards bishop of Norwich, and the author 
 at last was obliged to make submission be- 
 fore the lords of the privy council for this 
 offensive publication. His opinions in fa- 
 vour of the privileges of the house of com- 
 mons^ and his opposition to the measures 
 of the court, drew upon him in 1621, the 
 displeasure of king James, who committed 
 him to the custody of the sherifl' of London, 
 from which he was liberated by the inter- 
 ference of his friend bishop Andrews. In 
 1 623, he was chosen member of parliament 
 for Lancaster, and two years after for Great 
 Bedwin, and in the house he distinguished 
 himself by his attack on the character of 
 Buckingham, and became one of the mana- 
 gers of his impeachment. His opposition 
 to the measures of the court continued, and 
 for the freedom of his sentiments he was, 
 in 1629, arrested with several other mem- 
 bers, and upon refusing to make submis- 
 sion to the court he was sent to the king's 
 bench prison. He was again sent into con- 
 finement the following year , but his suffer- 
 ings in the cause of public liberty were re- 
 warded by the parliament of 1646, who 
 voted him 5000/. for his losses. Though 
 apparently much engaged in politics, Selden 
 was laboriously employed in literary pur- 
 suits. In 1634, he defended, in his Mare 
 Clausum, the privileges of the English, and 
 their rights in the herring fishery, against 
 Grotius's work, called Mare Liberum. He 
 was in 1640, elected member for Oxford 
 university, and in 1642, it was intended by 
 the king's ministei's to remove lord Lyttel- 
 ton from the seals, and to give them to him, 
 as though he opposed the measures of the 
 court, be was a sincere friend to the just 
 prerogatives of the crown, but the offer 
 was not made, as his delicate constitu- 
 tion, and his great love of ease prevented 
 his exertions, and would have induced 
 him to decline the honourable oflioe. 
 In 1643, he became one of the lay mem- 
 bers of the Westminister assembly of 
 divines, and he about this time took the 
 covenant, and was made by the parliament 
 keeper of the records of the Tower. But, 
 however, though he continued member of 
 the house, and was in 1644, one of the 12 
 
SEL 
 
 SEL 
 
 commissioners of the admiralty, he did not 
 concur in the violent measures of the par- 
 liament, and when the Icon Basilice ap- 
 peared, Cromwell in vain solicited him to 
 employ his talents to write against it. He 
 died 30th Nov. 1654, at White friars, at the 
 house of the countess of Kent, with whom 
 he lived in habits of friendship, and some 
 report, of criminal intimacy. He was 
 buried in the Temple church, and Usher 
 preached a sermon in honour of his me- 
 mory. His valuable library was given by 
 his executors to the university of Oxford. 
 As a scholar Selden ranks very high. He 
 was not only skilled in the Hebrew and 
 Oriental lani^uages, but he was acquainted 
 with all laws, divine and human, and in the 
 stores of a most retentive memory he had 
 treasured up whatever is valuable, interest- 
 ing, and important, in ancient and modern 
 literature. He was, as Grotius states him, 
 the glorv of the English nation, and as 
 Whitelock says, his mind was as great 
 as his learning, and he was as hospita- 
 ble and as generous as any man. He 
 was a person, as Clarendon has observ- 
 ed, whom no character can flatter, or 
 transmit in any expressions equal to his 
 merit and virtue. His learning was 
 stupendous, and if he had some infirmities 
 they were weighed down with wonderful 
 and prodigious abilities, and excellences, 
 in the other scale. The works of this great 
 character were collected by Dr. Wilkins, 3 
 vols. fol. generally bound in six, 1726, of 
 which the two first contain his Latin pieces, 
 and the third his English, with a long life 
 prefixed. 
 
 Seleucus Nicanor, a king of Syria at 
 the division of the provinces after Alexan- 
 der's death. He was at last assassinated 
 after a stormy reign, by Ptolemy Ceraunus, 
 B.C. 280. 
 
 Selim I. second son of Bajazet II. de- 
 feated his father in 1512, and after poison- 
 ing him, and cutting off his elder brother 
 Achmet, and the younger Korcud, he as- 
 cended the throne of Turkey. Firm in his 
 power he marched against Egypt, and in a 
 bloody battle near Aleppo, he killed Camp- 
 son Gaury the Egyptian monarch, and in 
 another battle near Cairo defeated the 
 new king, and totally crushed the power of 
 the Mamelukes, which for 260 years had 
 govex'ned the country. He was equally 
 successful against the Persians ; but whilst 
 he prepared to make war against the Chris- 
 tians, he was attacked by a violent dis- 
 ease, which soon proved fatal. He died at 
 Cluri in Thrace, 21st Sept. 1520, on the 
 very spot where he had caused his father 
 to be poisoned. 
 
 Selim II. grandson of the preceding, as- 
 cended the throne after the death of his fa- 
 ther Solyman II. 1566. He violated in 
 1 570, the treaty which existed between him 
 
 and the Venetians, and by a sudden attack 
 he made himself master of Cyprus, but the 
 next year he lost at the battle of Lepanto 
 above 35,000 men beside his fleet, and 
 therefore readily listened to terms of peace. 
 Devoting his time to the sensual pleasures 
 of his seraglio, he died little respected, 
 1574, aged 52. 
 
 Selis, Nicholas Joseph, a French poet, 
 born at Paris 27th April, 1737. by the 
 friendship of Delille he left Amiens, where 
 his poetical talents were already admired, 
 and settled at Paris, respected by the learn- 
 ed, and admitted professor of belles lettres 
 at the central school of the Pantheon, and 
 member of the national institute. He is 
 author of a translation of Persius, with 
 notes, 8vo. — Epistles in verse — Relation of 
 Voltaire's Disorder, Confession, and Death 
 — Letter to de la Harpe on the College of 
 France — Discourse on Central Schools — 
 Dissertations, Literary and Grammatical, 
 &c. He died 19th Feb. 1S02. 
 
 Selkirk, Alexander, a native of Largo 
 in Scotland, who, by his application, and 
 his knowledge of navigation, obtained the 
 command of a s^hip, and made several voy- 
 ages to the South Seas. In one of these, 
 1705, while in the ship of captain Pradling, 
 he had a quarrel with him, and in conse- 
 quence of it was cruelly sent on shore, on 
 the desert island of Juan de Fernandez, 
 with only a fowling piece, gunpowder and 
 shot, and very few necessaries. In this de- 
 solate situation he continued three years, 
 comfortably subsisting on the goats, with 
 which the island abounded, and the va- 
 rious sorts of fish which he caught ai'ound 
 the shore, till the accidental arrival of cap- 
 tain Wood Rogers, in 1709, removed him 
 from his solitary abode. This singular ad- 
 venture forms the basis of Robinson Cru- 
 soe, a romance embellished by the pen of 
 the celebrated De Foe. 
 
 Seller, Abednego, a native of Ply- 
 mouth, educated at Lincoln college, Oxford, 
 which he quitted without a degree. He be- 
 came minister of Combeintine head, Devon- 
 shire, and obtained another living in Lon- 
 don, both of which he lost at the revolution 
 for refusing to take the oaths to William. 
 He wrote remarks relating to the state of 
 the church, in the three first centuries, 8vo. 
 — the Devout Communicant, often reprint- 
 ed under the title of the Week's Prepara- 
 tion for the Sacrament, 12mo. — Tracts 
 against Popery. He died about 1720, aged 
 73. 
 
 Sellius, Godfrey, a native of Dantzic, 
 member of the imperial academy, and of 
 the Royal Society in London. He lived 
 much of his time in France, and died at 
 Charenton, where he had been confined a 
 little time in consequence of insanity, 25th 
 June, 1767. He wrote Geographical Des- 
 cription of Dutch Brabant, 12mo. — Vovage 
 
 615 
 
SEN 
 
 SER 
 
 to Hudson's Bay, 8vo. — Dictionary of 
 Monogrammes — a Natural History of 
 Ireland — History of the Ancient Revolu- 
 tions of the Globe — History of the United 
 Provinces, 8 vols. 4to. 
 
 Semiramis, wife of Ninus, and queen of 
 Assyria, is celebrated in mythological his- 
 tory, as a warrior, and as the builder of 
 Babylon. She is said to have resigned the 
 throne to her son Ninyas, about 2108, B.C. 
 
 Senac, John, a native of Lombez, who 
 became physician to the French king, 
 counsellor of state, and superintendent of 
 the mineral waters of the kingdom. He 
 died at Paris, 20th Dec. 1770. He pub- 
 lished a translation of Heister's Anatomy, 
 with Physical Essays on the Use of the 
 Parts of the Human Body, 8vo. and 3 vols. 
 12mo. ; treatise on the Causes and the 
 Cure of the Plague, 4to. ; on the Structure 
 of the Heart, 2 vols. 4to. ; de Recondite 
 Febrium Natur^ et Curatione, 8vo. ; Re- 
 flections on Drowned Persons ; Memoir on 
 the Diaphragm, &c. 
 
 Senaudt, John Francis, a native of 
 Antwerp, who became member of the ora- 
 tory, and afterwards its superior. He died 
 at Paris, universally respected, 3d Aug. 
 1672, aged 71. He wrote a treatise on the 
 Use of the Passions, 4to. and 12mo. a po- 
 pular work, translated into English, Ger- 
 man, Italian, &c. ; a paraphrase of Job, 
 8vo. ; the Christian Man, 4to. ; and the 
 Criminal Man, 4to. ; the Duties of the So- 
 vereign, 12mo. ; Lives of Saints and Illus- 
 trious Persons ; sermons. 
 
 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, a native of 
 Corduba, celebrated as an orator and as a 
 pleader in the Roman Forum. 
 
 Seneca, Luc Annajus, son of the prece- 
 ding, was also born at Corduba. He was 
 appointed tutor to Nero by Agrippina, but 
 all the sound precepts which he had incul- 
 cated Avere forgotten when his pupil ascend- 
 ed the throne, and instead of being re- 
 warded, the virtuous preceptor was marked 
 for destruction. On the discovery of Piso's 
 conspiracy, he was commanded to destroy 
 himself, and after taking poison, and then 
 opening his veins to no effect, he was suffo- 
 cated in a warm stove, A. D. 65. As a 
 philosopher and moralist, Seneca ranks 
 very high. The tragedies ascribed to him 
 are possessed uf little merit. 
 
 Senecai, or StNECE, Anthony Baude- 
 ron de, a French poet, born at Macon, 
 13th Oct. 1643. He left the profession of 
 the law for belles lettres ; but an unfortu- 
 nate duel drove him to Savoy. Here a 
 quarrel with the brothers of a lady who had 
 shown strong partiality for him, rendered 
 his residence disagreeable, and he retired 
 to Madrid, from whence he was permitted 
 TO return to France. He became first valet 
 to Maria Theresa, the wife of Lewis XIV. 
 and after her death, entered into the ser- 
 616 
 
 vice of the dutchess of Angouleme. H<; 
 died at Macon, 1st Feb. 1737. He wrote 
 epigrams ; satires ; poetical novels ; aad 
 fugitive poems, in a pleasing style. 
 
 Sennacherib, a Syrian king, whose ar- 
 my, when besieging Jerusalem in the reiga 
 of Hezekiah, was struck by a pestilence, 
 and nearly destroyed. He escaped with 
 difiiculty from the ravages of the disease, 
 and was at last slain in the temple of his 
 gods by his two sons, B. C. 710. 
 
 Sennertus, Daniel, a German physi- 
 cian, born at Breslaw, son of a shoe- 
 maker. He studied at Wittemberg, and 
 afterwards at Leipsic, Jena, Frankfort, and 
 Berlin, and on his return was elected pro- 
 fessor of physic at Wittemberg. He intro- 
 duced the study of chymistry among his 
 pupils, and acquired great celebrity both as 
 a professor and as a practitioner, but his 
 censure of the ancients, and his opinions 
 about the soul, drew upon him the virulence 
 of contemporary writers, and the charge of 
 impiety. He was three times married, and 
 had by his first wife seven children, and 
 none by the rest He died of the plague at 
 Wittemberg, 21st July, 1637. He wrote 
 various thi.igs, printed together at Venice, 
 3 vols. fol. 1640, and Lyons, 1676, 6 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Sennertus, Andrew, son of the prece- 
 ding, was born 1535, at Wittemberg, and 
 became there professor of oriental litera- 
 ture. He lived to a good old age, highly 
 respected, and died 1619, aged 84. He 
 wrote treatises on the Hebrew language, 
 and other books. 
 
 Sepulveda, John Genes de, a Spanish 
 writer, born at Cordova, 1491. He was 
 historiographer to Charles V. and is known 
 for his profligate vindication of the cruelties 
 of the Spaniards against the Indians, 
 against the humane representations of de 
 la Casas. He wrote some other works, 
 not much esteemed, and died at Salaman- 
 ca, 1572. 
 
 Serapion, John, an Arabian physician 
 whose works appeared at Venice, 1497, fol. 
 He flourished 890. There was a medical 
 writer of that name, born in Alexandria, in 
 the fifth century. 
 
 Serrarius, Nicholas, a learned Jesuit, 
 born at Rambervillers, in Lorraine. He 
 taught philosophy at Wurtzburg and May- 
 ence, and died at the last place, May 20th, 
 i6J0, aged 65. He wrote Commentaries 
 on the Bible, fol. — Prolegomena, fol. — 
 Opuscula Theologica, &c. all of which 
 have been collected into 16 vols. fol. and 
 display great labour and extensive erudi- 
 tion. 
 
 Serenus Sanmonicus, the preceptor of 
 young Gordian, was a physician of the 
 third century. He wrote a poem on Medi- 
 cine, and was put to death by Caracalla. — 
 Another of that name was a mathemati- 
 
SKH 
 
 ?»tAi 
 
 biau, auliior oi" a treatise on Conic Sec- 
 tions. 
 
 Sekgardi, Lewis, a native of Sienna, 
 author of some elegant Latin poems and sa- 
 tires. He was an ecclesiastic, and died 
 1726, aged 86. His satirical reflections on 
 Gravina are deservedly censured. 
 
 Serceant, John, American Missionary 
 to the Indians, was born at Newark, New- 
 .lersey, in 1710, and educated at Vale col- 
 lege, where he obtained a degree in 1729. 
 He was afterwards a tutor in that institu- 
 tion a number of years. In 1734 he began 
 to preach to the Indians at Stockbridge, 
 Massachusetts, and continued there till his 
 death, labouring with great diligence and 
 success. He baptized 129 Indians, and 
 left a church of 42 at his decease. He 
 translated the whole of the New Testa- 
 ment except the Revelation, and several 
 parts of the Old into the Indian language. 
 He died in 1749. ICCP" L. 
 
 Sergeant, Jonathan Dickinson, an emi- 
 nent counsellor at law, was born at New- 
 ark, New-Jersey, in 1746. He entered 
 the college at Princeton, and was gradua- 
 ted in that institution in the year 1762, in 
 the 16th year of his age. He studied la%v, 
 and commenced the practice of that pro- 
 fession in his native state ; but the revolu- 
 tionary struggle coming on, his patriotic 
 zeal and eminent talents soon recommend- 
 ed him to the confidence of the people for 
 public employment. He was elected a 
 member of congress from the state of New- 
 Jersey, and took his seat a few days after 
 the declaration of independence. He was 
 repeatedly afterwards sent as a delegate to 
 that bodj'. Before the close of the war, 
 he transferred his residence to the city of 
 Philadelphia, and soon became a verj con- 
 spicuous member of the bar in that city. 
 Here he continued to reside until the year 
 1793, when during the prevalence of the 
 yellow fever, he fell a victim to his benevo- 
 lent exertions as one of the board of 
 health. He died in the 47th year of his 
 age. Mr Sergeant was endowed with a 
 powerful and active mind, and his moral 
 qualities were not less distinguished and 
 estimable than his intellectual. sCj^ L. 
 
 Sergius, a native of Syria, patriarch of 
 Constantinople and head of the Monotlio- 
 lites, a sect which supported that there was 
 only one will and one operation in Christ, 
 a doctrine condemned by a council of Con- 
 stantinople. He died 638. 
 
 Serlio, Sebastian, an architect, born at 
 Bologna. He was employed by Francis I. 
 in embellishing the palaces of Fontaine- 
 bleau, &c. He died in France, 1552, and 
 was known for a treatise on Architecture, 
 printed, Venice, 1584, 4to. 
 
 Serranus, or de Serres, John, a leai-n- 
 ed Frenchman, Avho, as a protestant, esca- 
 ped with difficulty the St. Bartholomew 
 
 Vol. H. 7S 
 
 niasaacre, and (led to Lausanne. He wna 
 afterwards minister at Nismes, and enjoy- 
 ed the favour of Henry IV. He published 
 in 1597, a book called "de Fide Catholi- 
 ca," in which he attempted to reconcile the 
 Protestants and Roman Catholics to the 
 same tenets, in consequence of which he 
 displeased both parties, and was at last 
 supposed to have been poisoned by the 
 Calvinists of Geneva, as he died there sud- 
 denly, 1598, aged about 50. He wrote 
 also a treatise on the Immortality of the 
 Soul, 8vo. — Inventory of the History of 
 France, 2 vols, folio — Memoirs of the 
 third Civil War of France, 3 vols. 8vo. — 
 History of the Five Kings of France — de 
 Statu Religionis et Reipub. in Francid — 
 besides an edition of Plato, 3 vols, folio, of 
 which the Latin version is very elegant, 
 but inferior in accuracy to that of Fi- 
 cinius. 
 
 Serres, Oliver dc, a French agricultu- 
 rist, born at Villeneuve de Berg, near Vi- 
 viers, 1539. Though his chief delight was 
 in the country, he was prevailed upon by 
 Henry IV, to come to Paris, and as the 
 monarch was pleased with his conversa- 
 tion, he made him superintendent of his 
 plantations. He was the first who introdu- 
 ced the white mulberry-tree into France, 
 and to his labours agriculture was much in- 
 debted for the rapid improvement which it 
 made under his directing hand. He died 
 1619, aged 80. He wrote a treatise on 
 the VVhite Mulberry-tree, and on Silk, 
 since reprinted — the Theatre of Agricul- 
 ture and the Management of Land, 4to. a 
 work of great merit and utility, and often 
 reprinted. 
 
 Sertorius, Quintus, a famous Roman, 
 who, after distinguishing himself in war 
 under Marius and Cinna, found himself 
 proscribed by Sylla, and retired to Spain, 
 where he declared himself independent. 
 He was at last defeated by Pompey and 
 Metellus, and assassinated by one of his 
 officers, B.C. 73, after governing the coun- 
 try with great wisdom and moderation, and 
 every where showing himself valiant, vici- 
 lani, and active. 
 
 Servandoni, John Nicolas, a Floren- 
 tine architect and painter, born 1695. He 
 possessed great abilities lor the display of 
 theatrical shows, and therefore was engaged 
 at Paris at the play-houses from 1728 to 
 1746. He was in London 1749, and pre- 
 pared that beautiful edifice for the exhibi- 
 tion of fireworks on Tower-hill, in honour 
 of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. He 
 died 17€G. The best known of his paint- 
 ings are the Descent of /Eneas into Hell — 
 the Triun)ph of Conjugal Love — Hero and 
 Leander ; and of bis architectural powers, 
 the portal of St, Suipice at Paris; is a beau- 
 tiful specimen. 
 
 Servetus, Mirhael, a native of Villanu- 
 
 fiJT 
 
SEK 
 
 SE\ 
 
 ova in Anagon, son of a notary, lie stu- 
 died the law at Toulouse, but afterwards 
 applied to medicine at Paris, and took 
 there his doctor's degree. The boldness 
 aind pertinacity of his opinions created him 
 enemies, and he left the capital to settle at 
 Lyons, but afterwards he retired to Char- 
 lieu. On the invitation of the archbishop 
 of Vienne in Dauphiny, he was prevailed 
 upon to fix his residence there, and he 
 might have lived in peace and respected, 
 had he been satisfied to seek celebrity in 
 medical pursuits alone. Eager to publish 
 his Arian opinions on religion, he sent 
 three questions to Calvin on the Divinity 
 of Christ, on Regeneration, and on the Ne- 
 cessity of Baptism, and when answered 
 with civility, he reflected on the sentiments 
 of his correspondent with arrogant harsh- 
 ness. This produced a quarrel, and ended 
 in the most implacable hatred, so that Cal- 
 Ain, bent on revenge, obtained, by secret 
 means, copies of a work in which his an- 
 tagonist was engaged, and caused him to 
 be accused before the archbishop as a dan- 
 gerous man. Servetus escaped from prison, 
 but on his way to Italy, he had the impru- 
 dence to pass in disguise through Geneva, 
 where he was recognised by Calvin, and 
 immediately seized by the magistrates as 
 an impious heretic. Forty hei*etical errors 
 were proved against him by his accusers, 
 but Servetus refused to renounce them, and 
 the magistrates, at last, yielding to the 
 loud representations of the ministers of 
 Basil, Berne, and Zurich, and especially of 
 Calvin, who demanded the punishment of 
 a profane heretic, ordered the unhappy man 
 to be burnt. On the 27th Oct. 1553, the 
 wretched Servetus was conducted to the 
 stake, and as the wind prevented the flames 
 from fully reaching his body, two long 
 hours elapsed before he was freed from his 
 misex'ies. This cruel treatment deservedly 
 called down the general odium on the head 
 of Calvin, who ably defended his conduct, 
 and that of the magistrates. Servetus 
 published various works against the Trini- 
 ty, which were burnt in disgrace at Geneva, 
 and other places. They bore for titles, de 
 Trinitatis Erroribus Libri Septem — Dialo- 
 gorum de Trinitate Libri Duo — de Justitid 
 Regni Christi, &c. — Chi'istianismi Restitu- 
 tio — Apologia pro Serveto, &c. As he 
 said in his Christianismi Restitutio, that 
 the whole mass of blood passes through the 
 lungs by means of the pulmonic veins and 
 arteries, some have attributed the discovery 
 of the circulation of the blood to him, 
 which, however, must be, with more satis- 
 factory reasons, claimed by Harvey. The 
 History of the Opinions and of the Misfor- 
 tunes of Servetus has been published by 
 Mosheim, 1728, in 4to. and is an interest- 
 ing performance. Servetus wrote besides, 
 618 
 
 some medical tracts — and a translation of 
 Ptolemy's Geography. 
 
 Servius, Honoratus Maurus, a Lat?in 
 grammarian, author of a valuable Commen- 
 tary on Virgil in the fourth century. 
 
 Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, 
 distinguished himself by the regulations 
 which he introduced among his subjects 
 with respect to rank, law, and property. 
 He was murdered by his son-in-law, the 
 second Tarquin, 534 B.C. 
 
 Sesostris, a fabulous king of Egypt, 
 who is said to have extended his conquests 
 over various parts of the world. It is 
 supposed that he at last destroyed him- 
 self when borne down by age and infir- 
 mities. 
 
 Sessa, an Indian philosopher, who is said 
 to be the inventor of the game of chess. 
 When he presented his invention to Sche- 
 ram, king of India, the monarch, pleased 
 with his ingeimity, desired him to demand 
 for his reward whatever he pleased. Sessa 
 asked only a grain of wheat to cover the 
 first squax-e of the chess board, two for the 
 second, four for the third, and so on in pro- 
 gressive order through the 64 squares. The 
 king regarded the request as unworthy of 
 his merit ; but the philosopher persisted in 
 his wishes, and when the numeration began 
 to be made, it soon appeared how difficult 
 it would be to grant it, since all the grana- 
 ries of the kingdom contained not wheat 
 enough to satisfy the demand. The king, 
 still more pleased with the wisdom of the 
 philosopher, conferred on him the highest 
 honours of his kingdom. 
 
 Sesto, Caesare de, a painter of Milan, 
 the best of the pupils of Leonard de Vinci. 
 His pieces are deservedly admired for ele- 
 gance, correctness, and taste. He died at 
 the beginning of the 16th century. 
 
 Settle, Elkanah, an English poet. He 
 was born at Dunstable, Bedfordshire, 1648, 
 and educated at Trinity college, Oxford, 
 which he left without a degree to reside in 
 London. He there soon distinguished 
 himself by his writings, became the city 
 poet with a pension, and composed some 
 dramatic pieces of merit, besides the Medal 
 Reversed — Azariah and Hushai, against 
 Dryden, in which he showed himself avery 
 formidable rival, and " left the palm of su- 
 periority," says Johnson, "undecided." 
 His Cambyses, king of Persia — Fatal Love 
 — Empress of Morocco, &c. are mention- 
 ed with applause. He was known also as 
 a violent supporter of the measures of ad- 
 ministration, in whose favour he was a 
 weekly journalist. He died in the Charter- 
 house, 1724, comptroller of the play-house. 
 
 Severus, Lucius Septimius, a Roman 
 emperor after Pertinax. He took as his 
 partner on the throne, Albinos, whom, after 
 the defeat and death of his other rival,- 
 
SEV 
 
 SEW 
 
 Pescennius Niger, he cut ofl' in Gftul. lie 
 was a brave j^eiieral, aiitl made many coii- 
 <iuests in the east, ami built tlie Roniau 
 ivall in Uritaiii, to check the invasions of 
 the Picts. He died at York, A. D. 211. 
 Two other emperors of that name after- 
 Avards perished by the hand of their ene- 
 mies, one by Maximin, 307, the other 4G1. 
 
 Severus, Cassius, a Roman orator, ba- 
 nished into Crete by Augustus, on account 
 of the severity of his satirical declama- 
 tions. 
 
 Severus, Sulpitius, an historian, called 
 the Christian Sallust. His Historia Sacra 
 is an elegant work, from the creation to the 
 year of Christ, 400, edited Padua, 1741, 
 two vols. 4to. He died 420. 
 
 Severus, L. Cornel, a Latin poet in the 
 age of Augustus. 
 
 Severus, a heretic of the second cen- 
 tury. He maintained with Tatian two 
 opposite principles, one good, and the other 
 evil, &c. 
 
 Sevier, John, governor of Tennessee, 
 was an officer in the revolutionary war, 
 and distinguished himself in the battle 
 with the party under colonel Ferguson, at 
 King's Mountain, in 1780. He and colonel 
 Shelby, afterwards governor, were the prin- 
 cipal projectors of that enterprise against 
 the British commander, and it was by their 
 exertions chiefly that the force was raised 
 and organised. In consideration of his 
 services on that occasion, the legislature of 
 North Carolina, in 1813, voted him a 
 sword. He commanded tlie forces which 
 defeated the Creek and Cherokee Indians 
 in 1789. He was afterwards a general in 
 the provisional army, and in 1798, governor 
 of Tennessee. In 1815, he was a repre- 
 sentative in congress from that state, and 
 •one of the commissioners appointed to as- 
 certain the boundary line, and died while 
 engaged in that service at Fort Decatur, in 
 October, 1815. iCj^ L. 
 
 Sevigne, Mary de Rabutin, marquise de, 
 a lady, eminent for her wit, and for her 
 virtues, daughter of Celsus Benignus de 
 Rabutin, baron of Chantal, was born 1626. 
 She, when little more than a year old, lost 
 her father at the defence of Rhe against the 
 English, and in 1644, she married the mar- 
 quis of Sevigne, who, seven j'ears af- 
 ter, fell in a duel. Thus left a widow with 
 a son and daughter, she devoted herself to 
 the education of these children, and had 
 the happiness to find her labours most suc- 
 cessfully rewarded. Her daughter married, 
 in 1669, the count de Grignan, governor of 
 Provence, and it was at her house that she 
 caught a fever, and died 1696. She was a 
 woman of great mental powers, and her 
 letters are considered as the best models 
 for epistolary writings. They have fre- 
 quently been published ; and the best edi- 
 tion is in 8 vol?. 12mo. Paris, 1754. In the 
 
 celebrated dispute about the merit of the 
 ancients and the moderns, -he said that the 
 ancients arc the (iuest, and we are the pret- 
 tiest. A collection of anecdotes, moral sen- 
 timents, and apophthegms, extracted from 
 her letters, and called Scvigniana, appeared 
 at Paris, 1756. Her son was one of the 
 admirers of Ninon de TKnclos, and dispu- 
 ted with Madame Dacier about a passage 
 in Horace. He died 1713. 
 
 Sevin, Francis, member of the academy 
 of belles lettres, and keeper of the MSS. 
 in the king's library, was born in the dio- 
 cess of Sens, and died 1741. He went, in 
 1728, with Fourmont to Constantinople, iti 
 search of MSS. and returned with 60i), 
 among which, however, were none of the 
 ancient Greek authors. His letters in thi-^ 
 voyage have appeared in 8vo. and they con- 
 tain interesting accounts about the Levant, 
 Egypt, &c. He wrote a Dissertation on 
 Menes, or Mercury, the first king of Egypt, 
 12mo. — and communications to the me- 
 moirs of the academy. 
 
 Sewall, Samuel, chief justice of the 
 supreme court of Massachusetts, was born 
 in England on the 28th March, 1652, and 
 came with his father to America in 1661. 
 The family resided at Newbury, the settle- 
 ment of which the father had commenced 
 at a former visit to Massachusetts. Young 
 Sewall was educated at Harvard college, 
 where he obtained his degree in 1671. He 
 became a magistrate in 1684, and by th? 
 charter of 1692, was appointed a member 
 of the council. He was made a judge the 
 same year, and in 1718, chief justice of the 
 superior court. He retained that office, 
 as well as that of judge of probate, till 1728, 
 when his age induced him to resign. He 
 died on the first of January, 1730, in his 
 seventy-eighth year. He was distinguished 
 for learning, integrity, and piety. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Sewall, Stephen, chief justice of the 
 superior court of Massachusetts, was born 
 at Salem, December, 1702, and graduated 
 at Harvard in 1721. He studied theology, 
 and preached a short time with popularity, 
 but at length devoted his attention to law. 
 In 1728, he was appointed tutor of the 
 college, and held the place till 1739, when 
 he was elected to a seat on the bench of 
 the supreme court, a station for which he 
 was eminently fitted by talents and learn- 
 ing. He w^as distinguished by great quick- 
 ness of apprehension, extent of research, 
 and solidity of judgment. In 1752, he was 
 appointed chief justice, and held that office, 
 together with a seat in the council, to 
 which he was soon after advanced, till his 
 death in 1760. He held the first rank 
 among his associates in genius, knowledge, 
 excellence of character, and popularity. 
 
 Sewall, Samuel, LL.D. chief justice of 
 Massachusetts, who was bom at Boston, 
 
 619 
 
SEW 
 
 SEW 
 
 iJecember, 1757, and graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1776, devoted himself to 
 the law, and soon became eminent in the 
 profesriion, particularly as a commercial 
 lawyer, for which depai'tment he had quali- 
 fied himself by an unusual attention to the 
 laws of nations. He settled at Marble- 
 head. In 1797, and again afterwards he 
 was elected a member of congress, and 
 was distinguished in that body for his 
 knowledge of commercial law. In 1800 
 he was placed on the bench of the supreme 
 judicial court, and continued in that station 
 till 1813, when he w^as appointed chief jus- 
 tice, but enjoyed the office only till the 8th 
 of June, 1814, when he died suddenly at 
 Wiscasset, where the gentlemen of the bar 
 erected a monument to his memory. Judge 
 Sewall possessed a fine understanding and 
 fancy. He was high minded and quick in 
 his feelings, and correct in his principles. 
 As an advocate, he was learned, ingenious, 
 and often highly eloquent ; and as a judge, 
 characterized by integrity and firmness, 
 and was highly popular both with the bar 
 and people. |C3^ L- 
 
 Sewall, Stephen, first Hancock profes- 
 sor of Hebrew in Harvard college, was 
 born at York, Maine, in 1734, and gradua- 
 ted at Harvard, in 1761. The following 
 year he was appointed teacher of Hebrew 
 in that institution, and on the establish- 
 ment of a Hebrew professorship was elect- 
 ed to fill it. He was inaugurated June 
 17th, 1765, and retained the office till 1785. 
 He was an accomplished scholar. He pub- 
 lished a Hebrew Grammar, and wrote a 
 Chaldee and English Dictionary, which is 
 preserved in manuscript. He died in 
 1804. fCT' L. 
 
 Sewall, Samuel, brother of the prece- 
 ding, possessed a vigorous and inventive 
 mind, was well versed in the principles of 
 mechanics and natural philosophy, and had 
 a happy talent for applying his knowledge 
 to useful purposes. He was the author of 
 a number of improvements in the arts, 
 among which is the construction of bridges 
 on piles, which he first introduced at York, 
 in 1761. He afterwards superintended the 
 erection of the Charlestown bridge on the 
 same plan. He was distinguished for piety, 
 benevolence, and public spirit. His death 
 took place at York, July 21, 1815, in the 
 92d year of his age. sCj^ L. 
 
 Seward, Thomas, an English divine, 
 who obtained Eyam rectory, in Derbyshire, 
 and a prebend of Lichfield cathedral. He 
 wrote some poems, which are preserved in 
 Dodsley's collection, and he also published 
 an edition of the plays of Beaumont and 
 Fletcher, and a treatise on the conformity 
 between the pagans and the Romish church. 
 He died at Lichfield, 1790, aged 82. He 
 was father to Anna Seward, whose poetical 
 and literary abilities are so well known. 
 620 
 
 Seward, William, a native of London, 
 son of a brewer. He was educated at the 
 Charter-house, and at Oxford, which he 
 quitted without a degree. As he possessed 
 a comfortable fortune, he devoted himself 
 to literary ease, unambitious of honours, 
 or of any distinction, except what private 
 merit and virtue confer. He was fellow of 
 the Royal and Antiquarian Societies, and 
 was highly and deservedly respected for 
 urbanity of mannei's, and entertaining anec- 
 dotes by those who had the pleasure of his 
 acquaintance. He published Anecdotes of 
 Distinguished Persons, extracted from 
 scarce curious books, 5 vols. 8vo. to which 
 he afterwards added a supplement, in two 
 vols, under the title of Biographiana. This 
 worthy man died 1799, aged 52. 
 
 Seward, Anna, was the daughter of the 
 Rev. Thomas Seward, rector of Eyam, in 
 Derbyshire, and canon residentiary of Lich- 
 field. She was born in 1747, and though 
 she evinced a poetical taste in early life, 
 she was discouraged from indulging it by 
 her parents. At length, on contracting an 
 acquaintance with lady Miller, she ventured 
 to become a contributor to her vase, at 
 Bath-Easton. After this, she published 
 elegiac poems on major Andre and captain 
 Cook, and in 1782, her poetical romance 
 of '* Louisa." In 1799 she printed a col- 
 lection of sonnets ; and in 1804, a " Life of 
 Dr. Darwin," in which she asserted her 
 claim to the first fifty lines of that author's 
 " Botanic Grarden." She died at Lichfield, 
 March 25, 1809, leaving her works to sir 
 Walter Scott, and her letters to Mr. Con- 
 stable, who published them with a biogra- 
 phical preface. — W. B. 
 
 Sewell, William, a quaker, born at Am- 
 sterdam, of English parents, 1654. He 
 practised as a surgeon at Amsterdam, but 
 distinguished himself chiefly by his excel- 
 lent History of Quakers, written in Low 
 Dutch, 1717, and translated into English, 
 in folio. He wrote besides, a Dictionary 
 of the English and Low Dutch Languages, 
 4to. — a Dutch Grammar — a Translation of 
 Josephus — of Kennet's Roman Antiquities. 
 He died at Amsterdam, 1720. 
 
 Sewell, George, an English poet and 
 physician, born at Windsor, and educated 
 at Eton, where his father was treasurer 
 and chapter clerk to the college, and at 
 Peter-house, Cambridge. He afterwards 
 studied medicine at Leyden, and then set- 
 tled at Hamstead, where for some time he 
 met with great success, but died poor, 8th 
 Feb. 1726, and was meanly buried, unat- 
 tended by friends or relations, though uni- 
 versally and deservedly esteemed. He 
 wrote seven controversial pamphlets — the 
 Life of John Philips — a Vindication of the 
 English Stage — sir Walter Raleigh, a tra- 
 gedy, acted at Lincoln's inn fields, 1719— 
 
."JEY 
 
 6bO 
 
 Kichard the lirst, left unfinished — two Mo- 
 ral Essays, besides single poems, &c. 
 
 Sextus Empyricus, a Pyrrhonian philo- 
 sopher, preceptor to the emperor Antoni- 
 nus. As he was one of those philosophers 
 who guided theii practice by experience, 
 his followers have received from him the 
 name of Empyrics. Two of his composi- 
 tions are extant. 
 
 Sextus, a native of Cheronea, nephew 
 of Plutarch. He was a stoic philotiopher, 
 and was preceptor to L. Verus, and to Mar- 
 cus Aurelius. 
 
 Seydlitz, Frederic William, baron de, 
 one of the famous generals of the great 
 Frederic, born in the dutchy of Cleves. He 
 distinguished himself in the war of Silesia, 
 and ably covered the retreat of the Prus- 
 sian army after the fatal day of Kolin. He 
 was at the battle of Roobach, and defeated 
 the Russians at Zorndorf. He died 1773, 
 covered with glory, and his memory was 
 honoured by the gratitude of Frederic, who 
 raised him a public statue at Berlin. 
 
 Seymour, Edward, protector of the 
 kingdom, and guardian to Edward ^ I. to 
 whom he, as brother of Jane Seymour, was 
 uncle, was created viscount Beauchamp, 
 and duke of Somerset. Though he dis- 
 charged his trust as protector with ability, 
 and supported the reformation, he was vio- 
 lently opposed by the party of the earl of 
 Warwick, and at last brought to the scaf- 
 fold as guilty of high treason, a disgraceful 
 sentence which the young king was pre- 
 vailed upon to confirm, 1552. His brother 
 Thomas, admiral of England, had, by his 
 unnatural influence, suffered on the scaf- 
 fold three years before, on a charge of high 
 treason. 
 
 Seymour, Anne, Margaret, and Jane, 
 daughters of Edward, duke of Somerset, 
 were known for their poetical talents. 
 Their 104 Latin distiehs on the death of 
 Margaret de A'alois, queen of France, were 
 translated into French, Greek, and Italian, 
 printed at Paris, 1551, 8vo. but possess lit- 
 tle merit. The eldest, Anne, became wife 
 of the earl of Warw ick, and afterwards of 
 sir Edward Hun ton. Margaret died sin- 
 gle, and also Jane, who was maid of honour 
 to queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Seymour, lady Arabella, daughter of 
 Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, the young- 
 est brother of Darnley, the husband of Ma- 
 ry of Scots. Her mother was a daughter 
 of sir William Cavendish, of Chatsworth, 
 Derbyshire. Her affinity to the royal fa- 
 mily proved the source of her misfortunes ; 
 and in those t«)rbulent times, the measures 
 planned by the disaflected for her elevation 
 to the English throne, procured her severe 
 imprisonment under Elizabeth. Soon after 
 James's accession, she privately married 
 William Seymour, the second son of lord 
 Hertford : but as this was without the per- 
 
 mission ol the king, she was seized, and 
 with her husband conveyed to the tower. 
 They escaped after a year's eonfinement ; 
 but though the husband made good his 
 flight on board a vessel, lady Arabella was 
 taken, and four years after, H315, died in 
 her melancholy prison. 
 
 Sfondrati, Francis, senator of Milan, 
 and state counsellor to Charles V. was 
 born at Cremona, 1494. He was employ- 
 ed by the emperor as ambassador to Sienna, 
 but after his wife's death he took orders, 
 and was raised by Paul IlL to the bishopric 
 of Cremona, and to the dignity of Cardinal. 
 He died 31st July, 1550, aged 56. He 
 wrote the Rape of Helen, a poem. He left 
 two sons, Paul, and Nicolas, who obtained 
 the tiara under the name of Gregory XIV. 
 One of his grandsons, Paul ^>milius, be- 
 came a cardinal, and died at Rome, 14th 
 Feb. 1618, aged 57.— Another, Celestin, 
 became also a cardinal, and abbot of St. 
 Gal. He died at Rome, 4th Sept. 1696, 
 aged 53, author of Gallia Vindicata — No- 
 dus Pradestinationis Dissolutus, 4to. &c. 
 
 Sforza, James, a renowned warrior, 
 surnamed the Great, born at Cotignola, 
 1639. He was the son of a labourer or 
 shoemaker, and attracted by the fame of a 
 military life, he joined a party of soldiers 
 passing through his village, and gradually- 
 rose by valour to command. He was for 
 some time in the service of Joan, queen of 
 Navarre, and was afterwards made gonfa- 
 lonier of Rome, by Pope John XXHL and 
 also count of Contignola. His abilities 
 were now displayed in the defence of Na- 
 ples, when besieged by Alphonso, king ol 
 Arragon, whom he obliged to raise the 
 siege. In his pursuit of the flying enemy, 
 he was unfortunately drowned in the river 
 Pescara, 1424, after rendering his name il- 
 lustrious, and laying the foundation of the 
 noble house of the Sforzas, dukes of Milan. 
 
 Sforza, Francis, natural son of the pre- 
 ceding, became an eminent statesman and 
 a great general. He served under his fa- 
 ther, and was present at his melancholy- 
 death, and continued the war against Al- 
 phonso with equal success. He after- 
 wards served Joan of Naples, and also her 
 successor Rene, duke of Anjou, and his 
 reputation in arms was such that he was 
 chosen by the pope,the Venetians, and Flo- 
 rentines, general of their armies against the 
 duke of Milan, though he had married his 
 daughter. The death of the duke changed 
 the face of afl^airs, 1447, Sforza was ap- 
 pointed general of the Milanese against 
 \ enice, and after a successful campaign, he 
 turned his aims against his employers, 
 and obliged them to name him duke of 
 Milan, an honour which he deserved for 
 his services, and which was acknowledged 
 by the French king, and to which after- 
 
 621 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 wards was added the sovereignty of Genoa. 
 This celebrated warrior died 1466. 
 
 Sforza, Galeas-Marie, succeeded his fa- 
 ther Francis, as duke of Milan ; but his 
 debaucheries, and his ferocious conduct, 
 revolted the affection of the people, and he 
 was assassinated ten years after, 25th Dec. 
 1476. His son John Gales Marie, was for 
 a little time under the guardianship of his 
 mother, but the government was seized by 
 his uncle Ludovic- Marie, a monster of ini- 
 quity, who administered slow poison to 
 him, and cut himoif in 1494. The murder- 
 er was seized by Louis de Tremouille, the 
 general of Lewis XIL and carried to France, 
 where he died in prison, 1510. 
 
 Sforza, Catharine, natural daughter of 
 Galeas-Marie, mentioned above, acquired 
 celebrity for her courage and presence of 
 mind. She married Jerome Riario, prince 
 of Forli, who was some time after assassi- 
 nated by Francis Ursus, who had revolted 
 against the government of her husband. 
 She in consequence fell with her children 
 into the hands of the enemy ; but found 
 means to escape to Rimini, which still con- 
 tinued attached to her person, and she de- 
 fended it with such determined bravery 
 against her enemies, who threatened to put 
 to death her children if she did not surren- 
 der, that at last she restored herself to 
 sovereign power. She afterwards mari'ied 
 John de Medicis, and again in 1500, ably 
 defended Forli, against the attacks of the 
 duke of Valentinois, the illegitimate son of 
 Alexander VL When obliged to surrender 
 she was taken prisoner, and confined in the 
 castle of St. Angelo, but soon after set at 
 liberty, though never restored to her do- 
 minions. This heroic woman died soon 
 after. 
 
 Sforza, Isabella, of the same family as 
 the preceding, was distinguished for her 
 learning in the 16th century. Her letters, 
 possessing great merit, were published at 
 Venice by Hortensio Lando, 1 549. 
 
 Shadwell, Thomas, an English poet, 
 descended of a good family, and born at 
 Stanton hall, Norfolk, 1640. He was of 
 Caius college, Cambridge, and aftenvards 
 of the middle temple, but after travelling 
 abroad, he turned all his attention to dra- 
 matic composition, and acquired great ce- 
 lebrity. His plays are 17 in number, be- 
 sides other poems, &c. At the revolution 
 he was made historiographer to the king, 
 and poet laureat in the room of Dryden, 
 who resented the appointment by the se- 
 verest satire in his Mack Flecknoe. In 
 spite, however, of the attacks of malevo- 
 lence, he possessed merit, and wrote with 
 great eare, and rapidity, so that he com- 
 posed his " Psyche" in five weeks. He 
 was an amiable man, and died 6th Dec. 
 1692, it is said, in consequence of a large 
 <^^¥e of opium, taken bv mistake. His fu- 
 020 
 
 neral sermon was preached by Dr. Brady, 
 and a monument erected to his honour in 
 Westminster abbey, by his son sir John. 
 The best known of his plays were his Vir- 
 tuoso — the Gentleman of Alsace — Epsom 
 Wells — the Misanthrope — the Lancashire 
 Witches, &c. comedies. There was a 
 Charles Shadwell, either his son or ne- 
 phew, whose plays, especially the Fair 
 Quaker of Deal, are mentioned with credit. 
 He died 1726. 
 
 Shakspeare, William, the illustrious 
 poet of Nature, was born of a respectable 
 family at Stratford-on-Avon, April, 1564. 
 His father was engaged in the wool trade, 
 and of ten children the poet was the eldest. 
 He was early removed from the grammar- 
 school of Stratford, as business, and not 
 learning, was to form the employment of 
 his future life ; but after being some time 
 engaged in his father's trade, he married, 
 at the age of 17, the daughter of Hathaway, 
 a neighbouring farmer, and became master 
 of a family, and a parent. At this time 
 he unfortunately formed a connexion with 
 some dissipated companions, and in a 
 thoughtless hour he accompanied them in 
 deer-stealing, in the park of sir Thomas 
 Lucy, of Charlecote, near Stratford. The 
 offence was again and again repeated, and 
 a prosecution was consequently begun 
 against the depredators ; but the young 
 poet, instead of conciliating the baronet by 
 submission, wrote a ballad upon him, with 
 such satirical bitterness, that it became un- 
 safe for him to remain at Stratford. He 
 fled therefore to London, to escape the law, 
 and soon enrolled himself among the play- 
 ers. For a while he maintained himself 
 in the character of an inferior performer ; 
 but the acquaintance which he formed with 
 the stage was productive of the noblest con- 
 sequences. Though his name appears in 
 the list of the actors of those days, it is not 
 ascertained that he rose to any eminence in 
 the profession, as Mr. Rowe asserts, that 
 the ghost in his own Hamlet was the high- 
 est character which he could venture to 
 perform. He was, however, born not to 
 act, but to delineate characters, not to play 
 the hero, or the tyrant of a foreign muse, 
 but to create characters and beings of his 
 own, and with the pencil of nature, to por- 
 tray in the most glowing colours the va- 
 rious emotions of the heart. Without pa- 
 tronage from the great, and an exile from 
 his native town, the poet at last burst to 
 eminence and fame. His plays became 
 popular, several of them were performed be- 
 fore the court, and Elizabeth was so plea- 
 sed with his FalstafF, in the two parts of 
 Henry IV. that she wished to see the va- 
 liant knight in love, and the hint produced 
 the inimitable drama of the Merry Wives 
 of Windsor. These meritorious exertions 
 for the entertainment of the court, and of 
 
J>UA 
 
 >U\ 
 
 the public, uu iloubt raised puuous to the 
 poet ; but little is known of them, and the 
 name of lord Southampton only is men- 
 tioned, as distingnisliing him with his 
 friendship and conlidence. It is said that 
 in one instance the generous lord gave the 
 poet one thousand pounds, to enable him 
 to complete a purchase which lie had made. 
 For some years Shakspearc, as allied with 
 Ben Jonson, and the other wits and poets 
 of the age, was manager of the playhouse, 
 and after he had acquired a competent for- 
 tune, he retired to his native town, where 
 Le lived respected and beloved by his neigh- 
 bours. To the house which he purchased, 
 he gave the name of New Place, and he had 
 the good fortune to save it from the flames, 
 in the dreadful lire which nearly consumed 
 the whole of the town, in 1614. The mul- 
 berry-tree which he planted in his garden 
 afterwards became an object of veneration, 
 and when cut down by the hands of an 
 avaricious proprietor, the wood was fa- 
 shioned into various utensils, which sold 
 for a high price, and were preserved with 
 more than common aflcction, as a precious 
 memorial of the immortal planter. Shaks- 
 peare made his will in the beginning of 
 1616, and died the 23d of April of the same 
 year, in the 53d year of his age. He was 
 buried in the tomb of his ancestors, on the 
 north side of the chancel in Stratford great 
 church, where the following Latin distich 
 is written on the elegant monument against 
 the wall, and the English lines on the 
 grave-stone beneath : 
 Judicio Pylium, Genio Socratem, arte Maro- 
 
 nem, 
 Terra tegit, populus mceret, Olympus habet. 
 Good friend, far Jesus'' sake forbear 
 To dig the dust inclosed here. 
 Blest be the man that spares these stones, 
 And cursed be he that moves my bones. 
 In 1740 a noble monument was raised to 
 his honour in Westminster abbey, and that 
 his fame, and not public charity, should 
 contribute to the due homage, the collec- 
 tion was made from the admission to see 
 his Julius Caesar acted at Drury Lane, 28th 
 April, 1738. Shakspeare had three daugh- 
 ters, the youngest of whom was made, with 
 her husband, executrix to his will, and in- 
 herited the best part of his estate. One of 
 the daughters died young ; Judith married 
 Mr. Thomas Quincy, and Susanna, Dr. 
 Hall, a physician. As an author, Shaks- 
 peare deserves particular praise, as in ori- 
 ginality, sublime conception, force and de- 
 lineation, he has surpassed the poets of 
 every age, and every country ; and he 
 therefore is properly the boast and the 
 glory of England. In the midst, however, 
 of his great and incomparable beauties, 
 there are many blemishes ; and while he 
 scatters roses with a full and liberal hand, 
 he is careless of the oft'ensive v.eeds which 
 
 accompany his cxnberanl prolu.iion. ilia 
 plays, of which it is scarce possible to trace 
 the history, or to disco\cr the date, except 
 from a few scatlcrt:d passages, have been 
 often published, and by their own intriiuiic 
 merit, have given celebrity even to those 
 who, as editors, have bestowed some labour 
 in the elucidation of them. The first col- 
 lection of them was in 1623, in folio, by two 
 of his friends and fellow-comedians, IIc- 
 minge and Condell, and afterwards they 
 engaged the attention of Kowe, in 1714, of 
 Pope in 1721, of Theobald in 1726, of Han- 
 mer in 1744, in 6 vols. 4to., of VVarburton 
 in 1747, of Dr. Johnson in 1765, of Stee- 
 vens in 1766, of Capell in 1768, of Joiinson 
 and Steevens in 1778, besides more modern 
 editions, and the publication of separate 
 plays. 
 
 Sharp, James, a Scotch prelate, born of 
 a good family in Banffshire, 1618. He was 
 educated at Aberdeen, and early distin- 
 guished himself as an able opponent against 
 the covenanters. He was in England, 
 where he was noticed by Hammond, Tay- 
 lor, and others, and in consequence of his 
 great abilities, was patronised by lords 
 Rothes and Crauford, and obtained some 
 preferment. He was the advocate of a 
 presbyterian party for Scotland before 
 Cromwell, and acquitted himself of his 
 duty with great dexterity, and Avhen Monk 
 was commander in Scotland, he used the 
 talents of Sharp in his attempts to settle the 
 ecclesiastical affairs of the kingdom, and in 
 soliciting the approbation of the exiled king- 
 to the proposed measures. At the restora- 
 tion he became a convert to the principles 
 of the church of England, and was made 
 archbishop of St. Andrews ; but this eleva- 
 tion was considered aii a shameful derelic- 
 tion of his friends, and the covenanters 
 were determined to sacrifice him to their 
 resentment. His life was attempted in 
 1668, by a fanatic preacher; but in 1679, 
 nine assassins proved more successful, and 
 he was barbarously murdered on Magask- 
 moor, three miles from St. Andrews. He 
 was then in his coach with his daughter, 
 but nei' -r her cries, nor his entreaties, 
 availe(', and he fell, pierced with 22 wounds. 
 Sha-.p, John, an English prelate, born at 
 Bradford, Yorkshire, 1644. He was educa- 
 ted at Christ college, Cambridge, and after 
 he had taken orders he became chaplain to 
 sir Heneage Finch, attorney-general. In 
 1672 he was made archdeacon of Berks, 
 and in 1675, prebendary of Norwich, and 
 then rector of St. Bartholomew near the 
 Exchange, and afterwards of St. Giles in 
 the Fields. In 1679 he took his degree of 
 D.D. and in 1681, was made dean of Nor- 
 wich, by the interest of his friend Finch, 
 now lord chancellor. In 1686 he was sus- 
 pended, for pi-eaching in favour of the An- 
 a;lican church against popery ; but though 
 
 623 
 
SHA 
 
 SUA 
 
 the bishop o( London, who refused to pio- 
 nounce against him, was himself suspend- 
 ed, the storm of disgrace passed away, and 
 he was restored to favour, and in 1689, 
 promoted to the deanery of Canterbury. 
 Though he refused some of the bishoprics 
 vacated in consequence of the refusal of the 
 bishops to take the oath of allegiance to 
 William, yet he consented to succeed to the 
 see of York, on the death of Dr. Lamplugh. 
 He preached the sermon on Anne's corona- 
 tion, and was made privy counsellor. He 
 died at Bath, I7l3, and was buried in York 
 cathedral, where an inscription by Dr. 
 Smalridge records his merits. His ser- 
 mons, in 7 vols. 8vo. have been published 
 since his death, and are deservedly popular. 
 Sharp, Thomas, D.D. younger son of 
 the preceding, was born in Yorkshire, and 
 educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, 1728. He 
 became chaplain to archbishop Dawes, of 
 York, and obtained the rectory of Rothbu- 
 ry, Northumberland, a prebend of Durham, 
 and the archdeaconry of Northumberland. 
 He died 1758, aged 65. He is author of 
 two Dissertations on the Etymology of the 
 Hebrew words Elohim and Berith, 8vo. — 
 besides Discourses on the Antiquity of the 
 Hebrew Tongue and Characters, &c. He 
 was father to Granville Sharp, so eminently 
 known as an elegant classical scholar, and 
 as the author of Remarks on the Definitive 
 Article in the Greek Testament, l2mo. 
 
 Sharp, Granville, was born at Durham, 
 Nov. lOth, 1735. He was not bred to the 
 law, but to the trade of a linen-draper on 
 Tower-hill, and while in that situation 
 studied the Greek and Hebrew languages, 
 without a master. His first exertion in 
 favour of the oppressed Africans was in the 
 case of Jonathan Strong, originally a slave 
 to one Lisle of Barbadoes, by whom he had 
 been abandoned in London. By the united 
 care of Mr. Sharp and his brother, this 
 poor negro was restored to health and li- 
 berty. Some other instances of a like kind 
 occurred before the decision of the court 
 of king's bench, in the case of the negro 
 Somerset, in 1772. Mr. Sharp also inte- 
 rested himself in behalf of the Caraibs, in 
 the island of St. Vincent's, and other hu- 
 mane objects. To his different accomplish- 
 ments it should be added, that he was an 
 excellent performer on the harp, and had an 
 admirable skill in drawing caricatures. He 
 was a zealous supporter of the Bible socie- 
 ty, and no less zealous against the claims 
 of the catholics. Though a firm friend to 
 church and state, he carried his notions of 
 parliamentary reform to a visionary extent. 
 
 W. B. 
 
 Sharpk, Gregory, D.D. F.R.A. S.S. an 
 
 able divine, born in Yorkshire, 1713. From 
 
 Hull school he came to Westminster imder 
 
 Dr. Friend, and then completed his educa- 
 
 624 
 
 lion at Aberdeen, under Dr. Blackweli. 
 Soon after his return to England he took 
 orders, and then became minister of Broad- 
 way chapel, St. James's, and chaplain to 
 the king, and next succeeded Dr. Nicolls, 
 as master of the Temple. He died 8th Jan. 
 1771, highly respected for his virtues, and 
 his extensive knowledge of oriental litera- 
 ture. He wrote a Review of the Contro- 
 versy about the Demoniacs of the New 
 Testament, 8vo. — Two Dissertations on 
 the Origin of Language, and the Power of 
 Letters, with a Hebrew Lexicon, 8vo. — 
 Defence of Dr. Clarke against Leibnitz, 
 8vo. — Dissertation on the Origin and Struc- 
 ture of the Latin Tongue, 8vo.— Two Ar- 
 guments in Favour of Christianity — Hol- 
 berg's Introduction to Universal History, 
 translated, 8vo. — Sermons, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Sharroch, Robert, a clergyman's son, 
 born at Adstock, Buckinghamshire, and 
 educated at Winchester school, and New 
 College, Oxford, where he took the degree 
 of LL.D. 1661. He was prebendary and 
 archdeacon of Winchester, and rector of 
 Bishop's Walthara, Hants, and of Hore- 
 wood, Bucks, and died 1684, much respect- 
 ed as a divine, and as a man. He wrote 
 the History ol the Propagation and Im- 
 provement of Vegetables, 8vo. — Hypothesis 
 de Officiis secundum Humanae Rationis 
 Dictata, seu Naturae Jus, unde Casus Con- 
 scientiae, &c. 8vo. against Hobbes — Judicia, 
 seu Legum Censurae, de Variis Incontinen 
 tiae Speciebus, &c. 8vo. — De Finibus Vir- 
 tutis Christianae, in several discourses, 4to. 
 
 Shaw, Thomas, D.D. a celebrated tra- 
 veller, born at Kendal, Westmoreland, 
 1692, and educated there, and at Queen's 
 college, Oxford. When he took orders, in 
 1719, he received the appointment of chap- 
 lain to the English factory of Algiers, and 
 during his residence there, he made various 
 excursions to examine the curiosities and 
 antiquities of the country. In his absence 
 he was chosen fellow of his college, and re- 
 turned in 1733, and the next year took his 
 doctor's degree, and in 1740, was appointed 
 principal of Edmund hall, and vicar of 
 Bramley, Hants. He was afterwards re- 
 gius professor of Greek, and died 15th 
 Aug. 1751. His travels were published at 
 Oxford, in 1738, and have often been re- 
 printed. They contain an interesting and 
 accurate account of Barbary and the Le- 
 vant, and particularly of Egypt, and were 
 ably vindicated by the authpr, against the 
 attacks of Dr. Pococke. 
 
 Shaw, Cuthbert, an English poet, son of 
 a shoemaker, born at Ravensworth, York- 
 shire, 1739. lie vras brought up at Scor- 
 ton school, where he became assistant, and 
 afterwards also at Darlington grammar- 
 school ; but this laborious confinement was 
 too much for his volatile spirit. He there- 
 fore removed to London, in quest of easier 
 
SUA 
 
 SliK 
 
 »:mj)loyincnt, and went afterwards to Bury, 
 and engaged as actor in the Noruich com- 
 pany. In 1760 he performed sir Cieorge 
 Wealthy, in the Minor, under Footc, at 
 the Hay-.market, and the next year he ap- 
 peared on the boards of Covent-gardcn, 
 but met with little public encouragement. 
 After a life of chequered advei»Lures and 
 misery, he died 1771, in very indigent cir- 
 cumstances. He was author of Liberty, 
 4to. 1750 — Odes on the Four Seasons, 4to. 
 1760, published under the name of Sey- 
 mour — the Four Farthing Candles, 4to. 
 1762, a poem which attacked and ridiculed 
 Lloyd, Churchill, Colman, and Shirley — 
 the Race, a satirical poem on the chief 
 poets of the time, 1666 — a Monody on his 
 Wife, whom he lost l7CS, soon after his 
 marriage. He wrote also an Account of 
 the Beaume de Vie, a quack medicine, of 
 which he was proprietor. 
 
 Shaw, John, a native of Durham, edu- 
 cated at Queen's college, Oxford, and Bra- 
 zen-nose. He was rector of Walton, Nor- 
 thumberland, in 1645, and at the restora- 
 tion, obtained St. John's chapel, in New- 
 castle. He published. No Reformation of 
 the established Religion, 8vo. — and some 
 Tracts against Popery, and died 1689. 
 
 Shaw, Samuel, a native of Repton, Der- 
 byshire, educated at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his master's de- 
 gree. He was for some time master of 
 Tamworth grammar-school, and then re- 
 moved to Mosely, and afterwards to Long 
 Whatton, Leicestershire. Though ejected 
 from his ecclesiastical preferment for non- 
 conformity at the restoration, he obtained, 
 in 16GB, the school of Ashby-de-la-Zo.uch, 
 where he collected a very respectable num- 
 ber of pupils. He died 1696, aged 61. He 
 wrote the Voice of One crying in the Wil- 
 derness, 8vo. — Emanuel, a moral treatise, 
 8vo. — the True Christian's Test, or Medi- 
 tations — a Latin Grammar — Words made 
 visible, or Grammar and Rhetoric, and the 
 Different Humours of Men, two comedies, 
 acted by his pupils. 
 
 Shaw, Peter, author of the Practice of 
 Physic, 2 vols. 8vo. — a Course of Chymis- 
 try, 4to. — an edition of Bacon's Works, 5 
 vols. 4to. was a member of the London 
 college of physicians, and of the Royal 
 Society, and a respectable practitioner, and 
 died 1763. 
 
 Shaw, Stebbing, a native of Stowc, 
 Staffordshire, educated at Repton school, 
 and Queen's college, Cambridge, where he 
 obtained a fellowship, and took his mas- 
 ter's degree. He travelled in 1787, through 
 the Highlands of Scotland, and the next 
 year visited the West of England, of which 
 two journeys he published an account sepa^ 
 rately, of no great merit. In 1789, he was 
 engaged in the Topographer, which con- 
 tained extracts from curious works prescrv- 
 
 \'6L, IL 79 
 
 cd in the iiriiish museum ; but this work 
 was discontiniicd in 1791. The (irat vo- 
 lume of his History of Staffordshire, a work 
 of considerable merit, and of great lul)Our, 
 appeared 1798, folio, and three years alter, 
 the first part of the second volume was 
 published. This respectable divine, who 
 had, in 1799, succeeded to the living of 
 Hartshorn, Derbyshire, on his father's 
 death, died 1803, aged only 41. 
 
 Shaw, George, an eminent naturalistj 
 was born at Bierton, in Buckinghamshire, 
 of which parish his father was vicar in 
 1751. At the age of 14, he went to Mag- 
 dalen-hall, Oxford, where, in 1772, he took 
 his master's degree ; after which he enter- 
 ed into orders, and became assistant to his 
 father. His predilection for scientific pur- 
 suits, however, induced him to relinquish 
 the clei'ical profession, and after studying 
 at Edinburgh, he took his degrees in medi- 
 cine at Oxford ; ivhere also he stood candi- 
 date for the botanical professorship ; but 
 lost it in consequence of his having been 
 ordained. He now settled in London; and 
 on the formation of the Linnajan Society 
 was chosen one of the vice presidents. 
 While the Leverian Museum existed, he 
 delivered lectures there on natural history, 
 and he afterwards published a description 
 of that collection in English and Latin. 
 He also conducted some popular periodical 
 works, as the *' Naturalist's Miscellany," 
 and the " Speculum Linnaeum, or Linna;an 
 Zoology." In 1789, he was chosen a fel- 
 low of the Royal Society, and in 1791, ap- 
 pointed librarian and assistant keeper of 
 natural history in the British museum ; 
 where, in 1807, he became the principal in 
 that department. He died July 22, 1313. 
 His other works are — 1. The Zoology of 
 New Holland. 2. CimeliaPhysica. 3. Ge- 
 neral Zoology, 7 vols. 4to. 4. Zoological 
 Lectures, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. An Abridgment 
 of the Philosophical Transactions, in con- 
 junction with Drs. Pearson, Hutton, &c,> 
 6. Papers in the Linnaean Transactions. — 
 W. B. 
 
 Shebbeare, John, a native of Bideford, 
 Devon, educated there under Mr. Mudge, 
 the master of the grammar-school. He 
 %vas apprenticed to an apothecary, and af- 
 ter being in business in Bristol, he removed 
 in 1740 to London. His politics, however, 
 were unfriendly to the government, and he 
 w cnt to Paris, where he was admitted mem- 
 ber of the academy of sciences, and present- 
 ed to a doctor's degree. On his return to 
 England, he published the Marriage Act — 
 and Lydia, or Filial Piety,, two satirical no- 
 vels, of little merit, and in 1759, his seventh 
 Letter to the People of England, exposed 
 hirn to the resentment of government, and 
 he Avas pilloried. On the accession of 
 George III. he obtained a pension from lord 
 Bute, and laving aside his attachment to llif. 
 
 625 
 
sut 
 
 J5HE 
 
 Stuart family, he defended the conduct of 
 government in several pamphlets, especially 
 at the beginning of the American war. 
 He wrote also a History of Jersey, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1771, in which he, with partial seve- 
 rity, attacks the conduct of the chief ma- 
 gistrate of the island — History of the Su- 
 matrans, 2 vols. — Chrysal, or the Adven- 
 tures of a Guinea, 4 vols. — Practice of 
 Physic, 2 vols. 8vo. — Letters on the Eng- 
 lish Nation, under the name of Angeloni, 
 2 vols. 8vo. &c. He died 1788, aged 79. 
 
 Sheffield, John, duket>f Buckingham- 
 shire, a respectable poet, and able states- 
 man, born 1650. Though he lost his fa- 
 ther when only nine years old, his educa- 
 tion was not neglected ; but assiduity 
 brought to perfection the naturally strong 
 powers of his mind. After travelling into 
 France, he went as volunteer in the second 
 Dutch war, and afterwards made a cam- 
 paign in the French service. He was next 
 intrusted by Charles H. with the defence of 
 Tangier, on the coast of Africa, which was 
 threatened by the Moors. He soon be- 
 came a great favourite at court, though his 
 violent partiality for the princess Anne, af- 
 terwards Queen, involved him in temporary 
 disgrace. Under James \l. he was privy 
 counsellor, and lord chamberlain ; and 
 though he did not at first approve of the 
 revolution, he afterwards warmly supported 
 the measures for proclaiming William king, 
 against those who wished to appoint Mary 
 sole sovereign. Under Anne he was raised 
 from the rank of an earl to that of duke of 
 Normandy, and afterwards of Buckingham- 
 shire, and was made steward of the house- 
 hold, and president of the council. On 
 George's accession, he retired from the 
 court, and died 24th Feb. 1720-1. He was 
 buried in Westminster abbey, where the 
 Latin inscription on his monument, written 
 by himself, created some controversy, and 
 drew upon him the reproach of skepticism. 
 Though three, times married, he left only 
 one son, who died at Rome in 1753, and in 
 whom the title became extinct. His works 
 were elegantly published, in 1729, in 2 vols. 
 Svo. the first of which contains his Essay 
 on Poetry, his Rehearsal, and other poems, 
 written on several occasion?, and the se- 
 cond his prose works, consisting of essays, 
 speeches, historical memoirs, dialogues, 
 letters, &c. His learning and abilities 
 have been greatly praised by his contempo- 
 raries ; but later writers affect to speak 
 with indifference of his compositions, and 
 consider the adulations of Prior, Dryden, 
 Addison, Garth, and Pope, as paid more to 
 the nobleman, and the favourite of courts, 
 than to the man of poetical iiierit and de- 
 served literary fame. 
 
 Sheldox, Gilbert, a distinguished pre- 
 late, born at Stanton, Staffordshire, 1598. 
 He was admitted at Trinity college, Ox- 
 Q2Q 
 
 ford, 1G13, and in 1622 was elected fellow 
 of All-Souls. He afterwards took orders, 
 and was made prebendary of Gloucester, 
 and recommended by his patron. Lord Co- 
 ventry, to Charles L who gave him the 
 living of Hackney and other preferments. 
 In 1635, he was elected warden of his 
 college, and would have risen to higher ho- 
 nours, had not the civil wars prevented his 
 elevation. His attachment to the king' 
 rendered him suspected by the parliament, 
 and he was deprived of his preferment, 
 imprisoned v/ith Dr. Hammond, and, when 
 set at liberty, forbidden to visit his royal 
 master at the Isle of Wight. He retired 
 to Shelston, Derbyshire, and at the resto- 
 ration recovered his ecclesiastical appoint- 
 ments, and was soon after made master of 
 the Savoy, dean of the chapel royal, and 
 successor to Juxon in the see of London. 
 In 1663 he became primate, and in 1667 
 succeeded lord Clarendon as chancellor of 
 Oxford. His freedom with the king, in ad- 
 vising him to put away his mistress, Barba- 
 ra Villiers, proved so offensive that he re- 
 tired from the court, and spent the rest of 
 his days at Croydon, where he died 9th 
 Nov. 1677, aged near 80. His only pub- 
 lication was a sermon, preached before the 
 king at Whitehall. His munificence was 
 very great, he expended not less than 
 66,000/. in charitable purposes, and of 
 his splendid donations, the theatre at Ox- 
 ford is a very noble and lasting monument. 
 
 Shelley, George, writing-master at 
 Christ's hospital, was very eminent as a 
 penman, and died 1736, aged about 70, at 
 his house the Hand and Pen, Warwick- 
 lane. He published the Penman's Maga- 
 zine, 1708, 32 plates, engraved by Nutting 
 — Natural Writing, 1714, 26 plates, engra- 
 ved by Bickham — Moral Sentences for 
 Schools, &c. 
 
 Shenstone, William, a celebrated Eng- 
 lish poet, born at Hales-Owen, Shropshire, 
 Nov. 1714. He was taught to read by an 
 old dame, whose kind services he has trans- 
 mitted to posterity in his School-Mistress, 
 and from his earliest years he showed a 
 great fondness for books. After being at 
 Hales-Owen school, and at Solihul, under 
 Mr. Crompton, he removed in 1732 to Pem- 
 broke college, Oxford, a respectable society, 
 among which he derived both delight and 
 advantage, as he continued his name among 
 them 10 years, though he took no academi- 
 After wandering about and 
 sometimes London, sometimes 
 Bath, yet without forgetting the muses, he 
 settled, 1745, on his estate, on the death of 
 his friend Mr. Dolman, who had, with in- 
 defatigable attention and strict integrity hi- 
 therto regulated his affairs. . But his object 
 here was not to inci'ease his income, but 
 to improve the beauties of his estate ; and 
 by degrees, tlirough inattention and inju- 
 
 cal degree 
 visiting 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 dicious expense, he brought on himself 
 pecuniary distress, and probably liastened 
 his own death by the dithcultics and anxi- 
 eties wliieh surrounded him. He was a 
 lamp, as liis biographer observes, that 
 spent its oil in blazing. He was attacked 
 by a putrid fever, which proved fatal, at the 
 Leasowes, llth Feb. 1763. He was buri- 
 ed in Hales-Owen churchyard by the side 
 of his brother. The tenderness and gene- 
 rosity of his character are mentioned with 
 deserved applause. He was kind to all 
 within his inHuence, but so irascible, that 
 if once offended, he was not easily ap- 
 peased. He was inattentive to economy, 
 and careless of his expenses, but his life 
 was unstained by any crime. His mind 
 was not very comprehensive, nor his curi- 
 osity active, and he esteemed light those 
 parts of learning which he had not cultiva- 
 ted. His works have been published by 
 Dodsley, in 3 vols. 8vo. consisting of 26 
 elegies, songs, odes, ballads, moral pieces, 
 &c. written with ease, elegance, and sim- 
 plicity. His epistolary correspondence af- 
 terwards appeared by Mr. Hull, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. and recollections of his life have been 
 published by his venerable friend Mr. 
 Graves. 
 
 Shepreve, John, an eminent scholar, 
 born at Sugworth, near Abingdon, Berks, 
 and educated at Corpus Christi, Oxford, 
 where he became Greek reader. In 1538 
 he succeeded Wakefield as university pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew, and acquired great po- 
 pularity as a lecturer. He had a most re- 
 tentive memory, and Avrote verses with as- 
 tonishing rapidity, often 100 during the va- 
 cant hours of the day. He died at Amer- 
 sham in Buckinghamshire, 1542. He 
 wrote Summa et Synopsis Novi Testamenti 
 Ducentis Sexaginta, Distichis Comprehen- 
 sa, 8vo. — Hippolytns Ovidianae Phaedrae 
 Respondens, &c. His nephew William was 
 a Roman Catholic, who wrote some reli- 
 gious pieces, and died at Rome 1593. 
 
 Sherard or Sherwood, William, an 
 eminent botanif^t, born in Leicestershire, 
 and educated at Merchant Tailors' school, 
 and St. John's college, Oxford, of which 
 be bacame fellow, and where he took the 
 degree of bachelor of laws 1677. During 
 his travels abroad as tutor to some noble- 
 men, he visited the chief places of Europe, 
 and was honoured with the acquaintance 
 of the great Boerhaave, of • Tournefort, 
 and other learned men. He obtained the 
 appointment of consul at Smyrna in 1702, 
 and during 16 years residence in this dis- 
 tant region, he applied himself to form a 
 valuable collection of the plants of Asia 
 Minor and Greece, and to examine every 
 thing remarkable as a subject of antiquity, 
 or of natural history. After visiting Eng- 
 land, he returned to the continent, and as- 
 cended the Alps in search of plants, where 
 
 he nearly escaped being shot by a peasant, 
 who mistook him for a wolf as he was lying 
 on the ground. On his return to England 
 he was attended by Dillcnius, to whom he 
 gave an honourable asylum at his scat at 
 Eltham, and whom he appointed first pro- 
 fessor in the botanical professorship which 
 he founded at Oxford by the bequest of 
 3000/. He had been admitted doctor of 
 laws at Oxford, in 1718, and he died 10 
 years after, much respected for his benevo- 
 lence and liberality, as well as his great 
 learning and extensive information. He 
 published Herman's Paradicus Batavus, 4to. 
 — Schola Botanica, l2mo, which appeared 
 under the name of Wharton, and he made 
 some valuable communications to the philo- 
 sophical transactions. His brother James 
 was an apothecary, and afterwards a physi- 
 cian, who acquired also some celebrity as a 
 botanist, and died 1741. 
 
 Sherburne, sir Edward, an English 
 writer, born at St. Giles, Cripplegate, Lon- 
 don, 1618, and educated at Mr. Furnaby's 
 school. He travelled abroad, and, in 1641, 
 succeeded on his father's death as clerk of 
 the ordnance, from which he was soon 
 afterwards ejected by the House of Lords 
 for adhering to the king. He then joined 
 the king, and was at the battle of Edge- 
 hill, and retired with Charles to Oxford, 
 where he was made master of arts. W^hen 
 Oxford surrendered to the parliament, he, 
 after sufi'ering much in his property from 
 parliamentary prosecution, went to Lon- 
 don, and lived for some time in the Middle 
 Temple. In 1652 he travelled abroad 
 with sir John Coventry, and at the restora- 
 tion was reinstated in his clerkship, and 
 knighted by Charles II. On the abdica- 
 tion of James II. he was deprived of his 
 offices, and lived the rest of his life in re- 
 tirement, and died 4th Nov. 1702, aged 
 85. He translated some of Seneca's tra- 
 gedies into English, besides the Sphere of 
 Manilius, Theocritus's 16th Idyllium, and 
 poems and other translations. 
 
 Sherebatof, Prince, a Russian noble- 
 man, author of a Journal of Peter the 
 Great, 2 vols. 4to. — the Russian History 
 from 1114 to 1472— the Life of Peter the 
 Great — History of Russia, from the ear- 
 liest times, 4 vols. 4to. a work valuable for 
 its accuracy and impartiality. 
 
 Sheridan, Thomas, a divine and poet, 
 born about 1684, in the county of Cavan, 
 Ireland. Though his parents were in in- 
 digent circumstances, he received by the 
 kindness of his friends a good education, 
 which he finished at Dublin college, where 
 he took the degree of D.D. He after- 
 wards kept a school in Dublin, and obtain- 
 ed celebrity by the number of his scholars, 
 and the diligence and abilities with which 
 he instructed them. He was presented by 
 the friendship of Swift to a living in the 
 
 627 
 
SHE 
 
 SHE 
 
 South of IrelanJ, worth about 150/. per 
 ann. but his sermon on these words, " Suf- 
 ficient for the day is the evil thereof," 
 preached at Cork on the anniversary of the 
 tirst George's birthday, seemed so pointed 
 at the politics of the times, that he ruined 
 all hopes of further preferment. He after- 
 wards exchanged his living for that of 
 Dunboyne, and again exchanged that for 
 the free-school of Cavan : but his temoer 
 was fickle, and dissatisfied with the air, 
 or more properly with the inhabitants of 
 his new appointment, he sold it tor 400/. 
 He died sometime after in indigent circum- 
 stances, 10th Sept. 1738, aged 5.5. Lord 
 Corke describes him as better acquainted 
 with booics than men, as slovenly, indi- 
 gent, and cheerful, yet in the midst of his 
 poverty still a quibbler, a punster, a fid- 
 dler, and a wit, who never sufiered the day 
 to pass without a rebus, an anagram, or a 
 madrigal. He published a prose transla- 
 tion of Persius, with judicious notes, 12mo. 
 1739, and his correspondence with Swift, 
 &c. has also appeared in Sv/ift's Miscel- 
 lanies. 
 
 Sheridax, Thomas, son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Quilca in Ireland, and 
 educated at Westminster school and Dub- 
 lin university, where he took the degree of 
 B.A. He early showed a partiality for 
 the stage, and in 1743, when 22 years old, 
 he personated Richard HI. in the Smock- 
 alley theatre, after which he exhibited on 
 the boards of Covent-garden. In 1744, 
 he undertook the management of the Dub- 
 lin stage, but he met with such opposition 
 in his attempts to reform abuses and to in- 
 troduce regularity, that a conspiracy was 
 formed against him, and a mob threatened 
 the demolition of his theatre. Thus driven 
 from Dublin he became an itinerant lec- 
 turer on elocution, and he acquired such 
 celebrity in this new method of conveying 
 instruction, that not only his own univer- 
 sity, but Cambridge, honoured him with 
 the degree of M.A. About 1760, he again 
 had recourse to the stage, and appeared at 
 Drury-lane theatre with great applause, and 
 had the interest to obtain a pension from 
 the government. In 1767, he engaged 
 himself at the Haymarket, and for a while 
 amused the town with his Attic Evening, 
 an entertaining medley of singing, music, 
 and repetition. He quitted the stage in 
 1776, to succeed Garrick as manager of 
 Drury-lane, but he resigned three years 
 after, and again had recourse to his lec- 
 tures and literary labours. He died at 
 Margate 17S8, aged 67. He was author 
 of several works, the best known of vvhich 
 are, a Dictionary of the English language, 
 in which he attempts to establish a per- 
 manent standard of pronunciation, 4to. 
 and 2 vols. 12mo. — British Education, or 
 the Source of the Disorders of Great Bri- 
 028 
 
 tain, 8vo. — Lectures on the Art of Read- 
 ing, 8vo. — Dissertation on the Causes 
 and Difficulties of learning the English 
 Tongue, 4to. — Course of Lectures on Elo- 
 cution, &c. 4to. — Life of Swift prefixed 
 to his works, 8vo. — Elements of English, 
 12mo. 
 
 Sheridan, Richard, the third son of the 
 preceding, was born at Dublin in 1751. 
 He was educated at Harrow school, after 
 which he became a student of the Middle 
 Temple ; but Avas never called to the bar. 
 In 1775 he brought out " The Rivals," a 
 comedy which proved very successful j but 
 was exceeded in popularity by the comic 
 opera of the " Duenna;" as that also was 
 by the " School for Scandal." While the 
 former of these dramas was delighting the 
 town, the author became a partner in Drury- 
 lane theatre, by the purchase of Garrick's 
 share of the patent, in conjunction with Dr. 
 Ford and Mr. Linley. The other dramatic 
 pieces of Sheridan, about this period, were 
 the " Trip to Scarborough," and the 
 *' Critic." In 1779 he wrote a Monody on 
 the death of Garrick, which was spoken by 
 Mrs. Yates in the character of the Tragic 
 Muse. In 1780 Mr. Sheridan was returned 
 to parliament for Stafford ; and soon be- 
 came distinguished as a powerful speaker 
 on the side of opposition. When the 
 Rockingham party came into power, he was 
 made one of the under-secretaries ; and 
 in the coalition administration, he was ap- 
 pointed secretary to the treasury. That 
 post, however, he did not hold long, and 
 during the whole of Mr. Pitt's ascendency, 
 the talents of Sheridan were displayed in 
 combating that great statesman. On the 
 trial of Hastings, he acted a prominent 
 part ; and his eloquence had an electrify- 
 ing effect on many of his auditors. On 
 the death of Mr. Pitt, he became treasurer 
 of the navy, but another change taking 
 place, he was again seated on the opposi- 
 tion side of the house ; where, however, 
 his influence was visibly lessened by the 
 decay of his powers ; and he retired from 
 parliament some time before his death, 
 which happened July 7, 1816. Besides the 
 pieces already noticed, he was the author 
 of part of *' A translation of Aristaene- 
 tus ;" a farce called " St. Patrick's Day ;" 
 a "Letter to Henry Dundas ;" *' Pizar- 
 ro ;" a play altered from Kotzebue ; and 
 poems. Mr. Sheridan was twice mar- 
 ried, first to Miss Linley, a celebrated 
 singer ; and the second time to Miss Ogle, 
 daughter of the dean of Winchester.— 
 W.B. 
 
 Sheridan, Frances, was grand-daughter 
 of sir Oliver Chamberlaine, and first dis- 
 tinguished herself as author of a pamphlet 
 in the dispute which Mr. Sheridan had 
 with the Dublin people with respect to his 
 theatre. The little performance excited 
 
SHE 
 
 SHK 
 
 the attention of the manager, and he soon 
 after married her. She proved a most 
 amiable character in all the relations of 
 life, and not only pos>sessed very engaging 
 manners, but joined the greatest benevo- 
 lence of heart to respectable literary ta- 
 lents. After suffering much from a linger- 
 ing illness, she retired for the recovery of 
 her health too late to the south of France, 
 and died at Blois 17t)7. Her Sydney Bid- 
 dulph IS a romance of great merit, and her 
 Nourjahad deserves equal commendation. 
 She wrote besides, two comedies, the Dis- 
 covery — and the Dupe. 
 
 Sherlock, William, D.D. an English 
 divine, born at Southwark 1641, and edu- 
 cated at Eton and Peter-house, Cambridge. 
 In 1669, he obtained the rectory of St. 
 George's, Botolph lane, London, and a pre- 
 bend of St. Paul's, and soon after was 
 chosen master of the Temple. He was an 
 able advocate for the church of England 
 against the papists, but at the revolution 
 he refused to take the oath of allegiance, 
 though he afterwards complied, and pub- 
 lished an account and vidication of his 
 conduct, which was severely censured by 
 the nonjurors. In 1691, he was made dean 
 of St. Paul's, and died at Hampstead, 
 19th June, 1707, and was buried in St. 
 Paul's. He had a controversy with Dr. 
 South about the Trinity, and also published 
 various sermons, and some pamphlets on 
 death and the last judgment. Burnet says 
 that he w^as a clear and strong writer, but 
 that the contempt he expressed for his ad- 
 versaries made him pass for an insolent 
 and haughty man. 
 
 Sherlock, Thomas, D.D. a learned pre- 
 late, son of the preceding, and born 1678. 
 He was of Catherine hall, Cambridge, of 
 which he was elected master. He was 
 early eminent for his learning, and the 
 policy and wisdom of his conduct at the 
 head of a house, procured him from Dr. 
 Middleton the title of the principal cham- 
 pion and ornament of the church and uni- 
 versity. He succeeded his father as mas- 
 ter of the Temple, and this honourable ap- 
 pointment was held by father and son for 
 more than 70 years. He displayed great 
 abilities in the vindication of the corpora- 
 tion and test acts against the attacks of 
 bishop Hoadley ; and also in the defence 
 of the use and intent of prophecy, in six 
 discourses delivered at the Temple, in an- 
 swer to Collins, and also in an able vindi- 
 cation of the miracle of Christ's resur- 
 rection against the attacks of Woolston. 
 He wrote besides other controversial 
 works ; but his sermons in 4 vols. 8vo. are 
 particularly valuable, as compositions of 
 elegance, ingenuity, and erudition. In 
 1728, Dr. Sherlock was made bishop of 
 Bangor, and in 1734, was translated to 
 Salisbury, but in 1747, on the death of 
 
 Potter, he refused the offer of tiie metro- 
 politan see, in cunsequence of a severe 
 illness under which he laboured, though 
 the following year he accepted the dioccss 
 of London. He died July IH, 1761, in his 
 84th year. His private character wa.s 
 adorned with the purest virtues of benevo- 
 lence and humanity. He sent 2000 copies 
 of his excellent discourse to the colonies 
 and settlements of America, and present- 
 ed his valuable library to Catherine hall, 
 where he founded a scholarship and the 
 office of a librarian. 
 
 Sherlock, Richard, a native of Oxton 
 in Werral, Cheshire, educated at Magda- 
 len hall, Oxford, from which he removed 
 to Trinity college, Dublin. He obtained 
 some preferment in Ireland, but during the 
 civil wars returned to England, and was 
 made chaplain to one of the king's regi- 
 ments. At the restoration he took. the de- 
 gree of D.D. at Dublin, and wa.s present- 
 ed by his patron lord Derby, to the valua- 
 ble living of Winwick, Lancashire, where 
 he died 20th June, 1689, aged 76. The 
 best of his works arc, the Practical Chris- 
 tian, 8vo. to the sixth edition of which his 
 life is prefixed by bishop Wilson — Con- 
 fessions, Meditations, and Prayers, for the 
 Sacrament, 8vo. — pieces against the qua- 
 kers, &.C. 
 
 Sherman, John, eminent as a diyine 
 and mathematician, was born at Dedham, 
 England, in 1613, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge. He came to America in 1634, and 
 preached at Watertown. He afterwards 
 went to Connecticut, and was both a minis- 
 ter and magistrate. He at length return- 
 ed to Watertown, and was settled in the 
 ministry, and preached with great "accep- 
 tance. He was also chosen a fellow of 
 Harvard college, and delivered lectures for 
 a long time, which not only the students, 
 but many from the neighbouring towns, 
 attended. He was highly accomplished 
 as a preacher, and as a general scholar, 
 and particularly distinguished for his know- 
 ledge of mathematics. He died in 1685. 
 
 ilCP' L. 
 
 Sherman, Roger, senator of the United 
 States, was born at Newton, Massachu- 
 setts, April 19th, 17-4, and rose by the 
 force of his superior genius to distinction 
 as a lawyer and a statesman without the 
 advantages of acollegial education. He re- 
 moved in 1743 to New-Milford, Connecti- 
 cut, and in 1754 commenced the practice 
 of law. In 1761 he removed to New- 
 Haven, and four years after was appointed 
 a judge of the county court, and in 1776 
 advanced to a seat on the bench of the 
 superior court, and was also chosen a 
 member of the council. He was elected a 
 member of congress in 1774, and continued 
 to hold a seat in that body, except when 
 excluded by the law, requiring a rotation, 
 
 fi-29 
 
SHI 
 
 SHI 
 
 He was one of the committee appointed to 
 draw up the declaration of independence, 
 in 1776, and signed that instrument. He 
 was a conspicous member in the conven- 
 tion, which formed the constitution of the 
 United States. In 1791 he was chosen a 
 senator, and retained the station till his 
 death, in 1793, in his seventy-third year. 
 He possessed a mind of uncommon 
 strength, perspicuity, and judiciousness. 
 He was a profound and sagacious states- 
 man, an able and upright judge, and 
 an exemplary Christian. He received an 
 honorary diploma of Master of Arts 
 from Yale college, and was for many years 
 treasurer of that institution. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Sheruingham, Robert, an able divine. 
 After being ejected for attacbment to the 
 king, from his fellowship of Gonvil and 
 Caius college, Cambridge, he retired to 
 Holland, but at the restoration he recover- 
 ed his ecclesiastical honours. He wrote, 
 de Anglorum Gentis Origine Deceptatio, 
 8vo. — the King's Supremacy asserted — 
 Joman, a Hebrew book, translated into La- 
 tin, with notes, 4to — sermons, 4to. &c. 
 
 Sherwin, John Keyse, a wood-cutter in 
 Sussex, whose skill as an engraver was ac- 
 cidentally called forth at the house of Mr. 
 Mitford. Viewing with astonish ujent the 
 pieces which some of the family were en- 
 gaged in drawing, he was asked to use the 
 port-crayon, and his untutored hand pro- 
 duced such a drawing, that the society of 
 arts, to whom it was presented, voted him 
 the silver medal. Removed from his hum- 
 ble occupation he became the pupil and the 
 friend of Bartolozzi, and his engravings ac- 
 quired deserved popularity. This excellent 
 artist died 1790. The most admired of his 
 engravings is Moses among the buUrushes. 
 Shipley, Jonathan, an English prelate, 
 born 1714. He took bis degrees at Christ- 
 church, and upon entering into orders ob- 
 tained a living, and in 1743, was made 
 prebendary of Winchester. After travel- 
 ling, in 1745, with the duke of Cumber- 
 land as his chaplain, he was promoted in 
 1749 to a canonry at Christ-church, became 
 ^lean of Winchester in 1760, and in 1769 
 bishop of St. Asaph. He was author of 
 some elegant verses on the death of queen 
 Caroline, and published besides, some 
 poems and sermons preached on public oc- 
 casions, and died 1788. 
 
 Shippen, Edward, LL.D. chief justice 
 of Pennsylvania, was a descendant from 
 Edward Shippen, the first mayor of Phila- 
 delphia, and was born in that city, Fe- 
 brury 16th, 1729. He studied law in the 
 office of Mr. Francis at Philadelphia, and 
 finished his education at the temple in Lon- 
 don, where he was admitted a barrister. 
 On his return to America he devoted him- 
 self to his profession, and such was his re- 
 t)utation that at the age of twentv-four he 
 630 
 
 was appointed prothonotary of the supreme 
 court, and judge of the admiralty court for 
 the province. He was afterwards a mem- 
 ber of the proprietors and governor's coun- 
 cil untU the revolution, when these offices 
 ceased. Soon after that event he was ap- 
 pointed president of the courts of quarter 
 sessions, for the county of Philadelphia. 
 In 1792 he was appointed a judge of the 
 supreme court, and in 1799 chief justice of 
 the supreme court of Pennsylvania. This 
 office he resigned in 1805. He died April 
 16th, 1806. He was an accomplished com- 
 mercial lawyer, and in all that related to 
 the practice and process of the courts, pos- 
 sessed a knowledge singularly accurate 
 and extensive. ICZF^ L. 
 
 Shippen, William, M.D. first professor 
 of anatomy in the university of Pennsyl- 
 vania, was a native of that state, and edu- 
 cated at Princeton, where he was gradua- 
 ted in 1754. His medical education, which 
 he commenced in Philadelphia, he com- 
 pleted in Edinburgh. After his return he 
 settled in Philadelphia, and in 1764 began 
 the first course of lectures on anatomy 
 delivered in the country. The next year 
 he was elected a professor in the medical 
 school, which he assisted in establishing. 
 This school, which at its commencement 
 consisted of but ten students, contained, 
 before he left, two hundred and fifty. In 
 1777 he was appointed director general of 
 the medical department in the army. He 
 resigned his professorship in 1806, and 
 died July, ISOS, at Gerraantown, in his 
 seventy-fifth year. ICIP' L. 
 
 Shirley, sir Anthony, a native of Wis- 
 ton, Sussex, educated at Oxford, where he 
 became fellow of All Souls. He studied 
 the law, but afterwards accompanied sir 
 Philip Sydney to the Low countries, and 
 in 1596, he was sent to America by queen 
 Elizabeth. He next attended Essex when 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland, and was knight- 
 ed there, after which he went abroad, and 
 became so much respected for his know- 
 ledge and acquirements that the king of 
 Spain created him a grandee of the king- 
 dom, and appointed him admiral of his 
 fleet. James I. jealous of these honours 
 bestowed on one of his subjects, recalled 
 him home, but he had the boldness to re- 
 fuse, and died in Spain 1640, aged 75. He 
 was author of a Voyage to America, in- 
 serted in Hackluyt's collection — Account 
 of Muley Hamet's Elevation to the King- 
 dom of Morocco, &c. 4to. — History of his 
 Travels into Persia, 4to. — Voyage over the 
 Caspian and through Russia, in Purcha's 
 Pilgrims — History of his Ambassies, fol. 
 &c. His brother Robert accompanied him 
 into Persia, and settled there, and became 
 so great a favourite at court, that the em- 
 peror not only employed him as his ambas- 
 sador to Poland and to England, but gave 
 
mi 
 
 ^>iii.i 
 
 liim his own niece in marriage, and loaded 
 him with honours and opulence. He died 
 it is said of a broken heart on his return to 
 Persia, 23d July, 1627, aged 63, because 
 he had been treated as an impostor at the 
 English court by his predecessor the Per- 
 sian ambassador, and because he was not 
 able to receive in Persia that satisfaction 
 which he expected. His widow came to 
 Europe, and fixed her residence at Rome. 
 
 Shirley, Thomas, of the same family as 
 the preceding, was born at Westminster, 
 and educated at Magdalen college, Uxlord. 
 He took his medical degn es in France, and 
 became physician to Charles H. and died 
 1678. He was author of a philosophical 
 essay on the probable causes whence stones 
 are produced in the greater world, &c. 
 8vo. a curious performance. 
 
 Shirley, James, an English dramatic 
 writer and poet, born in St. Mary Wool- 
 church parish, London, 1594. He was 
 educated at Merchant Tailors' and St. 
 John's college, Oxford, which he left with- 
 out a degree to go to Cambridge, where he 
 took his degrees. He afterwards took or- 
 ders, and served a cure near St. Alban's, 
 but changed his religion for that of Rome, 
 and then settled at St. Alban's, where he 
 kept a school, from which he removed to 
 London. There he devoted himself to 
 writing plays, and was patronised by 
 Charles's queen, but when the civil wars 
 broke out, and plays became unpopular 
 among the republican fanatics, he had re- 
 course to education for support, and kept 
 a school at Whitefriars with some reputa- 
 tion. The fire of London, which robbed 
 him of his property, proved so terrific to 
 him, that both himself and his wife died in 
 consequence of fright within 24 hours of 
 each other, and were buried in the same 
 grave, 29th Oct. 1669. He wrote 37 plays, 
 besides a volume of poems, and was patron- 
 ised by lord Newcastle. There was a 
 Henry Shirley, who lived in his time, and 
 wrote the Martyred Soldier, a tragedy, &.c. 
 
 Shirley, William, governor of ?'Iassa- 
 chusetts, was an Englishman by birth, and 
 educated a lawyer. He came to Boston 
 about the year 1733, and employed himself 
 in the profession till 1741, when he was 
 appointed governor. He held that office 
 till 1757. It was during his administration 
 that Louisburg was taken, though lie was 
 not the projector of the expedition, nor its 
 decided advocate, till its successful issue 
 was known. In 1754 he rendered himself 
 highly popular by refusing his assent to the. 
 excise bill. In 1755 he was appointed 
 commander-in-chief of the British forces 
 in America, and proceeded to Oswego in 
 an expedition against Niagara, but was the 
 next year superseded by Abercrombie. He 
 was soon after recalled from Massachusetts 
 to England, and appointed governor of the 
 
 Bahama islands. In 1770 he returned to 
 Massachusetts, and resided at Roxbury till 
 his death the next year. He possessed a 
 strong mind, great firmness, diligence, and 
 address, and rendered many important 
 services to the colony. ICJ" L. 
 
 Shore, Jane, wife of Matthew Shore, a 
 goldsmith in Lombard-street, is known in 
 history as the mistress ol the voluptuous 
 Edward IV . To great and fascinating per- 
 sonal charms she added some of ihe best 
 qualities of the heart, and though she had 
 not virtue enough to withstand temptation, 
 she was benevolent and humane in the 
 midst of a debauched court. After the 
 king's death she lived with lord Hastings, 
 and when he fell under the tyranny of the 
 third Richard, she w as seized as an accom- 
 plice in his pretended conspiracy, and felt 
 all the resentment of the usurper. She 
 was accused of witchcralt, and did open 
 penance for her adulteries, and was also 
 plundered of her property by the artful 
 Richard. She survived her misfortunes, 
 and was seen by sir Thomas More, in the 
 reign of Henry VIII. poor, decrepit, and 
 shrivelled, without the least traces of that 
 beauty which once commanded the admira- 
 tion of a court. She perished of hunger 
 in a ditch, called from her Shore ditch, 
 though Stow relates that that street bore 
 the name before her time. 
 
 Shovel, sir Cloudesley, a celebrated 
 English admiral, born of obscure parents, 
 about 1650. He was apprentice to some 
 mean trade, which he quitted for the sea, 
 and by application, bravery, and steadi- 
 ness, he gradually rose from a cabin boy, 
 under sir Christopher Mynns, to conse- 
 quence and command. He served under 
 sir John Narborough, at the attack on Tri- 
 poli, 1674, and by being sent on shore, had 
 the opportunity, while negotiating with the 
 dey, of observing the weak parts of the ene- 
 my's fortifications and defence, and in con- 
 sequence directed the blow which com- 
 pletely destroyed all their ships. This 
 brave conduct procured him the command 
 of a ship ; and, after other eminent ser- 
 vices, especially in Bantry bay, he was 
 knighted by king William at Portsmouth, and 
 conveyed, in 1690, that king and his army 
 into Ireland. He was engaged as one of 
 the rear admirals at the battle of la Hogue, 
 and afterwards had an important command 
 before Vigo, and in the Mediterranean be- 
 fore Malaga. In 1705 he was again sent 
 against Spain, and after an unsuccessful 
 attack upon Toulon, he returned home. 
 His fleet, however, unfortunately was 
 wrecked on the Scilly islands, 22d Oct. 
 1705, and in his ship, the Association, pe- 
 rished with him his sons-in-law, and other 
 persons of distinction. His body was next 
 day cast on shore, and robbed of a ring by 
 some fishermen, who buried him in the 
 
 631 
 
SHL 
 
 sand. The ring discovered his quality, 
 the fishermen pointed out where they had 
 deposited the body, which was dug up and 
 brought to Portsmouth, and thence con- 
 veyed to London and buried in Westmin- 
 ster abbey, where a monument by the 
 queen's directions records his meritorious 
 services. He married his patron, sir John 
 Narborough's widow, by whom he left two 
 daughters. 
 
 Shower, John, a nonconformist divine, 
 educated by Doolittle, Islington, whom he 
 succeeded in his school. He was minister 
 of Jewin-street congregation, 1687, and 
 died at Hoxton, 171S, aged 58. He wrote 
 
 Sacramental Sermons Reflections on 
 
 Time and Eternity, works of great merit. 
 
 Shrewsbury, Elizabeth, countess of, 
 daughter of John Hardwich, Esq. of Der- 
 byshire, married, at the age of 14, Mr. 
 Barley, and after a widowhood of 12 years, 
 William Cavendish, of Chatsworth, the an- 
 cestor of the Devonshire family. She had 
 three sons, one of whom was earl of De- 
 vonshire, and the other father to the duke 
 of Newcastle, and three daughters, one of 
 whom was ancestor to the Pierrepoints, 
 dukes of Kingston, and another wife of 
 Charles, duke of Lenox, uncle to James L 
 Her third husband was sir William St. 
 Low, and her fourth, lord Shrewsbury. 
 She was for 17 years the keeper of Mary, 
 queen of Scots, and died 1607, aged 87, 
 and was buried in All-Hallows church, 
 
 Derby. 
 
 Shuckford, Samuel, rector of Shelton, 
 Norfolk, canon of Canterbury, and chap- 
 lain to the king, was author of a History 
 of the World, Sacred and Profane, Intro- 
 ductory to Prideaux's Connexions — and 
 the Creation and the Fall of Man, and died 
 1754. 
 
 Shute, Josias, archdeacon of Colches- 
 ter, rector of St. Mary Woolnolh, London, 
 was author of a folio volume of sermons on 
 the 16th chapter of Genesis. He was a 
 most eloquent preacher, and much admired, 
 but he was exposed to great persecution 
 during the civil wars for his attachment to 
 the king. He died 1643. 
 
 Shute, Samuel, governor of Massachu- 
 setts, was the son of a highly respectable 
 family of London, and served for some 
 time under the duke of Marlborough as a 
 lieutenant-colonel. He arrived at Boston 
 with his commission as governor, the 4th 
 of October, 1716. His administration was 
 agitated by a strong opposition, on account 
 of his endeavours to obtain a fixed salary. 
 Me embarked for England on the 1st of Ja- 
 nuary, 1723, and exhibited complaints 
 against the colony which drew on it the 
 censure of the king and council. He re- 
 mained in England, enjoying a pension 
 ^Vom government, till his death in 1742. 
 632 
 
 SIB 
 
 in his eighty-ninth year. He was charac- 
 terized by uprightness, generosity, and 
 love of liberty. fClP' L. 
 
 Shuter, Edward, a good actor, son of 
 a chairman. From a tapster in a public 
 house, and a marker at a billiard table, he 
 was engaged by Rich in some of the hum- 
 bler offices of the theatre of Covent-gar- 
 den, from which he rose by application to 
 consequence and the greatest popularity. 
 His abilities appeared in low comedy and 
 characteristic humour, and his Justice 
 Clack, and his Midas, were long and 
 deservedly popular characters. He died 
 1776. 
 
 SiBBALD, sir Robert, a physician, born 
 near Leslie, Fifeshire, 1643, and educated 
 at St. Andrews. He travelled into France, 
 and on his return to Scotland projected the 
 establishment of the college of physicians 
 at Edinburgh, and the plantation of the bo- 
 tanical gardens. In 1686 he embraced the 
 catholic religion, but afterwards read his 
 recantation in Liberton church, with great 
 contrition for his folly. He was the first 
 professor of medicine at Edinburgh, and 
 in consequence of his great reputation was 
 knighted by Charles IL He died 1720. 
 He was author of Scotia Illustrata, fol. — 
 Phalainologia Nova, 4to. — History of the 
 Sheriffdom of Fife and Kinross— Miscella- 
 nea Quaidam Eruditce Antiquitatis, 1710 
 — and contributions to the philosophical 
 transactions. 
 
 SiBRECHTS, John, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp. He lived for some time in Lon- 
 don, where his abilities were greatly pa- 
 tronised, and died 1703, aged 78. His 
 landscapes and cattle possessed peculiar 
 beauty. 
 
 SiBTHORPE, Robert, a native of Lincoln- 
 shire, educated at Oxford. He became 
 rector of Water Stratford, Buckingham- 
 shire, and vicar of Brackley, Northamp- 
 tonshire, and by his zeal in the cause of 
 Charles L and by the eloquence of his 
 preaching, he obtained a prebend in Peter- 
 borough cathedral, and Burton Latimer's 
 rectory, Northamptonshire. These prefer- 
 ments were taken from him after the de- 
 struction of royalty, and his discourses 
 were exposed to the severest censures of 
 the house of commons. He died 1662. 
 
 SiBTHORPE, John, a native of Lincoln- 
 shire, educated at Oxford, where he took 
 his medical degrees, and Avhere he succeed- 
 ed his father, Dr. Humphrey Sibthorpe, as 
 professor of botany. In his zeal in the 
 service of botany he travelled twice to 
 Greece, and made a valuable collection of 
 curious plants, which will appear before 
 the public in a splendid form under the title 
 of Flora Graeca. Dr. Sibthorpe published 
 Flora Oxoniensi?, and died 1796, leaving-, 
 
.SID 
 
 sin 
 
 a handsome bequest to the university fov 
 the encouragement of his favourite science. 
 
 SiciNius Dentatus, a warrior, -ur- 
 named from his valour the Roman Achilles. 
 He won 121 battles, and received 45 ho- 
 nourable wounds in the service of his 
 country. He was murdeied by App. Clau- 
 dius, B.C. 405. 
 
 SicioLANTE, Girolamo, a native of Ser- 
 moneta in Italy, distinguished as a land- 
 scape and historical painter. He died 1 550, 
 aged 46. 
 
 Sidney, Henry, an English statesman, 
 descended from a noble family in Surrey. 
 He was a student of New college, Oxford, 
 1513, and afterwards became the favourite 
 of Edward VI. who knighted and employed 
 him as ambassador to France. Under 
 Mary he was made collector of the reve- 
 nues in Ireland, and on Elizabeth's acces- 
 sion be became lord president of the 
 marches of Wales, and knight of the gar- 
 ter, a:nd in 1568 was sent to Ireland as lord 
 deputy to the queen. He was a man of 
 great integrity, and married Mary, eldest 
 daughter of John Dudley, duke of North- 
 umberland. He died 1586, and was bu- 
 ried at Penshurst, in Kent, a manor which 
 had been formerly granted to him by the 
 queen. He promoted the printing of the 
 Irish statutes, while in the government of 
 the country. Some of his letters to his son 
 have been pubHshed. 
 
 Sidney, sir Philip, son of the above, was 
 born at Penshurst, 1554, and named Philip 
 in honour of the king Of Spain, 4he husband 
 of queen Mary. He was educated at 
 Christ church, Oxford, and at the age of 
 17 he began his travels. At Paris he es- 
 caped the dreadful massacre of St. Bartho- 
 lomew by flying into the house of the Eng- 
 lish ambassador, and afterwards extended 
 his travels to Germany, and returned to 
 England after an absence of four years. 
 In 1576 he was sent by the queen to Ro- 
 dolph, emperor of Germany, and on his re- 
 turn visited Don John of Austria, and Wil- 
 liam, prince of Orange, by both of whom 
 he was received with great courtesy. In 
 1579 he ventured to oppose the queen's 
 marriage with the duke of Anjou, and soon 
 after, in consequence of a quarrel with 
 Vere, earl of Oxford, he absented himself 
 from the court, and in his retirement wrote 
 his famous romance, called Arcadia. He 
 was in 1582 knighted, and three years 
 after, while he meditated an expedition to 
 America, with Drake, he was sent by the 
 queen to take upon himself the government 
 of Flushing. The next year he surprised 
 Axil, and behaved with such prudence, mo- 
 deration, and wisdom, that he was pro- 
 posed as a fit candidate for the vacant 
 crown of Poland ; but Elizabeth opposed 
 it, observing, that England ought not to 
 lose the jewel of the times, This brave 
 
 Vol. II. 80 
 
 man received a mortal wound in the thij^U 
 at the battle of Zutpinn, 22d Sept. 15b<;, 
 and was carried to Arnheiin, where he ex- 
 pired the 16th Oct. following. As he lay, 
 bleeding on the (ield of battle, and was 
 going to taste a bottle of wine, which his 
 attendants had procured to refresh him, he 
 saw a wounded soldier carried by, and 
 casting a longing look on the liquor, upon 
 which he ordered it to be given to him, add- 
 ing, " poor fellow, thy necessity is greater 
 than mine !** His body was brought home, 
 and buried in great funeral pomp in St. 
 Paul's cathedral ; but though no monument 
 was placed over him, his memory was em- 
 balmed by an epitaph written in his honour 
 by king James, and by verses from the uni- 
 versities of Oxford and Cambridge. This 
 Marcellus of England was universally re- 
 spected as a statesman, soldier, and scho- 
 lar, and the panegyrics passed on him in 
 his time have been re-echoed by the suc- 
 ceeding ages. Besides his popular Arca- 
 dia, which passed through eight editions 
 before the end of 1633, he wrote an Apolo- 
 gy for Poetry, 4to.— sonnets — Ourania, a 
 poem — and other pieces. 
 
 Sidney, Algernon, an English gentle- 
 man, second son of Robert, earl of Lei- 
 cester, by Dorothy, daughter of the earl 
 of Northumberland, was born 1617. In 
 the civil war he espoused the party of the 
 parliament, and was colonel in the army, 
 and one of the king's judges, though he did 
 not sit on the tribunal. Like Brutus, 
 whom he made his model, he was the ar- 
 dent friend of a pure republic, and there- 
 fore retired in disgust on Cromwell's usur- 
 pation. He was, however, in 1659, em- 
 ployed as ambassador to Copenhagen, to 
 mediate a peace between the kings of Den- 
 mark and Sweden, but at the restoration he 
 refused to return, and continued abroad till 
 1677. He was then permitted to return, 
 and obtained the king's pardon, on condi- 
 tion of demeaning himself in a quiet and 
 obedient manner. He was in 1683 accu- 
 sed as being concerned in the Rye-house 
 plot, and was arraigned in November be- 
 fore judge Jeffreys, and found guilty. He 
 appealed to the king, and complained of the 
 partiality of the judge, who had tried him 
 with a packed up jury, but all was in vain, 
 and he was beheaded on Tower-hill, 7th 
 Dec. 1683. His attainder was reversed as 
 cruel and illegal in the first year of William 
 and Mary. This strong republican was, as 
 Burnet observes, a man of extraordinary 
 courage, steady even to obstinacy, sincere, 
 but of a temper that could not bear contra- 
 diction, a Christian in principle, but averse 
 to all public worship, and an enemy to 
 every thing that looked like monarchy. He 
 left behind him Discourses upon Govern- 
 ment, published 1698 and 1704, a work of 
 such merit, that some authors declare. 
 
 ;33 
 
$16 
 
 SIL 
 
 that the composition fully compensates for 
 the loss of Cicero's six books de Republicci. 
 SiDONius Apollinaris, a Roman, 
 born at Lyons, and after holding various 
 civil offices, raised to the see of Auvergne 
 against his will. He was a pious and 
 exemplary prelate, and died 1488, aged 
 nbout 58. He left epistles, poems, &.c. 
 edited 1652, 4to. 
 
 SiGEBERT, king of the East Angles, 
 mentioned with great praise byBede, on ac- 
 count of his learning and piety. He was a 
 a munificent prince, and founded several 
 churches, schools, and monasteries, and at 
 last abdicated the throne to live in a cell 
 at Burgh castle, Suffolk. He was assassi- 
 nated 642. 
 
 SiGEBERT, third son of Clotaire I. inhe- 
 rited the kingdom of Austrasia, and mar- 
 ried Brunehaut. He was a valiant prince, 
 and was successful against the Huns, who 
 invaded his kingdom, and against Chilperic, 
 king of Soissons, his brother-in-law. He 
 was assassinated 575, by the intrigues of 
 Fredegonde, the wife of Chilperic. 
 
 SrGEBERT the Younger, son and succes- 
 sor of Dagobert in the kingdom of Austra- 
 sia, died 650, aged 20. 
 
 SiGisMDNP, king of Burgundy, after his 
 father Gondebald, 516, abjured the Arian 
 principles of his father. He was engaged 
 in war with Clodomir, son of Clovis, who 
 took him, and threw him into a well, to 
 perish, with his wife and family, at Or- 
 leans, 523. 
 
 SiGiSMUND, son of Charles IV. was born 
 1368. He was made king of Hungary, 
 1386, and emperor of Germany, 1410. Af- 
 ter re-establishing, by wise regulations, the 
 peace of the empire, he prevailed upon 
 pope John XXIII. to tranquillize the 
 church by the calling of a council, which 
 was to sit at Constance. Sigismund visited 
 France and England to facilitate the peace- 
 ful measures which he proposed to esta- 
 blish, and %vas present at the deliberations 
 of the council, which assembled in 1414, 
 and consisted of 18,000 ecclesiastics, and 
 16,000 nobles. His conduct, however, was 
 treacherous in suffering John Huss and 
 Jerome of Prague, to be thrown into the 
 flames, after he had solemnly granted them 
 a safe passport ; and this violation of faith 
 armed against him the bravest of his sub- 
 jects. The Hussites, headed by the brave 
 Ziska, obtained a victory over the forces of 
 the emperor, 1419, and sixteen years elap- 
 sed in civil discord and bloodshed, before 
 peace could be restored in Germany. Si- 
 gismund died 8th Dec. 1437, aged 70. 
 
 Sigismund I. king of Poland, surnamed 
 the Great, son of Casimir IV. was elected 
 to the throne, 1507. After establishing 
 order in his dominions, and restoring Po- 
 land to its ancient glory, he defeated the 
 Mjiyrovites, and drove them from Lithua- 
 634 
 
 nia, and afterwards retook from the Teuto- 
 nic knights the cities of Poland which they 
 had seized, and in 1531 cut to pieces an 
 army of Wallachians that had invaded his 
 territories. This brave and wise prince 
 died 1548, universally respected, aged 82. 
 
 Sigismund II. son and successor of the 
 preceding, was surnamed Augustus, because 
 born in the month of August. He offended 
 his subjects by elevating to the throne Barba 
 Radzivil, his mistress, whom he had mar- 
 ried privately, and he reconciled the nobles 
 only by permitting them to send their sons 
 to be educated in the universities of Ger- 
 many, which, before his reign, was not per- 
 mitted. Heretical opinions were thus in- 
 troduced into the kingdom, which he was 
 not able to repress. He died 7th July, 
 1572, and as he had no issue, the race of 
 the Jagellons became extinct. He was suc- 
 ceeded by the duke of Anjou, afterivards 
 Henry III. of France. 
 
 Sigismund III. son of John III. king of 
 Sweden, ascended the Polish throne 1587, 
 to the exclusion of Maximilian of Austria, 
 who had been elected by some of the no- 
 bles. On his father's death, 1594, he went 
 to Sweden to possess himself of the crown; 
 but as he was a determined catholic, the 
 Swedes, who favoured the protestant prin- 
 ciples, placed, in 1604, his uncle Charles, 
 the duke of Sudermania, on the throne. 
 These civil dissensions long distracted the 
 kingdom, and by the valour of Gustavus 
 Adolphus, Sigismund was defeated ; though 
 in Poland be obtained some advantages 
 over the Muscovites and the Tartars, %vho 
 had made war against him. He died 1632, 
 aged 66. 
 
 SiGNORELLi, Luca, a painter, bom at 
 Cortona, 1439. His pictures of naked bo- 
 dies were so correct and beautiful, that 
 Michael Angelo has copied many of his 
 figures in his Last Judgment. He died 
 very rich, 1521. 
 
 SiGONius, Carolus, a learned Italian, 
 born at Modena, 1525. His father intend- 
 ed him for a physician, but he preferred li- 
 terature, to which he assiduously devoted 
 himself. He was professor of Greek at 
 Venice, Padua, and Bologna. He died 
 1584, aged 60. He wrote several books, 
 the best known of which are, his excellent 
 treatise deRepublicaHebraeorum; deRepub- 
 licu Atheniensium ; Historia de Occidentis 
 Imperio— de Regno Italiae ; an Ecclesias- 
 tical History, Milan, 2 vols. 4to. 1734, &c. 
 
 Silhouette, Stephen de, a native of 
 Limoges, who, by his abilities, became mas- 
 ter of requests to the duke of Orleans, and 
 afterwards, by the influence of his patron, 
 comptroller-general and prime minister, 
 1759. His wise attempts, however, to in- 
 troduce order and economy in the govern- 
 ment were ridiculed by the fickle nation, 
 and he retired nine months after from the 
 
blL 
 
 blM 
 
 helm ol" the state to private life. He died 
 at his seat of Bry-sur-Manie, 20th Jan. 
 1767, aged 58. He is author of (General 
 Ideas on the Chinese (iovernment, 4to. — 
 Political Rellections on Great Princes, from 
 the Spanish of Gracian, 4to.— a translation 
 of Pope's Essay on Man, l2mo. — Miscella- 
 nies, &c. from Pope— treatise on Happi- 
 ness — Union of Religion and Politics, from 
 Warburton, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 
 SiLius Italicds, Caius, a Roman poet, 
 made consul by Domitian. He wrote an 
 indifl'erent poem on the second Punic war, 
 and died A. D. 74, aged 75. He paid par- 
 ticular attention to Virgil's tomb, which was 
 on his estate. 
 
 SiLVA, John Baptist, a native of Bour- 
 deaux, of Jewish origin. He abandoned 
 the religion of his parents, and studied me- 
 dicine at Montpellier and Paris, and ac- 
 quired such celebrity, that the empress of 
 Russia made him liberal offers to settle in 
 ber dominions, which he declined. He 
 died at Paris, l8th Aug. 1744, aged 61. 
 He was author of a treatise on the Use of 
 Bleeding, &,c. 2 vols. 12mo. — Dissertations 
 and Consultations of Chirac and Silva, 3 
 vols. l2mo. Memoirs of his Life were 
 published by Bruhier. 
 
 Silvester I. made pope 314, opposed 
 the Donatists at the councils of Aries and 
 Nice, and laboured earnestly to establish 
 order and tranquillity in the church. Un- 
 der him the Arian schism began first to 
 arise. He died 335. 
 
 Silvester II. Gerbert, was born of ob- 
 scure parents at Auvergne. He was edu- 
 cated at the monastery of Aurillac : but the 
 ignorance and the consequent jealousy of 
 his ecclesiastical brothers, drove him to 
 Spain, where his abilities were noticed by 
 the duke of Barcelona, who took him into 
 Italy. Here he was recommended to the 
 emperor Otho, who appointed him abbot of 
 Bobio ; but this office he soon quitted and 
 became preceptor to Otho III. He was 
 afterwards in the service of the archbishop 
 of Rheims, and then selected by Hugh Ca- 
 pet to preside over the education of his son 
 Robert, and in reward for his attention, he 
 was, in 992, raised to the see of Rheims. 
 He afterwards became archbishop of Ra- 
 venna, and on the death of Gregory V he 
 was, by the interest of Otho, placed in the 
 papal chair, 999. He died 1003. He was 
 a very learned man, and chiefly skilled in 
 mathematics. 
 
 Silvester, Israel, an engraver, born at 
 Nancy. His pieces, especially landscapes, 
 were much admired, and he was employed 
 by Lewis XIV. to embellish his palaces with 
 the representation of his conquests. He 
 also taught drawing to the dauphin, and 
 died at Paris, 1091, aged 70. 
 
 Silvester, Louis, a painter, born at 
 Paris. He was the pupil of Le Brun, and 
 
 of Boulloiigne,and evinced superior powers 
 in his profession. After distinguishing 
 himself at home, he was invited by the 
 king of Poland to Dresden, and was ho- 
 noured with tbe rank of nobility, and the 
 office of director of the royal academy of 
 painting. After residing 24 years in Sax- 
 ony, and adorning the palaces of his patron 
 with the noblest works of his pencil, he re- 
 turned to Paris, and was received with 
 great respect by the king. He died 14th 
 April, 1760, aged 85. 
 
 Simeon Stylites, a native of Cilicia, 
 who, in his 13th year, left the employment 
 of shepherd to enter a monastery. With 
 the most romantic zeal of religious frenzy, 
 he became the founder of a new sect of de- 
 votees, and exhibited himself to his asto- 
 nished followers on the top of a column 60 
 feet high, on the mountains of Syria. He 
 died 461, aged 69, of which he had passed 
 47 on the top of a column exposed to the in- 
 clemencies of the air,and of the seasons, and 
 often supporting himself for hours and for 
 days on one foot in his elevated situation. 
 This new mode of mortification had several 
 followers, who were called from the co- 
 lumns, Stylites, and who, like their found- 
 er, were said to have frequent visions and 
 communications with heaven. 
 
 Simeon Metaphrastes, a native of 
 Constantinople, secretary of state to Leo 
 and to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, and 
 author of the Lives of Saints, which he com- 
 posed at the request of his imperial patron 
 in the tenth century. His work has been 
 translated into French and Latin. He wrote 
 also some verses preserved in the Corpus 
 Poetarum Gra;c. 
 
 SiMiANE, Charles John Baptist de, mar- 
 quis of Pianeze, after serving in the armies 
 of the duke of Savoy retired to Turin, where 
 he died 1677. He is author of a treatise 
 on the Truth of the Christian Religion, in 
 Italian, translated into French by Bouhours 
 — Piissimi in Deum Affijctus, &c. 
 
 SiMLER, Josias, a native of Zurich in 
 Switzerland, author of an Abridgment of 
 Gesner's B-ibliotheca, folio — of a treatise de 
 Helvetiorum Republica, l2mo. — Vallesiae 
 Descriptio, and other works. He was an 
 able protestant divine, and died at Zurich, 
 1576, aged 45. — There was an eminent por- 
 trait painter of the same family, called John, 
 who was also born at Zurich, and died at 
 Stein on the Rhine, 1748, aged 55. 
 
 Simmons, Samuel Foart, a physician, 
 was born at Sandwich, in Kent, in 1750. 
 He was educated in France, and afterward 
 went to Edinburgh, from whence he re- 
 moved to Leyden, where he took his doc- 
 tor's degree. He settled in London in 1778, 
 and the next year became a fellow of the 
 Royal Society. In 1780 he was elected 
 physician to the Westminster Dispensary, 
 which situation he resisnedj on his appoint- 
 
 635 
 
^m 
 
 tilM 
 
 liieiu to bt: Luke's Hospital. In 1803 be 
 ivas called to attend his late majesty, who, 
 on his recovery appointed him one of his 
 physicians extraordinary. In 1811 he re- 
 tired from St. Luke's, and, for his services, 
 was elected a governor of that institution. 
 He died in 1813. Besides papers in the 
 riiilosophical Transactions, and the London 
 Medical Journal, of which he was editor, 
 he wrote "An Elementary Work on Ana- 
 tomy ;" a " Treatise on Consumptions ;" 
 and the " Life of Dr. William Hunter."— 
 W.B. 
 
 Simon Maccab^eus, high priest and ruler 
 of the Jews, 143 B. C. signalized his valour 
 under his brothers Judas and Jonathan, and 
 bravely supported his countrymen against 
 the invasions of the Tyrians and Sidonians. 
 He was unanimously elected chief of his 
 nation at Jerusalem, and immediately em- 
 ployed himself in repairing the fortifications 
 of the cities of Judea, and in obtaining 
 from Demetrius, king of Syria, the confir- 
 mation of the privileges and independence 
 of his nation. After defeating the troops 
 of Antiochus Soter, he was basely murder- 
 ed with his two sons by Ptolemy, his son- 
 in-law, who had invited him to a feast, 
 B. C. 135. 
 
 Simon, surnamed Zelotes, an apostle of 
 our Saviour, who, according to some, 
 preached the gospel in Egypt, Lybia, and 
 Mauritania, and at last suflfered martyrdom 
 in Persia. 
 
 Simon, called the brother of Christ, was 
 son of Cleophas, and made bishop of Jeru- 
 salem after James, A.D. 62. He was cru- 
 cified under Trajan, A. D. 10 7 
 
 Simon Magus, a native of Samaria, who 
 was baptized by Philip. Seeing the miracles 
 wrought by the apostles, he wished to obtain 
 the same power, and offered them money, 
 but Peter rejected his bribes, and passed a 
 curse upon him. From this circumstance, 
 the appellation of Simoniac is applied to 
 those who sell or purchase spiritual things. 
 Afterwards Simon became head of a sect, 
 and maintained that the divinity had aban- 
 doned the government of the world to a cer- 
 tain number of supernatural beings, whom 
 he called ^^ons. He next went to Rome, 
 where he acquired great celebrity, and, as 
 some of the ecclesiastical writers assert, he 
 raised, himself, by his magical powers, into 
 the air, when by the prayer of St. Peter, he 
 was precipitated to the ground, and broke 
 liis legs. 
 
 Simon, Claude Francis, a printer of Pa- 
 ris, who died there 1767, aged 55. He was 
 author of the Knowledge of Mythology, a 
 work, in the first edition, very offensive and 
 licentious, and he wrote besides Minos — 
 and Reciprocal Confidence, two comedies — 
 Memoirs of countess Horneville, a romance, 
 - vols.l2mo. — Memoirs of Du2:uav Trouin, 
 (r?6 
 
 4to. He also edited Virgil, Terence, and 
 other classics. 
 
 Simon, Thomas, an English engraver in 
 the age of Charles I. He was brought up 
 under Briort, the French artist, and excel- 
 led in his profession. The great seal of 
 Cromwell, and the arms of the Common- 
 wealth, were cut by him in a very delicate 
 manner. His brother Abraham, was for 
 some time in the service of Christina, queen 
 of Sweden, and afterwards of Charles II- 
 and died soon after the revolution. He 
 was intended for the church, but he prefer- 
 red the bent of his genius, and he acquired 
 both opulence and celebrity as a modeller 
 in wax. 
 
 Simon, Richard, a French critic, born at 
 Dieppe, 1638. He became priest of the 
 oratory, which he quitted to study at Paris, 
 but to which he returned about 1660. He 
 again left that society in 1678, and died at 
 Dieppe, April, 1712. He was a man of 
 great critical powers, of extensive learning, 
 and strong judgment. His works are criti- 
 cal History of the Old Testament, 1678, 
 suppressed by the intrigues of the Port Roy- 
 al — History of the Rise and Progress of 
 Ecclesiastical Revenues, 1684, edited again 
 1709, 2 vols.l2mo. — Disquisitiones Criticae 
 de Variis per Diversa Loca et Tempora 
 Bibliorum Editionibus — Answers to Le 
 Clerc, &c. — Critical Dissertation on Du- 
 pin's Nouvelle Bibliotheque des Auteurs 
 Ecclesiastiques, &c. — Critical History of 
 the New Testament, 4to. — a New Select 
 Library, pointing outgood books in various 
 kinds of literature, &c. — Critical History 
 of the Versions of the New Testament — 
 the New Testament translated into French 
 with Critical Notes, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Simon of Durham, a monk of Whitby 
 convent, and afterwards of Durham, in the 
 reign of Edward III. He wrote a Chroni- 
 cle, which was published at Oxford by 
 Hearne. He died about 1356. 
 
 SiMONET,Edmund, a Jesuit, born at Lan- 
 gres 1662. He was professor of philosophy 
 and theology at Rheims, and at Pont-a- 
 Mousson, where he died 1733. He wrote 
 Institutiones Theologicae ad Usum Semi- 
 nariorum, 3 vols, folio, Venice 1731. 
 
 SiMONiDEs, a poet and philosopher of 
 Cos. His poetry,which was chiefly elegiac, 
 was much admired. He flourished about 
 480 B. C. Only fragments of his works 
 remain. 
 
 SiMONNEAU, Charles, a native of Orleans, 
 who studied the art of designing under Coy- 
 pel. He acquired some celebrity as an en- 
 graver, and died at Paris, 1728, aged 89. 
 His medals, which were engraved for the 
 medallic history of Lewis XIV. were much 
 admired. 
 
 SiMONNEAU, Lewis, an engraver of emi- 
 nence, who published the History of Print- 
 ing and Engraving, 1694— and the History 
 
SIM 
 
 MU 
 
 of other arts, &c. from 1694 to 1710, 2 
 vols, folio, with 1G8 plates, works of merit. 
 
 SiMPLicius, a native of Phrygia, known 
 as a peripatetic philosopher in the fifth cen- 
 tury, and for his commentaries on Aristotle 
 and Epictetus. 
 
 Simpson, Edward, a native of Tottenham, 
 Middlesex, educated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degree of 
 D.D. He died 1652, at his rectory of East- 
 ling, Kent. He was author of Universal 
 Chronology, in Latin, 1652, reprinted at 
 Leyden, 1739, and Amsterdam, 1752. 
 
 Simpson, Christopher, author of a Com- 
 pendium of Practical Music, 8vo. a work of 
 merit, died at the house of his friend and 
 patron, sir Robert Bolles, 1662. 
 
 Simpson, Thomas, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, born at Market-Bosworth, Lei- 
 cestershire, 20th Aug. 1710. As he was in- 
 tended for the profession of his father, who 
 was a stuff-weaver, he was taught only to 
 read ; but the loom was too humble an oc- 
 cupation for him, and the solar eclipse of 
 1724 roused all his attention to know and 
 to understand how these extraordinary 
 phaenomena could be predicted. An acci- 
 dental acquaintance with an itinerant ped- 
 lar who pretended to tell fortunes and cast 
 nativities, gave him opportunities of im- 
 proving himself, and from the books which 
 the modern sage lent him, from Cocker's 
 Arithmetic, a book of Partridge's, &c. he 
 derived much information, and began him- 
 self to be the oracle of Bosworth, and its 
 environs. Leaving Leicestershire, he came 
 to London, and worked for some time in 
 Spitalfields, and by his industry was enabled 
 not only to maintain his wife and children, 
 but to purchase books, and to advance his 
 knowledge of mathematics. He next en- 
 gaged in teaching mathematics, and soon 
 after published Proposals for a new treatise 
 of Fluxions, &c. which at last appeared in 
 1737. He continued to write on mathe- 
 matical subjects, and became so well knov/n, 
 that in 1743 he was appointed professor of 
 mathematics at Woolwich academy, and 
 some time after elected member of the Roy- 
 al Society. In his new appointment he de- 
 voted himself with such ardour to the im- 
 provement of his pupils, that he gained ge- 
 neral esteem by his mildness and the clear 
 and distinct manner of his instruction. His 
 health, however, was weak, and the in- 
 tenseness of his application still enfeebled 
 it more, so that he sunk into such lowness 
 of spirits that the dropping of a tea-cup ter- 
 rified him as much as if the house had tum- 
 bled down upon him. In this delicate state 
 he was recommended to try the air of his 
 native town; but on his arrival at Bosworth, 
 he gradually grew worse, and died 14th 
 May, 1761. His widow honourably re- 
 ceived a pension from government, and 
 handsome apartments near the academv of 
 
 Woolwich. His other works are a treatiiK; 
 on the Nature and Laws of Chance, 4to. — 
 Essays on Curious Subjects in Mathema- 
 tics, 4to. 1740— the iJoctrine of Annuities 
 and Reversions, &,c, with useful tables, 1742, 
 with an Appendix the next year, in answer 
 to de Moivre's objections — Mathematical 
 Dissertations, kc. — a treatise of Algebra — 
 Elements of Geometry — Trigonometry, 
 Plain and Spherical — the Doctrine and Ap- 
 plication of Fluxions— Miscellaneous tracts, 
 &c. — papers in the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions, &.C. 
 
 Simpson, .John, a Scotch divine, born near 
 Dumfries, and educated at Glasgow, where 
 he took his degrees in arts. In 1716 he 
 became professor of divinity ; but in his 
 lectures he denied the doctrine of the Trini- 
 ty in Unity, which excited great persecution 
 against him for 10 years, and at last pro- 
 cured his deposition and excommunication 
 from the Scotch church. Queen Caroline 
 had some concern for his sufferings, and 
 procured for him a pension equal to his 
 salary. He died at Edinburgh, 1744, aged 
 65. 
 
 Simpson, Robert, an able mathematician, 
 born at Hamilton, 1695, and educated at 
 Glasgow university where he took his de- 
 grees in medicine. As he did not succeed 
 in his profession, he applied himself to ma- 
 thematics, for which he had strong natural 
 abilities, and was appointed mathematical 
 professor at Glasgow, where he died 1765. 
 He published a treatise on Conic Sections 
 — a valuable edition of Euclid, &c. His 
 posthumous works appeared at Glasgow, 
 1776, in 4to. 
 
 SiNGLiN, Anthony, a French ecclesiastic, 
 born at Paris. He was at the head of the 
 abbey of Port Royal, and was distinguished 
 for his learning and piety. He died 1664. 
 He wrote Christian Instructions on the 
 Mysteries of Religion, &c. 5 vols. 8vo. a 
 work of merit — Letters, &c. 
 
 SiRANi, John Andrew, a painter of Bo- 
 logna. He was one of the most illustrious 
 of Guido's pupils. His last supper was 
 much admii-ed. He died 1670, aged 60. 
 His daughter Elizabeth excelled as an his- 
 torical painter. She died 1664. 
 
 SiRi, Vittorio, an Italian, who settled at 
 Paris, where he became historiographer to 
 the king, and abbot of Vallemagne. He 
 published Mercurj', an historical journal, 
 from 1635 to 1649, 15 vols. He wrote also 
 Memoire Recondite, 3 vols. 4to. &c. and 
 died at Paris, 1685, aged 77. 
 
 SiRiEs, Violante Beatrice, a native of 
 Florence, who studied painting under John 
 Fratellini, and acquired celebrity and opu- 
 lence by her portraits, especially those of 
 the grand duke and of the imperial fa- 
 mily at Florence. She died about 1760, 
 aged 50. 
 
 Strlet, Flaviu?, a celebrated engraver 
 
 637 
 
SIX 
 
 on precious stones, who died at Rome, 
 1737. He also painted, but his perform- 
 ances as an engraver are particularly ad- 
 mired, especially his representation of the 
 famous groupe of Laocoon, on an ame- 
 thyst. 
 
 SiRMOND, James, an eminent French 
 Jesuit, born at Riom, 1559. He was sent 
 by the Jesuits of his college at Billom, to 
 Paris, where he taught Greek and Latin, 
 and acquired so perfect a knowledge of 
 these languages, that his style for elegance 
 and animation has been universally admi- 
 red. In 1590, he removed to Rome by 
 order of the general of hi^ society, Aqua- 
 viva, and undertook the office of his se- 
 cretary, in which he was laboriously em- 
 ployed for sixteen years. During his 
 residence at Rome, he became the friend 
 and the counsellor of all the men of 
 learning, and assiduously applied himself 
 to the study of antiquities, and to the ex- 
 amination of MSS. In 1606, he returned 
 to Paris, but Urban VIII. sensible of his 
 merit, sent for him to return to Rome, 
 which Lewis XIII. would not permit. In 
 1637, he was made confessor to the king of 
 France, after whose death, in 1643, he 
 again returned with pleasure to the tran- 
 quillity of an humble life. In 1645, he was 
 at Rome at the appointment of a general of 
 his order, and on his return to France, in 
 consequence of extraordinary exertions to 
 support his opinions in the Jesuits' college,he 
 heated himself too much, which brought on 
 a jaundice,and an improper secretion of bile, 
 of which he soon after died, Oct. 7th, 1651, 
 aged 62. He wrote various pieces on theo- 
 logical subjects, and edited the works of 
 Marcellinus, Theodoret, and Hincmar, the 
 councils of France, &c. amounting to 15 
 vols, folio. He also assisted Baronius in 
 the composition of his Annals. His cha- 
 racter, as drawn by Dupin, is that of an 
 amiable and virtuous man, not more distin- 
 guished by extensive erudition than by the 
 most benevolent and mild qualities of the 
 heart. His nephew John was historiogra- 
 pher of France, and member of the acade- 
 my, and died 1649. He wrote Latin poems 
 — the Life of cardinal d'Amboise, 8vo. &c. 
 
 SiTGREAVES, Johu, an officer in the 
 American revolutionary war, was elected 
 in 1784 one of the delegates of North Ca- 
 rolina to congress. In 1790 he was ap- 
 pointed attorney of Ihe United States for 
 North Carolina, and in November follow- 
 ing, succeeded Mr. Stokes as judge of the 
 district court for that state. He died at 
 Halifax, March, ISOI. |CJ=' L. 
 
 SixTUS I. pope after Alexander I. 119, 
 died at the end of the year 127. 
 
 SixTUS II. an Athenian, pope after Ste- 
 phen, 267. He suffered martyrdom in the 
 persecution under Valerian. 
 
 SixTUS III. pope after Celestinus I. 432, 
 638 
 
 engaged in effecting a reconciliation among- 
 the divided churches of the East, and died 
 about 440. 
 
 SixTUs IV. Francis Albecola, son of at 
 fisherman of Celles, in the state of Genoa, 
 entered into the order of the Cordeliers, 
 and after being professor of divinity at Pa- 
 dua, and in other Italian universities, he 
 was made provincial of his society. He 
 was raised to the rank of cardinal by Paul 
 II. after whose death he succeeded to the 
 popedom, 1471. He attempted to make a 
 crusade against the infidels, but without 
 success. In 1476, he granted, by a bull, 
 immunities to those who celebrated the 
 feast of the immaculate conception of the 
 V^irgin. He was author of some theologi- 
 cal tracts, and a liberal patron of the learn- 
 ed, but so easy of access, that he granted 
 often favours to the unworthy, and was 
 imprudently lavish in his kindnesses to 
 his nephews. He died 13th Aug. 1482, 
 aged 71. 
 
 SixTUS V. Felix Peretti, pope, was son 
 of a gardener, and was born Dec. 1521, 
 in the march of Ancona. For some time 
 he kept the sheep and the swine of a neigh- 
 bouring farmer, and he was at last drawn 
 from his obscurity by a cordelier who had 
 lost his way, and who, pleased with the 
 shrewdness of his remarks, took him with 
 him, and placed him in a mean office in 
 the school of his order. His improvement 
 was here rapid, and he soon embraced the 
 order, became a priest, a doctor, and pro- 
 fessor of theology at Sienna, where he 
 took the name of Montalto. Distinguish- 
 ed as a preacher at Rome, Genoa, and 
 other places, he was sent as commissary 
 general to Bologna, and as inquisitor to 
 Venice j but in this last city he behaved 
 with such severity that he was obliged to 
 fly from the public odium. He afterwards 
 went to Spain with Buoncompagno, and 
 was raised to the rank of cardinal by Pius 
 V. On the death of Gregory XIII. the suc- 
 cessor of Pius, the opinions of the conclave 
 were divided, and as father Felix was re- 
 garded as a man of weak constitution, and 
 delicate habits, he was selected by the op- 
 posite factions as a proper person, fit for a 
 few months to settle the dispute of the 
 rival parties. No sooner was the tiara on 
 his head than to the astonishment of all, 
 his weaknesses, hitherto feigned, disap- 
 peared ; he threw aside the stick on which 
 he leaned, and lifting himself up, he began 
 to sing with the loudest voice, a Te Deum, 
 and displayed in his conduct such activity, 
 that the people could with difficulty believe 
 him to be the same weak, helpless, and lan- 
 guid Montalto. His first care was to de- 
 stroy the public robbers which infested the 
 ecclesiastical stalee, and every where jus- 
 tice was administered with impartiality and 
 with celeritv. Atixious not onlv to embel- 
 
SKE 
 
 :SL0 
 
 lisli Home, but to immortalize his memory, 
 he caused an obelisk to be erected wLicb 
 Caligula had brought from Spain to Rome, 
 and after the labour of four months, this 
 stupendous column, above 100 feet high, 
 was raised at the entrance of the church of 
 St. Peter, and consecrated to the holy 
 cross. He fixed, by a bull, the number of 
 cardinals to 70, and introduced various 
 salutary regulations m the government of 
 the church. He laboured much to improve 
 the collection of the Vatican library ; but 
 his popularity was lost in the protection 
 which he wished to afford to Clement, the 
 vile assassin of Henry III. of France. He 
 died 27th Aug. 1590, aged 69, universally 
 detested for his pride and severity ; and it 
 is said that his death was hastened by poi- 
 son. He promoted a new version of the 
 Bible, which appeared in three parts, and 
 one vol. fol. 1590. 
 
 SixTUS, a cordelier of Sienna. He was 
 an able divine, and a great favourite with 
 Pius V. He died at Genoa, 1569, aged 49. 
 He wrote some theological works. 
 
 Skelton, John, an English poet, born 
 in Cumberland, and educated at Oxford, 
 where, in 1489, he was invested with the 
 laurel, a sort of poetical degree, occasion- 
 ally conferred on the favourite of the muses. 
 He took orders, and became rector of Diss, 
 in Norfolk ; but was suspended by his dio- 
 cesan, for writing loose and satirical poems. 
 His attacks were directed not only against 
 obscure individuals, but against Wolsey, 
 from whose resentment he fled to the sanc- 
 tuary of Westminster, and the protection 
 of abbot Islip. He died 21st June, 1529, 
 and was buried in St. Margaret's church, 
 Westminster. He is called by some, but 
 on doubtful authority, preceptor, and poet 
 laureat to Henry V'lII. His poems consist 
 of satires, sonnets, &c. and also an attack 
 on Lilly the grammarian, which was retort- 
 ed in similar language. His genius, ac- 
 cording to Warton, was suited to the 
 low burlesque, and his poetry abounds not 
 only with obscurity, but with coarse scur- 
 rility, and oft'ensive obscenity. 
 
 Skelton, Philip, an able divine, born 
 near Lisburn, in Ireland, 1707. After an 
 education at Trinity college, Dublin, where 
 he took his master's degree, he became cu- 
 rate of Monaghan, and in 1750, obtained 
 the living of Peltigo, in Donegal. In this 
 place his conduct was not only exemplary, 
 but humane in the extreme, so that in a time 
 of scarcity, the charitable pastor even sold 
 his library to supply his indigent parishion- 
 ers with bread. So much merit did not 
 pass unrewarded ; the bishop of Clogher, 
 in 1759, presented him to the living of De- 
 ocnish, in Fermanagh, and in 1766, to that 
 of Fintona, in Tyrone, where his pulpit elo- 
 quence was so powerful, that he is said to 
 have gained over to the church, the dissent- 
 
 ers of his district. This xvorthy and pious 
 divine died in Dublin, 17S7. He published 
 three volumes of sermouH, which for lan- 
 guage, argumentation, and^palhoH, possess 
 superior merit. — Deism Revealed, 2 vols, 
 8vo. an excellent performance— besidci; 
 tracts and fugitive pieces, all of which have 
 been collected in 7 vols. 8vo. An account 
 of his Life has been published by Burdy. 
 
 Skinner, Stephen, an English antiquary, 
 born at London, 1662, and educated at 
 Christ church, Oxford, which he left with- 
 out a degree, in consequence of the civil 
 wars. He studied in various universities 
 of Europe, and travelled over Italy, France, 
 Germany, &c. and after taking a doctor's 
 degree in medicine at Heidelberg, he re- 
 turned to England, and was incorporated 
 to the same academical honours at Oxford, 
 1654. He settled at Lincoln, where he 
 practised with great success, and died of a 
 malignant fever, 1667. He was well skill- 
 ed in oriental literature, and was, as Wood 
 says, a walking library. He wrote, Prole- 
 gomena Etymologica — Etymologicon Lin- 
 gua Anglicanae — Etymologicon Botanicum 
 — Etymologicon Onomaticon, &c. 
 
 Sleidan, John, a German historian, 
 born at Sleiden, on the confines of Juliers, 
 1506. He studied at home, and afterwards 
 at Paris and Orleans, and in 1535, was re- 
 commended by his friend and school-fellow 
 Sturmius, to cardinal du Bellay, who set- 
 tled a pension on him, and treated him with 
 great attention. He was afterwards enga- 
 ged in negotiations in France and England, 
 and assisted at the council of Trent. He 
 died at • trasburg, where he had settled, and 
 it is said, of a broken heart, in consequence 
 of the loss of his wife, 1556. He was an 
 able and learned writer, and strongly at- 
 tached to the doctrines of Luther. The 
 best known of his compositions are, " De 
 Statu Religionis et Reipublicae Coramenta- 
 rii, Carolo Quinto Caesare," in 25 books, 
 1555, a well- written book, translated into 
 various languages— De Quatuor Summis 
 Imperils Libri tres, a useful work, from 
 which Voltaire drew much information — 
 Froissart's, and Ph. de Comines's histories 
 translated into Latin. 
 
 Slingeland, John Peter Van, a Dutch 
 artist, born at Leyden, 1640. He was the 
 pupil of Gerard Duow, whom he success- 
 fully imitated. He worked slowly, and was 
 engaged three years in a family picture. 
 He died 1691. 
 
 Sloane, Sir Hans, a celebrated physi- 
 cian and natuialist, born at Killilcagh, in 
 the north of Ireland, 1660. From his in- 
 fancy he had a strong propensity for natu- 
 ral history, and to improve himself he came 
 to London, where, in the acquaintance of 
 Ray, and of Boyle, and in the attendance 
 of public lectures on anatomy, botany, and 
 chymistry, he enlarged his faculties, and 
 
 63P 
 
SAV 
 
 ^iiMA 
 
 laid the foundation of future eminence. 
 After four years' residence in London he 
 ■went to Paris, to attend the hospitals, and 
 the lectures of Tournefort and du Verney, 
 and then extended his inquiries to the 
 south of France, where the acquaintance 
 of Chirac and of Magnol enabled him to 
 collect curious plants, and other natural 
 productions. In 1684 he returned to Eng- 
 land, and soon after was particularly no- 
 ticed by Sydenham, who not only took him 
 into his house, but recommended him to 
 practice. He was about this time elected 
 into the Royal Society, and the college of 
 physicians, and soon after he accompanied, 
 as physician, the duke of Albemarle, who 
 went out as governor of Jamaica. Though 
 only 15 months in the Island, he made such 
 a large collection of plants, not less than 
 800, as astonished his friend Ray. On 
 his return he was made physician to 
 Christ's hospital, and in 1693, chosen se- 
 cretary to the Royal Society, whose trans- 
 actions he superintended and enriched by 
 some original communications. His repu- 
 . tation was now so great as a diligent and 
 judicious collector of natural curiosities, 
 that at the accession of George I. he was 
 created a baronet, and made member of 
 the Paris Royal academy, president of the 
 college of physicians, and successor to the 
 immortal Newton, as president of the 
 Royal Society. At the age of 80, this ve- 
 nerable character retired from public life to 
 Chelsea, but still accessible to the poor, and 
 still respectfully visited by the learned and 
 the great. He died after a short illness of 
 three days, 11th Jan. 1752, in his 91st 
 year. The first volume of his history of 
 Jamaica appeared 1707, and the second not 
 till 1725. Sir Hans was an active patron 
 of all the benevolent institutions of the 
 metropolis, and he warmly promoted the 
 establishment of a dispensary for the poor. 
 He left several charitable legacies, and his 
 cabinet of curiosities was bequeathed to 
 the public for 20,000/. not half its origi- 
 nal cost, and now adorns the British Mu- 
 seum. 
 
 Slodtz, Rene Michael, an eminent 
 sculptor, born at Paris. He studied sculp- 
 ture under his father, who was a native of 
 Antwerp, and at the age of 21 he went to 
 Rome, to perfect himself On his return to 
 Paris he became member of the French 
 academy, and sculptor to the king, and de- 
 clined the honourable invitations offered 
 to him by the king of Prussia. He died at 
 Paris, 12th Oct. 1764, aged 59. The most 
 admired of his works are, St. Bruno refu- 
 sing the Mitre at Rome — the Tomb of 
 Marquis Capponi — Heads of Calchas and 
 Iphigenia — the Tomb of Cardinal D'Au- 
 vergne — and that of Languet, the minister 
 of St. Sulpicius. 
 
 Sloughter, Henry, governor of New- 
 640 
 
 York, was appointed in 1690, and assumed 
 the administration in March, 1691. He 
 died July 23d, 1691, and was succeeded by 
 Ingoldsby. tC3^ L. 
 
 Sluts, James Vander, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Leyden, 1660, and bred up in the 
 Orphans' hospital. He studied under Slin- 
 geland, and excelled in representing con- 
 versations, parties, &c. His colouring is 
 better than his design. He died 1736. 
 
 Smalbroke, Richard, fellow of Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, was raised, in 1723, to 
 the see of St. David's, and in 1730, transla- 
 ted to Lichfield and Coventry. He wrote 
 a Vindication of our Saviour's Miracles, 
 against Woolston, 8vo. a performance of 
 great merit, and died 1749. 
 
 Smalcius, Valentine, a famous Socinian, 
 born in Thuringia. He was author of a 
 treatise, in which he denied the divinity of 
 Christ, a work which claimed much of the 
 public attention, and which was ably re- 
 futed by Cloppenburch, and others. He 
 died at Cracow, 14th Dec. 1622. 
 
 Smalley, John, D.D. a congregational 
 minister of Berlin, Connecticut, was born 
 in Lebanon, in that state, June 4th, 1734, 
 and was graduated at Yale college in 1756. 
 He studied theology with Dr. Bellamy, and 
 was ordained pastor of the second society 
 in Berlin, April 19, 1758 ; where he conti- 
 nued to labour, with distinguished fidelity, 
 reputation, and success, for nearly sixty 
 years. He was one of the most eminent of 
 the great divines of New-England. He 
 possessed great energy and penetration of 
 mind, and soundness of judgment ; thought 
 and wrote with a logical accuracy and per- 
 spicuity that are seldom surpassed, and 
 contributed much by his numerous and po- 
 pular publications, to the progress of theo- 
 logical knowledge. He gave to the world 
 his celebrated Sermons on Natural and 
 Moral Inability, in 1760. They were soon 
 after republished in England, and were, 
 also, it is believed, translated and published 
 in German. His other works are, two 
 Discourses on Universal Salvation — a Con- 
 cio ad Clerum — an Election Sermon, and 
 Sermons, in 2 vols. 8vo. His death took 
 place June 1st, 1820, in his 86th year. 
 
 Smallwood, William, governor of Ma- 
 ryland; was appointed a brigadier general 
 in 1776, and commanded a brigade of Ma- 
 ryland troops on Long Island, and at the 
 battle near Camden. When the Ameri- 
 cans wei-e defeated on Long Island in Au- 
 gust, 1776, no portion of the army suffered 
 more severely than that commanded by 
 him. Two hundred and fifty-nine men, 
 many of whom were of the first families in 
 the country, were lost on that occasion. 
 He also commanded the Maryland troops 
 in the battle of Germantown in 1777. In 
 1785, he was appointed a delegate to con- 
 
SMA 
 
 ."5 Mi: 
 
 grcss, and the same year ftovcmor ol' the 
 state. He died in February, 1792. 
 
 Smalridqe, George, an English prelate, 
 born of a good family at Lichfield, 1GG6, 
 and educated at Westminster sciiool. In 
 1682 he was elected to Christ-church, and 
 began soon to display his learning and his 
 application, by his publication of Animad- 
 versions on a Piece of Obadiah Walker, on 
 Church Government, 1687, and 1689 ap- 
 peared his Latin poem, called " Auctio 
 Davisiana," &c., on the sale of the books 
 of Davis, the Oxford bookseller. When 
 in orders he obtained respectable prefer- 
 ment, and in 1693, was made prebendary 
 of Lichfield, and afterwards canon of 
 Christ-church, then dean of Carlisle, and 
 in 1713, dean of Christ-church, and the 
 next year bishop of Bristol. He died 
 Sept. 27th, 1719, and was buried at Christ- 
 church. He published besides, 12 sermons 
 in one volume, and after his death, 60 more 
 were published by his widow. 
 
 Smart, Christopher, an eminent poet, 
 born 11th April, 1722, at Shipbourne, Kent, 
 and descended from a respectable Durham 
 family. He received a good education at 
 Maidstone and Durham schools, and at 17 
 entered at Pembroke hall, Cambridge ; but 
 his circumstances here were very unfa- 
 vourable, in consequence of the death of 
 his father, whose aflaiis, though steward to 
 the Darlington family, were greatly embar- 
 rassed. His spirits were not, however, 
 weighed down by family misfortunes, and 
 while he was the friend and the companion 
 of the gay, he cultivated the muses, and 
 was thanked for his elegant translation of 
 St. Cecilia's ode, by Pope, who recom- 
 mended his undertaking a similar transla- 
 tion of the Essay on Criticism. This work 
 was finished with applause, but brought no 
 profit, and also a comedy, " a Trip to Cam- 
 bridge," now deservedly forgotten. After- 
 wards for four successive years he obtained 
 the Seatoniau prize. In 1753 he married 
 Miss Carnan, whose mother had taken for 
 her second husband, Newbury, the book- 
 seller ; but in this new situation, and trans- 
 planted to a London residence, the same 
 want of prudence and economy marked all 
 his conduct. Though the friend of the 
 learned, of Johnson, of Garrick, of Hawks- 
 worth, &c. his circumstances became more 
 narrow, and totally depended upon the ex- 
 ertions of his pen. His distresses at last 
 were such that they produced occasional 
 derangement in a mind which was naturally 
 ardent, and could ill resist the frowns of 
 fortune and of the world, and finally ended 
 in melancholy insanity. A disorder in his 
 liver put an end to his sufTcrings, 12th May, 
 1771. He left a widow and two daughters, 
 settled as booksellers at Reading. His 
 works consist of fables, sonnets, ode?. 
 Vol. II. 81 
 
 prize poems, &.r. aiij ha\n been ncaU} 
 printed at Heading, 2 vols. Timo. I79i'. 
 He published besides, HonM.e, tianslaled 
 into English prose— a New \ ersion of the 
 Psalms — Phajdrus, translated intu vcise — 
 Parables, in verse— 01.1 Woman's Maga- 
 zine, &c. As a poet he possessed origina- 
 lity, animation, and occasional sublimity, 
 and as a man, though too often intempe- 
 rate, yet he had such a sense of devotion, 
 that in his sacred jjoems, he wrote several 
 of the passages on his knees. 
 
 Smeaton, John, an eminent mechanic 
 and engineer, born 28th May, 1721, at Aus- 
 thorpe, near Leeds. He early displayed a 
 stroiig inclination for mechanical pursuits, 
 though his father, an attorney, wished to 
 bring him up to his own business. The 
 law, however, had no charms for him, and 
 his father wisely indulged his inclinations, 
 and permitted him to follow the bent of his 
 genius. In 1750 he commenced mathema- 
 tical instrument maker in Turnstile, IIol- 
 born, and gained so much applause by his 
 machine to measure a ship's way at sea, 
 and by his compass, that in 1753, he was 
 elected fellow of the Royal Society. In 1 759 
 he received the gold medal, for his curious 
 paper on the experimental inquiries con- 
 cerning the power of wind and water to 
 turn mills, &c. When the Edystone light- 
 house was destroyed, in 1752, Smeaton was 
 recommended by lord Macclesfield, as the 
 fittest person to repair the damage, and of 
 this great and astonishing work, complcteci 
 in 1759, he published a very interesting ac- 
 count in 1791, in a folio volume. In 1764 
 he was elected one of the receivers of the 
 Derwentwater estate, which he highly im- 
 proved, and afterwards rose to great emi- 
 nence in his profession. His abilities were; 
 employed in the execution of the great ca- 
 nal of Scotland, in better supplying Green- 
 wich and Deptford with water, in improving 
 and repairing Ramsgate harbour, and in 
 other public works. Besides these merito- 
 rious efforts of labour and genius, he made 
 improvements in the air pump, in mills, iu 
 the pyrometer, the hydrometer, the steam 
 engine, &c. On the l6th Sept. 1792, ho 
 was attacked by a paralytic stroke, at Aus- 
 thorpe, of which he died 28th Oct. follow- 
 ing. His character has been drawn by his 
 friend Holmes, and he is represented not 
 only as a most ingenious man, but as a very 
 benevolent and amiable character in private 
 and domestic life. His Edystone narra- 
 tive has passed through a second edition 
 His papers were purchased by sir Joseph 
 Banks, and are to appear before the public. 
 
 Smellie, William, a surgeon and physi- 
 cian of great eminence, lie was born in 
 Scotland, and practised in his native cofin- 
 try, and afterwards came to London. As a 
 teacher he was highly respectable, and had 
 nearly a thousand pupils, who assisted him 
 
 641 
 
aMi 
 
 during his letiures, in the delivei'y ot 1150 
 poor women. He paid great attention to 
 his profession of midwifery, and he was the 
 fust writer who considered the shape and 
 the size of the female pelvis as adapted to 
 the head of the foetus, and his observations 
 from practice and experience were most 
 important. He had, in the height of his 
 celebrity, several able opponents ; but the 
 skill and judgment which he displayed, the 
 numerous improvements which he intro- 
 duced in the theory and practice of mid- 
 wifery, and the forceps, and other surgical 
 instruments which he used and recommend- 
 ed, are proofs of a great mind happily ex- 
 erted in facilitating the delivery of the fe- 
 male sex, and in removing erroneous cus- 
 toms and dangerous systems. This eminent 
 practitioner retired, after a long and suc- 
 cessful practice, and died some time after, 
 at an advanced age, at Lanerk, in Scotland, 
 1763. He published his lectures, 8vo. 
 1752 — a volume of cases, 1754 — Anatomi- 
 cal Tables, with 36 plates, folio — and five 
 vears after his death a second volume of his 
 cases appeared, making together a most 
 valuable collection, and a complete system 
 of midwifery. A printer of the same name at 
 Edinburgh, also secretary to the Edinburgh 
 antiquarian society, pubhshed the Philoso- 
 |ihy of Natural History, 4to. and a transla- 
 tion of Buflbn's voluminous works. He 
 died in 1795. . 
 
 Smith, sir Thomas, a learned writer, 
 born at Walden, Essex, 512. He was edu- 
 cated at Queen's college, CamUridge, of 
 which he became fellow, 1531, and in 1536 
 he was made university orator. In 1539 he 
 travelled through France and Italy, and 
 took the degree of doctor of civil law at 
 Padua, and on his return received the same 
 academical honours at Cambridge. He 
 was afterwards professor of civil law in the 
 Imiversity, and on the accession of Edward 
 VI. was admitted into the family of Somer- 
 set, the protector, by whose interest he was 
 raised to the office of steward of the stan- 
 Jieries, provost of Eton, and dean of Car- 
 lisle. In 1548 he was made secretary of 
 state, and knighted, and then sent as am- 
 bassador to Flanders. The disgrace of his 
 ][)atron removed him from the court ; but 
 his abilities were again called into action, 
 and in 1551 he was sent ambassador to 
 France. In Mary's reign he was again 
 dismissed from favour, though not treated 
 ■with harshness, and under Elizabeth he 
 was restored to confidence and employ- 
 ment. He went to France, 1562, as am- 
 bassador, and was engaged in affairs of 
 state till his death, 1597. As a man of 
 learning, and a zealous protestant, he was 
 €is respectable as he was as a politician. 
 WTiile at Cambridge, and public Greek lec- 
 turer in his college, he united with his 
 friend John Cheke to introdirce c new me- 
 *;42 
 
 thod of pronouncing the language ; btrc 
 though espoused by the best scholars of the 
 university, by Ponet, Roger Ascham, and 
 others, it met with opposition, and was 
 publicly censured by the chancellor, bishop 
 Gardiner. Smith expostulated with bold- 
 ness, yet with moderation, and bis epistle 
 on the occasion was printed at Paris, when' 
 he was ambassador there, by Robert Ste- 
 phens, 1568, 4to. with another, on the pro- 
 nunciation of the English tongue. 
 
 Smith, Miles, a native of Hereford, edu- 
 cated at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, 
 from which he removed to Brazen-nose. 
 He obtained the canon residentiaryship of 
 his native city, and in 1612, was made bi- 
 shop of Gloucester. He died 1624. He 
 was a man of great and profound learning, 
 well skilled in oriental languages, and he 
 also assisted in the translation of the Bible, 
 and wrote the preface to it. His sermons 
 appeared in one vol. fol. 1630. 
 
 Smith, John, an able divine, born at 
 Achurch, near Oundle, 1618. He entered 
 at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 1636, and 
 in 1644 was chosen fellow of Queen's. He 
 died Aug. 7, 1652, and was interred in the 
 chapel of his college. He was a man of 
 great learning, and endowed with the most 
 amiable virtues. He wrote ten select dis- 
 courses on theological subjects, collected 
 together, 1660, in a 4to. volume. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, D.D. a learned writer, 
 born in London, 1638, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford. In 1863 he was 
 appointed master of Magdalen college 
 school, and three years after elected fellow 
 of that college. In 1668 he went as chap- 
 lain to the embassy to Constantinople, and 
 returned 1671. He afterwards travelled 
 in France, and was promised a Windsor 
 canonry for collating the Alexandrian ma- 
 nuscripts in St. James's library, but this he 
 did not execute. His learning and abili- 
 ties were so universally acknowledged, that 
 he was selected to travel into the east, and 
 to visit mount Athos to make a collection 
 of valuable manuscripts, but he declined 
 the offer, and continued at home. He was 
 disappointed in his expectation of pre- 
 ferment from sir Joseph Williamson, se- 
 cretary of state, and in 1688 he was de- 
 prived of his fellowship, by Giffard the 
 catholic president of Magdalen, but though 
 restored to it, he was finally deprived of 
 it, for refusing the oaths to William and 
 Mary. He died in London, 16th May, 
 1710. He published " Remarks on the 
 Manners, Religion, &c. of the Turks," 
 originally written in Latin in four letters 
 — de Grogcae Ecclesiaj Hodierno Statu 
 Epistola — a Latin Life of Camden — three 
 papers in the Philosophical Transactions 
 — Vltae Quorundam Eruditissimorum, et 
 Illustrium Virormn, 1707, 4to. including 
 Usher, Cobiriff. Greaves, Patrick, Younsr, 
 
SMI 
 
 bMl 
 
 Dee, Bainbridge, &c. — sermons — Diatriba 
 de Chaldaicis Paraphrastis, 8vo. — Syntag- 
 ma de Druidum Moribus et Institutis, 8vo. 
 &c. 
 
 Smith, John, an English divine, born at 
 Lowther, Westmoreland, 1659. After be- 
 ing educated partly under his father, the 
 rector of the parish, he was intended for a 
 Scotch university, but at last was sent to 
 St. John's college, Cambridge, 1674, where 
 be took his degree of D. D. 1696. He was 
 chaplain to lord Lansdown, and was after- 
 wards patronised by Crew, bishop of Dur- 
 ham, who presented him to a prebend, and 
 the living of Bishop's Wearmouth. He 
 died 1715, at Cambridge, where he was 
 laboriously engaged in preparing for the 
 press an edition of the works of the vene- 
 rable Bede, which at last appeared in 1/22, 
 under the care of his son George. He had 
 also begun to write the Antiquities of Dur- 
 ham. 
 
 Smith, Edmund, son of Mr. Neale, a 
 merchant, was brought up under the care 
 of Mr. Smith, who had married his father's 
 sister, and, in gratitude for his affectionate 
 treatment, he assumed his name. He was 
 born 1668, and educated at Westminster 
 under Busby, from whence he removed to 
 Christ-church. Here he distinguished him- 
 self for his taste, and for his extensive 
 knowledge of classical literature, and in 
 1707 his tragedy of Phaedra and Hippoli- 
 tus was acted at the theatre royal, recom- 
 mended by a prologue from the pen of Ad- 
 ■dison, and an epilogue from the pen of 
 Prior. This play possessed little merit, 
 though for a whiJe supported by the par- 
 tiality of friends. He prepared besides a 
 plan for a tragedy of lady Jane Grey, and 
 wrote a translation of Longinus, with notes 
 and observations, &c. In his conduct 
 Smith was very irregular and intemperate, 
 and though admired for his wit and his 
 learning, he was yet offensive to the direc- 
 tors of his college, by the impropriety of 
 his conduct, so that at last he was expelled 
 from the society, 1700. He was so negli- 
 gent in his dress, that he was generally call- 
 ed captain Rag ; and he was so careless of 
 his interests, that after dedicating his tra- 
 gedy to lord Halifax, he, either through 
 pride or indolence, neglected to present it 
 to his patron who had provided for him the 
 gi*ant of a place of 3001. a year. He died 
 1710. 
 
 Smith, John, a most excellent mezzo- 
 tinter, according to Horace Walpole, flou- 
 rished at the end of William's reign. He 
 studied under Vander Vaart, and worked 
 in the house of sir Godfrey Kneller, whose 
 pieces he published with great success. 
 His chief works are night pieces after 
 Schalken. 
 
 Smith, George, an eminent landscape 
 jiainter, horn at Chichester, 1714, His 
 
 abilities guiiicd some prizes at the society 
 of arts. He died 7ib Sept. 177C, and was 
 buried in St. Pancrns cliurchyard, Chi- 
 chester. He had two brothers, William 
 and John, equally distinguished as painters. 
 Wiliuvm, the eldest, excelled as a portrait 
 painter, and in his fruit pieces, and dicti 
 27th Sept. 1764, and John, wlione land- 
 scapes were much admired, died 29th July, 
 the same year. 
 
 Smith, William, an able scholar and di- 
 vine, born at Worcester, 1711. He was 
 educated at Winchester and New college, 
 and became rector of Trinity church, Ches- 
 ter. He was for one year at the head of 
 Brentwood school, Essex, but resigned in 
 1749, and, in 1758, was promoted to the 
 deanery of Chester, to which was added, 
 in 1766, the rectory of Handley. His life 
 was spent in the laborious service of litera- 
 ture, and of the church, and he published 
 an elegant and valuable translation of Thu- 
 cydides, and of Longinus, besides a volume 
 of sermons on the Beatitudes. He died 
 1787. 
 
 Smith, John, founder of the colony of 
 Virginia, was a native of Lincolnshire, and 
 born in 1579. He was peculiarly courage- 
 ous, restless, and fond of adventures. He 
 left his native country at the age of fifteen, 
 and travelled through France and the Ne- 
 therlands. After having returned to Eng- 
 land, and devoted some attention to mili- 
 tary tactics and history, he went again t« 
 France, and embarked thence for Italy wifh 
 a company of Pilgrims, who regarding him 
 as a heretic, threw him into the sea near a 
 small island off" Nice to calm a tempest by 
 which they were overtaken. He swam to 
 the shore, and proceeded thence to Alex- 
 andria. In returning, he entered the ser- 
 vice of the emperor of Austria against the 
 Turk.s, in which he soon distinguished him- 
 self, and obtained the command of a body 
 of horse. At the siege of Regal, a Turkish 
 nobleman sending a challenge to fight with 
 any Christian captain who would venture a 
 contest for the amusement of the ladies. 
 Smith accepted the offer, and meeting his 
 antagonist on horseback, bore away his 
 head, and gained a similar victory in a se- 
 cond and third contest. He was after- 
 wards taken prisoner, but escaped into 
 Russia. On returning to F.ngland he re- 
 solved to visit North America ; and having 
 persuaded a number of persons to procure 
 a charter of South Virginia, came over thi- 
 ther, in the expedition under Newport, in 
 1607. He became a member of the coun- 
 cil which governed the colony settled at 
 Jamestown ; and on Newport's returning, 
 received the chief command, and repeated- 
 ly saved the colony from destruction by 
 famine and the hostile Indians. He was 
 at length taken prisoner by Powhatan, who 
 resolved to put him to death. His head 
 
 64.'i 
 
SMI 
 
 SMI 
 
 nas placed on a stone for the purpose of 
 despatching him with a club, when Poca- 
 hontas, the king's favourite daughter, thre^v 
 herself between him and the executioner, 
 and by her entreaties procured his release. 
 He afterwards rendered important services 
 to the colony, particularly by restraining 
 the vices of the inhabitants, and promoting 
 their industry. He at difi'erent times ex- 
 plored the coasts of the Chesapeake bay, 
 and of the Atlantic from Cape Henry to 
 Cape Cod, and constructed maps of them. 
 He published an Account of several of his 
 Voyages to Virginia ; a History of that 
 colony ; an Account of his own life, and 
 several other useful tracts. He died at 
 London in 1631, in his 52d year. HJ' L. 
 
 Smith, Thoma?, governor of South Ca- 
 rolina, succeeded Philip Ludwcll. He was 
 created a landgrave under the original form 
 of government in 1691, and commenced his 
 administration in 1633. It was at a period 
 when the high-church party distracted the 
 colony by their violence. Smith was a 
 man of prudence and liberality, but wearied 
 by fruitless attempts to satisfy the discon- 
 tented, be soon asked leave to retire from 
 office, and Archdale, a proprietor, was sent 
 out as governor. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Smith, William, an eminent lawyer of 
 New- York, was born at Newport Pagnell, 
 Buckinghamshire, in 1696. He came to 
 America in 1715, and received his educa- 
 tion at Yale college, where he was gradua- 
 ted in 1719. In 1736 he was appointed re- 
 i' order of the city- of New- York, and was 
 afterwards a member of the council, and a 
 judge of the supreme court of the province, 
 in the political transactions of the time, he 
 took an active part, and few individuals 
 possessed so great influence in determining 
 the course cf public affairs. He was one 
 of the original trustees of the college of 
 New- Jersey, and died Nov. 22d, 1769. 
 
 rcp-L. 
 
 Smith, William, chief justice of New- 
 York, was the son of the preceding, and 
 graduated at Yale college in 1745. He 
 Tvas educated a lawyer, and was one of the 
 first of his time in America. In 1763 he 
 was appointed a judge of the supreme 
 >ourt, and was afterwards chief justice. 
 When the revolution commenced, he ad- 
 hered to the royal government, and in 1781 
 was one of Clinton's deputies for receiving 
 acknowledgments of allegiance from the 
 colonists. He was afterwards chief justice 
 ©f Canada. He pubHshed an excellent 
 history of New- York, from its first settle- 
 ment until 1732, 4to. London, 1757. It 
 was republished at Albany, with additions, 
 8vo, 1814, and has been continued from 
 1732 to 1762, by W^illiam Smith, Esq. son 
 of the chief justice. |C3^ L. 
 
 Smith, Josiah, an American clergyman 
 of great worth, was born in Charleston, 
 644 
 
 South Carolina, in 1704. In 1725 he was 
 graduated bachelor of arts in the university 
 of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was the 
 first native of Carolina who obtained a de- 
 gree from a college. Soon after his gradua- 
 tion he began to preach, and not long af- 
 terwards was ordained to the work of the 
 ministry, and became a popular preacher, a 
 learned divine, and a voluminous writer. 
 His ministerial life was spent in Bermuda, 
 at Cainhoy, and in Charleston. He died 
 in the city of Philadelphia in 1781, in the 
 77th year of his age. He was a warm 
 friend to the civil and religious liberties of 
 his country, and was universally regarded 
 as a pious and exemplary divine. O" L. 
 
 Smith, Samuel, author of the History 
 of the colony of New-Jersey, to the year 
 1721, was a resident of Burlington, where 
 his history was published, 8vo. 1765. He 
 died at Burlington in 1776. His work is 
 considered a judicious and faithful compi- 
 lation. fCZp" L. 
 
 Smith, Isaac, judge of the supreme 
 court of New-Jersey, after obtaining the 
 degree of A.B. at Princeton, in 1755, com- 
 menced the practice of physic, but at the 
 opening of the war of the revolution, en- 
 gaged in the cause of his country with dis- 
 tinguished zeal, and rendered much useful 
 service. He received the command of a 
 regiment in 1776, and during the discoura- 
 ging period that succeeded, conducted with 
 unshaken resolution. After the close of 
 the war he was appointed to a seat on the 
 bench of the supreme court, and dischar- 
 ged the duties of the station with reputation 
 for eighteen years. After the adoption of 
 the present constitution, he was chosen a 
 member of congress. His talents were 
 superior, and his character as a scholar, 
 soldier, gentleman, and Christian, accom- 
 plished. He died in 1807. ItCP L. 
 
 Smith, William, D.D. first provost of 
 the college of Philadelphia, was a Scotch- 
 man by birth, and educated at Aberdeen, 
 where he was graduated in 1747. He 
 came to America in 1750, and employed 
 himself as a private tutor till 1753, when 
 he was appointed to the care of the col- 
 lege in Philadelphia, and afler having re- 
 turned to England and obtained episcopal 
 ordination, he entered on the duties of the 
 office in Maj^, 1754, and by his fine genius 
 and literary accomplishments, gave much 
 respectability to the institution. After 
 rendering important services to the reli- 
 gious and litei'ary interests of the country, 
 both as a preacher and writer, for the long 
 period of 49 years, he died May 14, 1803, 
 in his 77th year. fC3=' L. 
 
 Smith, Samuel Stanhope, D.D. LL.D. a 
 distinguished clergyman of the Presbyterian 
 church, was born at Pequea, in Lancaster 
 county, Pennsylvania, in the year 1750. 
 He was graduated bachelor of arts at 
 
SMI 
 
 SMI 
 
 Princeton college, in 1769. After serving 
 that institution as a tutor for several years, 
 he was ordained to the work of the minis- 
 try, and went to Virginia, where his talents, 
 learning, and influence, enabled him to be- 
 come the founder of Hampden Sidney col- 
 lege, in Prince Edward county, in tliat 
 state, of which he was the first president. 
 In 1779, he was recalled to Princeton as 
 professor of moral philosophy. To this 
 professorship was added, in 1783, that of 
 theology. In 1786, he was chosen vice 
 {(resident in the same institution ; and in 
 1795, on the death of Doctor Witherspoon, 
 was raised to the presidency. He dischar- 
 ged the duties of this high trust with dignity 
 and reputation until the year 1812, when, 
 on account of the failure of his health, he 
 resigned, and spent the remainder of his 
 life in retirement. He was removed by 
 death in 1819, in the 69th year of his age. 
 He was distinguished for his acquaintance 
 with ancient and modern literature, his 
 elegance and urbanity as a gentleman, his 
 polished and perspicuous style of writing, 
 and his eloquence and popularity as a 
 preacher. His publications are numerous, 
 and give him a very honourable rank among 
 American writers. His chief works are an 
 Essay on the variety of Complexion in the 
 Human Species — Lectures on the eviden- 
 ces of the Christian Religion — and on Mo- 
 ral Philosophy — and a System of Natural 
 and Revealed Religion. Several volumes 
 of his Sermons have also been publishedc 
 
 Smith, John Blair, first president of 
 Union college, Schenectady, was born in 
 Pequea, Pennsylvania, June 12th, 1756. 
 He received the degree of bachelor of arts 
 at Princeton in 1773, and devoted himself 
 to the study of theology. In 1779, he set- 
 tled in the ministry in Virginia, and became 
 principal of Hampden Sidney college in 
 that state, where he was highly useful par- 
 ticularly in the ministry, and employed 
 himself with great diligence in its labours. 
 In 1791, he removed to the third Presbyte- 
 rian church in Philadelphia, where he con- 
 tinued till appointed to the presidency of 
 Union college, in 1795. He remained at 
 that institution till May 1799, when he re- 
 turned to the care of the church he had left 
 in Philadelphia, but died on the 22d August 
 of that year. His talents were fine, his 
 attainments in learning respectable, and 
 bis zeal in the ministry highly exemplary. 
 
 ICT-L. 
 
 Smith, Israel, governor of Vermont, was 
 a native of Connecticut, born April 4th, 
 1759, and graduated at Yale college iu 
 1781. He studied law, and settled in the 
 practice at Rupert, Vermont. He was soon 
 after elected the representative of that 
 town in the assembly, and from this period 
 continued to hold a high rank among the 
 
 public characters of that state. In 1789 he 
 was one of the coiiiinisnioncr.s appointed 
 to determine the controverHy with New- 
 York respecting boundaries, and was active 
 in procuring the admission of Vermont 
 into the union. In 1791 he was elected a 
 representative to congress, and continued 
 in that station till 1797. Having removed 
 to Rutland, he was now elected a repre- 
 sentative from that town, and was the same 
 year appointed chief justice of the supremo 
 court. He held the office but one year. 
 In 1800, he was again elected a represen- 
 tative to congress, and in 1802 succeeded 
 Mr, Chipman as a senator in that body. 
 He remained in this office until elected go- 
 vernor of the state in 1807, as the suc- 
 cessor of Mr. Tichenor. He was univer- 
 sally esteemed for his integrity and public 
 spirit. His death took place December 2d, 
 1810. il3^ L. .-■ 
 
 Smith, Robert, D.O. was forty-seven 
 years rector of St. Philip's church, at 
 Charleston, South Carolina, and was elect- 
 ed and consecrated the lirst bishop of the 
 Episcopal churches of that state in 1795. 
 He was also principal of the college at 
 Charleston. In the revolution he shoulder- 
 ed his musket, and was made a prisoner at 
 the surrender of Charleston, and imme- 
 diately banished. He was eminently dis- 
 tinguished for his liberality to the poor. 
 He died November, 1801, aged 73. 
 
 Smith, Nathaniel, judge of the supreme 
 court of Connecticut, was born at Wood- 
 bury, in that state, January 6th, 1762. His 
 means of early education were very limit- 
 ed, and he rose to distinction by the ener- 
 gy of his talents. He commenced the study 
 of law under the earc of judge Reeve, 
 about the close of the revolutionary war, 
 and began the practice in his native town 
 in 1789, and soon became eminent in the 
 profession for keenness of discernment, 
 accuracy in investigation, adroitness in ar- 
 gument, and energy in delivery. After ha- 
 ving been repeatedly chosen a member of 
 the state legislature, he was in 1795 trans- 
 ferred to a seat in congress, where he con- 
 tinued four years, and on declining another 
 election, was chosen a member of the up- 
 per house in the legislature of Connecticut, 
 and continued in that body till 1804. In 
 October, 1806, he was placed on the bench 
 of the supreme court, and was distinguish- 
 ed for the sagacity and uprightness with 
 v/hich he discharged the duties of that sta- 
 tion. He held the office till May, 1819, 
 and died March 9th, 1822, in the 6^1 st year 
 of his age. He possessed a mind of a very 
 superior order, his legal knowledge was ex- 
 tensive, and he was greatly esteemed for 
 his integrity, public spirit, and piety. 
 
 Smith, John, D.D. professor of Greek, 
 
 645 
 
SMI 
 
 sm 
 
 Hebrew, and other oriental languages in 
 Dartmouth college, New-Hampshire, was 
 appointed to that office in 1778. He was 
 born at Byfield, Massachusetts, December 
 21st, 1752, graduated at Dartmouth college 
 in 1773, and died in May, 1809, aged 56. 
 He published the " New-Hampshire Latin 
 Grammar," an edition of Cicero's Orations 
 in Latin, with notes, Walpole, 1804, and a 
 " Hebrew Grammar, without points, de- 
 signed to facilitate the study of the Scrip- 
 tures," &e. . iCj^ L. 
 
 Smith, George William, governor of 
 Virginia, was elected in 1811. He had 
 previously been lieutenant-governor. He 
 lost his life by the burning of the theatre 
 at Richmond, a few months after he assu- 
 med the administration, December 24th, 
 1811. ICP L. 
 
 Smith, Elihu H. physician, was born at 
 Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1771, and gra- 
 duated at Yale college in 1786. After at- 
 tending a course of medical lectures in 
 Philadelphia, he established himself in the 
 practice of medicine in New- York in 1793, 
 and devoted himself with great zeal to the 
 cultivation of medicine and of literature. 
 He soon became distinguished for his at- 
 tainments, and obtained extensive business. 
 He was elected one of the physicians of 
 the hospital in 1796, and the same year, in 
 conjunction with Drs. Miller and Mitchill, 
 commenced the publication of the Medical 
 Repository, to which he contributed a num- 
 ber of valuable papers. He died of the 
 yellow fever in September, 1798, in his 
 twenty-seventh year. He had accumula- 
 ted an uncommon mass of medical learn- 
 ing. He possessed poetical talents, and 
 published several pieces, the best of which 
 is an epistle prefixed to the American edi- 
 tion of Darivin. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Smith, James, one of the signers of the 
 declaration of American independence, 
 was a distinguished la"wyer of York, Penn- 
 svlvania, and a man of great wit. 
 
 iCT^ L. 
 
 Smith, Elizabeth, an accomplished young 
 lady, was born at Burnhall, the seat of her 
 family near Durham, in 1776. Her edu- 
 cation was liberal ; and she added to it, by 
 her own application, a knowledge of the 
 mathematics, and an exquisite taste for 
 drawing and poetry. She also studied the 
 French, Italian, Spanish, and German lan- 
 guages, particularly the last, from which 
 she made some excellent translations. She 
 next proceeded to the classics, and made 
 herself acquainted with the Latin, Greek, 
 Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Persian. In 
 biblical literature she gave proof of her abi- 
 lity in a translation of the book of Job. She 
 died of a consumption, August 7, 1806.— 
 W. B. 
 
 Smith, Adam, LL.D. a celebrated wri- 
 ter, born 5th June, 1723, at Kirkaldy, 
 646 
 
 where his father, who died a few months 
 before his birth, was comptroller of the cus- 
 toms. Though of a weak constitution, he 
 had from his earliest years great partiality 
 for books. At the age of three he was sto- 
 len by some vagrants, and with difficulty 
 recovered. After receiving instruction at 
 Kirkaldy he was sent to Glasgow universi- 
 ty ; but as his friends destined him for the 
 church of England, he removed, in 1740, 
 to Baliol college, Oxford, as an exhibi- 
 tioner. Not wishing, however, to embrace 
 the ecclesiastical profession, he left Oxford 
 after seven years' residence, and returned 
 to Scotland, and, in 1751, he was elected 
 professor of logic in the university of Glas- 
 gow, and the next year succeeded Cragie 
 in the chair of moral philosophy. In 1759 
 he published his Theory of Moral Senti- 
 ments, and, in 1763, he quitted his profes- 
 sorship to accompany the duke of Buc- 
 cleugh in his travels on the continent. He 
 visited, with his pupil, Toulouse, Geneva, 
 and the south of France, and on his return 
 to Paris became acquainted with the wits 
 and the learned men of the capital. His 
 travels were continued for three years, af- 
 ter which he retired to the domestic seclu- 
 sion of Kirkaldy, with his mother, for ten 
 years. Hume and his other friends in vain 
 expostulated against his retirement, but, in 
 1771, he convinced them that his mind had 
 been actively employed, by the publication 
 of his celebrated work, an Inquiry into the 
 Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Na- 
 tions, 2 vols. 4to. This excellent book, 
 often republished in 3 vols. 8vo. procured 
 him the appointment of commissioner of 
 the customs in Scotland ; and after being 
 some time in London, he, in 1778, retired 
 to Edinburgh, where he enjoyed the rest of 
 life in honourable independence, in the so- 
 ciety of tiic learned, and among the com- 
 panions of his earliest years. He now oc- 
 casionally devoted himself to study, but not 
 with that zeal which might have enabled 
 him to add fresh celebrity to his fame ; and 
 when at last infirmities came upon him, he 
 found it was too late to think of completing 
 the works on which, in his serious hours, 
 he had meditated. He died July, 1790, of 
 a chronic obstruction in his bowels, and af- 
 ter his death some essays and other mis- 
 cellanies, which he had not ordered to be 
 destroyed, were published by his executors 
 in 4to. 1795. Of the powers of his mind, 
 and of his comprehensive information, his 
 works will be a lasting memorial to the 
 latest posterity. W^ith all the perfections 
 of a well-cultivated understanding, he did 
 not, however, possess that knowledge of 
 the world which might have adorned a 
 more active life ; and though admired for 
 his talents, he was careless in the midst of 
 business, and absent to an extraordinary 
 degree. It is to be lamented that his great 
 
SMI 
 
 SMI 
 
 quelitics were disgraced by notions of iftti- 
 delity. When he published the " Life of 
 David Hume, written by himself,'' he add- 
 ed remarks which conveyed to the world 
 how determined a foe he was to Christian- 
 ity ; and though he lyas attacked with efii- 
 cacy, and all the powers of wit by Dr. 
 Home, he never renounced those princi- 
 ples which proved him a deist, and the 
 friend of the infidel philosophers of France. 
 Smith, Charlotte, a well-known writer. 
 She was daughter of Mr. Turner, a man of 
 property in Surry and Sussex, and when 
 very young, she married Mr. Smith, whose 
 father was possessed of some valuable es- 
 tates in the West Indies. The affairs of 
 lier husband, however, proved not so pros- 
 perous as was expected, and after various 
 persecutions from creditors and from law- 
 yers, and after passing some time in the 
 gloom of a prison with her unfortunate 
 consort, she retired with her family to a 
 chateau in Normandy. But here again 
 persecution attended her ; the chicanery of 
 the lawyers, and the ingratitude of her 
 friends reduced her to the greatest indi- 
 gence : yet, however, though oppressed by 
 domestic sorrows, the exertions of her 
 mind administered to her wants. She 
 wrote several novels which gained her a 
 comfortable subsistence, and the Romance 
 of Real Life, Emmeline, Ethelinda, Celes- 
 tina, Desmond, the Old Manor House, 
 poems, sonnets, &c. contributed liberally 
 to procure her the public esteem, and a 
 respectable income. This ingenious, but 
 unfortunate woman, died at Thetford, near 
 Farnham, Surry, 28th Oct. 1806. Her 
 novels display great powers of invention, 
 and it is remarkable that in all of them 
 she has interwoven much of her own per- 
 sonal misfortunes, and painted every where 
 in strong colours, the character of those ra- 
 pacious lawyers, to whose dishonesty she 
 ascribed all her sorrows. Her descrip- 
 tions are interesting, and ber style is ele- 
 gant; so that she aspired to the reputa- 
 tion, not of a temporary novel ivriter, but 
 hoped that her compositions would become 
 the ornament of every elegant library. 
 Her sonnets possess peculiar beauty, and 
 all her writings everj' where display the 
 powers of a fine imagination, eonrect taste, 
 and strong judgment. 
 
 Smitz, Lewis, an eminent painter, bom 
 at Dort. His fruit pieces were highly va- 
 lued; but though beautiful, the colours 
 proved not of long duration. He died 
 1675, aged 40. 
 
 Smitzs, Gaspar, a Dutch painter. He 
 was very happy in his portraits, and his 
 Magdalens were peculiarly admired. He 
 died at Dublin, 1689. 
 
 Smollett, Tobias, M. D. a Scotch phy- 
 sician, more celebrated as an author. He 
 was born near Cameron on the banks of 
 
 the Leven, 1720. He was brought up for 
 the medical line, and served as a sui^eon 
 in the fleet which bombardrd Carthagena ; 
 but as his professional talents did not meet 
 with encouragement, he commenced au- 
 thor. After trying his fortune in plays and 
 poems, he published, in 1748, his Roderick 
 Random, 2 vols. l2mo. which excited much 
 of the public attention, and ensured success 
 to his future publications. Peregrine Pic- 
 kle appeared in 1751, 4 vols. l2mo. and 
 became very popular, not only on account 
 of its own intrinsic merit, but for the ad- 
 ventures of a lady of quality, lady Vane, 
 and for the entertainment of a republican 
 doctor, supposed to be Akenside, portrayed 
 with all the humour and skill of a most fa- 
 cetious and learned scholar. Ferdinand, 
 Count Fathom, appeared in 1754, and the 
 next year the Critical Review was under- 
 taken, and conducted by him till 1763. In 
 this work he exposed himself to much ob- 
 loquy, and his censure of admiral Knowles' 
 pamphlet on the Rochefort Expedition, 
 brought on a prosecution against him. He 
 was in consequence fined 100/. and impri- 
 soned in the King's Bench three months, 
 during which confinement he wrote his sir 
 Lancelot Greaves, 2 vols. 12mo. In 1762, 
 he enlisted among the periodical writers in 
 defence of lord Bute's administration, and 
 published the Briton, which was immediate- 
 ly followed by the North Briton. In 1763, 
 he went abroad for the benefit of his health, 
 and returned after two years' absence, and 
 published an account of his Travels, 2 vols. 
 8vo. a work which Sterne, in his Sentimen- 
 tal Journey, ridicules under the name of 
 Smelfungus. His Humphrey Clinker ap- 
 peared in 1771, and soon after, in conse- 
 quence of the ill state of his health, and 
 other disagreeable circumstances, he left 
 England for Italy. He died in Italy, 21st 
 Oct. I77lj and an epitaph on his monu- 
 ment by his friend Dr. Armstrong, marks 
 the spot of bis interment near Leghorn. 
 Besides those works already mentioned, 
 Dr. Smollet published, 1757, a History of 
 England, 4 vols. 4to. edited also in Svo. a 
 work which produced him great profit:, 
 though regarded as partial, inaccurate, and 
 hastily written — a translation of Gil Bias 
 and Don Quixote into English — a Collec- 
 tion of Voyages and Travels — the Regi- 
 cide — poems, &c. His life has been writ- 
 ten by Dr. Anderson, 1796, and since by 
 Dr. Moore. In his character Smollet was 
 a man of acknowledged virtue and probity, 
 and his abilities rank him high in the list of 
 authors of celebrity. His two best works 
 aie Roderick Random and Peregrine Pic- 
 kle, and in these he introduces great diver- 
 sit}' of characters, interesting descriptions, 
 and pleasing variety, though it is to be la- 
 mented that some parts of his narrative are 
 more licentious than virtue can approve. 
 
 647 
 
SMI 
 
 SOB 
 
 His other novels are inferior performances, 
 though they are not devoid of interesting 
 anecdotes. The persecution and poverty 
 to which he was occasionally exposed, 
 ruffled the disposition of this able writer ; 
 and when the conduct of lord Bute, and 
 the unfulfilled promises of other patrons, 
 are well considered, it will be easy to ex- 
 plain why an author speaks with harshness 
 and envenomed acrimony against the ingra- 
 titude of false friends, the tyranny of the 
 great, and the insolence of rank. The mor- 
 tifications and disappointments to which 
 he was exposed by the spirit of faction, and 
 the persecution of enemies, were increased 
 by the loss of his daughter, an only child ; 
 and he must be added to the number of 
 those who, after contributing to the amuse- 
 ment, the improvement, and the intellec- 
 tual pleasures of others, find vexation, dis- 
 quiet, and neglect, the reward for mental 
 exertions. 
 
 SMtTH, James. Vid, Moore. 
 Snell, Rodolphus, a native of Oudewa- 
 ter in Holland, professor of Hebrew and 
 mathematics at Leyden, where he died 
 1613, aged 67. He is author of some ma- 
 thematical and philosophical works, now 
 little known. His son Willebrord, was 
 born at Leyden, 1591, and succeeded his 
 father in the chair of mathematics, 1613. 
 He is the first who discovered the true 
 laws of the refraction of light, and he un- 
 dertook to measure the earth in the same 
 method, which afterwards was adopted by 
 Picard and Cassini. His best works are, 
 Eratosthenes Batavus — and Cyclometrium, 
 4to. He died at Leyden, 1626, aged 35. 
 
 Snorro, Sturlesonius, a native of Ice- 
 land, whose abilities were employed in po- 
 litical affairs, as the minister of state to one 
 king of Sweden, and to three kings of Nor- 
 way. He retired, in an insurrection, to 
 Iceland, where he was governor, and was 
 at last pursued and put to death by his 
 enemy Gyssurus, 1241. He wrote Chro- 
 nicon Regum Norwegorum — Edda Islandi- 
 ca, two useful works, the last of which was 
 translated by Mallet. 
 
 Snoy, Renier, a native of Ter-gouw in 
 Holland, who studied medicine, and was 
 also engaged in a diplomatic capacity by 
 Charles V. to the courts of Christiern II. of 
 Denmark, and James IV. of Scotland. He 
 died in his' native town, 1st Aug. 1537, 
 aged 60. He wrote the History of Hol- 
 land, in 13 books, in Latin, folio, 1620. — 
 Another of that name, Lambert, was a na- 
 tive of Malines, who devoted himself labo- 
 riously to the genealogical history of the 
 Low Countries, and died 163S, aged 64. 
 
 Snyder, Simon, governor of Pennsylva- 
 nia, was born in Lancaster county, Novem- 
 ber 5th, 1759, and rose by his personal me- 
 rit and enterprise, from the humble situa- 
 tion of an apprentice, to the enjovment of 
 64S 
 
 the highest honours of the state. He was 
 a member of the convention which formed 
 the constitution of Pennsylvania, and seve- 
 ral years speaker of the house of repre- 
 sentatives. In 1808 he succeeded M'Kean 
 as governor. In 1818 he was a member of 
 the senate of the state. He died at Selim's 
 grove, in Northumberland county, Novem- 
 ber 9th, 1819, irrL. 
 
 Snyders, Francis, a Flemish painter^ 
 born at Antwerp, 15P7, and bred under 
 Van Balen. He visited Italy, and settled 
 at Brussels, and was attached to the house- 
 hold of the Spanish court. His hunting 
 pieces, animals, fish, kitchens, &c. were 
 much admired. In some of his pieces he 
 was assisted by Rubens. He died 1657. 
 He also engraved a book of animals of 16 
 leaves. 
 
 SoANEN, John, an eminent French eccle- 
 siastic, born at Rioms, 6th Jan. 1647. 
 After teaching divinity in the provinces, he 
 acquired celebrity as a preacher at Lyons, 
 Orleans, and Paris, and was one of the four 
 distinguished orators who, at that time, 
 were called the four evangelists. He was 
 raised to the see of Senez ; but his oppo- 
 sition to the bull Unigenitus was con- 
 demned by the council of Embrun, and be 
 was stripped of his episcopal honours, 
 and died an exile at Chaise-Dieu, Au- 
 vergne, 25th Dec. 1740. He wrote Pas- 
 toral Instructions — Mandemens — letters — 
 sermons, &c. 
 
 SoBiESKi, John III. a celebrated warrior, 
 who by merit rose to the throne. His fa- 
 ther was James Sobieski, governor of Po- 
 land. He received his education at Paris, 
 and rose gradually by valour to the highest 
 ranks in the army, and in 1665, was made 
 grand marshal and general of the Polish 
 armies, and afterwards Palatine of Craco- 
 via. After retaking several cities from the 
 Cossacks in the Ukraine, he at last gained 
 the famous battle of Choczin on the Nies- 
 ter, in 1673, in which the Turks lost 
 28,000 men. This victory, and a character 
 eminent for every virtue, raised him to the 
 throne on the death of Michael, and in 
 1683, he marched to the relief of Vienna, 
 closely besieged by the Turks. So great 
 was the terror of his name that the Turks 
 fled with precipitation at his approach, and 
 even left behind the great standard of Ma- 
 homet, which the conqueror sent to the 
 pope with these words, in imitation of Cae- 
 sar, " I came, I saw, God hath conquer- 
 ed." — This truly great and heroic monarch 
 died at VTarsaw, 17th June, 1696, univer- 
 sally regretted, not only by the soldiers, by 
 whom he was beloved, but by men of let- 
 ters, whom he liberally and judiciously pa- 
 tronised. He was acquainted with most of 
 the languages of Europe. His Life has 
 been written by abbe Coyer, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 SociNU?, Lselius, the founder of the So- 
 
soc 
 
 sot 
 
 cmian sect, was born at Sienna, in 1525, 
 and desij^ned for the civil law by his father, 
 who was himself an able civilian at Bo- 
 loajna. To the study of civil law he united 
 that of divinity, and therefore acquired a 
 knowkMlj;(! of Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic ; 
 but when, by deep investigation, he disco- 
 vered the fallacy of the Koniish church, he 
 sought a safer as}knn out of Italy, and af- 
 ter travelling through (iermany, France, 
 England, tue Netherlands, and Poland, he 
 at last settled at Zurich. In this retreat he 
 became the friend and associate of the ce- 
 lebrated reformers, of Calvin, Bellinger, 
 lieza, Melancthon, and others ; but a dif- 
 ference of opinion with respect to the Tri- 
 nity, soon produced hostile treatment. Cal- 
 vin reproved sharply the strange opinions 
 of his late friend, and Socinus, in the midst 
 of theological animosity, had the good sense 
 to keep his sentiments, and further to dread 
 the resentment of his opponents, when he 
 saw Servetus soon after dragged to the 
 stake. He afterwards travelled into Po- 
 land, and disseminated his opinions where 
 he could be secure and unmolested, and 
 after visiting Venice, he returned to Zu- 
 rich, where he died, 1562, aged 37. His 
 tenets, though not very widely dissemina- 
 ted by him, were afterwards more fully 
 spread by his nephew. 
 
 Socinus, Faustus, nephew to the above, 
 was born at Sienna, 1539, and educated 
 under the care of his uncle, who expected 
 from his rising abilities a firm and active 
 supporter of his theological opinions. He 
 was at Lyons when Lailius died, and 
 though only 20 years old, he immediately 
 repaired to Zurich, to obtain possession of 
 his papers, which, however, he for some 
 time disregarded, while for 12 years enjoy- 
 ing the favours and the patronage of the 
 court of Florence. In 1574 he left the 
 palace of the Medici, and came to Germa- 
 ny, and after studying divinity at Basil, 
 he, in 1579, went to Poland, where he be- 
 gan to disseminate his uncle's doctrines, 
 with a few alterations of his own. He was 
 violently opposed by some of the Uni- 
 tarians, but he found asylum near Cra- 
 cow, in the house of a Polish lord, whose 
 daughter he married. In 1598 he was ex- 
 posed to fresh insults from the students 
 and the populace of Cracow, and he esca- 
 ped with difficulty from their fury. He 
 spent the ramainder of his days about nine 
 miles from Cracow, in the house of a Po- 
 lish gentleman, and died there 1604, aged 
 65. His sect survived their leader, and 
 still must exist, while opinions contrary to 
 scripture and reason are countenanced, and 
 while religious disputants endeavour to 
 outdo each other in virulence and animo- 
 sity, and not in the mild virtues and pure 
 benevolence which the gospel of Christ 
 teaches. The Socinians maintain that Je- 
 VoL. II. 82 
 
 sus did not exist before he was burn of tlio 
 Vii-gin Mary, that he was a mere man, that 
 the Holy Ghost is no distinct person, and 
 that the Father alone is properly God. 
 They explain away the doctrine of redemp- 
 tion, and the satisfaction made by the sa- 
 crifice of Christ, and therefore deny the 
 existence of original sin, of grace, and of 
 predestination. They affirm that the soul 
 sleeps in death with the body, and that 
 both will again rise together, either to the 
 enjoyment of felicity, or the sufferings of 
 punishment ; but that whilst future felicity 
 is eternal, the punishments of hell-fire are 
 proportioned only in duration to the deme- 
 rits and offences of the sinner. 
 
 Socrates, an illustrious philosopher of 
 Athens. He followed the profession of his 
 father, a sculptor, for sometime, till philo- 
 sophy more fully engaged his attention. 
 After distinguishing himself in the field of 
 battle in the defence of his country, he 
 commenced public instrueter of youth, and 
 soon saw his lectures followed by large, 
 respectable, and admiring audiences. Thii 
 simplicity of his dress, and the innocence 
 and virtues of his life, however, in the 
 midst of a restless and jealous population, 
 soon procured him enemies ; and while he 
 directed all the energies of his mind to re- 
 form the morals of Athens, he was accu- 
 sed of corrupting the young Athenians, and 
 of making innovations in the religion of his 
 country. Against perjured witnesses, and 
 before prejudiced judges, integrity is of no 
 avail, and Socrates, therefore, was con- 
 demned to death. Though he could es- 
 cape, he bowed before the unjust sentence, 
 and drinking the fatal poison, expired in a 
 few moments, B. C. 400. The Athenians 
 too late repented of their cruelty j but while 
 they punished his murderers with death, 
 the virtues and character of their immortal 
 sage were delineated in the writings of two 
 of his faithful pupils, Xenophon and Plato. 
 Socrates, the scholastic, a native of 
 Constantinople, author of a valuable, 
 though occasionally inaccurate, Ecclesiasti- 
 cal History to the year 400 from the pe- 
 riod where Euscbius ends. 
 
 SoLANDER, Daniel Charles, a celebrated 
 naturalist, the pupil of Linnaeus. He was 
 born in the province of Nordland in Swe- 
 den, 28th Feb. 1736, and studied at Upsal, 
 where he took the degree of M.D. In 
 1760 he visited England, and by the recom- 
 mendation of his friend Collinson, he was 
 employed to form a catalogue of tlie natu- 
 ral curiosities preserved in the British mu- 
 seum, and in 1765, was appointed one of 
 the assistants in that valuable establish^ 
 ment. In 1768, he was prevailed upon by 
 his friend Mr. afterwards sir Joseph Banks, 
 to accompany him in Cook's voyage round 
 the world, and without losing his appoint- 
 ment at the museum. Bv his judicious and 
 
 649 
 
50L 
 
 SOL 
 
 iiideratigable inquiries during tliis voyage, 
 a great addition was made to the plants and 
 natural curiosities then known to the Euro- 
 peans. In 1773, he was advanced to the place 
 of under librarian in the museum, and he 
 died of an apoplexy, 16th May, 1782. He is 
 author of a description of the collection of 
 petrifactions found in Hampshire, and pre- 
 sented to the British museum by Mr. 
 Brander, and also of observations on natu- 
 ral history in Cook's voyage, and a letter 
 in the philosophical transactions, &c. He 
 has been celebrated by Dr. Pultney and by 
 others, not only as a man of great abilities 
 as a philosopher and naturalist, but as of 
 modest and unassuming manners, and his 
 visit to this country may be regarded as an 
 important era in the history of botany. 
 
 Sole, Anthony, a painter, born at Bo- 
 logna. His landscapes are particularly 
 beautiful. He died at Bologna, 1677, aged 
 80. His son Joseph was also an eminent 
 artist in history and in landscape painting, 
 and died 1719, aged 65. 
 
 SoLiGNAC, Peter Joseph de la Pimpie, 
 chevalier of, the secretary and friend of 
 Stanislaus, king of Poland, and author 
 of a Polish History, in 5 vols. 12mo. was 
 born at Montpellier, and died 1773, aged 
 86. He wrote besides, an Eloge on Stanis- 
 laus — a piece on Education — the Amours 
 of Horace — Pieces on the Memoirs of the 
 Academy of Nanci, &c. 
 
 SoLiMENE, Francis, an Italian painter, 
 born at Nocera de Pagani near Naples, 
 1657. He was permitted to study under 
 his father, who was himself a painter, at 
 the persuasion of cardinal Orsini, after- 
 wards Benedict XIII. and by consulting the 
 works of the greatest masters he acquired a 
 correct and elegant style. He settled at 
 Naples where he was universally courted, 
 and the most liberal ofi'ers were made to 
 him by the kings of France and Spain, 
 which he declined. He was also received 
 with great distinction by the pope and car- 
 dinals at Rome, and by Philip V, and he 
 was knighted by the emperor Charles VI. 
 After living in becoming splendour and de- 
 servedly respected, he died at Naples 1747, 
 aged almost 90. His pieces are much ad- 
 mired, and he was equally eminent as a man 
 of letters and a poet. 
 
 SoLiNUS, Caius Julius, a Roman gram- 
 marian, who flourished in the midst of the 
 third century. His Polyhistor is a compila- 
 tion of historical and geographical remarks, 
 and he is called Pliny's ape, as the close 
 imitator of that great naturalist. , 
 
 SoLis, Antonio de, a Spanish writer,born 
 at Placenza in Old Castile, 1610? He stu- 
 died laAv at Salamanca, but devoted him- 
 self more fondly to literary pursuits. At 
 the age of 17, he wrote a comedy well re- 
 ceived, and by his abilities obtained the pa- 
 tronage of the viceroy of Navarre, and then 
 650 
 
 of the king of Spain, to whom he was made 
 secretary. He was afterwards appointed 
 historiographer of the Indies, and in this 
 office, which was as honourable as it was 
 lucrative, he published his History of the 
 Conquest of Mexico, admired as a valuable 
 composition, which he concludes with the 
 subjugation of the Mexicans, that he may 
 not have to record the consequent cruelties 
 of his countrymen. In the latter part of his 
 life he devoted himself more seriously to 
 religious duties, and took orders at the age 
 of 57. He died 16S6. He wrote besides 
 some poems and dramatic pieces. His 
 history has been translated into various 
 languages, and into English by Towns- 
 hend. 
 
 Solomon, son of David and Bathsheba, 
 was king of Israel after his father. He is 
 celebrated for his wisdom, the fame of 
 which was so widely spread that distant 
 princes came to see and to admire him, and 
 he is equally distinguished for his piety, 
 and for the magnificent temple which he 
 erected at Jerusalem, in honour of the 
 God of Israel, and which he consecrated 
 with the most solemn pomp. The latter 
 part of his life was unhappily disgraced by 
 intemperance and debauchery, and in mar- 
 rying the daughter of the king of Egypt ; 
 and in keeping a great number of concu- 
 bines, he tarnished that high character of 
 sanctity, and of uprightness, which had 
 rendered his reign so glorious. He died 
 975 B.C. aged 58. He wrote the books of 
 Proverbs and Ecclesiastes, and the Canti- 
 cles, to which some add the book of Wis- 
 dom, in the apocrypha, though most pro- 
 bably the composition of a more modern 
 pen. 
 
 Solomon Ben Virga, a Spanish phy- 
 sicia^n, and rabbi of the 16th century, au- 
 thor of a History of the Jews, from the de- 
 struction of the temple to his own times, of 
 which a Latin translation appeared 1651, 
 at Amsterdam, 4to. 
 
 Solomon, Ben Job Jalla, an Africanj^ 
 born at Bonda near the river Senegal. He 
 was sent by his father, who was a prince of 
 the country, to sell slaves to captain Pyke, 
 an English trader, and not agreeing in 
 price set out across the Gambia, where he 
 was taken prisoner by another race of 
 blacks, enemies to his country, and sold 
 himself as a slave. He was carried to An- 
 napolis in America, and aftenrwards es- 
 caped, and upon making himself known, 
 was ransomed by General Oglethorpe and 
 others, and came to England, 1733. He 
 was in London employed by sir Hans 
 Sloane in translating some Arabic MSS. 
 and during his residence of fourteen months 
 he was much noticed, and after being in- 
 troduced at court returned to his country 
 loaded with kindness and presents. He 
 hqid a very retentive memory, and could 
 
sOiM 
 
 SoM 
 
 icpcat the Koran by heart at tifteen, and 
 he actually wrote the whoh; hook in Eng- 
 land three times by recollection only. Me- 
 moirs of him were published by Mr. Bluet, 
 and he is also mentioned in Moore's tra- 
 vels, and Astley's voyages. 
 
 Solon, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens, 
 and one of the seven wise men of Greece. 
 He was called upon by his countrymen in 
 the midst of their turbulent and distracted 
 State to introduce regularity and order into 
 their government, and he established 
 among them his famous laws, which they 
 solemnly bound themselves by an oath to 
 observe. He died in Cyprus 558 B. C. 
 aged 80. 
 
 SoLifMAN I. saved himself from the fatal 
 battle of Ancyra, and was proclaimed em- 
 peror of the Turks after his father Bajazet 
 1402. He displayed great valour as a war- 
 rior, but his glory was tarnished by his ex- 
 cessive love of pleasure, which at last has- 
 tened his end. He was dethroned in eon- 
 sequence of his effeminacy by his brother 
 Musa, 1410, and assassinated. 
 
 SoLTMAN II. surnamed the Magnifi- 
 cent, succeeded to his father Selim I. 1520. 
 His reign was useful and splendid, he de- 
 feated the rebellious Mamelukes in Egypt, 
 and made peace with Ismael Sophi, after 
 which he carried his arms against Europe, 
 and took Belgrade. In 1522, he attacked 
 Rhodes, which was held by the knights of 
 Jerusalem, and after a vigorous defence he 
 took it, and then invaded Hungary, and de- 
 feated the Hungarian army at the cele- 
 brated battle of Mohatz, 1526. The con- 
 quest of Buda was followed by the siege of 
 Vienna, but after twenty unsuccessful as- 
 saults, Solyman retreated from the place, 
 with the loss of 80,000 men. In 1534, he 
 made war againstTauris and Persia,but suf- 
 fered a defeat, and w as disappointed in his 
 attack on Malta, though in 1566, he took 
 from the Genoese the island of Chios. 
 This brave emperor died 30th Aug. 1566, 
 aged 76, at the siege of Sigeth in Hungary, 
 four days before its surrender. 
 
 Solyman III. emperor of Turkey, 1687, 
 after the deposition of Mahomet IV. He 
 was a very indolent and superstitious 
 prince, whose affairs were administered by 
 his favourite Mustapha Coprogli. He died 
 22d June, 1691. 
 
 SoMBREUiL, Francis Charles Virot de, 
 a French general, whose attachment to the 
 cause of Lewis XVI. during the revolution 
 produced his ruin. He was imprisoned in 
 consequence of his loyalty, and on the 2d 
 Sept. 1792, as he was going to be assassi- 
 nated by the murderers of that fatal day, his 
 daughter, young and amiable, rushed into 
 the midst of the bloody assembly, and ob- 
 tained his release. The next year, however, 
 proved more fatal, and he was condemned 
 to death by the revolutionary tribunal, oh 
 
 some lirivolous accusation, an.l was guillo- 
 tined with his oldest son by his aide. Uh 
 second son Charles es<;upcd from the mur- 
 derers, and after distinguishing himself in 
 the Prussian armies and in Holland against 
 Custines, he passed to England, and in 
 1795, was sent to head the forces which 
 were landed at Quiberon. This expedition 
 was unfortunate, and he was taken prisoner 
 by Hoche, and carried to I'Orient and Van- 
 nes, where he was condemned to be shot. 
 In the preparations for death he obtained 
 permission to repair for three days on 
 board the English ships on the coast to set- 
 tle his affairs, and at the appointed moment 
 this heroic character returned to save his 
 honour and to perish. He gave himself to 
 the soldiers, who shot him, the order to 
 fire, and fell lamented even by those who 
 cruelly shed his blood. 
 
 SoMERS, John lord, chancellor of Eng- 
 land, son of an attorney, was born at Wor- 
 cester, 1652. He was educated at a private 
 school, Staffordshire, and then entered at 
 Trinity college, Oxford, from which he re- 
 moved to the Middle Temple. He united 
 here the study of polite literature with that 
 of the law, and in 1681, he assisted in the 
 publication of " a just and modest Vindica- 
 tion of the Proceedings of the two last Par- 
 liaments," which Charles had dissolved wiih 
 dissatisfaction. He afterwards highly distin- 
 guished himself as an able and eloquent 
 pleader, and was, 1638, one of the coun- 
 sel for Pilkington, lord Gray, and others, 
 who had caused a riot in London, and in 
 1688, for the seven bishops. In the con- 
 vention parliament of 1689, he was member 
 for Worcester, and was one of the mana- 
 gers of the commons at a conference with 
 the lords about the word " abdicated." He 
 was soon after made solicitor-general and 
 knighted, and in 1692, appointed attorney- 
 general. In 1697, he was raised to the 
 peerage, and made lord chancellor, but in 
 1700, he was removed from his high situa- 
 tion, and accused by the commons of high 
 crimes and misdemeanors, of which, upon 
 trial before his peers, he was acquitted. He 
 now abandoned the struggles of political 
 life for studious retirement, and w as soon 
 after chosen president of the Royal Society. 
 He, however, occasionally laboured for the 
 prosperity of his country in the house of 
 lords, and projected the union between 
 Scotland and England. In 1703, he was 
 president of the council, but was removed 
 by the change of ministry two years after. 
 He grew so infirm, that he held no office 
 under George I. He died of an apoplectic" 
 fit, 26th April, 1716, after surviving for 
 some time the powers of his mind. He 
 was never married. He wrote various 
 pieces, and translated Plutarch's life of A]-- 
 eibiades, in the lives by several hands, and* 
 also Dido's letter to .^neas from Ovid, &t, 
 
 05 1 
 
.SOM 
 
 Si OR 
 
 His character is deservedly celebrated, not 
 only as a man of learning, but as the patron 
 of the learned ; and in the midst of political 
 corruption and court intrigue, he is repre- 
 sented as a patient, mild, and benevolent 
 magistrate, uncorrupted as a statesman and 
 lawyer, as an orator eloquent, possessed of 
 a most refined taste, and a most upright 
 patriot. He was among those who recom- 
 mended to public notice the Paradise Lost, 
 which party-spirit and false taste seemed 
 desii'ous to condemn to eternal obscurity. 
 
 SoMERviLLE, William, an English poet, 
 born of an ancient family at Edston, War- 
 wickshire, 1692. He was educated at Win- 
 chester, and New college, Oxford, of which 
 he was fellow, and when settled on his pa- 
 ternal estate he became known as a justice 
 of the peace, as a poet, and as a country 
 gentleman. The latter part of his life was 
 spent in the midst of distress and poverty. 
 He died 14th July, 1743. He wrote the 
 Chase, a poem, much and deservedly ad- 
 mired, and some other pieces. He also is 
 said to have translated V'oltaire's play of 
 Alzire. 
 
 SoMMERT, N. Fontette de, a lady, whose 
 parentage is unknown, as she was secretly 
 intrusted to the care of a convent by some 
 person who withdrew immediately all con- 
 nexion with her. She possessed great pow- 
 ers of mind, with inoffensive gayety, and 
 she was patronised by the wife of marshal 
 Brissac, and by her liberality rendered in- 
 dependent. Her company was in conse- 
 quence sought by philosophers and men of 
 learning, and her conduct and conversation 
 deserve the respect which she received 
 from the noble and the opulent. She died 
 about 1792, in an advanced age, universally 
 esteemed. Her Doutes sur les Opinions 
 recues dans la Societe, appeared in 2 vols. 
 12mo. 1784, and she published besides 
 rOreille, an Asiatic romance, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 — letters, &c. 
 
 SoMMiER, John Claude, a French ec- 
 clesiastic of Lorraine. He published I'His- 
 toire Dograatique de la Religion, 6 vols. 
 4to. a work of merit, and the History of 
 the Holy See, 7 vols. 8vo. a composition 
 which, though decried in France, procured 
 for him from Benedict XIH. the archbi- 
 shopric of Csesarca. He died 1737, aged 76. 
 SoMNER, William, an eminent antiquary, 
 born at Canterbury, 30th March, 1606. Af- 
 ter finishing his education at Canterbury 
 school, he became assistant to his father, 
 Avho was engaged in the ecclesiastical courts 
 of the diocess, but antiquities, and not law, 
 were his particular study. In 1640, he pub- 
 lished " the Antiquities of Canterbury," a 
 very valuable performance, and by the en- 
 couragement of his friend Meric Casaubon, 
 he devoted himself laboriously to the ac- 
 quisition of the old Gaelic, Irish, Scotch, 
 l>anish, Gothic, Saxon, and other northern 
 652 
 
 dialects, that he might with greater accu- 
 racy and success develope the records of 
 ancient times. Thus celebrated, he was 
 consulted by the most learned of the nation, 
 and when the Anglicanae Historiae Scrip- 
 tores decem, &c. were published he pre- 
 pared the Glossary for that valuable work. 
 He was in 1657, at the recommendation of 
 archbishop Usher, nominated to the vacant 
 Saxon lectureship at Cambridge, by Spel- 
 man the patron, and in consequence of this 
 appointment he finished his Saxon dic- 
 tionary, published at Oxford, 1659. Before 
 the restoration he was imprisoned for peti- 
 tioning for a free parliament, but in 1660, 
 he was made master of St. John's hospital, 
 Canterbury. He published in 1660, in 4tO. 
 a treatise of Gavel Kind, &c. a most capital 
 work. He died 30th March, 1669, leaving 
 several valuable papers behind him. His 
 library was purchased for the use of Can- 
 terbury church. He was in private life a 
 most respectable and benevolent man, ac- 
 quainted with the most learned persons of 
 the age. He was twice married. 
 
 Sophocles, an Athenian, distinguished 
 as a warrior, and particularly as a tragic 
 poet. He was 20 times rewarded with the 
 poetical prize, and had for his master 
 ^schylus, and for his rival Euripides. Only 
 seven of his plays are extant, to prove how 
 deservedly he was entitled, for the spirit 
 and elegance of his language, and the sub- 
 limity of his thoughts, to the applauses of 
 his admiring countrymen. 
 
 SoPHONiSBA, daughter of Asdrubal, and 
 wife of king Syphax, married afterwards 
 Masinissa on the defeat and death of her 
 first husband. The marriage was dis- 
 pleasing to Scipio, and Sophonisba, obliged 
 to abandon her second lord, poisoned 
 herself in obedience to his commands, 
 B. C. 203. 
 
 SoRANUS, an Ephesian physician, who 
 settled at Rome, under Trajan and Adrian. 
 Some of his works are extant. Another 
 physician of that name wrote a treatise on 
 the Diseases of Women. 
 
 SoRBAiT, Paul, imperial physician, and 
 professor of medicine, at Vienna, was born 
 at Hainault. He was author of Commenta- 
 ries on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, 4to. j 
 Medicina Universalis, Theoretica et Prac- 
 tica, fol. — Consilium Medicum, &c. and 
 died 1691, at a great age. 
 
 SoRBiERE, Samuel, a French writer, born 
 in the diocess of Usez, 1610 or 1615. He 
 lost his parents in his youth, and was edu- 
 cated by his maternal uncle, the learned 
 Petit, and afterwards studied divinity at 
 Paris, which he relinquished for medicine. 
 He visited Holland, and wished to settle at 
 Leyden ; but in 1653 he abandoned the 
 protestant religion for the popish, and pub- 
 lished a Vindication of his Conduct, dedi- 
 cated to Mazai'in. He was at Korae, and 
 
SOS 
 
 .SOL 
 
 was noticed by the pope, and then visited 
 England, and publislicd an account of his 
 voyage thither, though he resided only three 
 months in the country ; but his abuse and 
 scurrility were so offensive, that not only 
 Sprat, but Voltaire himself, is severe upon 
 his work ; and for this satirical composition 
 he was dismissed from the office of histo- 
 riographer of France, by the French go- 
 vernment. He afterwards paid his court 
 to Clement IX. ; but he received no higher 
 preferment, as some suspected the sound- 
 ness of his faith. He was in general a fair, 
 unblemished character, and died of a dropsy 
 at Bonne, 9th April, 1670. He wrote va- 
 rious publications, about 20 in number, 
 though none of any importance. Ho was 
 a correspondent of Hobbes, and had the 
 art of sending his letters on philosophical 
 subjects to his friend Gassendi, and then of 
 transmitting, as his own, his answers to 
 the English philosopher, who, thus deluded, 
 admired the abilities, and the profound 
 learning of his French associate. 
 
 SoRBONNE, Robert de, founder of the ce- 
 lebrated college of that name at Paris, was 
 born at Sorbon, near Rheims,l201. Though 
 originally poor, yet he acquired celebrity as 
 a preacher, and became chaplain to Lewis 
 IX. and when made canon of Cambray, he 
 laid the foundation of his college, 1253. 
 He died 1274, and left all his property to 
 the improvement of his college, which has 
 produced many respectable members. He 
 wrote some theological tracts, &c. now lit- 
 tle read. 
 
 SoREL, Agnes, a native of Fromenteau, 
 in Touraine. She was maid of honour to 
 the queen of Charles VII. of France, who 
 became enamoured of her, and at last aban- 
 doned the cares of government for her loved 
 society. Agnes, weak only in the presence 
 of her royal lover, influenced him to deeds 
 of glory, and roused him to attack the Eng- 
 lish forces, which depopulated his kingdom. 
 She maintained her influence over the heart 
 of Charles till her death, which happened 
 9th Feb. 1450, in her 40th year, at Mesnel, 
 near Jumieges. Some have reported, but 
 falsely, that she was poisoned by order of 
 the dauphin Lewis XI. From her beauty 
 she was called by the poets of the age, the 
 fairest of the fair, and in the powers of the 
 mind, had she preserved her virtue, she 
 might have equalled the most celebrated of 
 her sex. She bore three daughters to 
 Charles VII. 
 
 SoRGH, Hendrick, a painter of Rotter- 
 dam, who studied under Teniers, and excel- 
 led in the representation of fairs, markets, 
 &c. He died 1684, aged 61. 
 
 SoRRi, Peter, an Italian painter. He was 
 born at Sienna, and died 1622, aged 66. 
 
 SosiGENES, an astronomer of Egypt, 
 whose abilities were employed by J. Caesar, 
 m the reformation of the calendar. H^ 
 
 made the Julian year consist of 365 days, 
 B. C. 45. 
 
 SosTRATEs, an architect of Cnidos, who 
 built the celebrated tower of Pharos, in the 
 bay of Alexandria. He llouribhed B.C. 273. 
 SoTADES, a tireciaii poet of Maronsea, in 
 Thrace. It is said that he was thrown int«> 
 the i^ea in a leaden chest by order of Fhila- 
 delphus, of Egypt, whom he had ridiculed 
 in a satirical poem. 
 
 SoTHEL, Seth, governor of North Caro- 
 lina, succeeded Eastchurch in that office. 
 He became a proprietor by purchase from 
 Lord Clarendon. On his passage to Ame- 
 rica he was captured by the Algerines, and 
 until his liberation and arrival in the colony 
 the government was administered by Har- 
 vey. Sothel conducted in a manner so into- 
 lerably unjust, that the assembly compelled 
 him to relinquish his office, and depart from 
 the colony. He retired to South Carolina, 
 and was made governor there in the room of 
 Colleton in 1690. He proved to be arbi- 
 trary and rapacious, and was removed 
 within two years, and died in North Caro- 
 lina in 1694. Governor Ludwell succeeded 
 him. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Soto, Dominic, a learned Dominican, 
 born 1494, at Segovia, where his father was 
 a gardener. He studied divinity at Alcala, 
 and at Paris, and entered among the Domi- 
 nicans on his return to Spain, and was 
 made, in consequence of his abilities, con- 
 fessor to Charles V. by whom he was sent 
 in 1545, to the council of Trent. Though 
 distinguished for eloquence, he possessed 
 little ambition, and refused the bishopric 
 of Segovia, and early resigned the place of 
 imperial confessor. He died 1560. He 
 wrote a Commentary on the Epistle to the 
 Romans — a treatise, de Justitia et Jure — 
 De Pauperum Causci — De cavendo Jura- 
 mentorum Abusu, &c. There was another 
 of the same name also, at the council of 
 Trent. He came to England with king 
 Philip, with the intention of restoring the 
 universities to the catholic faith, and died 
 1563. He was author of some theological 
 tracts. 
 
 SouBiSE, John de Parthenai, lord of, of 
 an illustrious house in Poitou, was one of 
 the chief leaders of the protestants. He 
 came from Ferrara, where he had enjoyed 
 the favour of the duke, to France, and was 
 sent by the prince of Condc, his new pa- 
 tron, to defend Lyons, and he behaved 
 there with such bravery, that the duke of 
 Nemours was obliged to raise the siege. 
 This great man, so much loved by the Cal- 
 vinists, and dreaded by the catholics, died 
 1566, aged 54, leaving one daughter. 
 
 SouBisE, Benjamin de Rohan, duke of, 
 son of Renatus de Rohan, by the only 
 daughter of the preceding, distinguished 
 himself on the side of the protestants, and 
 ably defended with his brother, the town o^f 
 
 653 
 
sat 
 
 SOL 
 
 Rochelle against the arms of France. In 
 1621, he long maintained the independence 
 of St. John d'Angeli against Lewis XIII. 
 and when he surrendered, he obtained ho- 
 nourable terms, and a free pardon. The 
 next year he took Oleron, and extended 
 his conquests over Poitou ; but a reverse 
 of fortune obliged him to fly, and he re- 
 tired to England, where he died 1640. 
 
 SoucHAi, John Baptist, a French writer, 
 born at St. Amand, near Vendome. He 
 distinguished himself as a member of the 
 academy of inscriptions, to whose memoirs 
 he made valuable contributions, and he be- 
 came canon of Rodez, counsellor to the 
 king, and professor of eloquence in the 
 royal college. He translated sir Thomas 
 Browne's Vulgar Errors, 2 vols, — edited 
 Ausonius, 4to. — and Pellison's works, 3 
 vols. l2mo. and died 1746, aged 59. 
 
 SouciET, Stephen, a Jesuit, born at 
 Bourges, 12th Oct. 1671. He taught rhe- 
 toric and divinity in his society, and after- 
 wards was librarian to the college of Louis 
 the Great, and died at Paris, l4th Jan. 1744. 
 He wrote Astronomical Observations in 
 China and India, 3 vols. 4to. — Critical Dis- 
 sertations on difficult passages in Scripture, 
 4to. — Dissertations against Newton's Chro- 
 nology, 4to. &.C. His brother Stephen Au- 
 gustin died two days after him. He was 
 professor of theology at the college of Louis 
 the Great, and he wrote poems on Comets, 
 8vo. — Agriculture, with notes, 8vo. in Latin, 
 in a pure and elegant style. 
 
 SouFFLOT, James Germain, an eminent 
 architect, born at Trenci, near Auxerre, 
 1713. His inclinations to study architec- 
 ture were thwarted by his father ; but he 
 left home, and travelled to Italy, where he 
 perfected his knowledge, and returned to 
 France, to give the most convincing proofs 
 of his abilities. He was engaged at Lyons, 
 and afterwards at Paris became comptroller 
 of the buildings of Marly and the Thuille- 
 ries, and superintendent of the royal build- 
 ings. His greatest work is the church of 
 Genevieve ; but it is said that the opposition 
 raised against him, and the consequent vex- 
 ations, shortened his days. He died 29th 
 Aug. 1780, aged 67. 
 
 South, Robert, a celebrated English di- 
 vine, son of a merchant, born at Hackney, 
 Middlesex, 1633. He was educated under 
 Busby, and in 1651, was elected to Christ- 
 church, Oxford. Here he greatly distin- 
 guished himself by his talents both as a 
 poet and a preacher; but it must be ob- 
 served that his character, if we may credit 
 Wood, his contemporary, was neither can- 
 did or consistent. When Cromwell had 
 made peace with the Dutch he congratu- 
 lated him in a Latin poem, and abused the 
 independents in the pulpit, whilst he fa- 
 voured the cause of the presbyterians ; but 
 when the restoration approached, he in- 
 654 
 
 veighed with the most eloquent zeal againsc 
 presbyterians, and every denomination of 
 dissenters. His abilities were so respect- 
 able, however, notwithstanding his time- 
 serving character, that he was in 1660, 
 elected public orator of the university, and 
 the next year became chaplain to lord Cla- 
 rendon, and in consequence of this con- 
 nexion obtained a sinecure in Wales, and 
 the degree of D.D. conferred by the uni- 
 versity. In 1670 he was made canon of 
 Christ church, and in 1676, attended Hyde, 
 ambassador to Poland, and at his return 
 published an account of that kingdom. In 
 1678, he was made by the chapter of West- 
 minster, rector of Islip ; but though some 
 have imagined that he was eager after 
 higher preferment, and dissatisfied, it is 
 asserted that he lived in retirement at Ca- 
 versham, near Reading, and refused not 
 only an English bishopric, but an archbi- 
 shopric in Ireland, oiFered him by Ro- 
 chester, the lord lieutenant. At the revo- 
 lution he took the oaths of allegiance, and 
 might have again received a high ecclesi- 
 astical dignity. In 1693 he had a contro- 
 versy with Sherlock about the Trinity, 
 which was carried on with great acrimony, 
 and though the university of Oxford de- 
 clared in his favour, yet the dispute was 
 not allayed till the king published a decree 
 to forbid the meddling with the subject of 
 the Trinity, except in a manner agreeable 
 to the doctrines of the church of England. 
 This controversy was finally ridiculed in 
 the " Battle Royal," a popular ballad, which 
 exposed to public derision the two dispu- 
 tants, and Dr. Burnet, of the Charter-house. 
 In Anne's reign South did little, though he 
 was a warm advocate of Sacheverell, and 
 of his doctrines. He died 8th July, 1716, 
 aged 83, and was buried in Westminster 
 abbey. Though learned and eloquent, 
 South was not an amiable character ; he 
 was morose, overbearing, and haughty, and 
 while his zeal for religion rendered him 
 popular, his disposition, and the violence of 
 his manners, showed him to be a disagree- 
 able man. His sermons have often appeared 
 in 6 vols. 8vo. and possess great merit, and 
 unite, with judgment and erudition, art and 
 a strong vein of satirical moroseness. His 
 Opera Posthuma, &c. appeared in 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1717. 
 
 Southern, Thomas, an English drama- 
 tist born at Stratford on Avon, WarAvick- 
 shire, 1662. He was servitor at Pembroke 
 college, Oxford, where he took his degree 
 of B.A. and then went to settle in Lon- 
 don. He now began to publish plays, and 
 by this employment acquired a very com- 
 fortable subsistence. The Loyal Brother, 
 or Persian Prince, appeared in 1632, to 
 compliment the duke of York, who when 
 on the throne gave him a captain's commis- 
 ision. In 1721 he obtained for his " Spar-- 
 
SPA 
 
 J^PA 
 
 lan Dame" 150L a high price at that time, 
 and he was the first who extended the ad- 
 vantage of play-writing to a second and 
 third night. The most aftecting of his 
 plays, and perhaps oC all English plays, 
 is his " Innocent Adultery," and the most 
 finished is his " Oroonoko," or the Royal 
 Slave, borrowed from a true story (rom 
 Mrs. Behn's novel. He wrote besides Isa- 
 bella, or the Fatal Marriage, and also the 
 Disappointment, and the Rambling Lady, 
 comedies. The last 10 years o( his lile he 
 lived at Westminster, and was there a regu- 
 lar attendant at the abbey service. He 
 died 26th May, 1746, aged 83. He has 
 been blamed for mixing tragedy and come- 
 dy together, a monstrous impropriety, of 
 
 Mr. Stanley, a member of congress, at 
 Newbern, Sept. 5th, 1802. {cfjP L. 
 
 Spallanzani, l^azarus, a celebrated 
 naturalist. He was bom at Scandiano 
 near Reggio, 1729, and studied at Bologna, 
 after which he retired to private medita- 
 tion. Being elected protcssor at Pavia he 
 devoted himself to natural history, and 
 made various and important experiments 
 in physiology. In 1779 he began to travel, 
 and HI 1785 lie visited Constantinople, the 
 plains of Troas, and the islands of Corfu 
 and Cytbera. He afterwards came to 
 V ienna, where the emperor Joseph received 
 him with great ceremony and every mark 
 of esteem, and on his return to Pavia he 
 was greeted by the most aflectionate re- 
 spect of his i)Upils and friends. In 1788 
 
 which, it is said, he was in his latter days . . nt -, « c- i i 
 
 fully sensible, though he had thus complied he went to Naples and Sicily, and examm- 
 
 ■with the vitiated taste of the 
 
 times. His 
 published by T. 
 
 dramatic works were 
 Evans, 3 vols. l2mo. 
 
 SozoMEN, Hermias, a native of Pales- 
 tine, who practised as an advocate at Con- 
 stantinople, and was author of an Ecclesias- 
 tical History from 324 to 439. He died 
 about 450. 
 
 Spagnoletto, Joseph Ribera, a painter, 
 born at Xativa, near Valentia, 1589. 
 Though born of poor parents his industry 
 enabled him to travel into Italy, and after 
 studying the best masters at Parma and 
 Rome, and copying the beauties of Carra- 
 
 ed, with philosophical accuracy, the won- 
 ders and the productions of the Appe- 
 nines. He died of an apoplexy 12th Feb. 
 1799 at Pavia. He published. Letters ou 
 the Origin of Fountains — Experiments on 
 the Re-production of Animals — Essay on 
 Animaleulae in Fluids — Microscopical Ex- 
 periments — Memoirs on the Circulation of 
 the Blood — Observations on the Transpi- 
 ration of Plants — Travels in the two Si- 
 cilies and the Appenines, 6 vols. — Corres- 
 pondence with eminent Men — Observa- 
 tions on the Influence of Confined Air, 
 &,c. 
 
 Spanheim, Frederic, divinity professor 
 
 vagio and Correggio, he settled at Naples, ^t Leyden, was born at Amberg, in the Up 
 where his abilities were patronised and en- - -- -^ 
 
 couraged by the viceroy, and the great men 
 of Europe. His pencil delighted in works 
 of horror, and therefore scenes of torture, 
 and of martyrdom, the torments of ixion, 
 and Prometheus, and Cato tearing his own 
 bowels, are painted by him with such great Leyden, where he had been honourably in 
 
 per Palatinate, 1600. He was educated un- 
 der his father, a learned man, and then 
 studied at Heidelberg and Geneva. He 
 refused a professorship at Lausanne, and 
 in 1631 succeeded to a divinity chair at 
 Geneva, which he left in 1642 to settle at 
 
 correctness, and such forcible expression, as 
 to astonish and terrify the beholders. He 
 died 1656. 
 
 Spagnoli, Baptist, a native of Mantua, 
 who became general of the Carmelites, 
 and distinguished himself by the sound 
 and virtuous regulations which he attempt- 
 ed to introduce among the corrupted mem- 
 bers of his order. He devoted himself 
 much to studious pursuits, and wrote verses 
 with great facility, but not always with 
 equal success. His works, containing ec- 
 logues and other poems, and prose miscel- 
 lanies, &c. were edited at Venice, 1499, 4to. 
 and at Antwerp 1576, 4 vols. 8vo. He 
 died 20th March, 1516, aged 72. 
 
 Spaight, Richard Dobbs, governor of 
 North Carolina from 1792 to 1795. In 
 1783 he was elected a delegate to congress, 
 and the following year was appointed one 
 of the " committee of the states." He 
 was also a delegate to the convention 
 which framed the constitution of the Uni- 
 ted »States. He was killed in a duel with 
 
 vited. Here he distinguished himself as a 
 professor, and also as a preaeher, in the 
 Walloon church, and was respected by the 
 queen ol Bohemia, the prince of Orange, 
 and Christina of Svveden. He died May, 
 1649. He wrote Exercitationes de Gratia 
 Universali, 3 vols. 8vo.— Dubia Evangeli- 
 ca, 2 vols. 4to. — the Swiss Mercury — Life 
 of Count Dhona, 4to. &c. 
 
 Spaxheim, Ezekiel, a learned writer and 
 statesman, eldest son of the preceding, 
 born at Geneva, 1629. He early displayed 
 great abilities, and at the age of 16 he 
 wrote an ingenious defence of Buxtorf 
 against Capellus, in favour of the Hebrew 
 characters which his antagonist declared 
 had been lost by the Jews, but preserved 
 by the Samaritans. This performance he 
 afterwards called unripe fruit, and candidly 
 assented to the opinion of Capellus, which 
 before he had attacked. On his father's 
 death he left Leyden for Geneva, where 
 he was honoured with the title of profes- 
 sor of eloquence, and soon after he became 
 
 055 
 
SPA 
 
 SPE 
 
 tutor to the son of Charles Lewis, elector 
 palatine. On this new appointment he 
 devoted himself not only to literary pur- 
 suits, but to political studies, and was em- 
 ployed by the elector as envoy to the court 
 of Rome, where he was treated with un- 
 usual respect by Christina of Sweden and 
 other great characters. After being em- 
 ployed by the elector in several negotia- 
 tions, especially in Hoiianu, at Menlz, at 
 the congress of Breda, and m Engiaud, he 
 next entered into the service of the elector 
 of Brandenburg, and was his envo^ extra- 
 ordinary at Paris, and in London. When 
 the elector of Brandenburg assumed the 
 title of kmg, he created him his minister, 
 baron of the Prussian dominions, and again 
 in 1702 employed him as his ambasador 
 in England. He spent there the remain- 
 der of his days, and died 28th Oct. 1710, 
 and was buried in Westminster abbey. 
 Though so much engaged in political af- 
 fairs, Spanheim wrote much and with great 
 success and ability. The best known of 
 his works are, De Praestantia, et Usu Nu- 
 mismatum Antiquorum, 2 vols, folio — Let- 
 ters and Dissertations on Medals — Julian's 
 works edited with notes, folio — besides 
 notes on some Classical Authors, published 
 by his friends. 
 
 Spanheim, Frederic, son of Frederic, 
 and brother to the preceding, was born at 
 Geneva, 1632, and carried to Leyden by 
 his father. He studied under Herebooid, 
 Golius, and Boxton, and after distinguish- 
 ing himself as a preacher at Utrecht, he 
 was invited to the chairof divinity at Heidel- 
 berg, by the elector palatine, 1565. After 
 acquiring reputation here as a professor, 
 he removed in 1670 to Leyden, where he 
 succeeded to the professorship of divinity 
 and sacred history with universal approba- 
 tion. His laborious studies enfeebled his 
 health, and he died 1701, in consequence 
 of a palsy. He left only one son out of 
 several children whom he had by three 
 wives. His writings are very numerous, 
 and were printed at Leyden, 3 vols, folio. 
 They are chiefly on theological subjects, of 
 which the chief is his Ecclesiastical His- 
 tory. 
 
 Sparrow, Anthony, a native of Depden, 
 Suffolk, educated at Queen's college, Cam- 
 bridge, from which he was expelled for re- 
 fusing to subscribe to the covenant, 1643. 
 On the restoration of the second Charles, 
 he was placed at the head of his college, 
 made archdeacon of Sudbury, and in 1667 
 raised to the see of Exeter, from which he 
 was translated to Norwich. He compiled 
 a collection of Articles, Injunctions, Ca- 
 nons, &c. and also published Rationale, or 
 the book of Common Prayers 1657, 8vo. 
 improved afterwards with additions, and 
 again edited 1722. This pious and learned 
 olivine died in his diocess, 1685. 
 656 
 
 Spartacus, a Thracian shepherd, who 
 escaped from a school of gladiators, and 
 collected so formidable a number of adhe- 
 rents, that he was enabled to conquer some 
 of the Roman armies. He was at last de- 
 feated by Crassus, B.C. 71. 
 
 Spartianus, ^lius, a Latin historian, 
 author of the Lives of the Roman empe- 
 rors from Cajsar to Dioclesian. 
 
 Speed, John, a celebrated historian, 
 born at Farrington, Cheshire, 1555. 
 Though originally a taiior,and of some emi- 
 nence in his profession, he abandoned the 
 needle for the pen, and in 1596, under the 
 patronage of Mr. Fulke Greville, he pub- 
 lished his " Theatre of Great Britain," af- 
 terwards improved and enlarged. His 
 History of Great Britian, under the Con- 
 quests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and 
 Normans, appeared 1614, dedicated to 
 James L and was recommended by verses 
 from sir Henry Spelman, and other learn- 
 ed men. He published also, 1616, the 
 Cloud of Witnesses, or Genealogies of 
 Scripture, &c. a valuable book of divinity, 
 often bound up with the Bible. He died 
 28th July, 1629, and was buried in St. 
 Giles's, Cripplegate. He had 12 sons and 
 six daughters by his wife, who died the 
 year before him, after a union of 57 
 years. He was an able antiquary, and 
 had his education been equal to the pow- 
 ers of his natural genius, as Nicolson ob- 
 serves, he would greatly have outdone him- 
 self. 
 
 Spelman, sir Henry, an eminent anti- 
 quary, born at Congham, near Lynn, Nor- 
 folk, of a respectable family, 1561. He 
 was two years at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, and then entered at Lincoln's Inn. 
 He was sheriff for Norfolk, 1604, and be- 
 came so well known for his abilities, that 
 James sent him three different times into 
 Ireland on public business, and appointed 
 him at home one of the commissioners to 
 inquire into the fees exacted in all the courts 
 and offices of England. He received a pre- 
 sent of 3001. for his services, and was 
 knighted by the king. When 50 years old, 
 he settled in London with his wife, and 
 devoted himself there totally to literary pur- 
 suits, and to the company and correspon- 
 dence of the great and the learned of the 
 age ; of Usher, Williams, Selden, Cot- 
 ton, Abbot, Laud, Dugdale, Salmasius, 
 Rigaltius, Bignonius, and others. He 
 founded a Saxon lectureship at Cambridge, 
 but the intervention of the civil wars pre- 
 vented the full execution of bis wishes iu 
 this re?pect. He died in London, 1641, 
 and was buried in Westminster abbey, near 
 Cambden. He had eight children, four 
 sons and four daughters, the eldest of which 
 sons, John, was knighted by king Charles 
 I. and was made master of Sutton's hospi- 
 tal. Sir Henrv was member of the old 
 
-SPE 
 
 SPK 
 
 society of antiquaries, and wrote several 
 valuable works, the best known of which 
 are, " dc non Temerandis Ecclesiis," 
 against sacrilege, or alienating the church 
 lands — 'Glossarium Archaiologicum, of 
 which only the Hrst part to the letter L, 
 yvaa published by himself, 1G26 ; a second 
 volume was collected from his papers, and 
 published by sir William Dugdale after the 
 restoration — an edition of the English 
 Councils, 2 vols, folio, of which the se- 
 cond volume was edited by sir William Dug- 
 dale also — Villare Anglicanum, folio — Re- 
 liquiae Spelmaniae, folio, edited by Gib- 
 son, 1698, and again printed by the same 
 learned editor in 1723. Sir John, the son, 
 wrote among other things, two political 
 tracts — Alfred's Life, &c. and died 25th 
 July, 1643, greatly esteemed by the king. 
 His funeral sermon was preached and pub- 
 lished by Usher. — Clement, the youngest 
 son of sir Henry, was also a learned man, 
 and made one of the judges of the exche- 
 quer after the restoration. He wrote a 
 Discourse on the Time of observing Eas- 
 ter — tracts on Astrology — Rules for judg- 
 ing the W^eather, &c. and died June, 1679, 
 and was buried in St. Dunstan's church, 
 Fleet-street. 
 
 Spence, Joseph, an elegant scholar and 
 divine, born in Northamptonshire, and edu- 
 cated at Winchester school, and New col- 
 lege, Oxford, of which he was fellow. In 
 1727 he published *' an Essay on Pope's 
 Odyssey," &c. which, though coldly praised 
 by Dr. Johnson, is allowed by Warton to 
 possess great merit ; and, indeed, far from 
 irritating the poet, it procured his friend- 
 ship, and to that connexion the critic owed 
 some of the preferment which he after- 
 wards held. In 1728 he was elected poetry 
 professor at Oxford, and travelled as tutor 
 with lord Lincoln, afterwards duke of New- 
 castle. In 1742 he was made professor of 
 modern history, and also obtained from his 
 college Great Horwood rectory, in Buck- 
 inghamshire, where he never resided, and 
 in 1754 he was promoted to a stall in Dur- 
 ham cathedral. On the 20th Aug. 1768, he 
 was found drowned in a canal in his gar- 
 den, at Byfleet, and though the particulars 
 of the melancholy accident must remain 
 unknown, it is generally supposed that in a 
 fit he fell Avith his face downwards into the 
 water, where it was too shallow' to cover 
 liis head, and was thus suifocated. He 
 published an Account of his friend Stephen 
 Duck, 1731 — an Account of the Life and 
 Writings of Blacklock — some pieces pre- 
 served in Dodsley's Miscellany, and other 
 compositions ; but the work for which he 
 is deservedly adnured as a man of genius 
 and of taste, is his " Polymetis," or an In- 
 quiry on the Agreement of the Roman 
 Poets, and the Remains of Ancient Artists, 
 to illusti-atc each other, folio, 1747. This 
 Vol. II. 93 
 
 work, though fastidiously censured bv 
 Gray, has met with universal approbation, 
 and has been highly commended by Lowth, 
 Johnson, and Wurton. Our amiable au- 
 thor made several communications about 
 Pope, whom he attended in his last mo- 
 ments, to his friend Warton, and aa he had 
 formed memorials of his conversation, hid 
 assistance must be considered as valual)le 
 and his anecdotes as authentic. 
 
 Spencer, John, an ingenious divine, born 
 in Kent, 1U30, and educated at Corpus 
 Christi college, Cambridge, of which he 
 became fellow, and in 1667 master. In 
 1677 he was made dean of Ely, and after a 
 life usefully devoted to literature and reli- 
 gion, he died. May, 1695, and was buried 
 in the chapel of his college. He published 
 some occasional sermons ; but his works 
 best known are, a Discourse concerning 
 Prodigies, &c. a learned composition — a 
 Latin Dissertation concerning Urim and 
 Thummin, 1668 — and in 1685 his celebra- 
 ted work, de Legibus Hebr^eorum Ilituali- 
 bus, et eorum Rationibus, which has met 
 with opposition from various quarters, be- 
 cause, while he vindicates the ways of God 
 to men, he asserts that many of the rites 
 and ceremonies of the Jews are deduced 
 from the practices of their heathen neigh- 
 bours. This work was edited with the au- 
 thor's notes by Leonard Chappelow, Cam- 
 bridge, 1727, folio. 
 
 Spencer, William, fellow of Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, published, in 1658, 
 Origen's eight books against Celsus, &c. in 
 4to. with annotations, and a Latin version. 
 Spencer, Joseph, general in the Ameri- 
 can army of the revolution, was a native of 
 East Haddam, Connecticut. He entered 
 the northern army during the French war, 
 in 1758, with the rank of major, and was 
 soon advanced to a colonelcy, and served 
 with reputation. In 1775 he was appoint- 
 ed a brigadier-general, and the following 
 year major-general in the continental army. 
 He resigned his commission in 1778, and 
 was the next year elected to a seat in the 
 continental congress. He died in 1789, 
 aged seventy-five years. ?CZi^ L. 
 
 Spenep., Philip James, a Lutheran di- 
 vine of Frankfort on the Maine, born in 
 Alsatia, 1635. He became in 1680 found- 
 er of a new sect, called Pietists, which 
 maintained that only persons inspired by 
 the Holy Ghost could understand the Scrip.* 
 tures, a doctrine which jjroduced many en- 
 thusiasts, and was at last checked by the 
 interference of the civil power. He set- 
 tled at Dresden, and afterwards at Berlin, 
 where he held some ecclesiastical dignities, 
 and died 1705, aged 70. 
 
 Spenser, Edmund, a celebrated English 
 poet, born at London, and educated at 
 Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, where he took 
 his master's degree, 1576. He left Cam 
 
 657 
 
SFE 
 
 SPI 
 
 bridge upon being an unsuccessl'ul candi- 
 date for a fellowship at Pembroke, and for 
 some time resided with some friends in the 
 North, where he fell in love with his fair 
 Rosalind, whose beauties and cruelty he 
 has laboriously painted. His first publica- 
 tion was the Shepherd's Calendar, which 
 ■was dedicated to sir Philip Sidney, a great 
 favourite at court, and a fond admirer of 
 good poetry. By means of this worthy 
 patron, he was introduced at court, and 
 appointed poet laureat, with a salary of 50/. 
 and his verses pleased Elizabeth so much 
 that she ordered Burleigh to present him 
 1001. to which the sagacious minister ob- 
 jected, as being too much for a song. 
 " Then give him," replied the queen, " what 
 is reason." The gratuity, however, was 
 delayed, till the impatient poet presented 
 to the queen the following lines : 
 
 J tvas promised on a time, 
 To have reason for my rhyme ; 
 From that time until this season, 
 I received nor rhyme nor reason : 
 
 which were graciously received, and imme- 
 diately obtained the promised reward. He 
 was afterwards employed by lord Grey de 
 Wilton, the lord lieutenant of Ireland, as 
 Iiis secretary, and for his faithful services 
 he was rewarded with a grant of 3000 
 acres of land in the county of Cork, and in 
 the mansion on this estate he spent some 
 time, and completed his celebrated poem, 
 *• the Faery Queen." The rebellion, how- 
 ever, disturbed his repose ; he was plun- 
 dered and robbed of his estate, and broken 
 in heart and fortune, he came to London, 
 where he died 1598. He was interred in 
 Westminster abbey, near Chaucer. A mo- 
 nument was erected to his memory by Ro- 
 bert Devereaux, earl of Essex. Though 
 he is said on his monument to have been 
 born 1510, and to have died 1596, these 
 dates are false, according to Camden, who 
 fixes the time of his death 1598. As a 
 poet Spenser is deservedly regarded as lit- 
 tle inferior either in invention or in judg- 
 ment, and in the true fire of the muse, to 
 any author in ancient or modern times. 
 But, with all his beauties, he was, says Ry- 
 mer, fanciful and chimerical, and without 
 uniformity, so that his poem is truly fairy 
 land. His language, unfortunately, is be- 
 coming obsolete, and the form of his stan- 
 zas is heavy and ill-judged ; but though his 
 characters are generally all equal in the 
 possession of moral virtues, and not drawn 
 with sufficient discrimination ; and though 
 for every adventure a hero is raised by the 
 inventive poAvers of the poet, yet the com- 
 position is interesting, grand, and sublime, 
 full of variety, and animated by the happy 
 efforts of a most fertile imagination. The 
 best edition of this valuable poem is that 
 658 
 
 published by Todd, in 6 vols. 8vo. ^viih 
 notesy 1805. 
 
 Sperling, Otto, a native of Hamburgh, 
 who studied medicine in Italy, and after 
 travelling in Dalmatia, settled as physician 
 at Bergen in Norway. He afterwards 
 went to reside at Copenhagen, as physician 
 to the king of Denmark ; but he was in- 
 volved in the disgrace of count Ulfeld, and 
 was sent to prison, 1664, where he died, 
 after a long confinement, 1681. He wrote 
 a Catalogue of the Plants of Denmark, 
 1642, 12mo. &c. 
 
 Sperling, John, a native of Zeuchfield 
 in Thuringia, professor of medicine at Wit- 
 temberg, where he died, 1658, aged 55. 
 He was author of Institutiones Physicae — 
 Anthropologiae PhysicJe, &c. 
 
 Sperone, Speron, a polite writer, born 
 at Padua, 1500. He lived for some time at 
 Rome, patronised by Pius IV. who knighted 
 him, and employed him in embassies to 
 Venice, France, and Spain. He died at 
 Padua, 1588. His works are written in 
 excellent Italian, and consist of orations, 
 dialogues, letters, dissertations, and a tra- 
 gedy, called Canace. 
 
 Spielman, James Reinhold, a physician 
 born 1722, at Strasburg. After travelling 
 over Europe, and residii g some time at 
 Berlin, he returned to his native city, where, 
 as professor of medicine and chymistry, his 
 lectures were attended by numerous and 
 respectable classes. He promoted the es- 
 tablishment of a botanical garden at Stras- 
 burg, which is now one of its principal or- 
 naments, and he died Sept. 1782, univer- 
 sally esteemed. He published Elementa 
 Chymiae, 8vo. — Prodromus Florae Argenti- 
 nensis, 8vo. — Institutiones Materiae Medi- 
 cae — Syllabus Medicamentorum — Pharma- 
 copoeia Generalis, 4to. &.c. 
 
 Spierings, Henry, a native of Antwerp, 
 born 1633, and eminent as a painter of land- 
 scapes. His pictures exhibit great skill 
 and judgment, and his trees and rural 
 scenery are particularly admired. 
 
 Spiers, Albert Van, an admired histori- 
 cal painter, born at Amsterdam. He im- 
 proved his talents by studying in Italy, and 
 afterwards settled in his native country, 
 where he acquired celebrity and fortune. 
 He died 1718, aged 52. 
 
 Spigelius, Adrian, a native of Brussels, 
 professor of surgery and anatomy at Padua. 
 He died at Brussels, 1625, aged 47. His 
 works were published- at Amsterdam, 1645, 
 in folio. The smaller lobe of the liver 
 bears his name, as he is supposed to have 
 discovered it. 
 
 Spilberg, John, a native of Dusseldorf, 
 first painter to the elector Palatine. His 
 altar pieces, portraits, and historical draw- 
 ings, possessed great beauty. He died 
 1691, aged 72. His daughter Adriana ex- 
 
SPI 
 
 SPC» 
 
 relied as an artist in crayons. She married 
 Vander Neer. 
 
 Spilberg, George, a Dutch admiral, 
 who defeated the Spaniards in the south 
 seas, about 161G. An Account of his Ad- 
 ventures is published among the Dutch 
 voyages. 
 
 Spinckes, Nathaniel, an eminent divine, 
 born at Castor, Northamptonshire, 1654. 
 He entered at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 and though after his father's death possess- 
 ed of a respectable fortune, he applied for 
 a Rustat scholarship at Jesus, which he ob- 
 tained as an honourable proof of his abili- 
 ties, after a strict and prolonged examina- 
 tion. In 1681 he was chaplain to the duke 
 of Lauderdale, and in 1685 obtained the 
 rectory of Peakirk, Northamptonshire, and 
 afterwards was promoted to a stall at Salis- 
 bury, and to the rectory of St. Mary in 
 that city. He, however, lost all his prefer- 
 ments in 1690, for refusing to take the oaths 
 to William, and lived afterwards in some 
 distress, and in dependence upon the con- 
 tributions of other nonjurors, of whom he 
 was elected one of the bishops. He died 
 2Sth July, 1727, and was buried in St. 
 Faith's cemetery, north side of St. Paul's. 
 By his wife, who died seven days after him, 
 he had many children, of whom only two 
 survived him. He wrote various pious 
 books and devotions the Sick Man visit- 
 ed, a sixth edition of which appeared 1775. 
 
 Spinello, Aretino, an Italian painter, 
 born at Arezzo, in Tuscany, 1323. His 
 portraits, madonnas, and historical pieces, 
 were much admired, and are highly finish- 
 ed. He died 1420. His son Paris was 
 also an eminent painter, and died 1422, 
 aged 56. It is said of him that, in a pic- 
 ture of the fallen angels, he represented the 
 devil in so hideous a form, that the evil 
 spirit haunted him in his dreams, and de- 
 manded with threats what authority he had 
 to give him so horrible a delineation. 
 
 Spinola, Ambrose, a famous general 
 in the service of Spain, where he was born 
 1569, but descended from a Genoese family. 
 He distinguished himself in Flanders, and 
 as commander in chief, took Ostend, 1604. 
 His abilities were eminently displayed 
 against Maurice of Nassau, the greatest 
 hero of the age, whom he opposed with 
 skill and military judgment. After the 
 truce of 1608, he lived in retirement, till 
 fresh troubles called him again to take the 
 field, and to make Aix-la-Chapelle, VVesel, 
 and Breda, submit to his arms. In 1629 
 he was employed in Italy, where he took 
 Casal ; but the court of Spain disconcert- 
 ed his measures, and prevented his obtain- 
 ing possession of the citadel, in conse- 
 quence of which he fell sick, and died soon 
 after, 1630, exclaiming, "they have robbed 
 me of my honour." 
 
 Spinoza, Benedict de, an atheistical wri- 
 
 ter, son of a Portuguese Jew, born at Am- 
 sterdam, 1638. He studied medicine and 
 theology, but his religion was so loose, and 
 his inquiries for the reason of every thing 
 which he was to believe, became so offen- 
 sive to the rabbis, that he was thrust out of 
 the synagogue. In consequence of this he 
 became a Christian, and was baptized ; but 
 his conversion was insincere, and though 
 during his life he did not openly profess 
 himself an atheist, his posthumous works 
 plainly proved him such- He died of a 
 consumption at the Hague, Feb. 1677, aged 
 45. He is the founder of a regular system 
 of atheism, and by his hypothesis he wished 
 to establish that there is but one substance 
 in nature, which is endowed with infinite 
 attributes, with extension and thought ; 
 that all spirits are modifications of that sub- 
 stance, and that God, the necessary and most 
 perfect being, is the cause of all things that 
 exist, but does not differ from them. 
 These monstrous doctrines, though not 
 new, were thus built into a regular system 
 by this extraordinary man, who is said in 
 other respects to have been of a good mo- 
 ral character in private life, benevolent, 
 friendly, and charitable. His conduct was 
 marked by no licentiousness or irregularity; 
 but he retired from the tumults of Amster- 
 dam, to a more peaceful residence at the 
 Hague, where curiosity led princes, philo- 
 sophers, and learned men to see and to 
 converse with this bold asserter of atheism. 
 His works were " Tractatus Theologico- 
 PoHticus," 4to. 1670 — Opera Posthuma, 
 4to. Few have studied the abstract and 
 difficult principles of Spinoza, and fewer 
 have followed them. Toland may be said 
 to approach nearest, as a free-thinker, in 
 his " Pantheisticon," to the opinions of the 
 Dutch philosopher, and his sentiments 
 seem in some degree to be the repetition of 
 those of his atheistical predecessor. 
 
 Spira, Francis, a Venetian lawyer of 
 eminence in the 16th century. Being ac- 
 cused before the papal nuncio of favouring 
 the tenets of the reformation, he was com- 
 pelled to make a public recantation of his 
 opinions to save his life, and this had such 
 effect upon his spirits, that he was seized 
 with a dreadful melancholy, which baffled 
 all the aid of medicine, and carried him to 
 his grave, under the most poignant agonies 
 of mind, 1548. 
 
 Spon, Charles, an ingenious Frenchman, 
 born at Lyons, 1609. He studied at Ulm 
 and Paris, and in 1632, went to Montpcl- 
 lier, to devote himself more attentively to 
 medicine. He took his degree of M.D. 
 there, and settled at Lyons, where he prac- 
 tised with great success, and died 21st Feb. 
 1684, highly respected. He was an excel- 
 lent scholar, and had such facility of wri- 
 ting Latin verses, that Bayle says had a 
 copy of some of his iambics, on the Deluge 
 
 65n 
 
SPO 
 
 vSPR 
 
 anil last Conflagration, ivhich, though writ- 
 ten at the age of fourteen, would have 
 done credit to established abilities, if 
 composed in moments of leisure. He had 
 an extensive correspondence with the 
 learned of Europe, and was particularly at- 
 tached to Gassendus, and to his philoso- 
 phy. He published the Prognostics of 
 Hippocrates, in hexameter verses, dedica- 
 ted to his friend Guy Patin. 
 
 Spon, James, son of the preceding, was 
 born at Lyons, 1647, and after a careful 
 education, was admitted doctor of medicine 
 at Montpellier, 1667, and member of the 
 Lyons college of physicians two years 
 after. In 1675 he began to travel into 
 Dalmalia, Greece, and the Levant, in com- 
 pany with Mr. Wheeler, of which he pub- 
 fished an interesting account. He left 
 France on the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, 1685, with the intention of reti- 
 ring to Zurich, but died on the way at Ve- 
 vay, on the lake Leman, 1696. He was mem- 
 ber of several learned societies, and was a 
 most respectable character, than in whom, 
 says Bayle, the qualities of a learned and 
 of an honest man were never more happily 
 united. He wrote various works, the best 
 known of which are, Recherches des Anti- 
 quites de Lyons, 8vo. 1674 — Ignotorum 
 atque Obscurorum Deorum Arae, 8vo. 1677j 
 Histoire de la Ville et de I'Etat de Gene- 
 ve, 2 vols. 12mo. 1680 ; Voyage de la Grece 
 et du Levant, 3 vols. 12mo. 1677 — Re- 
 cherches Curieuses d'Antiquite, 4to. J 683 
 — Miscellanea, &c. 
 
 Spondanus, John, or de Sponde, a 
 learned man, born at Mauleon de Soule in 
 Biscay, 1657. At the age of twenty, he 
 began a commentary on Homer's Iliad and 
 Odyssey, printed at Basil, 1583, folio, full 
 of much erudition, though sometimes tri- 
 fling. He abjured the reformed religion, 
 and left the court of his patron, Henry of 
 Navarre, afterwards the fourth of France, 
 and retired to the mountains of Biscay. 
 He died 1595, and was buried at Bour- 
 deaux. He published Aristotle's Logic in 
 Greek and Latin, at Basil, with notes,1583. 
 Spondanus, Henry, younger brother of 
 the preceding, was born 1568,and educated 
 at the reformed college of Ortez. He be- 
 came early eminent for his knowledge of 
 Greek and Latin, and afterwards studied 
 the civil and canon law, and recommended 
 himself to the notice of Henry IV. of 
 France, then Prince of Beam, who made 
 him master of the requests at Navarre. He 
 abandoned the protestant religion 1505, and 
 then retiring to Rome, took orders, and ob- 
 tained, on his return to France, the see of 
 Pamicrs from Lewis XIII. He died at 
 Toulouse, 1643. He abridged his friend 
 Baronius's AnnalesEcclesiastici,and wrote 
 besides, Annales Sacri a Mundi Creatione 
 ad ejusdem Redemptionem, &r. 
 RGO 
 
 SroTSwooD, John, archbishop of St. An- 
 drews, was descended from an ancient fa- 
 mily, and born 1565. He was educated at 
 Glasgow, where he distinguished himself, 
 and afterwards attended as chaplain the 
 duke of Lenox, in his embassy to France, 
 and when James I. took possession of the 
 English throne in 1603, he was in the num- 
 ber of his attendants. That year he was 
 made bishop of Glasgow, and privy coun- 
 sellor of Scotland, and in 1615 was trans- 
 lated to the see of St. Andrews. In 1633 
 he crowned Charles I. as king of Scotland 
 at Holyrood-house, and in 1635 was made 
 chancellor of the kingdom. The troubles 
 of the country obliged him to leave his si- 
 tuation, and he retired to England, where 
 he sunk under his infirmities, and the me- 
 lancholy state of public affairs. He died 
 in London, 1639, and was buried in West- 
 minster abbey. He wrote an history of 
 the Church of Scotland, published 1655, 
 folio. It was begun at the command of 
 James I. and is regarded as accurate. His 
 second son, sir Robert, was a man of abili- 
 ties, patronised like his father by James L 
 and by his successor. He shared the for- 
 tunes of the great Montrose, and was put 
 to death with him. 
 
 Spotswood, Alexander, governor of Vir- 
 ginia, succeeded Jennings in 1710. He 
 was a man of uncommon enterprise and 
 public spirit, a friend of learning and reli- 
 gion, and exercised a useful adlninistration. 
 He was succeeded in 1723 by Drysdale, 
 In 1730 he was appointed post-master ge- 
 neral of the colonies, and in 1739 command- 
 er of the forces raised against Florida, but 
 he died at Annapolis, June 7th, 1740. 
 
 iQ^ L. 
 
 Spragg, Edward, a valiant Englishman, 
 He commanded the Royal Charles in the 
 first engagement with the Dutch fleet in 
 1665, and behaved with such courage, that 
 the king knighted him in his own ship. 
 The following year he distinguished him- 
 self under the duke of Albemarle, in the 
 fight which continued four days with the 
 Dutch, and in 1667 he contributed to the 
 defeat of the same enemy by burning some 
 of their ships when they attempted to sail 
 up the Thames. He was employed in 1671 
 against the Algerines in the Mediterra- 
 nean, where he destroyed seven of their 
 men of war ; but two years after he was 
 unfortunately drowned in the dreadful en- 
 gagement with Van Tromp, as he was pass- 
 ing in a small boat from his ship, which was 
 sinking in the fight, to another. 
 
 Sprangher, Bartholomew, an eminent 
 painter, born at Antwerp, 1546. He was 
 at Rome, and was patronised by cardinal 
 Farnese, and by Pius. V. for whom he 
 painted the " Day of Judgment" at Belvi- 
 dere. On his return to Germany he was in 
 the service of the emperor Maximilian TJ. 
 
SPR 
 
 SQU 
 
 and was so great a favourite wiili bis suc- 
 cessor Rodolphus, that he was honoured 
 with a gold inedaJ, ami with a pension, and 
 raised to the rank of nobility. He visited 
 his country in his old age, and every where 
 heard his productions admired, lie died 
 at Prague, 1623. 
 
 Sprat, Thomas, an English prelate, born 
 atTallaton, Devonshire, 1636, and educa- 
 ted at Wadham college, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He here began to cultivate 
 poetry, and published in 1659 his poem on 
 the death of Cromwell, dedicated to Dr. 
 Wilkins. He afterwards wrote the "Plague 
 of Athens," a poem, and another poem on 
 the death of Cowley. After the restora- 
 tion he took orders, and was chaplain to 
 Buckuigham, and then to the king. He 
 also became an active promoter of the es- 
 tablishment of the Royal Society, of which 
 he was one of the first members, and of 
 ■whose labours he published the history, 
 1667. He next wrote Observations on Sor- 
 biere's Voyage to England, and in 1668 
 edited his friend Cowley's poems. Thus 
 distinguished as a writer, he was amply re- 
 warded by preferments. In 1668 he be- 
 came prebendary of Westminster, after- 
 wards minister of St. Margaret's church, 
 canon of Windsor, and in 1683 dean of 
 Westminster, and next year bishop of Ro- 
 chester. In 1685 he was prevailed upon to 
 write the history of the Rye-house plot, and 
 as he had been liberally noticed by James 
 II. and made dean of the chapel royal, he 
 was appointed one of the commissioners 
 for ecclesiastical affairs. In this office he 
 acted with some timidity, and then at last 
 withdre%v ; but when it was debated 
 whether the throne was vacant by the flight 
 of James, he boldly stood the manly advo- 
 cate of his master. He, however, submit- 
 ted to the revolution, and took the oath ; 
 but an infamous attempt was made by some 
 unprincipled informers to involve him in 
 trouble by forging his name, and by introdu- 
 cing into his house the plan of a pretended 
 plot, all which, however, proved his inno- 
 cence, and after some confinement, left him 
 the exercise of his episcopal duties. He 
 died 20th May, 1713. His character is 
 delineated with some degree of asperity by 
 Burnet ; but it should be remembered that 
 they were rivals and enemies,andthat while 
 Burnet preached before the Commons, he 
 made the pulpit the vehicle of sedition, and 
 Sprat there displayed his zeal and loyalty 
 in favour of the government. Besides the 
 works already mentioned, he wrote a Re- 
 lation of the wicked Conspiracy of Stephen 
 Blackhead and Robert Young, who united 
 to rob him of his Honour and of his Life — 
 and also sermons, 8vo. — poems, &.c. It 
 has been observed that every book of his 
 composition is of a different kind, and has 
 its distinct and eharacteristical excellence. 
 
 SPRING, Samuel, D. D. congregational 
 minister of Newburyport, Maasachusetts, 
 was born in Worcester county in that state, 
 Eeb. 27th, 1746, and graduated at Prince- 
 ton college in 1771. He was licensed to 
 preach in i;74, and the following year, be- 
 came chaplain to a volunteer corps, which 
 marched under colonel Arnold, through the 
 wilderness to Canada. He left the army 
 at the close of 1/76, and in August uf 1777 
 was ordained pastor of the ISorth Congre- 
 gaiioiial Church in fNewburyport, where he 
 continued until his death, March 4thj 
 151 y. He possessed a vigorous and well- 
 cultivated mind, was distinguished for sim- 
 plicity, zeal, and energy as a preacher, and 
 was one of the most ardent and etiicient 
 fiiends of the benevolent institutions which 
 adorn his native state, especially ol the Theo- 
 logical Seminary at Andover, and the Board 
 of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 
 His chief publications were a Dialogue on 
 Duty, and a volume of Disquisitions. lU L. 
 
 Spurstow, William, D. D. master of 
 Catherine hall, Cambridge, from which he 
 was expelled in the civil wars for refusing 
 the engagement, was afterwards minister 
 of Hackney, of which he was deprived in 
 1662, for nonconformity. He was mem- 
 ber of the Wesminster assembly of divines, 
 and assisted also at the Savoy conference. 
 He was author of a treatise on the Pro- 
 mises, 8vo. — the Spiritual Chymist, 8vo. — 
 the Wiles of Satan, and sermons, and died 
 1666. He was also engaged in the attack 
 on episcopacy, under the name of Smeatym= 
 nuus, Vid. Newcomen. 
 
 Squarcione, Francis, an Italian paint- 
 er, who acquired such celebrity, that he 
 was called the father of painters. He im- 
 proved himself by viewing the most valua- 
 ble antiquities preserved in ancient Greece, 
 and died 1474, aged 80. 
 
 Squire, Samuel, D.D. a learned prelate, 
 son of an apothecary at Warminster, Wilts, 
 where he was born, 1714. He was educa- 
 ted at St. John's college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow, and afterwards 
 was successively made archdeacon of Bath^ 
 rector of Topsfield, Essex, in 1750 rector 
 of St. Anne's, W estminster, vicar of Green- 
 wich, and in 1760, dean of Bristol. The 
 following year he was raised to the see of 
 St. David's, and died May 6th, 1766. In 
 the various characters of pastor, bishop, 
 husband, father, and friend, he was a most 
 excellent and amiable pattern. He left two 
 sons and a daughter. The best known of 
 his works are, a Defence of the Ancient 
 Greek Chronology — and an Inquiry into 
 the origin of the Greek Language, 8vo. — 
 Inquiry into the Nature of the English 
 Constitution, 8vo. — Indifference to Religion 
 inexcusable, l2mo. — the Principles of Reli- 
 gion made easy to Young Persons, &c. — p 
 character of his first patron Herring, &c. 
 
SkTA 
 
 StTA 
 
 SyTAAL, Madame de, a French lady, 
 daughter of a painter called de Launai, 
 well educated in a convent by the favour of 
 the abbess. She was in the service of the 
 dutchess of Maine, and shared her disgrace 
 by being confined two years in the bastille, 
 and afterwards she married de Staal, an 
 officer of the Swiss guards. She died 
 1750, leaving her memoirs, published after- 
 wards in 3 vols. l2mo. to which a fourth 
 was afterwards added, containing two co- 
 medies. She possessed great wit and viva- 
 city, as her memoirs fully prove, and it was 
 this which recommended her to the notice 
 and friendship of la Fontenelle, and other 
 learned men. 
 
 Staben, Henry, a Flemish painter, who 
 studied under Tintoret, and acquired cele- 
 brity by his historical pieces, and particu- 
 larly by his views of perspective. He died 
 1658, aged 80. 
 
 Stackhouse, Thomas, a pious divine, 
 for some years curate of Finchley, and af- 
 terwards vicar of Beenham, Berks, where 
 he died 11th Oct. 1752. He wrote several 
 things, and among them a History of the 
 Bible, 2 vols, folio, a popular and valuable 
 work, often reprinted —a System of Practi- 
 cal Divinity, fol. — a Tract on the Miseries 
 of the inferior Clergy, 8vo. — a Review of 
 the Controversy concerning Miracles, &c. 
 a complete Body of Divinity — an Exposi- 
 tion of the Apostles' Creed, &c. 
 
 Stadius, John, a native of Loenhout, in 
 Brabant, who became professor of history 
 at Louvain, and afterwards filled the chair 
 of mathematics and history at Paris, where 
 he died 1579, aged 52. His knowledge of 
 mathematics was disgraced by his fondness 
 for astrological calculations. He wrote 
 Ephemerides, 4to. — Tabula ^quabilis et 
 Apparentis Motus Coelestium Corporum — 
 a Latin Commentary on Florus — Fasti Ro- 
 manorum, &c. 
 
 Stael, Anne Louisa Germaine Necker, 
 baroness de, was the daughter of the cele- 
 brated M. Necker, and born at Paris, in 
 1766. She received a liberal education, 
 and early displayed extraordinary talents ; 
 but the new philosophy, as it was called, 
 gave a masculine tone to her mind. In 
 l786 she married baron de Stael, a Swede, 
 by whom she had four children, two of 
 whom only survived her. In 1789 Madame 
 de Stael began her literary career, in 
 '* Letters on the Writings and Character of 
 Rousseau ;" and soon afterwards she took 
 an active part in the French Revolution. 
 In 1793, her husband being appointed am- 
 bassador to the new republic, gave Madame 
 de Stael an opportunity of exerting herself 
 in those political intrigues to which she had 
 a great propensity. Bonaparte, however, 
 had no esteem for female politicians, and 
 in 1803 banished her from the capital. 
 Upon this she went to Germany, next to 
 eB2 
 
 Italy, and tmce visited England. She died 
 July 15th, 1817. Her principal works are, 
 1. "On the Influence of the Passions upon 
 Individuals and Nations." 2. On the In- 
 fluence of Literature upon Society. 3. 
 " Delphine," a novel. 4. " Corinne, or 
 Italy," a novel. 5. Germany, or Observa- 
 tions on that country. — W. B. 
 
 Stafford, Antony, a writer, descended 
 from a noble family, and born in Northamp- 
 tonshire. He received his education at 
 Oriel college, Oxford, and was made mas- 
 ter of arts, 1623. He was a man of great 
 learning, and died 1641. His works are, 
 Niobe dissolved into Nilus, or his age 
 drowned in her own Tears, 12mo. — Medi- 
 tations and Resolutions, l2mo. — Life and 
 Death of Diogenes — the Life of the Virgin 
 Mary, or Female Glory — the Pride of Ho- 
 nour — Honour and Virtue triumphant over 
 the Grave, exemplified in the Life and 
 Death of Henry lord Stafford, 4to. His 
 Female Glory proved very offensive to the 
 puritans of England. 
 
 Stahl, George Ernest, an eminent Ger- 
 man chymist, born in Franconia, 1660. 
 He studied medicine, and was, in 1694, 
 made professor of that science, on the foun- 
 dation of the university of Hall. His re- 
 putation was so great that he was honoura- 
 bly invited to Berlin in 1716, and became 
 there physician to the king, and counsellor 
 of state. He died there 1734. As a chy- 
 mist, he obtained great and deserved cele- 
 brity for nearly 50 years, and was the au- 
 thor of the Doctrine of Phlogiston. As a 
 physician, he was fanciful, and maintained 
 that every muscular action, whether from 
 consciousness or not, proceeded from the 
 will of the mind, which he asserted had at 
 all times absolute power over the body. 
 Of his valuable works these are the best 
 known, Experimenta et Observationes 
 Chymicae et Physicae, 8vo. — Theoria Me- 
 dica Vera, 8vo. — a German Treatise on 
 Sulphur, 12mo. — Opusculum Chymico- 
 Physico-Medicum, 4to. — Fundamenta Chy- 
 miae Dogmaticae et Experimentalis, 3 vols. 
 4to. — Negotium Otiosum, 4to. — Commen- 
 tarium in Metal lurgicum Beccheri — a Ger- 
 man treatise on Salts, &c. 
 
 Stahremberg, Conrad Balthasar, count 
 de, governor of Vienna, is celebrated for 
 the brave defence which he made when the 
 city was besieged in 1683, by the Turks. 
 He died at Rome, 1687. 
 
 Stahremberg, Guido Balde, count de, 
 an Austrian general, who raised himself by 
 merit to the highest military honours. He 
 displayed great gallantry at the battle of 
 Zenta, and by his courage and military 
 skill insured the victory of Saragossa, 1719. 
 He died at Vienna, 1737, aged SO. 
 
 Stalbent, Adrian, a native of Antwerp, 
 distinguished as a painter. He is very 
 happy in his delineations of nature, and, to 
 
is;i'A 
 
 iij.\ 
 
 gji-eat correctness, unites strong judgment. 
 He died 1660, aged 80. 
 , Stami'art, Francis, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp, 1675. He settled at Vienna, 
 where his abilities recommended him to the 
 notice of the emperor, who made him his 
 cabinet painter. He died there, 1750. 
 
 Stan DISH, Miles, the first military com- 
 mander at Plymouth, New-England, was 
 born at Lancashire, about the year 1584. 
 After having served some time in the army 
 in the Netherlands, he settled at Leyden, 
 with Mr. Robinson's congregation, and ac- 
 companied them to Plymouth in 1620. He 
 was there chosen captain, or chief military 
 commander, and rendered the most impor- 
 tant services to the colony, in the wars 
 with the Indians. Many of his exploits 
 were peculiarly daring, and his escapes ex- 
 traordinary. In 1625 he went to England, 
 as an agent for the colony, and returned 
 the following year. He lived from that 
 time in Duxbury, holding the office of ma- 
 gistrate. He died in 1656. He was some- 
 what rough and passionate, but a daring 
 and skilful soldier, and an upright magis- 
 trate. iCP L. 
 
 Stanhope, George, an able divine, born 
 at Hartshorn, Derbyshire, March 1660, of 
 a respectable family, which had suffered 
 much during the civil wars. He was re- 
 moved from Uppingham school to Eton, 
 and was elected to King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took the degree of D.D. 
 1697. He first obtained Tewing rectory, 
 Hertfordshire, and afterwards Lewisham in 
 Kent, by the favour of Lord Dartmouth, in 
 whose family he had been tutor, and soon 
 after he became chaplain to the king. In 
 1701, he preached Boyle's lectures, and 
 two years after exchanged Tewing for the 
 vicarage of Deptford, and soon after was 
 made dean of Canterbury in the room of 
 Hooper, raised to the see of Bath and Wells. 
 These preferments were due to his integri- 
 ty, learning, and piety ; and as one of our 
 ablest divines, his writings must always be 
 held in high esteem. This worthy man, 
 whose private life was as virtuous and ex- 
 emplary as his public conduct was useful, 
 died 18th March, 1728, aged 68, and was 
 buried in Lewisham chancel. He was 
 twice married, and by his first wife, Olivia 
 Cotton, he had one son and four daugh- 
 ters. The second wife survived him. The 
 best known of his works are a Translation 
 of Thomas A Kempis de Imitatione Christi, 
 Svo. — a Translation of Charron on Wis- 
 dom, 3 vols. Svo. — Translation of M. Au- 
 rel. Antoninus's Meditations, 4to. — ser- 
 mons on several occasions — a Translation 
 of Epictetus, with Simplicius's Commenta- 
 ry, Svo. — Paraphrase on the Epistles and 
 Gospels, 4 vols. Svo. — the Truth and Excel- 
 lence of the Christian Religion, in sermons 
 preachevl at Boyle's lectures, 4to. — Transla- 
 
 tions of Rothcfoucaiid's Maxims, Svo. — of 
 St. Augustine's Meditations — of Bishop 
 Andrews's Greek Devotions— Parsons's 
 Christian Directory, Svo. — the Grounds 
 and Principles of the Christian Reli- 
 gion, &.C. 
 
 Stanhope, James, earl of, of an ancient 
 Nottinghamshire family, was born 1673. 
 He embraced the military profession, and 
 for his services at the siege of Namur, in 
 1695, king William gave him a company, 
 and the rank of colonel. He served under 
 the great Peterborough in Spain, and dis- 
 tinguished himself at the siege of Barcelo- 
 na, and at the victories of Almanza and 
 Saragossa ; but he was obliged to surrender 
 the citadel of Briheuga to the forces of Ven- 
 dome, after a very brave resistance. Under 
 George I. he was made secretary of state, 
 and in 1714 went as ambassador to Vien- 
 na, and in 1717 was appointed first lord of 
 the treasury, and chancellor of the exche- 
 quer. These services to his country were 
 rewarded with an earldom. He died 3d 
 Feb. 1721. 
 
 Stanhope, Charles, the third earl, was 
 grandson of the preceding, and born Aug. 
 3d, 1753. He received the early part of 
 his education at Eton, and completed it at 
 Geneva, where he applied chiefly to /the 
 mathematics, in which he made so gaeat 
 progress as to obtain a prize from th«,so- 
 ciety of Stockholm, for a memoir on the 
 construction of the pendulum. In I774r:he 
 stood candidate for Westminster, but with- 
 out success. By the interest of the earl of 
 Shelburne, however, he was brought into 
 parliament for the borough of Wycombe, 
 which he represented till the death, of his 
 father, in 1786, called him to th^'Upper 
 House. He distinguished himself at an 
 early period of the French Revolution, by 
 an open avowal of republican sentiments, 
 and went so far as to lay aside the external 
 ornaments of the peerage. He was also a 
 frequent speaker ; and on some occasions 
 was left single in a minority. As a nian of 
 science he ranked high, and w as the author 
 of many inventions, particularly of a 
 method of securing buildings from fire, an 
 arithmetical machine, anew printing-press, 
 a monochord for turning musical instru- 
 ments, and a vessel to sail against wind 
 and tide. He was twice married, first to 
 lady Hester Pitt, daughter of the great earl 
 of Chatham, by whom he had three daugh- 
 ters ; and secondly to Miss Grenville, by 
 whom he had three sons. He died Dec. 
 16th, 1816. He published some philoso- 
 phical pieces, and a few political Tracts. 
 
 W. B. 
 Stanhope, Philip Dormer, earl of Ches" 
 terfield, a distinguished nobleman and able 
 writer, born in London, 22d Sept. 1694. 
 After a private education he entered at the 
 age of IS, at Trinity hall, Cambridge, 
 
 663 
 
m\ 
 
 bTA 
 
 %vhere he studied the classics with great 
 assiduity. In 1714, after two years resi- 
 dence he left the university to make the 
 tour of Europe, and after receiving lessons 
 of gaming at the Hague, and polishing his 
 manners under the tuition of the dissipated 
 belles of Paris, and visiting Italy, he re- 
 turned home the next year. He became 
 gentleman of the bed-chamber to the prince 
 of Wales, and in the first parliament of 
 George I. was elected member for St. Ger- 
 main's, and then began his political career. 
 He proved himself an able and accomplish- 
 ed speaker ; but after defending the septen- 
 nial bill, he followed the prince of Wales in 
 his opposition to the measures of the court, 
 and no offers could persuade him to espouse 
 the cause of the ministry. The death of his 
 father in 1726, removed him to the house 
 of lords, and in this place he began to dis- 
 tinguish himself more as an orator than he 
 had done in the house of Commons. Ele- 
 gant and perspicuous in his delivery, with 
 an inexhaustible command of language, 
 adorned by all the graceful arts of high bred 
 urbanity and sportive facetiousness, he ac- 
 quired decisive superiority above all other 
 orators, and riveted the attention of his au- 
 ditors by the dignified and vehement pow- 
 ers of his eloquence, and the fascinating 
 touches of his raillery and humour. When 
 George the second was raised to the throne, 
 Chesterfield, who had faithfully served him, 
 was placed in offices of trust and honour. 
 He was in 1728 sent ambassador to Hol- 
 land, and for his services there, was re- 
 wardedjvith the garter, and the office of 
 high sreward of the household. He re- 
 turnt^in 1732, to England ; but his deter- 
 minecRpposition to Walpole stripped him 
 of his offices, and he desisted from attend- 
 ing the court, where he \vas now received 
 with coldness and indiffisrence. During 12 
 years he continued to attack the measures 
 of government from the ranks of opposi- 
 tion ; but the coalition of parties, in 1744, 
 restored him to a seat in the cabinet, 
 and the following year he was again en- 
 gaged in a short embassy in Holland. He 
 hastened back from the continent, to take 
 the office of lord lieutenant of Ireland, and 
 in this high situation he had the happiness 
 by the mildness of his government, to con- 
 ciliate the affections of the Irish nation. He 
 left Ireland in 1746, and became principal 
 secretary of state, but resigned two years 
 after. Though infirmities and deafness 
 came now rapidly upon him, yet he at- 
 tended his duty in the house of lords, and in 
 the debates, for the alteration of the style, 
 1751, he distinguished himself by an elo- 
 quent speech in favour of the plan. He lived 
 with increasing infirmities to the 24th 
 March, 1773. As a public character lord 
 Chesterfield is highly esteemed, as from his 
 )3nk, his influence, and his experience in 
 664 
 
 political intrigues, he was, for many yearjS; 
 a distinguished leader. He wished not 
 only to appear a man of letters, but to be 
 the patron of learned men ; and his friend' 
 ship with Pope, and the other wits of the 
 time, ensured him celebrity. His conduct, 
 however, to Dr. Johnson, from whom he 
 expected an adulatory dedication of his 
 dictionary, exposed him to the reprehen- 
 sion and indignant contempt of that un- 
 bending moralist. Lord Chesterfield wrote 
 some papers in the World, and some poeti- 
 cal pieces, inserted in periodical publica- 
 tions ; but his fame as an author rests on 
 the celebrated letters which he sent to his 
 natural son. These letters are writen in 
 an elegant and fascinating style; but in 
 wishing to form his son for the higher 
 ranks of life, he has shown himself the 
 advocate of hypocrisy, licentiousness, and 
 infidelity. The applause of the world was 
 the governing principle of his life ; but it 
 was not by virtue alone that the polished 
 peer endeavoured to command popularity, 
 but by every art which can, without hesi- 
 tation, sacrifice honour, religion, and mo- 
 rality, to its favourite objects. The pub- 
 lication of his letters prove him to be an 
 excellent scholar ; but they display a stu- 
 died relaxation of principle, and as John- 
 son says, inculcate the morals of a strum- 
 pet with the manners of a dancing master. 
 He was married to Melosina de Schulen- 
 burg, countess of Walsingham, but had no 
 children. His favourite son, to whose 
 education he had so ardently and anxiously 
 devoted himself, died Nov. 1768, and left 
 him in a state of deep and lasting despon- 
 dency. His letters appeared first in 2 
 vols. 4to. 1774, and his miscellaneous 
 works also, in 2 vols. 4to. 1777, and have 
 since frequently been published in other 
 forms. 
 
 Stanislaus, Leczinski, king of Poland, 
 was born at Leopold 20th Oct. 1676. He 
 was son of the grand treasurer of the king- 
 dom, and to an elegant person joined an 
 insinuating address, which prevailed so 
 much with Charles XII. of Sweden, to 
 whom he was deputed in 1704, by the as- 
 sembly of Warsaw, that he determined to 
 make him master of the kingdom, which 
 his valour had conquered. Stanislaus was 
 accordingly crowned at Warsaw, 1705, 
 in the room of the deposed Augustus, 
 agreeably to the will of the victorious 
 Swede, and he continued attached to his 
 benefactor, till the defeat of the Swedes 
 at the battle of Pultowa, and the incursions 
 of kthe Russians rendered his situation dan- 
 gerous, and obliged him to fly from the 
 kingdom. Augustus was restored to his 
 crown, but on his death, in 1733, Stanis- 
 laus, though supported by the interest of 
 Lewis XV. who had married his daughter, 
 was unable to reascend the throne, and re- 
 
SJA 
 
 .-.TA 
 
 niained satisfied with the humbler title of 
 duke of Lorraine and Bar, in which cha- 
 racter he gained the affection of his new 
 subjects, and deserved the name of the 
 .Beneficent. He died Feb. 23, l766,Vin 
 consequence of being burnt by his night 
 gown catching fire. Stanislaus was au- 
 thor of " CEuvres du Philosophe Bienfai- 
 sant," 4 vols. 8vo. in which he delineates 
 the character of a true philosopher, mean- 
 ing himself. 
 
 Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowsky, 
 •king of Poland, was son of a private gen- 
 tleman in Luthuania, by the princess Czar- 
 torinski, of the illustrious family of the 
 Jagellons, was born 1732. After receiv- 
 ing an excellent education he travelled to 
 Paris, where the friendship of the Swedish 
 ambassador recommended him to the notice 
 of the great, but his expenses were so ex- 
 travagant that he was liberated from pri- 
 son only by an act of generosity in the 
 wife of a rich merchant. From Paris he 
 came to London, and became intimately 
 acquainted with sir William Hanbury, 
 whom he accompanied in his embassy to 
 Kussia. The elegant person and high ac- 
 complishments of Poniatowsky here cap- 
 tivated the heart of the grand dutchess, af- 
 terwards Catherine IL which gave so 
 much offence to the empress Elizabeth, that 
 the young favourite was recalled by order 
 of Augustus in. of Poland. The death 
 of Augustus, in 1763, interested Cathe- 
 rine in the fortunes of her favourite, and 
 by her influence, and the terror of her 
 armies he was elected king of Poland, 7th 
 Sept. 1764, in the diet of Woia. The new 
 monarch gained all hearts by the modera- 
 tion and prudence of his government, but 
 unfortunately religious disputes disturbed 
 the peace of the kingdom, the dissidents 
 or protestants, who had been excluded by 
 the catholics from offices of trust and 
 emolument, laid claim to new indulgences, 
 and were supported in their petition by 
 the ambassadors of England, Prussia, and 
 Russia. Stanislaus favoured their cause, 
 and thus rendered the catholics his most 
 inveterate enemies, so that they formed 
 the plan of taking him prisoner or de- 
 stroying him. Three bold conspirators at 
 the head of 40 dragoons disguised like 
 peasants, entered Warsaw, 3d Nov. 1771, 
 and seized the unsuspecting king as he was 
 returning in his carriage at ten of the clock 
 of the evening. After much personal 
 violence they mounted him on a horse, and 
 rode away from the town, but during the 
 darkness of the night these assassins lost 
 their road, and on the return of light, Sta- 
 nislaus exhausted, found himself in the cus- 
 tody of only one of the conspirators, on 
 whom he prevailed to conduct him 
 back to Warsaw. In 1787, Stanislaus 
 visited Kanieff", and after an absence of 23 
 Voi,. ir. 84 
 
 years had au intcrvi(;w with Catherine, 
 whom he accompanied in her lour through 
 Tauris and Caucasus, to the borders of 
 Persia. Though loaded with presents and 
 honours by this ambitious princess, the Po- 
 lish king soon saw his dominions invaded by 
 her armies, and in 1792, all his efforts 
 and the valour of Kosciusko were unable 
 to arrest the career of her arms. Wilna 
 and Warsaw were taken, and Catherine, 
 after having frequently declared herself 
 the protectoress of the independence of 
 Poland, consented to share the disunited 
 kingdom with the emperor of Germany 
 and the king of Prussia. In 1795, prince 
 Repnin delivered a letter to the unfortu- 
 nate Stanislaus, which commanded him to 
 descend from the throne, and his people 
 from the rank of nations. Stanislaus re- 
 tired to Grodno, and forgot the dangers of 
 greatness and of royalty in the obscurity 
 of a private life, and afterwards, on the 
 accession of Paul to the Russian throne, he 
 was sent for to Petersburgh, where every 
 mark of respect and attention was paid to 
 him. He died at Petersburg, 11th April, 
 1798. This unfortunate man, if he had 
 possessed more vigour and decision, might: 
 have retarded if not totally averted the. 
 dangers which ruined the monarchy ; but 
 he was more calculated to shine in private 
 life than adorn a throne, and uphold the 
 fates of a falling empire. He was well in^ 
 formed and the friend of the learned, and 
 he spoke and wrote with ease the seven 
 languages of Europe. j^ 
 
 Stanley, Thomas, an eleganr^ivriter, 
 
 educated at Pembroke hall, Camjttidge. 
 
 aPb( 
 
 He was knighted, and resided at C jpber- 
 lowgreen, Herts, where he devoted himself 
 to literature. He wrote poems and other 
 things, but he is better known as the fa- 
 ther of the learned Thomas Stanley, with 
 whom he is confounded by Dr. Bjrch, &c. 
 Stanley, Thomas, Esq. son of the 
 above, was born at his father's house, 
 Herts, 1644. He was admitted at Pem- 
 broke hall, Cambridge, where he distin- 
 guished himself as a polite scholar, and 
 good philologcr. After taking his degrees 
 he travelled through France, Italy, and 
 Spain, and on his return entered at the 
 Middle Temple. Not the law, however, 
 but literature was his pursuit, and he pub- 
 lished in 1665, an edition of Elian's 
 Various History with notes. His next 
 work was the History of Philosophy, con- 
 taining the lives, opinions, &c. of philoso- 
 phers of every sect, 4to. dedicated to his 
 uncle John Marshani, Esq. a composition 
 of great and acknowledged merit, Avhich 
 passed through four editions, and was trans- 
 lated into Latin for the use of the German 
 literati — and in 16G4, appeared his " Es- 
 chylus," cum Versione et Commentario. 
 He wrotP. li^side*?, various remarks on E^^ 
 
 665 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 lipides, Sophocles, and other classical au- 
 thors, besides commentaries on jEschylus 
 in 8 vols. fol. which have remained in 
 manuscript. This worthy man, who had 
 thus early given such strong and valuable 
 proofs of his learning and application, 
 died in 1679, when scarce 34. 
 
 Stanley, John, an English musician, 
 born in London 1713. He lost his sight 
 when two years old, and at the age of 
 seven he devoted his attention to music, 
 under the care of Dr. Green, and with such 
 effect that he was chosen organist of All- 
 Hallov/s church, Bread-street, in his 11th 
 year. In 1723, he was made organist of 
 St. Andrew's, Holborn, in 1734, he was 
 elected by the benchers, organist of the 
 Temple church, and in 1779, he was no- 
 minated master of the king's band. His 
 execution on the organ was particularly 
 admired, and his compositions displayed 
 the most correct taste, and the soundest 
 judgment. He died 1786. 
 
 StaNxVina, Gerard, a painter, born at 
 Florence. He studied under Venetiano, 
 and was eminent for the correctness of 
 his historical pieces. He was patronised by 
 the king of Spain, and died 1403, aged 59. 
 
 Stanthurst, Richard, a native of Dub- 
 lin, son of the speaker of the Irish house 
 of commons, was educated at University 
 college, Oxford. After studying the law 
 in London he returned to Ireland, and mar-? 
 ried, and became a Roman catholic. He 
 afterwards went abroad, and entering into 
 orders was appointed chaplain to Albert 
 archduke of Austria, governor of the Ne- 
 therlands. He died at Brussels, 1618, aged 
 about 72. He was universally esteemed 
 as a good divine, an eminent philosopher, 
 and a tolerable poet and historian. He 
 wrote various things, the best known of 
 which are, de Rebus in Hiberni^ Gestis — 
 Harmonia, seu Catena Dialectica in Por- 
 pbyrium — Vita Sancti Patricii — the four 
 first books of the jTiUeid translated into 
 English hexameters — the Principles of the 
 Catholic Religion, &c. He was uncle to 
 archbishop Usher. 
 
 Stapledon, Walter, a native of Devon- 
 .«;hire, educated at Oxford. His abilities 
 recommended him to the notice of the 
 court, and he was advanced in the church, 
 and made bishop of Exeter, and treasurer 
 of England. He di=tingushed himself as 
 a patron of learning, and founded Exeter 
 college, Oxford. His conduct in office 
 rendered him afterwards unpopular, and 
 he was seized in an insurrection in Lon- 
 don, and cruelly beheaded at Cheapsidc 
 cross, 1326. 
 
 Stapleton', Thomas, an eminent con- 
 troversialist, born at Henfield, Sussex, 
 1585, and educated at Canterbury and 
 Winchester schools, from which he was re- 
 moved to New coUesre, Oxford. In Marv's 
 666 ^ 
 
 reign he obtained a prebend of Chichester, 
 but on Elizabeth's accession he left the 
 kingdom with his family, and retired tt^ 
 Louvain, where he was made regius pro- 
 fessor of divinity, canon of St. Peter's, 
 and dean of Hilverbeck. He died 1598, 
 and was buried in St. Peter's church at 
 Louvain. He was an indefatigable writer 
 in favour of the Roman catholic religion . 
 His works were published in 4 vols. fol. 
 Paris 1620. 
 
 Staptlton, sir Robert, a native of 
 Carleton, Yorkshire. Though the son of a 
 catholic family, and educated at Douay, he 
 became a protestant, and was gentleman to 
 the prince of Wales, afterwards the se- 
 cond Charles. He was zealously attached 
 to the fortunes of Charles L and served 
 with valour at the battle of Edgehill, and 
 was knighted. At the restoration he was 
 reinstated in his honours, and died 1669. 
 He was a very intelligent man, and a poet 
 of some merit. He translated Juvenal, 
 and also wrote some plays, &c. 
 
 Stark, John, general in the American 
 army of the revolution, was a native of 
 Londonderry, New-Hampshire, and born 
 August 28th, 1728. He removed while 
 young with his father's family to Manches-- 
 ter in that state, where he continued to re- 
 side till his death. Soon after the com- 
 mencement of the French war of 1755, he 
 entered the army with a company of ran- 
 gers, and immediately distinguished him- 
 self by his activity, prudence, and courage. 
 At the opening of the revolution he was 
 placed at the head of the New-Hampshire 
 troops, and rendered important aid at the 
 battle of Bunker's hill. In the following 
 year he was removed to the northern army, 
 and had command of fort Independence. 
 In November he joined the army under 
 Washington, and led the van at the me- 
 morable battle of Trenton, and afterwards 
 aided at the battle of Princeton. On the 
 invasion of Burgoyne in 1777 he received 
 the command of the New-Hampshire mili- 
 tia to oppose him, and had the honour by 
 his skill and intrepidity of achieving the 
 first step toward the capture of that gene- 
 ral by the defeat of colonel Baum in the 
 battle of Bennington. In 1778 he was 
 intrusted with the defence of the north- 
 ern frontier, and the two following years 
 served with the main army. He returned 
 to his command in the north in 1781, and 
 continued there till the close of the war. 
 His death took place, May 9th, 1822, in 
 the ninety-fourth year of his age. 
 
 Starovolski, Simon, a native of Po- 
 land. He wrote in Latin a geographical 
 account of his country, and lives of an 
 hundred illustrious Polish writers. He 
 flourished in the 17th century. 
 
 Statira, daughter of Darius, was taken 
 
"5 IE 
 
 ^i L 
 
 ai the battle of Issus, and became the ivilc 
 of Alexander. She was murdered by 
 Roxana, B.C. 323. 
 
 Statius, Pub. Papinius, a Latin poet, 
 born at Naples. He was the flatterer of 
 Domitian, and died about 100 A.D. His 
 Thebais, and his Achilles remain, two he- 
 roic poems of considerable merit. 
 
 Staveley, Thomas, Esq. a native of 
 Cussington, Leicestershire, who was edu- 
 cated at Peter-house, Cambridge, and af- 
 terwards studied the law at the Inner Tem- 
 ple, and was called to the bar 1654. He 
 succeeded his father-in-law, Onebyd, as 
 steward of the records of Leicester, 1662, 
 but the latter part of bis life was clouded 
 by habitual melancholy, probably arising 
 from too intense an application to his stu- 
 dies. He died 1683. He wrote the Ro- 
 mish Horseleech, or a discovery of the 
 enormous exactions of the court of Rome, 
 8vo. — the History of Churches, and also 
 made collections for the history and anti- 
 quities of Leicestershire. 
 
 Stacnton, sir George Leonard, a na- 
 tive of Galway in Ireland. After finishing 
 his education at home he passed into 
 France, and studied medicine at Montpel- 
 lier, Avhere he took his doctor's degree, and 
 fhen returned to settle in London. In 1762, 
 he went to Grenada, and became secretary 
 to the governor, lord Macartney, whom, af- 
 ter the capture of the island by the French, 
 he accompanied back to England. When 
 his patron and friend went as governor to 
 Madras, he attended him as his confidential 
 seeretarj', and so great were his abilities, 
 and so important his services, that on his 
 return to Europe he was raised to the dig- 
 nity of baronet, and received in the most 
 honourable manner a pension from the East 
 India company. In the embassy of lord 
 Macartney to the court of China, sir George 
 accompanied his noble friend as secretary 
 of legation, and in consequence of the op- 
 portunities of information which he had, 
 and the judicious observations which he 
 made, he presented to the world a very va- 
 luable and.interesting account of that mighty 
 and populous empire, 2 vols. 4to. and three 
 Svo. Sir George was intimate with men of 
 science and literature throughout Europe, 
 and was made honorary doctor of laws by 
 the university of Oxford. Among other 
 things he published a translation of the 
 medical essays of Dr. Storck, a physician 
 of Vienna. He died in London, iSth Jan. 
 1801. 
 
 Stebbing, Henry, an English divine, 
 known for his attacks on Hoadly in the Ban- 
 gorian controversy, and on Warburton on 
 the publication of his Divine liCgation. He 
 died 1763, chancellor of the diocess of Sa- 
 lisbury. His other works arc, sermons 
 preached at Boyle's lecture, Svo. — Collec- 
 tion of Tracts, Svo, — Sermons on Practical 
 
 Christianity, 2 vols. — and Tracts agauist 
 Dr. JamcsForster on the subject of Heresy. 
 Stedman, John Gabrirl, a native of Scot- 
 land, author of a narrative of an expedition 
 against the revolted negroes in Surinam, 
 with 80 plates, 2 vols. 4to. The work in 
 interesting and accurate, as he was pre- 
 sent at the transactions of which he relate- 
 the history. He died at Tiverton, 1797, 
 aged 52. 
 
 Steele, sir Richard, a celebrated Eng- 
 lish writer. He was born in Dublin, where 
 his father, a counsellor at law, was private 
 secretary to the duke of Ormond. He 
 came very young to England, and was edu- 
 cated at the Charter-house, where he had 
 Addison for his school-fellow. In 1695, he 
 wrote " the Procession" on Queen Mary's 
 funeral, and afterwards obtained an ensign- 
 cy in the guards, he wrote '' the Christian 
 Hero," to strengthen his mind in habits of 
 religion and virtue, against those seducing 
 pleasures to which a military life exposed 
 him. This little work, valuable for the mo- 
 rality and piety of its contents, was dedi- 
 cated to lord Cutts, who in consequence 
 noticed him, and not only made him his se- 
 cretary, but gave him a captain's commis- 
 sion in Lucas's fusiliers. His first comedy 
 called the Funeral, or Love-a-la-Mode, was 
 acted with great applause in 1702, and the 
 next year the Tender Husband appeared, 
 and in 1704, the Lying Lovers. By the 
 friendship of Addison he was introduced to 
 the patronage of lords Halifax and Sunder- 
 land, and obtained the appointment of Ga- 
 zetteer, and in 1709, under the name ot 
 Isaac Bickerstaff, he began the Tatler, the 
 first number of which was published 12th 
 April, and the last 2d Jan. 1711. He next 
 engaged with Addison in the Spectator, 
 which first appeared 1st March, 1711, and 
 afterwards in the Guardian, of which the 
 first number appeared 12th March, 1713. 
 He resigned in. 1713, the place of commis- 
 sioner of the stamp office which he held, to 
 sit in parliament for Stockbridge, but his 
 parliamentary career was short, as his pa- 
 pers in the Englishman and in the Crisis, 
 were voted by the house to be scandalous 
 and seditious libels, and he was therefore, 
 after an able vindication of himself in a 
 speech of three hours, expelled by a majori- 
 ity of 245 against 152. He now engaged 
 in defending the rights of the house of Ha- 
 nover, and in exposing the arts of the pre- 
 tender, and in reward for his loyalty he was, 
 on the accession of George I. made survey- 
 or of the royal stables at Hampton court, 
 and governor of the royal company of come- 
 dians, and in 1715, knighted by the king. 
 In the first parliament of the new monarch 
 he was elected member for Boroughbridgc 
 in Yorkshire, and after the suppression of 
 the rebellion he was made one of the com-= 
 missioner? of the forfeited estates in Scot- 
 
 ^7 
 
SXE 
 
 hand. Though engaged in offices of trust 
 and business, Steele did not forget his cha- 
 racter as a writer, but occasionally produced 
 political pamphlets. His account of the Ro- 
 man catholic religion throughout the world 
 appeared in 1715, and it was followed by 
 " a letter from the earl of Mar to the king," 
 — a second volume of the Englishman — the 
 Spinster — a Letter to Lord Oxford on the 
 Peerage Bill — the Crisis of Property — the 
 Nation a Family, on the South Sea Scheme. 
 During the publication of *' the Theatre," a 
 periodical paper,his patent of governor of the 
 comedians was withdrawn 1720, but though 
 he exerted himself against the intrigues 
 of the lord chamberlain, he never could 
 recover it, though he computed the loss oc- 
 casioned by that arbitrary measure little less 
 than 10,000/. His comedy of the Conscious 
 Lovers, appeared in 1722, and was received 
 with great applause, and procured to him a 
 present of 500/. from the king, to whom it 
 was dedicated. In the decline of life Steele 
 became paralytic, and retired to his seat of 
 Uangunnor near Caermarthen, in Wales, 
 where he died 1st Sept.1729, and was very 
 privately interred. He was twice married, 
 by his first wife, from whom he inherited a 
 valuable plantation in Barbadoes, he left no 
 children, and by the second, who brought him 
 the Welsh estate, he had one son and two 
 daughters. As a writer Steele appears a 
 veiy eminent character. The versatility of 
 his talents, the extent of his information, 
 and the deep acquaintance v/ith polite lite- 
 rature, which he every where displayed, 
 prove him to be an author of no ordinary 
 rank, who would perhaps have shone to 
 greater advantage if not united with the 
 elegant Addison. Sir Richard in his pri- 
 A ate character was very eccenti'ic, and often 
 exposed himself to difficulties, fi'om which 
 all the interest and the ingenuity of his 
 friends were required to extricate him. 
 Among other methods which he adopted to 
 better his fortune was the bringing fish alive 
 to market, but though he obtained a patent 
 and wrote a pamphlet to vindicate hi» plan, 
 he failed, and thus heavily narrowed his in- 
 come. 
 
 Steen, John a painter born at Leyden. 
 He studied under Brouwer, andVan Goyen, 
 and was very happy in his delineation of 
 grotesque and comical characters. He died 
 1689, aged 53. 
 
 Steenwick, Henry, a Flemish painter, 
 who studied under John de Vries, and ex- 
 celled chiefly in the representation of archi- 
 tectural subjects and the inside of large 
 buildings. He died 1603, aged 53. His 
 son was also an artist of eminence, and died 
 in London 1640. 
 
 Steevens, George, a native of London, 
 
 educated at Kingston school, and King's 
 
 college, Cambridge. He applied himself to 
 
 ]',olite litcraturcj and in J 766, published 20 
 
 {>68 
 
 of Shakspcare's plays with notes, in 4 voW 
 8vo. and his abilities as an annotator were 
 so respectable, that Dr. Johnson joined him 
 to himself in his edition of the immortal 
 bard, which with their united labours ap^ 
 peared in 10 vols. Svo. 1773. The text of 
 Shakspeare was particularly familiar to this 
 able critic, and therefore he published ano- 
 ther edition of his works in 1793, in 15 vols. 
 Svo. and afterward assisted in correcting 
 the proofs of Boydell's splendid edition of 
 the great dramatist. He died at his seat, 
 Hampstead, 1800. 
 
 Si*EFANESCHi, Johu Baptist, a native of 
 Florence, eminent as a painter. He paint- 
 ed historical pieces, and also sacred sub- 
 jects in miniature, for the collection of the 
 grand duke of Tuscany. He died 1659, 
 aged 77. 
 
 STEiNBOCK,Magnus,an illustrious Swede. 
 After distinguishing himself in Holland and 
 Germany,he followed the fortunes of his mas- 
 ter Charles XH. and contributed by his va- 
 lour to the victories of Narva and ofPoland. 
 During the absence of his master from Swe- 
 den he governed the kingdom with wisdom 
 and moderation, and defeated at Gadem- 
 busck the Danes, who attempted to disturb 
 the general tranquillity. He afterwards 
 advanced against Altona, but was taken at 
 Tonningen, and died a prisoner of war in 
 the castle of Frederickshaven, 23d Feb. 
 1717, aged 53. His memoirs have appear- 
 ed in 4 vols. 4to. 1765. He is improperly 
 called by some writers the last of Swedish 
 heroes. 
 
 Stella, James, an eminent painter, 
 born at Lyons, 1596. He was much no- 
 ticed by Cosmo de Medicis at Florence, 
 and during a residence of seven years exe- 
 cuted some excellent pieces of painting, 
 designing, and engraving. He afterwards 
 went to Rome, where he continued 1 1 years, 
 and then returned to Paris, with the inten- 
 tion of going to Spain, but he was detained 
 at Paris by the liberal patronage of Lewis 
 Xin. and died there of a tedious consump- 
 tion 1647. His pieces are much admired, 
 and chiefly exhibit pastoral scenes, and the 
 plays of children. His brother Francis was 
 also eminent as a painter, but inferior to 
 him. He died 1661. 
 
 Stellini, James, a native of Forly in 
 Italy, professor of Divinity at Padua, where 
 he died 1770, aged 71. He was an ecclesi- 
 astic, and was respected as a man of learn- 
 ing. He wrote on ethics, a valuable work 
 published 4 vols. 4to. Padua, 1778. 
 
 Steno, Nicholas, a Danish anatomist, 
 born at Copenhagen, 10th Jan. 1638. He 
 studied under Bartholin, and afterwards 
 travelled over Germany, Holland, France, 
 and Italy, and obtained an honourable pen- 
 sion from Ferdinand II. grand duke of Tus- 
 cany, who appointed him tutor to his son. 
 In 1669, he renounced the profestant reli- 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 gipn, but the wish of his sovereign Christian 
 V. to establish him as professor at Copen- 
 hagen, proved abortive, and he settled in 
 Italy, and became an ecclesiastic. The pope, 
 in approbation of his conduct, appointed 
 him apostolical vicar for Germany, and bi- 
 shop of Titiopolis in Greece. He died at 
 Schwerin, 1686. He was author of Elemen- 
 torum Myologiae Specimen — Anatomical 
 Observations and Discoveries, 1680, 12mo. 
 — Latin Discourse on the Anatomy of the 
 Brain, 12mo. 
 
 Stephen, St. first Christian martyr, was 
 one of the seven deacons, and had been a 
 disciple of Gamaliel. He was in A. D. 33 
 stoned by the Jews, on a charge of blas- 
 pheming God and Moses, and in his death 
 he exhibited the meek and patient sufferer, 
 who prayed for forgiveness on his mur- 
 derers. 
 
 Stephen I. pope, succeeded to the papal 
 chair after the martyrdom of Lucius, 253. 
 He was engaged in a controversy with St. 
 Cyprian and Firmilian, about rebaptizing 
 penitents, who had been l)aptized before by 
 heretics, and while he considered the im- 
 posing of hands upon such persons as sutfi- 
 cient to admit them into the church, his op- 
 ponents held a contrary doctrine. He suf- 
 fered martyrdom 2d Aug. 257, in the perse- 
 cution of V'alentinian. 
 
 Stephen H. a Roman, succeeded to the 
 papal chair 752, after another pontiff of the 
 same name, who lived only three days after 
 his election. He was attacked by Astolphus 
 king of Lombardy, who seized Ravenna, 
 and threatened Rome, and in his distress 
 he applied for assistance to Constantine Co- 
 pronymus, emperor of the East, who being 
 engaged in a war withArmenia,recommend- 
 ed his fortunes to Pepin king of France. 
 Pepin thus reconciled to the pope, whom 
 before he had offended, marched into Ital)', 
 defeated Astolphus, and stripping him of 
 the exarchate of Ravenna, and 22 other 
 towns, he bestowed them on the holy see, 
 and thus laid the foundation of the tempo- 
 ral power of Rome. Stephen died 26th 
 April, 757. 
 
 Stephen IIL a native of Rome, suc- 
 ceeded to the vacant chair, 768. He 
 tore out the eyes of Constantine, who had 
 usurped the chair before him, and died 772. 
 
 Stephen IV. a Roman, elected pope af- 
 ter Leo III. 816. He again consecrated 
 Louis the Debonair king of France, and 
 died 25th Jan. 817. 
 
 Stephen V. pope after Adrian III. 885, 
 died after a weak reign, 891. 
 
 Stephen VI. was elected in the room of 
 the antipope Boniface VI. 896. He ren- 
 dered himself ridiculous and unpopular by 
 causing the body of his predecessor For- 
 mosus to be dug up, and to be tried in his 
 pontifical robes, and to have the head se- 
 vered from the body because he had been 
 
 his enemy. This barbarous conduct revolt-' 
 ed the affection of the Romans, who ro6C 
 against their pontiff, and at last strangled 
 him in prison, 897. 
 
 Stephen VII. successor to Leo VI. died 
 933, after sitting in the papal chair two 
 years. 
 
 Stephen VIII. a German, raised to the 
 holy see after Leo VII. 939. He was in* 
 suited and his face disfigured by the rebel- 
 lious Romans, and died 942. 
 
 Stephen IX. brother of Godfrey, duke 
 of Lorraine, was elected pope 1057, after 
 the death of Victor, and died the next year, 
 29th March, at Florence. 
 
 Stephen, of Muret, Saint, son of the 
 count de Thiers in Auvergne, devoted him- 
 self to a religious solitude, and passed the 
 last 50 years of his life on the mountains 
 of Muret, where he founded a monastery. 
 He died 1124, aged 78. 
 
 Stephen I. St. king of Hungary after 
 the death of his father Geisa 997, laboured 
 earnestly to reform the barbarous manners 
 of his people. After defeating some in- 
 surgents who opposed his measures, he in- 
 troduced Christianity into the country, and 
 divided the kingdom into 11 bishoprics. 
 He confirmed the wholesome measures 
 which he had adopted by a wise code of 
 laws in 55 chapters, and he died much and 
 deservedly regretted by the affection of hi* 
 subjects at Breda, 1038. He was ably se- 
 conded in his pious and benevolent labours 
 by the co-operation of his virtuous queen 
 Gisela. 
 
 Stephen, of Byzantium, a grammarian 
 of the 5th century, author of a Geographi- 
 cal Dictionary, inaccurately abridged by 
 Hermolaus in the reign of Justinian, and 
 published by Gronovius, fol. 1694, Leyden, 
 in Greek and Latin, with the learned notes 
 of Berkelius. 
 
 Stephen, a waivode of Moldavia, in the 
 16th century. He expelled the lawful so- 
 vereign of Moldavia, and was at last, in 
 consequence of his tyranny, murdered in 
 his tent with 2000 of his attendants, by 
 the indignant Boyards. 
 
 Stephen, king of England, was third 
 son of Stephen earl of Blois, by Adela the 
 Conqueror's daughter, and was born 1105. 
 By well-concerted measures he seized the 
 English crown 1135, and thus in her ab- 
 sence dispossessed the lawful sovereign, 
 Matilda the daughter of Henry I. who was 
 wife of Henry IV. emperor of Germany. 
 This usurpation was soon resented, Matilda 
 landed with an army, 1139, and Stephen 
 was defeated two years after at the battle 
 of Lincoln, and taken prisoner. He was 
 exchanged for Robert earl of Gloucester, 
 the illegitimate brother of the empress, and 
 on his liberation so managed his affairs that 
 he at last triumphed over all opposition, 
 and- Matilda, unpopular on account of her 
 
 669 
 
ST 
 
 >j 
 
 5TE 
 
 pride, ami supercilious conduct to the ba- 
 rons, left the kingdom 1147. Stephen, 
 however, was not long to enjoy peace, and 
 he found a new and powerful competitor in 
 Henry, the son of Matilda, by her former 
 marriage with Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of 
 Anjou. The kingdom was for a while dis- 
 tracted by civil war, till at last wiser senti- 
 ments prevailed, and an agreement was 
 made between the two rivals 1153, by which 
 it was stipulated that Stephen should enjoy 
 the crown during his life, and that at his 
 death, to the exclusion of his son, it should 
 descend to Henry. Stephen died the fol- 
 lowing year, and Henry peacefully ascended 
 the throne, 
 
 Stephens, Henry, a celebrated printer^ 
 the founder of the family of that name, 
 born at Paris. Of the many valuable books 
 which he printed, the best known is a Psal- 
 ter, in five columns, published 1509. He 
 died at Lyons, 1520, and his widow mar- 
 ried Colinseus, a printer also of reputation, 
 who continued the business of the family 
 till his death 1547. His three sons were 
 men of extraordinary talents. 
 
 Stephens, Robert, second son of the 
 preceding, was born at Paris 1503. After 
 receiving a good education be was admitted 
 into the printing-office of his father-in-law, 
 Colinaeus, and in 1522 published for him- 
 self a New Latin Testament, which proved 
 very offensive to the Paris divines. He set 
 up for himself, and married soon after the 
 daughter of Badius, the printer, a woman 
 who was well versed in Latin, and could 
 thus converse with the learned correctors 
 of the press whom he kept in his house. 
 His great Latin Bible appeared in 1532, 
 and the clamours raised against him 10 
 years before were now repeated by the 
 doctors of the Sorbonne, because he had 
 printed the notes of Calvin to his work. 
 Though protected by Francis L who had 
 appointed him his printer, he found the 
 virulence of his enemies particularly point- 
 ed against him, and after the king's death 
 in 1547, he left Paris and retired to Geneva, 
 carrying with him, it is said, the types, and 
 moulds of the royal press. He died at 
 Geneva, 1559. In his business he was 
 most exact and particular, he undertook 
 the printing of none but good books, and 
 so solicitous was he of correctness, that he 
 exposed the sheets to public view, and pro- 
 mised a reward to such as could discover 
 errors. His mark was a tree branched, 
 and a man looking upon it, with the words 
 noli altum sapere, to which he added some- 
 times sed time. His Hebrew Bible, 8 vols, 
 l6mo. 1544, and his Greek Testament, 2 
 vols. 16mo. 1546, called mirificam, from 
 the first word of the preface, are much ad- 
 mired. He was not only a good printer, 
 but a learned man, the friend of Calvin, 
 ^eza, Rivet, and others, and bis Thesaurus 
 <;70 
 
 Linguae Latinae, 4 vols. fol. is an astonish- 
 ing monument of his labour and erudition. 
 He wrote also an Answer to the Censures 
 of the Sorbonne Doctors to his Bible. He 
 had three sons, Henry, Robert, and Fran- 
 cis, and one daughter. He had also two 
 brothers, Francis and Charles ; Francis 
 worked with Colinaeus, and died at Paris, 
 1550, and Charles, the youngest of the 
 family, wrote several valuable books. He 
 went into Germany, with Lazarus de Baif, 
 and was tutor to his son. He afterwards 
 studied medicine at Paris, and took his de- 
 grees, but he, however, continued the pro- 
 fession of his family, and was appointed 
 printer to the king. He died at Paris 1564, 
 leaving only one daughter, who was very 
 learned. He wrote more than 30 works on 
 various sul:9ects, of which were a Histori- 
 cal, Geographical, and Poetical Dictionary 
 — de Vasculis, 8vo. — de Re Rustic^, 2 vols. 
 Svo. 
 
 Stephens, Henry, son of Robert, just 
 mentioned, was born at Paris, 1528. He 
 was well educated, and considered as the 
 most learned of his learned family, and the 
 best Grecian of his time, after the death 
 of Budaeus. Before he applied himself as- 
 siduously to his father's business, he tra- 
 velled into Italy, and afterwards visited 
 Flanders and England. Though his father 
 left Paris for Geneva, he still continued in 
 France, and settled there, and then devoted 
 himself to the correct printing of the Greek 
 classics, and other valuable authors, of 
 which he gave most elegant and learned 
 editions. He was liberally patronised by 
 Henry III. and sent by him to Switzerland, 
 to make a collection of manuscripts ; but 
 the troubles which agitated the last years 
 of that monarch's reign, extended to Ste- 
 phens, who followed his father's example, 
 and retired to Geneva. Stephens paid 
 great attention, and expended large sums 
 for the completion of a Greek Thesaurus ; 
 but when he expected his labours to be re- 
 warded, he found that Scapula the printer, 
 whom he confidentially employed, had dis- 
 honourably taken a copy of his papers, and 
 offered to the world a Lexicon under his 
 name, which was in some degree well re- 
 ceived, and thus robbed the real author of 
 the merit of his performance. This infa- 
 mous conduct, though it did not lessen the 
 reputation of Stephens, was, however, the 
 cause of his ruin, tbe money he had spent 
 in the collection was irrecoverably lost, as 
 the Thesaurus did not sell, and the last 
 years of his life were spent in poverty and 
 distress. He died in an hospital at Lyons, 
 1598, leaving a son Paul, and two daugh- 
 ters, one of whom had married Isaac Ca- 
 saubon. Besides the Thesaurus, a most 
 valuable Avork, he wrote Introduction et 
 I'Apologie pour Herodote, 3 vols. Svo. a 
 popular performance, which severely rr?'- 
 
STE 
 
 STf. 
 
 fleeted on the papists — de Oris;ine Mciido- 
 rum — a Version of Anacreon in Latin ver- 
 ses — Juris Civilis Fontes ct Rivi, &c. 
 
 Stephens, Paul, son of Henry, was very 
 learned, though inferior to his father. He 
 continued liis father's business at Geneva, 
 but did not exhibit the same correctness 
 and accuracy. He died at Geneva, 1627, 
 aged 60, leaving a son Anthony, the last 
 printer of the family. Anthony turned Ro- 
 man catholic, and left Geneva for Paris ; 
 but though he was for some time printer 
 to the king, his inattention and prodigality 
 proved his ruin, and he was supported for 
 the last years of his life in an hospital, 
 where he died, 1674, aged 80. With him 
 expired the glory of a family, which, for 
 five generations, had laboriously contribu- 
 ted to the advancement of literature. 
 
 Stephens, Robert, an eminent antiqua- 
 i*y, born at Eastington, Gloucestershire, 
 and educated at Wotton school, from which 
 he removed, in 16S1, to Lincoln college, 
 Oxford. He afterwards entered at the 
 Middle Temple ; but as his fortune was 
 easy, and his fondness for polite literature 
 very great, he did not apply much to the 
 study of the law. He was for some time 
 Bolicitor of the customs, by the influence 
 of his relation Harley, earl of Oxford, and 
 afterwards historiographer royal. He pub- 
 lished lord Bacon's letters, with curious 
 notes, and prepared materials for an histo- 
 ry of James L which he did not execute. 
 He died at Gravesend, Gloucestershire, 
 9th Nov. 1732. 
 
 Stephens, John, an Englishman, educa- 
 ted at Douay, in the Romish persuasion. 
 He espoused the fortunes of the exiled 
 James H. and was captain in the army 
 which invaded Ireland. After an act of 
 amnesty had passed, he returned to Lon- 
 don, and commenced writer. Among other 
 valuable works he published a continuation 
 of Dugdale's Monasticon — and a Dictiona- 
 ry, English and Spanish, folio, &c. He 
 died about 1726. 
 
 Stepney, George, an English poet and 
 statesman, born in London, 1663. He was 
 educated at Westminster school, and Tri- 
 nity college, Cambridge, where he formed 
 an intimacy with Charles Montague, after- 
 wards lord Halifax, which proved the source 
 of all his future honours. Though he had 
 paid his court to James IL he warmly em- 
 braced the principles of the revolution, and 
 was employed as envoy to various courts in 
 Germany, and though his abilities were not 
 of a superior cast, he was very successful 
 in his embassies. He was one of the com- 
 missioners of trade, and died at Chelsea, 
 1707, and was buried in Westminster ab- 
 bey, where a pompous inscription marks 
 the place of his remains. He is ranked 
 among the minor poets, and besides some 
 parts of Juvenal, he wro^o some short 
 
 pieces, '" where," says Johnson, '• a happy 
 line may now and then perhaps be found, 
 though there is neither the grace of wit, 
 nor the vigour of nature." 
 
 Sterne, Laurence, an eminent writer, 
 descended from Sterne, archliishop of York. 
 He was born at Clomwell, in the south of 
 Ireland, 24th Nov. 1713, where his father, 
 an officer in the army, was then stationed ; 
 and after being nine years at school, at Ha- 
 lifax, "Yorkshire, he entered at Jesus col- 
 lege, Cambridge. By means of his uncle, 
 who v/as prebendary of York, he obtained 
 the living of Sutton, and afterwards a pre- 
 bend in York cathedral, and by the interest 
 of his wife he added Stillington living to 
 his other preferments. In 1760 he came to 
 London to commence author, and in 1762, 
 he travelled to France, and afterwards to 
 Italy, for the recovery of his health ; but a 
 consumption on the lungs could not be re- 
 moved by change either of air or of occupa- 
 tion. He died 1768, in London, and was 
 buried in St. George's burial ground, Hano- 
 ver square, and Garrick, his friend, penned 
 these four elegant lines for his epitaph : 
 
 Shall pride a heap of sculptured marble 
 
 raise. 
 Some looi'thless, unmour7iedf titled fool to 
 
 praise ; 
 ^Qnd shall ice not by one poor grave-stone 
 
 learn. 
 Where genius, wit, andhicmour, sleep with 
 
 Sterne ? 
 
 The works of Sterne consist of the " Life 
 and Opinions of Tristram Shandy," a 
 sentimental romance, remarkable for its 
 eccentricity, and for an interesting delinea- 
 tion of characters, but not without occa- 
 sional obscenity — a Sentimental Journey — 
 sermons — letters, published since his death. 
 He is accused of plagiarism by Farrier, 
 who discovers several striking parallel pas- 
 sages in Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, 
 bishop Hall's works, and other ancient 
 books. 
 
 Sternhold, Thomas, an English poet, 
 born in Hampshire according to Wood, 
 and educated at Winchester school and 
 Oxford, which he left without a degree. 
 He was groom of the robes to Henry VIII. 
 and had 100 marks left him by that king's 
 will, and he continued in the same office 
 with his successor. In his principles ho 
 was a rigid reformer, and was so highly 
 offended at the obbcenc songs which were 
 then in vogue, that he turned into English 
 metre 51 of David's Psalms for the use of 
 the courtiers, instead of lascivious sonnets. 
 These were gradually introduced into paro- 
 chial churches, and are still in repute, 
 though the more elegant version of Tate and 
 Brady, and that of Merrick, recommend 
 themselves more powerfully to the atten- 
 tion nf {ho mi!?'>ai rsr. Of the rest of the 
 
 671 
 
STE 
 
 SJi 
 
 Psalms, 5S were translated by Hopkins, a 
 contemporary poet, and the remainder by 
 I^Torton and other hands. No other com- 
 position of his is now extant. He died in 
 London, 1549. 
 
 Stesichorus, a Sicilian poet, distin- 
 guished also as a statesman. He died at 
 Catana, in Sicily, at the age of 80. His 
 compositions have perished. 
 
 Steubkn, Frederic William baron de, 
 major-general in the army of the American 
 revolution, was a distinguished Prussian 
 officer, who had served for many years in 
 the army of Frederic the Great, had been 
 one of his aids, and attained the rank of 
 lieutenant-general. He came from France 
 to America in November, 1777, with high 
 recommendations to congress, to which he 
 offered himself as a volunteer to serve in 
 whatever department he could render him- 
 self Hseful. He was soon appointed in- 
 spector-general, with the rank of major- 
 general, and was of the greatest service to 
 the army, by introducing a system of uni- 
 form manoeuvres. He fought as a volun- 
 teer at the battle of Monmouth, and had 
 command in the trenches in Yorktown, on 
 the day that concluded the contest with the 
 British. He was an accomplished gentle- 
 man, an able officer, and virtuous citizen. 
 He died at Steubenville, New- York, No- 
 vember 28th, 1794. ICT' L. 
 
 Stevens, George Alexander, a native of 
 London. He was brought up to a mecha- 
 nical profession, but quitted it for the stage. 
 The life of a theatrical hero, however, did 
 not produce him popularity or fame, and 
 lie had recourse to a different mode of sup- 
 port. For several years he travelled over 
 the kingdom, and even extended his excur- 
 sions to America, lecturing on heads, in a 
 style amusing and facetious, but often ver- 
 ging to licentiousness and sarcastic ribald- 
 ry ; and having thus gained a comfortable 
 income, he disposed of his lectures and of 
 his heads to Lee Lewis. This eccentric 
 character died at last in a mad-house, 
 1784. He was author of Tom Fool, a no- 
 vel, 2 vols. l2mo. — some farces, songs, &c. 
 — besides the Dramatic History of Master 
 Edwards, in which he censured and ridi- 
 culed his old friend and companion Shuter. 
 
 Stevens, Alexander, an architect of 
 great merit, who died 1796, in a good old 
 age. The bridge over the Liffey in Dub- 
 lin, the aqueduct over the Lune at Lan- 
 caster, and the locks in the grand canal of 
 Ireland, are, among many other public 
 works, lasting and honourable monuments 
 of his skill, perseverance, and ingenuity. 
 
 Stevens, William Bagshaw, a native of 
 Abingdon, educated at the grammar school 
 there, and at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, and took 
 the degree of D.D. He became usher, and 
 afterwards master, of Repton school, Der- 
 672 
 
 byshire, and by the patronage of the Har- 
 pur family, he was presented to the recto- 
 ry of Seckindon, Warwickshire, and the 
 vicarage of Kingsbury. He died 1800, 
 aged 45. He wrote Retirement, a poem 
 in blank verse, 1782, 4to. — Indian Odes, 
 4to. — idyls in the Topographer — and some 
 poetical pieces in the Gentleman's Maga- 
 zine, and other periodical works. 
 
 Stevens, Palamedes, an English paint- 
 er, born in London, died 1638, aged 31. 
 He was descended from Flemish parents, 
 and studied his art at Delft. His battles 
 and encampments possess great boldness 
 and beauty. His brother Anthony excelled 
 in the representation of conversations and 
 in portraits, and died 1680. 
 
 Stevin, Simon, a native of Bruges, who 
 instructed prince Maurice of Nassau in ma- 
 thematics, and was made superintendent of 
 the dykes of Holland. It is said that he 
 invented the sailing chariots which were 
 for some time adopted by the Dutch. He 
 died 1635. He is author of a Treatise on 
 Statics — Geometrical Problems — Mathe- 
 matical Memoirs — de Portuum investigan- 
 dorum Ratione, &c. His mathematical 
 works written in Flemish, have been trans- 
 lated into Latin by Snellius, 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Stewart, sir James, a Scotch baronet, 
 who died 1789, aged 76. He is author of 
 an Apology of sir Isaac Newton on Ancient 
 Chronology — and a Treatise on Political 
 (Economy, a work of great merit, and re- 
 plete with much information, though writ- 
 ten in a negligent style. 
 
 Stewart, Matthew, a native of Rotbsay 
 in the isle of Bute, who after studying un- 
 der his father, who was the minister of the 
 parish, went to Glasgow university, to de- 
 vote himself to theology. He afterwards 
 studied mathematics at Edinburgh, where 
 he succeeded his master Maclaurin in the 
 mathematical chair. He died at Edin- 
 burgh, 1785, aged 68. He was author of 
 tracts, physical and mathematical, on the 
 Theory of the Moon, the distance of the 
 Sun from the Earth, &c. 1761— Proposi- 
 tiones More Veterum Demonstratae — gene- 
 ral Theorems, published when he succeed- 
 ed to the professor's chair, &c. 
 
 Stifelius, Michael, a protestant divine 
 of Germany. He was born at Estingen, 
 and died at Jena, 1567, aged 58. He 
 wrote, in German, a Treatise on Algebra — 
 another on the Calendar, &c. He foretold 
 that the end of the world would happen in 
 1553, but he lived to witness the fallacy 
 of his calculations, and the disgrace of his 
 prophetical knowledge. 
 
 Stiles, Ezra, D.D. president of Yale 
 college, was born at New-Haven, Con- 
 necticut, December 15, 1727, and gradua- 
 ted at Yale in 1746, with a high reputation 
 for talents and acquirements. In 1749 he 
 was chosen a tutor in that seminarvj arfd 
 
STl 
 
 H'Xl 
 
 )ield the place six years. In the mean 
 time he studied theology, and preached oc- 
 casionally, but at length he turned his at- 
 tention to law, and employed hinvscll" in its 
 practice at New-Haven, a year or two. In 
 1755 he returned to the pulpit, and settled 
 at Newport, llhode-Island, where he con- 
 tinued till his congregation was dispersed 
 by the war in 177G. lie then preached for 
 some time at Portsmouth ; but being chosen 
 to the presidency of the college in 1777, he 
 ■went thither, and entered on the duties of 
 the office in July the following year. He 
 remained in that station till his death in 
 May, 1795, in his 68th year. He was one of 
 the most learned men the country has pro- 
 duced. He was critically familiar with the 
 languages of the classics, and with the He- 
 brew, and had made large acquisitions in the 
 knowledge of the other oriental dialects. He 
 ivas also well versed in mathematics and 
 philosophy, and a skilful theologian; zealous 
 and impressive as a preacher, and a decided 
 friend to the liberties of his country. His 
 publications were not numerous, but he left 
 more than 40 vols, of manuscripts. iTf' L. 
 
 Stillingfleet, Edward, an eminent 
 prelate descended from an ancient York- 
 shire family, and born at Cranbourn, Dor- 
 setshire, 17th April, 1635. He was edu- 
 cated at St. John's college, Cambridge, of 
 which he became fellow, and by the patron- 
 age of his friend sir Roger Burgoyne, of 
 Wroxall, Warwickshire, he obtained in 
 1657 the rectory of Sutton. He in 1659 
 published his Irenicum, or Weapon-Salve 
 for the Church's Wounds, which, though 
 written with great ability, gdve offence to 
 some of the churchmen of the times, but 
 he added afterwards a discourse to another 
 edition of it, to conciliate the favour of all 
 parties. His greatest work, " Origines 
 Sacrae, or a Rational Account of Natural 
 and Revealed Religion," appeared in 1662, 
 and though produced by a young man only 
 27 years old, astonished every reader for 
 its erudition, elegance, strength, and clear- 
 ness of argument. Thus recommended to 
 public favour by his abilities, he was ap- 
 pointed preacher of the Roll's chapel, and 
 in 1665 was presented to the rectory of St. 
 Andrews, Holborm He afterwards gradu- 
 ally advanced through preferments, be- 
 came lecturer to the Temple, chaplain to 
 the king, canon of St. Paal's, prebendary of 
 Canterbury, dean of St. Paul's, and in 
 1689 wa^> raised to the see of Worcester. 
 He died of the gout at his house. Park- 
 street, Westminster, March 27th, 1699, 
 and was buried in his cathedral, where an 
 inscription, written by Dr. Bentley, was 
 placed on his tomb. By his first wife, who 
 lived few years with him, he had two 
 daughters who died young, and a son Ed- 
 ward ; and by his second, who died a little 
 before him, he had seven children, of whom 
 
 Vol. tl, S5 
 
 only iwu, .Joseph and Anne, survived him. 
 Stillingfleet wrote besides, some contro- 
 versial books agaiiiht ih»; drists, Socinians, 
 papists, and dissenters, and In.- was c-ngagcd 
 in the latter part of life with Locke, some 
 part of whose Essay on Human Under- 
 standing, seemeil to strike at the Mysteries 
 of Revealed Religioti. His works arc thr 
 composition of an able scholar, deep di- 
 vine, and a sound argumentative philoso- 
 pher. They were collected and published 
 altogether in 1710, in 6 vols, folio. 
 
 Stillingfleet, Benjamin, an einiiujiii 
 naturalist and poet, grandson of the Bishop. 
 His father Edward, rector of Wood-Nor- 
 ton, Norfolk, displeased his fatlierby mar- 
 riage, and the displeasure of the bishop 
 proved injurious to his posterity. He died 
 l708, and Benjamin, his only son, after 
 being educated at Norwich school, entered 
 at Trinity college, Cambridge, but here h-; 
 was disappointed of a fellowship, by the in- 
 terference of Bentley, the master, who had 
 been his father's friend, and his grandfa- 
 ther's chaplain. Thus thrown upon the 
 world, he travelled through Italy, and by 
 the friendship of lord Barrington he ob- 
 tained the place of barrack-master at Ken- 
 sington. He also succeeded to some pro- 
 perty on the death of his friend Mr. Wynd- 
 ham of Norfolk, with whom he had tra- 
 velled abroad, and applied himself assidu- 
 ously to the study of history and botany. 
 He died at a saddler's in Piccadilly, 15th 
 Dec. 1771, aged 69, leaving some valuable 
 papers behind him. He was never mar- 
 ried, in consequence, it is said, of a severe 
 disappointment in his youthful affections. 
 He was buried in St. James's church. His 
 works are " the Calendar of Flora," 1761 
 — Miscellaneous Travels, 8vo. — the Prin- 
 ciples and Powers of Harmony, 4to. — Es- 
 say on Conversation, 1757, a poem, an^l 
 other poems in Dodsley's collection — some 
 thoughts concerning happiness, &c. 
 
 Stillman, Samuel, D.D. minister in 
 Boston, Massachusetts, was born in Phila- 
 delphia, February 27th, 1737. His pa- 
 rents removed to Charleston, South Caro- 
 lina, when he was young, and he received 
 his education at an academy there. In 
 1759 he was ordained to preach, and soon 
 after settled in a baptist society at James' 
 Island, but the next year he removed to 
 Bordentown, New-Jersey, and two yeais 
 after to Boston, where in 1765 he was in- 
 stalled pastor of the second baptist church. 
 He continued in that station labouring with 
 great diligence and popularity till his death 
 in March, 1807. He was distinguished for 
 his excellence as a man, and his eloquence 
 as a preacher. He possessed a clear and 
 vigorous mind, a conunanding voice, and 
 was zealous, pathetic, and convincing. 
 
 Stith, William, president of William 
 
 673 
 
STO 
 
 ST» 
 
 and Mavy college, Virginia, ^tvas born in 
 that colony, and for several years employed 
 in it with reputation as a minister. After 
 having held his office in the college for a 
 considerable time, he retired from it about 
 the year 1740, and in 1747 published a 
 History of the Discovery and Settlement 
 ef Virginia to the year 1624. He was a 
 classical scholar, and faithful as a historian, 
 but too minute in his details. iCj^ L. 
 
 Stob.eus, John, author of a valuable 
 collection of extracts from ancient poets 
 and philosophers, translated into Latin by 
 Gesner, Genera, 1608, was a learned Greek 
 of the fifth century. 
 
 Stock, Christian, a German orientalist, 
 born at Canburg, 1672. He was professor 
 at Jena, and died 1733, highly respected 
 for learning. He wrote Disputationes de 
 Pcenis Hebraeorum Capitalibus — Clavis 
 Linguae Sanctae Veteris Testam. — and No- 
 vi Testam. &.c. 
 
 Stockade, Nicholas de Helt, a native of 
 Nimeguen, 1614, eminent as a painter. 
 He was the pupil of Ryccaert, and excelled 
 as a portrait and historical painter. 
 
 Stockton, Richard, a lawyer of New- 
 Jersey, who was graduated at Princeton in 
 1748, and devoting himself to the law, soon 
 rose to unrivalled reputation and success, 
 by his superior talents and integrity. He 
 was appointed to the office of judge, both 
 under the provisional government, and after 
 the adoption of the constitution in 1776, 
 and discharged the duties of the station 
 •with distinguished ability and uprightness. 
 He was a member of the congress of 1776, 
 and signed the declaration of independence. 
 He was an accomplished scholar and 
 statesman, a persuasive speaker, and an 
 exemplary Christian. He died on the 1st 
 of March, 1781. rCP L. 
 
 Stoddard, Solomon, minister of North- 
 ampton, Massachusetts, was born at Bos- 
 ton, in 1643, and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1662. He was after wai'ds a fellow 
 of that institution. In 1672 he was set- 
 tled at Northampton, where he preached 
 •with little interruption till his death in 1729. 
 He possessed extensive learning, was par- 
 ticularly familiar with religious controver- 
 sies, and an acute disputant on such sub- 
 jects. He obtained for himself great no- 
 toriety in the churches of New-England by 
 bis publications in controversy with Dr. In- 
 crease Mather, in which he taught that all 
 baptized persons not scandalous in their 
 lives, might partake of the Lord's Supper, 
 and was the instrument of extensively in- 
 troducing that custom. Mr. Stoddard was 
 a zealous and impressive preacher, and 
 highly successful in his ministry. He was 
 succeeded by the Reverend Jonathan Ed- 
 wards. iCJ^ L. 
 
 Stoffler, John, a native of Justingen in 
 Swabia. He taught mathematics at Tii- 
 674 
 
 bingeu with great reputation, but he lost 
 his good name, and the fame of superior 
 knowledge, by terrifying Europe, in the 
 prediction of a dreadful deluge which was 
 to overwhelm the best part of the world, 
 1 524. He was author of various works in 
 mathematics and astrology, and died Feb. 
 1531, aged 79. He had foretold that he 
 should die by a fall, and in reaching for a 
 book in his library, a large shelf fell upon 
 his head, and he died a few days after. 
 
 Stofflet, Nicholas, a native of Lune- 
 ville, who for some years served in the army 
 as a private soldier. During the French 
 revolution he warmly espoused the cause 
 of royalty, and assembling a band of men. 
 of similar feelings with his own, he seized 
 Bressuire, and maintained himself with 
 vigour and success against the troops of the 
 convention. Mildness affected what mili- 
 tary art could not do, and Hoche prevailed 
 upon this courageous chief to lay down his 
 arms, and to be reconciled to the existing 
 government. Stofflet agreed to an armis- 
 tice in 1795, but soon after his conduct was 
 interpreted by the suspicious republicans, 
 as subversive of the treaty, and as he was 
 defenceless, he was easily seized and drag- 
 ged to Angers, where he was shot, 23d 
 Feb. 1796, in his 44th year. This active 
 and heroic leader, who thus fell a victim to 
 the cruelty of the convention, was during 
 the short space of two years, present at laO 
 battles, where he not only displayed valour, 
 but generally ensured the victory. He 
 showed in his last moments the same intre- 
 pidity which had marked the whole of his 
 life. 
 
 Stone, John, an English painter, best 
 known as an able copier in the reigns of the 
 two Charles. He studied under Cross, 
 but spent 37 years to improve himself 
 abroad, and was well skilled in several lan- 
 guages. He died 24th Aug. 1653, at Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Stone, Edmund, a self-taught mathema- 
 tician, son of the gardener of the duke of 
 Argyle. Though not nurtured by educa- 
 tion, he yet acquired, by the feeble assist- 
 ance of the duke's butler, and his OAvn in- 
 defatigable industry, a most correct and 
 extensive knowledge of arithmetic and ma- 
 thematics. The duke accidentally found 
 him, when 18 years old, reading Newton's 
 Principia, and his grace had the good 
 sense to give encouragement to such pow- 
 ers of genius, and he therefore transplanted 
 him from obscurity and manual labour to a 
 comfortable situation, where he devoted 
 himself to study, and produced some valu- 
 able works. He died about 1750. His 
 works are a Mathematical Dictionary — a 
 treatise on Fluxions — an edition of Euclid's 
 Elements, 2 vols. 8vo. &.c. He is de- 
 scribed by Ramsay as a man of the utmost 
 modestv. 
 
STO 
 
 S'JO 
 
 Stone, Nicholas, an able staUiary uiidiT 
 .Tfamcs I. and his son Charles. I lo was em- 
 ployctl as chief architect in the luiildino; of 
 the banqueting liouse, ^Vhitehall, and, 
 amonp; other works, the j^ate and porch of 
 St. Mary's church, Oxford, are beautiful 
 specimens of his abilities. The best known 
 of his monuments is that erected for the 
 Bedford family, for which he received 
 1120/. He died 1617, aged 61, leaving 
 two sons, Nicholas and Henry, also emi- 
 nent in their profession. The younger of 
 these, who died 1653, was also an excellent 
 painter, and copied some of Vandyck's 
 pieces with admirable effect. 
 
 Stone, John Haskin.s, governor of Ma- 
 ryland, entered the army of the revolution 
 at an early period a captain in Smallwood's 
 regiment, and distinguished himself at the 
 battles of Long-Island, White Plains, 
 Princeton, and Germantown, in the last of 
 which he received a wound which disabled 
 him for further service. He was afterwards 
 appointed a member of the executive coun- 
 cil of Maryland, and in 1794 governor of 
 that state, in which office he continued 
 three years. He Avas respected as an 
 amiable, Jiberal, and upright citizen, as 
 well as a brave soldier and zealous friend 
 of liberty. He died in 1804. ICT' L. 
 
 Stone, Thomas, a member of the Ame- 
 rican congress from the state of Maryland, 
 and one of the signers of the declaration 
 of independence, was a lineal descendant 
 of William Stone, who was governor of 
 Maryland during the protectorship of Oli- 
 ver Cromwell. He was born in Charles 
 county, in that province, in the year 1743, 
 at Pointon Manor, the seat of his father, 
 David Stone ; and received his education 
 Tinder the care of a Scotch gentleman of 
 distinguished erudition and taste, who re- 
 sided as a teacher in his paternal neigh- 
 bourhood. After completing his academi- 
 cal course, he studied law under the direc- 
 tion of Thomas Johnson, esquire, in the 
 city of Annapolis, and engaged in tlae prac- 
 tice of his profession with high reputation. 
 He was a member of the American con- 
 gress in 1776, when the declaration of in- 
 dependence was signed, and stood forth 
 among the champions of his country's 
 rights and honour at that trying period. 
 Mr. Stone was again member of congress, 
 when general Washington resigned his of- 
 fice as commander-in-chief of the American 
 armies. In the year 1787 he was appoint- 
 ed one of the delegates from Maryland to 
 attend the convention which met in Phila- 
 delphia in that year, and formed the con- 
 stitution of the United States ; but domes- 
 tic circumstances constrained him to de- 
 cline accepting the appointment, and in the 
 autumn of the same year he died, in the 
 forty-fourth year of his age. This patriotic 
 and worthy man was repeatedly a member 
 
 of the senate of ijis native atate diiriu;; the 
 intervals of hi;* congressional : civic;, and 
 was in a variety of w:iys H. voted lo the wel- 
 fare of his country. 1 U: was honoured in his 
 life and lamented in his death. ';\ij" L. 
 
 Stone, David, governor of North Caro- 
 lina, was a native of that state, and after 
 having been a member of tho legislature, a 
 judge, a representative, and a senator in 
 congress, was in 1803 chosen governor. 
 He was afterwards again clecicd to a seat 
 in the United States senate, but resigned 
 in 1814, and died October 7th, 1818. 
 
 Stonehouse, sir James, a physician and 
 divine of great eminence. He was born at 
 Tubney, in Berkshire, 1716, and after re- 
 ceiving his education at Winchester school, 
 and St. John's college, Oxford, he applied 
 himself to medical studies^ under the in- 
 struction of Dr. Nicholls. He afterwards 
 travelled abroad, and then settled at Co- 
 ventry, from which he removed to North- 
 ampton, where his benevolence was strong- 
 ly displayed in the erection of the county 
 infirmary. Though for some years inclined 
 to the principles of infidelity, in the de- 
 fence of which he even wrote a book 
 against revealed religion, three times edit- 
 ed, he gave way to better thoughts, and by 
 reading the books of the best divines, es- 
 pecially Doddridge's Rise and Progress of 
 Religion, he became a convert to the opi- 
 nions of the English church. In proof of 
 his sincerity, though in full and extensive 
 practice, ensured by an experience of twen- 
 ty years, he took orders and obtained the 
 lectureship of All Saints, Bristol. He af- 
 terwards was presented to the livings of 
 Great and Little Cheverell, in Wiltshire, 
 where he devoted himself not only to the 
 promotion of the spiritual comfort of his 
 parishioners, but the composition of useful 
 works in the cause of religion and virtue. 
 As a preacher he was eloquent and im- 
 pressive, and his discourses always carried 
 conviction to the heart, and disposed the 
 mind to more than the outward and barren 
 profession of Christianity. In 1791, on 
 the extinction of the elder branch of his 
 family, settled at Radley, Berkshire, he 
 succeeded to the title of baronet, and died 
 at Bristol, 1795. His works are very nu- 
 merous, and all on religious subjects, and 
 some of them have been recommended by 
 the society for the promotion of Christian 
 knowledge. His friendly Advice to a Pa- 
 tient has been frequently edited. An ac- 
 count of his life was prefixed by Mr. Sted- 
 man to his letters, which were published 
 in 1800, 12mo. 
 
 Storage, Stephen, a musician and com- 
 poser of eminence. The public have paid 
 deserved approbation to his music for the 
 Haunted Tower, the Siege of Belgrade, No 
 Song no Supper, &c. and to several pieces 
 
 675 
 
.STO 
 
 ixTR 
 
 compv»i.e(i I'of Ihc Italian opcru. This pro- 
 mising musician, who was so rapidly rising 
 in reputation and in opulence, died of a fe- 
 ver, 1796, aged 33. 
 
 Storck, Nicholas, a native of Saxony, 
 who abandoned the tenets of Luther to 
 found the sect of the anabaptists with Mun- 
 cer. By the most extravagant doctrines, 
 and by assuming the powers of a sovereign, 
 he gained numerous adherents, and when 
 banished from Saxony he retu'ed to Swabia 
 and Franconia, where his opinions were 
 eagerly embraced by the deluded multitude. 
 The military power was at last exerted to 
 silence his preaching, and to disperse his 
 followers, and after being guilty of the 
 grossest excesses, he escaped to Poland, 
 1627, and afterwards settled at Munichj 
 where his sect again raised its head, and 
 spread its influence into Moravia. He 
 died soon after, in the greatest poverty. 
 
 Stork, Abraham, a Dutch painter, 
 whose sea pieces, sea ports, and other ma- 
 rine views, were grently admired. He died 
 1708. His brother was a good landscape 
 painter, to whom the sublime views of the 
 Rhine afforded many objects for the em- 
 ployment of his pencil. 
 
 Stocffacher, Werner, a native of the 
 canton of Schwitz, who in 1307 joined 
 Furst, Melchtall, and Tell, in the destruc- 
 tion of Grisler, the oppressive governor of 
 the country. This small band of heroes 
 succeeded in their attempts, and overturned 
 the Austrian government, and restored 
 their country to its original independence. 
 Their names are still held in honour, and 
 celebrated in the national songs of Switzer- 
 land, and will never fail to excite their pos- 
 terity to deeds of heroism and glory. 
 
 SirouGHTON, Vv'illiam, lieutenant-gover- 
 nor of Massachusetts, was born at Dor- 
 chester in 1632, and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1650. He became a minister, 
 and preached with great acceptance, but 
 leaving that profession, he was in 1671 
 chosen a magistrate, and in 1677 sent to 
 England as an agent of the colony. After 
 his return he became a member of the 
 council and chief justice of the province, 
 in which office he condemned to death 
 some of the unfortunate persons who were 
 accused of witchcraft. In 1692 he was ap- 
 pointed lieutenant-governor, and for a 
 number of years was commander-in-chief 
 cf the province, and exercised a popular 
 administration. He died in 1701. He 
 was distinguished for learning, upright- 
 ness, patriotism, and liberality. He pre- 
 sented to Harvard college 1000^ with 
 which a hall bearing his name was erected. 
 
 ICP L. 
 Stow, John, an eminent English anti- 
 quary, born in Cornhill, London, about 
 1525. It is supposed that he was bred up 
 ^o his father's business, which wns th^t of 
 676 
 
 a taiiGr. lie removed from Cornhiii to 
 Aldgate, and then settled for the rest of his 
 life in Lime-street ward. In 1560 he began 
 to make a collection for his Chronicle, and 
 whatever was illustrative of the history and 
 antiquities of the country, was the object of 
 his indefatigable researches. These stu- 
 dies, however, Avere not productive at first 
 cf fame, much less of gain, and he would 
 have abandoned them, had not Parker, the 
 primate, stepped to his aid, and honourably 
 contributed to his support and encourage- 
 ment. His first work was a " Summary of 
 the Chronicles cf England, from the co- 
 ming in of Brute to his own Time," 1573, 
 begun at the request cf lord Robert Dud- 
 ley, whose grajidiather Edmund had, du- 
 ring liis confinement in the Tower, laid 
 the foundation of this work in bis " Tree 
 of the Commonwealth." Afterwards, in 
 1598, appeared his "Survey of London," 
 containing the original, antiquity, &c. of 
 that city, 4to. and in 1600 he published his 
 " Flores Historiarum, or Annals of this 
 Kingdom, from the Times of the Britons 
 to bis ov/n," dedicated to Whitgift, the pri- 
 mate. This last work was an enlargement 
 of his "Summai-j-," but even in that state 
 was little less than an abridgment of a 
 larger work, which he had prepared, and 
 which his printer was afraid to undertake. 
 In the latter part of his life Stow was re- 
 duced to indigent circumstances ; he peti- 
 tioned twice the corpoj'ation of London, 
 whose history he had by his labours eluci- 
 dated ; but the relief he received is un- 
 known. He also obtained a brief from the 
 king, to collect the benevolent contribu- 
 tions of well-disposed people for his sup- 
 port, and after thus devoting himself for 
 upwards of 40 years to develope the histo- 
 ry, and to illustrate the antiquities of his 
 country, and suffering the infirmities of old 
 age, added to the horrors of indigence, he 
 fell a victim to the stone-colic, 5th April, 
 1C05, aged about 80, and was buried in the 
 church of St. Andrew Undershaft, where 
 his wife erected a monument to record his 
 name. To the high merits of an able histo- 
 rian, and indefatigable antiquarian, Stow 
 united all the virtues of private life. He 
 wrote for the public, he adhered to truth, and 
 recorded nothing either through fear, or en- 
 vy, or favour. He had transcribed many va- 
 luable MSS. the originals of which he could 
 not obtain, and he travelled afoot to the 
 various cathedrals, in search of authentic 
 papers. Camden purchased some of his 
 MSS. for which he allowed him an annuity 
 of SI. 
 
 Strabo, a native of Amasa, in Cappado- 
 cia, in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, 
 celebrated as a geographer and historian. 
 Of his works only his valuable Geographj" 
 is extant, best edited at Amsterdam, 2 vds. 
 fol. T 707. 
 
STR 
 
 bTR 
 
 , Strada, Famianus, a learned Jesuit, 
 born at Rome. He taught there rhetoric, 
 and wrote several treatises on oratory and 
 other subjects. His Prolusiones Acadcmi- 
 cae — and his Historia de Bello Belgico, 
 have been much admired for their correct- 
 ness, the elegance of the language, and the 
 purity of the style, though he has been at- 
 tacked and severely censured by Scioppius, 
 Rapin, and even Bolingbrokc. He died at 
 Rome, 1649, aged 77. 
 
 Strada, John, or Stradanits, a Fle- 
 mish painter, born at Bruges, 1536. He 
 studied in Italy, and settled at Florence, 
 ■where he died 1604. His hunting pieces, 
 and his historical pieces also selected from 
 sacred subjects, were much admired, and 
 were thought worthy to rank with those of 
 Salviati, Volterra, &.c. 
 
 Straeten, N. Vander, a Dutch painter, 
 born in 1680, who acquired celebrity by his 
 landscapes. He travelled over Europe as 
 a painter, and as a man of pleasure, and 
 luined his purse and his constitution by 
 intemperance and debauchery, to which he 
 fell an early victim. 
 
 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, earl 
 of. Vid. Wentworth. 
 
 Strahan, William, a native of Edin- 
 burgh. After serving his time with a print- 
 er in his native town, he came to London, 
 and by his assiduity soon rose to eminence 
 in his profession. He purchased, in 1770, 
 a share of the patent place of king's piinter, 
 and in 1775 sat in parliament for Malmes- 
 bury, and in the next parliament for Wot- 
 ton-Basset. Thus raised by his ovrn me- 
 rits to distinction and to opulence, he be- 
 came the friend of the learned, and was 
 ever ready to contribute to the comfort of 
 those whose mental exertions had promoted 
 his elevation. Among his particular friends 
 was Dr. Johnson, and it is no small proof 
 of his discernment and loyalty that he at- 
 tempted to introduce this great philosopher 
 into the house of commons, though lord 
 ]Nortb, to whom it was earnestly proposed, 
 did not finally accede to the measure. Mr. 
 Strahan died 17S5, aged 70, and left by his 
 will the interest of 1000/. to the company 
 of stationers, to be distributed in annuities 
 of 5/. each to poor and infirm printers. 
 
 Straight, John, rector of Findon, in 
 Sussex, to which he was presented by Mas,'- 
 dalen college, Oxford, of which he was fel- 
 low, was author of some poems in Dods- 
 loy's collection, much in the style of Prior. 
 He was presented by bishop Hoadly to a 
 prebend in Salisbury cathedral, but injured 
 Lis propert) by turning farmer to maintain 
 his family, and died poor about 1740, leav- 
 ing a widow and six children. His ser- 
 mons, in 2 vols. 8vo. were published after 
 his death for the benefit of his family. 
 
 Strange, sir Robert, an eminent engra- 
 ver, born at Pomona, in the Orkneys, July 
 
 14, 1721. He .studied the law, but his ge- 
 nius pointed a di(r(r«iit path io eminence, 
 and his sketches and other drawings appear- 
 ed so highly bnisbed, that he was placed by 
 his friends under the care of Mr. R. Coop- 
 er, of Edinburgh. His progress to fame 
 was, however, arrested by the rebellion, 
 he joined the pretender, and after the ruin 
 of his aflairs, he wandered for some time 
 a fugitive in the highlands, and at last not 
 without alarm returned to Edinburgh, and 
 then passed to London, with the intention 
 of visiting Rome. He was at Rouen, and 
 at Paris, where he studied under Le Bas, 
 and had the first knowledge of the dry 
 needle, an instrument which his genius af- 
 terwards so much used and improved. In 
 1751, he settled in London, and began to 
 be distinguished as an historical engraver, 
 of which art he may be said to be the fa- 
 ther in England. In 1760 he visited Italy, 
 where every where he was received with 
 respect and attention, and honourably elect- 
 ed member of the learned schools of Rome, 
 Florence, and Bologna, and made professor 
 of the Royal academy of Parma, and 
 member of the Royal academy of painting 
 at Paris. He was knighted by the king in 
 1787, and died of an asthma, 5th July, 
 1792. His works are greatly admired, and 
 about 50 capital plates are still preserved by 
 his family. In private life he was a most 
 worthy and amiable man. A widow, three 
 sons, and one daughter, survived him, and 
 succeeded to a very comfortable indepen- 
 dence, 
 
 Strauchixis, Giles, a native of Wittem- 
 berg. He studied at Leipsic, and after- 
 wards was appointed professor of divinity 
 in his native town, from which he was in- 
 vited to go and preside over the university 
 of Dantzic as rector and theological pro- 
 fessor. The disputes which then prevailed 
 between the protestants and catholics, pre- 
 vented his settlement, and soon after on his 
 way to Hamburgh, he was arrested by or- 
 der of the elector of Brandenburg, on ac- 
 count of some improper allusions made by 
 him in the pulpit. He was soon after re- 
 leased, and died 16S2, aged 50. He is au- 
 thor of Breviarium Chronologicum, transla- 
 ted into English by Salt — Breviarium His- 
 toricum — Geogra})hia Mathematica — Doc- 
 trina Astrorum Mathematica, &c. 
 
 Streater, Robert, an English painter, 
 eminent for his pieces in history, architec- 
 ture, and perspective. At the restoration 
 he was made sergeant painter to Charles II. 
 and died in 1680, inconsequence of being 
 cut for the stone, aged 56. His great 
 works are in the Theatre at Oxford — Moses 
 and Aaron in St. Michael's church, Corn- 
 hill— The battle of the Giants and of the 
 Gods, at sir Robert Clayton's, &.c. 
 
 Streek, Jurian Van, a Flemish painter, 
 whose works are much admired. He was 
 
 677 
 
STR 
 
 STR 
 
 liappy in representing death and melancholy 
 subjects. He died 1678, aged 46. His 
 son Henry excelled as an historical paint- 
 er, and died 1713, aged 54. 
 
 SxRiGELius, Victorius, a native of Kauf- 
 hier, in Swabia, one of the first Oi" Luther's 
 disciples. He taught theology and logic at 
 Leipsic, but his disputes with Francowitz, 
 and his opposition to some of Luther's 
 principles, rendered him unpopular, and he 
 was deposed and imprisoned by his ene- 
 mies. He was afterwards professor of 
 anorality at Heidelberg, where he died 26lii 
 June, 1569, aged 45, He wrote Notes on 
 the Ancient and New Testament, and other 
 works now little known. 
 
 Strobelberger, John Stephen, a native 
 of Gratz, in Styria, who took his doctor's 
 degree in medicine, at Montpellier, 1605. 
 He became imperial physician at the baths 
 of Carlsbad, and died 1630. He wrote 
 Oalliae Politico-Medica Descriptio, 12mo. 
 — Historia Montpcliensis, 12mo. 
 
 Strong, Joseph, an English musician, 
 ■who died at Carlisle, 1798. Though blind 
 from his infancy, he became an able me- 
 chanic, and constructed an organ on which 
 he played with astonishing execution. He 
 made all his own garments, and left a great 
 number of figures, &c. as memorials of his 
 extraordinary perseverance and great inge- 
 nuity. 
 
 Strong, Caleb, LL.D. governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts, was born at Northampton, in 
 that state, in 1744, and educated at Harvard 
 university, where he was graduated in 1764. 
 He studied law and established himself in 
 practice in his native town. He took an 
 early and decided part in the cause of li- 
 berty at the commencement of the revolu- 
 tion, andivasin 1775 appointed one of the 
 committee of safety, and in 1776 elected 
 to a seat in the state legislature. He was 
 a member of the convention which in 1779 
 formed a constitution for the state, and on 
 the organization of the government under 
 it was chosen a member of the senate. He 
 was two 5'ears after appointed to a seat on 
 the bench of the supreme court, but decli- 
 ned the office. He was chosen in 1787 a 
 member of the convention which framed 
 the constitution of the United States, and 
 also of the state convention which was ap- 
 pointed to sanction that constitution, and 
 exerted himself to procure its acceptance. 
 On the organization of the new govern- 
 ment, he was advanced to a seat in the 
 United States' senate. His first election to 
 the chief magistracy of Massachusetts took 
 place in 1800, and he continued in the of- 
 fice seven years. He was again elected in 
 1812, and retained the station till 1816, 
 when he retired from public life, and died 
 in November, 1820. He possessed a clear 
 and vigorous understanding, and an excel- 
 lent judgment, and was an accomplished 
 678 
 
 scholar, jurist, and statesman. He distin- 
 guished himself in the various important 
 offices which he sustained by his intelli- 
 gence, wisdom, uprightness, patriotism, 
 and fidelity, and was justly ranked among 
 the ablest and most useful of his cotempo- 
 raries. He was equally eminent in private 
 life for his social virtues, benevolence, and 
 piety. fCj^ L. 
 
 Strong, Nathan, a distinguished con- 
 gregational minister of Hartford, Connec- 
 ticut, was the son of the Rev. Nathan 
 Strong, of Coventry, in that state. He 
 was educated at Yale college, and was gra- 
 duated in 1767. He afterwards resided 
 some time at that seminary as a tutor, and 
 was ordained pastor of the first church in 
 Hartford, January 5th, 1774, where he 
 continued greatly respected, and labouring 
 with distinguished assiduity and success 
 until his death, December 25th, 1816, in 
 the 69th year of his age. He held the first 
 rank among his associates in the ministry, 
 in talents, learning, and usefulness. He 
 was especially distinguished for the energy 
 and penetration of his mind, his sagacity, 
 sound judgment, and intuitive discernment 
 of character, and the keenness and vivacity 
 of his wit. He was a profound theologian, 
 a classical scholar, and excelled in his 
 knowledge of the distinguished men and 
 events of his time. His sermons were 
 marked by gi-eat ingeniousness and energy 
 of thought, and simplicity of style, and 
 were delivered with dignity and force. 
 His publications were two volumes of ser- 
 mons — and Benevolence and Misery — a 
 volume in vindication of the doctrine of 
 Future Punishment. He was also editor 
 of the Evangelical Magazine, and contribu- 
 ted largely to its pages. ?CIi^ L. 
 
 Strong, Simeon, LL.D. was appointed 
 a judge of the supreme court of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1800. He was born at North- 
 ampton in 1735, graduated at Harvard col- 
 lege in 1756, and died at Amhei'st, Decem- 
 ber 14th, 1805. He was distinguished in 
 early life as an intelligent and industrious 
 student, was several years a preacher, but 
 his health not permitting his continuance 
 in that employment, he engaged in the study 
 of law, and I'ose to eminence in the profes- 
 sion. He was several years a member of 
 the house of representatives and senate of 
 Massachusetts, previous to his appointment 
 as a judge. He was a man of great excel- 
 lence of character, and enjoyed in an emi- 
 nent degree the respect of his acquaintance. 
 
 Strozzi, Titus and Hercules, father and 
 son, were Latin poets at Ferrara. Their 
 works, which consist of elegies and son- 
 nets, and possess merit, tvere published to- 
 gether at Venice, 1 vol. 8vo. 1513. The fa- 
 ther died 1502, aged 80, and the son was 
 killed by a rival, 1508. 
 
STK 
 
 Slli 
 
 Stuozzi, Cyriaco, a learned Florentine, 
 born 1504, and called a peripatetic philoso- 
 pher as be supported the doctrines of 
 Aristotle, to whose eight books on politics 
 be added a ninth, and a tenth, in Cireek 
 and Latin, and in the most able man- 
 ner. He was professor of Greek and of 
 philosophy at Florence, Bologna, and Pisa, 
 and died 1665, aged 61. His sister Lau- 
 rentia, a nun, was well skilled in the learn- 
 ed languages, and wrote some Latin hymns 
 on the festivals of the church. 
 
 Strozzi, Julius, an Italian poet. He 
 wrote Venetia £Edificata,1624, fol. an admi- 
 red poem, on the origin of Venice, and 
 also another heroic poem. He died 1636. 
 Strozzi, Nicholas, a native of Florence, 
 distinguished as a poet. His Sylvae of Par- 
 nassus, Idyls, and sonnets, all in Italian, 
 are much admired. He wrote two trage- 
 dies, besides David of Trebizond, and Con- 
 radin, and died 1654, aged 64. 
 
 SxRrDELL, Peter, a German painter, 
 born in the Tyrol. He settled at Vienna, 
 where he adorned the churches and other 
 public buildings with his admirable paint- 
 ings. He died there 1717. 
 
 Struensee, Count, a physician, who by 
 bis abilities recommended himself to the no- 
 tice of the king of Denmark. He became 
 prime minister, and maintained his power 
 by great talents in politics and in negotia- 
 tion ; but his imprudent partiality for the 
 queen, Caroline Matilda, proved fatal to 
 bim. The queen mother, determined to 
 ruin this favourite, caused by her intrigues 
 his arrestation, and that of bis friend 
 Brandt, and Struensee, falsely accused of 
 an improper intercourse with Matilda, but 
 guilty of treasonable practices for the pre- 
 servation of his power, was conducted to 
 the scaffold, 26th July, 1772. The unfor- 
 tunate Matilda, banished from the presence 
 and the protection of her husband, was de- 
 manded back by her brother, the king of 
 England, and she retired to Zell in Ha- 
 nover, where she died of a broken heart, 
 1776. 
 
 Strutt, Joseph, an English antiquary, 
 author of a dictionary of Engravers, 4to. 
 — an historical treatise on the manners and 
 customs of ancient inhabitants of England, 
 2 vols. 4to. translated into French by Bou- 
 lard. He died 1787. 
 
 Struvius, George Adam, professor of 
 jurisprudence at Jena, and counsellor to the 
 dukes of Saxony, was born at Magdebourg, 
 and died 15th December, 1692, aged 73. 
 He was twice married, and was father of 
 26 children. He wrote Syntagma Juris 
 Feudalis, and Syntagma Juris Civilis, Uvo 
 works of great merit. 
 
 Struvius, Burcard, Gotthelf, one of the 
 sons of the preceding, was born at Wei- 
 mar, and afterwards settled at Jena, where 
 he engaged in his father's profession, and 
 
 was equally esteemed. He died 173*5, aged 
 67. He published Anticjuitaiuui Komana- 
 rum Syntagma, 4to.— Bibliotheca Histori- 
 ca Sclecta, 8 vo.— Syntagma Juris Publici, 
 4to. — SyntagmuHistoria; Gcrmania;, 2 vols, 
 fol. — Historia Misnensis, Svo. — a History 
 of Germany, in German — Itroductio ad 
 Notitiam Rei Literariae, et Usuni Bibliothc- 
 carum, &c. 
 
 Struts, John, a Dutchman, who began 
 to travel in 1647, and visited, in three dif- 
 ferent journeys, Madagascar, Japan, the 
 Levant, the shores of the Mediterranean, 
 Muscovy, and Persia. He wrote an ac- 
 count of his travels which were published 
 by Glanville, Amsterdam, 1681, 4to. and 
 afterwards in three vols. l2mo. at Rouen, 
 &c. He died about 1680. 
 
 Strype, John, a learned editor, born in 
 London, of German parents. He was edu- 
 cated at Catherine-hall, Cambridge, and in 
 16CD, was presented to the living of They- 
 don-boys, Essex, which he the same year 
 resigned for Low Leyton. He had also a 
 sinecure, the gift of Tenison the primate, 
 and was lecturer of Hackney, where he 
 died, 13th Dec. 1737, at a great age, hav- 
 ing been in possession of his vicarage 63 
 years. He published the lives of archbi- 
 shops Cranmer, Grindal, Parker, and 
 "Whitgift, of Aylmer, bishop of London, of 
 sir Thomas Smith, of sir J. Cheke, and 
 also ecclesiastical memorials, 3 vols. — An- 
 nals of the Reformation, 4 vols, folio — the 
 2d vol. of Lightfoot's works — Stow's Sur- 
 vey of London. 
 
 Stuart, Arabella. Vid. Seymour. 
 Stuart, James, an eminent architect, 
 born in London, 1713. The death of his 
 father left him and his mother and three 
 children in very indigent circumstances, 
 but his genius began early to shine forth, 
 and his abilities were successfully exerted 
 and employed to support his orphan family 
 by painting fans for a person in the Strand. 
 While thus honourably engaged, he direct- 
 ed his attention to the acquisition of other 
 branches of science, and by assiduity he 
 obtained a perfect knowledge of anatomy, 
 geometry, painting, the mathematics, and 
 architecture, to which he joined a tolerable 
 acquaintance with Greek and Latin. After 
 his mother's death, he settled his brother 
 and sisters in a comfortable situation, and 
 with scanty resources set out to visit the 
 antiquities of Rome and Athens. He most- 
 ly travelled on foot through Paris, and when 
 he reached the capital of Italy, he was so 
 fortunate as to form an intimacy with Mr. 
 N. Revett, an able architect and painter. 
 With this worthy associate he continued 
 his journey to Athens, and there for five 
 years, till 1755, remained laboriously em- 
 ployed in making drawings, and in taking 
 the measures of the remarkable places of 
 this venerable citv. Their perseverance 
 
 679 
 
STL' 
 
 STL 
 
 was supported and encouraged by the kind- 
 ness of sir Jacob Bouverie and Mr. Daw- 
 kins, who were then at Athens, spectators 
 of the magnificent remains of that classi- 
 cal spot. The result of their useful labours 
 appeared in 1 vol. folio, 1762, under the 
 title of the Antiquities of Athens, measured 
 and delineated by J. Stuart and N. Revett. 
 The merit of this publication recommended 
 Stuart to the patronage of the great, he 
 was taken into the society of Mr, Dawkins, 
 and noticed by lords Anson and Rocking- 
 ham, and others, and was appointed sur- 
 veyor of Greenwich Hospital. This re- 
 spectable character was twice married ; by 
 his first wife he had one son, who died an 
 infant ; by the second, whom he married 
 in his 67th year, he had four children, the 
 eldest of whom died of the smallpox in 
 1787, and by his death undermined the 
 feeble constitution of his father, who sur- 
 Tived him but a few weeks. He died at his 
 house in Leicester-square, 2d Feb. 1788, 
 aged 76, and was buried in St. Martin's 
 church in the fields. Two more volumes 
 have appeared since his death, one in 1790, 
 published by Mr. Newton, the other in 
 1794, by Mr. Revely. Mr. Stuart is best 
 known by the deserved surname of the 
 Athenian Stuart. 
 
 Stuart, Gilbert, a Scotch historian, 
 born in 1742, at Edinburgh, where his fa- 
 ther was university professor. He was 
 well educated and intended for the law, 
 which, however, his natural indolence 
 made him abandon for the less laborious 
 pursuit of elegant literature. Before the 
 completion of his 22d year, he published 
 his historical dissertation concerning the 
 antiquity of the British constitution ; 
 which was so admired that the university 
 granted him the degree of LL.D. He af- 
 terwards published his view of Society in 
 Europe, in its progress from rudeness to 
 refinement, an ably written composition ; 
 but his labours did not sufficiently re- 
 commend him in his application for the law 
 professorship of the university, and when 
 disappointed, he came to London, where 
 he continued from 1768 to 1774, to write 
 for the Monthly Review. In 1774 he re- 
 turned to Edinburgh, but his attempts to 
 establish there a Review and Magazine fail- 
 ed, and in 1782 he again visited London, 
 and took a share in the Political Herald, 
 and the English Review. Intemperance 
 brought on here complicated disorders, and 
 when labouring under an attack of the 
 jaundice and of the dropsy, he returned to 
 Scotland by sea, and died in his father's 
 house, 13th Aug. 1786. He published be- 
 sides. Observations concerning the Public 
 Law, and Constitutional history of Scot- 
 land — the history of the Reformation in 
 Scotland — the history of Scotland from the 
 reformation to Mary's death, in which he 
 680 
 
 ably defends the character of that unfortu- 
 nate queen against Dr. Robertson and 
 other writers. Though popular as an au- 
 thor, and intelligent as a man of letters, 
 Stuart was entitled to little praise for the 
 laxity of his principles, and the dissolute- 
 ness of his morals ; for as Mr. Chalmers 
 observes, he wantonly considered ingrati- 
 tude as the most venial of sins. 
 
 Stuart, Robert, marquis of London- 
 derry, viscount Castlereagh, was born June 
 I8th, 1769. He commenced his parlia- 
 mentary career, as member for tl^e county 
 of Dover, Ireland. In 1797, he became 
 chief secretary to the Viceroyalty of Ire- 
 land, and assisted to bring about the union 
 of that country with Great Britain. After 
 the union he was appointed privy council- 
 lor, and president of the board of control ; 
 and in 1805, minister of war, which station 
 he occupied with the exception of two short 
 intervals, during the remainder of his life. 
 His predominant influence in the cabinet is 
 dated from the death of Mr. Percival in 
 1811; after which event he was virtually at 
 the head of the administration, and repre- 
 sented it as ambassador, in all the most 
 important negotiations on the continent. 
 His life was terminated by his own hand, 
 August 12th, 1822 ; when it is supposed he 
 was labouring under mental derangement. 
 
 Stubbe, Henry, a learned writer, born 
 at Partney, Lincolnshire, 28th Feb. 1631. 
 He was sent to Westminster school, and 
 Busby commended and rewarded his extra- 
 ordinary abilities. In 1649 he was elected 
 to Christ-church, and distinguished himself 
 there by his zeal and his learning. When 
 bachelor of arts, he went and served in the 
 parliamentary army in Scotland, and after 
 he had been admitted to his master's degree, 
 he was in 1657 appointed under librarian 
 to the Bodleian. As he refused to conform 
 to the orders of government, he was ejected 
 from his offices and retired to Stratford on 
 Avon to practise physic, to the study of 
 which he had formerly applied himself. In 
 1661 he went to Jamaica as king's physician 
 to the island, but soon returned in conse- 
 quence of the unfavourable climate. He 
 afterwards settled at Warwick, and then at 
 Bath, where he acquired considerable prac- 
 tice. He was intimate with Hobbes, whom 
 he supported against Dr. Wallis, and against 
 the new establishment of the royal society, 
 and in consequence of this controversy, in 
 which he ably maintained the ancient doc- 
 trines of the schools of the Aristotelian phi- 
 losophy, he made a severe attack on Mr. 
 Glanvill, and charged him and the other 
 members of the society with the intention 
 of undermining the universities, destroying 
 the established religipn, and introducing 
 popery. His enemies fairly, however, ac- 
 cused him of inconsistency, as before the 
 
5^TU 
 
 restoration be had abused monarchy, uni- 
 versities, churches, and all ancient esta- 
 blishments, while he defended the conduct 
 and principles of his early friend and patron 
 sir Henry Vane. After a life chcMjuered 
 "ivith accidents and controversial quarrels, 
 this extraordinary man was unfortunately 
 drowned, 12th July, 1676, while crossing 
 the river two miles from Bath. The body 
 was taken up the next mornings and when 
 buried in the great church, Bath, a funeral 
 sermon was preached over him, probably 
 with little commendation, by his antagonist 
 Glanvill the rector. As a man of erudition, 
 of extensive information, an accomplished 
 scholar, an able and ready disputant, Stubbe 
 deserves the highest praise. In other re- 
 spects he was strongly deficient in common 
 discretion, wavering in his principles, occa- 
 sionally rash and obstinate in his opinions, 
 and regardless of that sobriety and that 
 decorum in conduct, which should accom- 
 pany great powers of mind. His writings 
 are very numerous, but though they convey 
 much information and deep research, they 
 are distinguished for abuse, satire, and ma- 
 levolence. 
 
 Stubbs, George, an able writer, rector of 
 Gunville, Dorsetshire, and known as the 
 author of some of the best papers of the 
 Free Thinker, with Ambrose Philips and 
 others, 1718. He wrote also the " new ad- 
 venture of Telemachus," 8vo. an admired 
 performance, founded on principles of li- 
 berty, and in opposition to Fenelon's work. 
 He wrote besides some elegant verses, which 
 are still preserved in MS. by his friends. He 
 ■was twice married. The time of his death is 
 not mentioned. 
 
 Stubbs, George, a native of Liverpool, 
 distinguished as a painter and anatomist. 
 At the age of 30 he visited Rome, to im- 
 prove himself in the study and knowledge 
 of the arts and the monuments of the an- 
 cients, and on his return he devoted himself 
 laboriously to the completion of his valua- 
 able work, the anatomy of the horse, in- 
 cluding a particular description of the bones, 
 cartilages, &c. with most valuable plates, 
 published 1766. In the delineation of ani- 
 mals he particularly excelled, and his pieces 
 stand very high in the public estimation. 
 He undertook another elaborate work, a 
 comparative anatomical exposition of the 
 structure of the human body, with that of 
 a tiger and common fowl, in 30 tables, of 
 which, however, he published only three 
 parts before his death. This excellent 
 artist died in London, 10th July, 1806, 
 aged 82. 
 
 Stuckius, John William, a native of 
 Zurich, distinguished as an antiquary. He 
 wrote a treatise on the Feasts of the An- 
 cients and their Sacrifices, a learned work 
 in fol. — a Commentary on Adrian — a trea- 
 tise called Carolus Ma^nu? Redivivus, 4to. 
 
 Vol. IL SB 
 
 STL 
 
 in which he compares Henry IV. of France 
 with Charlemagne. He died 1607. 
 
 Studly, John, an English poet, educated 
 at Westminster school, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. He followed the profession of 
 arms, and served under prince Maurice at 
 the siege of Breda, where he was killed 
 1587. Among other things he translated 
 several of Seneca's tragedies. 
 
 Stukeley, William, a celebrated anti- 
 quary, born at Holbeck, Lincolnshire, 7th 
 Nov. 1687. After receiving his education 
 in the school of his native town, he w as, iu 
 1703, admitted of Benet college, Cambridge, 
 where he studied physic and botany with 
 great assiduity. When he had taken his 
 degrees of bachelor in medicine, he settled 
 at Boston, and in 1717 removed to London, 
 where he was soon after, at the recom- 
 mendation of his friend Dr. Mead, elected 
 fellow of the royal society, and also one of 
 the first members of the antiquarian society. 
 He left London in 1726 to settle at Gran- 
 tham, in his native county, where his abili- 
 ties were called into action by his attend- 
 ance on the noblest, and most respectable 
 families of that neighbourhood. He found 
 himself, however, so much afflicted with 
 the gout that he determined to abandon 
 his laborious profession, for the church 
 preferment, which his powerful friends 
 could command for him, and after being- 
 ordained by Wake, the primate, in 1730 he 
 was presented to the living of All-Saints, 
 Stamford. In 1739 he obtained from the 
 duke of Ancaster the living of Somerby 
 near Grantham, and in 1747, he relinquish- 
 ed, at the pressing solicitation of the duke 
 of Montague, his country preferments, for 
 the rectory of St. George, Queen's square, 
 London. He was seized with a stroke of 
 the palsy, the 27th Feb. 1765, and died four 
 days after in his 78th year. He was buried 
 in East-Ham churchyard, Essex, without 
 any monument. He was twice married, 
 but had issue only by his first wife, three 
 daughters. The best known of his works 
 are Itinerarium Curiosura, or an Account 
 of the Curiosities and Antiquities in Great 
 Britain, folio, with copper plates — Palaeo- 
 graphia Sacra, or Discourses on the Monu- 
 ments of Antiquity, that relate to Sacred 
 History, 4to. — Pala^ographia Britannica, 
 4to. — an Account of Stonehenge and Abu- 
 ry, folio — History of Carausius, 2 vols. 4to. 
 — Dissertation on the Spleen, folio — a trea- 
 tise on the Gout, besides other valuable 
 tracts on antiquities, &c. His knowledge 
 of druidical history was so extensive, that 
 he was not improperly called by his friends 
 the archdruid of his age. He was the cor- 
 respondent and the friend of the most 
 learned and respectable persons of his time. 
 
 Stttmca, James Lopez, a Spanish divine 
 and philologer in the university of Alcala. 
 Besides an account of his journey to Rome 
 
 681 
 
STU 
 
 SUA 
 
 fiom Aleala, called " Itinerariuui dum Com- 
 pluto Romam Proficisceretur," he wrote 
 against Erasmus, and against James le 
 Fevre's notes on St. Paul's epistles. He 
 died at Naples, 1530. 
 
 Sturges, Jonathan, LL.D. one of the 
 most distinguished citizens of Connecticut 
 who espoused and supported the cause of 
 Independence, was born at Fairfield, Aug. 
 23d, 1740. He was graduated at Yale Col- 
 lege in 1759, and became a lawyer. In 
 1774 he was chosen a delegate to congress, 
 and was repeatedly elected previous to 1792, 
 when he was appointed a judge of the su- 
 preme court of Connecticut, and continued 
 in the office until 1805. He died at Fair- 
 field, October 4th, 1819, aged 79, having 
 sustained in his vai'ious public stations, as 
 well as in private life, a character of eminent 
 excellence. iCT^ L. 
 
 Sturmius, James, a learned German, 
 born at Strasburg 1489. His abilities were 
 employed in several embassies to the diets 
 of the empire, to England and the imperial 
 court, and he contributed greatly by his in- 
 fluence to the reformation at Strasburg, and 
 also to the erection of a college there. He 
 assisted Sleidan in the compilation of the 
 History of the Reformation in Germany, 
 which was honourably acknowledged by the 
 author, and died at Strasburg, 30th Oct. 
 1553. 
 
 Sturmius, Leonard Christopher, a native 
 of Altorf, distinguished as an architect. He 
 published a complete course of Architec- 
 ture, Augsburg, 16 vols. — and a translation 
 of Bockler's Architecture, and died 1719, 
 aged 50. 
 
 Sturmius, John, the Cicero of Ger- 
 many, was born at Sleidan, in Eisel, near 
 Cologne, 1507. He studied at Liege and 
 Louvain, and afterwards set up a printing- 
 press with Rudger Rescius, and began the 
 printing of the Greek classics. In 1529, 
 he was at Paris, where he read lectures on 
 Greek and Latin writers, and logic, and 
 then retired to Strasburg in 1537, as he 
 was afraid of the persecution which might 
 attend his attachment to the protestant 
 principles. He settled at Strasburg, which 
 now obtained the title of a university, 
 and he was appointed rector, and saw his 
 pupils numerous and respectable. When 
 pressed on account of his principles he 
 declared himself a Calvinist, and in con- 
 sequence was deprived of his rectorship. 
 He died 3d March, 1589, aged about 80. 
 he was three times married, but left no 
 children. He published various books, 
 among which were valuable notes on Aris- 
 totle's Rhetoric, and other authors, besides 
 a tract called Linguae Latinae resolvendae 
 Ratio, 8vo. 
 
 Sturmius, John Christopher, profes- 
 sor of philosophy and mathematics at Al- 
 torf, where he died 1703, aged 63, was a 
 682 
 
 native of Hippolstein. He published a 
 German translation of the works of Ar- 
 chimedes — Collegium Experimentale Cu- 
 riosum, 4to. — Phisica Electiva et Hypo- 
 thetica, 2 vols. 4to. — Scientia Cosmica, 
 folio — a Course of Mathematics, trans- 
 lated into English, 3 vols. 8vo. — Mathesis 
 Juvenilis, 2 vols. 8vo. — Physic* Concilia- 
 tricis Conamina, 12mo. — Praelectiones con- 
 tra Astrologiaj Divinatricis Vanitatem, 2 
 vols. 4to. — Physicae ModernaB Compen- 
 dium, &c. 
 
 Stuvel, Ernest, a painter born at Ham- 
 burgh. His prints and flowers were highly 
 admired. He died 1712, aged 45. 
 
 Stuyvesant, Peter, the last Dutch go- 
 vernor of New- York, began his adminis- 
 tration in 1647, and strenuously endea- 
 voured to arrest the encroachments of the 
 English and Swedes on the territory under 
 his command. In 1655 he took the Swe- 
 dish fort Casimir, afterwards called New- 
 Castle, in Delaware bay, and compelled 
 the Swedes to swear allegiance to the- 
 states general. In 1664, an English fleet, 
 commanded by colonel Nichols, arrived at 
 New- York, and compelled the Dutch to 
 surrender the town to the English, and 
 the whole colony soon came into their 
 hands. Governor Stuyvesant continued 
 at New- York till his death. He posses- 
 sed a strong mind, was brave, active, and 
 zealously devoted to the interests of his 
 country. ICF' L. 
 
 SuARD, J. B. Anthony, a French writer, 
 was born at Besan^onin 1733. His works 
 are mostly translations, particularly from 
 the English, with which language he was 
 very familiar. He was also the editor of 
 the Journal de Paris, and in the revolution 
 he conducted another, called " Nouvelles 
 Politiques," which being adverse to demo- 
 cracy, was soon suppressed, and the editor 
 obliged to leave France. He returned un- 
 der the consular government, and was ap- 
 pointed a member of the legion of honour, 
 as well as of the national institute, and 
 perpetual secretary of the class of French 
 Literature. He now undertook another 
 journal, entitled The Publiciste, which he 
 soon dropped for the " Opuscules Philoso- 
 phiques," and the *' Archives Litteraires." 
 He was likewise the author of the life of 
 Tasso, and had a principal share in the 
 Biographic Universelle. He died at Paris 
 in 1817.— W.B. 
 
 SuAREz, Francis, a Spanish Jesuit born 
 at Granada, 5th Jan. 1548. He was pro- 
 fessor at Aleala, Salamanca, and Rome, 
 and afterwards was invited to Coimbra in 
 Portugal, where he became professor of 
 divinity. He died at Lisbon, 1617, with a 
 great character for piety. He wrote on me- 
 taphysics, morality, and theology, and his 
 works amounted to 23 vols. fol. and so ex- 
 traordinary was his memory that on quo- 
 
SUE 
 
 SLI 
 
 ting any passage from his works, he coukl 
 continue the quotation to the end of the 
 page. His treatise " de Lcgihus" was an 
 ahle performance. 
 
 SuBLEYRAS, Peter, a French painter, 
 whose portraits and historical pieces were 
 much esteemed. He was a native of Lan- 
 guedoc, and died 1759, aged 60. 
 
 SuBTERMANS, Justus, a native of Ant- 
 werp, celebrated as a painter. His most 
 admired piece preserved at Florence, re- 
 presents the Florentines paying their ho- 
 mage to Ferdinand II. He died 1681, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Suckling, sir John, an English poet, 
 born at Witham, Essex, 1613. His abili- 
 ties were early displayed, so that he could 
 speak Latin at five, and write it at nine. 
 When his education was completed he 
 went on his travels, and studied the man- 
 ners and character of foreign nations, 
 without the imitating their vices. He was 
 prevailed upon to attend one of the cam- 
 paigns of Gustavus Adolphus, and was 
 present at three battles, and five sieges, 
 and on his return, as a proof of his pa- 
 triotism and military spirit, he raised at 
 his own expense of above 12,000/. a troop 
 of horse for the king's service. This troop 
 was more remarkable for finery than va- 
 lour, so that is said sir John took much to 
 heart their ill conduct against the Scots, 
 and fell a victim to a fever, in his 28th 
 year, 1641. He wrote besides, a few 
 poems, and some letters — an Account of 
 Religion by Reason — a Discourse upon 
 occasion presented to lord Dorset, and 
 four plays which have been edited several 
 times, in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Sue, John, a native of Cotte-St.-Pol., 
 who studied surgery at Paris, under De- 
 vaux, and acquired great celebrity. He 
 learned Latin at the age of 45, that he 
 might be enabled to examine students in 
 medicine. He was a very intelligent man, 
 and wrote some useful medical memoirs. 
 He died, 30th Nov. 1782. 
 
 Sue, John Joseph, brother of the above, 
 came to Paris in 1729, and studied under 
 the celebrated anatomist Verdier, whom he 
 succeeded in the professorial chair. He 
 died at Paris, lOth Dec. 1792, aged 82. 
 His works are, an Abridgment of Anatomy, 
 2 vols. 12mo. — treatise on Bandages, 
 12mo. — Elements of Surgery, 8vo. — An- 
 thropotomia, or the Art of Injecting, Dis- 
 secting, and Embalming, 8vo. — Osteology, 
 translated from the English of Dr. Munro, 
 2 vols. fol. with 31 plates, besides memoirs 
 in the collection of the Savans Etrangcrs, 
 &c. 
 
 Suetonius, Caius Tranquillus, a Roman 
 biographer and historian, secretary to 
 Adrian, and the friend of Pliny. Of all 
 his works, only his lives of the 12 first Cae- 
 sars, and his treatise of Illustrious Gram- 
 
 marians arc preserved, best edited by Kr-. 
 nesti, 1775, 8vo. 
 
 Sueur, Nicholas le, or Sudorius, coun- 
 sellor, and president of the parliament of 
 Paris, was assassinated by soim- robbers in 
 the night, 1594, aged 55. He published an 
 elegant translation of Pindar, in Latin 
 verse, 1582, 8vo. — republished at Oxford 
 by Prideaux, 1697, in folio. 
 
 Sueur, Thomas le, of the order of Mi- 
 nims, was born at Rethel, in Champagne, 
 1703, and taught, with great applause, the- 
 ology? philosophy, and mathematics, at 
 Rome. He assisted in the education of 
 the infant duke of Parma, and died at 
 Rome, 22d Sept. 1770. He was deservedly 
 patronised by the popes, and from his long 
 and faithful intimacy with father Jacquire 
 arose the composition of a learned com- 
 mentary on Newton's Principia — a treatise 
 on the Integral Calculus, 2 vols. 4to. — In- 
 stitutiones Philosophise, 5 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Sueur, Eustache le, a French painter, 
 born at Paris. He studied under Simou 
 Vouet, and though never out of France, h« 
 acquired great celebrity, and carried his art 
 to the highest perfection, on models of an- 
 tiquity, and after the best Italian masters. 
 He died at Paris, 30th April, 1655, aged 
 38. His works are preserved at Paris, the 
 most admired of which is the life of St. 
 Bruno, in the Carthusian cloisters, at 
 Paris. 
 
 Suffren, John, a native of Salon, in 
 Provence, who became an active member 
 of the Jesuits' society, and %vas confessor 
 to Mary de Medieis. During the disputes 
 between this princess and her son Lewis 
 XIII. he attempted to produce a recoricilia- 
 tion, but without eflect, and by the in- 
 trigues of Richelieu he was banished from 
 the court, and died at Flushing, 1641, aged 
 70. He wrote Annee Chretienne, 4 vols. 
 4to. a work of merit, abridged by Frizon 
 in 2 vols. 12mo. Admiral Suffren, who 
 distinguished himself in the East Indies 
 against the English, is supposed to be of 
 the same family, as he was born in Pro- 
 vence. This gallant officer wns highly ho- 
 noured by the French king for his services, 
 and died 1789. 
 
 Suger, Abbe, minister under Lewis VII. 
 and Lewis the Gros, was born at Touri, in 
 Beauce, 1082. He was made abbot of St. 
 Denis, where he died, 1152. This epitaph 
 was placed on his tomb : Cy git TAbbe Su- 
 ger. He was of superior talents, and of 
 unshaken integrity. His life has been 
 written in 3 vols. l2mo. by Gervaise, a 
 Dominican. 
 
 Suicer, John Gaspard, a learned Ger- 
 man, born at Zurich, 1620. He was there 
 professor of Greek and Hebrew, and died 
 at Heidelberg, 1705. His Lexicon, " sive 
 Thesaurus Ecclesiasticus Patrum Graeco- 
 rum," best edited, 2 vols. fol. 1728, Am- 
 
 683 
 
SUL 
 
 sterdam, is a useful work. His son Henry, 
 was also an able professor at Zurich, and 
 afterwards at Heidelberg, where he died, 
 1705. His Chronology of Switzerland, in 
 Latin, is much esteemed among his other 
 learned works. 
 
 SuiDAs, the author of a valuable Greek 
 Lexicon, containing much historical and 
 geographical information, is supposed to 
 have lived in the age of Alexis Commenus. 
 The best edition is by Kuster, 1705, 3 vols, 
 folio, Cambridge. 
 
 Sullivan, sir Richard Joseph, an Eng- 
 lish writer. He went early in life to the 
 East Indies, and after his return to Eng- 
 land he published an account of his tour 
 through various parts of the kingdom, 2 
 vols. 8vo. He afterwards published a let- 
 ter to the East India Directors — Analysis 
 of the Political History of India — Thoughts 
 on Martial Law — Philosophical Rhapso- 
 dies, &c. — a View of Nature, in Letters to 
 a Traveller among the Alps, a work of lit- 
 tle merit, though commended by the author 
 of the Pursuits of Literature, In 1790 he 
 obtained a seat in parliament, and continued 
 member of the house of commons till his 
 death. He was created a baronet in 1804, 
 and died at Thames-Ditton, Surrey, 17th 
 July, 1806. 
 
 Sullivan, John, LL.D. major-general 
 in the army of the American revolution, 
 was born at Berwick, Maine, where his 
 father, who came from Ireland about the 
 year 1723, settled, and lived to the unusual 
 age of one hundred and five years. He 
 was educated by his father, who had some 
 knowledge of the classics and taught a 
 school, and studying law established him- 
 self in New-Hampshire, and soon gained 
 distinction by his superior talents and ap- 
 plication. He was fond of a military life, 
 and in 1772 received the commission of 
 major in the militia, and in 1775 was ap- 
 pointed a brigadier-general, and during the 
 campaign commanded on Winter Hill. 
 The next year he was sent to Canada, and 
 on the death of general Thomas took com- 
 mand of the army in that province, and 
 conducted it back with skill. On the ill- 
 ness of general Greene at Long-Island he 
 took command of his division, and in the 
 battle of the 29th of August was taken pri- 
 soner, but was soon exchanged. He com- 
 manded the right wing of the army at the 
 battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Ger- 
 mantown. In 1778 he commanded the 
 expedition to Rhode-Island, and displayed 
 great bravery and skill, though unsuccess- 
 ful through want of co-operation from the 
 French. In 1779 he conducted the expe- 
 dition against the Indians, and having de- 
 feated their forces near Seneca lake, laid 
 waste their country. After his return he 
 resigned his command, on account of the 
 displeasure some complaints made in his 
 684 
 
 letters of the government for not meeting" 
 his demands for stores had excited, and 
 resumed the practice of law. He had been 
 a member in congress in 1774, and was 
 again chosen after leaving the army. He 
 was president of New-Hampshire in 1786, 
 1787, and 1789, and during the latter year 
 was appointed district judge of that state. 
 In 1792 he assisted in forming the constitu- 
 tion of New- Hampshire. He died at his 
 residence in Durham on the 23d of January, 
 1795, in his fifty-fifth year. General Sulli- 
 van held a high rank in talents and patriot 
 ism among the officers of the army, and 
 the statesmen with whom he was called to 
 act in the several civil offices which he 
 held. |Cj=> L. 
 
 Sullivan, James, LL.D. governor of 
 Massachusetts, and a brother of general 
 Sullivan, was born at Berwick, Maine, April 
 22d, 1744, and was educated by his father. 
 He designed to devote himself to a military 
 life, but being disqualified for it by the 
 fracture of a limb, he studied law with his 
 brother, and soon rose like him to superio- 
 rity by his fine endowments. He was ap- 
 pointed king's council for the county in 
 which he resided. At the opening of the 
 revolution he took a decided part in favour 
 of the liberties of his country, and in 1775 
 was chosen a member of the provincial 
 congress. The next year he was appointed 
 a judge of the superior court. He was a 
 member of the convention which formed 
 the constitution of Massachusetts, and re- 
 signed his office as judge in 1782, and was 
 the next year elected to a seat in congress. 
 In 1783 he was one of the commissioners 
 appointed to settle the controversy between 
 Massachusetts and New-York respecting 
 their claims to the western lands. In 1787 
 he was a member of the executive council 
 and a judge of probate, and in 1790 was 
 appointed attorney-general. In 1796 he 
 was appointed by Washington a commis- 
 sioner for settling the boundaries between 
 the Unitted States and the British pro- 
 vinces. He was chosen governor in 1807, 
 and again the following year, during which 
 he died on the 8th of December, in his 
 sixty-fifth year. He held the first rank 
 among his associates at the bar and in of- 
 fice, in talents, influence, and usefulness. 
 He possessed a mind of great force and ori- 
 ginality ; his knowledge of law, politics, 
 and science, was extensive, though he was 
 not accomplished in literature ; his elo- 
 quence was peculiar in its style, and often 
 irresistible, and he sustained in all his 
 public employments in life the reputation 
 of singular integrity, patriotism, and piety. 
 
 ICJ^-L. 
 Sully, Maximilian de Bethune, baron 
 of Rosni, duke of, celebrated as the friend 
 and minister of Henry IV. was born of an 
 illustrious family at Rosni, 1559. At the 
 
ixUL 
 
 SUM 
 
 a^e of 11 he was presented to the queen of 
 INavarrc, and educated with her son, after- 
 wards Henry IV. of France. He accom- 
 panied him to Paris, but must have perish- 
 ed in the dreadful massacre of St. Bartho- 
 lomew, if not humanely concealed for three 
 days by the principal of the college of Bur- 
 gundy. Attached by att'ection to the young 
 king, Sully distinguished himself in the va- 
 rious campaigns in which he was engaged, 
 and at Marmande, Cahors, Coutras, Fos- 
 seuse, Arques, Uisors, Dreux, and Ivry, 
 his character as an able, active, and intre- 
 pid warrior, was nobly established. But 
 he was born to shine not only in the field, 
 but in the cabinet. Before his master as- 
 cended the French throne, he was his en- 
 voy at the court of Paris, and by his nego- 
 tiations with the Swiss, in 1586, he obtain- 
 ed a subsidy of 20,000 men. In 1599 he 
 negotiated the marriage of Henry with 
 Mary de Medicis, and in his embassy at 
 the court of Elizabeth, he displayed the 
 most consummate prudence, and after the 
 decease of that princess, he had the address 
 to settle the wavering mind of James in fa- 
 vour of his master. Raised to the oflBce of 
 prime minister he exerted himself for the 
 prosperity of the kingdom as well as the 
 splendour of the monarchy. The taxes 
 were collected with ease and without op- 
 pression to the subject, and all impositions 
 were abolished. Though often thwarted in 
 his views by the intrigues of the courtiers, 
 and of the mistresses of the monarch, he 
 remained firm to his principles, distin- 
 guished more as the zealous friend than as 
 the temporizing minister of Henry. Re- 
 gular in the affairs of his office, he rose 
 every morning at 4, and after devoting 
 some time to business, he gave audience to 
 such as solicited an admission to him, and 
 never rejected the meanest person from 
 his presence. Always attentive to the in- 
 terests of the kingdom, he prevailed upon 
 his master to change his religion, and to 
 become a catholic to please his catholic 
 subjects of France, but when solicited also to 
 abandon the protestant tenets he firmly re- 
 fused, and replied to the pope, who in flat- 
 tering him upon the greatness of his abili- 
 ties as a minister, artfully pressed him to 
 enter upon the right way, " I never shall 
 eease to pray for the conversion of your 
 holiness." After the murder of Henry, he 
 was disgraced from the court, and when 
 recalled some years after by Lewis XIII. 
 he recommended the banishment of all the 
 buffoons and the flatterers who amused and 
 ruined the effeminate monarch. Sully died 
 at his seat of Villebon, in Pays Chartrain, 
 21st Dec. 1641, aged 82. The memoirs 
 which he composed in his retreat, and 
 which he called Economes Royales, have 
 been published, and contain a very minute 
 ^tail of the history of the court, not only 
 
 during his ministry, but during the reign of 
 Charles IX. of Henry HI. and Henry IV. 
 This work has been pruned of its obsolete 
 terms by de I'Ecluse, and published in 3 
 vols. 4to. and in 8 vols. 12mo. 1745. 
 
 SuLPiciA, a Roman lady, called the Ro- 
 man Sappho, in Domitian's reign. Her 
 poem against the emperor is still preserved. 
 
 SuLPicius, Severus, an ecclesiastical 
 writer, born in Aquitaine in the fifth cen- 
 tury. He wrote the Life of Martin of 
 Tours — Ecclesiastical History, edited by 
 Le Clerc, 1709, 8vo. 
 
 SuLZER, John George, an eminent phi- 
 losopher, born at Winterthurn, in the can- 
 ton of Zurich, Oct. 1720, the youngest of 
 25 children. His abilities slowly unfolded 
 themselves; at 16 he had no taste for stu- 
 dy, till at last a perusal of Wolfe's Meta- 
 physiics roused his attention, and called 
 into action all his powers of thought. He 
 became an ecclesiastic, and was the friend 
 of Maupertuis, Euler, and Sack, and in 
 1747 he was invited to fill the mathemati- 
 cal chair at Berlin, where he died, Feb. 
 1779, universally respected for modesty, 
 learning, benevolence, and all the milder 
 virtues. His works are numerous, the 
 best known of which are. Moral Contem- 
 plations on the Works of Nature — treatise 
 on Education — Universal Theory of the 
 Fine Arts, 2 vols. 4to. — Remarks on Hume's 
 Essays, &c. 
 
 Sumner, Increase, governor of Massa- 
 chusetts, was born in November, 1746, in 
 Rosbury, and graduated in 1767, at Har- 
 vard college. In 1770 he established him- 
 self as a lawyer in his native town, and 
 soon became conspicuous in the profession. 
 He was elected in 1776 to a seat in the 
 state legislature, and retained it till 1780, 
 when he was chosen a senator. He was 
 a member of the conventions of 1777 and 
 1779, instituted for the purpose of forming 
 a constitution, and also that of 1789, as- 
 sembled to decide respecting the constitu- 
 tion of the United States. He was chosen 
 to a seat in congress in 1 782, and also ap- 
 pointed a judge of the supreme court, 
 which office prevented his attending the 
 national legislature. He continued on the 
 bench, discharging his duties with great 
 ability and acceptance till 1797, when he 
 was called to the chair of the chief magis- 
 trate, and re-elected the two following 
 years. He died, however, in 1779, on the 
 7th of June, soon after taking he oath of 
 office, in the fifty-third year of his age. 
 He possessed a vigorous and well-adjusted 
 mind, and was conspicuous for the excel- 
 lence of his judgment, his integrity, can- 
 dour, amiableness, and piety. ICj^ L. 
 
 SuMOROKOF, Alexander, the founder of 
 the Russian theatre, was born at Moscow, 
 14th Nov. 1727. He was educated at 
 home, and then removed to the seminary 
 
 685 
 
SUR 
 
 SUT 
 
 for cadets, at Petersburg, where he studied 
 with uncommon assiduity. He was recom- 
 mended by count Shuvalof to the empress 
 Elizabeth, and at the age of 29 he began to 
 study the plays of Racine, and soon produ- 
 ced his first piece, " Koref," which was 
 acted in private, and then before the court, 
 and received with the most unbounded ap- 
 plause. The pubhc favour animated his 
 muse, and he successively wrote Hamlet, 
 Aristona, Sinaf, and Truvor, Zemira, Di- 
 misa, and other tragedies, besides come- 
 dies, and two operas, sonnets, elegies, fa- 
 bles, satires, odes, &c. except epic poetry. 
 Thus supported by national applause, he 
 was not unrewarded by the court ; Eliza- 
 beth raised him to the rank of brigadier, 
 and made him director of the Russian thea- 
 tre, with a pension of 400/. and Catherine 
 appointed him counsellor of state, and 
 knight of St. Anne. He died universally 
 respected, 1st Oct. 1777. His tragedies 
 possess great merit ; but there are some 
 blemishes in them, and in his comedies he 
 displayed much humour, though he sacri- 
 fices too much to vulgarity, while he at- 
 tempts to excite the laughter of his audi- 
 tors. His satires are the best in the Rus- 
 sian language, but are very unequal. In 
 his elegies he shows great powers of ten- 
 derness and animation, and in his idyls, 
 the most pleasing simpiicity. He is deser- 
 vedly regarded with Lomonozof as the hO' 
 nour of the nation ; and while he displayed 
 all the softness, the graces, and the harmo- 
 ny of poetry, his illustrious countryman 
 soared to the regions of sublimity and ma- 
 jestic strength. He wrote also some short 
 historical pieces, in a style clear and ele- 
 gant, but perhaps too flowery. 
 
 SuPERViLLE, Daniel de, a native of Sau- 
 mur, in Anjou, who studied at Geneva, and 
 became a protestant minister at the Wal- 
 loon church of Rotterdam. He died at 
 Rotterdam, 9th June, 172S, aged 71. He 
 wrote, the Duties of the Afflicted Church, 
 8vo. — Sermons, of which a 7th edition ap- 
 peared, 1726 — the Truths and the Duties 
 of Religion, &c. 
 
 SuRENHUSius, William, a learned pro- 
 fessor of Hebrew at Amsterdam in the 18th 
 century. He is known by his valuable edi- 
 tion of the Mischna of the Jews, with notes, 
 and the Commentaries of Maimonides and 
 Bartenora, published 1703, 3 vols, folio. 
 
 SuRiAN, John Baptist, a native of St. 
 Chamas, in Provence, who became bishop 
 of Vence, and died 3d Aug. 1754, aged 84. 
 He was a pious and benevolent prelate, an 
 amiable man, and an eloquent preacher. 
 Some of his sermons have been published, 
 of which the best known is that on the 
 small number of the elect. 
 
 SuRius, Lawrence, a native of Lubeck, 
 who studied at Cologne, and embraced the 
 ecclesiastical profession. He died at Co- 
 686 
 
 logne, 1578, aged 56. He wrote some 
 theological tracts, now little read. 
 
 SuRviLLE, Margaret Eleanor Clotilde de, 
 a French poetess, who celebrated the he- 
 roic deeds of her countrymen, and died at 
 a great age at the close of the 15th century. 
 Her language is almost obselete ; but she 
 possessed great vigour of mind, and a fer- 
 tile imagination. Her poems were pub- 
 lished at Paris, in 1803, prepared for the 
 press by one of her descendants, Joseph Ste- 
 phen de Surville, an officer of merit, who, af- 
 ter distinguishing himself in the wars of Cor- 
 sica and America, fell a victim to the 
 French revolution, and was shot at Puyen- 
 Velay, 1799. 
 
 SuTCLiFFE, Matthew, a learned divine, 
 known for his controversial works — a Trea- 
 tise of Ecclesiastical Discipline, 4to. 1591 — 
 De Presbyterio, 4to. — De Turco-Papismo, 
 or the Resemblance between Mahometan- 
 ism and Popery, 4to. — De Purgatorio — De 
 Ver4 Christi Ecclesia, 4to. 1600— De Mis- 
 sS. He was dean of Exeter, and founder 
 of Chelsea college, and died about 1610. 
 
 Sutton, Thomas, founder of the Char- 
 ter-house, was born at Knaith in Lincoln- 
 shire, 1532. He was educated at Etou 
 and Cambridge, as is supposed, and then 
 studied the law at Lincoln's Inn ; but he 
 had no inclination for that profession, and 
 therefore travelled over Holland, France, 
 Spain, and Italy. At his return he became 
 secretary to the earls of Warwick and 
 Leicester, and distinguished himself in the 
 north of England, in the service of Eliza- 
 beth. He purchased some estates in the 
 county of Durham, which were found to 
 contain coal mines, and thus produced him 
 an immense income. His property was 
 farther increased by marrying a rich wi- 
 dow, and by engaging in commerce, and 
 with such success, that he is said to have 
 had 30 agents abroad, and to have prevent- 
 ed, for one year, the armament of Philip 
 against England, by draining the bank of 
 Genoa of the money which was intended 
 for that monarch's use. With money and 
 patriotism he possessed courage, and one 
 of his ships, called Sutton, was distinguish- 
 ed among the fleet which defeated the Spa- 
 nish Armada. After living with great 
 splendour, he retired to private life and 
 solitude, after the death of his wife, 1602, 
 and he determined to render his name im- 
 mortal by some spirited foundation, though 
 the court tempted him with the honours of 
 a peerage, to divert him from his purpose, 
 and to induce him to make the duke of 
 York, Charles I. his heir. In consequence 
 of this resolution he bought the dissolved 
 Charter-house for 13,000/. and founded 
 there a noble hospital and public school. 
 He died 11th Dec. 1611, at Hackney, aged 
 79, and his remains were deposited in Christ 
 church, London, till removed, in 1614, to a 
 
suw 
 
 SWA 
 
 \ault iu his newly crecteJ hospital. His 
 property, at his death was 5000/. a year in 
 land, and above 60,000/. in money, an im- 
 mense fortune in those times. 
 
 Sutton, Samuel, a native of Alfreton, 
 Derbyshire. After serving in the army un- 
 der Marlborough, he kept a codec-house in 
 Aldersgate-street, and having strong natu- 
 ral powers as a mechanic, he applied them 
 to various useful projects. His plan, in 
 1740, of clearing the foul air from the wells 
 of ships, by opening a communication with 
 the fire-places by means of pipes, though 
 recommended by Dr. Mead, was superse- 
 ded by the more simple invention of venti- 
 lators, introduced by Dr. Hales. He died 
 in 1752. 
 
 SuwARROFF, Alexander, a Russian gene- 
 ral, born of an ancient family, 1730. His 
 father intended him for the magistracy ; but 
 the future general preferred the military 
 service of his country, and, in 1742, he en- 
 tered into the army as a common soldier, 
 and by a gradual rise he, in 1762, was made 
 a colonel. After some campaigns in Po- 
 land, he went under the celebrated Roman- 
 zoff against the Turks, and behaved with 
 such personal bravery, that he killed with 
 his own hand several of the Janissaries, 
 and as a proof of victory threw their heads 
 into a sack, and emptied the contents at 
 the feet of his general. He next crossed 
 the Danube, near Silistria, and joining 
 Kamcaskoy, he defeated the 40,000 men 
 commanded by the Reis-Effendi, and took 
 all his artillery. In 1783, he obliged the 
 Tartars of Kuban and Budziack to submit 
 to the power of Russia, and to take the 
 oath of allegiance, for which the empress 
 nominated him general in chief. In 1787, 
 he bravely defended Kinburn against the 
 Ottoman fleet, and cut to pieces the Janis- 
 saries who had been landed. In 1789, af- 
 ter defeating the enemy at Focksan, he 
 flew, at the head of 10,000 men, to the re- 
 lief of the prince of Saxe Coburg, who, 
 ^vith the imperial troops, was surrounded 
 by 100,000 Turks, and he obtained so sig- 
 nal a victory, that his services were re- 
 •wardod with the title of a count of the Ro- 
 man empire, under the name of Riminiski, 
 in commemoration of the river Riminisk, 
 near which the battle had been fought. 
 Soon after he was sent by Potemkin against 
 the town of Ismailow, which had already 
 resisted its assailants for seven months, 
 and he was ordered to take it in three days, 
 and on the third day the town submitted, 
 after the dreadful slaughter of 40,000 
 Turks, who refused to give or take quarter. 
 The treaty of Yassy put an end to the war 
 with the Ottomans ; but Suwarroff" found 
 in Poland a new field of glory. He attack- 
 ed Prague, and made himself master of 
 AVarsaw, after cutting to pieces 20,000 of 
 the Poles who opposed his progress, and 
 for this bold conduct, and his successful 
 
 campaign, which thus enabled three neigh- 
 bouring powers to parcel out among them- 
 selves the Polish dominions, the conqueror 
 was raised to the rank of field marshal, 
 and rewarded with large domains, in 17'J'J, 
 the general was sent to command tlic Rus- 
 sian forces in Italy, and to check the career 
 of the French triumphs. After a glorious 
 campaign, in wbicli he restored the fallen 
 fortunes of tiie allies, he was opposed to 
 the genius of Moreau ; but notwithstanding 
 the abilities and the generalship of his ene- 
 my, he maintained his superiority, and 
 though obliged at last to give way, his re- 
 treat through the snows of Switzerland to 
 the borders of Germany, displayed the most 
 masterly manceuvres. Another campaign 
 would have opened the way to fresh victo- 
 ries, but Paul capriciously changed his po- 
 litics, and the general, displeased with the 
 want of co-operation on the part of the 
 Germans, retired to Russia. Though ho- 
 nourably received at Petersburgh, and cre- 
 ated prince Italisky, he fell under the dis- 
 pleasure of his ungrateful master, and died, 
 it is said, of a broken heart, near the capi- 
 tal 1800. In his character, Suwarroft' was 
 as singular as he was bold and 'intrepid. 
 He was the idol of his soldiery, and often 
 on the field of battle, he appeared among 
 them stripped to his shirt, and with one 
 leg booted, and the other with only a san- 
 dal. His food was often coarse, like that 
 of the common soldier, and he rested in the 
 camp like his inferior associates, covered 
 with a sheepskin. In his intercourse with 
 the world he aflected to be laconic. When 
 he took Toutou-Kai, in Bulgaria, he sent 
 these words to Catherine, " the town is 
 taken, I am there," and when Ismailow fell 
 into his hands, the empress was informed 
 of it by this short sentence, " Madam, 
 proud Ismailow is at your feet." He de- 
 clined all political and diplomatic employ- 
 ments about the court, observing that the 
 pen is unbecoming the hand of a soldier. 
 In his religious opinions he affected great 
 devotion, and he ordered his officers every 
 evening to repeat a prayer in the presence 
 of their soldiers, and he never began a bat- 
 tle without paying adoration to the image 
 of St. Nicolas, which accompanied him in 
 all his expeditions. Though brave, fortu- 
 nate, and heroic, Suwarroff must be con- 
 demned for his inhumanity ; for surely 
 that general sinks below the name of man, 
 who permits his soldiers to ravage and to 
 murder, when the prostrate enen^y implores 
 aloud for mercy. 
 
 SuzE, Hcnriette de Coligni. Vid. Co- 
 
 LIGXI. 
 
 SwAMMERDAni, Johu, an eminent natu- 
 ralist, born at Amsterdam, 1637. He im- 
 bibed his first ideas of natural history from 
 the occupation of bis father, who was an 
 apothecary, and early began to make a col- 
 lection of curiosities. He employed much 
 
 687 
 
SWE 
 
 SWI 
 
 time in catching and examining the flying 
 insects of Holland, and to improve a taste 
 so strongly marked for the examination of 
 the works of nature, he studied at Leyden, 
 and became the friend of Steno the cele- 
 brated anatomist, and of Van Home, and 
 in 1667, took his degree of M. D. He had 
 in the mean time visited Paris and Saumur, 
 and improved himself by the conversation 
 and intimacy of Tanaquil Faber, and The- 
 venot. In 1667, he made his first experi- 
 ment of injecting the uterine vessels of the 
 human body with ceraceous matter, which 
 he afterwards brought to great perfection. 
 A dreadful ague, however, interrupted his 
 anatomical labours, which he had pursued 
 with his friend Home, and in consequence 
 he determined to devote himself solely to 
 the study of insects. In 1669, he publish- 
 ed a general history of insects, a work of 
 great merit, in 2 vols. fol. but though 
 tempted by liberal offers by the grand duke 
 of Tuscany, he refused to quit his native 
 country, though his father was displeased 
 •with his pursuits, and insisted upon his 
 practising physic. In 1673, he became ac- 
 quainted with Madam de Bourignon, and 
 for her mystical reveries he abandoned the 
 pursuits of natural history, wholly devoted, 
 as he said, in adoring and loving the sove- 
 reign good. He continued thus lost to him- 
 self and to the world, and died 1680. His 
 other works are, a Treatise on Respiration, 
 4to. — de Fabrica Uteri Muliebris, 4to. 
 His works in Dutch, have appeared in an 
 English translation from the Latin version 
 of Gaubius, in folio, with 53 copper plates, 
 1758. 
 
 SwANEFELD, Herman, a Flemish paint- 
 er, who studied under Gerard Douw and 
 Claude Lorraine. He settled at Rome, and 
 lived in so recluse a manner, that he was 
 called the hermit of Italy. His landscapes, 
 which are very scarce, possess great merit. 
 He died 1680, aged 60. 
 
 SwEDENBORG, Emmauuel, a fanatic 
 Swede, born at Stockholm, 29th Jan. 1688. 
 His father was a bishop, of the Lutheran 
 persuasion, and president of the Swedish 
 churches. The son travelled abroad in 
 1710, and on his return was elected asses- 
 sor of the Metallic college, an office which 
 he resigned in 1747. He was well acquaint- 
 ed with the business of his profession, and 
 wrote Regnum Minerale, 3 vols. fol. 1734, 
 besides a Treatise on the Tides, and ano- 
 ther on the position and course of the Pla- 
 nets. From the pursuit of philosophical 
 objects, he at last withdrew himself to the 
 contemplation of heavenly things, and in 
 his opinions he became the founder of a 
 new sect of enthusiasts, which, though not 
 numerous during his lifetime, has since 
 his death increased rapidly on the conti- 
 nent and in London, where under the title 
 of New Jerusalem Conventicles, they en- 
 688 
 
 snare the superstitious and the unwary. 
 This singular character, who, in his mo- 
 ments of mystical reveries and enthusiastic 
 madness, supposed that he conversed not 
 only with angels, but with the supreme Be- 
 ing, pretended that whatever happens in 
 the world, has already happened in the 
 world of spirits, which is situated between 
 heaven and hell. According to his decla- 
 ration the final judgment took place in 
 1756, in this invisible world of spirits, and 
 the result of it was communicated to him 
 by the Redeemer himself. To support his 
 doctrines he published various works, such 
 as books on the New Jerusalem — on Hea- 
 ven and Hell — Spiritual Influx — the White 
 Horse of the Revelation, &c. This extra- 
 ordinary character died in London, 29th 
 March, 1772, aged 85. In his younger 
 years he had shared the favours of the king 
 of Sweden, and been ennobled in 1719. 
 
 Swift, Jonathan, a distinguished divine 
 and able writer. He was born 30th Nov. 
 1667, in Ireland, descended of an ancient 
 English family. His father died about 
 seven months before his birth, and left him 
 with his mother and a daughter in very in- 
 digent circumstances, but the elder branch- 
 es of the family provided for the mainte- 
 nance of the future dean. At the age of 
 six he went to Kilkenny school, and eight 
 years after removed to Trinity college, 
 Dublin. At the university he applied him- 
 self more to history and poetry than to logic 
 and academical learning, so that after four 
 years' residence he was refused his first de- 
 gree for insufficiency, and was at last per- 
 mitted to take it speciali gratia, in terms of 
 reproach. This circumstance roused all 
 his attention, and for the seven next years 
 of his life he regularly studied eight hours 
 a day. In 1688, his uncle was attacked by 
 a most severe illness, which deprived him 
 of his speech and memory, and having thus 
 lost a patron and a friend, he passed into 
 England to visit his mother, who had fixed 
 her residence at Leicester, to consult about 
 future means of support. Here he was in- 
 troduced to sir William Temple, who had 
 married a relation of Mrs. Swift, and in 
 the company of this distinguished states- 
 man he continued about two years, and 
 had frequent opportunities of seeing king 
 William, who once offered to make him 
 captain of horse. Swift's thoughts, how- 
 ever, were bent to the church. He was 
 admitted to his master's degree at Oxford, 
 ad eundem, 1692, with many marks of ci- 
 vility, and afterwards assisted his friend 
 sir VVilliam in revising his works ; but 
 though he enlarged his political knowledge 
 in the conversation of his patron, he thought 
 himself neglected, and in 1694, a quarrel 
 and separation took place. Swift soon 
 after obtained from Capel, the lord deputy 
 of Ireland, the prebend of Kilroot, in the 
 
8WI 
 
 .SWl 
 
 t}ioccAs of Connor, ivoitli 100/. a year, but 
 in a little time returned to sir William 
 Temple, who wished for his conversation 
 by any sacrifice whatever ; and Ibr four 
 5-ears till sir William's death, the greatest 
 harmony prevailed between them. On his 
 friend's death he inherited a legacy from 
 bim, and the right of his posthumous 
 works, which he dedicated to the king, in 
 bopcs of receiving some preferment, which 
 the monarch in his gayer hours had liberal- 
 ly promised, but he was disappointed, and 
 soon after followed, as secretary and chap- 
 lain, lord Berkeley, one of the lords justices 
 of Ireland. Here again disappointment 
 ibllowed him ; he had been promised the 
 deanery of Derry, but when it became va- 
 cant his patron gave it to some greater fa- 
 vourite, and presented him to the livings 
 of Laracor and Rathbcggin, in the diocess 
 of Meath. At Laracor he now resided, 
 engaged in all the duties of an active and 
 exemplary parish priest. It was in this 
 place that he was tirst visited by the cele- 
 brated Stella, who was daughter of W. 
 Johnson, steward to sir William Temple, 
 and who inherited from him, for the faith- 
 ful services of her fiither, a legacy of 1000/. 
 This lady, whom Swift had seen at the 
 bouse of his former patron, came to Ire- 
 land at his pressing invitation, and as she 
 was but 18 she was accompanied by Mrs. 
 Dingley, a female friend 15 years older. 
 These two ladies lived with Swift on terms 
 of the strictest intimacy, but without scan- 
 dal ; in his absence they resided at the par- 
 sonage, but on his return thoy removed to 
 their lodgings in the village, and they were 
 never known to meet but in the company 
 of a third person. In 1701 he took his 
 doctoi-'s degree, and after the death of king 
 William, he came to England occasionally, 
 and embarked in the politics of the time. 
 He became acquainted with Harley, and 
 the leading members of the ministry, and 
 gained so much their confidence, that he 
 was consulted by tbem in matters of im" 
 portance, and considered as capable not 
 only of defending, but almost of guiding 
 the public measures. Though thus court- 
 ed by the great and powerful, he did not 
 receive any preferment before 1713, when 
 be was made dean of St. Patrick, Dublin. 
 A bishopric bad before been intended for 
 bim by the queen ; but on the representa- 
 tion of archbishop Sharp, who declared him 
 to be a mah whose Christianity was very 
 questionable, his name was passed bv. 
 Soon after he had taken possession of his 
 deanery, he returned to England to attempt 
 to reconcile Harley and St. John, whose 
 enmity seemed to threaten destruction to 
 the whole power of the ministry, but in 
 vain. After the death of queen Anne, be 
 bad little connexion with the leading men 
 of England j but, though for some time 
 . Vol.. 11. ^7 
 
 very unpopular in Ir(;land, hi:* patriotisiw 
 soon restored him to the public favour. 
 AVhcn Wood obt;iiiio.tl, by iniquitous meau'^, 
 a patent to coin 1«(),()()1)/. in copper, fur thrt 
 use of Ireland, a measure which, in enrich- 
 ing the projector, would have ruined the 
 people, the dean boldly opposed the plan, 
 and by the publication of his Drapier's Let- 
 ters, he prevailed upon the pul)li(; to reject 
 tlie use of the money. Thus successful in 
 the suppression of this irregulaj- patent, he 
 became the oracle of Ireland, and nothii»g 
 was adopted in cominercial or political sub- 
 jects, either at Dublin or in the country, 
 without previously knowing the sentiments 
 of the dean. TIiq last period of his life 
 was spent in retirement, and under the af- 
 flictions of melancholy. In 1736 he lost 
 his memory, and as bis temper was natu- 
 rally irascible, he grew violent and peevish, 
 so that few of his friends were permitted 
 to visit him. In 1741, his infirmities were 
 such that he was unfit for conversation, and 
 the next year he became wild and delirious, 
 and at times sunk into such insensibility, 
 that for a whole year he never spoke. Af- 
 ter short intervals of reason, be gradually 
 declined, and at last died at the end of 
 October, 1745, aged 78, without the least 
 pang or convulsion. He was buried in the 
 cathedral of St. Patrick. Among the sin- 
 gularities of this extraordinary character, 
 his conduct to Stella deserves the severest 
 reprobation. After an intimate friendship 
 of more than 16 years, he in 1716 married 
 this amiable woman ; but still no alteration 
 took place in their mode of living, and she 
 never resided in his house except when fits 
 of giddiness or deafness made her presence 
 necessary. He never acknowledged her as 
 his wife, though she always presided at his 
 table ; and this cruel conduct at last broke 
 the heart of this injured woman. Late in 
 life he wished her to be publicly acknow- 
 ledged as his wife, but hurt by his unkind- 
 ness, she replied, "that it was too late, and 
 that they must live as they had lived be- 
 fore,^ and she gradually declined in health, 
 and died 28th Jan. 1727, in her 44th year. 
 But not only Stella experienced the cold- 
 ness and cruelty of his lieart. In his ex- 
 cursions in England, he became acquainted 
 with Mrs. Vanhomrigh,and her two daugh- 
 ters, with the eldest of whom he conversed 
 frequently on literary and poetical subjects. 
 From an occasional instructer. Swift soon 
 became in tiie eye of the lady an object oi' 
 admiration and of love, and she at last ven- 
 tured to propose marriage to him. He af- 
 fected to ridicule her on her choice, but 
 without a direct and absolute refusal, he 
 continued to indulge her hopes by the fre- 
 quency of bis correspondence. In 1714, 
 this lady, who is better known under the 
 name of Vanessa, passed into Ii-t»Iand with 
 her f^i'^ter, and fixed her residence in bis 
 
 689 
 
^>Vi 
 
 swi 
 
 iioigKbouFiiooti, and at last in 1717, she so- 
 licited him in the strongest terms not to 
 trifle with her affections, but to declare 
 whether he would accept or refuse her for a 
 wife. The dean, who had hitherto sported 
 with the feelings of this innocent and 
 amiable woman, wrote an answer to her 
 letter, probably intimating his marriage 
 with Stella, and delivered it with his own 
 hands. Vanessa read it, and survived the 
 shock only a few weeks ; but before she ex- 
 pired, she altered her will, and left to the 
 bishop of Clojne and sergeant Marshall, the 
 property which she had designed for her 
 cruel lover. The works of Swift are very 
 respectable. He wrote poems, which pos- 
 sess elegance and beauty, but their humour 
 is often coarse and licentious. His politi- 
 cal writings are composed in a forcible and 
 argumentative style, and when published 
 they had a strong effect on the public opi- 
 nion, and drew on the author the admira- 
 tion and the applause of the great parlia- 
 mentary leaders of the time. His Gulli- 
 ver's Travels, a satirical romance, and his 
 Tale of a Tub, in which he ridiculed popery 
 and puritanism, were very popular works, 
 and are still read with admiration. In his 
 political principles he was a tory, and ably 
 defended the succession of a protestant 
 monarch to the throne. As the friend of 
 Oxford, Pope, Addison, Congreve, Steele, 
 Rowe, and other great and learned men, he 
 •was universally respected for the import- 
 ance which his opinion acquired in the pub- 
 lie esteem, and wherever he appeared he 
 was courted and respected as a pleasing 
 companion, and a man of information. 
 Though a great humorist and an excellent 
 punster, he preserved delicacy in his con- 
 versation, and was best pleased when la- 
 dies were present, as he observed that they 
 would banish whatever was indecorous, 
 profane, or vulgar. As an ecclesiastic he 
 was punctually exact, and as a man of the 
 world he regarded wealth as the proof of 
 independence, and therefore often made his 
 frugality subservient to his avarice. * He 
 left by his will 11,000/. for the endowment 
 ©f a hospital for idiots and lunatics, in the 
 city of Dublin. His works have been pub- 
 lished in 14 vols. 4to. also in 25 vols. 8vo. 
 in 27 vols, small 8vo. and in 17 vols. 8vo. 
 1784, with an account of his life by T. 
 Sheridan. 
 
 Swift, Deane, a near relation of the 
 dean of St. Patrick, was called Deane from 
 the name of one of his maternal ancestors. 
 He published in 1755 an Essay on the Life, 
 Writings, and Character of Dr. Jonathan 
 Swift ; in 1765 an eighth quarto volume of 
 the dean's works, and in 1768 2 vols, of 
 his letters. He intended a complete edi- 
 tion of his relation's works, but died before 
 it was finished, at Wor<»ePter, 12^h July, 
 178.3. 
 
 €90 
 
 Swift, Zephaniah, LL.D. chief justice 
 of Connecticut, was graduated at Yale 
 college in 1778, and established himself as 
 a lawyer at Windham, in that state, where 
 his superior talents and professional attain- 
 ments soon elevated him to extensive prac- 
 tice and a high reputation. He was early 
 elected to a seat in congress, and in ISOO 
 was secretary to Ellsworth, Davie, and 
 Murray in their mission to France. Soon 
 after his return he was placed on the bench 
 of the superior court, where he continued 
 eighteen years, during the last five of which 
 he was chief justice, and discharged the du- 
 ties of that station with the most distin- 
 guished ability and uprightness. He was 
 afterwards a member of the state legisla- 
 ture, and was appointed one of a committee 
 to revise the statute laws of the state. He 
 published a Digest of the Laws of Connec- 
 ticut, in 2 volumes, on the model of Black- 
 stone, a work of great learning and repu- 
 tation. His death took place at Warren, 
 Ohio, October 27th, 1823, in the 65th year 
 of his age. |CJ^ L. 
 
 Swinburne, Henry, a native of York. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and took his 
 degree of LL.B. and became proctor and 
 judge of the prerogative court of the arch- 
 bishop of York. He wrote Brief treatise 
 on Testaments and Last Wills, 4to. — trea- 
 tise of Sponsals or Matrimonial Contracts, 
 4to. &c. and died at York, 1620. 
 
 Swinburne, Henry, a traveller, was 
 born of a catholic family in Northumber- 
 land. After going through a preparatorj' 
 course of education at Scorton school in 
 Yorkshire, he went to Paris, Bourdeaux, 
 and Turin, for improvement. In 1774 
 he again made a tour on the continent, 
 where he spent six years ; and on his return 
 retired to his seat in the bishopric of Dur- 
 ham ; but o%ving to a failure in his cir- 
 cumstances, was obliged to go to the island 
 of Trinidad, where he died in 1803. Mr. 
 Swinburne published ** Travels in Spain," 
 in 1 vol. ; and " Travels in the Two Sici- 
 lies," in 2 vols. 4to.— W. B. 
 
 Swinden, Tobias, an English divine, au- 
 thor of a curious Inquiry into the Nature 
 and place of Hell, which he places in the 
 sun. This work, first published in 8vo. 
 1714, appeared again with an appendix, 
 1727, and was translated into French by 
 Bion, Amsterdam, 1728, Svo. The author, 
 who was vicar of Cuxton in Kent, died 
 about 1720. 
 
 SwiNNOCK, George, a native of Maid- 
 stone, educated at Cambridge, from which 
 he removed to Oxford, where he took his 
 master's degree. He lost, in 1662, his 
 living of Great Kymbels, Bucks, for non- 
 conformity, and died at Maidstone, 1673. 
 He was author of Heaven and Hell Epito- 
 mised, 4to. — the Door of Salvation Open- 
 ed, Svo. — the Christian Man's Calling, •% 
 
SAU 
 
 SIX 
 
 vols. 4to. a useful work, and other diviiiity 
 tracts, now little known. 
 
 SwiNTON, John, B.D. an English anti- 
 quary, born 1703, at Bexton, Cheshire. 
 He was originally servitor oi" VVadham 
 college, Oxford, where, in consequence of 
 bis good conduct, he was elected scholar 
 and fellow. When he had taken orders 
 he obtained the living of St. Peter-le-Bai- 
 ley, in Oxford, and then went as chaplain 
 to the English factory at Leghorn. As the 
 situation did not agree n ith his health, he 
 returned home through Venice, Presburg, 
 and Vienna. He married in 1743, and in 
 1747 was elected keeper of the university 
 records. He died 4th April, 1777, and his 
 wife in 17S4. They were both buried in 
 Wadham chapel. He published some 
 learned works, the best known of which 
 are an Essay on the Words ^xiy-uv and 
 Asa/xov/ov, &c. — Inscriptiones Critical, &c. 
 — and other curious dissertations, besides 
 some sermons, and parts of the Ancient 
 Universal History, comprehended in the 
 6th and 7ih volumes of that useful work. 
 
 Sybrecht, John a landscape painter, 
 born at Antwerp, 1630. His drawings, es- 
 pecially of views on the Rhine, were much 
 admired. The duke of Buckingham invited 
 him to England, and patronised him. His 
 Derbyshire views possessed great merit. 
 He died at London, 1703, and was buried 
 in St. James's church. 
 
 Sydenham, Thomas, an eminent physi- 
 cian, born at Winford Eagle, Dorsetshire, 
 1624. He was of Magdalen hall, Oxford, 
 which, when it was garrisoned by the king's 
 forces, he left for London, but afterwards 
 returned and took his degree of M.B. 1648. 
 He then subscribed to the authority of the 
 parliamentary visiters, and wasmade fellow 
 of All Souls, and some years afterwards 
 settled as a physician at Westminster, and 
 took his doctor's degree at Cambridge. 
 From 1660 to 1670 he enjoyed a most ex- 
 tensive practice, and a reputation superior 
 to that of his contemporaries, but the gout 
 arrested his progress, and permitted him to 
 go little abroad. He was, however, con- 
 sulted at home, and his writings continued 
 to improve and enlighten the medical world. 
 He died in Pall Mall, 29th Dec. 1689, and 
 ivas buried in St. James's church. In his 
 practice he followed experience rather than 
 theoi-y, and observed the nature, properties, 
 and symptoms of disease with such suc- 
 cess and discrimination, that he has been 
 called the father of physic among the mo- 
 derns. He was the first who recommended 
 a cool regimen in the smallpox. His treatises 
 on nervous disorders, and on consumptive 
 fevers are very valuable. His works were 
 written in English, but translated into Latin 
 by his friends, and universally esteemed by 
 the le:3i.i'nctl of Europe. There were edi- 
 
 tions of ihcm at Leyden, Gencta, Leipait, 
 and London. 
 
 Sydenham, Floycr, a learn(;d man, born 
 1710, and educated at Wadham college^ 
 Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A- 
 1734. He undertook the translation of Plato, 
 for which he was well qualilied by hi^i great 
 knowledge of ancient literature, and pub- 
 lished some parts ; but poverty persecuted 
 him, and clouded the happiest of his houra. 
 He was at last arrested by a victualler, at 
 whose house he had often had a scanty din- 
 ner, and he died while in confinement, 178*5. 
 The amiable character of the man, his un- 
 assuming modesty, and well-known abilities, 
 as well as his melancholy fate, deeply inte- 
 rested the friends of humanity and of 
 science, and to that honourable feeling Eng- 
 land owes the institution of the literary 
 fund, a noble establishment, which tends to 
 banish indigence and despair from the hum- 
 ble abodes of the professional favourite of 
 the muses, and to shed a beam of comfort 
 on his declining years. 
 
 Sylburgius, Frederick, a learned Ger- 
 man born at Marpurg, 1546. He was for 
 some time schoolmaster at Licha, but af- 
 terwards devoted himself to the study of 
 ancient authors. He published learned 
 editions of Herodotus, Aristotle, Dionysius 
 of HalicarnassuSjDion Cassius, Justin Mar- 
 tyr, &c. wrote some Greek poems, and also 
 assisted Stephens in the compilation of his 
 Greek Thesaurus. His Greek Grammar, 
 and Etymologicon Magnum, folio, 1594, 
 are highly valued. He died universally la- 
 mented, 1596. 
 
 Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, a famous Ro- 
 man, who acquired military fame in the ar- 
 mies of Marius and of Catullus. Success in 
 the war against the Marsi, and great popu- 
 larity among the soldiers, incited him to as- 
 pire to the sovereign power under the title 
 of dictator, and though opposed by Marius, 
 he gained his purpose, and cruelly murder- 
 ed the most powerful of the senators, who 
 wished to curb his authority. After being 
 absolute at Rome, he had the courage to lay- 
 down his office, and to retire to the incon- 
 sequence of a private life. He died at Pu- 
 teoli, B.C. 78, aged 60. The last years of 
 his life were spent disgracefully in low de- 
 bauchery. 
 
 SYLVESTEfe, Matthew, an English divine, 
 educated at Cambridge, and ejected from 
 the living of Gunnerby, Lincolnshire, foi- 
 nonconformity, 1662. He settled after- 
 wards in London, as pastor to a dissenting 
 congregation, and died there 1708. Besides 
 some sermons, he published Baxter's history 
 of his Life and Times, in fol. 
 
 Sylvester, Joshua, an English poet, 
 born 1563. He was noticed by Elizabeth 
 and James \. and was for some time enga- 
 ged in mercantile business. He was poeti- 
 cal pensioner to Henrv, James's eldest scVi 
 
 GUI 
 
SVL 
 
 sip 
 
 He was obliged to leave his country, ior 
 •what cause is unknown, and died at Mid- 
 dleberg in Holland, 28th Sep. 1618 He is 
 linown as the translator of Du Bartas's Di- 
 vine Weeks, and works, 4to. and as the au- 
 thor of some poems, but of little merit. 
 
 Sylvius, Francis, professor of eloquence, 
 and principal of the college of Tournay at 
 Paris, was a native of Levilly near Amiens. 
 He laboured zealously to introduce the 
 right pronunciation of the Latin language 
 in the colleges of France, and to supersede 
 Ihe barbarous jargon of the schools by the 
 more elegant diction of Cicero. Besides 
 commentaries, he wrote Progymnasmatum 
 in Artem Oratoriam, &c. and died 1530. 
 After the fashion of the times, he altered 
 his name of Dubois, to the more classical 
 word Sylvius. 
 
 Sylvius, Lambert, or Vanden Bosch, a 
 Dutch writer, born at Dordrecht. He 
 wrote the Theatre of illustrious men, &c. 
 2 vols. 4to. — History of his age, from 1667, 
 to 1687. — History of sea heroes, 4to. — with 
 figures, tragedies, poems, &e. He died 
 1688, aged 78. 
 
 Sylvius, Francis de le Boe, a native of 
 Hanau in V'eteravia, professor of medicine 
 at Leyden, where he ably demonstrated the 
 truth of Harvey's discovery of the circula- 
 tion of the blood. He promoted also the 
 study of chymistry, and died 14th Nov. 
 1672, aged 33. His works have been col- 
 lected by Elzevir, 1679, 4to. and fol. Ve- 
 nice 1703. 
 
 Sylvius, James, or Dubois, an eminent 
 French physician, born at Amiens in Picar- 
 dy 1479. After receiving an excellent edu- 
 cation he devoted himself totally to medi- 
 cine and to the study of Hippocrates and 
 Galen. He gave lectures on the medical 
 art at Paris with such success, that other 
 physicians, jealous of his fame, exclaimed 
 against him, as he had been graced by no 
 degree. In consequence of this he went to 
 Montpellier, but his avarice was so great 
 that he would not spend money to procure 
 the university honours. He afterwards 
 obtained a degree by interest at Paris, and 
 in 1548 was nominated to the medical chair 
 of the royal college. He died l.'^SS. His 
 
 great learning was obscured by his uncooi- 
 mon avarice, and he unfortunately was en=- 
 gaged with his pupil Vesalius. His works 
 have often been printed, called Opera Me- 
 dica, the best edition of which is that of 
 Cologne 1630. 
 
 Symmachus, Q. Aur. Avianus, a learned 
 Roman, who warmly opposed Christianity, 
 and wished for the re-establishment of pa- 
 ganism at Rome. He was banished by 
 Theodosius. His epistles are extant. 
 
 Syncellus, a monk of Constantinople 
 792, author of a chronography in Greek 
 and Latin. 
 
 Synesius, a native of Africa, made bi- 
 shop of Ptolemais 410. His epistles and 
 homilies remain, and possess merit. There 
 was a Platonic philosopher of that name, 
 author of a treatise on natural philosophy, 
 &e. 
 
 Synge, Edward, a pious prelate, second 
 son of the bishop of Cork, was born at Ini- 
 shonane in Ireland, where his father was 
 then vicar, 6th April, 1659. He was educa- 
 ted at Cork school and then came to Christ- 
 church Oxford, where he took his first de- 
 gree, and afterwards completed his studies 
 at Dublin university. He distinguished him- 
 self for above 20 years, as an active and la- 
 borious parish priest in Ireland, and in 
 consequence of his great zeal in favour of 
 the Hanoverian succession was made bishop 
 of Raphoe in 1714, and two years after 
 advanced to the primacy of Tuam. He died 
 at Tuam 1 741, and was buried in the church- 
 yard of his cathedral. His tracts are valua- 
 ble as written in a popular style, and for the 
 active promotion of piety and virtue. They 
 have appeared in 4 vols. 12mo. and often 
 been reprinted, especially by the society for 
 promoting Christian knowledge. Dr. Synge 
 had the singular fortune of being a bishop, 
 the son and the nephew of a bishop, and the 
 father of two bishops. 
 
 Syphax, a king of Numidia,who revolted 
 from the side of the Romans, to the cause 
 of Carthage, and of Asdrubal,whose daugh- 
 ter he had married. He was defeated by 
 Massinissa, and died in prison at Rome, 
 B.C. 201. 
 
 TAB 
 
 TAB 
 
 X ABOR, John Otho, a native of Bautzen 
 in Lusatia. On the destruction of his coun- 
 try during the wars of Germany, he retired 
 to Giessen where he became counsellor to 
 the landgrave of Hesse Darmstadt. He 
 died at Frankfort 1 674, where he had re- 
 tired a few years before, aged 70. His 
 ivorks, which are all on law, were published 
 692 
 
 1688, in two vols. fol. An account of his 
 life was wTitten by Paschius his son-in-law. 
 Tabourot, Stephen, called Sieur des Ac- 
 cords, a French writer, born 1549. He was 
 king's proctor at Dijon, and distinguished 
 himself by some curious and eccentric pub- 
 lications. He died 1590. His bigarrures, 
 &e. consisting of apophthegms, epitaphs. 
 
TAl. 
 
 TAL 
 
 dialogues, conundrums, &c. not always on 
 the most delicate subjects, were published, 
 2 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Tacca, Peter James, a native of Carrara, 
 who studied sculpture under John of Bo- 
 logna. He travelled into Spain and France, 
 and acquired great celebrity. He died at 
 Florence, 1640. The best of his pieces is 
 an equestrian statue of Philip IV. at Ma- 
 drid. His statue of Henry IV. at Paris, 
 his Jane of Austria, his Ferdinand HI. of 
 Tuscany, and the four slaves in bronze, in 
 the harbour of Leghorn, are also much ad- 
 mired. His son Ferdinand was also an 
 able sculptor, and his statue of Ferdinand 
 was among his best pieces. 
 
 Tachard, Guy, a French Jesuit, sent in 
 1686 as missionary to Siam. He, with the 
 ambassadors Chaumont and Choisi, visited 
 Europe, 1688, and then returned and died 
 at Bengal of a contagious disorder, 1694. 
 An account of his voyages to Siam have ap- 
 peared in two vols. 12mo. Paris, 1686, and 
 1689, but he is very credulous and inaccurate. 
 Tacitus, Caius Cornel, a celebrated Ro- 
 man historian. He was also eminent as a 
 pleader, and as the asserter and the advocate 
 of virtue and innocence, in the reigns of Do- 
 mitian and Nerva. Of his historical works 
 some have perished. His annals are very va- 
 luable. His language and style possess ele- 
 gance and spirit, purityand nervous strength. 
 Tacitus, Marcus Claudius, emperor of 
 Rome after Aurelian 275, was a wise, bene- 
 volent, and patriotic monarch. He was 
 also distinguished as a warrior, and died 
 276, aged 70, as he was preparing to go 
 against the Persians. 
 
 Taconnet, Toussaint Gaspard, a native 
 of Paris, known for his eccentricities. He 
 was for some time a player, and then a 
 poet, and rendered himself ridiculous by 
 his intemperance. He wrote several farces 
 and plays, of which the heroes are persons 
 of low birth and mean professions. He 
 died in the hospital of charity at Paris, 29th 
 Dec. 1774, aged 44. 
 
 Tacquet, Andrew, a Jesuit of Antwerp, 
 eminent for his knowledge of mathematics, 
 and his publications, a Treatise on Astro- 
 nomy — an edition of Euclid, &c. He died 
 1660. His works were collected into one 
 volume fol. 1669, and 1707, at Antwerp. 
 
 Taffi, Andrew, a native of Florence, 
 eminent as being the artist who introduced 
 the art of designing in mosaic, which he had 
 learnt from some Greeks. His best piece 
 is a dead Christ, in a chapel at Florence. 
 He died 1294, aged 81. 
 
 Talbert, Francis Xavier, a native of 
 Besan<^on. He abandoned the law, for 
 which his father, a counsellor of the parlia- 
 ment of Franche-Comte, designed him, and 
 embraced the ecclesiastical profession, and 
 obtained a canonry at Bensan«;on. He was 
 a popular and eloquent preacher at Lune- 
 
 villc, Versailles, and Paris, and, in 1701, 
 he quitted France to reside in Italy, and af- 
 terwards went with the princess of Nassau 
 into Poland. He died at Lemberg, in Gal- 
 licia, 4th June, 1803, aged 78. He is au- 
 thor of a discourse on inequality among 
 men, crowned at Dijon, 1755— Panegyric of 
 St. Louis — Eloges of Bonnet, Montaigne, 
 cardinal Amboise, Philip regent of France 
 Boileau, &.c. and some poetical pieces. 
 Talbot, John, earl of Shrewsliury, a 
 warlike Englishman descended from a Nor- 
 man family, distinguished himself in the re- 
 duction of Ireland, of which he was made 
 governor by Henrj- V. He was afterwards 
 in France with the English army, and took 
 Alencon, Pontoisc, and Laval, but was re- 
 pulsed at the siege of Orleans, by Joan of 
 Arc. He was afterwards taken prisoner 
 at the battle of Patay, but when restored 
 to liberty he signalized himself at the siege 
 of Beaumont-sur-Oise, and afterwards in- 
 vaded Guienne, and took Bourdeaux, and 
 other towns. This brave warrior, who 
 was the terror of the French, and deserved- 
 ly named the Achilles of England, at last 
 fell in the battle near Castillon, a town of 
 which he was attempting to raise the siege, 
 17th July, 1453. 
 
 Talbot, Peter, a native of Ireland, al- 
 moner to Catherine, wife of Charles II. He 
 was a zealous papist, and was made by 
 pope Clement IX. archbishop of Dublin. 
 He was seized by the protestants, and died 
 in prison, 1682. He wrote de Natura Fi- 
 dei et Haeresis — Tractatus de Religione, and 
 other works. 
 
 Talbot, Richard, earl of Tyrconnel, 
 brother to the preceding, was made viceroy 
 of Ireland by James II. and he opposed the 
 invasion of William III. He died 1692. 
 
 Talbot, Charles, earl and duke of 
 Shrewsbury, was one of the warmest pro- 
 moters of the revolution, and for his ser- 
 vices he was created a duke. He was af- 
 terwards made lord chamberlain, and went 
 to Ireland as viceroy, and afterwards held 
 the office of high-treasurer. He died 1717, 
 aged 57. 
 
 Talbot, William, a native of J-ichfield, 
 educated at Oriel college, Oxford, where 
 he entered, 1674. The interest of his re- 
 lation, the earl of Shrewsbury, opened for 
 him the door of preferment, and he became 
 dean of Worcester 1691, bishop of Oxfoni 
 1699, of Sarum 1715, and six years after 
 was translated to Durham. He died 1730. 
 He wrote sermons, which have been pub- 
 lished in 1 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Talbot, Charles lord, son of the prece- 
 ding, rose by his merit to high offices in the 
 law, and was at last made lord chancellor. 
 To the deepest knowledge of law and of 
 politics, he joined the soundest virtue and 
 the most incorruptible integrity. He died 
 1737, aged 51, 
 
 6fl.*? 
 
TAL 
 
 TAN 
 
 Talijaiarn, a Welsh bard of the sixth 
 century. He composed a prayer which 
 was adopted by the whole body of bards in 
 Wales, and he afterwards retired to the so- 
 litude of a hermitage, where he was visited 
 as a saint of superior virtues. 
 
 Taliacotius, Caspar, or Tagliacocei, 
 an Italian surgeon, at Bologna, where he 
 died, 1553, aged 64. He wrote a Treatise 
 " de Curtorura Chirurgia per Insitionem," 
 Venice, fol. 1597, which is known in Eng- 
 land by the ludicrous allusion to it in Hu- 
 dibras, " So learned Taliacotus from," &c. 
 In this work he pretended that he could re- 
 store the nose, ears, &c. to their original 
 form and appearance in case of mutilation 
 or deformity. He is represented at Bo- 
 logna in a statue with a nose in his hand, 
 as expressive of the art which he prac- 
 tised. 
 
 Taliesin, a Welsh bard of great celebri- 
 ty. He flourished about the sixth century. 
 Several of his compositions are preserved 
 in the Archaeology of Wales, and are men- 
 tioned with applause. 
 
 Tallard, Camille d'Hostun, count de, a 
 celebrated marshal of France, born 14th 
 Feb. 1652, in Dauphine. He early distin- 
 guished himself as a soldier, and in 1672, 
 was under Lewis XIV. in Holland, and 
 soon after gained the approbation and 
 friendship of Turenne, by his noble conduct 
 in the battles of Mulhausen and Turkheim. 
 In 1693 he was raised to the rank of lieu- 
 tenant general, and 1697, was sent as am- 
 bassador to England, concerning the suc- 
 cession to the Spanish crown in the person 
 of Charles II. In 1702 he was placed at 
 the head of the armies on the Rhine, and 
 made marshal of France soon after. He 
 defeated the Imperialists under the prince 
 of Hesse, before the town of Landau, 
 which he took after a short siege ; but his 
 pompous ostentation of announcing the 
 victory, rendered him ridiculous. " I have," 
 said he, " obtained more standards than 
 your majesty has lost soldiers." In 1704, he 
 was opposed to the great Marlborough, and 
 at the battle of Blenheim was taken pri- 
 soner and brought to England, where he 
 continued seven years. On his return to 
 Paris, 1712, he was created a duke, and in 
 1726, made secretary of state. He died 
 March 3d, 1728. 
 
 Tallis, Thomas, an eminent English 
 musician in the 16th century. He was or- 
 ganist, it is said, in the chapel of Henry 
 VIII. and of his three successors. Under 
 Mary he was only, it is supposed, gentle- 
 man of the chapel, and received for his sa- 
 lary, 7 l'2d. a-day, and under Elizabeth he 
 had Bird as his fellow organist. He may 
 be said to be the father of the cathedral 
 style, especially in England. He publish- 
 ed, with Bird, a Collection of Hymns, 
 chiefly from the English liturgy, for church 
 694 
 
 service, &c. He died 23d Nov. 1585, 4nd 
 was buried in Greenwich church, Kent. 
 
 Tamerlane, or Timur Beg, or Timur 
 the Lame, from some defect in his feet, 
 was born in the village of Kesch, in ancient 
 Sogdiana, 1335. Whether the son of a 
 shepherd, or descended from the royal race, 
 is unknown ; but, however, the obscurity 
 of his first years was soon forgotten in the 
 glory of his exploits. Distinguished by 
 courage, by intrepidity, and by unbounded 
 ambition, he soon gained a number of faith- 
 ful adherents, and at their head he seized 
 the city of Balk, the capital of Khorassan, 
 and easily subdued the province of Canda- 
 har, the kingdom of Persia, and Bagdad. 
 Elate with his success he now meditated 
 the conquest of India, and though his sol- 
 diers at first refused to follow, their hesita- 
 tion was soon conquered by promises, and 
 the powerful aid of a pretended prophet. 
 Thus seconded by an enthusiastic army, he 
 penetrated to India, took Delhi, with the 
 immense treasures of the Mogul, and re- 
 turned to conquer Damascus, and to punish 
 Bagdad, that presumed to shake off" his 
 yoke. The offending city was given up to 
 the pillage of his- soldiers, and 80,000 of 
 her inhabitants put to the sword. Now 
 master of the fairer part of Asia, he inter- 
 fered, at the request of the Greek emperor,^ 
 in the affairs of Bajazet, emperor of the 
 Turks, and sent to him a haughty message, 
 commanding him to abandon the siege of 
 Constantinople, and to restore the princesr 
 whom he had deposed. The message 
 roused the indignation of Bajazet ; he 
 marched against this new enemy, and was 
 defeated by Tamerlane in the plains of An- 
 cyra, in Phrygia, after a dreadful battle, 
 which continued three days. Bajazet fell 
 into the hands of the conqueror, and was 
 treated with great ix»iiumanity, and carried 
 about in mockery in an iron cage. Some 
 writers, however, deny this, and affirm that 
 the conduct of Tamerlane towards the cap- 
 tive prince, was as humane and honourable 
 as fallen greatness merited. To these last 
 conquests Tamerlane added Egypt, and the 
 immense treasures of Cairo, and then fixed 
 the seat of his empire at Samarcand, where 
 he received the homage of submissive 
 princes, and among them of Manuel Paleo- 
 logus, emperor of Constantinople, and 
 Henry III. king of Castille, by their am- 
 bassadors. Tamerlane was preparing fresh 
 victories by the invasion of China, when 
 death stopped his career, April 1st, 1405, 
 in the 36th year of his reign. He appoint- 
 ed his grandson as his successor over that 
 vast empire, which he had acquired with 
 such astonishing success and rapidity. 
 
 Tanaquil, wife of the elder Tarquin, per- 
 suaded her husband to go and settle at Rome, 
 where he was elected king. Her memory 
 was held in great respect by the Roman?. 
 
TAN 
 
 TAfl 
 
 Tanevot, Alexander, first commissary 
 ■of the finances, was born at Versailles, and 
 died at Paris, 1773, aged 81. He wrote 
 Sethos, and Adam and Eve, two tragedies, 
 besides fables, stories, epistles, songs, &.c. 
 which were collected into 3 vols. 12mo. 
 1766. His style is pure, easy, and flow- 
 ing, though he occasionally degenerates in- 
 to a feeble and insipid diction. Though he 
 had the power of enriching himself, he died 
 poor, but highly respected. 
 
 Tanner, Thomas, a learned antiquary, 
 born 1674, at Market Lavington, Wilts, 
 where his father was minister. He was 
 educated at Queen's college, Oxford, and 
 became chaplain and fellow of All Souls. 
 In 1701 he was made chancellor of Nor- 
 wich, and rector of Thorpe, and afterwards 
 prebendary of Ely, canon of Christ-church, 
 and in 1732, bishop of St. Asaph. He died 
 at Christ-church, Oxford, 14th Dec. 1735, 
 and was buried in the cathedral. He is 
 known as the author of Notitia Monastica, 
 or a short History of all the Religious 
 Houses in England and Wales, 8vo. 1695, 
 republished in folio, 1744 — Bibliotheca Bri- 
 tannico-Hibernica, the labour of 40 years, 
 published 1748, folio. He also contributed 
 to Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, last edi- 
 tion, &c. 
 
 Tansillo, Luigi, an Italian poet, born 
 at Nola 1520. The best part of bis life was 
 spent in the service of Don Pedro de To- 
 ledo, viceroy of Naples, and he was made 
 judge of Gaieta, and died after 1596. He 
 was esteemed as a poet, but his 11 Vinde- 
 Kiiatore, or the Vintager, a poem 1534, was 
 considered so indelicate and licentious, that 
 liis writings were put into the index expurga- 
 torius of the pope. He published besides 
 other poems, and reconciled himself to the 
 see of Rome, by his " Tears of St. Peter," 
 which removed the papal interdicts from 
 his writings, except the Vintager. His 
 poems consist of sonnets, songs, comedies, 
 &c. The Tears of St. Peter were transla- 
 ted by Malherbe into French. 
 
 Tanucci, Bernard, marquis de, chief 
 minister of Naples,was born of poor parents 
 at Stia, in Tuscany, 1698. He studied at 
 Pisa, and by his mex'it rose to the chair of 
 jurisprudence in that university. On the 
 coming of Don Carlos to succeed to the 
 Neapolitan throne, the professor, who had 
 been recommended to the new king, and 
 who had defended the legality of seizing a 
 murderer from the asylum of a church 
 against the opinions of the see of Rome, 
 was raised to the office of minister, and by 
 his firmness and wisdom, deserved the high 
 appointment. For 50 years he continued in 
 ihis important office, and after contributing 
 zealously to the prosperity of the kingdom, 
 and to establish its independence from the 
 ecclesiastical superiority of Rome, he re- 
 signed in 1777, and died 29th April, 1783. 
 
 This enlightened minister encouraged lite- 
 rature ; and to his zeal in the cause of 
 science antiquarians are indebted for the 
 important discoveries, and the valuable col- 
 lections made in the subterraneous towns 
 of Herculaneum and Pompeii. 
 
 Tappan, David, D.D. professor of theo- 
 logy in Harvard college, was born at Man- 
 chester, Massachusetts, April 21st, 1752, 
 and graduated at Harvard in 1771. In 1774 
 he was ordained pastor of a church in New- 
 bury, and laboured there eighteen years. 
 He was elected to the professorship in 
 1792, and continued in the station till his 
 death in 1803. He was highly useful in 
 the institution. His theological views cor- 
 responded essentially with those generally 
 held by the clergy of New-England, and 
 though he insisted less on the doctrines 
 of the gospel, his lectures were fraught 
 with truth, clothed in an attractive style, 
 and enforced with much vigour of ar- 
 gument and warmth of feeling. He 
 was characterized by great amiableness, 
 modesty, and regard for the feelings of 
 others. IdJ^ L. 
 
 Targe, I. B., professor of mathematics, 
 and author of a general history of Italy, 
 from the fall of the Roman empire, to mo- 
 dern times, 4 vols. 12mo. — translated Smol- 
 let's history of England, 19 vols. 12mo. — 
 Barrow's Travels, 12 vols. 12mo. — and died 
 at Orleans, 1788. He wrote also a history 
 of England, from the treaty of Aix la Cha- 
 pelle to 1763, 5 vols. l2mo'. 
 
 Tarin, Peter, a French physician, born 
 at Courtenai. He died in 1761, but his 
 age is unknown. His writings were held 
 in great esteem, especially his Adversaria 
 Anatomica, 4to. ; Anatomical Dictionary, 
 4to. ; Osteographia, 4to. ; the Art of Dis- 
 secting, 2 vols. 12mo. ; a treatise on Liga- 
 ments ; Observations on Medicine and Sur- 
 gery, 3 vols. l2mo; a description of the 
 Muscles, 4to. with figures, &o. 
 
 Tarleton, Richard, a native of Condo- 
 ver in Shropshire, who distinguished him- 
 self as an actor, and was patronised by Ro- 
 bert earl of Leicester. He performed the 
 character of judge in the play called Henry 
 V. acted at the Bull, Bishopsgate-street, 
 London, before the Henry \. of Shakspeare 
 was written. He was one of the queen's 
 players in 1583, according to Stowe, and he 
 died 1589. The seven deadly sins are men- 
 tioned as one of his dramatic compositions, 
 and his jokes are still preserved in several 
 collections, 
 
 Taupa, Spur. Moctius, a learned Roman 
 appointed by Augustus to examine, with four 
 others, the compositions of contemporary 
 poets. 
 
 Tarpeia, daughter of Tarpeius, the go- 
 vernor of Rome, under Romulus. It is said 
 that she betrayed the gates of the city to 
 the Sabines, and that she was overwhelmed, 
 
 C95 
 
TAR 
 
 TAS 
 
 by the bucklers of the enemy thrown upon 
 her as they entered through the street. 
 
 Tarquin, the elder, fifth king of Rome, 
 settled at Rome from Tarquinii the place of 
 his birth, and by liberality and mildness so 
 gained the hearts of the Romans, that on 
 the death of Ancus Martius he was elected 
 king. He was a benevolent prince, and 
 adorned his city with stately buildings, and 
 aqueducts, and added dignity and conse- 
 quence to the body of the senate and to the 
 magistrates. He was assassinated by the 
 sons of Ancus Martius, B. C. 578, aged SO. 
 
 Tarquin the second, or the Proud, was 
 grandson to the elder Tarquin. He was 
 brave, but his rise to the throise by the mur- 
 der of his father-in-law Tullius, rendered 
 him deservedly unpopular. The licentious 
 and cruel conduct of his son proved fatal to 
 his interests ; and while he was at the siege 
 of Ardea, the Romans took up arms and 
 shut him out of their city. He took refuge 
 among the cities of Etruria, and died there, 
 aged 90. 
 
 Tarrakanoff, N. princess of, daughter 
 of Elizabeth, empress of Russia, by her 
 secret marriage with Alexis Rozoumoffski, 
 was carried away at the age of 12 by prince 
 Radzivill in 1767, and concealed in a con- 
 vent at Rome. This singular step was ta- 
 ken by the dissatisfied noble, to curb the 
 views of the ambitious Catharine, but they 
 failed, and Alexis Orloff", pretending greater 
 discontent against the government of the 
 empress, prevailed upon the princess, in the 
 absence of Radzivill, to marry him, and by 
 her influence and presence to excite a new 
 insurrection in Russia. The unsuspecting 
 princess no sooner yielded her person to 
 her seducer, than she was seized in the 
 bay of Leghorn, where she had been con- 
 ducted on pretence of paying her military 
 honours, and cruelly bound in chains and 
 conveyed to Petersburg. In Dec. 1777, a 
 violent rising of the Neva suddenly forced 
 the waters into her prison, and the unfor- 
 tunate princess was drowned before any 
 assistance could extricate her. 
 
 Tarrantius, Lucius, a Roman, the 
 friend of Cicero, who is said to have made 
 two curious horoscopes. 
 
 Tartaglia, Nicholas, a native of Bres- 
 cia, called the most eminent mathematician 
 of his times. He published an Italian trans- 
 lation of Euclid, with a commentary, fol. 
 1543 — a treatise of Numbers and Mea- 
 sures — Nova Scientia, and other works, 3 
 vols 4to. 1606. He died about 1557, in a 
 good old age. 
 
 Tartini, Joseph, a musician, called the 
 Admirable by Dr. Burney, was born April 
 1692, at Pirano in Istria. He studied the 
 law at Padua, but his powers were formed 
 for musical eminence, and by practice and 
 application he became one of the best per- 
 formers on the violin, and was made master 
 
 of the band in the church of St. Antony of 
 Padua. He died 26th Feb. 1770, at Padua, 
 universally respected and endeared to the 
 inhabitants, by a residence of 50 years. 
 He wrote, sonatas, a treatise on music, 
 1754, and other things, and was a great 
 admirer of Corelli. 
 
 Taruffi, Emilius, a native of Bologna, 
 distinguished as a painter. His landscapes 
 were particularly admired for boldness of 
 expression, and for the correctness and ani- 
 mation of his figures. He died 1694, 
 aged 62. 
 
 Tasker, William, a native of Devon- 
 shire, educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 where he took his first degree in arts. He 
 afterwards obtained the living of Iddes- 
 leigh, in Devonshire, and died there, 1800. 
 He distinguished himself as a poet, and 
 published Odes of Pindar and Horace, in 
 English verse, 3 vols. 8vo. — Ode to the 
 warlike Genius of Britain — Letter on Phy- 
 siognomy, &c. 
 
 Tasman, N. a Dutch navigator. He 
 sailed from Batavia, 1642, and discovered 
 New Holland, and New Zealand, which 
 were regarded as a southern continent, till 
 the more minute investigation of captain 
 Cook ascertained their insular form and 
 situation. He visited also Gilolo, New 
 Guinea, and other islands, on his return to 
 Europe. 
 
 Tasso, Bernardo, an Italian poet, better 
 known as the father of the illustrious Tasso. 
 The best esteemed of his poems is Amadis, 
 in 100 cantos, and his letters also are re- 
 garded as very valuable by the Italians. 
 He died at Rome, in the convent of St. 
 Onuphrius, 1575. The best edition of his 
 lettei-s is that of Padua, 3 vols. 8vo. 1733, 
 and of his poem 1560, 4to. 
 
 Tasso, Torquato, a celebrated Italian 
 poet, son of the above. He was born at 
 Sorrento in the kingdom of Naples, 11th 
 March, 1544. His father was secretary to 
 San Severino, prince of Salerno, and he 
 shared his honour and his disgrace. When 
 the prince made a complaint to Charles V. 
 against the viceroy of Naples, who wished 
 to introduce the inquisition into the king- 
 dom, he was condemned, and the cruel 
 sentence was pronounced not only against 
 him but against his secretary, and also his 
 son, the future poet, who was only nine 
 years old. They withdrew from the fatal, 
 punishment by flight, and came to Rome, 
 where the young poet already wrote verses, 
 and compared his escape to the adventures 
 of Ascanius and ^neas flying from Troy. 
 From Rome he was sent to Padua to study 
 the law, and there he took his degrees in phi* 
 losophy and theology, but poetry was his fa- 
 vourite pursuit, and at the age of 17 he pro- 
 duced his Rinaldo. In 1565, he placed him- 
 self under the protection of Alphonso duke 
 of Ferrara, and he accompanied his brother, 
 
TAS 
 
 TAV 
 
 the cardinal, in an embassy A-om pope Gre- 
 gory XIII. to the court of Charles IX. of 
 France. On his return to Ferrara he impru- 
 dently became enamoured of the sister of his 
 patron, and this passion, joined to the male- 
 volent insinuations of his enemies and perse- 
 cutors, proved the cause of that melancholy, 
 which embittered his life for 20 years. To 
 fly from the scene of his misery he retired 
 to his sister's house at Sorrento, and there 
 spent a whole summer, but absence in- 
 creased his flame. He returned to Ferra- 
 ra, and in the midst of a crowded assem- 
 bly he had the imprudence to embrace his 
 favourite princess Eleonora. The duke, 
 who was present, with great coolness, or- 
 dered his courtiers to remove the poet, 
 whom he pronounced insane, to a place of 
 confinement, and there in the hospital of 
 St. Anne the unfortunate lover mourned 
 his misfortunes, a prey to lingering dis- 
 ease, and at intervals deprived of his rea- 
 son. The interference of the duke Vin- 
 cent de Gonzaga, at last restored him to 
 liberty 1586, and he retired to Naples in 
 quest of ti'anquillity and happiness. His 
 great merits now eclipsed the clouds, which 
 envy and malice had raised around him, 
 and his poetical works began to be regard- 
 ed as the pride and glory of Italy. Sensi- 
 ble of his deserved reputation, the pope 
 Clement VIII. in a full congregation of 
 cardinals, determined to encircle his brows 
 with the laurel crown, and to honour him 
 with a triumph. The poet was sent for from 
 Naples, and received with all due honours 
 at the distance of one mile from Rome, 
 and the most magnificent preparations were 
 made for the ceremony in the capitol. 
 Vain, however, are the schemes of man, 
 Tasso, as if persecuted by fortune to the 
 last moment of life, was taken ill, and the 
 preparations made for his coronation ended 
 in the melancholy procession of his fune- 
 ral, as he died the evening before the in- 
 tended ceremony, 15th April, 1595, aged 51. 
 He derives his celebrity and the palm of 
 immortality from his Jerusalem Delivered, 
 a poem well conducted throughout, and 
 abounding with all the pleasing description 
 of tender scenes, the animated represen- 
 tation of battles, and the majestic flow of 
 language, which so much captivate and 
 overpower the reader in the pages of Ho- 
 mer and Virgil. Besides his Jerusalem, 
 which is familiar to the English reader in 
 the elegant translation of Mr. Hoole and 
 of Miss Watts, Tasso wrote Jerusalem 
 Conquered ; Rinaldo ; Aminta, a pastoral ; 
 Torismond, a tragedy, &c. His life has 
 been written by the marquis Manzo. His 
 works have been published in various 
 forms, the best of which is that of Flo- 
 rence, 6 vols. fol. 1724. 
 
 Tassoni, Alexander, an Italian poet, 
 born at Modena 1565. Though early an 
 
 Vol. II. 88 
 
 orphan, Lii aljjli'.ies displayed ihcmselvc* 
 through want and obscurity. He was in 
 the service of eardin:il Coloiina, and of 
 the dukes of Savoy and of Modena, and 
 died 1635. He wrote " Sccchia Rapita, 
 or Rape of the Bucket," a mock-heroic 
 poem, much admired in Italy for its ele- 
 gance and delicate humour. It was writ- 
 ten in consequence of the war between 
 Modena and Bologna. He wrote besides, 
 observations on Petrarch, an ecclesiastical 
 history, &c. 
 
 Tate, Nahum, a native of Dublin, born 
 1652, and educated at the college there. 
 He was befriended by Dryden, and patro- 
 nised by Dorset, and succeeded Shadwell 
 as poet laureat, witha salary of 100/. per an- 
 num, and a butt of canary. He wrote nine 
 dramatic pieces, but he is noAv little known 
 but as the joiur^ranslator of the Psalms of 
 David with Dr. Brady. Of his miscel- 
 laneous poems, that on the death of queen 
 Anne was most admired. He died 12th 
 Aug. 1715, at the mint, where he resided 
 to escape irom the persecution of his cre- 
 ditors. 
 
 Tatian, a Syrian pagan, who was con- 
 verted to Christianity and became the dis- 
 ciple of Justin Martyr. He still retained 
 the principles of the Platoniats, and fell 
 into the errors of Marcion. Of his works 
 nothing remains but an apology for the 
 Christian religion, edited 1700, Svo. at 
 Oxford. 
 
 Tatischef, Vassili, a Russian historian, 
 engaged for 30 years in collecting materials 
 for the history of his country. He died 
 before his labours were completed 1750. 
 The work is rather a series of connected 
 chronicles than a regular history. The 
 part published by MuUer was 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Tathts, king of the Sabines, took pos- 
 session of the Roman capitol, but was re- 
 conciled to Romulus, with whom he shared 
 the kingdom. He was murdered at Lanu- 
 vium, B.C. 174-3. 
 
 Tatius, Achilles, a native of Alexandria, 
 who became a Christian. He is author of 
 a commentary on Aratus's phajnomena, and 
 of the loves of Leucippus and Clitophon, 
 a Greek romance. 
 
 Tavanes, Gaspard de Saulx de, a French 
 general, born 1509. He M'as taken pri- 
 soner with Francis I. at the fatal battle of 
 Pavia, and afterwards became the compa- 
 nion of the king's second son the duke of 
 Orleans. Called away at last from scenes 
 of dissipation and extravagance, he be- 
 came an ornament to the military profes- 
 sion. He prevailed upon the rebellious ci- 
 tizens of Rochclle to return to their duty 
 in 1542, and two years after he ably con- 
 tributed to the victory of Cerisoles. lie 
 distinguished himself so much at the battle 
 of Renti in 1554, that the king seeing him 
 covered with dust and witk.|)lood,'torc the 
 
 697 
 
TAV 
 
 TAY 
 
 oictcr of St. Michael which he wove round 
 his own neck, to throw it around that of 
 his vahant general. His courage again was 
 displayed at the sieges of Calais and Thion- 
 Tille, and afterwards at the famous victories 
 of Jarnac and Moncontour ; but his cha- 
 racter in the eyes of humanity must deser- 
 vedly sufier for the countenance and sup- 
 port which he gave to the bloody massacre 
 of St. Bartholomew, though he had the 
 magnanimity to save from the horrors of 
 that dreadful day the king of Navarre and 
 (he prince of Conde. He died at Sully 
 29th June, 1573, as he was preparing to go 
 to the siege of Rochelle, which had again 
 revolted. His son William was governor 
 of Burgundy, and espoused the cause of the 
 league, which he maintained at the battle 
 of Ivry, but he was afterwards reconciled 
 to Henry IV. and died 1633. The family 
 long distinguished itself in the military ser- 
 vice of France. 
 
 Tavarone, Lazarus, a Genoese painter, 
 ihe disciple of Luca Cangiagio, and his suc- 
 cessor in the service of the Spanish king. 
 He died 1631, aged 75. 
 
 Taubman, Frederic, a German critic, 
 born at Wonscisch, in Franconia, 1565. 
 He was well educated at Culmbach, 
 though his father-in-law was but a tailor, 
 and on the foundation of the college of 
 Heilbrun, 1582, he was removed thither 
 among other promising students. Ten 
 years after he went to Wittemberg, and be- 
 came the favourite of the prince of Saxony, 
 and in 1595, obtained the professorship of 
 poetry and belles lettres, which he kept till 
 his death 1613. His private character was 
 very amiable. He left a widow and five 
 children. He wrote commentarius in 
 Plautum, 1605, and also in Virgilium — de 
 Lingua Latina Dissertatio, besides Latin 
 poems, &c. 
 
 Tavernier, John Baptist, a famous tra- 
 veller born at Paris, 1605. He acquired a 
 fondness for travelling, in the house and 
 conversation of his father who was a 
 merchant, and after visiting the best part 
 of Europe, before he had completed his 
 23d year, he meditated more distant ex- 
 cursions in mercantile pursuits as a trader 
 in jewels. In the space of forty years he is 
 said to have travelled six times into Turkey, 
 Persia, and the East Indies, by various 
 routes, and after being ennobled by Lewis 
 XIV. he, in 1668, purchased Aubonne near 
 Geneva, there to spend the rest of his days, 
 in the enjoyment of independence and tran- 
 quillity. His affairs, however, were after- 
 wards thrown into disorder by the ill con- 
 duct of a nephew, and to repair his losses 
 he began a seventh journey into the East. 
 He died on his way at Moscow, July 16S9, 
 aged 84. His travels, 6 vols. l2mo. were 
 published in French, with the assistance of 
 his friends, as hewas not a jierfect master 
 698 
 
 of the language, and they have been trana* 
 lated into English. 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy, a celebrated prelatSj 
 son of a barber at Cambridge. At the age 
 of thirteen he was admitted at Caius col- 
 lege, Cambridge. And when he had taken 
 orders, he removed to London, where he 
 was introduced to Laud, who admired his 
 abilities as a scholar, and his eloquence as a 
 preacher,and by his influence, procured him 
 a fellowship at All-souls college, Oxford, 
 1636. He was afterwards made chaplain to 
 his patron, who bestowed upon him the rec- 
 tory of Uppingham, and in 1642, he was 
 created by royal mandamus doctor in divi- 
 nity. During the civil troubles he retired 
 to Caermarthenshire, where he maintained 
 himself by teaching a school, till the death 
 of three sons in three months rendered his 
 retirement extremely unpleasant,and there- 
 fore he retired to London, and soon after 
 accompanied lord Conway to Ireland, and 
 settled at Portmore. At the restoration he 
 came back to England, and in 1662, he was 
 nominated to the bishopric of Down and 
 Connor, and to the administration of Dro- 
 more, and was appointed vice-chancellor of 
 the university of Dublin. He died of a 
 fever at Lisnegarvy 13th Aug. 1667, and 
 was buried in a chapel which he had erect- 
 ed on the ruins of Dromore cathedral. His 
 friend and successor Dr. Rust represents 
 him as a most learned man, of solid judg- 
 ment, keen sagacity, and the most lively 
 imagination, to which were united all the 
 mild virtues of private life. His writings 
 are universally known and admired, the best 
 of which are, his life and death of Jesus 
 Christ, folio — Holy living and dying, 8vo. 
 — Ductor Dubitantium — Cases of Con- 
 science — Discourse on the liberty of pro- 
 phesying, &c. 
 
 Taylor, John, called the water poet, 
 was born in Gloucestershire 1580. From 
 Gloucester school, where he learnt little, 
 he was bound apprentice to a waterman in 
 London, but in the midst of his laborious 
 vocation he often indulged in poetry. In 
 1642, he came to Oxford, where he kept a 
 victualling house, and assisted the King's 
 service by his facetious songs and ballads 
 against the Roundheads. When Oxford 
 surrendered, he went to London, and kept 
 a public house in Phoenix alley, Long Acre, 
 which he called the Mourning Crown. The 
 sign, however, displeased the government, 
 and instead of it he hung up his own eflSgy, 
 with these lines under. 
 
 There's many a head stands for a sig^ij 
 Then, gentle reader, why not mine ? 
 
 And, on the other side, these, 
 Though I deserve not, I desire 
 The laurel wreath, the poeVs hire. 
 He died 1654, aged 74, and his portrait was 
 given by his nephew, a painter, to the pic- 
 
TAY 
 
 tt:k 
 
 lure gallery Oxford. It is s ul tliat he 
 wrote eighty books, more facetious than 
 elegant. 
 
 Taylor, John, a dissenting minister of 
 abilities, was born near Lancaster, lie was 
 settled twenty years at Kirkstead, Lin- 
 colnshire, and then removed to Norwich, 
 and afterwards, by pressnig invitations, to 
 Warrington, where lie was engaged to su- 
 perintend the academy there. In this si- 
 tuation, where he expected independence 
 and comfort, he soon found opposition and 
 ill treatment, and this weiglied so much 
 upon his mind, that it shortened his days. 
 He died 5th March, 1761. He wrote a 
 treatise on Original Sin, — various theolo- 
 gical tracts, &c. but his most valuable work 
 is a Hebrew and English concordance, 2 
 vols, folio. 
 
 Tatlor, John, an eminent critic, born 
 1703, at Shrewsbury, where his father was 
 a barber. He was educated at the gram- 
 mar-school there, and at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, of which he became fellow 
 1730. He soon distinguished himself by 
 bis publications, and was appointed, by the 
 university, its librarian, and afterwards re- 
 gisti-ar. He took his doctor's degree in ci- 
 vil law, and was of Doctors Commons, and 
 afterwards became known to lord Carteret, 
 who intrusted him with the education of 
 his sons. After some hesitation he took 
 orders, and obtained the rectory of Law- 
 ford, Essex, the archdeaconry of Bucks, 
 and the residentiaryship of St. Paul's. He 
 died April 4th, 1766, universally and deser- 
 vedly lamented, and was buried nearly un- 
 der the litany desk in St. Paul's. His 
 publications were numerous and highly re- 
 spectable. Besides public orations and 
 other tracts, he published " Elements of 
 the Civil Law," 4to. 1755, and 1769,— 
 valuable editions of Lysias and Demos- 
 thenes, — a Latin dissertation on the Mar- 
 mor Sandvicense, &c. 
 
 Taylor, Brook, an eminent philosopher 
 and mathematician, born at Edmonton 
 2Sth Aug. 1685. He was educated at home, 
 and at the age of fifteen entered at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge, and in 1709, 
 took his degree of LL.B. He became 
 known by his treatise on the Centre of Os- 
 cillation, and in 1712, was admitted into 
 the Royal Society, and two years after 
 elected the secretary of that learned body . 
 He took the degree of LL.D. in 1714, 
 and continued to distinguish himself by his 
 philosophical publications. He visited 
 Paris in 1717, and was honourably received 
 by the French literati, and soon after his 
 return he resigned the ofllce of secretary to 
 the Royal Society. He was twice married, 
 and had the singular misfortune of losing 
 both his wives very soon after his union 
 with them, a melancholy circumstance, 
 which in some degree hastened his end. 
 
 His first wife died 1723, and the second^ 
 whom he married in 17-25, died indiild- 
 bed 1729, and on the 29th Dec. 17 11, he 
 himself fell a victim to a consumptive disor- 
 der in his 16th year, lie was buried at 
 St. Ann's, Soho. His works on mathema- 
 tical subjects arc very valuable, especially 
 his new Principles of Linear Perspective, 
 which has often been republished and also 
 improved by Colson of Cambridge. He 
 wrote also Contemplatio Philosophica, pub- 
 lished by Sir William Young, the son of 
 his only surviving daughter by his second 
 wife. 
 
 Taylor, George, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of American Independence, 
 was a respectable and wealthy Iron Master 
 of Northampton County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 ICT' L. 
 
 Teilo, a British saint in the fifth centu- 
 ry. It is said that he founded a college at 
 Landaff, and erected that church into a bi- 
 shop's see. Several churches in Wales 
 bear his name. 
 
 Teissier, Anthony, a native of Mont- 
 pelier, who quitted France at the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, and retired to Prus- 
 sia. He was made by the elector historio- 
 grapher, with a handsome salary, and 
 counsellor of embassies. He died at Ber- 
 lin, 1715, aged 83. He is author of Eloges 
 of learned Men, from de Thou's History, 4 
 vols. 12mo. — Catalogus Auetorum qui 
 Librorum Catalogos Indices Bibliothecas, 
 Virorum Literator. Elogia, Vitam aut Ora- 
 tiones Funebris scriptis Consignanint, Svo. 
 — the Duties of Man as a Citizen, from Puf- 
 fendorf— Moral and Political Instructions 
 — Calvin's Letters — the Life of Illustrious 
 Princes, &c. 
 
 Tekeli, Emmeric, count de, a noble 
 Hungarian, who escaped from the captivity 
 which the Austrians prepared against his 
 father for his attachment to the cause of 
 some rebellious chiefs. From Poland, 
 where he had concealed himself, Tekeli is- 
 sued forth to head the Hungarian malcon- 
 tents, and he proved successful against the 
 forces of Austria. Assisted by the armies 
 of the Turks, and by the Transylvanians, 
 he wished to assume the title of king, but 
 the terror which he spread among the Im- 
 perialists did not further his views of ambi- 
 tion, nor promote a reconciliation with the 
 emperor. He joined in the siege of Vienna, 
 with the vizier Mustapha ; but though the 
 disasters which happened were attributed 
 to him by the suspicious Turk, he hastened 
 to Adrianople to justify himself in the pre- 
 sence of the grand signior Mahomet, who 
 assured him of his protection, and bestowed 
 on him the principality of Transylvania. 
 This was but an empty title, as the pro- 
 vince was in the hands of the Austrians, 
 and therefore, after a vain but gallant strug- 
 gle against Heusler, 
 
 699 
 
 the governor of the 
 
TEL 
 
 TEL 
 
 country, lie retired from the contest, and 
 lived in a private manner at Constantino- 
 ple. He was a man of great courage, but 
 though admired for his intrepidity, he want- 
 ed judgment, and that commanding pre- 
 sence of mind which often converts dangers 
 into prosperous events in the career of the 
 military hero. He died near Nicomedia, 
 13th Sept. 1705, aged 47. 
 
 Telfair, Edward, several years gover- 
 nor of Georgia, was one of the principal 
 promoters of the revolution in that colony, 
 and one of the committee appointed in 
 1774, to draw up resolutions to be adopted 
 by the friends of liberty. In 1780 he was 
 appointed a delegate to congress. He was 
 employed in various public stations during 
 a long life, and died at Savannah, October, 
 1807. ICT' L. 
 
 Tell, William, a celebrated Swiss, one 
 of the heroes who restored liberty to their 
 oppressed country in 1307. The conspi- 
 racy which he had formed with others was 
 suspected, when the Austrian governor, 
 Herman Gesler, more clearly to ascertain 
 the spirit of the people, ordered a hat to be 
 raised on a pole, and homage to be paid to 
 it as to himself. Tell refused, and when 
 seized for disobedience, was directed to 
 shoot an arrow at an apple placed on the 
 head of his own son, or else to be dragged 
 with his child to immediate death. He 
 cleft the apple in two without injuring his 
 son, and declared that the other arrow 
 which he had in his girdle w^as intended for 
 the heart of the governor if he had hurt his 
 child. This boldness occasioned his con- 
 finement, and the governor, afraid of a res- 
 cue, carried him across the lalie of Lucern; 
 but a violent storm obliged Gesler, who 
 knew the nautical skill of his prisoner, to 
 intrust to him the helm for his own pre- 
 servation. Tel!, freed from his fetters, 
 steered the boat to a rock, still called by 
 his name, leaped ashore, and escaped into 
 the mountains. The governor afterwards 
 was shot by the hand of Tell, and the 
 Swiss, roused to arms by the conduct of 
 their hero, drove away their Austrian mas- 
 ters, and established the independence of 
 their country. Tell, 47 years after this 
 great event, lost his life in an inundation 
 at Burgeln, 1354. His descendants became 
 extinct in the male line in 1684, and in the 
 female 1720. 
 
 Tellier, Michael le, a French lawyer, 
 born at Paris, 19th April, 1603. After fill- 
 ing various law offices about the court, he 
 was in 1640 named intendant of Piedmont, 
 and gained the favour of cardinal Mazarin, 
 who recommended him to Lewis XIIL as 
 a proper person to be secretary of state. 
 He displayed great abilities in this office, 
 and during the political disputes which 
 agitated France after the death of Lewis 
 XIIL he possessed the confidence of the 
 7.00 
 
 queen-mother and of the cardinal, and con- 
 tributed much to the restoration of con- 
 cord and reconciliation among the contend- 
 ing parties. Though he resigned in 1666 
 his office to his son, he yet continued in 
 the cabinet, and in 1677 was made chan- 
 cellor of the kingdom. It is to be lament- 
 ed that his many services were disgraced 
 by a particular hatred against the protes- 
 tants, whom he represented to the mo- 
 narch as suspicious subjects. By his in- 
 fluence with Lewis XIV. the famous edict 
 of Nantes was revoked, and the minister, 
 triumphing in the cruel measures which he 
 saw adopted, exclaimed, profanely, " nunc 
 dimittis servum tuum, Domine, quia vide- 
 runt oculi mei salutare tuum." He died a 
 few days after, 28th Oct. 1685, aged 83, 
 and his funeral oration was pronounced by 
 Bossuet. To great intrigue of character, 
 and to deep dissimulation, he joined the im- 
 posing appearance of simple and austere 
 manners, high talents for business, inde- 
 fatigable application, and extensive know- 
 ledge. 
 
 Tellier, Francis Michael le, marquis 
 de Louvois, son of the chancellor of 
 France, was born at Paris, Jan. 18th, 1641. 
 The elevation of his father, as well as his 
 own abilities recommended him to notice ; 
 at the age of 23 he was made war minis- 
 ter, and in 1666 he became secretary of 
 state. He was a great favourite at court, 
 and after the death of Colbert in 1683, he 
 was placed by Lewis XIV. in the office of 
 superintendent of buildings, arts, and 
 manufactures. His attention was like- 
 wise du'ected to military affairs ; he intro- 
 duced more regular discipline into the 
 army, supplied the magazines with provi- 
 sions, and built the royal hospital of inva- 
 lids. The consciousness, however, of his 
 own abilities, rendered him proud and ar- 
 rogant, and he even showed some marks 
 of disrespect to his king. Lewis, in con- 
 sequence of this, treated him with cold- 
 ness, and the ambitious and disappointed 
 minister, returning home from the levee, 
 died in his own apartment of vexation and 
 grief, 16th July, 1691. Though at last un- 
 popular in the court, he was a statesman of 
 most splendid talents, who united for the 
 glory of France, promptitude, secrecy, 
 spirit, and magnanimous conduct. Ma- 
 dame de Sevigne has elegantly comment- 
 ed on his death in her letters to her daugh- 
 ter. The " Testament Politique," pub- 
 lished in his name, was written by Cour- 
 tils. 
 
 Tellier, Adrian le, a lawyer of Melun, 
 who was returned as deputy to the national 
 assembly of France, and afterwards to the 
 convention. He was in 1795, sent by the 
 convention to Chartres, to encourage a 
 more free circulation of the corn, but the 
 diaffected raised a yiolent cry against him, 
 
TEM 
 
 TEM 
 
 anil obliged him not only to sign ft tlecrcc, 
 to reduce bread to three sous the pound, 
 but to proclaim it, in the public square, 
 mounted on the back of an ass. This in- 
 dignity had such an elVect on the feelings of 
 this honest deputy, that he shot himself on 
 returning to his lodgings, leaving a paper 
 by which he declared the decree which he 
 had signed void, and hoped that no blood 
 but his own might be shed to restore the 
 public tranquillity. 
 
 Tellier, N. le, a faithful servant about 
 the person of Barthelemy. When this vir- 
 tuous minister was condemned, during the 
 violent measures of the French revolution, 
 to be deported in 1797, the honest domes- 
 tic demanded to share his captivity, and, 
 from the prison of the Temple, he was con- 
 veyed with him to Guyenne, where his at- 
 tentions and kindnesses administered to his 
 relief under a burning climate, and in the 
 hands of cruel oppressors. When Barthe- 
 lemy escaped from his dungeon, Tellier ac- 
 companied his flight, but this faithful friend 
 died on the passage, before he reached the 
 European shores. 
 
 Tempesta, Antonio, a Florentine paint- 
 er, the disciple of Strada. His landscapes, 
 animals, and battles, were much admired 
 for their spirit, and the delicacy of their 
 colouring He died 1630, aged 75. He 
 also engraved some of his pieces. 
 
 Temple, sir William, an eminent states- 
 man, son of sir William Temple, master 
 of the Rolls in Ireland, was born in Lon- 
 don, 1629. He was educated under the 
 care of his uncle Dr. Hammond, minister 
 of Penshurst, Kent, and afterwards at 
 Bishop's Stratford school, and at the age 
 of 17 was admitted of Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, where he had Cudworth for 
 his tutor. He did not continue more than 
 one year at the university, and then tra- 
 velled through France, Holland, Flanders, 
 and Germany, and returned to England in 
 1654. He lived in Ireland during the 
 usurpation, devoted to studious pursuits 
 and philosophy ; but at the restoration he 
 became a member of the Irish parliament. 
 About 1663 he removed with his family to 
 England, and then began to be employed 
 as an active and penetrating negotiator. 
 He was chiefly instrumental in forming 
 the triple league in 1668 between England, 
 Holland, and Sweden, and also by his 
 means the marriage of the lady Mary with 
 the prince of Orange was effected. After 
 spending twenty years in the affairs of the 
 state, and in advancing her prosperity and 
 consequence by his negotiation^^ with fo- 
 reign nations, he retired in 1680 from pub- 
 lic life, and employed the rest of his time 
 in literary pursuits, and in the cultivation 
 of his grounds. But, though withdrawn 
 from the intrigues of courts, his charac- 
 
 ter for general information and for in- 
 tegrity was too well known to he neglect- 
 ed ; his advice and opinions were fre- 
 quently consulted by the leading men of 
 the nation, and even king William himself 
 visited him to converse with him on po- 
 litical affairs. Sir William died at the end 
 of 1700, at Moor Park, near Faridiam, and 
 according to his directions his heart was 
 buried in a silver box under a sun-dial in 
 his garden. Though universally respected 
 as an able negotiator, sir William is cen- 
 sured, and with justice, by bishop Burnet, 
 not only for his vanity and spleen, but for 
 his irreligious and profane principles. His 
 only son John was a man of abilities, and 
 was, in consequence of his merit, and his 
 father's influence, made secretary at war 
 under king William ; but he had scarce 
 been in office one week when he drowned 
 himself at London bridge, 14th x\pril, 1689. 
 The cause of this melancholy event is said 
 to have originated in his recommending to 
 the king too warmly, though innocently, 
 general Hamilton, who, instead of re- 
 ducing to obedience Tyrconnel, the rebel- 
 lious viceroy of Ireland, encouraged and 
 assisted him in his defection. This mis- 
 fortune was borne with great composure 
 by the father, whose atheistical opinion it 
 was said was, that a wise man might dis- 
 pose of himself and make his life as short 
 as he pleases. By his wife, a French lady 
 of the name of Rambouillet, the son had 
 two daughters, to whom he left his pro- 
 perty, provided they did not marry French- 
 men. The works of sir William are valu- 
 able, and consist of Memoirs of Public 
 AflTairs during his public employments — 
 Letters — Miscellanies — Observations on 
 the United Provinces of the Netherlands, 
 2 vols, folio, &c. 
 
 Templeman, Peter, M.D. a physician, 
 born at Dorchester, Dorsetshire, 17th 
 March, 1711, and educated at the Char- 
 ter-house, from whence he went to Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. After taking his first 
 degrees, he went to Leyden, where for 
 two years he studied medicine under Boer- 
 haave, and other celebrated professors, and 
 in 1739 returned to London. Though he 
 settled in London with the intention to 
 practise, yet he was of too indolent a dis- 
 position to succeed, and his fondness for 
 literature, and the company of men of 
 science and erudition, left him little time 
 to pursue his original plan. In 1753 he 
 was appointed keeper of the reading room 
 of the British museum, which he resigned 
 in 1760, when elected secretary to the new 
 society of arts. He died of an asthma, 
 23d Sept. 1769. He was a man of great 
 erudition, and published a translation of 
 Norden's Travels in Egypt — Curious Re- 
 marks on Physic, Anatomy, &c. extracted 
 
 701 
 
TEN 
 
 TEN 
 
 from the memoirs of the French academy 
 of sciences, &c. — besides some poetical 
 pieces. 
 
 Templeman, Thomas, a writing mas- 
 ter of Bury, Suffolk, who published en- 
 graved tables, with calculations of the 
 number of square feet and population of 
 the kingdoms of the world, tblio, 
 
 Tencin, Peter Guerin de, a native of 
 Grenoble, nho was educated at Paris, and 
 embracing the ecclesiastical profession, be- 
 came grand vicar of Sens. He went in 
 1721 with cardinal de Bissy, to Rome, and 
 after the election of Innocent XIII. to the 
 popedom he remained in that capital as the 
 envoy of France. His services were re- 
 warded by the archbishopric of Embrun, 
 and in 1739 he was raised to the purple, 
 and soon after made archbishop of Lyons, 
 and prime minister of France in the room 
 of Fieury. This high distinction was 
 not suited to the talents of the new cardi- 
 nal, who, though he might possess the 
 abilities or the intrigues necessary for an 
 inferior station, was devoid of that firm- 
 ness, that intelligence, and that unshaken 
 integrity which should adorn the px-ime 
 minister of a mighty empire. He retired 
 soon after from the helm of affairs, and 
 lived in privacy in his diocess, where he 
 died 1758, aged 80. 
 
 Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine Guorsi 
 de, sister of cardinal Tencin, ivas born at 
 Grenoble, and took the religious habit at 
 the monastery of Montfleuri. Tired of a 
 religious life, she obtained the pope's per- 
 mission to quit it, and she came to Paris, 
 and launched into all the extravagances 
 and foibles of the gay world. In conse- 
 quence of the death of la Fresnaye, a coun- 
 sellor of state, who was said to be murdered 
 in her chamber, she was thrust into the 
 Chatelet prison, and then into the Bastile, 
 from which she was liberated soon after. 
 She died at Paris, 1T49, advanced in years. 
 She wrote the Siege of Calais, a romance 
 of merit ; Memoirs of Comminges ; les 
 Malhem's de I'Amour, &c. 
 
 Teniers, David, a Flemish painter, born 
 at Antwerp, 1582. He learned the rudi- 
 ments of his art under Rubens, and then 
 travelled to Rome, and studied under 
 Adam Elsheimer. He afterwards return- 
 ed to Antwerp, where he died 1649. His 
 pieces are much admired for their expres- 
 sion, and contain entertaining scenes taken 
 from country fairs, drinking parties, mer- 
 ry making, chymists, &c. He was called 
 old Teniers to distinguish him from his 
 son David, who also excelled as a painter. 
 Young Teniers died at Antwerp, 1694, 
 aged 84. His pieces are highly esteemed. 
 They consist of fairs, drinking and smoking 
 parties, laboratories, &c. but are superior to 
 those of his father in harmony, union, and 
 correctness. Youns: David was patronised 
 702 
 
 by the prince of Orange, and the archduke 
 Leopold of Austria. He had a brother 
 Abraham, who was also a painter, and 
 chiefly excelled in the knowledge of the 
 chiaro obscuro. 
 
 Tenison, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, was born at Cottenham, Cambridge- 
 shire, 29th Sept. 1636, and educated at 
 Norwich school, from which he went to 
 Corpus Christi college, Cambridge. Here 
 he became fellow, and took his degrees re- 
 gularly, and in the first part of his life, du- 
 ring the prevalence of fanaticism, he studied 
 physic, but afterwards applied to divinity. 
 He was presented to the rectory of Holy- 
 well, Huntingdonshire, by lord Manchester, 
 and in 1680 he obtained the vicai'age of St. 
 Martin in the fields, London. During the 
 reign of Charles II. and his successor, he 
 was an active and zealous writer against 
 popery, and in consequence of his services 
 in favour of the revolution, he was made 
 archdeacon of London by William, 1689, 
 and in 1691 nominated to the see of Lin- 
 coln, and on the death of Tillotson, 1694, 
 promoted to Canterbury. Distinguished as 
 a parish priest by his benevolence and libe- 
 rality, and an assiduous care of his Chris- 
 tian calling, he continued, at the head of the 
 church, the same zeal, mingled with mode- 
 ration, firmness, and exemplary piety. He 
 died at Lambeth, 14th Dec. 1715, about 
 one year after his wife, daughter of Dr. 
 Love, of Benet college. He published some 
 sermons — the Creed of Hobbes examined, 
 &c. — Baconiana, or Remains of sir Francis 
 Bacon, 8vo. — some tracts, &c. 
 
 Tennent, Gilbert, minister of Philadel- 
 phia, was born in Ireland in 1703, and came 
 in early life to America. He was educated 
 by his father, who was a clergyman, and 
 taught an academy; and in 1726 was settled 
 at New-Brunswick, New-Jersey, where he 
 was highly useful. In 1740 and 1741, he 
 travelled through New-England at the re- 
 quest of Mr. Whitefield, and preached in 
 many places with great success. In 1743, 
 he established a new Presbyterian church 
 in Philadelphia, of the followers of Mr. 
 Whitefield. In 1753 he went to England 
 to solicit benefactions to the college at 
 Princeton. After a life of uncommon use- 
 fulness, he died about the year 1765. He 
 was one of the most conspicuous ministers 
 of his day, ardent in his zeal, forcible in 
 his reasoning, and bold and passionate in 
 his addresses to the conscience and heart. 
 
 iCF" L. 
 
 Tennent, William, minister of Freehold, 
 New-Jersey, was a brother of Gilbert, and 
 born in Ireland in 1705. The most remarka- 
 ble event in his history, was an apparent sus- 
 pension which he experienced for several 
 daysjof all the functions of life. He destroyed 
 his health by excessive application to study, 
 and in a swoon apparently expired. His 
 
TEK 
 
 TKR 
 
 fiicnds prcparecl to inter him, but were pci- 
 suaded to postpone iho funiral repcatcdly,by 
 a physician, who tliought he perceived some 
 indications of remaininii; life, anil at lcii£;th 
 he was restored to animation ; but for a 
 considerable time with nearly an entire loss 
 of all the knowledge he had before acquired. 
 After his recovery he related a remarkable 
 dream of the heavenly world which em- 
 ployed his mind during the swoon, and 
 which by many has been mistakenly re- 
 garded not as a mere dream occurring ac- 
 cording to the ordinary laws of the mind, 
 hut as having taken place by an actual mi- 
 gration of his soul to the heavenly regions. 
 After recovering his health, he was settled 
 at Freehold in 1733, where he laboured 
 with great devotedness and success. He 
 died 1777, aged 71 years. He was a man 
 of very eminent piety. \CZr' L. 
 
 Tentzelius, Andrew, an eminent Ger- 
 man physician, in the 17th century, author 
 of a treatise on Mummies, &c. 
 
 Tentzelius, William Ernest, a native 
 of Arnstadt, Thuringia. He devoted himself 
 to literature, and struggled with unusual re- 
 signation against the evils of poverty. He 
 died 1707, aged 49. He wrote Saxonia 
 Is^imismatic a, 4 vols. 4to. — Supplementum 
 Historiae Gothana), 3 vols. 4to. works of 
 great merit. 
 
 Terburgh, Gerard, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Zwol near Overyssel 1608, He travelled 
 over Europe, and was much noticed and en- 
 couraged, especially at the court of Spain, 
 where he was knighted. He settled at De- 
 venter, where he became a magistrate, and 
 died 1681. His subjects are chiefly con- 
 versations, persons engaged in games, and 
 other humorous adventures, much inferior 
 however to the performances of Douw, or 
 Mieris. 
 
 Terence, Publius, an African slave, in 
 the service of Terentius Lucanus. By the 
 kindness of his master he obtained his li- 
 berty, and soon distinguished himself as an 
 elegant writer of comedies. By his indus- 
 try some of the best Greek comedies ap- 
 peared in a Latin dress ; but of all these 
 only six remain, deservedly admired for 
 delicacy of sentiment, and purity of expres- 
 sion. He was drowned, as is supposed, in 
 coming from Greece, B. C. 159. 
 
 Terpander, a poet and musician of Les- 
 bos, who added three to the four strings of 
 the lyre, B. C. 675. 
 
 Terrasson, John, a French writer, born 
 at Lyons, 1670, and admitted into the con- 
 gregation of the oratory, which he after- 
 wards left. By the friendship of Bignon, 
 he procured a place in the academy of 
 sciences 1707, and in 1721, was elected 
 professor of the royal college in Greek, 
 Latin, and philosophy. He died 1750, re- 
 spected, according to Voltaire, as a good 
 practical philosopher. He wrote a disser- 
 
 tation against the Iliad, 2 vols. 12mo. du- 
 ring the dispute bcUveen la Mottc and 
 Madame Dacier about Homer, — Sethos, a 
 learned political and moral romance, trans- 
 lated into English — a traii-.laUon ol Diodo- 
 rus Siculus into French witli notes and pre- 
 faces, an excellent work in 7 vols. r2mo. 
 — Reflections in favour of Laws Mi-..sissippi 
 Project, &.C. — His brother Andrew was also 
 a priest of the oratory, and died at Paris, 
 1723, author of sermons in 4 vols. Hvo. 
 much admired. Gaspar, another brother, 
 was also of the oratory, but quitted it. Ho 
 also published sermons, and died 1752. 
 
 Terrasson, Mathew, a French lawyer, 
 born at Lyons 13th Aug. 1669. He studied 
 law at Paris, and acquired great reputation 
 in the provincial courts. Besides some con- 
 tributions to the Journal des Savans, he 
 wrote discourses, pleadings, memoirs, &.c. 
 published together in 4to. He died at Paris 
 30th Sept. 1734, aged 66. 
 
 Terrasson, Anthony, son of the prece- 
 ding, was also distinguished as an advocate. 
 He was born at Paris, 1st Nov. 1705. He 
 wrote, at the request of the chancellor 
 Aguesseau, the history of Roman Jurispru- 
 dence, published, folio, 1750, and for this 
 useful and judicious work he was made 
 censor royal, counsellor to the assembly of 
 Dombes, and afterwards advocate to the 
 French clergy, and professor to the royal 
 college. He wrote besides miscellanies in 
 history, literature, jurisprudence, criticism, 
 &c. 12mo. &c. and died 30th Oct. 1782, 
 aged 77, without issue. 
 
 Terray, Joseph Marie, a native of Boen, 
 near Roanne, who by his merits rose to 
 places of honour and trust in the French 
 government. He was made comptroller 
 general, minister of state, and director ge- 
 neral of buildings ; and in times of diffi- 
 culty he maintained his character of integ- 
 rity, loyalty, and patriotism. He recom- 
 mended to the monarch, not the laying of 
 fresh taxes on the already overloaded peo- 
 ple, but to suppress abuses, to introduce 
 reform and economy, and to make the ex- 
 penses equal to the resources of the state. 
 He retired in 1774 from public aflairs, re- 
 spected by the virtuous, but hated by those 
 who live upon the distresses of the public, 
 and grow rich by the profusion and the extra- 
 vagance of the government. He died at Pa- 
 ris, 18th Feb. 1778, aged 63. His collec- 
 tion, Des Comptes Rendus, from 1758 to 
 1787, has been published. His nephew, 
 who was intendant of Lyons, was dragged 
 with his wife to the guillotine, at Paris, 
 1793, on the accusation that he hadsuftered 
 his children to emigrate and to bear arms 
 against the republic. 
 
 Tertre, Francis Joachim Duport du, a 
 French writer, born at St. Maloes 1715. 
 He was of the society of Jesuits, among 
 whom he was professor of the learned lan- 
 
 703 
 
TES THE 
 
 guages. He died 1759. He wrote an the favour of his master, he fell under hi* 
 
 Abridgment of the history of England, 3 displeasure and ended his days in confine- 
 
 Tols. 12mo. a work of some merit — a his- ment in a fortress 1646. He wrote odes 
 
 tory of famous Conspiracies, 10 vols. 12mo. and other poems, printed Venice 1656, 2 
 
 — Abridgment of the History of Spain, 5 vols. 12mo. He was a successful imitator 
 
 vols. l2mo. — L'Almanach Des Beaux Arts, of the best writers of Greece and Rome, 
 
 &c. and was called by his countrymen the Ita- 
 
 Tertre, John Baptist, a native of Calais, Han Horace, 
 ■who after serving his country in the military Testzel, John, a native of Pirn on the 
 and naval service, became a Dominican, Elbe. He became a Dominican, and was 
 and set out as Missionary into America, empowered by the archbishop of Mayence, 
 After a zealous discharge of his mission, he to publish the indulgences granted by pope 
 returned to Europe 1658, and died at Paris Leo X. for the completion of St. Peter's 
 1687. He wrote a general history of the church at Rome. The zeal with which this 
 Antilles belonging to the French, 4 vols, holy father executed his commission, drew 
 4to. 1667, and 1671, a work accurate, upon him the attacks of Luther, and at last 
 though not elegantly written. There was became the cause of the reformation. Not 
 a Jesuit of that name, Rodolphus, a native only in the monasteries, but in taverns and 
 of Alenqon, who died 1762, aged 95. He even brothels, these indulgences for the 
 was author of some works on religious remission of sins were to be bought, and 
 subjects, and refuted Malebranche's Meta- whoever contributed to the filling of the 
 physics. purse of the holy see might be permitted to 
 Tertullian, Q. Septim. Florus, one of riot in the greatest debauchery, and even, 
 the fathers of the church, was born at Car- as Testzel said, might offer violence to the 
 thage. When converted to Chiistianity he holy virgin, and be forgiven by the power of 
 came to Rome, and produced his famous the pope, whose arms were equal to the 
 apology for the Christians during the perse- cross of Christ. When this bigoted preach- 
 cution of Severus. He died about 216. er was reproached by Miltitius as being 
 Terwesten, Augustin, a Dutch painter, the cause of all the disasters of the church 
 He was born at the Hague, and studied the in Germany, he was so afflicted with the 
 works of the best masters in Italy. By his imputation that he died of a broken heart, 
 influence the academy of painting was re- 1519. 
 vived at the Hague, and that of Berlin was Textor. Vid. Texiei. 
 established. He died at Berlin, where be Thais, a celebrated courtezan of Corinth, 
 had been deservedly patronised, 1711, aged who persuaded Alexander the Great to set 
 72. His brothers Matthew and Elias were Persepolis on fire. She afterwards married 
 also eminent painters. The first excelled Ptolemy king of Egypt. 
 in the representation of fruits and flowers, THALES,a famous philosopher of Miletus, 
 and died 1724, and the latter was admired who improved himself by travelling, and 
 for his valuable historical pieces. He died deserved to be the first of the seven wise 
 1735. men. He first observed the apparent dia- 
 Testa, Peter, an Italian painter and en- meter of the sun, and divided the year into 
 graver, born at Lucca 1659. He studied 365 days. He also was able to predict 
 at Rome, under Dominichino, and showed eclipses, and died B. C. 545. 
 great attachment to his art, though his sub- Thellusson, Peter, a native of Geneva, 
 jects were not always correct, nor his exe- who settled as a merchant in London, where 
 cution chaste. He was drowned in the he acquired, by his industry and labour, an 
 Tiber, 1650, while endeavouring to recover enormous fortune. He died at his seat at 
 his hat, which had been blown into the wa- Plastow, Kent, 21st July,1797, leaving three 
 ter whilst he was engaged in taking a land- sons and three daughters. From an ambi- 
 scape. tious desire of posthumous fame, he left his 
 Testelin, Lewis, a painter, born at Pa- property in an extraordinary manner. To 
 ris. He studied under Vouet, and distin- his wife and children he left about 100,000?. 
 guished himself by his historical pieces, and the rest amounting to upwards of 500, 
 His restoration of Tabitha to life, and the OOOZ. he leaves to trustees to accumulate 
 scourging of Paul and Silas were the best till the male children of his sons andgrand- 
 of his compositions. He died at Paris 1655, sons are dead. This distant period may 
 aged 40. His brother Henry also excelled extend to 120 years, in which case the pro- 
 as a painter, and was on account of his perty will then amount to 140 millions, and 
 merits patronised by the French king. He if then he should have no lineal descendants, 
 died 1696, aged SO. He was, as well as this astonishing property is to go to the use 
 his brother, member of the French aca- of the country, for the benefit of the sinking 
 demy. fund. This extraordinar}' will was disputed 
 Testi, Fulvio, an Italian poet, born at by his surviving family, but it was affirmed 
 Ferrara. He became prime minister to by a solemn decree of chancery, though 
 Francis duke of Modena, but after enjoying afterwards an act was passed, by the means 
 704 
 
THi: 
 
 THE 
 
 of chancellor Uosslyn, to prevent the recur- 
 rence of so extravagant a desire of private 
 accumulation. 
 
 Thkrusius, a Paphlagoiiian philosopher 
 in the fourth century, made prefect of Con* 
 stantinople by Theodosius. lie wrote com- 
 mentaries on Aristotle and Plato, and died 
 410 A. D. 
 
 TnEMisoN, an ancient physician, author 
 of the sect called Methodists in Medicine 
 before the Christian era. 
 
 Themistocles, an illustrious Athenian 
 general. He was brave in war, and in the 
 invasion of Greece by Xerxes, his prudence 
 and perseverance contributed to the naval 
 battle and victory of Salamis. After 
 strengthening and improving the resources 
 of his country, he was treated with suspi- 
 cion and ingratitude by his fellow-citizens, 
 and sought an asylum in the territories of 
 his Persian enemies. He died at Magne- 
 sia, 449 B.C. aged 65. 
 
 Theobald, Lewis, the editor ofShak- 
 speare, was born at Sittingbournc, Kent, 
 and educated at Islington. He studied the 
 law, which he soon relinquished for poetry. 
 He was for some time engaged in the Cen- 
 sor, published in Mist's Journal, and by his 
 severe censure on the wits of the age, drew 
 down their resentment upon his own head. 
 Pope made him the hero of his Dunciad, 
 but aftenvards bestowed the honour on 
 another character. He, in 1720, introdu- 
 ced on the stage the Double Falsehood as 
 the production of Shakspeare, which was 
 attacked by Pope and other critics. He 
 wrote in 1726, Shakspeare Restored, and 
 besides, above 20 dramatic pieces of little 
 merit. He is chiefly known as the editor 
 of Shakspeare's plays, 8 vols, labours which, 
 though abused by some critics, and espe- 
 cially Warburton, are not devoid of merit. 
 He died 1742. 
 
 Theocritus, a famous Greek poet of 
 Syracuse, patronised by Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus. He wrote Idyllia, in a very interest- 
 ing style of sweetness and simplicity, be- 
 sides epigrams. 
 
 Theodatus, king of the Goths, was 
 placed on the throne of Italy by his aunt 
 Amalasonta, whom he married, and after- 
 wards destroyed. He was defeated by 
 Belisarius, the general of Justinian, and 
 then put to death by his own soldiers, A.D. 
 536. 
 
 Theodore, king of Corsica, was son of 
 Anthony, baron de Newhoff and de Stein, 
 in Westphalia. He was born 1696 at 
 Metz, where his father then held an office 
 at the court of Lorraine, having left his 
 country in consequence of marrying a mer- 
 chant's daughter against the wishes of his 
 family. Young Theodore was for some 
 lime in the suite of baron Gortz, the Swe- 
 dish minister, but after his execution he 
 left the Swedish for the Spanish service. 
 
 YOL. II. 89 
 
 He afterwards visited France, Holland; 
 and England, and in 1736 landed in Corsi- 
 ca, while the inliabitiints of that island 
 were in a .state of rebellion against their 
 tyrannical masters the Genoese. His cha- 
 racter for boldness and ent»;rprisc wa3 
 such that he was treated with uimsual re- 
 spect by the heads of the insurrection, and 
 as he had brought with him supplies of arms 
 and money, he was soon regarded as the 
 future delivoer of the opprcs.sed Corsicans, 
 and solemnly declared king of the island, 
 15th April, 1736. In this new capacity h* 
 displayed great vigour ; though denounced 
 as a traitor by the Genoese, he collected an 
 army of 25,000 men, and laid siege to Bas- 
 tia, which he took. Asoistanee from abroad 
 was also expected, to give weight and con- 
 sequence to his measures : and to render 
 his power more united, he established o 
 military order, called the Order of Deliver- 
 ance, but his popularity at last began to 
 vanish when the promised succours from 
 France and England did not arrive. His 
 subjects grew dissatisfied, and threatened 
 to reduce him to a private station ; but 
 Theodore, not tnisting to the negotiations 
 of ambassadors, deternuned in person to 
 solicit the crowned heads of Europe for as- 
 sistance, and after appointing a regency of 
 47 to manage the public affairs in his ab- 
 sence, he left the island. He now travel- 
 led in disguise ; but when he reached Paris, 
 he was ordered to leave the kingdom ; and 
 after retiring to Amsterdam, ivhere he met 
 with some protection, he embarked for the 
 Mediterranean, but was soon after seized 
 at Naples, and imprisoned in the fortress 
 of Cueta. His circumstances were now so 
 desperate, that when he regained his liber- 
 ty, he could not venture to visit his sub- 
 jects, but fled to England for an asylum. 
 His creditors prosecuted him also in Eng-' 
 land, and in the midst of his distresses, 
 though a charitable contribution v.'as made 
 for his relief, he was thrown into the king's- 
 bench prison, from which in 1750 he extri- 
 cated himself, by the privilege of a)i act of 
 insolvency, after registering his kingdom 
 for the benefit of his creditors at Guildhall 
 He died soon after, Dec. 11, 1756, at the 
 house of his tailor, and was buried in the 
 churchyard of St. Anne's, Westminster. 
 In 1757 a marble monument was erected 
 to his memory, by Horace Walpole, witlt 
 these concluding lines : 
 
 The grave, great teacher^ to a level brings 
 Heroes and beggurSygnlley slaves a7id kings. 
 But Theodore this mond learned, ere dead, 
 Fate poured its lesson on his living head ; 
 Bestowed a kingdom, and denied him breed. 
 
 Theodoret, a father of the church, de- 
 posed from his bishopric by the council of 
 Ephesus, but restored by the assembly of 
 Chalcedon. He died about 460. He wrot^ 
 
 70.? 
 
THE 
 
 THE 
 
 an Ecclesiastical History, Lives of Saints, 
 Commentaries, &c. 
 
 THEODORir, first king of the Goths in 
 Italy, was the natural son of Theodomir, 
 king of the Ostrogoths. He was given up 
 as a hostage by Welamir, his father's bro- 
 ther, to the emperor Leo L 461, and he 
 distinguished himself by the importance of 
 his services to Zeno, who had been driven 
 from his throne by Basilisces. He became 
 consul, 484, and was sent by the emperor 
 to Italy, against Odoacer, whom he defeat- 
 ed and put to death. Thus become master 
 of all Italy, he strengthened his power by 
 marrying, in 509, the sister of Clovis, king 
 of France, and by making a treaty of alli- 
 ance with Anastasius, emperor of the East, 
 and with the Vandals of Africa. In the 
 enjoyment of peace, be devoted himself to 
 the improvement of his dominions, and to 
 the happiness of his people, and bis noble 
 plans were warmly and ably seconded by 
 his active secretary, the celebrated Cassio- 
 dorus. New edifices were raised to beau- 
 tify Rome ; her walls were repaired, and 
 Pavia and Ravenna also equally shared the 
 kindness of their munificent prince. While, 
 however, he promoted commerce, encou- 
 raged the arts, and patronised literature, 
 Theodoric grew suspicious and cruel, and 
 lie caused to be put to death Symmachus 
 and Boethius, two of the most illustrious of 
 his subjects. This inhumanity, it is said, 
 preyed upon his mind, and he died soon 
 after, under the severest tortures of con- 
 science, 30th Aug. 526. 
 
 Theodorus, a bishop of Cilicia, who died 
 428. His works were condemned by a ge- 
 lieral council, as heretical. His commen- 
 taries on the Psalms, &c. are extant. 
 
 TiiEODOSics, a noble Roman, raised for 
 his valour and services, to a share of the 
 imperial throne, by Gratian. When sole 
 emperor, he waged successful war against 
 the Goths ; but he disgraced himself in 
 causing the people of Thessalonica to be 
 put to the sword, a cruel action which drew 
 down upon him the censures of St. Am- 
 brose, and exclusion from the church till 
 he made due atonement for the crime. He 
 afterwards defeated the barbarians that in- 
 vaded Thrace, and proved equally fortu- 
 nate in his war against Maximus and Eu- 
 genius. He died at Milan, 395. 
 
 Theodosius II. grandson of 'the prece- 
 ding, succeeded his father Arcadius on the 
 imperial throne, 408. Though a weak 
 prince, he defeated the Persians on the 
 borders of the Euphrates ; but in his expe- 
 dition against the Huns, he was obliged to 
 purchase a dubious peace. He married 
 Eudocia, the daughter of the philosopher 
 Leontius, and died 450. 
 
 Theodotus, a tanner of Byzantium, 
 who abandoned the Christian faith to save 
 his life, under the perf^ecution of M . Aure- 
 706 
 
 iius. His apostacy drew down upon him 
 the censures of the church, and in conse- 
 quence he became the founder of a new 
 sect, which denied the divinity of Christ. 
 Another of that name became the head of 
 the Melchisedeckians, who supported that 
 the Messiah was inferior to Melchisedeck. 
 
 Theognis, a Greek poet of Megara, of 
 whose works only a few fragments remain. 
 He flourished B.C. 544. 
 
 The ON, a Greek sophist, author of a 
 Treatise on Rhetoric, edited Leyden, 1726, 
 Bvo. 
 
 Theon, a mathematician of Alexandria 
 in the age of the great Theodosius. His 
 Commentary on Euclid was printed Oxford, 
 1672, in 4to. 
 
 Theophanes, George, a native of Con- 
 stantinople, known as a historian, and as an 
 ecclesiastic at the seventh general council. 
 He was banished into Samothrace by the 
 jealousy of Leo the Armenian, and died 
 there, 818. He is author of a chronicle, 
 extending from the period where Syncellus 
 finishes, to the reign of Michael Curopa- 
 latus, of which the best edition is that of the 
 Louvre, 1655, folio. 
 
 Theophanes, Prokopowitch, a Russian 
 historian of eminence, born at Kiof, 9th 
 June, 1681. After studying under his 
 uncle, the rector of a convent school, the 
 learned languages, he went to Rome, where 
 he imbibed a taste for the fine arts and 
 works of genius. He returned to Kiof, 
 and assumed the monastic habit, and be- 
 came professor of philosophy. He was no- 
 ticed by Peter the Great, attended him in 
 his campaigns, and, under his direction, 
 was employed in reforming the clergy, and 
 abolishing the patriarchal dignity. His 
 stervices were duly rewarded ; he was made 
 bishop of Plescof, and under Catherine, 
 raised to the dignity of metropolitan of all 
 Russia, as the archbishop of Novogorod. 
 He died 1736. Besides sermons, disquisi- 
 tions, and a treatise on rhetoric, he wrote, 
 a Life of Peter the Great, which terminates 
 at the battle of Pultowa, a most candid and 
 valuable performance. 
 
 Theophilus, archbishop of Antioch, the 
 first who used the word Trinity, to express 
 the three persons in the Godhead. He 
 flourished in the second century, and wrote 
 a Defence of Christianity. 
 
 Theophrastus, a Greek Philosopher of 
 Lesbos, educated under Plato and Aristotle. 
 He was a popular teacher, and had not less 
 than 2000 pupils. His works have been 
 best published by Heinsius, Leyden, 1613, 
 folio. 
 
 Theophtlact, a native of Constantino- 
 ple, metropolitan of Bulgaria, in the 11th 
 century. He was author of Commentaries 
 on the Gospels, and Acts, and also the Pro- 
 phets, and the Epistles, &c. 
 
 Theramenes, an Athenian pbilo^opher. 
 
THi 
 
 Till 
 
 mxQ of the 30 tyrants appointed over Athens 
 by Sparta. He was condemned to death 
 b}"- Critias, because he refused to assent to 
 the violent and cruel measures of his col- 
 leagues, and took poison, B.C. 403. 
 
 Thermes, Paul de la Berthe, lord of, a 
 native of Conserans, who early devoted 
 himself to arms, and served under Francis 
 I. and his two successors. The victory of 
 Cerisoles, in 1544, was attributed to his 
 great valour, and he acquired fresh glory at 
 the taking of Saluces and llavel. He af- 
 terwards passed into Scotland, to invade 
 the English territories, and in 1551, was 
 sent as ambassador to Rome, and soon af- 
 ter he headed the French forces in Italy. 
 His capture of Dunkirk, and of St. Ve- 
 nox, was followed by his defeat at the bat- 
 tle of Gravelines, in which he was taken 
 prisoner. The peace of 1559 set him at 
 liberty, and he died at Paris, 6th May, 
 1562, aged 80, without posterity. 
 
 Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, called 
 the inventor of tragedy, B.C. 536. His 
 theatre was a cart dragged from town to 
 town, where two men with besmeared faces 
 entertained the people with uncouth dia- 
 logues and rustic songs. 
 
 Thevenot, Melchisedec, librarian to 
 the king of France, was born in Paris, 
 1621. He was actuated, from his youth, 
 with the strongest desire of seeing foreign 
 countries, and from the voyages published 
 by others, as well as from his own personal 
 observations, he gave to the world his voy- 
 ages and travels. His account of an in- 
 strument for ascertaining the longitude, and 
 the declination of the needle, is considered 
 as the best part of these books. Thevenot 
 was, for some time, ambassador of France 
 at Constantinople, and also assisted at the 
 conclave assembled after the death of Inno- 
 cent X. and was afterwards envoy at Ge- 
 noa. He died of a slow fever, Oct. 1691. 
 He was a curious collector of rare and va- 
 luable books and manuscripts, but the 
 most noble part of his libi'ary, was the mar- 
 bles presented to him by M. Nointel, with 
 bas reliefs, and inscriptions, two thousand 
 years old. His travels have been transla- 
 ted into English. He wrote also the Art 
 of swimming, 12mo. 
 
 Thevenot, John, another traveller of 
 reputation, who died 1667. It is said that 
 he Avas the first person who brought coffee 
 to Paris. He travelled into Asia, of which 
 an account was published, 3 vols. 4to. and 
 at Amsterdam, 1727, 5 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Thielin, John Philip, a painter of 
 Mechlin, born 1618. Though of noble 
 birth, and a man of considerable fortune, 
 he studied painting under Daniel Segers, 
 and produced some beautiful pieces for the 
 king of Spain. His floAvcrs were particu- 
 larly admired, as painted with native deli- 
 
 cacy, and grouped with taste, llii three 
 daughters were also eminent as artists. 
 
 Tiiierkv I. king of Francn, third son of 
 Clovis 11. asceiulcd the throne of Ncustria, 
 and Burgundy, 670, by the interest of 
 Ebroin, the mayor of the palacf;, by whom 
 he suffered himself to be goviirned. He 
 was defeated at Tostri in Vennandois, by 
 Pepin, of Austrasia, and he died four y('ars 
 after, 691, aged 39. He is called by lle- 
 nault, the third of that name. 
 
 Thierry II. or IV. son of Dagobert III. 
 was taken from a cloister to ascend the 
 throne of France. He was a king only in 
 name, as his minister Charles Martel go- 
 verned the kingdom at pleasure. He 
 died 737, aged 25. 
 
 Thierry I. son of Clovis I. obtained 
 as his share of the kingdom of France, 
 the kingdom of Austrasia, of which he 
 made Metz the capital. The best part of 
 his reign was occupied in repelling the 
 invasion of the Danes, and in quarrels 
 with his brother Childebert, king of Pa- 
 ris. He died 534, aged about 51, aftei' 
 a reign of 23 years. 
 
 Thierry II. second son of Childebert, 
 was king of Burgundy and Austrasia. He 
 was engaged in disputes with his brother 
 Theodebert, in consequence of the in- 
 trigues of his mother-in-law, Brunehaut, 
 and at last he took him prisoner, and 
 suffered him to be cruelly put to death. 
 He was afterwards reconciled to Brune- 
 haut, at whose instigation he had dis- 
 graced himself by the murder of his bro- 
 ther, but this inhuman princess, soon af- 
 ter, caused him to be poisoned, 613. 
 
 Thierry, of Niem, a native of Pader- 
 born, in Westphalia, who was secretary 
 to the popes at Rome, and was employed 
 by them at the council of Trent. lie 
 died 1417. He wrote history of the 
 schisms of the popes, fol. and other works 
 now little known. 
 
 Thierry, Henry, a printer of emi- 
 nence at Paris, in the 15th century. His 
 family became celebrated in France for 
 several generations as printers, and some 
 most valuable works at various times have 
 issued from their press. One of their de- 
 scendants who was bookseller to Boileau, 
 and was immortalized by the poet in his 
 epistle to his verses, died at Paris, 1 762. 
 
 Thiers, John Baptist, a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, born at Chartres, 1536. He was 
 professor of belles lettres at Paris, and af- 
 terwards curate of Vivray, in the Mans, 
 and of Champrond, in the diocess of Char- 
 tres. He died Feb. 2Sth, 1703. He wrote 
 a treatise on Superstitions, concerning the 
 Sacraments — de Fastorum Dienun Immu*; 
 nitione Liber — and other things, besides the 
 History of Perukes, a curious boot, in 
 Avhich he says the year 1629 was the epocjj 
 
 707 
 
THO 
 
 THO 
 
 ofTerukesin France, av.u that no clergy- 
 man wore them before 1660. 
 
 Thirlby, Styan, an able critic, born at 
 Leicester, 1692. He was of Jesus college, 
 Cambridge, where he took his degree of 
 LL.D. but the most promising abilities 
 were clouded by great indolence of dispo- 
 sition, a quarrelsome temper, and a strong 
 fondness for intemperate drinking. He stu- 
 died physic, and afterwards applied himself 
 to the civil law, and then the common law, 
 but with this he soon grew dissatisfied, and 
 at last obtained a sinecure place of about 
 1001. a year as king's waiter in the port of 
 London, by the interest of his friend Sir 
 Edward Walpole, who had been his pupil. 
 For some time he resided in the house of 
 his friend, but he rendered himself disa- 
 greeable by keeping a journal of whatever 
 he observed or heard in the family, incom- 
 patible with his unsocial ideas, and he 
 spent the remainder of his life in private 
 lodgings, where he died, Dec. 19th, 1753. 
 He wrote some notes on Shakspeare's plays, 
 which appear in Johnson's edition, but he 
 is chiefly known as the author of an able 
 tract against Whiston on the Trinity, and 
 as the publisher of a valuable edition of 
 Justin's works, folio, 1723, the dedication 
 to which is considered as a masterly pro- 
 duction. 
 
 Thomas, St. surnamed Didymus, was 
 a Galilean, and one of the apostles of the 
 Redeemer. When after the resurrection, 
 he disbelieved the appearance of his Mas- 
 ter, he was convinced of the truth, and re- 
 quired by our blessed Lord to examine his 
 wounds, and to put his finger into the print 
 of the nails, upon which he expressed his 
 belief by the exclamation of, my Lord, 
 and my God ! After the ascension he went 
 to Parthia, to preach the gospel, and pene- 
 trated into the Eastern countries as far as 
 India, where it is said that he suffered mar- 
 tyrdom. 
 
 Thomas, an obscure individual, from 
 a common soldier obtained the command 
 of the troops of Leo, the Armenian, after 
 whose death he aspired to the throne of 
 the Caesars. He caused himself to be pro- 
 claimed emperor, but was soon after de- 
 feated by Michael the successor of Leo, 
 who caused him to be impaled alive, 823. 
 
 Thomas, James Ernest, a native of 
 Haglestein, who studied painting in Italy, 
 and was the friend and imitator of Esthei- 
 mer. His landscapes possessed great me- 
 rit. He died 1663, aged 65. 
 
 Thomas, William, D.D. bishop of Wor- 
 cester, was born at Bristol, 2d Feb. 1613. 
 He was educated at Caermarthen school, 
 and then entered at St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford, from which he removed to Jesus, 
 of which society he became fellow. He 
 was then chaplain to the earl of Northum- 
 708 
 
 berland, from whom he obtained the vica r* 
 age of Laugh arn, and Lansedurnen rec- 
 tory, and during the troublesome times of 
 civil war, he continued here to discharge 
 his duties, and became an active and bene- 
 volent parish priest. At last, however, he 
 was deprived of his living by the parlia- 
 ment, and had in consequence to struggle 
 with many difficulties and with poverty, till 
 the restoration replaced him in the confi- 
 dence of the government and the posses- 
 sion of his living. He was afterwards chap- 
 lain to the duke of York, and made dean of 
 W^orcester, 1665, and in 1677, raised to the 
 see of St. David's. In this diocess he ren- 
 dered himself popular by his affability and 
 attention, he often preached in Welsh ; and 
 gained the good opinion of his clergy, but 
 his attempts to remove the cathedral of his 
 diocess from the unfrequented town of St. 
 David's, to the more populous and commer- 
 cial town of Caermarthen, proved abortive. 
 In 1683, he was translated to Worcester, 
 where he behaved with exemplary attention 
 towards his clergy, and promoted the pros- 
 perity of his diocess. In 1687, he enter- 
 tained the king in his progress through the 
 country, grieved indeed at the sight of his 
 popish attendants, but hospitably respectful 
 to him as became a subject. On William's 
 accession he was unwilling to take the oaths 
 to the new monarch, and prepared to resign 
 all his preferments, and to retire to the 
 house of his friend Martin, vicar of Wol- 
 verly. He died, however, before the time 
 fixed for his departure, of a violent fit of the 
 gout, 25th June, 1689. He was buried in 
 the cloisters of his cathedral. By his wife, 
 who died 1677, he had eight children, 
 four sons and four daughters, but only two 
 survived him. Respectable as a man and 
 as a prelate, he was also a good writer, but 
 more nervous than elegant. He wrote an 
 Apology for theChurch of England, 1678-9, 
 8vo. — Letter to the Clergy — some ser- 
 mons — Roman Oracles Silenced, published 
 after his death. 
 
 Thomas, William, grandson of the bi- 
 shop, by John Thomas and Mary Bagnall, 
 was born 1670, and was educated at West- 
 minster school, from whence in 1688, he 
 was elected to Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degrees. By the interest 
 of lord Somers he obtained the living of 
 Exal in Warwickshire, and in 1721, he re- 
 moved to Worcester, for the better educa- 
 tion of his family, which consisted of nine 
 daughters and five sons. In 1723 he was 
 presented by bishop Hough to the rectory 
 of St. Nicholas, W^orcester, and died July 
 26th, 1738. He was buried in the cloisters 
 of the cathedral near his grandfather. He 
 was distinguished as a man of letters and 
 as a good antiquary. He published Anti- 
 quitates Prioratus Majoris Malverne — Dug- 
 dale's Warwickshire improved, 2 vols. foL 
 
THO 
 
 THO 
 
 i730 — a Survey of Worcester Cathedral, 
 and prepared materlials for a history of 
 Worcestershire, which have been hand- 
 somely noticed by Dr. Nash. 
 
 Thomas, Elizabeth, better known by 
 the name of Corinua, Avas born 1675. She 
 was known as a writer of considerable abi- 
 lities, but her misfortunes arose in the death 
 of Mr. Gwynnet, to whom she was to have 
 been married, 1711. After this, ill health 
 and affliction were her constant compa- 
 nions, and she sunk into the grave 3d teb. 
 1730, and was buried in St. Bride's church. 
 She incurred the severest displeasure of 
 Pope, because she had suffered Curl the 
 bookseller to publish some of the poet's let- 
 ters with those of Henry Cromwell, and for 
 this offence she was placed in a conspi- 
 cuous situation in the Dunciad. Her 
 poems were published after her death to- 
 gether with 2 vols, of letters which passed 
 between her and her lover Gwynnet. 
 
 Thomas, Anthony Leonard, a member 
 of the French academy, distinguished as a 
 wTiter and a poet. He was born at Cler- 
 mont in Auvergne, 1732, and educated 
 with great care by his mother. He was in- 
 tended for the law, but his abilities were 
 called into action by the offer of a profess- 
 orship in the college of Beauvais at Paris, 
 which was more congenial with his dispo- 
 sition. He rose gradually by his merit, and 
 was at last secretary to the duke of Orleans. 
 He died of a fever l7th Sept. 1785, at the 
 house of the archbishop of Lyons, and was 
 buried in the village of Oulins. Respected 
 and beloved as a man, he was highly esteem- 
 ed as a writer. In 1756,he published his re- 
 flections, historical and literary, on Vol- 
 tah-e's poem of natural religion, in which 
 he ably defended Christianity. In 1759, 
 his eloge of marshal Saxe was crowned by 
 the academy, and he deserved public ap- 
 plause also by his eloges on d'Aguesseau, 
 Du Guay Trouin, Des Cartes, Sully, and 
 Marcus Aurelius. He wrote also an Essay 
 on Elogies, 2 vols. 12mo. — an Essay on the 
 Character, Manners, and Mind of Females, 
 8vo. and some poems, and he was at his 
 death engaged on a poem on Peter the 
 Great. His works were published together 
 1802, 7 vols. Svo. Paris. 
 
 Thomas, Sir George, governor of Penn- 
 sylvania, was appointed in 1738, and con- 
 tinued in office until 174V, when he was 
 succeeded by James Hamilton. He was 
 previously a wealthy planter of Antigua, 
 and a member of the council there. His 
 administration was less popular than that 
 of his predecessor Gordon, because he was 
 less indulgent to the Quakers. In 1752 he 
 was appointed governor of the Leeward and 
 Caribbee Islands, where he was succeeded 
 by governor Woodleyc in 1766. On reti- 
 ring from this office he was created a Ba- 
 
 ronet. He died in Loudon, January 11th, 
 1775. iczr- h. 
 
 Thomas, John, a major-general in the 
 army of the liiitcd States, who served with 
 reputation in the war against the French 
 and Indians, and was one of the most con- 
 spicuous of the oHicers of the army at the 
 opt-iung of the revolution. He was ap- 
 pointed a brigadier-general in 1775, and 
 commanded a division of the provincial 
 troops during the siege of Boston. In 177G 
 he was advanced to the i-ank of ni:ijor-gene- 
 neral,and on the death of general Montgo- 
 mery, appointed to the command in Ca- 
 nada. He joined the army at Quebec on 
 the first of May, and soon retreated thence 
 to Chamblee, where he died of the small- 
 pox on the 30th of June. He was brave 
 and judicious as an officer, and amiable 
 in private life. IdP" L. 
 
 Thomas, Josiah, an English divine, was 
 educated at Cambridge, where he took the 
 degree of master of arts, entered into or- 
 ders, and became successively rector of 
 Kingston Devcrell in Wiltshire, and of 
 Street-cum- Walton in Somersetshire. He 
 was also made archdeacon of Bath, and cho- 
 sen minister of Christ church in that city, 
 where he died May 27th, 1820, aged sixty. 
 He published — 1. A poetical Epistle to a 
 Curate. 2. Strictures on subjects relating 
 to the established religion and the clergy. 
 3. Remarks on some popular principles and 
 notions. Mr. Thomas made himself con- 
 spicuous about a year or two before his 
 death by opposing the bishop of Gloucester, 
 at a missionary meeting of the evangelical 
 clergy, as they are denominated, at Bath. 
 — IV. B. 
 
 Thomasius, James, a native of Leipsie, 
 of an ancient family. He became there pro- 
 fessor of eloquence, belles lettres, and phi- 
 losophy, and had among his pupils the cele- 
 brated Leibnitz. He was a man of mild 
 manners and great benevolence of heart, 
 and he died 1684, aged 62, at Leipsie. He 
 wrote the Origin of Philosophical and Ec- 
 clesiastical History — several dissertations, 
 &c. all in Latin in 11 vols. Svo. His son 
 Christian was born at Leipsie, and took his 
 doctor's degree at Frankfort on the Oder 
 1676. He published a German journal, 
 which drew upon him, in consequence of 
 the severity of some of his remarks, the dis- 
 pleasure of government, and he retired to 
 Berlin, and was made by the king of Prus- 
 sia first professor of law, in the newly 
 founded university of Halle. He attracted 
 much cf the public attention by asserting in 
 a thesis that concubinage is not contrary to 
 the laws of God. He died 1728, aged 73.^ He 
 wrote an Introduction to the Philosophy of 
 the Court — Histoiy of Wisdom and Folly 
 — on the Defects of the Roman Jurispru- 
 dence, Sac. 
 
 Thompson, Edward, a native of Hullj 
 
 709 
 
THO 
 
 THO 
 
 in Yorkshire. He was educated under Dr. 
 Cox, at Hampstead, and early went to the 
 East Indies. He was afterwards pressed 
 into the navy, and by his good conduct 
 rose, in 1757, to the rank of lieutenant. 
 At the conclusion of the war he retired on 
 half pay, and then turned his thoughts to 
 literary pursuits. He published successive- 
 ly the Meretriciad, a lict- tious poem — the 
 Soldier, apoem, 4to. 1764 — the Courtezan, 
 and the Demirep, two poems, 1765 — and 
 Sailors' letters, 2 vols. 12mo. 1767. His 
 Trinculo's Trip to the Jubilee, a ludicrous 
 performance, in which he gave an account 
 of the jubilee celebrated at Stratford on 
 Avon, in honour of Shakspeare, appeared 
 in 1769, and also his Court of Cupid, 2 vols. 
 which contained a collection of the immo- 
 ral pieces which he had already obtruded 
 upon the world. He altered the Fair Qua- 
 ker from Shadwell, in 1773, and produced 
 it on the Drury-lane stage, with some ef- 
 fect, and he afterwards published Paul 
 Whitehead's works, and also Marv^ell's, 3 
 vols. 4to. On the breaking out of the Ame- 
 rican war he obtained, by the interest of 
 Garrick, a captain's commission, and the 
 command of the Hydra, in which he had 
 the good fortune to capture a valuable 
 French East Indiaman. He died in 1786, 
 on the coast of Africa, on board the Gram- 
 pus, a ship to which he had been appointed 
 the preceding year. He published propo- 
 sals for maritime observations, collected 
 from 1753 to 1763, but the work never ap- 
 peared. 
 
 Thomson, William, a miscellaneous wri- 
 ter, was born in 1746, at Burnside, in 
 Perthshire. He was educated at St. An- 
 drews, for the church, after which he be- 
 came librarian to the earl of Kinnoul, and 
 minister of Monivard ; but being dissatis- 
 fied with that situation, he left Scotland, 
 and settled in London, where he kept an 
 academy, and exercised his pen as an au- 
 thor by profession. His compilations were 
 numerous ; and he was also the editor of 
 several periodical publications, as the Eng- 
 lish Review — the Political Magazine — the 
 Whitehall Evening Post — and the Annual 
 Register. His original works are. The 
 Man in the Moon, a novel — Memoirs of 
 the War in Asia, 2 vols. — Mammuth, or 
 Human Nature displayed, a romance, 2 
 vols. &c. He obtained a doctor's degree 
 at St. Andrews, and died at Kensington in 
 1817.— fF. B. 
 
 Thomson, James, a celebrated English 
 poet, son of a Scotch minister, and born at 
 Ednam, in RorJiurgshire, 11th Sept. 1700. 
 He was educated at Jedburgh school, and 
 then entered at the university of Edin- 
 burgh. He here distinguished himself by 
 the elegance and spirit of his compositions, 
 and when be had been directed by the di- 
 vinity professor, Hamilton, to write an 
 710 
 
 exercise on a psalm, descriptive of the 
 greatness and majesty of God, his para- 
 phrase was much admired for its fire and 
 its poetical beauties. He then studied di- 
 vinity, but soon relinquished it, as he con- 
 sidered the profession too confined for the 
 expansion of his abilities. He determined 
 to seek in London the patronage which 
 might be extended to merit, and the publi- 
 cation of his " Winter," 1726, soon intro- 
 duced him to the notice of the great and of 
 the learned. By the friendship of Dr. Run- 
 die, afterwards bishop of Dorry, he was 
 recommended to lord chancellor Talbot, 
 and attended his son as a companion in his 
 travels on the continent. The popularity 
 of " Winter," produced Summer in 1727, 
 Spring 1728, and Autumn in 1730 ; and 
 other pieces were also published to prove 
 the diligence, the patriotism, and the crea- 
 tive powers of the poet. The death of his 
 noble pupil was soon after followed by that 
 of the chancellor, and Thomson wai thus 
 reduced from a state of comfort and inde- 
 pendence, to a narrow and precai'ious 
 subsistence. The place of secretary of the 
 briefs, which he had obtained from the 
 chancellor, fell at his death, yet the gene- 
 rosity of his friends was kindly exerted ; he 
 was, by the recommendation of lord Lyt- 
 tleton, noticed and patronised with a pen- 
 sion by the prince of Wales, and by the in- 
 fluence of the same noble friend he obtain- 
 ed, in 1746, the office of surveyor-general 
 of the Leeward islands. He died of a 
 fever, 27th Aug. 1748, and was buried in 
 Richmond church, Surrey. His executors 
 were lord Lyttleton and Mr. Mitchel. Be- 
 sides his Seasons, Thomson wrote an ele- 
 gant poem to the memory of sir Isaac New- 
 ton, 1727 — Britannia, a political poem, oc- 
 casioned by the quarrels of the Spaniards 
 with England, with respect to America — 
 Liberty, a poem in five books, containing 
 ancient and modern Italy compared, 
 Greece, Rome, Britain, the Prospect — the 
 Castle of Indolence, an allegorical poem, 
 after Spenser's manner — besides some tra- 
 gedies, which were received on the stage 
 with reiterated and deserved applause — 
 Agamemnon, acted 1738 — Edward and 
 Eleanora, a tragedy, not acted in conse- 
 quence of the dispute between the prince of 
 Wales, his patron, and the king — the 
 Masque of Alfred, written jointly with MaN 
 let — Tancred and Sigismunda, from Gil 
 Bias, acted 1745 — and Coriolanus, acted 
 after his death for the benefit of his sisters. 
 Thomson in private life was an amiable, 
 pious, and benevolent character, with great 
 goodness of heart and the most virtuous 
 disposition. As a poet he possessed pow- 
 ers and perfections peculiarly his own. 
 His Seasons display the most glowing, ani- 
 mated, and interesting desci'iptions of na- 
 ture, in language at once elegant, simple. 
 
THO 
 
 THO 
 
 «xud diguified. Tbey bring before us, as is 
 well observed, the wbole magnificence of 
 nature, whether pleasing or dreadful. The 
 gayety of spring, the splendour of summer, 
 the tranquillity of autumn, and the horrors 
 of winter, take each in turn the possession 
 of our minds. In the midst of a llorid and 
 luxuriant flow of imagery, some exuberances 
 perhaps may be found by the fastidious 
 critic, but the merits of the poet are built 
 on too solid a foundation to be shaken, and 
 while the delightful changes of the varied 
 year continue to convey pleasure to the 
 eye, so long must the verse of the poet en- 
 tertain the mind with the most seducing 
 powers of well-managed description and of 
 animated portraiture. The works of the 
 poet have been edited in various forms. 
 
 Thoresby, Ralph, an eminent antiquary, 
 born at Leeds, Yorkshire, 1658. As his 
 father was a merchant, he was intended 
 for the mercantile line, and was in conse- 
 quence sent to Rotterdam to learn the 
 Dutch and French languages. On the 
 death of his father, 1680, he succeeded to 
 his business, but he paid at the same time 
 great attention to the study of history and 
 to antiquarian researches. Though bred 
 among the presbyterians, he was induced 
 by reflection to conform to the rites of the 
 church, and to participate in her sacra- 
 ments. He was not only a learned man, 
 but the friend of the learned, and to his 
 kindness and communications the most re- 
 spectable writers of the times have acknow- 
 ledged themselves indebted, such as Gib- 
 son, Walker, Calamy, Collins, Lister, Gale, 
 Hearne, &c. He died 1725, aged 68, and 
 was buried in St. Peter's church, at Leeds. 
 He was fellow of the Royal Society, and 
 wrote Ducatus Leodiensis, or the topogra- 
 phy of Leeds, and the parts adjacent, with 
 a catalogue of the antiquities and curiosi- 
 ties of his cabinet. He intended to pub- 
 lish a view of the state of the Northern 
 parts of the kingdom in the times of the 
 Romans and Britons, but his age prevented 
 the completion, and his history of the 
 church of Leeds alone, as a part, appeared, 
 1724, containing an account of some re- 
 markable characters, Matthew Hutton, 
 Edwyn Sandys, Tobie Matthews, John 
 Thoresby, archbishop of York, &c. 
 
 Thorius, Raphael, a physician, much 
 admired at the court of James 1. He was 
 a French protestant, and was remarkable 
 for his learning, but more for his love of 
 wine. He died of ths plague in London, 
 1629. He wrote a poem on tobacco, pub- 
 lished, 12mo. 1644, and a letter de Causa 
 Morbi et Mortis Is. Casauboni. 
 
 Thorndike, Herbert, an able divine, 
 educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degree of B.D. He ob- 
 tained the mastershipof Sidney college, 1643, 
 but was soon dispossessed for his attach- 
 
 ment to the royal cause. His suflcring» 
 during the civil wars were rewarded at the 
 restoration by the gift of a prclx.iid of WcHt- 
 minster. He wrote Epilogiis, fol. in which 
 he ably defends the tenets of the church of 
 England — treatises on Weights and Mea- 
 sures—on Ef rlesiastical Censures, and he 
 also assisted VVaiton in the completion of 
 his Polyglott Bible. He died 1672. 
 
 Thorn HILL, sir James, an eminent paint- 
 er, born 1676. Though of a respectable 
 family in Dorsetshire, his circumstances 
 weie low through the ill conduct of his fa- 
 ther, but by the friendship of his uncle, 
 Dr. Sydenham, he was enabled to attend 
 to his favourite pursuit, painting. He tra- 
 velled on the continent, and there greatly 
 improved himself, and made a valuable col- 
 lection of some of the pieces of the best 
 masters. His merits were noticed by the 
 great ; queen Anne intrusted to his care 
 the beautifying the dome of St. Paul's 
 with the history of that saint, which he 
 executed in a grand style on eight pannels ; 
 and his abilities were also called into ac- 
 tion on other works at Hampton-court, 
 Greenwich hospital, and other places. He 
 was made chief historical painter to the 
 queen, and knighted by George I. and he 
 acquired a very handsome fortune. He 
 died 1732, aged 56, and left besides a son, 
 a daughter married to Hogarth. Sir Jame» 
 was for some time member of the house of 
 commons, and also fellow of the Royal 
 Society. He chiefly excelled in historical 
 and in allegorical pieces, though his por- 
 traits and landscapes also possessed great 
 beauty. 
 
 Thornton, Bonnel, an English poet, 
 born in Maiden-lane, London, 1724. He 
 was educated at Westminster school, and 
 in 1743 was elected to Christ church. He 
 wished to study medicine, and accordingly 
 took his degree of M.B. in 1754, but he 
 preferred a literary life to the labours of the 
 medical profession. The first publication, 
 in which he was engaged with Smart and 
 others, was the Student, or Oxford and 
 Cambridge Miscellany, in monthly num- 
 bers, which was collected, 2 vols. Svo. 
 1748. In 1754 the Connoisseur was un- 
 dertaken jointly with Colman, and was 
 continued for two years. In 1766, after 
 the example of his friend Colman, who had 
 translated Terence, he published 2 vols, of 
 a translation of Plautus, which, though 
 possessing merit, and admired by Warbur- 
 ton for its pure and elegant style, has not 
 been very popular. In 17(57 he published as 
 an additional canto to Garth's Dispensary, 
 the Battle of the Wigs, to ridicule iht quar- 
 rels then kindU d between the fellows and 
 licentiates of tlu college of physicians. He 
 died 9th May, 1768, aged 44, of the gout 
 in his stomach, leaving behind him a widow 
 with two sons and a daughter. His epitaph 
 
 711 
 
TilU 
 
 THU 
 
 was written in Latin by his friend Dr. 
 Warton, and placed on his grave in West- 
 minster abbey. He wrote, besides, the 
 ** Oxford Barber," and some periodical es- 
 says, &c. in the Public Advertiser, and 
 other publications. 
 
 Thornton, Matthew, one of the signers 
 of the declaration of American indepen- 
 dence, was a native of Ireland, and came 
 to America at an early age. He first set- 
 tied in the eastern part of New-Hampshire, 
 afterwards at Londonderry, from whence 
 he removed to the bank of the Merrimack 
 about 1780. Before the revolution he was 
 considerably eminent as a physician. He 
 was also a colonel of militia, and in 1775 
 was president of the convention which as- 
 sumed the government in the name of the 
 people of the colony. He was elected a 
 delegate to congress in September, 1776, 
 and although not present on the fourth of 
 July, subscribed his name to the declaration 
 of independence. He did not take his 
 seat until November, and was but a short 
 time in Congress. He held the office of 
 chief justice of the county of Hillsborough, 
 and afterwards that of judge of the supreme 
 court of the state for several years, until 
 1782. Subsequently he was a member of 
 the house of representatives, and of the se- 
 nate, and in 1 785 of the council. He died 
 at Newburyport, June 24, 1803, aged 83 
 years. He possessed uncommon powers 
 of mind. His memory was surprisingly 
 tenacious, and he had made large acquisi- 
 tions of useful knowledge. iC3^ L. 
 
 Thoynard, Nicholas, a learned French- 
 man, bom at Orleans. He was well skilled 
 in history, and in the knowledge of medals. 
 He wrote a concordance of the four evan- 
 gelists, in Greek and Latin, 1707, folio, 
 with learned notes, and died at Paris, 5th 
 Jan. 1706, aged 77. 
 
 Thrastbulus, an Athenian general, ce- 
 lebrated for his bravery and his bold attack 
 and expulsion of the 30 tyrants. He united 
 the highest benevolence to personal cou- 
 rage, and passed an act of amnesty for the 
 reconciliation of all parties. He was at 
 last killed in a battle against the Aspen- 
 dians, B.C. 394. 
 
 Thuanus, Jacobus Augustus, or ds 
 Thou, a celebrated French historian, born 
 9th Oct. 1553, at Paris, where his father 
 was first president of the parliament. His 
 infancy was passed in debility and disease, 
 and while all possible care was bestowed to 
 improve his constitution, little was done 
 for the cultivation of his mind ; his pow- 
 ers, however, shone forth early, and with 
 unusual splendour. He was at first edu- 
 cated under private tutors, and then stu- 
 died the law at Orleans, but as he was des- 
 tined for the church, he was placed near 
 his uncle, the bishop of Chartres, who re- 
 signed some of his preferments in his fa- 
 
 vour. In 1573 he visited Italy, and after 
 devoting himself to the pleasures of re- 
 tirement and study, he was employed in 
 various negotiations in the Low Countries, 
 and in 1578 made counsellor clerk to the 
 parliament. The death of his brother, in 
 1579, induced him to give up the ecclesias- 
 tical profession, and he now gradually rose 
 to offices of trust and honour. In 1581 he 
 was sent to administer justice at Guyenne, 
 with other counsellors, and in 1584 was 
 made master of the requests. During the 
 violence of the league he attached him- 
 self to Henry II. and was usefully employ- 
 ed in various negotiations by him. He 
 afterwards enjoyed the favour of Henry 
 IV. who appointed him his first librarian, 
 and intrusted him with the negotiations 
 with the duk€ of Guise, and with the pro- 
 testants. Under Mary de Medicis he was 
 one of the general directors of the finances. 
 After a life spent honourably in the ser- 
 vice of literature, and of his country, this 
 great man died 17th May, 1617, univer- 
 sally respected, not only as an historian, but 
 as a man, and was buried in the chapel of 
 St. Andrew of the Arches. He was twice 
 married j by his first wife, who died 1601, 
 he had no children, and by the second he 
 had three sons. He is particularly distin- 
 guished for his history of his own Times, 
 from 1545 to 1608, written in pure, ele- 
 gant, and classical Latin, and admirable for 
 its fidelity, correctness, and accuracy. It 
 has been much and deservedly praised by 
 Grotius, Casaubon, Perrault, and others ; 
 but as it speaks with freedom and truth of 
 men and of manners, it never appeared, 
 but in a mutilated and partial form, till Dr. 
 Mead undertook its publication, free from 
 all omission, in 1733, in 7 vols, folio. 
 Thuanus wrote besides some poetical 
 pieces, a Paraphrase on the book of Joh 
 — on Ecclesiastes — the Lamentations of 
 Jeremiah, &c. — Miscellanies, &c. The 
 eldest of his sons, Francis Augustus, was 
 librarian to the king ; but he unfortunately 
 did not reveal a conspiracy with which he 
 v.as acquainted, made by the marquis 
 d'Effiat against Richelieu ; and the cardi- 
 nal, resenting the levity, and contemptuous 
 manner in which he had been mentioned in 
 the pages of the historian, most inhuman- 
 ly sacrificed the son to his mean revenge, 
 and caused him to be beheaded at Lyons. 
 1642. 
 
 Thuctdides, a celebrated Greek histo- 
 rian of Athens. He was in the military 
 service of his country, and during a tempo- 
 rary disgrace, through the jealousy of his 
 countrymen, he devoted himself to the 
 composition of his famous History of Gre- 
 cian Affairs in his own Times. He died 
 391 B.C. The best edition of his work is 
 that of Duker. It has been ably translated 
 by Dr. Smith = 
 
THU 
 
 I'lir 
 
 TiruiLLiEB, Dom Vincent, a native of 
 Coucy, in Laon, distinguished among the 
 members of the congregation of St. Maur. 
 He was eminent as a preacher and as a man 
 of letters. He died 12th Jan. 173G, aged 
 51. He wrote Letters of an ancient Pro- 
 fessor of Theology on the Bull Unigenitus, 
 &c. besides a transhition of Polybius into 
 French, in 6 vols. 4to. 
 
 TnuNBERG, Charles Peter, an eminent 
 Swedi.-h botanist, the pupil and the friend 
 of Linna;us. He visited France in 1770, 
 and soon after, by the interference of his 
 friend 13urmann, he was sent by the Dutch 
 company to Japan, to make observations 
 and discoveries in botany. After a delay 
 of three years at the Cape of Good Hope, 
 where he made himself perfect in the 
 Dutch language, he, in 177j, set out for 
 Japan ; but the jealousy of the inhabitants, 
 and the mistrusting conduct of the govern- 
 ment, limited his excursions, and he made 
 few botanical discoveries. In 1776 he 
 quitted Japan for Ceylon, and after some 
 valuable observations on this island, he re- 
 turned to Europe, and was appointed pro- 
 fessor of botany at Upsal. He died at the 
 end of the last century, leaving his valua- 
 ble cabinet of natural history to the uni- 
 versity. His Flora Japonica appeared 
 at Leipsic 1784, 8vo. with 39 plates, and 
 gave an account of above 300 unknown 
 plants. 
 
 Thurloe, John, secretary to the Crom- 
 wells, during their usurpation, was born 
 1616, at Abbots-Roding, Essex, where his 
 father was rector. He was educated for 
 the law, and by the influence of judge St. 
 John, he obtained some offices, and in 
 1645, was secretary to the parliamentary 
 commissioners at the treaty of Uxbridge. 
 Though connected with the great republi- 
 can leaders, he was not accessary to the 
 king's death ; but he favoured with all his 
 might the affairs of the commonwealth, 
 and in 1653, became secretary of state to 
 Cromwell. In 1656 he was member for 
 Ely, and the next year deserved the thanks 
 of the commons for discovering Harrison's 
 plot. On Cromwell's death, he continued 
 in his office under Richard, the next pro- 
 tector, over whom he had great influence, 
 and at the restoration he made a tender of 
 his services to the new monarch, who, how- 
 ever, did not accept them. He was ac- 
 cused, soon after, of high treason by the 
 Commons, but released, and then he re- 
 tired to his seat at Great Milton, Oxford- 
 shire. His knowledge of political affairs 
 was such, that Charles solicited him in 
 vain to take a share in the administration, 
 which he declined. He died suddenly at 
 his chambers, Lincoln's Inn, 21st Feb. 
 1668, aged 51. He was twice married, and 
 left, by his second wife, four sons and two 
 daughters. In his chararter he was vei-y 
 
 Vni,. n. 9X\ 
 
 amiable, and remarkable for his courtcey 
 and mildness to persons of all parties. 
 His State Pjipcrs, in 7 vols, folio, have been 
 published, and they are valuable not onlr 
 for conciseness and perspicuity, but for the 
 general and important matter which they 
 contain. 
 
 TiiuuLow, Edward lord, a celebrated 
 lawyer. He was born in 17:;5, at Ash- 
 field, Norfolk, where his father was rec- 
 tor, and after passing some time at Cam- 
 bridge, he came to London, to study the 
 law. He was called to the bar 1758, and 
 raised himself to professional notice by 
 his manly and successful opposition to sir 
 Fletcher Norton. In the famous Douglas 
 cause, in which hewas accidentally engaged, 
 he displayed such abilities, such eloquence, 
 and such a command of arguments, that 
 the public attention was turned towards 
 him, as towards a man who was formed to 
 fill the highest stations in the law. In 
 1770 he was appointed solicitor-general, 
 and the next year succeeded sir \N'illiam de 
 Grey as attorney-general ; but in the 
 house of Commons he neglected the culti- 
 vation of his oi-atorical powers, till, in the 
 beginning of the American war, he step- 
 ped forth with the most commanding lan- 
 guage of eloquence in support of the mea- 
 sures of administration. In June 1778, 
 he was created a peer, and the day follov,-- 
 ing he was nominated lord high chancellor 
 of Great Britain. This dignified office he 
 resigned in 1783, during the temporary 
 triumph of the coalition ministry, but on 
 the re-admission of Mr. Pitt into the ca- 
 binet, he again was promoted to the seals, 
 and kept them till 1793, when a dispute 
 with the premier occasioned his resigna- 
 tion. Since that time he lived in retire- 
 ment, and seldom engaged in the political 
 disputes of the day. He died after an 
 illness of two days at Brighthelmstone, 
 12th Sept. 1806, and was buried in the 
 Temple church. His character as a law- 
 yer is fixed on the firmest basis of exten- 
 sive knowledge, quick penetration, correct 
 judgment, and the most undeviating in- 
 tegrity. Though overbearing in his man- 
 ners, harsh and uncivil, he was zealously 
 attached to his party, and inflexible in his 
 opinions, and loyal in his conduct. As a 
 patron of church preferment, he was the 
 friend of persevering industry, and active 
 merit, and though lax in his private con- 
 duct, and in his moral principle;-, he wcis 
 ever anxious to reward virtue and to en- 
 courage learning. In his court he display- 
 ed all the wisdom, and nothing of the low 
 cunning of the lawyer, and with a power- 
 ful mind which quickly comprehended and 
 discussed with clearness the most intricate 
 cases, he pronounced his judgment by the 
 strictest rules of equity and justice, alike 
 anxio^is to protect the rights and the privj- 
 
 713 
 
TIC 
 
 TIE 
 
 jegns of the }iooF, as the immunities of the 
 great. He was, as has been well observed, 
 among lawyers and orators, in the senate 
 and in the courts, what his contemporary 
 Johnson v.as among wits and authors, a 
 mighty genius proudly elevated above the 
 littleness of common minds. As he was 
 not married his titles descended to the 
 issue of his brother the bishop of Durham. 
 He left three natural daughters, to two of 
 whom he left 70,000/. each, and to the 
 third, because she married against his con- 
 sent, he, with the most uncharitable ca- 
 price, and studied cruelty, bequeathed only 
 an annuity of oO/. per month, and on the 
 condition that she never returned to her 
 husband. 
 
 ThysiiTS, Anthony, a Dutch philologer, 
 born 1603, at Harderwyck. He became 
 professor of poetry and eloquence at Le}-^- 
 den, and librarian to the university, and 
 died there 1670. He published " Historia 
 Navalis," a History of Naval Wars be- 
 tween the Dutch and ripaniards — Com- 
 pendium Historic Batavicae, 1645 — Tracts 
 on the Government and the Laws of 
 Athens, besides valuable editions of Pa- 
 terculus, Sallust, Valerius Maximus, Se- 
 neca's tragedies, Lactantius, Aulus Gel- 
 lius, &c. 
 
 TiARiNi, Alexander, a native of Bolog- 
 na, eminently distinguished as a painter of 
 portraits and historical pieces. He suc- 
 ceeded in happily expressing the passions. 
 The best of his pieces are preserved in the 
 church of St. Michael in Bosco. He died 
 1668, aged 91. 
 
 TiBALDi, Pelegrino, a native of Bolog- 
 na, who became eminent as a painter, 
 sculptor, and architect. He studied at 
 Rome under Vasari, and was patronised by 
 Philip II. of Spain, who raised him to the 
 dignity of marquis. He died at Bologna, 
 1592, aged 70. His son Dominico, was 
 also distinguished as an architect. He 
 built the palace of Magnani, at Bologna, 
 and other public edifices in that city which 
 are still deservedly admired. He died 
 1583, aged 42. 
 
 Tiberius, Claudius Nero, emperor of 
 Rome after Augustus, promised a happy 
 reign on his succession, but soon disgraced 
 himself by debauchery, cruelty, and the 
 most flagitious excesses. He died A.D. 
 37, aged 78. 
 
 Tiberius, Constantine, emperor of the 
 East, was appointed by his merits, col- 
 league on the throne by Justin the younger. 
 He was a wise, valiant, and benevolent 
 prince, and died 582. 
 
 TiBULLUs, Aulus Albius, a Roman poet, 
 in the age of Augustus. His elegies are 
 much admired for ease, elegance, and sim- 
 plicity, and they are generally published 
 with Propertius and Catullus. 
 
 TiCKELL, Thomas, an English poet, 
 714 
 
 born at Bridekirk, Cumberland, 1686. 
 He was educated at Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford, where he obtained a fellowship, 1710, 
 which he vacated by marrying at Dublin, 
 1726. He was early introduced to the no- 
 tice and the patronage of Addison, who 
 employed him in Ireland, and when secre- 
 tary of state made him his under secretary. 
 In 1724 he was secretary to the lords jus- 
 tices of Ireland, and continued in that ho- 
 nourable office till his death, which hap- 
 pened 23d April, 1740, at Bath. As a wri- 
 ter Tickell obtained some celebrity, and he 
 must rank high among the minor English 
 poets. His " Prospect of Peace," written 
 during the negotiations with the French 
 government under queen Anne, was a popu- 
 lar work, and passed quickly through six 
 editions. He wrote " the Royal Progress" 
 on the arrival of George I. and published 
 a translation of the first book of the Iliad, 
 in opposition to Pope's version. This 
 work, which some have regarded as the 
 labour of Addison, was not without merit ; 
 but while it was approved by the literati at 
 Button's, Pope, no way dismayed, boasted 
 that he had the town, that is, the mob, in 
 his favour. " The Letter to Avignon" is a 
 party poem of great merit, and expresses 
 contempt without vulgarity, and maintains 
 its dignity without insulting arrogance. 
 Tickell published the works of his friend 
 Addison after his death, and wrote also a 
 very beautiful funeral poem in honour of 
 his memory. 
 
 Tickell, Richard, an eminent writer 
 who first appeared before the public 1778, 
 in his ** Project," and soon after in his 
 " Wreath of Fashion," two poems of some 
 merit and celebrity. The most admired 
 of his performances was the *' Anticipa- 
 tion," in which he imitated with great suc- 
 cess and humour the principal speakers in 
 the parliament, and thus in some degree 
 disarmed the opposition of the force of 
 their argument. He altered Ramsay's Gen- 
 tle Shepherd for the stage, 1781, and wrote 
 also the Carnival of Venice, a comic opera. 
 He Avas killed Nov. 4, 1793, by falling from 
 the window of his apartments in Hampton- 
 court. He had been one of the commis- 
 sioners of the stamp-office. He was twice 
 married, and by his first wife, Miss Linley, 
 had three children. 
 
 TiDEMAN, Philip, a painter, born at 
 Hamburgh. He was the pupil of Lairesse, 
 and excelled in mythological and allegori- 
 cal representations. He died 1705, aged 48. 
 
 TiEUEMANN, Dietrich, a native of Bre- 
 mervorde, in the dutchy of Bremen, educa- 
 ted at Gottingen. By the recommendation 
 of his friend Hcyne, he obtained, in 1766, 
 the professorship of Greek and Latin, at 
 Cassel, which he quitted, in 1786, for the 
 chair of philosophy at Marpurg. He wrote 
 PiSsay on an Explanation of the Origin of 
 
Til. 
 
 'JIL 
 
 JLanguage — System oC the Sloio philosophy 
 — Investigation of Man — 8|)irit of Specula- 
 tive Philosophy — the First Pliilosoplicrs of 
 Greece — Arguinenta Platoiiis ; works of 
 great merit, and deep erudition. He died 
 1803, aged 55. 
 
 TiGNY, G. de', a French naturalist. He 
 published the Natural History of Insects, 
 lO vols. 8vo. — a work of great merit. His 
 collection of insects was large, curious, and 
 valuable. He died 1803. 
 
 TiGRANES, king of Armenia, opposed the 
 power of Rome, but was easily conquered 
 by Lucullus. He preserved his dominions 
 by a large bribe, and maintained himself 
 against the rebellion of his son, and the in- 
 surrection of his subjects. Pompey after- 
 wards conquered him, and sent him in 
 chains to Rome. 
 
 TiLiNGius, Matthias, a native of West- 
 phalia, who studied medicine, which he 
 professed at Rintheln. He was also physi- 
 cian to the court of Hesse Cassel, and died 
 1615. He wrote de Rhabarbaro, 4to. — 
 Lilii Albi Descriptio, 8vo. — de Laudano 
 Opiate, 8vo. — Oplologia Nova, 4to. — Trea- 
 tise on Malignant Fevers — Anatomie de la 
 Rate, 12mo. 
 
 TiLLEMANS, Peter, a landscape painter, 
 bom at Antwerp. He came to England in 
 1708, with Casteels, and was patronised by 
 the great, of whose horses, seats, races, 
 &c. he drew very pleasing views. He died 
 of an asthma, at Norton, Suffolk, 5th Dec. 
 1734, aged about 50. 
 
 TiLLEMONT, Sebastian de Nain de, a 
 French writer, born at Paris, 1637. He 
 was educated in the school of Port-royal, 
 and distingiiished himself as an accurate 
 and elegant author. He was an ecclesias- 
 tic, but of such humility of deportment, that 
 he refused to succeed to the bishopric of 
 IJeauvais, and preferred obscurity, retire- 
 ment, and literature, to all dignities. His 
 indefatigable application proved at last too 
 much for his constitution. He died 1698, 
 aged 61. His Histoire des Empereurs, et 
 Histoire Ecclesiastique, are two works va- 
 luable for accuracy, correctness, precision, 
 and elegance. 
 
 TiLLET, N. du, a native of Bourdeaux, 
 who devoted himself to agricultural pur- 
 suits, and published various works of merit 
 for the destruction of insects in corn, and 
 for the improvement of the produce of the 
 earth. This active and ingenious author, 
 who was member of the academy of sci- 
 ences at Paris, and director of the mint, at 
 Troyes, died 20th Dec. 1791, aged 60. 
 
 TiLLi, John Tzerclaes count de, a native 
 of Brussels, of an illustrious family. He 
 quitted the order of the Jesuits for the mili- 
 tary profession, and after signalizing his 
 courage against the Turks, in Hungary, he 
 commanded the troops of Maximilian, duke 
 of Bavaria, at tfic battle of Prague, 1 620. 
 
 lie eontrib'ilrd to the ( apture of Breda, 
 and of Fleidrlbcrg, and defeated Mansfrld, 
 one of Uic rebel cliiels, ;ni.i afterward"? 
 routed the forces of the duU<; d'lLdbcr- 
 stadt, at Stavelo, and took ISlinden. In 
 1626, he obtained a great victory over the 
 army of Denmark, at the battle of Lutter, 
 and three years after Avent to Luberk to 
 settle the articles of peace with the Danish 
 ministers. When placed at the liead of the 
 imperial armies, he took Brandenburg, 
 Magdeburg, and Leipsie ; but he was soon 
 after defeated by Gustavus Adolphu.s, king 
 of Sweden, and received a mortal wound 
 in defending the passage of the Leech, at 
 Ingoldstadt, 30th April, 1632. 
 
 TiLLi, Michael Angelo, a native of Flo- 
 rence, educated at Pisa. He studied medi- 
 cine, and became physician to the grand 
 duke, and professor in the university of Pi- 
 sa, inspector of the botanical garden, and 
 fellow of the London royal society. He 
 published Catalogus Horti Pisani, fol. Flo- 
 rence, 1723, with 50 plates, and died 1740, 
 aged 85. 
 
 TiLLOTSON, John, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, was born at Sowerby, Yorkshire. 
 Oct. 1630, son of a clothier, descended 
 from an ancient Cheshire family. Though 
 his father was a strict Calvinist, Tillotson 
 was educated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, of 
 which he was chosen fellow, 1651. The 
 perusal of Chillingworth's works, and the 
 friendship and conversation of Cudworth, 
 Whichcot, Worthington, Smith, Wilkins, 
 and other learned divines, soon removed 
 those principles which he might have imbi- 
 bed from puritanical instructors, and fitted 
 him for the more active scenes of life. In 
 1656, he was tutor to the son of Mr. Pri- 
 deaux, of Devonshire, and was afterwards 
 curate to his friend Dr. Wilkins, at St. 
 Lawrence, Jewrj'. After the restoration, 
 he was curate of Cheshunt, and, in 1663, 
 was promoted to the rectory of Kedding- 
 ton, Suftblk, which he immediately resign- 
 ed for the preachership of Lincoln's-inn- 
 society. In 1664, he was chosen Tuesday 
 lecturer at St. Lawrence, Jewry, and as be- 
 ing a popular preacher, he exerted himself 
 strenuously against popery and atheism. In 
 1666 he took his degree of D. D. and after- 
 wards was promoted to a prel>end in the 
 church of Canterbury, and also of St. 
 Paul's, and in 1672, was made dean of 
 Canterbury. He attended his friend lord 
 Russel, when condemned to die in conse- 
 quence of tlie Ryehouse plot, and he strong- 
 ly urged him to admit the doctrine of non- 
 resistance, a measure for which he was 
 greatly censured, and for which he cen- 
 sured himself. At the revolution he was 
 confidentially consulted by the princess 
 Anne of Denmark, and for his integrity 
 and loyalty, he was held in high esteem by 
 the new kins, and bv his queen. In 1689, 
 
 715 
 
TIL 
 
 TIJN 
 
 he was made clerk of the closet to Wiiiiam, 
 and upon the suspension of Sancroft in con- 
 sequence of his refusal to take the oaths, 
 he was nominated by the king to fill the 
 vacant see of Canterbury. His elevation 
 gave great displeasure to the non-jurors, 
 "ivho directed all their virulence and malice 
 against him ; but he exhibited in his con- 
 duct the persevering and conscientious pi*e- 
 late, intent upon the reformation of all ec- 
 clesiastical abuses, and eager to introduce 
 greater regularity, and a more strict resi- 
 dence among his clergy. The reproaches 
 which were hurled against him, though 
 they depressed his spirits, did not alter the 
 mildness of his manners ; and after his 
 death were found some bundles of papers, 
 and letters, full of invective and malicious 
 insinuations against him, on which he 
 wrote with his own hand, " these are libels, 
 I pray God forgive them, I do." The cares 
 attendant upon an elevated situation were 
 felt and recorded by him, with all the re- 
 signation of a Christian philosopher ; and 
 in his commonplace book he inserted some 
 strong and striking remarks, to remind the 
 reader that what appears to a distant spec- 
 tator real grandeur and perfect happiness, 
 is too often experienced by the unhappy 
 possessor, a source of misery, vexation, and 
 trouble. This great and good man was at- 
 tacked by a palsy, which proved fatal, and 
 he died in the arms of his respected friend 
 Mr. Nelson, 24th Oct. 1694. His death 
 was sincerely lamented. Dr. Burnet, bi- 
 shop of Salisbury, preached his funeral ser- 
 mon, and Locke was also in the number of 
 those who regarded his departure as a great 
 loss to the church, and to the nation. He 
 left nothing to his widow but the copy of 
 his posthumous sermons, which sold for 
 2,500 guineas, to which the king added an 
 annuity of 400/. in 1695, and in 1698, an 
 addition of 200/. more. His sermons have 
 been frequently published, in 10 vols. 8vo., 
 and in 3 folio. These volumes have been, 
 and continue to be, universally read, and 
 they have been translated also into various 
 languages. They are the composition of 
 an able divine, who displays throughout 
 sound reasoning, strong sense, and solid 
 piety, in a clear, elegant, unaffected style. 
 Though abused by some critics for inharmo- 
 nious periods, and undignified metaphors, 
 he is deservedly commended for his noble 
 simplicity, and great copiousness ; and not 
 only Dryden attributed his own perfect 
 knowledge of prose writing to the frequent 
 perusal of Tillotson's works, but Addison, 
 who was a judge of writing, regarded them 
 as the chief standard of our language, and 
 actually projected an English dictionary to 
 be illustrated with particular phrases to be 
 selected from the sermons. Dr. Birch has 
 prefixed a copious life of the learned pre- 
 late to his edition of his sermon?. 
 
 7ie-v 
 
 TiM^cs, a philosopher of Locvis, the 
 pupil of Pythagoras, and author of a Trea- 
 tise on the Nature of the Soul. He sup- 
 posed that there is a universal motion in 
 the universe. 
 
 TiMAGENES, a native of Alexandria, 
 known as an historian. He was the slave 
 of Sylla's sons, and afterwards was in the 
 service of Augustus, but burnt the history 
 of that emperor's reign, when he was dis- 
 carded from his protection. 
 
 TiMOLEON, an illustrious Corinthian, 
 who went to the assistance of S 'icuse, 
 when oppressed by the tyranny of i. ji^y- 
 sius. He became there a most benevolent 
 and popular character, and died B. C. 337. 
 
 TiMON, a misanthrope, born at Athens. 
 He declared himself the enemy of the hu- 
 man race, and in his conduct exhibited the 
 savage character of a man-hater. He said 
 he loved Alcibiades, because he would 
 prove one day the ruin of Athens. 
 
 TiMOTEO, da Urbino, a painter of emi- 
 nence, born at Urbino. He died 1524, aged 
 54. His landscapes, historical pieces, and 
 portraits, possessed particular beauty, and 
 all the striking effects of taste and genius. 
 
 TiMOTHEUS, a musician of Miletus, 
 splendidly rewarded by the Ephesians for 
 a poem in honour of Diana, the protecting 
 goddess of their city. He died about 557 
 B.C. 
 
 Timothy, the disciple of St. Paul, was a 
 native of Lystra in Lycaonia, and the son 
 of a pagan by a Jewish woman. He la- 
 boured earnestly with Paul in the propaga- 
 tion of the Christian faith, and he was 
 made by him first bishop of Ephesus, and 
 received, for the guide of his conduct in the 
 ministry, the two excellent epistles which 
 are still preserved in the New Testament. 
 It is supposed that he was stoned to death, 
 97, for opposing the celebration of an im- 
 pious festival in honour of Diana. 
 
 TiNDAL, Matthew, a deistical writer, born 
 1657, at Beer-ferres, Devonshire, where 
 his father was minister. He entered at 
 Lincoln college, Oxford, 1672, and after- 
 wards removed to Exeter, and thence was 
 elected fellow of All-souls. In 1685 he 
 took the degree of LL.D. and under James 
 II. declared himself a papist, but after- 
 wards renounced the Roman catholic te- 
 nets, and took the oaths to secure his fel- 
 lowship. He died in London, Aug. 1733. 
 He is particularly known for two publica- 
 tions, the first, published 1706, the Rights 
 of the Christian church asserted against 
 the Romish and all other priests, &c. 8vo. 
 — and the other, published 1730, in 8vo. 
 Christianity as old as the Creation, or the 
 Gospel a republication of the Religion of 
 Nature. In the former of these works, 
 the intention of the author was, in subtle 
 and insinuating language, to destroy the 
 authority of the church ; and in the latter*. 
 
•UN 
 
 IIK 
 
 his desigu, in the most plausible ami artful 
 manner, is to set aside revealed religion, 
 and to establish that there is no other reve- 
 lation but that of the law of nature im- 
 printed upon the heart of all mankind. 
 These works were deservedly censured, and 
 among the ablest opponents of his tenets, 
 he had Dr. Ilickes, who bad been his tutor 
 at Lincoln, Dr. Conybeare, afterwards bi- 
 shop of Bristol, Leiand, Foster, and others. 
 He wrote some tracts besides, on civil and 
 religious liberty, and he left at his death a 
 second volume to his Christianity as old as 
 the Creation, the publication of which was 
 prevented by Gibson, bishop of London. 
 
 TiNDAL, Nicholas, nephew to Matthew, 
 was educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 where he took his master's degree 1713. 
 He was afterwards fellow of Trinity college, 
 and obtained the livings of Alverstoke, 
 Hants, and of Great Waltham, near Chelms- 
 ford, and afterwards succeeded to the rec- 
 tory of Colbourne, in the isle of Wight. 
 He died at Greenwich, where he was chap- 
 lain to the hospital, at an advanced age, 
 27th June, 1774. He published two quar- 
 to numbers of an intended history of Essex, 
 in 3 vols, which, however, he relinquished 
 for the translation of Rapin's History of 
 England, in which he was assisted by Mr. 
 Morant. This last work succeeded so well 
 that, in addition to his agreement, his book- 
 sellers, the Knaptons, handsomely gave him 
 a present of 200 guineas. He published 
 besides Cantemii's History of the Ottoman 
 Empire, folio — and Polymetis abridged, a 
 Guide to Classical Learning, a useful work. 
 
 TiNDALL, William, an English divine, 
 author of Juvenile excursions in Literature 
 and Criticism, 12mo. — History and Anti- 
 quities of the Abbey and Borough of Eves- 
 ham, 4to, — Plain Truth in a Plain Dress — 
 Evils and Advantages of Genius contrasted, 
 a poem, &c. He was educated at Trinity 
 college, Oxford, where he took his master's 
 degree 1778, and he was admitted into the 
 Antiquarian society, and appointed chaplain 
 to the Tower, where, in a fit of melancho- 
 ly, he shot himself, 1804, at the age of 50. 
 
 TiNELLi, Tiberio, a native of Venice, 
 admired for his abilities as a histoxncal and 
 portrait painter. He was honoured with 
 the patronage of Lewis XH. and made 
 knight of St. Michael. He died 1638, 
 aged 52. 
 
 Tintoretto, James, a famous painter, 
 so called, as son of Robusto, a dyer at Ve- 
 nice, where he was born 1512. He studied 
 under Titian, who observed his rising ta- 
 lents, and therefore dismissed him as afraid 
 of a powerful rival. Tintoretto studied the 
 works of his predecessors, especially of 
 Michael Angclo, with judgment, and de- 
 served the surname of Furious, from the 
 boldness of his paintings, the rapidity of 
 his genius, and the vivacity of hi^ spirit 
 
 He died 1594, leaving behind him a son and 
 daughter, who also inherited his genius and 
 his powers in the use of the pencil. The 
 daughter married a German, and died 1590, 
 aged 30, and the son, eminent a.s a histori- 
 cal painter, died 1637, aged 75. The pieces 
 of Tintoretto are dcservf-diy udrnired, 
 and though he is censured for the incor- 
 rectness of his outlines, and some other 
 irregularities, his colouring, and the ex- 
 pression of his figures are particularly stri- 
 king. 
 
 Tippoo Saib, succeeded his father Hy- 
 der-Ally, as king of Mysore, and of the 
 Mahrattas, and he ably maintained his in- 
 dependence against the Great Mogul. Du- 
 ring the American war, he joined the 
 French in hostilities against the English ; 
 but after the breaking out of the French 
 revolution, he was alone exposed to the 
 fortunes of the war. In 1790 he was de- 
 feated at Travancore ; Bengalore was after- 
 wards taken, and yielding to the superior 
 force of the British arms, he consented, in 
 1792, to make peace with lord Cornwallis 
 by delivering up his two sons as hostages, 
 and paying, besides the loss of part of his 
 dominions, above three millions sterling. 
 His intrigues with the French government, 
 and his secret machinations to destroy the 
 English power in India, renewed the war in 
 1799. He was quickly attacked by the Bri- 
 tish forces in his very capital, and in the 
 storming of Seringapatam, the Mysore 
 monarch was killed whilst bravely defend- 
 ing himself on the ramparts. He was 52 
 years old. Though oppressive and capri- 
 cious in his government, he patronised the 
 arts, and his fondness for literature was dis- 
 played in the valuable collection of books 
 found in his palace, consisting of various 
 works in the Shanscrit language in the 10th 
 century, translations of the Koran, MSS. 
 of the history of the Mogul victories, and 
 historical memoirs of Hindostan, all of 
 which have been carefully deposited in the 
 library of the university of Calcutta. 
 
 TiRABOSCHi, Jerome, a native of Berga- 
 mo, who entered among the Jesuits, and 
 became professor of rhetoric at Milan. He 
 was in 1770 made librarian to the duke of 
 Modena, and was enrolled in the number of 
 the nobility by tht^ unanimous voice of the 
 people, who thus honoured his virtues and 
 his merits. He died June 1794, aged 62. 
 He wrote Memoirs on the Ancient Order 
 of the Humilies, 3 vols. 4to. —Catalogue of 
 the Writers of Modena, 6 vols. 4to. — His- 
 tory of Italian Literature from the days of 
 Augustus, 13 vols. 4to. a work of great 
 merit. His eloge was written by Lombar- 
 di in Italian, and translated into French by 
 Boulard. 
 
 TiRAftUEAU, Andrew, a French lawyer, 
 counsellor of the parliament of Bomdeaux, 
 and afterwards of Paris, was born at Poi- 
 
 717 
 
TIT 
 
 TiX 
 
 tou. His abilities were usefully employed 
 by Francis I. and Henry II. and in their 
 service he displayed great integrity and 
 sound judgment, and exerted also all his 
 influence to banish intrigue and chicane 
 from the French bar. He died at an ad- 
 vanced age, 1574. He wrote various books 
 and commentaries, and it was observed that 
 he produced every year a child and a book, 
 till the number of each was 20, some say 
 30 ; as it is recorded in a jocular epitaph, 
 which mentions his being a water-drinker ; 
 *' Hie jacet, qui aquam bibendo, vigintilibe- 
 ros susceit, viginti libros edidit. Si merum 
 bibisset, totum orbem implevisset." 
 
 TissoT, S.A.D. a celebrated Swiss phy- 
 sician, a warm advocate of inoculation, and 
 of experimental, rather than theoretical 
 systems of medicine. He was, in conse- 
 quence of his great reputation, member of 
 the medical societies of London, Berne, 
 Basil, &c. He died at Lausanne, 15th 
 June, 1797, aged 70. His works, which 
 are valuable, have been collected in 10 vols. 
 12mo. His Advice to Men of Letters, and 
 to the people on the subject of health, and 
 other smaller pieces, possess high merit, 
 and are deservedly popular. He also 
 edited Morgagni's works, 3 vols. 4to. 1779. 
 
 Titian, or Titiano, a celebrated paint- 
 er, descended from the ancient family of 
 Vacelli, and born at Cadore in Friuli, 1477. 
 His fondness for painting was early observ- 
 ed, and he was placed under the care of 
 Bellino ; but he improved himself more by 
 the laudable emulation between him and 
 his fellow-pupil Giorgione, than by the in- 
 struction of his master. His abilities, and 
 the execution of his pencil soon recom- 
 mended him to the notice of the great ; he 
 was patronised by Charles V. who knight- 
 ed him, made him a count palatine, assign- 
 ed him a pension, and bestowed on him 
 several handsome presents, which he gave 
 him as a mark of his esteem, and not for 
 his pictures, which he declared to be above 
 any price. He died at Venice, of the 
 plague, 1576, aged 99. His character as a 
 man as well as a painter, was so universally 
 respected, that he received the strongest 
 marks of esteem and friendship from the 
 greatest and most eminent persons in Eu- 
 rope. His pieces are much admired for 
 theii' colouring, delicacy, and correctness. 
 His best pieces are a Last Supper in the 
 Escurial — a Christ crowned with thorns, at 
 Milan — and a portrait of himself, with his 
 mistress combing her hair, in the Paris 
 collection. He left two sons, one of whom, 
 Horatio, was also eminent as a painter, till 
 allured by the hopes of dicovering the phi- 
 losopher's stone, he applied himself to chy- 
 mistry, and died of the plague with his 
 father. Titian's brother, Francesco, was 
 also a painter, and besides employed him- 
 718 
 
 self in making cabinets of ebony, adorned 
 with figures, &c. 
 
 TiTLEY, Walter, a polite scholar, edu- 
 cated at Westminster, and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, where he held a lay-fellowship. 
 He was employed by the court as envoy ex- 
 traordinary to Copenhagen, where he died, 
 highly respected, 1754. He had been for 
 some time resident in bishop Atterbury's 
 house, as tutor to his son. He wrote an 
 Imitation of Horace, and other Latin 
 pieces, preserved in the Reliquiae Galeanae. 
 
 TiTON Du TiLLET, Everard, a native of 
 Paris, educated at the Jesuit's college, after 
 which he followed the military profession. 
 At the peace of Ryswick, he purchased a 
 place in the royal household, and afterwards 
 travelled into Italy as a man of letters and 
 an antiquarian. He formed in 1708 the 
 plan of erecting a brazen Parnassus in ho- 
 nour of Lewis XIV. and the work was 
 completed in 1718. In this singular monu- 
 ment the monarch was represented in the 
 figure of Apollo holding a lyre, while below 
 the graces are personified by de la Suze^ 
 des Houlieres, and de Scuderi, three learned 
 French ladies, and the nine muses appear 
 under the name of P. Corneille, Moliere, 
 Racan, Segrais, la Fontaine, Chapelle, Ra- 
 cine, Despreaux, and the musician LuUy. 
 Medallions in this celebrated groupe are 
 given to less known poets, and every per- 
 son distinguished for literature or the fine 
 arts, had due honours paid to his talents. 
 Titon published in 1727 a description of 
 this poetical monument, and of the cha- 
 racters of the personages represented, and 
 as he continued additions to his Parnassus, 
 he likewise added supplements to the lives 
 and accounts of his heroes up to the year 
 1760. He died 26th Dec. 1762, aged 86. 
 
 Titus, a Greek disciple of St. Paul, con- 
 verted from the errors of paganism by that 
 great apostle. He was the attendant and 
 the amanuensis of his master, and was ap- 
 pointed by him bishop of Crete, where he 
 died in a good old age. 
 
 Titus Vespasian, a Roman emperor, 
 distinguished at the siege of Jei-usalem, un- 
 der his father Vespasian, and deservedly 
 celebrated for reforming the profligacy of 
 his youth by the most correct morals when 
 raised to the throne. He was so anxious 
 to do good to his subjects, that he exclaim- 
 ed one day, on discovering that he had 
 granted no favour, " my friends, I have lost 
 a day." He died A. D. 81. 
 
 TixiER, John, called also Ravisius Tex- 
 TOR, lord of Ravisy in Nivernois, was an 
 elegant scholar, and taught polite literature 
 in the college of Navarre at Paris, where 
 he died 1522. He wrote, among other 
 things, epistles — dialogues — epigrams — an 
 edition of Opera Scriptorum de Claris Mu- 
 lieribus, folio, &c. 
 
TOI 
 
 rui. 
 
 ToALDo, Joseph, an Italian physician, 
 who tau;;ht mathematics in the university 
 of Padua, and bestowed much attention on 
 subjects of electricity, astronomy, and me- 
 teoroIop;y. He published a Journal Astro- 
 Meteorological— Memoirs on the Applica- 
 tion of Meteorology to Agriculture — Cycle 
 of 123 Moons, &c. He died at Padua, 
 11th Nov. 1707, aged 79. 
 
 ToBiN, John, a'dramatic writer, was the 
 son of a West India merchant, and born at 
 Salisbury in 1770. He vras educated part- 
 ly at Soutliampton, and next at Bristol ; 
 after which he was articled to a solicitor in 
 London. On the expiration of his term, 
 he was admitted to practice ; but devoted 
 more attention to the play-house than to 
 business. He wrote several plays, which 
 were all rejected, except a farce, called 
 ** All's fair for Love," acted for the benefit 
 of one of the performers. A pulmonary 
 complaint at length compelled the author to 
 seek a milder climate ; but he died on his 
 voyage to the West Indies, and was buried 
 at Cork, in 1804. After his death the 
 " Honey Moon," and '* Curfew," were 
 acted with success. — W. B. 
 
 Todd, Hugh, D.D. a divine, born at 
 Blencow, Cumberland, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He was elected 
 fellow of University, 1678. He was chap- 
 Iain to Smith, bishop of Carlisle, and vicar 
 of Stanwix, and accumulated his degrees, 
 1692. He published various things, and 
 died about 1710. The best known of his 
 works are, the Description of Sweden, fol. 
 —the Life of Phocion, &c. He left in MS. 
 a History of the Diocess of Carlisle, &c. — 
 Notitia Prioratus de Wedderhall — Notitia 
 Ecclesiae Cathedralis Carlilensis, &c. 
 
 ToiRAS, John Caylard de St. Bonnet, 
 marquis de, a native of St. Jean-de-Cardon- 
 nenques, who embraced the military pro- 
 fession, and served under Henry IV. and 
 Lewis XIII. He distinguished himself at 
 the sieges of Montauban and Montpellier, 
 and at the taking of Rhc, and when gover- 
 nor of the Montserrat, he acquired new 
 glory by his gallant defence of Casal, against 
 marquis Spinola. He was, in consequence 
 of his services, made marshal of France ; 
 but the attachment of his brothers to the 
 party of Orleans, and the mean jealousies 
 of Richelieu brought on his disgrace, and 
 be retired from France, and found in lialy, 
 at Naples, Rome, Venice, and other places, 
 that respect for his talents and meritorious 
 services, which his ungrateful country re- 
 fused to acknowledge. He afterwards be- 
 came a general in the army of the duke of 
 Savoy, and was killed before the fortress of 
 Fontanette, in the Milanese, 14th June, 
 1636, aged 51. His reputation for courage 
 was such, that after he expired, the soldiers 
 dipped their handkerchiefs in the blood 
 which issued from his wound, exclaiming, 
 
 that so long as they carrird that with ilietn, 
 so long would they prove victorious over 
 their enemies. 
 
 ToLAND, John, one of the foundcrM of 
 modern deism, was horn 30tli Nov. 1669, 
 in the north of Irclaud, ami f(lu(-iit<-d at 
 Redcastle school, near Londonderry, from 
 Avhich he went to Glasgow, 16^7, and 3 
 years after to Edinburgh. Though brought 
 up as a papist, he renounced that religion, 
 and at the age of 15 declared himself a 
 zealous protestant dissenter. He after- 
 wards went to study at Leyden, and then 
 returned to England, and visited Oxford, 
 and in 1696, published at London his Chris- 
 tianity not mysterious, which excited great 
 clamour against the writer, and even occa- 
 sioned its presentation as dangerous by the 
 grand jury of Middlesex. At this time he 
 went to Ireland, but here the fame of his 
 book was spread, and not only his compa- 
 ny was shunned as infectious, but his work 
 was attacked by the parliament, and or- 
 dered to be burnt by the hands of the com- 
 mon hangman. He, upon this, returned to 
 England, and was engaged in various publi- 
 cations. His Life of Milton was published 
 in 1698, and some other works on political 
 or religious subjects followed. He was 
 abroad in 1703^ at the court of Berlin and 
 Hanover, where he was received with great 
 respect, and on his return to England, he 
 was for some time patronised by Harley, 
 earl of Oxford. In 1718, he published his 
 Nazarenus, or Jewish, Gentile, or Maho- 
 metan Christianity, &c. which was a violent 
 attack against revelation, and in 1720 ap- 
 peared his Tetradymus, in four parts. He 
 died at Putney, near London, where he had 
 retired for some time, 11th March, 1722. 
 It must be fully acknowledged that Toland 
 possessed vast erudition, and great powers 
 of mind ; but, unfortunately, these were 
 misapplied in the support of atheism. The 
 wish of being known in the world, and the 
 strong passion of vanity, with which he was 
 influenced, led him to adopt opinions which, 
 probably, sober reflection disapproved ; and 
 the ambition of being singular, hurried him 
 to oppose whatever is held as most sacred 
 and solemn among mankind. His works 
 were very numerous ; those which were 
 posthumous were published in 2 vols. 8vo. 
 1726, and republished 1747, with an Ac- 
 count of his Life and Writings by Des 
 Maizeaux. 
 
 ToLLET, Elizabeth, an English lady, emi- 
 nent for her knowledge of mathematics, of 
 history, of French, Latin, and Italian. She 
 published some poems, besides Susannah, 
 or Innocence Preserved, a sacred drama, 
 and died unmarried 1754, aged 60. 
 
 ToLLius, Jacobus, a physician, born at 
 Ingra, in the territory of Utrecht. He was, 
 in 16S4, made professor of eloquence, and 
 Greek at Brandenbursh. bv the elector, and 
 
 719 
 
TOO 
 
 TOO 
 
 died 1696. He possessed great learning, 
 but favoured the notion of discovering the 
 philosopher's stone. He edited Ausonius, 
 in 8vo. and Longinus, in 4to., and wrote 
 Epistolae Itinerariae. His brother Cornelius 
 was at first an amanuensis to Isaac Vossius, 
 and then became professor of eloquence and 
 Greek at Hardervvyck, and published an ap- 
 pendix to Pierus V alerianus's treatise de In- 
 felicitate Literatorum, 12mo. Another bro- 
 ther, Alexander, puohshed a useiui and 
 valuable edition ol Appian. 
 
 ToLOMMEi, Claudio, a native of Sienna, 
 who distinguished himself as a poet and 
 oratoi*, and was, in consequence of his abi- 
 lities, made bishop of Corsala. The best 
 known of his woi'ks is a speech, which he 
 delivered in the presence of Pope Clement 
 VII. in consequence of the peace made with 
 Charles V. in 1529. This truly learned and 
 virtuous man died 1557, aged 62. 
 
 ToBiPioN, Thomas, a celebrated mecha- 
 nic. His name is mentioned with those of 
 Graham, and other ingenious men, as an 
 able clock and watch maker. He died 1696. 
 
 ToNSTALL, Cuthbert, a native of Tack- 
 ford, Hertfordshire, who studied at the uni- 
 versities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua, 
 and distinguished himself for his knowledge 
 of mathematics and divinity. He was em- 
 ployed in several embassies by Henry V'ill. 
 and for his services was made bishop of 
 London 1522, lord privy seal 1523, and in 
 1530, translated to Durham. He was de- 
 prived of his honours by Elizabeth, for de- 
 nying her supremacy, though he had for- 
 merly supported her father in the work of 
 the reformation, and he died in confine- 
 ment, 1559, aged 84. He was author of a 
 treatise de Arte Supputandi, Lon. 1522, 
 4to. — on the presence of Christ in the Eu- 
 charist, 4to. — Aristotle's Morals abridged, 
 &c. 
 
 TooKE, Andrew, an English writer, born 
 in London, 1673. He was educated at the 
 Charter-house, and Ciare-hall, Caisibridge, 
 where he took his degrees in arts. In 1695 
 he was made u her of the Charter-house, 
 and in 1704 professor of geometry at Gres- 
 ham college, and though he inherited much 
 property from his brother, the bookseller in 
 Fleet-street, he was so attached to his habits 
 of life that he accepted the headship of the 
 school, 1728. He died of a dropsy, 20th 
 Jan. 1731, aged 58, and was buried in the 
 Charter-house chapel. He published Sy- 
 nopsis Graecae Linguae — Ovid's Fasti, the 
 Pantheon, or History of the Heathen Gods 
 translated without acknowledgment from 
 the Latin of Pomey, a Jesuit. 
 
 TooKE, George, of Popes in Hertford- 
 shire, was born 1595. He went as captain 
 of a band of volunteers in the expedition 
 against Cadiz, in 1625, of which he wrote 
 a poetical account, tie retired to his seat, 
 and devoted himself, durina; the civil wars, 
 720 
 
 to literary pursuits, and the conversation of 
 his friends, the learned Selden, Hales, John 
 Greaves, &c. He lost his wife 1642, and 
 wrote various canzonets to her memory. 
 He died 1675, aged 80. 
 
 TooKE, John Home, a politician, was 
 the son of a poulterer named Home, and 
 born in Newport-street, Westminster, in 
 173G. He was educated partly at West- 
 minster, and partly at Eton ; after which he 
 became a member of St. John's college, 
 Cambridge. In 1670 he was inducted to 
 the chapelry of New-Brentford ; but his 
 conduct ill-suited the clerical profession, 
 and he became the partizan of Wilkes ; 
 till, on founding the ' Society for support- 
 ing the Bill of Rigats," a quarrel arose be- 
 tween them, eacii charging the other with 
 venality and hypocrisy. In 1771, he took 
 his master's degree, though witU great dif- 
 ficulty ; and about this time he had a con- 
 troversy with Junius, in which he was sup- 
 posed to have the advantage. Soon after 
 this he resigned the living of Brentford, and 
 entered as a student in the Temple, but was 
 refused admission to the bar. In 1775 he 
 was imprisoned for a libel on the king's 
 troops in America ; which gave occasion for 
 his " Letter to Dunning," containing the 
 outline of the philological system, which he 
 published at large in 1786, under the title 
 of "The Diversions of Purley." Having 
 rendered some services to Mr. Tooke, of 
 Purley, in Surrey, that gentleman made 
 Home his heir, who, out of gratitude, as- 
 sumed his name. When, hoAvever, Mr. 
 Tooke died in 1803, his will only contained 
 a legacy of five hundred pounds to our au- 
 thor, and one hundred to each of his daugh- 
 ters. In 1790 Home Tooke offered him- 
 self as a candidate for Westminster, but 
 without success. His next appearance be- 
 fore the public was on a charge of high 
 treason, at the Old Bailey, in 1794, when 
 he and his associates were acquitted. In 
 1796 he again stootl for Westminster, and 
 failed ; but a few years afterwards he ob- 
 tained a seat in parliament for Old Samm, 
 on the nomination of lord Camelford. A 
 motion was brought forward to expel him, 
 on the ground of his being in orders ; but 
 this measure was di'opped ; and a bill 
 brought in to pi'event the admission of 
 clergymen in future. He died at Wimble- 
 don, March 19, 1812.— PT. B. 
 
 Tooke, William, an English divine, was 
 born in 1744 at Islington. He was origin- 
 ally a printer; but in 1771 he obtained 
 episcopal ordination, and was appointed 
 minister of the church at Cronstadt. In 
 1774 he became chaplain to the factory at 
 St. Petersburgh ; and after residing there 
 many years, he returned to his own coun- 
 try, where, however, he enjoyed no prefer- 
 ment. He waa a fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and died Nov. 17, 1820. His priu- 
 
TOR 
 
 TUK 
 
 c'ipal works arc — 1. " Varieties in Litera- 
 ture," 2 vols. 8vo. — 2. A translation of 
 Zoliikoffer's Sermons. — 3. The Life of Ca- 
 therine IL — 4. A View of the Russian Em- 
 pire. — 5. A General History of Russia, — 
 6. A translation of Lucian, 2 vols. 4to. — 
 W. B. 
 
 ToPHAM, Thomas, a publican of Isling- 
 ton, of whose prodigious strength curious 
 particulars are related in Hutton's History 
 of Derbyshire. It is said that he could 
 squeeze together a pewter quart pot at 
 arms' length j lift over his head with his 
 little finger a weight of 200lbs. and with 
 his teeth raise an oak table six feet long, 
 at the extremity of which was suspended 
 half a hundred weight. He raised with ap- 
 parent ease, and with one hand, a man 
 who weighed 27 stone, and so powerful was 
 the strength of his arm, that he broke 
 against it the largest sticks. He stabbed 
 himself in 1749, in consequence of a quar- 
 rel with his wife, and after wounding her 
 in a dangerous manner. 
 
 ToPHAM, Edward, an ingenious gentle- 
 man, was the son of Dr. Topham, judge of 
 the prerogative court at York. He was 
 educated at Eton and Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, on leaving which, he obtained 
 a commission in the guards, where he rose 
 to the rank of major. He was at one time 
 the proprietor of a fashionable paper, called 
 " The World," in which he inserted several 
 lively pieces in prose and verse, particular- 
 ly the curious memoir of John Elwes, the 
 miser, which aflervvards was published in a 
 separate form, and went through two edi- 
 tions. His other works are, " Letters from 
 Edinburgh," 8vo. ; " Address to Edmund 
 Burke, Esq." 8vo. ; " Account of a stone 
 which fell from the clouds on his estate in 
 Yorkshire," 4to. ; and some dramas. He 
 died at Doucasterin 1820.— IF. B. 
 
 ToPLADY, Augustus Montague, a native 
 of Farnham in Surrey, educated at Vfc^est- 
 minster school and Dublin university. He 
 became in 1768 vicar of Broadhembury, 
 Devon ; but finding the air of the place 
 unfavourable to his constitution, he settled 
 in London, and officiated in a chapel. 
 Orange-street, Leicester-fields. He was 
 author of Historic Proofs of the Doctrinal 
 Calvinism of the Church of England, and 
 other theological Works, which have been 
 collected together in 6 vols. Svo. with an 
 account of his life. He died in London, 
 1778, aged 41. 
 
 ToRFJEUs, Thormodus, a native of Mia- 
 nia, historiographer to the king of Den- 
 mark. He is known for his History of the 
 Orcades from 850 to 1206, published 1715, 
 folio — and his History of Norway, 4 vols, 
 folio, 1711, two works written in Latin, 
 and possessing great merit. IJe died 1720, 
 aged 81. 
 
 Vol. n. 
 
 91 
 
 ToRut, N. a native of the Alilanesej 
 who from low beginnings, rose to »;minence 
 as a chymist, and as an artist in fireworks. 
 By his great application, he became ac- 
 quainted with experimental philosophy, and 
 the friendship of Reaumur, rendered hini 
 expert in the construction of barometers, 
 and in the knowledge of pneumatics. His 
 artificial fireworks, exhibited at Paris, on 
 the marriage of Lewis XVI. were much ad- 
 mired, and in his experiments in pyrotech- 
 ny, it is said, that he discovered the method 
 of preparing an unextinguishable fire, which 
 might consume an enemy's fleet. This 
 dreadful secret was revealed to the French 
 government, who refused to practise it 
 against the English fleet, and the inventor 
 at last, sensible of the terrible consequences 
 of this powerful engine of destruction, ex- 
 pressed great contrition for his discove- 
 ry. The sudden death of his wife had such 
 an effect upon him, that he soon followed 
 her to the grave, 30th April, 1780. Though 
 an intelligent man, he wasted much of his 
 time in the foolish attempt of transmuting 
 metals into gold. 
 
 ToRRENTius, Laevinus, a learned man, 
 born at Ghent in Flanders 1525, and edu- 
 cated at Louvain. He studied the civil law 
 at Bologna, and on his return home was 
 employed in some embassies. He after- 
 wards took orders, and died bishop of Ant- 
 werp, 1595. He published Latin poems — 
 Commentaries on Suetonius and Horace, 
 &c. 
 
 ToRRENTius, John, a painter of Amster- 
 dam. He possessed merit, but unfortunate- 
 ly was so lascivious in his ideas, that all 
 the powers of his art were employed in de- 
 lineating naked and obscene figures, in the 
 most licentious and disgusting attitudes. 
 Not satisfied to corrupt the youthful and 
 unwary by the extravagant efforts of his 
 pencil, he became the founder of a sect of 
 Adamites, and for his heretical opinions 
 was seized by the magistrates, and tor- 
 tured. He expired under the severity of 
 his torments, 1640, and his offensive pieces 
 were burnt by the hands of the hangman. 
 ToRRiCELLi, Evangeliste, an eminen 
 mathematician, born at Faenza, 1608. He 
 was well educated, and he learned philoso- 
 phy under Castelli, who had been the pupil 
 of the great Galileo. His progress in science 
 was so great that he was recommended to 
 Galileo, and went to live with him as an as- 
 sistant and friend ; but the death of that 
 venerable philosopher three months after 
 left him to his own pursuits. He settled 
 at Florence, where he was ])atronised by 
 the duke Ferdinand IL and he devoted him- 
 self to the construction and improvement 
 of telescopes and microscopes. To his 
 ingenious experiments we are indelited for 
 the discovery of ascertaining the weight of 
 the atmosphere by quicksilver in the b?«ro- 
 
 721 
 
-rot 
 
 TOU 
 
 iufcler or Tomcellian tubo. He died aficr 
 a few days' illness, 1647, aged 40. He 
 jjublished Opera Geometrica, 4to. 1644. 
 
 Tory, GtJOtfVey, a native ot'Bourges, who 
 settled at Paris as professor of pliilosopliy 
 in the eollege of Burgundy, and atlenvards 
 became printer. He greatly improved the 
 art of printing, and published a useful 
 book on the Proportion and Distauee of 
 tetters called Champ Fieuri, 4to. and Svo. 
 He also translated the Hieroglyphics of 
 Horus Apollo, Svo. and wrote wiEdiloquium, 
 &c. He died 1550. 
 
 ToscANELLA, Paul, an able astronomer, 
 who erected in Florence cathedral a famous 
 gnomon, of which a description has been 
 published by father Ximenes in 4to. 1757. 
 It is said to be the largest of the kind in 
 Europe. Some supposed that Toseanella 
 formed an idea of the possibility of a pas- 
 sage to the east by the Cape of Good Hope, 
 and by mentioning tne circumstance to 
 Martenz of Lisbon, the Portuguese, it is 
 said, were animated in their endeavours to 
 improve navigation and to make discoveries. 
 He died about 1490. 
 
 TosTATUs, Alphonso, a doctor of Sala- 
 manca, bishop of Avilla, who distinguished 
 himself by his eloquence at the council of 
 liasil, and died 1454, aged 40. He wrote 
 Commentaries on Kusebius's Chronicle, 5 
 vols, folio — Commentaries on Scripture, 
 ^f. His works were printed together at 
 Venice 1596, in 13 vols, folio, a ponderous 
 mass. 
 
 ToTiLA, king of the Goths, defeated the 
 troops of the emperor Justinian, and ob- 
 tained possession of Italy, Corsica, Sar- 
 dinia, and Sicily. He sacked Rome, and 
 ivas at last killed in battle by one of the sol- 
 diers of Justinian, 552, in the 11th year of 
 his reign. 
 
 ToTTiE, John, a learned divine, who be- 
 came canon of Christ-church, and archdea- 
 con of Worcester. He was an able and 
 eloquent preacher, and was much admired 
 at St. Mary's, Oxford. His Sermons have 
 been published, and are deservedly esteem- 
 ed. He died after 1775. 
 
 TouLMiN, Joshua, a dissenting minister 
 of the Baptist persuasion, and a Unitarian, 
 was born in London. He officiated many 
 years to a congregation at Taunton in So- 
 mersetshire, where also he carried on the 
 business of a bookseller. On the emigra- 
 tion of Dr. Priestley to America, he was 
 chosen minister of the united congregations 
 at Birmingham, where he died in 1815, 
 aged 73. Dr. Toulmin, for he had obtained 
 a degree from an American college, was an 
 indefatigable compiler, and published seve- 
 ral works, tlie principal of Avhich are — 1. 
 The Life of Socinus, Svo, 2. Disserta- 
 tions on the Evidences of Christianity, Svo. 
 3. Life of John Biddlc. 4. History of 
 Taunton, with a .supplement, 4ta 5. A 
 732 
 
 new edition of Neal's history of the Puri- 
 tans, 5 vols. 6. Biography of Dr. Priest- 
 ley. 7. Memoirs ot Samuel Bourne. 8. 
 Historical view of the Protestant Dissent«« 
 ers, Svo. — W. B. 
 
 Toup, Jonathan, a learned critic, born at 
 St. Ives, in Cornwall, 1713. He was edu- 
 cated in the school of his native town, 
 and at St. Meri'yn's, and then entered at 
 Exeter college, Oxford, where he took his 
 bachelor's degree. His master's degree 
 was taken at Cambridge 1756. His "Emen- 
 dationes in Suidam," which first appeared 
 in 1760, and were continued in another vo- 
 lume, 1764, recommended him to the notice 
 of VVarburton, by whose means bishop 
 Keppei bestowed on him a prebend in Exe- 
 ter cathedral, and the vicarage of St. Mer- 
 ryn's. He published his Appendiculum 
 iNotarum in Suidam, 1775, and tn 1778 his 
 edition of Longinus in 4to. and afterwards 
 in Svo. He passed his life in retii'ement, 
 devoted to literary pursuits ; but though 
 unacquainted with the world, he was the 
 correspondent of the learned of the age, of 
 Ernestus, Brunk, Valknaer, Runkenius, 
 Larcher, &c. He died 1785, aged 72, and 
 was buried ni St. Martin's church, Exeter, 
 of Avhich he was rector. He was never 
 married. 
 
 TouRNEFORT, Joscph Pitton de, a cele- 
 brated French botanist, born at Aix in Pro- 
 vence, 5th June, 1656. From his very 
 youth he showed a strong passion for collect- 
 ing plants, and though devoted to theologi- 
 cal pursuits by his father, he did not aban- 
 don his favourite studies, and when become 
 his own master, he applied himself most 
 assiduously to botany, philosophy, and me- 
 dicine. In 1678 he explored the mountains 
 of Dauphine and Savoy in quest of plants, 
 and in 1679 perfected himself in anatomy 
 and medicine at MontpeiUer. In 1681 he 
 set out for Spain, and after visiting atten- 
 tively the mountains of Catalonia and the 
 Pyrenees, frequently in the midst of danger 
 from the uncivilized inhabitants, he return- 
 ed to France with the intention of exploring 
 also the Alps, to enrich his botanical curio- 
 sities. In 1683 he was at Paris, where his 
 merit began to be known, and he was ap- 
 pointed botanical professor in the king's 
 garden. He afterwards travelled over 
 Spain, Portugal, Holland, and England, 
 and in 1700 was sent by the king to examine 
 the plants of Greece, Asia, and Africa, and 
 to make observations on the manners and 
 the natural history of those countries. He 
 returned after an absence of three years, 
 and brought with him 1356 species of plants. 
 He was soon after made professor of physic 
 in the college royal, and admitted into the 
 academy of sciences. He received an in- 
 jury from the wheel of a cart which passed 
 by hhn, and neglecting the proper remedies, 
 he was seized with the spitting of blood. 
 
TO I 
 
 TOW 
 
 ivhich after some months carried him ori", 
 28th Dec. 1708. This most eelebrated bo- 
 tanist of the age publislied, Elements of 
 Botany, 3 vols. Hvo. cnUirged to 3 vols. 4to. 
 — History of Plants near Paris, I'imo. en- 
 larged to 2 vols, — Voyage to the Levant, 2 
 vols. 4to. and three in 8vo. — a treatise on 
 the Materia Medica, 2 vols. 12mo. besides 
 several papers in the history of the acade- 
 my of sciences 
 
 TouiiNELy, Honore, a French ecclesias- 
 tic, born at Antibes 28th Aug. 1658, of ob- 
 scure parents. He gradually rose by his 
 great application from the mean oHice of a 
 swineherd, to become professor of theology 
 at Douay, and a popular preacher. He was 
 much engaged in the controversy about the 
 bull Unigcnitus, which he defended with 
 great ability. He died ol an apoplexy, 26th 
 Dec. 1729. The best known of his works is 
 n Course of Theology in Latin, 16 vols. 8vo. 
 a composition of great merit. 
 
 TouRRETTE, Mark Anth. Lew. Claret 
 de la, a native of Lyons, who studied in the 
 Jesuits' college at Lyons, and afterwards at 
 the Harcourt college at Paris. He became 
 one of the magisti-ates of his native city, and 
 devoted himself much to the study of natu- 
 ral history. He formed a valuable collec- 
 tion of insects and of herbs, and cultivated 
 in his garden not less than 3000 of the 
 rarest and most curious plants. This amia- 
 ble man, whose zeal in the investigation of 
 natural curiosities and in botanical pursuits 
 was indefatigable, and whose correspon- 
 dence was extended to all the learned of 
 Europe, was attacked by an inflammation 
 in the lungs at the siege of his native town 
 in the autumn of 1793, and he survived it 
 but few days. He died aged 64. He pub- 
 lished, Demonstrations Elementaires de 
 Botanique, 2 vols. 8vo. — Voyage au Mont 
 Pila, 8vo. — Chloris Lugdunensis, 8vo. — 
 Memoircs sur les Monstres Vegetaux, &c. 
 
 TouRviLLE, Anne Hilarion de Costentiu 
 de, a French admiral, born at Tourvillc, 
 near Contances 1642. He first distinguish- 
 ed himself against the Algerines, and after- 
 wards at the battle of Palermo, and against 
 the Spanish fleet. He defeated in 1690, 
 the conibined fleets of England and Hol- 
 land, but the battle of la Hogue, twoyears 
 after, proved fatal to his glory, and to the 
 honour of the French flag, by the loss of 
 14 of his largest ships. He was honoured 
 in 1701, with the staiT of marshal of 
 France, and died the same year, 28th May, 
 aged 59. 
 
 ToussAiNT LouvERTURE, a mulatto of 
 St. Domingo, who by his courage and abili- 
 ties rose to command in the French army, 
 under Rochambeau, in 1796. The influence 
 which he possessed among the blacks, in- 
 duced him to aspire to sovereign power, 
 and the cruelties which the French began 
 to exercise against the native^?, served to 
 
 increase the numbers which llock«^d to fai> 
 rebellions standard. AiU-r cstablisliinj; a 
 constitution in the; island, nnd l.tiing ac- 
 knowledged the head of ull power civil and 
 military, he consolidated his authority, by 
 the wisest, and most humane regnlutions ; 
 but his conlidcnce in the friendly profes- 
 sions of the French, who still kept an army 
 in the province, proveil fatal to him. He 
 trusted his person among them, an<l in- 
 stead of being respected as an independen( 
 chief, he was seized as a criminal, and sent 
 to France by le Clerc. Immured in a pri- 
 son, liis iurierings were disregarded, while 
 his countrymen, indignant at his treatment, 
 rose to repel their ferocious invaders. 
 This ill-treated, but truly valiant chieftain, 
 died in his prison 1803, and it is said that 
 8itherpoison,orviolence, hastened his death. 
 
 Towers, Joseph, a dissenting minister, 
 born at Southwark 1737. He followed the 
 printing business with Goadby, of Sher- 
 borne, and then settled as a bookseller in 
 London, and in 1774 became pastor of a 
 presbyterian congregation at Highgate. 
 Four years after he was associated with Dr. 
 Price, in Newington-green meeting, and in 
 1779 was honoured, by Edinburgh univer- 
 sity, with the degree of LL. D. He wrote, 
 British Biography, 7 vols. Svo. — Observa- 
 tions on Hume's History of England — thr; 
 Life and Reign of Frederic IH. of Prussia, 
 2 vols. Svo. — a Vindication of Locke — Ser- 
 mons — an Answer to Burke's famous pam- 
 phlet, and other political tracts. He also 
 assisted Dr. Kippis in the new edition oi' 
 the Biographia Britannica. He died 1799. 
 
 Tov»NLET, Charles, an eminent English 
 collector of antiquities, born at Town ley- 
 hall, Lancashire, long the residence of his 
 ancient family. With genuine taste in the 
 knowledge of antiquities, and with the com- 
 mand of an independent fortune, he zeal- 
 ously devoted his labours to the formation 
 of a noble collection, and his hou5e, in 
 Park-street, became the depository of tlie 
 bulky fragments of Egyptian architecture, 
 and the more pleasing and beautiful speci- 
 mens of the Grecian and Roman models. 
 His medals were also numerous and valua- 
 ble, and among his choice manuscripts was 
 a Homer, which he permitted to be collated, 
 in a late edition of that poet. Tlie Etnis- 
 can vases, and other antiquities of his col- 
 lection, were illustrated in 2 vols. 4to. by 
 d'Ancarville, a French antiquarian, avIio has 
 explained the mythological representations 
 and incriptions, with ingenious observa- 
 tions. Mr. Townley, who was fellow of 
 the anticpiorian and royal societies, and one 
 of the trustees of the British museum, died 
 at his house, Park-street, 3d Jan. 1S05, aged 
 67. By his will he left 1000/. for the 
 building of a museum, at Standish, for the 
 reception of his valuable antiquities, but as 
 the bequest has not been couj^dicd with, the 
 
TRA 
 
 TKA 
 
 whole collection is, agreeable to his further 
 fiirections, now deposited in the British mu- 
 seum, for which purpose parliament have 
 granted a very liberal allowance to the trus- 
 tees. 
 
 TowNSEND, Joseph, an English divine, 
 was originally destined for the profession 
 of physic, and educated at Caius college, 
 Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship 
 and took his master's degree. He then 
 studied under Dr. CuUen at Edinburgh ; 
 but on hearing the Methodists he took 
 another turn, was ordained and presented 
 to the rectory of Pewsey in Wiltshire. He 
 also became chaplain to lady Huntingdon, 
 and preached in her chapel at Bath ; but 
 after some time his Calvinistic zeal abated, 
 and he settled on his living, where he died 
 in 1816. He published — 1. A Journey 
 through Spain, 3 vols. 8vo. 2. The Phy- 
 sician's Vade Mecum. 3. Dissertation on 
 the Poor Laws. 4. A Guide to Health. 
 5. Thoughts on Despotic and Free Govern- 
 ments. 6. Sermons. 7. The character of 
 Moses as an Historian established, 2 vols, 
 4to.— ir. B. 
 
 TowNsoN, Thomas, D.D. an able divine, 
 born in Essex, 1715. From Christ-church, 
 Oxford, he removed to Magdalen college, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, and after- 
 wards was presented successively to Hat- 
 field Peveral, in Essex, Blithfield, Stafford- 
 shire, the lower moiety of Malpas, Cheshire, 
 and by the patronage of bishop Porteus, 
 Richmond archdeaconry, Yorkshire. He 
 is eminently known for his valuable dis- 
 courses on the four gospels, and three 
 tracts in answer to the Confessional, and 
 since his death, which happened in 1792, a 
 discourse on the Evangelical History has 
 appeared with his life. 
 
 TozzETTi, John Targioni, an eminent 
 botanist born at Florence, 11th Sept. 1722. 
 He was educated at Pisa, and succeeded in 
 1737 his master Micheli in the care of the 
 botanic garden of Florence. In 1737, he 
 was made professor of botany there, and 
 consulting physician to the government. 
 He was engaged with Cocchi in making a 
 catalogue of the famous library at Florence, 
 and in consequence of his fame as a physi- 
 cian and botanist he was admitted into se- 
 Teral of the learned societies of Europe. 
 He was one of the first who introduced in- 
 oculation in Tuscany. He died at Florence 
 1780, of an atrophy. His publications in 
 Latin, as well as in Italian, are very res- 
 pectable. He published a thesis " De Prae- 
 stantia et Usu Plantarum in Medicina," 
 fol. — a work on the Improvement of Medi- 
 cine in Etruria, in 4 vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Tracy, Uriah, a distinguished lawyer, 
 Avas born at Norwich, Connecticut, Febru- 
 ary 2d, 1755, and educated at Yale college, 
 where he was graduated in 1778, with an 
 uncommon reputation for tnlents. Having 
 7-24 
 
 studied law he established himself in 1780 
 at Litchfield, and soon rose to a high rank 
 in the profession. He was elected a repre- 
 sentative in the state legislature in 1787, 
 and was for several succeeding years speak- 
 er of that body. In 1793 he was transfer- 
 red to the house of representatives in 
 the national legislature, where he con- 
 tinued for six years, when he was elect- 
 ed to a seat in the senate, and continued a 
 member of that body, greatly admired for 
 his legal and political knowledge, wit, and 
 eloquence, till his death on the 19th of 
 July, 1807, in the fifty-third year of his 
 age. He possessed a mind of uncommon 
 strength, acuteness, and vivacity ; was dis- 
 tinguished for frankness, generosity, and 
 richness and sprightliness of humour ; and 
 enjoyed the highest esteem and respect of 
 his fellow-citizens, both on account of the 
 amiableness of his private character, and 
 the fidelity with which he discharged his 
 public duties. tC?^ L. 
 
 Tradescant, John, a Dutchman, who 
 travelled over the best part of Europe, 
 Greece, Turkey, Egypt, and Barbary, and 
 at last settled in England, where he be- 
 came superintendent of the gardens of 
 Charles I. It is said that he was the first 
 who formed in England a collection of me- 
 dals and objects of natural history. His 
 son was also a great traveller. They had 
 a large garden at Lambeth, well stocked 
 with various plants and trees from foreign 
 countries. An account of their valuable 
 collection appeared under the name of Mu- 
 seum Tradescantium. The father died 
 1652, and the monument of the family is 
 still seen in Lambeth churchyard. 
 
 Trajan, M. Alpinus Crinitus, a Roman 
 emperor. After serving under Vespasian 
 and Titus in their Asiatic campaigns, and 
 after supporting by his valour the power of 
 Nerva, he was associated with him on the 
 throne. He was a brave and popular 
 prince, though he persecuted the Chris- 
 tians. He died in Cilicia, 117 A.D. 
 
 Trallian, Alexander, a native of 
 Tralles, in Lydia, eminent as a medical 
 writer. He first used cantharides for the 
 cure of the gout, and practised phlebotomy 
 Avith success, about 550 A.D. His works, 
 all on medical subjects, have appeared at 
 Basil, Paris, and London. 
 
 Trapp, Joseph, an able divine, born 
 1672, at Cherington, Gloucestershire, 
 where his father was rector. He was edu- 
 cated by his father, and then entered at 
 Wadham college, Oxford, of which he be- 
 came fellow. He was the first poetry pro- 
 fessor on the Birkhead foundation, and he 
 published the lectures which he delivered 
 under the title of Praelectiones Poetica;, a 
 very elegant and ingenious work. As he 
 had given excellent rules for the forming 
 of a poet, he afterwards attempted to act 
 
TRE 
 
 TRE 
 
 up to those rules in the translation of the 
 ^neid, but in this he totally failed. Vir- 
 gil, as has been well observed, viewed 
 through tlie medium of Trapp, appears an 
 accurate writer, and the ^'.neid a well-con- 
 ducted fable ; but discerned in Drydcn's 
 page he glows as a fire from heaven, and 
 the ^neid is a continued series of what- 
 ever is great, elegant, pathetic, and sub- 
 lime. Dr. Trapp was rector of Harlington, 
 Middlesex, of Christ church, Newgate- 
 street, and St. Leonard's, Foster-lane, and 
 lecturer of St, Lawrence, Jewry, and St. 
 Martin's in the Fields. Though acquaint- 
 ed with the great, he obtained no higher 
 preferment. He died 22d Nov. 1747, and 
 left behind him an excellent character as a 
 critic, a scholar, a preacher, and as a man. 
 He published Milton's Paradise Lost, in 
 Latin verse — 4 vols, of sermons — Abra- 
 mule, a tragedy — a treatise on being over 
 righteous — liesides 2 vols, of his Prajlec- 
 tiones — a poem in the Musae Anglicanae, 
 and, among other poems, one on the duke 
 of Ormond, of which only 11 copies were 
 sold. 
 
 Traversari, Ambrose, a monk, born at 
 Cameldoni, near Florence, 1386. He 
 translated into Latin Diogenes Laertius, 
 which he inscribed to Cosmo de Medici, 
 and the work possessed merit, and has 
 often been reprinted. He was for some 
 time interpreter between the Greeks who 
 fled from Constantinople, and the Italians, 
 who hospitably received them. 
 
 Travis, Geoi^e, a native of Royton, 
 Lancashire, educated at Manchester 
 school, and St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his master's degree. He 
 afterwards was promoted to Eastham vicar- 
 age, and Handley rectory, Cheshire, and 
 obtained the archdeaconry of Chester, and 
 a prebend in that church. He ably attack- 
 ed Gibbon's History, and showed himself 
 a strenuous asserter of the genuineness of 
 the famous passage in 1 John v. 7, about 
 the three witnesses, against Griesbach, 
 Porson, Marsh, and Pappelbaum. He died 
 at Hampstead, 24th April, 1797. 
 
 Treadwell, John, LL.D. governor of 
 Connecticut, was born at Farmington, in 
 that state, November 23d, 1745, and was 
 graduated at Yale college in 1767. He 
 studied law, though not with the design of 
 practising, and settled in his native town, 
 where he was early introduced into civil 
 employments, for which his education, 
 sound judgment, public spirit, and integri- 
 ty, rendered him peculiarly qualified, and 
 passed successively through many of the 
 most important offices in the state. He 
 was elected a representative in the legisla- 
 ture in 1776, and thence annually, with 
 the exception of one year, till 1785, when 
 he was transferred to a seat in the council. 
 He continued a member of that body till 
 
 1798, and was then advanced to the chair 
 of lieutenant-governor. On the death of 
 governor Trumbull, in ihe autuni;i of 1809, 
 he was appointed by the legislature to buc- 
 ceed him, and was elected by the people to 
 the office in the ensuing sprinp. He had 
 also been, antecedently to 1809, twenty 
 years judge of probate, three years a judge 
 of the county court, twenty a judge of the 
 supreme court of errors, and nineteen a 
 member of the corporation of Yale college. 
 He had likewise the honour of a principal 
 agency in establishing the school fund of 
 that state, assisted in negotiating the sale 
 of the lands from which it was raised, drew 
 the bill for its appropriation, and was until 
 1810 one of the board to which its manage- 
 ment was intrusted. The duties of these 
 several stations he discharged with ability, 
 and with an exactness and disinterested 
 regard to the public good, most honourable 
 to his character. He was a warm, consis- 
 tent, and intelligent Christian, and render- 
 ed important services to the cause of reli- 
 gion, not only as an exemplary and active 
 member of the church at home, but as a 
 frequent member of ecclesiastical councils, 
 a trustee of the Connecticut Missionary 
 Society, and as president of the American 
 Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
 sions, which office he filled from the orga- 
 nization of that body till his death on the 
 19th of August, 1823. He possessed a 
 sound and vigorous mind, and beside law 
 and politics, to which his public employ- 
 ments called his attention, was extensively 
 acquainted with literature, science, and 
 theology. |C3^ L. 
 
 Treat, Robert, governor of Connecti- 
 cut, was a native of Milford, in that state, 
 and was elected a magistrate in 1673. 
 During the war with king Philip he com- 
 manded the troops of Connecticut, and de- 
 feated the Indians at Springfield and Had- 
 ley. In J 676 he was chosen deputy-gover- 
 nor, and from 1683 to 1698 chief magis- 
 trate of the state. He again held the office 
 of deputy-governor in 1698 and 1708. He 
 was a brave and cautious military officer, 
 and an able magistrate, and rendered the 
 most important services to the colony in 
 both capacities. He died in 1710, in his 
 eighty-ninth year. jCF* L. 
 
 Treat, Samuel, first minister of East- 
 ham, Massachusetts, was the son of gover- 
 nor Treat, and educated at Harvard col- 
 lege, where he was graduated in 1669. He 
 was ordained in 1672. He studied the 
 language of the Indians who lived in his 
 neighbourhood, and devoted himself with 
 great zeal to their instruction, many of 
 whom were led by his instrumentality to 
 adopt the arts of civilization, and a consi- 
 derable number to embrace Christianity. 
 He preached for many years to about 500 
 Indians, and employed four native teachers 
 
 725 
 
TRE 
 
 TRI 
 
 to instruct them. After having devoted 
 near half a century to these benevolent ex- 
 ertions, he died in 1717, in his sixty-ninth 
 year. |CT^ L. 
 
 Tremblet, Abraham, a native of Gene- 
 va, who retired to Holland, not to embrace 
 the ecclesiastical profession, according to 
 the wishes of his father. After being pri- 
 vate tutor to some persons of distinction in 
 Holland, he came to London, and under- 
 took the education of the duke of Rich- 
 mond. He returned to Geneva, 1757, 
 where he married, and became a useful 
 member of the republic. He died there, 
 1784, aged 74. His works are Memoirs 
 on Polypus, 4to. — Instructions from a Fa- 
 ther to his Children, on Natural Religion, 
 2 vols. 8vo.— Instructions on Natural Re- 
 ligion, 3 vols. Svo. — Inquiries on Virtue 
 and Happiness, &c. 
 
 Tremellius, Immanuel, a protestant 
 divine, born at Ferrara, 1510, of Jewish 
 parents. He was converted by Peter Mar- 
 tyr, and after visiting England and Hol- 
 land, he settled at Heidelberg, where he 
 was appointed HebreAv professor. He was 
 afterwards professor of Hebrew at Sedan, 
 where he died 1580. He published a 
 translation of the Bible, much esteemed by 
 Matt. Poole and others, and also a Latin 
 version of the Syriac Testament. 
 
 Trebioille, or Trimouille, Louis de 
 la, viscount de Thouars, a French general 
 of illustrious birth, born 20th Sept. 1460. 
 He so early displayed his valour,, that at 
 the age of 18 he was made general of the 
 French forces, and at the battlefiolTSt,' Au- 
 bin-du-Cormier, in 1488, he took^iprisoher 
 the duke of Orleans, afterwards Lewis 
 XII. He possessed equal abilities as a ne- 
 gotiator, and was successfully employed as 
 an ambassador at the courts of Britany, of 
 Vienha, and of Rome. Lewis XII. when 
 raised to the throne, forgot the injuries 
 which he had received from this powerful 
 subject, and inti'usted him with his armies 
 iii Italy, and rewarded his services with 
 several honourable appointments. Tre- 
 moille was wounded at the battle of Nova- 
 ra, but bravely defended Dijon against the 
 Swiss, and protected Picardy and Frovence 
 against the attacks of invading armies. He 
 fell gloriously at the fatal battle of Pavia, 
 24th Feb. 1525, aged 65. An account of 
 his life was published ])y Bouchet, 4to. His 
 grandson Francis was taken prisoner at the 
 battle of Pavia, and recommended himself 
 to the favour of his sovereign by his atten- 
 tions to him during his captivity. He died 
 at Thouars, 1541, aged 39. There were 
 others of this family distinguished for their 
 fidelity and services to the crown. 
 
 Tremolliere, Peter Charles, a native 
 
 of Chollet, in Poitou, who died at Paris 
 
 1739, aged 36. He studied under J. B. 
 
 Vanloo, and after a residence of six years 
 
 726 
 
 in Italy he settled at Paris. His ship- 
 wreck of Ulysses, his golden age, and his! 
 altar pieces are much admired. 
 
 Trenchard, John, an English patriot, 
 born 1669. He was bred to the law, but 
 never followed it as a profession. He was 
 commissioner of forfeited estates in Ireland, 
 and enjoyed independence and comfort, by 
 the offices he held, and by marriage. He 
 began publishing in 1697, and distinguished 
 himself as a political writer. In 1720 he 
 began, with Thomas Gordon, to publish in 
 the London, and the British Journal, let- 
 ters under the name of " Cato," which 
 were popular, and attracted much atten- 
 tion. He was a member of parliament for 
 Taunton, Somersetshire, and died 1723, of 
 an ulcer in his kidneys. He published 
 some pamphlets now forgotten. He is de- 
 scribed by his friend Gordon as a man of 
 extraordinary talents, and great probity, 
 and one of the worthiest, ablest, and most 
 useful men this country ever produced. 
 
 Trenck, Francis, baron de, a Prussian 
 nobleman, who by his imprudent conduct 
 drew upon him the displeasure of his go- 
 vernment, and was imprisoned. After a 
 long captivity he escaped, and published 
 his memoirs, which contain a curious ac- 
 count of his adventures and sufferings, but 
 not always in the language of truth. He 
 came to France during the revolution, and 
 wishing to acquire popularity among the 
 leaders of the state, he was arrested as a 
 suspected person, and by the revolutionary 
 tribunal sentenced to the guillotine. He 
 suffered in the summer of 1794, aged 70. 
 
 Trevisani, Francis, a native of Trieste, 
 eminent as a painter. He married a Ve- 
 netian lady of illustrious birth, and after- 
 wards settled at Rome, where he acquired 
 celebrity and opulence. His historical 
 pieces and his landscapes are deservedly 
 admired. He died at Rome, 1746, aged 
 90. 
 
 Trevisi, Jerome, a native of Trevisi. 
 He came to England, and recommended 
 himself to the notice of Henry vm. to 
 whom he was appointed painter, and chief 
 engineer. He was killed at the siege of 
 Boulogne, 1544. He chiefly excelled in 
 history and in portraits. 
 
 Trimmer., Sarah, an ingenious lady, was 
 the daughter of Mr. Joshua Kirby, clerk of 
 the works at Kew, and author of some 
 treatises on Perspective, in which art he 
 instructed their late majesties, as well as 
 the present king. Sarah was born at Ips- 
 wich, Jan. 6, 1741, and received an excel- 
 lent education under the eye of her father. 
 At the age of twenty-one she married 
 Mr. Trimmer, by whom she had twelve 
 children, to whose education she devoted 
 herself with exemplary assiduity. She 
 was also an active encourager of Sunday 
 schools ; and published several n«ef»it 
 
TRI 
 
 TRO 
 
 books Cor the benefit of youth ; some of 
 ivhich are in the list of publications dis- 
 Itersed by the Society for prouiotiiig Chris- 
 tian Knowledge. She died Dec. 15, 1810. 
 — W. B. 
 
 Trissino, John George, an Italian poet, 
 born at ^ iecnza, 1 178. lie studied at 
 Milan and at Rome, and devoted himself 
 to literary pursuits. He married in 1503, 
 and retired to the enjoyment of domestic 
 happiness and learned ease. The death of 
 his wife, by whom he had two sons, drew 
 him into public life, and at Rome he sooth- 
 ed the sorrows of his domestic misfortunes 
 by writing a tragedy, Sophonisba, which 
 was received with universal applause, and 
 acted before pope Leo. X. with unusual 
 pomp and magnificence. He was after- 
 wards employed in some embassies by the 
 pope, and universally respected for his ta- 
 lents as a negotiator. His second mar- 
 riage, 1526, and his fondness for a son, the 
 fruit of this marriage, proved the source of 
 misery to him. His eldest son was jealous 
 of his partiality for this younger child, and 
 sued his father for the property of his de- 
 parted mother, in which he prevailed. 
 This had such effect upon Trissino, that he 
 died of chagrin, at Rome, 1550. His works 
 were published, 2 vols. fol. Verona, 1720. 
 His chief poem is Italy delivered from the 
 Goths by Belisarius, in Italian, a work 
 which displays genius and felicity of inven- 
 tion, though it does not possess the flights 
 or beauties of Tasso. If he was not the 
 greatest modern poet, he was the first who 
 attempted an epic poem in blank verse, and 
 in a language as yet unclassical. 
 
 Trivulce, John James, a native of Mi- 
 lan, banished from his country for his at- 
 tachment to the Guelfs. He next entered 
 into the service of the king of Arragon, 
 and afterwards of Charles VIII. king of 
 France, and for his meritorious actions 
 Tvas promoted to the rank of marshal of 
 the kingdom. He greatly distinguished 
 himself at the battle of Aignadel, in 1509, 
 but the defeat of the French before Novarra 
 was attributed to his negligence, and there*- 
 fore his character suffered much in the 
 public estimation, till his services to Fran- 
 cis I. in the crossing of the Alps, 1515, re- 
 stored him to popularity. He afterwards 
 distinguished himself at the battle of Ma- 
 rignan, and died at Arpajon, 5th Dec. 1518, 
 aged about 80. His relation, Theodore, 
 was also marshal of France, and distin- 
 guished himself at the battle of Aignadel. 
 He was made governor of Genoa by Fran- 
 cis I. and when obliged to surrender 
 through famine to a besieging army, he re- 
 tired to Lyons, where he died, 1531. His 
 brother Anthony was a cardinal, and four 
 others of that family also were raised to 
 the rank of cardinals in the 16th and 17th 
 centuries. 
 
 Trogus PoMPEins, author of a valuabt^ 
 hi.story of the world to the age of Augustus, 
 nourished about 11 B.C. The work was 
 epitomized by Justin, and the original is 
 lost. 
 
 Trommius, Abraham, a protestant, born 
 at Groningen 1633. He wrote a valuable 
 Greek concordance of the Old Testament, 
 2 vols. fol. 1718, and died the next year. 
 
 Tromp, Martin Happcrlz, a native of 
 Brille, who at the age of eight embarked 
 for the Indies in the naval service ol his 
 country. He distinguisbed himself before 
 Gibraltar, 1607, and by degrees rose from 
 the lowest station to the chief command, 
 and was made admiral of Holland. He de- 
 feated a numerous Spanish fleet in 1639, 
 and signalized his valour in the service of 
 his country in 32 other naval battles. He 
 was killed on the quarter deck while com- 
 manding the fleet which engaged the English 
 ships under Albemarle, 10th Aug. 1653, 
 and he was honoured by his countrymen 
 with a most splendid funeral in Delft 
 church, where his remains were deposited. 
 This brave man refused all titles, except 
 that of father of the sailors. 
 
 Tromp, Cornelius, son of the above, dis- 
 tinguished himself also in the naval service 
 of the republic, against the corsairs of Bar- 
 bary in 1650, and against the Englibh in 
 1653, and 1665. He behaved with great 
 valour in the two naval battles fought w ith 
 the English fleet in 1673, and three years 
 after he succeeded lluyter as admiral of 
 the fleets of the United Provinces. He 
 died 21st May, 1691, aged 62. 
 
 Tronchin, Theodore, a physician, born 
 at Geneva 1704. He came to England with 
 lord Bolingbroke his relation, and after 
 studying at Cambridge he went to Leyden, 
 where he devoted himself to medichie, under 
 the care of the great Boerhaave. After 
 taking his degrees he settled at Amsterdam 
 as physician, but returned to Geneva in 
 1754, and two years after removed to Pa- 
 ris, where he inoculated some of the Royal 
 family with great success. He was much 
 respected in this capital, and acquired great 
 celebrity and equal independence. He died 
 there 1781, deservedly lamented for his be- 
 nevolence and humane attention to the dis- 
 eases of the poor. He wrote de Nympha, 
 8vo. — de ColicA Pictorum, Svo. besides an 
 edition of Baillon's works, and various com- 
 munications to the Encyclopedia. 
 
 Troost, Cornelius, a native of Amster- 
 dam, distinguished as a historian and a 
 painter. He died 1750, aged 53. His chief 
 piece is preserved in the school of surgery 
 at Amsterdam, where he represents an 
 anatomical professor in the act of dissect- 
 ing a body before his attentive pupils. 
 
 Trott, Nicholas, LL.D. by birth an 
 Englishman. After having been governor 
 of the Bahama Islands, became a resident 
 
 727 
 
TRU 
 
 TKU 
 
 of South Carolina, near the close of the 
 seventeenth century. He was elected 
 speaker of the house of assembly of that 
 province in the year 1700. Three years 
 afterwards his name appears in the list of 
 counsellors of the province. After this he 
 became a judge, and in the discharge of the 
 duties of this office displayed a profound ac- 
 quaintance with law, and an extent of 
 general erudition truly rare. He was deeply 
 versed in the Latin, Greek,and Hebrew lan- 
 guages, as well as in the principles of juris- 
 prudence, and for nearly forty years, was 
 among the most influential men in South 
 Carolina. He died in that province in the 
 year 1740. jC3^ L. 
 
 Trowbridge, Edmund, judge of the 
 supreme court of Massachusetts, was born 
 at Newton in 1709, and graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1728. He became a law- 
 yer of the first rank in Massachusetts, was 
 appointed attorney general in 1749, and a 
 judge of the supreme court in 1767, and 
 presided at the trial of captain Preston of 
 the British troops in Boston, for murder, on 
 the 5th of March, 1770. He was attached 
 to the royal government, though he disap- 
 proved of many of its measures. Alarmed 
 by the aspect of the times he resigned in 
 1772. He was the mo«t profound com- 
 mon lawyer in New England before the 
 revolution, and pursued his legal disquisi- 
 tions long after he had ceased to be actively 
 engaged in the profession, and employed 
 himself in writing essays and forming ela- 
 borate readings upon abstruse and difficult 
 points of law, many of which are now ex- 
 tant in manuscript and print, and prove 
 the depth of his learning, and diligence 
 and patience of his research. He lived in 
 retirement from the time of his leaving the 
 bench, and died at Cambridge in April 1793, 
 aged 94. |Cj=^ L. 
 
 Troy, Francis de, a native of Toulouse, 
 who studied painting under his father and 
 under le Fevre. He became professor, and 
 afterwards director of the academy of 
 painting, and was patronised by the royal 
 family. His female figures were particu- 
 larly pleasing, so that it was said of him, 
 that he had stolen the cestus of Venus. 
 He died at Paris 1730, aged 85. 
 
 Troy, John Francis, son of the above, 
 died at Rome 1752, aged 76. He also ex- 
 celled as a painter, and was made rector of 
 the academy of painting at Paris, after- 
 wards director of that of Rome, and a 
 knight of the order of St. Michael. His 
 Niobe changed into a rock, his Esther and 
 his Jason, are admired pieces. 
 
 Troyen, Rombrud, a Flemish painter, 
 who travelled in Italy, and excelled in the 
 representation of jgrottoes, caves, ruins, 
 and all objects of a dark and melancholy 
 appearance. He died 1650. 
 
 Trublet, Nicholas Charles Joseph, a 
 728 
 
 native of St. Malo, who became member 
 of the French academy, of the Berlin aca- 
 demy, and treasurer of the church of Nan- 
 tes. He published Reflections on Telema- 
 chus,which introduced him to la Mothe and 
 Fontenelle, and he enjoyed the patronage 
 of cardinal de Tencin, but preferred retire- 
 ment and privacy to the honours which the 
 court might have heaped upon him. His 
 essays on literature and morality, 4 vols. 
 12mo. possess great merit, and have been 
 translated into various languages. He 
 wrote besides, memoirs of la Mothe and 
 Fontenelle, &.c. and died March 1770, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Truchet, John, a native of Lyons. He 
 applied himself to philosophy and divinity, 
 but mechanics proved his favourite pursuit. 
 Under the patronage of the great Colbert, 
 he paid attention to geometry and hydrau- 
 lics, and his superior knowledge was con- 
 sulted in the construction of canals and 
 aqueducts. He also improved the mode of 
 bleaching, and invented various machines 
 for purposes of commerce, and for the pro- 
 motion of the arts. This ingenious man, 
 who had embraced the order of the Carmesy 
 died at Paris, 5th Feb. 1729, aged 72. As 
 he was member of the academy of sciences 
 at Paris, he enriched their memoirs with 
 yaluable communications. 
 
 Trumbull, William, LL.D. an eminent 
 statesman, born in Berkshire. He was of 
 St. John's college, Oxford, and afterwards 
 fellow of All Souls, where he took his doc- 
 tor's degree 1667. He was advocate in 
 doctors' commons, was knighted 1684, and 
 the next year sent envoy extraordinary to 
 France. He was member for East Loo, 
 and afterwards for Oxford university, and 
 in 1695 was appointed secretary of state, 
 but resigned two years after. The time of 
 his death is not fully ascertained. He is 
 described by Burnet as a most able civilian, 
 and a very virtuous man. He is, however, 
 chiefly known as the friend and correspon- 
 dent of Pope the poet. 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, governor of Con- 
 necticut was born in Lebanon in 1710, and 
 graduated in 1727, at Harvard college. He 
 possessed a mind of superior endowments. 
 He at first devoted himself to theology, and 
 preached for a number of years j but at 
 length turned his attention to law, and be- 
 came eminent in the profession. He was 
 employed in many offices in the state, the 
 chief of which were those of chief justice of 
 the supreme court, lieutenant governor, 
 and chief magistrate, the latter of which he 
 held from 1769 to 1783, when he resign-^d 
 on account of his age, and died August 
 17th, 1785. He rendered, by his wisdom 
 and firmness, the most important services to 
 the state and nation during the war of the 
 revolution, enjoyed the highest confidence 
 of Washington, and was pronounced by 
 
TRU 
 
 TtL 
 
 him to be among the first of patriots. He 
 ivas distinguished for nmiahleness, mo- 
 desty, prudence, uprightness, the love of 
 IVeedom, and piety. «CIP' L- 
 
 Trumbull, Jonathan, governor of Con- 
 necticut, and son of the preceding, was 
 born and resided at Leliaiioii in that 
 state. He was educated at Harvard college, 
 where he was graduated in 1759. In 1775 
 he was appointed by congress paymaster 
 in the northern department, and not long 
 after, secretary and aid to general W^ash- 
 ington. He was for several years a mem- 
 ber of the state legislature, and speaker of 
 the house, and in 1790, was elected a repre- 
 sentative in congress. In 1791, he was 
 chosen speaker of the house of representa- 
 tives, and continued in that station tilll794, 
 when he was transferred to a seat in the 
 senate of the United States. In 1796 he 
 was elected lieutenant governor of Connec- 
 ticut, and in 1798 governor, and continued 
 in the office till his death in 1809, in the 
 seventieth year of his age. He held a high 
 rank in talents and acquirements, was emi- 
 nent for his social virtues, stability, upright- 
 ness, and piety, and discharged the duties 
 of his various public stations, with distin- 
 guished fidelity and intelligence. 
 
 Truxton, Thomas, an American naval 
 commander, was born on Long Island, 
 New- York, February l7th, 1755. He com- 
 menced a seafaring life at the age of 
 twelve, and was impi'essed and served a 
 short time on board a man of war. He 
 commanded a vessel as early as 1775, and 
 during the revolution distinguished himself 
 by his depredations on the commerce of 
 the enemy. After the war he was exten- 
 sively engaged in the East India trade till 
 1794, when he was appointed to command 
 the frigate Constellation. Being sent with 
 a squadron to protect the American com- 
 merce in the West Indies, while cruising 
 alone he fell in with the French frigate 
 L'Insurgente on the 9th February, 1799, 
 and captured her though of superior force ; 
 in consideration of which he received a 
 service of plate from the merchants of 
 Lloyd's coffee-house. In February of the 
 next year he obtained a victory over the 
 La Vengeance of 54 guns, and 500 men, 
 though she afterwards escaped from him. 
 After the close of that war with France he 
 retired from service, and resided at Phila- 
 delphia till his death on the 5th of May, 
 1822. ICF L. 
 
 Trusler, Dr. John, a literary compiler, 
 was born in London in 1735. He was 
 brought up to physic in a very humble line ; 
 but contrived to get into orders, and for 
 some time officiated as a curate. At length, 
 in 1771, he began to publish abridgments 
 of popular sermons, printed in imitation of 
 manuscript ; and next he established a 
 Vol. II. 92 
 
 bookselling Ijusiness upon an extensive 
 scale. Hiving thus acquired a fortune, he 
 piuchased an e.«tate at Knglcfnld-tjreen, 
 where he died in 1820, His compilalions 
 are too numerous and contemptible to de- 
 serve farther notice. The best are his 
 '• Hogarth Moralized," Hvo. ; and a 
 ** Compendium of Chronology," 12mo. — 
 W.B. 
 
 Trtphiodorus, a Greek poet, wljoi^e 
 poem on the destruction of Troy has been 
 printed by Merrick, with an English trans- 
 lation, Oxford, 1742, Svo. 
 
 Tucker. Abraham, author of " the Light 
 of Nature Pursued," 9 vols. Svo. published 
 under the assumed name of Search, was 
 possessed of an allluent fortune, and died at: 
 his seat, Betchworth castle, near Dorking, 
 Surrey, 1775. By his wife, daughter of E. 
 Barker, esq. he had two daughters, one of 
 whom married sir H. St. John. He was 
 an amiable man in private life. 
 
 Tucker, Josiah, an able divine. He was 
 born at Laugharn, Caermarthensliire, 1711, 
 and educated at St. John's college, Oxford, 
 where he proceeded D.D. 1759. His first 
 ecclesiastical prefercnent Avas a curacy at 
 Bristol, and afterwards he became rector of 
 St. Stephen's, then prebendary of the ca- 
 thedral, and in 1758 dean of Gloucester. 
 During the American war he drew much of 
 the public attention upon himself by his 
 pamphlets, in which he asserted the neces- 
 sity of granting independence to the colo- 
 nies, rather than to attempt to subdue them 
 by arms, and though he was abused by the 
 friends of the minister, his deductions 
 proved prophetically true. As a writer on 
 subjects of government, of commerce, and 
 of politics, his opinion was highly respect- 
 table, and ensured him the good opinion of 
 the world. In his celebrated treatise on 
 civil government he opposed the system of 
 Locke, and proved himself no mean anta- 
 gonist in the field of philosophy and reason- 
 ing. He published some sermons, &c. and 
 died at an advanced age 1799. 
 
 TucKEY, James Hingston, a nautical wri- 
 ter, was born at Greenhill, in the county 
 of Cork, in 1776. He entered the navy at 
 an early age; and in 1794 went to India, 
 where he was made a lieutenant. In 1803 
 he sailed to New South Wales, where he 
 made several surveys of the coast, which 
 with the account of his voyage, have b*cn 
 published. In 1805, he was taken, and 
 kept in confinement in France, till the 
 downfal of Buonaparte. He was then se- 
 lected to command an expedition for explo- 
 ring the river Congo, where he died in Sep- 
 tember, 1816. While a prisoner in France, 
 he compiled a work, entitled " Maritime 
 Geography," which was published in 4 vols. 
 Svo.— W.B. 
 
 TuLDEN, Theodore Van, a native of 
 Bois-le-duc, eminent as a painter and en- 
 
 729 
 
TUL 
 
 TUR 
 
 graver. His fairs, markets, village feasts, 
 &c. were subjects in which he displayed su- 
 perior abilities and unparalleled excellence. 
 Some of his historical pieces ax'e much ad- 
 mired, and his engraving of the labours of 
 Hercules by Nicolo possesses merit. He 
 died 1676, aged 69. 
 
 TuLL, Jethro, a gentleman, descended 
 from an ancient Yorkshire family. He is 
 ever to be celebrated as the first English- 
 man who bestowed particular attention to 
 agriculture, and endeavoured to reduce it 
 to a regular system, and on consistent prin- 
 ciples. He is the inventor of the drill 
 plough. He travelled into France, and vi- 
 sited other parts of Europe, earnestly atten- 
 tive to the improvements made in agricul- 
 ture in foi-eign countries, and he introduced 
 into practice his own plans in his farms in 
 Oxfordshire and Berkshire. Though in 
 some degree baffled by the stupidity and 
 obstinacy of his labourers and the mecha- 
 nics whom he employed, he demonstrated 
 that by careful labour, and due 'arrange- 
 ment, the ground would produce ^in the 
 course of thirteen years more plen<iiul 
 erops than by the usual methods of manu- 
 ring and of fallow. His neighbours, who 
 observed the rapid improvements of his 
 land, prevailed upon him to publish his 
 theory, which appea-ed in 1733. His es- 
 say on Horse-I.ceing Husbandry, fol. was 
 so popular that it was translated into 
 French by du Hamel. He published other 
 agricultural tracts, and died 3d June, 1740. 
 
 TuLLUs HosTiLius, third king of Rome, 
 after Numa, was successful in his war 
 against the people of Alba and the Latins. 
 He died B.C. 640. 
 
 TuLLT, Thomas, a native of Carlisle, 
 educated at Queen's college, Oxford, where 
 he became tutor and fellow. He was in 
 1642, elected master of Tetbury grammar- 
 school, but he soon quitted the appointment 
 for a college life. He was made head of 
 St. Edmund hall 1657, and at the restora- 
 tion he took his degree of D.D. and became 
 chaplain to the king. He was made dean 
 of Rippon 1675, and died the next year 
 aged 56. He was author of Logica Apode- 
 ictica, 8vo. and some other theological 
 tracts, besides controversial pieces against 
 Bull and Baxter on the subject of justifica- 
 tion. 
 
 TuLLY, George, a relation of the prece- 
 ding, born also at Carlisle, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He was author 
 « of a Discourse on the Government of the 
 Thoughts, 8vo. — and published a Transla- 
 tion of Plutarch's Morals — of Miltiades's 
 Life by Corn. Nepos, and of Julius Caesar 
 by Suetonius, with notes. He published 
 besides some sermons and theological tracts. 
 He obtained a prebend of Rippon, and the 
 iectory of Galeside near Newcastle, and 
 730 
 
 the subdeanery of York cathedral. He 
 died 1695, aged 42. 
 
 TuNSTALL, James, an able divine, born 
 1710, and educated at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, where he became fellow and 
 tutor. He was presented 1739, to Sturmer 
 rectory, Essex, and in 1741, elected public 
 orator of the university. He was chaplain 
 afterwards to Potter the primate, who gave 
 him Great Chart rectory in Kent. He died 
 universally respected, 28th March, 1772. 
 He wrote Epistola ad Virum Erudit. Con- 
 yers Middleton, &c. — Academica, or Dis- 
 courses on Natural and Revealed Religion 
 — a Vindication of the Power of the State 
 to prohibit Clandestine Marriages, & c. 
 
 TuRBiDO, Francis, a native ol Verona, 
 who studied painting under Gorgione and 
 Veronese, and acquired eminence in the ex- 
 ecution of historical pieces, in fresco and 
 in oil. His transfiguration is much ad- 
 mired. He died 1581, aged 81. 
 
 TuRENNE, Henry de la Tour d'Au- 
 vergne, viscount de, second son of the duke 
 of Bouillon, by Elizabeth daughter of Wil- 
 liam I. of Nassau, prince of Orange, was 
 born at Sedan 11th Sept. 1611. He was 
 alive from his earliest years to military 
 glory, and found particular delight in read- 
 ing Curtius on the exploits of Alexander the 
 Great. He learned the art of war under 
 his maternal uncle Maurice of Nassau, and 
 first distinguished himself at the siege of la 
 Mothe in Lorraine, in 1634. In 1635 he 
 reduced with great rapidity the castle of 
 Soire in Hainault, with a garrison of 2000 
 men ; and the next year so signalized him- 
 self at the taking of Brisach, that Richelieu 
 admiring his valour, offered him his niece 
 in marriage, an honour which, as he was a 
 protestant, he declined. Italy was in 1639, 
 the scene of his valour, and in 1642, he as- 
 sisted at the conquest of Rousillon, and two 
 years after, in reward for his able services, 
 during 17 years under various generals, he 
 was made marshal of France, and appoint- 
 ed commander-in-chief of the army in 
 Germany. He crossed the Rhine with a 
 small force, and though defeated at Ma- 
 riendal 1645, he recovered, three months 
 after, at the victory of Northlingen, the ho- 
 nour of his army. In 1645, he re-established 
 the elector of Treves in the possession of 
 his dominions, and the following year he 
 formed a union with the Swedish army 
 under Wrangel, after a march of 140 
 leagues, and by this masterly manoeuvre, 
 obliged the duke of Bavaria to sue for 
 peace. When the duke soon after violated 
 the peace which he had made with France, 
 Turenne again attacked him, and gaining 
 over him the famous battle of Zumarthau- 
 sen, he obliged him to quit his dominions. 
 In the civil wars which soon after distract- 
 ed France, Turenne at first embraced the 
 party of the rebellious princes, and was de- 
 
TUU 
 
 TUU 
 
 feated near Khetel in 1650, by du Plessis 
 Prassin, but the following year he was re- 
 conciled to the court, and obtained the 
 command of the royal army. He was suc- 
 cessfully employed in checking the progress 
 of Conde, to whom he was ojiposed, and 
 after some skilful inanajuvres on the Loire, 
 the Seine, and the Marne, he went in 1654 
 to raise the siege of Arras, which was pres- 
 sed by the Spaniards, and the following 
 year he took Conde, St. Guillan, and other 
 towns. In 16;)7 he took St. Venant and 
 Mardick, and joined the forces of Crom- 
 well in taking Dunkirk, which was followed 
 by the fall of Oudenarde, Ypres, and other 
 Flemish towns. The peace of the Pyre- 
 nees in 1659, put an end to the war between 
 France and Spain, but in 1667, it was re- 
 newed, and Turenne, again placed at the 
 head of military operations, had the honour 
 of instructing the king his master in the 
 art of war. His success was so rapid, 
 that the Spaniards sued for peace the next 
 year, and about this time the general re- 
 nounced the tenets of the protestants for 
 the catholic .faith. In the war against 
 Holland the experienced general took 40 
 Dutch towns in 22 days, in 1672 and the 
 following year, he pursued to the gates of 
 Berlin the elector of Brandenburg, who had 
 come to the assistance of the Dutch, and 
 obliged him to sue for peace. His con- 
 quest of Franche Comtc in 1674, occasion- 
 ed a powerful league in the empire against 
 Lewis XIV. but Turenne, ever active in 
 the service of his master, suddenly march- 
 ed into the Palatinate, and defeated at Sint- 
 zein a German army under the duke of 
 Lorraine, and laid waste the country so ef- 
 fectually, that from the top of his castle at 
 Manheim the elector Palatine could see 
 two cities and 25 villages around him in 
 flames. After this campaign, in which 
 more cruelty was exercised than humanity 
 could defend, Turenne retreated to Lor- 
 raine, and defeated the Imperialists at Mul- 
 hausen, and again in a more terrible battle 
 at Turkheim, and compelled them to recross 
 the Rhine 1675. These disasters did not 
 dishearten the cabinet of Vienna, who de- 
 termined to place at the head of their armies 
 Montecuculli, a general worthy to oppose 
 tlxe victorious Turenne, and these two 
 illustrious characters were going to decide 
 the valour of their troops and their own 
 superiority near the village of Saltzbach, 
 when the French hero, examining a?pot on 
 which to erect a battery, was unfortunately 
 killed by a cannon ball, 27th July, 1675, 
 aged 64. This celebrated character, de- 
 servedly reckoned as the first general of 
 his age, was honoured with a most splen- 
 did funeral by the gratitude of his master, 
 and he was buried among the French kings 
 at St. Denys. In 1781 a superb trophy 
 was erected on the very spot where he fell 
 
 at Saltzbach, by cardinal d<: Rohan, in 
 the midst of his victories, Turcrme was 
 particularly attentive to the comforts of 
 his soldiers ; he not ordy watfjhcd for their 
 glory, but their welfare was the great- 
 est wish of his heart. In his private con- 
 duct he was modest and unassuming, and 
 when at the treaty of the Pyrenees, the 
 kings of Spain and France introduced to 
 each other the chief persons of their court, 
 Turenne was found concealed among the 
 crowd, and when presented to the Spanish 
 monarch, Philip observed to his sister, Ann 
 of Austria, " that is the man who has made 
 me pass so many sleepless nights." 
 
 TuRGOT, Michael Stephen, president of 
 the parliament at Paris, was an active and 
 popular magistrate. He contributed much 
 to adorn Paris, and to promote the comforts 
 of its inhabitants. He left three sons, and 
 died 1751, aged 52. 
 
 TaRGOT, Anne Robert James, an emi- 
 nent statesman, youngest son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Paris, lOth May, 1727. 
 He studied divinity at the Sorbonne, where 
 he pronounced two Latin discourses with 
 great applause, one on the advantages de- 
 rived from the Christian religion, and the 
 other on the progress of the human mind, 
 and at the age of 24 he began a translation 
 of the Georgics of Virgil. His abilities 
 recommended him to the court, and for 12 
 years he was intendant of liimoges, where 
 he promoted commerce and industry, and 
 opened sources of opulence by the making 
 of new roads, and the digging of canals. 
 Called by the favour of Lewis XVI. to the 
 office of comptroller-general of the finan- 
 ces, he devoted himself zealously to im- 
 prove the resources of the kingdom, and to 
 lessen the burdens of the people without 
 diminishing the revenues of the state. His 
 plans were grand, liberal, and useful ; but 
 unfortunately he was opposed by those who 
 were possessed of power rather than of an 
 enlightened mind, and his measures were 
 ridiculed by the profligate and the vicious, 
 who rioted on the miseries of the people, 
 and he at last retired from a situation which 
 he had adorned by his talents and his in- 
 tegrity. His ministry was, indeed, short, 
 but very popular and useful, and he carried 
 into his retirement the good wishes and the 
 regret of the people. He died of the gout, 
 18th March, 1781, aged 49. Memoirs of 
 his life and of his works were published by 
 Condorcet, in 1782, 8vo. He was a warm 
 admirer of the principles of the econo- 
 mists, a society at the head of which was 
 placed Quesnay. 
 
 TuRNEBUs, Adrian, a French critic, born 
 1512, at Andely in Normandy. He studied 
 at Paris, and acquired great reputation for 
 his application, learning, and critical know- 
 ledge. He taught polite literature at Tou- 
 louse, and in 1547 became Greek professor 
 
 •731 
 
TU^ 
 
 TWE 
 
 at Paris, where his lectures were mest nu- 
 merously attended. In 1552 he superin- 
 tended the royal press for Greek books, 
 but resigned three years after. He died 
 12th June, 1565, leaving his wife pregnant 
 of her sixth child. Not only his extensive 
 erudition, but his amiable manners, entitled 
 him to the general praise which has been 
 bestowed upon his character, and from the 
 Scaligers, Scioppius, Huetius, Montaigne, 
 and others, he has been deservedly men- 
 tioned as possessing great powers of mind. 
 His works, all in Latin, Mere printed in 1 
 vol. folio, Strasburg 1600, and his Adver- 
 saria, an excellent book in 3 vols, folio, 
 Paris. His works chiefly consist of valu- 
 able notes on Cicero, Varro, Thucydides, 
 Plato, &c. — Latin poems — translations 
 from Aristotle, Theophrastus, Plutarch, and 
 other authors, &c. 
 
 Turner, William, a native of Morpeth, 
 Northumberland, educated at Pembroke- 
 hall, Cambridge. He warmly embraced 
 the tenets of the reformation, and preached 
 to various congregations, till Gardiner, jea- 
 lous of his popularity, imprisoned him. 
 When liberated he went to the continent, 
 and took his doctor's degree of medicine at 
 Ferrara. He returned to England, on Ed- 
 ward's accession, and was made dean of 
 Wells, but he went into exile, under Mary, 
 till the elevation of Elizabeth recalled him, 
 and restored him to his ecclesiastical ho- 
 nours. He wrote a treatise on the baths of 
 England and Germany — a complete Her- 
 bal, or History of Plants, fol. — Historia de 
 Naturis Herbarum, Scholiiset Notis Valla- 
 ta, 8vo. — and other botanical works, and 
 died 1568. 
 
 Turner, Thomas, an able divine, born at 
 Reading, Berks, and educated at St. John's 
 college, of which he became fellow. He 
 was in 1629 made residentiary of St. Paul's, 
 and chaplain to Charles L whom he accom- 
 panied in his expedition to Scotland, and 
 in 1641, he was made dean of Rochester, 
 and soon after of Canterbury. These dig- 
 nities, and particularly the favourof Charles, 
 I'endered him very suspected to the parlia- 
 ment, and during the civil wars, he was 
 stripped of his preferment, with every mark 
 of cruel insult, and meditated ignominy. 
 The restoration replaced him in his eccle- 
 siastical offices, and he died 1672, aged 81. 
 
 Turner, Francis, son of the above, was 
 educated at Winchester school, and New 
 college, Oxford, and he afterwards obtained 
 a prebend of St. Paul's, and the deanery of 
 Windsor. He was in 1683 made bishop 
 of Rochester, and the next year removed 
 to Ely, but his opposition to the king's mea- 
 sures rendered him unpopular at court, and 
 he was one of the seven bishops sent to the 
 Tower. At the revolution he refused to 
 take the oaths to William, and was conse- 
 quently deprived of his preferment* He 
 732 
 
 wi'ote some sermons, besides religious po^ 
 ems, and the life of Nicholas Ferrar, and 
 died in privacy, 1700. 
 
 Turner, Robert, an English divine, who 
 quitted the kingdom to preserve his attach- 
 ment to the Romish church. He was for 
 some time in the service of the duke of Ba- 
 varia, who employed him in negotiations, 
 and he afterwards became canon of Bres- 
 law, and died at Gratz 1597. He wrote 
 commentaries on Scripture and other theo- 
 logical works. 
 
 Turpin, F. H. a native of Caen. He 
 became a professor of belles lettres in his 
 native town, and alterwards at Paris, and 
 acquired some celebrity as a writer. He 
 published the lives of the great Conde, and 
 of marshal Choiseul — History of the Go- 
 vernment of Ancient Republics — Life of 
 Mahomet, 3 vols. 12mo. — Civil and Natural 
 History of Siam, &c. 2 vols. 12mo. — Uni- 
 versal History, 4 vols. — History of the Alco- 
 ran, 2 vols. — The French Plutaich. He 
 died at Paris 1799, aged 90. 
 
 Turretin, Benedict, of an ancient fa- 
 mily at Lucca, was born at Geneva, where 
 he became professor of theology, and where 
 he died 4th March, 1631, aged 43. He 
 wrote a defence of the Genevese translation 
 of the Bible, sermons, &c. 
 
 Turretin, Francis, son of the above, 
 was born at Geneva, 1623. He was pro- 
 fessor of theology at Geneva, 1653, and 
 went in 1661 as envoy from the republic to 
 Holland. He died 28th Sept. 1687. He 
 wrote Institutio Theologia; Elenchticae, 3 
 vols. 4to. — Theses de Satisfactione J. C. 
 4to. — De Secessione ab Ecclesid Rom. 2 
 vols. — Sermons, &c. 
 
 Turretin, John Alphonsus, son of the 
 preceding, was born at Geneva, 1671. In 
 encouragement of his great talents, a pro- 
 fessorship of ecclesiastical history was 
 founded for him at Geneva. After travel- 
 ling over Holland, France, and England, 
 much respected by the learned and the 
 great, he died at Geneva 1st May, 1737. 
 He wrote. Dissertations, 3 vols, 4to. — Ser- 
 mons — An Abridgment of Ecclesiastical 
 History — treatises on the Truth of the 
 Jewish religion, &c. 
 
 TussER, Thomas, a native of Raven-hall, 
 Essex, educated at Eton and Cambridge. 
 He was introduced to the court of queen 
 Elizabeth, but he preferred the peace ami 
 retirement of a rural life to the intrigues of 
 ambition. His five Hundred Points of 
 Good Husbandry, 4to. 1586, is an interest- 
 ing picture of the agricultural progress made 
 in those days. He died about 1580. 
 
 Tweddell, John, an accomplished scho- 
 lar, was born June 1st, 1769, at Threep- 
 wood, near Hexham, in Northumberland. 
 He was educated first at Hartforth school 
 in Yorkshire, next under Dr. Parr, and last- 
 ly at Trinity college, Cambridge, where YiC- 
 
«TYJ. 
 
 TiH 
 
 ttbtaincd a fellowship in 179*2. He gained 
 prizes at the university for his eoniposi- 
 lions, which he published in 1794, with the 
 title of " Prolusiones Juveniles." lie be- 
 came a student in the Temple ; but in 1795 
 he set out on his travels, and died while at 
 Athens, July 25th, 1799. As it was known 
 that he had amassed large materials for pub- 
 Ucation, the learned world anxiously ex- 
 pected the result of his labours ; but un- 
 fortunately, though his manuscripts were 
 left in the care of the Engi-ih ambassador 
 at Constantinople, none of tliem came to 
 the hands of his friends. A volume of his 
 correspondence, with some of his remains, 
 and a biographical memoir, appeared in 
 1815, 4to. 
 
 Twining, Thomas, an elegant Greek 
 scholar, well known for his trandation of 
 the Poetics of Aristotle, in one volume, 4to. 
 He was a native of London, and finished 
 his education at Sidney college, Cambridge, 
 where he proceeded M.A. 1763. He was 
 presented to the living of St. Mary's, Chi- 
 chester, by Dr. Porteus, bishop of London, 
 and he died there in 1804. 
 
 Twiss, William, a native of Newbury, 
 Berks, educated at Winchester school and 
 New college, Oxford. He became a zeal- 
 ous defender of the tenets of the presby- 
 terians, and was made president of the 
 Westminster assembly of divines, and rec- 
 tor of St. Andrew's, Holborn. He wrote 
 Tindiciae Gratiae Potestatis et Providentiae 
 Dei, fol. — Four Dissertations de Scientia 
 Medica, fol. — Riches of God's Love, and 
 other theological works which tended to 
 prove his strong attachment to the doc- 
 trines of Calvin. He died 1645. 
 
 Tte, Christopher, musical preceptor to 
 Edward VL and organist of the royal 
 chapel under Elizabeth, was born at West- 
 minster, and educated at Cambridge, where 
 he took his doctor of music's degree 1 545. 
 As a musician he was very eminent, and 
 set to music the Acts of the Apostles, and 
 other things. To his diligence in some 
 degree may be attributed the restora- 
 tion of church music, which had near- 
 ly perished with the dissolution of the 
 abbeys. The time of his death is not 
 tnown. 
 
 Tyers, Thomas, a writer, known as the 
 friend of Johnson, and as the proprietor 
 of Vauxhall gardens. He was brought up 
 to the bar, but never practised. He pos- 
 sessed some genius and taste, though for 
 his celebrity he was indebted to the par- 
 tiality jof his friends. He died 1787. 
 He wrote some sonnets, pastorals, besides 
 political tracts, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Tyler, John, governor of Virginia, was 
 elected in 1808. He was one of the lead- 
 ing revolutionary characters of Virginia, 
 was many years a member of the house of 
 delegates, and in 1781 succeeded Mr. Ben- 
 
 jamin Harrison as speaker. After being 
 governor hi; was judge of the district court 
 of the Lnited States for Virginia, and 
 died at his seat in Charles county, Janu- 
 ary 6th, 181 :J. He was simple in his man- 
 ners, distinguished for tbe uprightness 
 and fidelity with which he dischargt d his 
 official duties, and enjoyed in an uncom- 
 mon degree the esteem and confidence of 
 his fellovv-eitizens. I'CZr' L. 
 
 Tynuall, William, an English reformer. 
 He was born on the borders of Wales, and 
 educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, where 
 he inibibed the doctrines of Luther. He 
 afterwards went to Cambridge, and then 
 settled on the continent that he might with 
 greater security print his translation of the 
 New Testament into English. His trans- 
 lation was well received in En;^land, 
 thougli the catholics exerted themselves 
 with the aid of a royal proclamation to 
 suppress it. He afterwards translated the 
 five books of Moses, and intended further 
 labour, but the papists of England were so 
 enraged against him that they employed a 
 spy of the name of Philips to betray him, 
 and he was seized as a heretic at Antwerp, 
 where he had fixed his residence. Philips 
 was so active that though the English mer- 
 chants in Antwerp interested themselves in 
 his favour, and lord Cromwell wrote for his 
 release, he was condemned to die. He was 
 first strangled, then burnt near Filford cas- 
 tle, 18 miles from Antwerp, 1536. He was 
 a man of persevering spirit, and great zeal 
 as a reformer, and was therefore called the 
 apostle of England. His history is men- 
 tioned in Fox's Martyrs. He wrote some 
 other things. 
 
 Tynte, Edward, governor of South 
 Carolina, succeeded sir Nathaniel John- 
 son. He was commissioned in 1709, and 
 died the following year. He was a man of 
 taste and genius. Idr* L> 
 
 Tyrannion, a surname of Theophrastus, 
 a grammarian of Pontus, from the severity 
 of his discipline. He was taken prisoner 
 by Lucullus, and came to Rome, where he 
 had Cicero and other illustrious Romans 
 among his friends and pupils. 
 
 Tyrt^us, a poet of Athens about 681 
 B.C. He animated the Lacedaemonians, 
 who were dispirited in their war against 
 the Messenians, and such was the effect of 
 his poetical numbers that they obtained the 
 victory over their enemies. 
 
 Tyrwhitt, Thomas, an eminent scho- 
 lar, born 1730. He was sent from Ken- 
 sington to Eton, and then entered at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, from whence he 
 wa-^, in 1755, elected fellow of Merton. 
 He was, in 1756, under-secretary at war to 
 lord Barrington, and in 1761 became prin- 
 cipal clerk of the house of Commons, 
 which office he resigned, six years after, to 
 ]Mr. Hatsell. In 1784 he was elected cu- 
 
T¥S 
 
 TZE 
 
 lAtor of the British museum, and died 
 1786, universally respected, as well for 
 learning as for gentleness and amiableness 
 of temper, seldom equalled. His works, 
 12 in number, display labour, as well as 
 taste aiid judgment. The best known of 
 his publications are Observations on some 
 passages in Shakspeare — Poetical transla- 
 tions of Pope's Messiah, of Philip's Splen- 
 did Shilling, into Latin, and Pindar's 
 eighth Isthmian ode into English — Chaucer's 
 Canterbury Tales, 5 vols. Svo. — Rowley's 
 poems, written by Chatterton, with a vin- 
 dication against Bryant, the dean of Exe- 
 ter, and others — de Lapidibus, a Greek 
 poem attributed to Orpheus — an oration of 
 Isaeus against Menecles — Aristotle's Poet- 
 ics, &c. 
 
 Tysilio, a Welsh bard about the 7th 
 century, author of a chronicle of Britain, 
 from which it is said that Geoffrey of 
 Monmouth derived much of his informa- 
 tion. 
 
 Tyson, Edward, a native of Bristol, edu- 
 cated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, where he 
 studied medicine, and took his degrees. 
 Dr. Tyson afterwards settled in London, 
 and acquired a very extensive practice. 
 He became physician to Bethlehem and 
 Bridewell hospitals, and died very sud- 
 denly, 1708, aged 58. He was fellow of 
 the Royal Society, and communicated some 
 valuable papers to its transactions. His 
 works are Phocaena, or anatomy of a por- 
 
 poise, 4to. — Ephemeri Vita, or the natural 
 history of the Ephemeron, 4to. — Ourang 
 Outang, or comparison of the anatomy of 
 the Pigmy, the Ape, the Monkey, and 
 Man, &c. 4to. 
 
 Tytler, William, an able antiquary, 
 born at Edinburgh 1711. He published 
 the poetical remains of James I. of Scot- 
 land — a dissertation of Scottish music — 
 an inquiry into the evidence against Mary 
 queen of Scots, &.c. an able work, which in 
 reflecting on the conclusions of Robertson 
 and Hume, endeavoured to turn away the 
 tide of unpopularity from that unfortu- 
 nate queen. This last work passed 
 through several editions. He died advan* 
 ced in life, and highly respected for his 
 private and public character. He left two 
 sons. 
 
 TzETZES, John, a celebrated gramma- 
 rian of Constantinople. He shone as a 
 great scholar and a most accomplished 
 man, and it is said his memory was so re- 
 tentive that he could repeat all the Scrip- 
 tures by heart. He wrote valuable com- 
 mentaries on the Alexandra of Lycophron, 
 published by Potter, in his edition of that 
 poet, 1697. He wrote also " Chiliades," 
 an elaborate work — Scholia on Hesiod 
 — epigrams and poems — pieces on gram- 
 mar, &.C. — Allegories on Homer, dedicated 
 to the empress Irene, who died 1158, 
 which proves the author to have flourished 
 in the middle of the twelfth century. 
 
 ULF 
 
 UbALDINI, Petruccio, a celebrated illu- 
 minator on vellum. The book in which he 
 wrote, and illuminated, in beautiful letters, 
 various sentences from Scripture, at the re- 
 quest of Nicholas Bacon, for the use of lady 
 Lumley, has been long preserved in the li- 
 brary of Gorhambury. He died about the 
 middle of the 16th century. 
 
 Udino, John d', an Italian painter, the 
 disciple of Raphael. His animals and land- 
 scapes were much admired. He died 1564, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Ughelli, Ferdinand, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who entered among the Cister- 
 cians, and distinguished himself bj' his 
 learning, his humility, and his other vir- 
 tues. He died at Rome 19th May, 1670, 
 aged 75. He published Italia Sacra, 9 
 vols. fol. i662, and Iv) vols. fol. 1722. 
 
 Ulacq, Adrian, author of a treatise on 
 Trigonometry in Latin, fol. — Logarithmo- 
 rum Chiliades Centum, fol. 1628, was a na- 
 tive of Ghent, and died in the middle of 
 the 17th century. 
 
 Ui-FELD CoRNiFJx, couut dc son of the 
 734 
 
 ULL 
 
 Danish minister, was patronised by Chris^ 
 tian IV. king of Denmark, whose natural 
 daughter he married. His ambition and 
 his intrigues rendered him suspected to 
 the next monarch, Frederic III. and he fled 
 to Sweden, where Christina received him 
 with open arms. After that queen's death 
 he returned to Copenhagen, but his inten- 
 tions were interpreted as hostile to the go- 
 vernment, and he was again obliged to fly 
 for protection abroad. He lived for some 
 time in disguise at Basil, but being disco- 
 vered, he sailed down the Rhine, and died 
 of cold in the vessel in which he had em- 
 barked, Feb. 1664, aged 60, and was buried 
 at the foot of a neighbouring tree. 
 
 Ulloay Pereira, Lewis de, a Spanish 
 poet, born at Toro, in Leon. He gained 
 the protection of Philip IV. by his sonnets 
 and other poetical pieces, and by the friend- 
 ship of the duke of Olivares, he obtained 
 the government of the province of Leon. 
 He died 1660. Though great in the comic 
 and the burlesque, he was equally successful 
 in the grave and the serious. The best of 
 
UND 
 
 URii 
 
 his poems is Racliael, or the Loves of Al- 
 phonso VIII. His works were printed to- 
 gether, 1674, in 4to. 
 
 Ulloa, Dom Antonio, a Spanish mathe- 
 matician, sent with others to Peru, to mea- 
 sure a degree of the meridian. On his re- 
 turn to Europe he was taken by the Eng- 
 lish, and when released was again sent to 
 America, as governor of Louisiana. He 
 died 1795, aged 79. His Historical Voy- 
 ages in South America, have appeared 2 
 vols. 4to. and have been translated into 
 French. 
 
 Ulpian, Domitius, an eminent lawyer, 
 minister of state to the emperor Alexan- 
 der Severus. He was very hostile to the 
 Christians. He was assassinated by the 
 soldiers, 226. Some fragments of his works 
 are extant. 
 
 Ulrica, Eleonora, second daughter of 
 Charles XI. of Sweden, was born 1688, 
 governed the kingdom during the absence 
 of her brother Charles XII. and after his 
 death she was proclaimed queen, 1719. 
 The following year she resigned the crown 
 to her husband Frederic of Hessc-Cassel, 
 with whom she shared the honours of roy- 
 alty ; but such was the ascendency of the 
 nobles, that they obliged their sovereigns 
 to acknowledge their right to the throne as 
 the unbiassed election of the people. Ulri- 
 ca, by a wise administration, contributed 
 to restore peace and prosperity to the na- 
 tion, and died much respected, 1741. The 
 wife of Charles XL of Sweden, and the 
 mother of the preceding, also bore the 
 name of Ulrica, and died 1693, in conse- 
 quence of the chagrin which her husband's 
 treatment had occasioned. When she 
 supplicated his compassion in favour of 
 those whom his government oppressed, he 
 spurned her from him, observing, " that he 
 had taken her to give him children, not ad- 
 vice." 
 
 Ulug-Beig, a Persian prince celebrated 
 for his knowledge of astronomy. His ca- 
 talogue of fixed stars, rectified for 1434, 
 was published by Thomas Hyde at Ox- 
 ford in 1665 in 4to. with learned and use- 
 ful notes. This worthy prince was put to 
 death by his own son 1449, after reigning 
 40 years at Samarcand. Another learned 
 work on Chronology, m Arabic, has been 
 attributed to him, and it has been edited 
 in the original with a Latin translation by 
 John Greaves, London, 1650, in 4to. 
 
 Underbill, John, one of the first plant- 
 ers of Massachusetts, was sent by sir Henry 
 Vane to command the colony's troops at 
 Saybrook in 1637. He accompanied cap- 
 tain Mason in the expedition against the 
 Pequots, and conducted, as did all on that 
 occasion, with the greatest bravery. He 
 was chosen in 1641 governor of Exeter 
 TVover. He was extremelv eccentric. He 
 
 at length left New England, and died ut 
 New-York, Mcdford, fn 1726. JCP L. 
 
 Upton, James, a native of Cheshire, 
 elected from Eton to a fellowship at king's 
 college, Caml)iidgc. He obtained the 
 headship of Taunton gramniar-srliool, So- 
 mersetshire, and died there, 174'J, aj^ed 79. 
 He was an excellent scholar, and published 
 a valuable edition of Aristotle's Art of 
 Poetry, and also Ascham's Schoolmaster, 
 1711, with notes, 8vo. His son James, 
 born at Taunton, received his education at 
 Exeter college, Oxford, and obtained His- 
 sington rectory, (jloucestershire, and a 
 Rochester prebend. Besides Observations 
 on Shakspeare, 8vo. he published an edi- 
 tion of Epictetus, 2 vols. 4to. — and Spen- 
 ser's Faery Queen, 2 vols. 4to. and died 
 1760. 
 
 Urban I. pope after Calixtus I. 223, was 
 beheaded seven years after under the per- 
 secution of Alexander Severus. 
 
 Urban II. Oddon, a priest of Cluni, 
 made a cardinal by Gregory VII. and cho- 
 sen pope after Victor III. lOSb. He held 
 the council of Clermont, where the crusade 
 against the infidels was first published. 
 He died at Home, 1099, respected for his 
 wisdom, moderation, and courage. 
 
 Urban III. Hubert Crivelli, archbishop 
 of Milan, was elected pope after Lucius III. 
 1185, and died two years after. 
 
 Urban IV. James Pantaleon, a native of 
 Troyes, who rose from obscurity to conse- 
 quence in the church, and on the death of 
 Alexander IV. was elected pope, 1261. He 
 published a crusade against Mainfroi, king 
 of Sicily, and died 1264. 
 
 Urban V. William de Grimoald, was 
 born at Grisae in the Gevaudan, and was 
 elected pope, 1362, after the death of Inno- 
 cent VI. He removed in 1367 from Avig- 
 non, where the popes had constantly re- 
 sided since 1304, and by fixing his abode at 
 Rome he became popular. In 1370 he 
 again retired to Avignon, and died there at 
 the end of that year. He was a liberal 
 patron to learned and religious bodies, and 
 founded several churches and colleges. He 
 also I'eformcd abuse?, and was not, like 
 other popes, lavish of the treasures of the 
 church in enriching his family. 
 
 Urban VI. Bartholomew Prignano, a na- 
 tive of Naples, made archbishop of Bari, 
 and elected to the popedom without the or- 
 dinary forms, in a popular sedition, 1378. 
 The cardinals soon after chose Robert de 
 Geneva, who assumed the name of Clement 
 VII. and this double election was the 
 source of a schism in the church. Urban, 
 supported by England, Hungary, Bohemia, 
 and the empire, exercised the severest 
 cruelties upon his enemies, so that his 
 death, 13S9, was regarded by the people 
 as a happy event. 
 
 73.^ 
 
usij 
 
 Urban VII. John Baptist Castagna, was 
 elected pope after Sixtus V. 1590, and died 
 12 days after, much lamented, in conse- 
 quence of the happy days which the Ro- 
 mans expected from his many virtues. 
 
 Urban VIII. Maffeo Barberini, a native 
 of Florence, elected pope after Gregory XV. 
 1623. He united the dutchy of Urbino to 
 the holy see, and published a bull against 
 the tenets of the Jansenists. He died 29th 
 July. '1644. He was an excellent poet, 
 and so good a Grecian, that he was called 
 the Attic Bee. His poems, consisting of 
 paraphrases from the psalms, odes, hymns, 
 epigrams, Scc. have been published at Paris, 
 fol. 
 
 Urcjeus, Codrus Anthony, a native of 
 Rubiera, near Reggio, professor of belles 
 lettres at Forli, and of languages at Bolog- 
 na. He wrote harangues, satires, epi- 
 grams, eclogues, &c. and died 1500, aged 
 54. His works appeared again, 1515, in 
 4to. 
 
 Ursins, Anne Mary de la Tremouille, 
 took for her second husband Flavio des 
 Ursins, and became lady of honour to the 
 queen of Spain. She was a woman of 
 great powers of mind, very intriguing in 
 her conduct, and possessed of such in- 
 fluence in the court, that she guided the 
 affairs of the nation. She was banished 
 from Spain, 1712, on the marriage of Phi- 
 lip V. with Elizabeth Farnese, and after 
 seeking in vain an asylum at Paris, Genoa, 
 and Avignon, she at last settled at Rome, 
 where she died, 5th Dec. 1722, aged 80. 
 
 Ursinus, Zachary, a native of Breslau, 
 in Silesia. He studied at Wittemberg, and 
 attended Melancthon at the conference of 
 Worms, 1557. The next year he was ap- 
 pointed over the academy of Bi-eslau, but 
 when he declared himself a Calvinist he 
 Tvas exposed to severe persecution, and 
 with difficulty found an asylum at Zurich. 
 He was in 1561 invited by the university 
 of Heidelberg to fill the chair of theology, 
 but on the death of his patron, Frederic, 
 the elector palatine, he was obliged to 
 abandon his situation. From Heidelberg 
 he removed to Neustadt, where he was 
 appointed divinity professor, and where he 
 died soon after, 1583, aged 49. He was 
 a man of great learning, but in his disposi- 
 tion was violent and passionate. His 
 •works have been edited in 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Ursinus, John Henry, a Lutheran di- 
 vine, eminent for his learning in sacred and 
 profane history. He was superintendent 
 of the churches of Ratisbon, and died 
 there, 14th May, 1667, author of Exerci- 
 tationes de Zoroastro, Hermete, &c. Svo. 
 — Sylvae Theologiae Symbolicae, 12mo. — 
 de Ecclesiarum German. Origine, &c. Svo. 
 1664. His son George Henry was author 
 of Diatribe de Taprobana, Cerne, &c. — 
 Bispntatio de Locu^tis — Observation^^ Phi- 
 
 lologica&j &c. — Critical Notes on Virgil. 
 &c. He died 1 0th Sept. 1707, aged 60. 
 
 Ursinus, George, a Danish divine, au- 
 thor of Hebrew Antiquities, a work of 
 merit. 
 
 Lrsus, Nicolas Raymarus, a Danish 
 mathematician. Though originally a 
 swineherd, and unacquainted with the let- 
 ters of the alphabet, before his l8th year 
 he made the most rapid progress ; and with 
 scarce any instruction he became a very 
 eminent astronomer. He taught mathe- 
 matics at Strasburg, and afterwards re- 
 moved, at the solicitation of the emperor, 
 to Prague, where he died about 1600. He 
 published some mathematical works, and 
 made some discoveries in astronomy, in 
 consequence of which he disputed for a 
 time with Tycho-Brahe, about the priori- 
 ty of the discovery of his celestial system. 
 
 Usher, James, an illustrious prelate, 
 born of an ancient family at Dublin, 4th 
 Jan. 15S0. He was educated at Trinity 
 college, Dublin, which had been founded by 
 his uncle Henry Usher, archbishop of Ar- 
 magh, and here he acquired so much know- 
 ledge, and studied with such assiduity, that 
 betbre his 16th year he had completed a 
 chronicle of the Bible as far as the book of 
 Kings, which became the foundation of his 
 great work the Annals. To be more per- 
 fectly acquainted with the true doctrines of 
 Christianity, he applied himself to the read- 
 ing of the Fathers, and in 18 years, in his 
 38th year, after astonishing perseverance 
 he completed this laborious undertaking. 
 Though his friends wished him to follow the 
 law, he preferred divinity, and after bis fa- 
 ther's death he devoted himself to his fa- 
 vourite pursuits, and gave up the whole of 
 his patrimony, with little exception, to his 
 brothers and sisters, to avoid the troubles 
 of law-suits and family quarrels. Soon af- 
 ter he was admitted into orders, he visited 
 England to purchase books and MSS. for 
 Dublin college, and in 1607,he was appoint- 
 ed chancellor of St. Patrick's church, and 
 divinity professor to the university. He 
 vvas, in 1610, unanimously elected provost 
 of Dublin college,but he declined the honour. 
 Though represented by some of his enemies 
 as a puritan, he was, in 1620, nominated, 
 by James I. to the see of Meath. His repu- 
 tation was now so great as an author, and 
 as the champion of the protestant church, 
 that the king, a little before his death, pro- 
 moted him to the see of Armagh, and in 
 this elevated situation he showed himself vi- 
 gilant and active against the extravagant 
 claims of the catholics, and maintained, by 
 his zeal and exemplary conduct, the dignity 
 of the churchman, and the meekness of the 
 Christian. He visited England, with his 
 family, in 1640, but the breaking out of the 
 rebellion, the next year, prevented his re- 
 tiirn to his dioces?, where his palace w&s 
 
USH 
 
 L\K 
 
 nearly destroyed, and all his property plun- 
 dered. To compensate his losses, the kin}; 
 granted him the bishopric ol' Carlisle ; but 
 as the Scotch armies were quartered there, 
 he derived little or no benefit from the ap- 
 pointment. From Oxford, where he had 
 removed, he retired, in eonsecjuence of the 
 ruined state of the king's aflairs, to Cardiff, 
 and then to the castle of St. Uonate's, in 
 Wales, where he was afilicted with an al- 
 most fatal disease. So great was his attach- 
 ment to his unfortunate master, that he 
 was consulted by him in the treaty of the 
 Isle of Wight, about the government of the 
 church ; but though his zeal for the royal 
 cause was unshaken, he remained unmolest- 
 ed. During the usurpation, Cromwell de- 
 sired once losee him, and treated him with 
 great civility ; but never fulfilled tbe promi- 
 ses which he had made to him in favour of 
 the church. This truly great and virtuous 
 man died 21st March, 1655-6, at the house 
 of lady Peterborough, at Ryegate, Surrey, 
 aged 80, and though he directed to be bu- 
 ried privately, Cromwell ordered his remains 
 to be deposited in Westminster abbey, with 
 great funeral pomp. His valuable library, 
 consisting of 10,000 volumes, printed and 
 manuscript, though solicited by the king of 
 Denmark, and by cardinal Mazarin, was, 
 as he wished, bestowed on Dublin college. 
 As a scholar, Usher was highly respectable, 
 acute as a critic, well informed as a divine, 
 and as a prelate meek but dignified ; the 
 friend of order, religion, and morality. His 
 reputation was so well established for clas- 
 sical knowledge and deep erudition, that, 
 during the civil wars, which distracted his 
 country, he was solicited to accept a pro- 
 fessor's chair at Leyden, and invited by 
 Richelieu to settle in France, with a pro- 
 mise of protection, and the free exercise of 
 his religion. His works are, Annals of the 
 Old and New Testament, best edited at Ge- 
 neva, 2 vols. fol. 1722 — a Body of Divinity, 
 folio — the History of Goteschalc, in Latin 
 — Antiquitates Ecclesiarum Britannicarum, 
 fol. editionsof the Letters of Ignatius, Bar- 
 nabas, and Polycarp, with learned notes, 2 
 
 vols. 4to. — a treatise on the London Edi- 
 tion of the Septuagint — sermon?*, &.c. Hi* 
 life has been written by Richard Parr, and 
 is found prefixed to his iiUO letters, edited 
 at London 1686, in folio. 
 
 Usher, John, lieutenant-governor of 
 New-Hampshire, was, for a considerable 
 time, a counsellor, and treasurer of Massa- 
 chusetts, and rendered important services 
 to the province in purchasini; the district 
 of Maine. He was at length apjiuiiHed 
 lieutenant-governor of New-Hainpshire, 
 but was not popular. He favoured the am- 
 bitious designs of the British ministry on 
 the colonial rights. On being dismissed 
 from the government he returned to Mas- 
 sachusetts, and died at New- York. 
 
 iCj^L. 
 
 Utenbogaert, John, one of the chief 
 supporters of the Remonstrants, was born 
 at Utrecht, and died at the Hague, 1644, 
 aged 87. Though inferior to his friend 
 Episcopius in genius and penetration, he 
 was his superior in neatness and elegance 
 of style. He published an Ecclesiastical 
 History, fol. — History of his own Life, 
 4to. &c. 
 
 Utenhovius, Charles, a native of Ghent, 
 %vho studied at Paris, and afterwards went 
 to England, where he defended the govern- 
 ment, and the religion of Elizabeth, for 
 which he was liberally rewarded. He re- 
 turned to Cologne, where he died of an 
 apoplexy, 1600, aged 64. He was the 
 friend of Turnebus, and published Latin 
 poems — Epistolarum Centuria — Mytholo- 
 gia ^sopica Metro-Elegiaco, 8vo. 1607, 
 
 &.C. 
 
 UxELLES, Nicholas Chalons du Blc, mar- 
 quis d', a French general, distinguished for 
 his defence of Mayence, for 56 days, 
 against a powerful besieging army. He 
 was afterwards plenipotentiary at Gertruy- 
 denberg and Utrecht, and was made mar- 
 shal of France. He continued long a fa- 
 vourite at the court of Lewis XIV. and at 
 that of the regent, and died 1730, in a good 
 old age. 
 
 VAC 
 
 VAC 
 
 V ACHER, N. a native of Moulins, au- 
 thor of Observations on Surgery, 12mo. 
 — Dissertation on Cancers, &c. He died 
 1760. 
 
 Vachet, John Anthony le, a French 
 ecclesiastic, born at Romans in Dauphine. 
 He devoted the riches which he inherited 
 from his noble family, to charitable pur- 
 poses, and died 6th Feb. 1681, aged 78, 
 
 Vol. n. <).•? 
 
 much respected for his works of piety. 
 He wrote various treatises on religiou3 
 subjects. 
 
 Vachet, Peter Joseph dc, an ecclesias- 
 tic, born at Beaune. He is knov.n as the 
 author of some Latin poetry of merit, 
 published 1664, 12rao. He died about 
 1655. 
 
 Vacquerie, .John de la, first president 
 
 7:^7 
 
VAI 
 
 VAI 
 
 of the parliament of Paris, is celebrated 
 for the firmness of his address to Lewis 
 XI. when he wished to enforce some unpo- 
 pular taxes. Sire, exclaimed he, at the 
 head of the parliament, we resign our of- 
 fices into your hands, and we are deter- 
 mined rather to endure the severity of 
 your displeasure, than wound our con- 
 sciences. 
 
 Vacquette, John, sieur du Cardonnoy, 
 a native of Amiens, known for his know- 
 ledge of jurisprudence, but more for his 
 love of literature. He clothed some sto- 
 ries in a poetical dress, and died much re- 
 spected, Oct. 1739, aged 81. 
 
 Vade, John Joseph, a native of Ham, 
 in Picardy, who made amends for the ir- 
 regularities of his youth by the excellence 
 of his poetical productions. He is the au- 
 thor of that kind of poetry which the 
 French called Poissard, which paints in 
 low, but natural characters, the various oc- 
 cupations of vulgar life. He was, among 
 poets, what Teniers is among painters, and 
 his parodies, songs, bouquets, fables, epis- 
 tles, &c. possess great merit, with all the 
 vivacity and boldness of the rustic muse. 
 The dissipated life which he led shortened 
 his days, so that he died 4th July, 1757, at 
 the early age of 37. His works have been 
 collected in 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Vadian, Joachim, a native of St. Gal, 
 in Switzerland, well acquainted with lite- 
 vature, mathematics, medicine, and philo- 
 sophy. He was honoured with the laurel 
 crown for his literary merits, by the empe- 
 ror of Germany, and died 1551, aged 66. 
 He wrote. Commentaries on Pomponius 
 Mela, fol. — a treatise on Poetry, and other 
 works in Latin. 
 
 Vaillant de GuELLis, or Valens, 
 bishop of Orleans, was patronised by Fran- 
 cis L, and died at Meun-sur-Loire, 1587, in 
 a good old age. He wrote, a Commentary 
 on Virgil, fol. — a Latin poem, &c. 
 
 Vaillant, John Foy, a celebrated 
 French medalist, born at Beauvais, 24th 
 May 1632. He studied jurisprudence, and 
 afterwards medicine, in which he took his 
 doctor's degree ; but the sight of a number 
 of medals, which a peasant had found in 
 digging in a neighbouring field, roused all 
 his attention, and fixed the bent of his 
 genius. On a visit to Paris he was noticed 
 by Seguin and other antiquarians, and in- 
 troduced to Colbert, who patronised him, 
 and engaged him to travel over Italy, Sici- 
 ly, and Greece, in quest of medals to en- 
 vich the king's cabinet. On a second voy- 
 age from Marseilles, he was taken by pi- 
 rates, and instead of visiting Rome, he 
 was carried as a slave to Algiers ; but after 
 five months of cruel slavery he was per- 
 mitted to return to France for his ransom. 
 At sea, the sight of another pirate threaten- 
 ed fresh slavery ; but he determined to pre- 
 738 
 
 serve the medals which he bad collected at 
 Algiers, and swallowed them. He landed 
 soon after at the mouths of the Rhone, 
 and with some difficulty, nature dischar-> 
 ged the favourite medals. Undismayed by 
 former misfortunes, he undertook another 
 voyage, and visited Egypt and Persia, and 
 returned loaded with valuable curiosities. 
 His labours in the cause of science were 
 liberally rewarded by Lewis XIV. ; he was 
 made associate of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions 1701, and soon after pensionary. He 
 died of an apoplexy, 23d Oct. 1706, aged 
 76. The best known of his works are, 
 Numismata Imperatorum Roman. Praes- 
 tantiora a J. Caesar, ad Posthumum et 
 Tyrannos, 4to. afterwards enlarged to 3 
 vols. 4to. — Seleucidarum Imperium, &c. 
 4to. a valuable work — Numismata ^rea 
 Augustorum et Caesar, in Coloniis, &c. 
 2 vols. fol. — Numismata Imperatorum, &c, 
 apud Graecos, &c. fol. — Historia Ptole- 
 maeorum, &c. fol. — Nummi Antiqui Fami- 
 liarum Roman. &c. 2 vols. fol. — Arsacidarum 
 Imperium, &c. 4to. — Achaemenidarum 
 Imperium, &c. 4to. &c. He contributed 
 also some valuable communications to the 
 memoirs of the academy. His son John 
 Francis was born at Rome, and educated 
 at Paris among the Jesuits. He took his 
 degrees in medicine, but studied, like his 
 father, the science of medals. He died 
 17th Nov. 1708, aged 44, of an abscess 
 in the head occasioned by a fall. He is 
 author of a treatise on the Nature and 
 Use of Coffee, and a Dissertation on the 
 Cabiri. 
 
 Vaillant, Sebastian, a French bota- 
 nist, born at Vigny, near Pontoise. From 
 an organist at a convent at Pontoise, he be- 
 came surgeon and secretary to Fagon, the 
 king's physician, and by the friendship of 
 this worthy patron he obtained the place 
 of director of the royal gardens. He en- 
 riched the garden by the addition of several 
 curious plants, and, for his services to bo- 
 tany, was honoured with a seat in the aca- 
 demy of sciences. He published, remarks 
 on Tournefort's institutions of Botany — 
 Botanicon Parisiense, containing an ac- 
 count of the plants which grew near Pa- 
 ris, with 300 plates, published by Boer- 
 haave, fol. — a Discourse on the Structure 
 of Flowers and their use — a small Botani- 
 con, or abridgment of the larger work in 
 12mo. He died of an asthma, 22d May, 
 1722, aged 53. 
 
 Vaillant, Walleran, a native of Lisle, 
 eminent as a painter and engraver. He 
 was patronised by the emperor and by the 
 French king, and died at Amsterdam 1677, 
 aged 54. His brother was also eminent as 
 a portrait painter in crayons. 
 
 Vaissette, Don Joseph, a native of 
 Gaillac, who quitted the office of king's 
 procureur in Albigeois, to embrace the 
 
\AI- 
 
 VAJ, 
 
 ecclesiastic profession, as member of the 
 congregation of St. Maur at Toulouse. He 
 came to Paris, 1713, and applied himself 
 in company with Claude de Vic, in wri- 
 ting a history of Languedoc, of which the 
 first volume appeared in 1730, folio. After 
 the death of his coadjutor he published 
 four other volumes, and the sixth has been 
 presented to the public by his historical 
 successor Bourotte. He wrote besides, 
 an abridgment of his great work, 6 vols. 
 12mo. — Universal Geography, 4 vols. 4to. 
 and 12 vols. r2mo. He died at St. Ger- 
 main-des-pr6s, lOth April, 1756, aged 71. 
 
 Valade, James Francis, a native of 
 Toulouse, known as an intelligent printer 
 and bookseller. He published some valu- 
 able catalogues, and died at Paris, 24th 
 June, 17S4. 
 
 Valart, Joseph, a native of Hesdin, au- 
 thor of a supplement to the general gram- 
 mar of Beauzee, Svo. — and of translations 
 of the New Testament, Cornelius Nepos, 
 &c. He died 1779. 
 
 Valaze, Charles Eleonore Dufriche, a 
 native of AlenQon, who after being engaged 
 in the military profession, was called to the 
 bar, and on the breaking out of the French 
 revolution was sent as deputy to the con- 
 vention. He was violent in his reflections 
 against the unhappy Lewis, but as he was 
 attached to the Girondists, he was soon 
 marked for slaughter by the sanguinary 
 Marat. He was condemned 30th October, 
 1793, at the age of 42, but as the sentence 
 was pronounced, he stabbed himself to the 
 heart and immediately expired. He was 
 an intelligent man on subjects of law, com- 
 merce, and agriculture, and published Lois 
 Penales, Svo. 1784 — le Reve, conte philo- 
 sophique — a Mon Fils, Svo. — Defense des 
 Accuses au 31 Mai, &c. 
 
 Valdo, Peter, a native of Vaux, in Dau- 
 phine, who became in 1180, the head of a 
 sect called from him Vaudois. Lewis VH. 
 endeavoured in vain to convert these fana- 
 tical men to the tenets of the catholic faith, 
 and his son Philip Augustus considering the 
 sword as a more powerful engine of per- 
 suasion than the tongue, destroyed their 
 bouses, and put above 7000 to the sword. 
 These persecuted men, though dispersed 
 through Languedoc, Dauphine, Bohemia, 
 &.C., nevertheless adhered to their princi- 
 ples ; and their sect, regarded as the fore- 
 runners of the Calvinists, still maintains 
 their original opinions. 
 
 Valens, Flavins, son of Gratian, shared 
 the imperial throne with his brother Valen- 
 tinian. He defeated the Goths, but after 
 making a treaty of peace with them, he per- 
 mitted them to settle in Thrace, in conse- 
 quence of which they were better enabled 
 to attack their new allies. Valens, defeated 
 ^iv these barbarian invaders, was pursued 
 
 aim burnt to death in a tower where he Uatl 
 taken refuge, A. I). 378. 
 
 Valentin, a Human, pope after Kuge- 
 nius n. He died 40 days after his election, 
 Sept. 827. 
 
 Valentin, a hcresiarrh of tht; 2d cen- 
 tury. He was an Egyptian by birth, and a 
 follower of Plato's philosophy, but he was 
 so oflended because he was refused a bi- 
 shopric, that he separated from the church, 
 and gave rise to new errors. He main- 
 tained after the Gnostics the existence of 
 ^ons, whose numbers composed the God- 
 head, and that by them the world had been 
 created, and was still governed. These 
 wild doctrines were spread with rapidity 
 over Gaul and the western world. He died 
 160. 
 
 Valentin, Basil, the assumed name of 
 an able chyraist in the 16th century, who 
 was a Benedictine of Erford. His works 
 are in German, and so popular that they 
 have been translated into Latin and Eng- 
 lish. The best known are Currus Tri- 
 umphalis Antimonii, Amsterd. 1671, l2mo. 
 — Azoph of philosophers with the twelve 
 keys of philosophy, Svo. — Relation des 
 Mysteres des Sept Metaux, &c. 4to. — Tes- 
 tament of Basil Valentin, Svo. 
 
 Valentin, Moses le, a native of Colo- 
 miers in Brie. He studied painting under 
 Vouet, and improved himself much at Rome, 
 and successfully imitated the manner of 
 Caravaggio. His concerts, players, sol- 
 diers, and low scenes are very valuable, as 
 he paints nature with great correctness, 
 and powerful effect. He died in conse- 
 quence of bathing imprudently when his 
 body was too hot, near Rome 1632, aged 
 32. 
 
 Valentin, Michael Bernard, a native of 
 Giessen, who studied botany and became 
 professor of medicine in his native town. 
 He died 13th March, 1729, aged 72. He 
 is author of Historia Simplicium Reforma- 
 ta, with 23 plates, 1723 — Amphitheatruni 
 Zootomicum, in German, 3 vols. fol. trans- 
 lated into Latin by Becker — Medicina No- 
 va Antiqua, 4to. — Cynosura Materia? Me- 
 dicae, 3 vols. 4to. — Viridarium Reforma- 
 tum, fol. — Corpus Juris Medico-legale, 
 fol. — Physiologiae Biblicae Capita Selecta, 
 4to. 
 
 Valentine, daughter of John Galeas, 
 duke of Milan, married Lewis, duke of Or- 
 leans, who was basely murdered by the 
 duke of Burgundy. Unable to avenge the 
 death of her lord, she died of a broken 
 heart, 5th Dec. 1408, recommending to 
 her children, and especially to John, count 
 of Dunois, the natural son of her husband, 
 the vindication of their father's reputation 
 and glory. 
 
 Valentinian I. son of Gratian, rose 
 bv his merit to the imperial throne, aft**' 
 
 739 
 
VAL 
 
 VAL 
 
 the death of Jovian, aiid Avhilc he kept the 
 ivest for himself, he bestowed the eastern 
 empire on his brother Valens. He defeat- 
 ed the Germans, and restored tranquillity 
 to his African provinces. His next expe- 
 dition was against the Quadi, whose terri- 
 tories he laid waste with fire and sword, 
 and afterwards, when giving an audience 
 to their ambassadors, he, while speaking 
 in a fit of passion to them, burst a blood- 
 vessel, which proved fatal, 17th Nov. 375, 
 aged 55. 
 
 Valentinian H. son and successor of 
 the preceding, was stripped of his domi- 
 jjions by Maximus. In his distress he ap- 
 plied to Theodosius, emperor of the east, 
 who cut off the head of the usurper, 338, 
 and restored him to his throne. He was 
 afterwards strangled by order of Arbogas- 
 tes, his rebellious general, 15th May, 392, 
 He was a most virtuous and benevolent 
 prince. 
 
 Valentinian III. Flavius Placidus, son 
 of Constantius, and Placidia, the daughter 
 of the great Theodosius, was acknowledged 
 emperor, 425, when six years old. His 
 mother directed the administration during 
 his minority, and though she was obliged 
 to yield Africa to the Vandals, she ably 
 maintained the dignity of the empire by 
 the valour of her general, ^Etius. When 
 of age the young emperor gave loose to 
 the most licentious passions, and at last 
 was assassinated by order of Petronius 
 Alaximus, to whose wife he had offered 
 violence, 455. He was succeeded by his 
 murderer. 
 
 Valerianus, Publius Licinius, a Roman, 
 proclaimed emperor of Rome, after ^Emi- 
 iianus, 253. He made his son Gallienus 
 his partner on the throne, and after perse- 
 i^ting the Christians, and waging war 
 against the Goths and Scythians, he march- 
 ed against Sapor, king of Persia. The 
 Persians were victorious, and Valerian, car- 
 ried about in derision, was at last ordered 
 by his cruel conqueror to be flayed alive, 
 263. His skin, tanned red, was hung up 
 in one of the Persian temples in derision 
 of the Romans. 
 
 Valerian us, Pierius, an Italian writer, 
 born at Belluno, in the Venetian states. 
 He was educated by the kindness of his 
 uncle, and studied under Valla and Lasca- 
 I'is, and he acquired such celebrity as a 
 classical scholar, that he was intrusted with 
 the care of the two nephews of Leo X. 
 Though thus patronised by the pope, he 
 had the modesty and firmness to refuse two 
 bishoprics, and remained satisfied with the 
 office of apostolic notary. After the death 
 of his pupils, he retired to the enjoyment of 
 literary ease at Padua, where he died, 1558, 
 aged 83. He was author of various trea- 
 tises on curious and interesting subiects, 
 740 
 
 both in Italian and Latin, and he also pub- 
 lished 2 vols, of Latin poems, which were 
 possessed of great merit. 
 
 Valerius Maximus, a Latin writer. 
 His entertaining work, in nine books, con- 
 taining various anecdotes of great men, is 
 dedicated to Tiberius, in whose age he 
 flourished. The best edition is that of 
 Leyden, with notes, &c. 2 vols. 4to. 1726. 
 
 Valesio, Francis, a Spanish physician, 
 patronised by Philip II. of Spain. He pub- 
 lished a treatise de Methodo Medendi, 
 1647 — Controversiarum Medic, et Philos. 
 Libri Decem, 1625, 4to. &c. 
 
 Valesius, an Arabian, who in the third 
 century became the head of a new sect. 
 He made himself an eunuch, and recom- 
 mended the same operation to his follow- 
 ers, to avoid giving loose to those violent 
 passions which, under a warm climate, and 
 with a heated imagination, might tempt 
 them to disobey the precepts of chastity, 
 and endanger their salvation. 
 
 Valesius Henricus, or Henry de Va- 
 Lois, a native of Paris, who, after studying 
 under the Jesuits at Verdun, and after- 
 wards at Paris, and at Bourges, embraced, 
 to please his father, the profession of the law. 
 Literature, however, had greater charms for 
 him, and he applied himself assiduously to 
 the study of history, and antiquities. He 
 published, at the request of the clergy of 
 the diocess of Toulouse, the ancient ec- 
 clesiastical historians, for which he receiv- 
 ed the honourable reward of a pension 
 from the liberality of his employers, and in 
 1670 he was appointed, by the king, histo- 
 riographer of France, with a stipend, in 
 consequence of his publication of Eusebius, 
 His intense application^ at last proved fatal 
 to his sight, but he relieved his increasing 
 infirmities by marrying, at the age of 60, 
 a ycung woman by whom he had seven 
 children. He died 9th May, 1676, aged 
 73. Besides his Ecclesastical Historians, 
 published, Amsterdam, 1639, 3 vols. foL 
 and at Cambridge, 1720, he edited and im- 
 proved with valuable notes, Ammianus 
 Marcellinus, &c. He was a critic of vast 
 erudition, profound learning, and solid 
 judgment, but in his character peevish, sus- 
 picious, and vain. His brother Adrian dis- 
 tinguished himself also as a learned histo- 
 rian, and acute critic. He published Gesta 
 Francorum from 254 to 752, 3 vols. fol. a 
 work of great labour and merit. He pub- 
 lished, besides, Notitia Galliarum, fol. — a 
 second edition of Ammianus Marcellinus 
 — a Panegyric on the king, &c. He was 
 historiographer to the king with his bro- 
 ther, and also received a pension. He 
 likewise married in his old age, and died 
 July 2d, 1692, aged 85. 
 
 Valette Parisot, John de la, grand 
 m.aster of Malta, 1557. bravely defended 
 
VAL 
 
 VAL 
 
 ihe island against the attacks of Solyman 
 II. and an army of 80,000 men. After a 
 siege of four months, and the loss of 20,000 
 tnen, the Turks retreated in dismay, and 
 the Maltese raised anew, from its ruins, 
 their demolished city, to which they gave 
 the name of their heroic defender. This 
 great patriot died 3lst Aug. 1568. 
 
 Valette, John Lewis dc Nogaret, duke 
 d'Epernon, a French general. He was the 
 friend and favourite of Henry HI. whom he 
 served with fidelity, and after his death, 
 though for a while attached to the interests 
 of the enemies of the new king, Henry IV. 
 he was reconciled to him, and deserved his 
 confidence. He was loaded with all the 
 honours which the monarch could bestow, 
 and he maintained the same influence in 
 the court of Lewis XIII. in spite of the in- 
 trigues of Richelieu, and the jealousy of 
 new favourites. His violent attack upon 
 the person of the archbishop of Bourdeaux, 
 whom he struck, exposed him to the se- 
 verest censures of the church, but the in- 
 terference of his friends, and his oW'n sub- 
 mission, restored him to favour. He died 
 at Loches, l3th Jan. 1642, aged 88. His 
 brother Bernard shared his honours, and 
 distinguished himself in the military ser- 
 vice of his country. He was killed at the 
 siege of Roquebrune, near Frejus, 1592. 
 
 Valgulio, Charles, a native of Brescia, 
 in Italy, who published, in 1507, a Latin 
 translation of Plutarch's treatise on Music, 
 4to. He also translated some of the other 
 moral works of Plutarch. 
 
 Valin, Ren6 Joshua, a learned native of 
 Rochelle, author of a Commentary on the 
 Costume de la Rochelle, 3 vols. 4to. — L'Or- 
 donnance de la Marine, 2 vols. 4to. — Traite 
 des Prises, 2 vols. 8vo. This intelligent 
 writer died 1765. 
 
 Valincour, John Baptist Henry du 
 Trousset de, a French writer, born in Pi- 
 cardy, 1653. He was secretary of Marine 
 to admiral de Toulouse at the battle of Ma- 
 laga, in which he was wounded, and he was 
 appointed by Lewis XIV. his historian, in 
 the room of Racine. He died at Paris, 5th 
 Jan. 1730, aged 77, universally respected. 
 He was author of a Letter to la Marquise 
 de . . . . 12mo. — the Life of Francis de Lor- 
 raine, duke of Guise — Critical Observa- 
 tions on the (Edipus of Sophocles, 4to. be- 
 sides some translations from Horace's Odes. 
 
 Valkenburgh, Theodore, a native of 
 Amsterdam, eminent as a painter. He un- 
 fortunately lost all his property in a voyage 
 to the West Indies, and died in indigent 
 circumstances in Holland, 1721, aged 46. 
 His dead game and fruit pieces are admi- 
 red. There was also an artist of that name, 
 whose fairs, public exhibitions, &c. were 
 much esteemed. He died 1623. 
 
 Valla, George, a native of Placentia, 
 professor of medicine and belles Icttres at 
 
 Venice, died suddenly, 1460. He wrote dc 
 Expetcndis et Fugieudis Htbus, 2 vols. fol. 
 a curious work, now little read. 
 
 Valla, Laurentius, a learned native of 
 Placentia, born 1415. He possessed great 
 powers as a critic, and his severest cen- 
 sures were directed against the barbarism 
 in the Latin tongue, which the ignorance of 
 the age still tolerated. Violent in his re- 
 marks, and contentious and contradicting 
 in his character, he raised against himself a 
 host of enemies, and without confining the 
 bitterness ol' his reflections to subjects of 
 literature, he ventured to attack the tradi- 
 tions of the church, and to declare that in 
 his quiver he had arrows even against 
 Christ himself. He was kindly patronised 
 by Alphonsus, king of Naples, who ai the 
 age of 50 learned Latin of him ; and when 
 he was persecuted by the virulence of his 
 enemies, for the boldness of his opinions, 
 before the inquisition, and conden;ned to 
 be burned alive, he was saved frum the 
 flames by the interference of his royal pro- 
 tector, and submitted only to a private cor- 
 rection in the convent of the Jacobines. 
 He was invited from Naples to Rome by- 
 Nicholas V. who knew his literary merits, 
 and who relieved his necessities by the ho- 
 nourable grant of a pension. He died at 
 Rome, 1st Aug. 1465, aged 50, after teach- 
 ing belles lettres and rhetoric with great 
 reputation at Genoa, Pavia, Milan, Naples, 
 and other cities of Italy. Though censu- 
 red by Poggius and others, Valla Las had 
 among his defenders the impartial Eras- 
 mus, and if he cannot be exculpated from 
 asperity of language, he yet possesses the 
 merit of indefatigable zeal in the cause of 
 science, of correct judgment, and acute dis- 
 cernment. The following epigram was 
 w ritten upon him by some of those who re- 
 garded him as superciliously nice in the 
 choice of words : 
 
 J^unc postquam manes defuncttis Valla pe- 
 tivit, 
 
 ^cn audet Pluto verba Latina loqui ; 
 Jupiter hunc cceli dignatu^i parte fimset, 
 
 Censuram lin^cce sed timet ille suoc. 
 
 His works are, Elegances of the Latin Lan- 
 guage, a valuable work, printed ^'enit•e, 
 1471, folio, Paris, 1575, 4to. and Cam- 
 bridge, 8vo. — Treatise against the False 
 Donation of Constautine — History of the 
 Reign of Ferdinand, king of Anagon, 4to. 
 — translations of Thucydides, Herodotus, 
 Homer's Illiad, &.c. not of much value — 
 Notes on the Greek Tcj^tanient — Fables — 
 Facetious Stories — a Treatise on Truth 
 and Falsehood, &.c. all printed together at 
 Basil, 1540, in folio. 
 
 Valle, Peter della, a native of Rome, 
 who for twelve years, from 1614 to 1626, 
 employed himself in visiting Turkey, Egypt, 
 the Holv Land, Persia, India, and other 
 
 741 
 
VAL 
 
 VAN 
 
 Eastern countries, of which he published 
 an interesting account in a series of 54 
 letters. He died at Rome, 1652, aged 66. 
 The best edition of his voyages is that of 
 Rome, 1662, in 4 vols. 4to. which was 
 translated by Carneau. 
 
 Vallee, Geofroi, a native of Orleans, 
 known for the absurdities and the impro- 
 prieties of his Beatitude des Chretiens, a 
 work which drew upon him the severest 
 punishments of the inquisition. He was 
 burnt at Paris, 8th Feb. 1574. 
 
 Vallee, Simon, a French engraver of 
 merit. His Venus in her car from Troy — 
 the Resurrection of Lazarus, by Raphael — 
 Jesus bearing his cross, from Sacchi, are 
 much admired. Lewis XIV. granted him a 
 pension, but the artist, then lying on his 
 death-bed, declined it, exclaiming, " it is 
 too late," and expired. 
 
 Vallemont, Peter le Lorraine de, an 
 ecclesiastic, who died at Pont-Audemer, 
 his native town, 30th Dec. 1721, aged 72. 
 He wrote Elements of History, 5 vols. 
 12mo. a work of merit — Curiosities of Na- 
 ture and Art in the Vegetation of Plants, 
 2 vols. &c. 
 
 Valliere, Louise Francoise, duchesse 
 de la, a French lady, born of an ancient 
 family. She was one of the maids of ho- 
 nour to Henrietta of England, the wife of 
 the duke of Orleans, and she became mis- 
 tress to the voluptuous Le%vis XIV. by 
 whom she had a son and a daughter. When 
 the charms of Madame de Montespan alien- 
 ated the affections of her fickle lover, she 
 retired from the distinctions of a court 
 which she had enjoyed with great modera- 
 tion, tempered with beneficence, to the so- 
 litude of a cloister, where, for 35 years, 
 she atoned by acts of piety and devotion, 
 for the guilt and the licentiousness of her 
 youth. She died 6th June, 1710, aged 66, 
 
 Vallisnieri, Anthony, an Italian natu- 
 ralist, born at Tresilico, near Reggio. He 
 studied under Malpighi, and was appointed 
 by the Venetian republic professor of medi- 
 cine at Padua, and, on account of his cele- 
 brity, was admitted member of the learned 
 societies of Italy, and of the London Royal 
 Society. He died 28th Jan. 1730, aged 69. 
 He wrote in Italian, Dialogues on the Ori- 
 gin of various Insects, 8vo. — Experiments 
 on the Worms of the Human Body — His- 
 toire de la Generation de I'Homme et des 
 Anintaux, 4to. — de Corpi Marini che su 
 Monti si Trovano, 4to. 
 
 Valois. Vid. Valesius. 
 
 Valois, Yves de, a Jesuit, born at Bour- 
 deaux, 2d Nov. 1694. He became profes- 
 sor of hydrography at Rochelle, and pub- 
 lished various useful works. The time of 
 his death is unknown. 
 
 Valsalva, Anthony Marie, a physician, 
 born at Imola. He studied under Malpi- 
 !5hi, and taught anatomy with great repu- 
 742 
 
 tation at Bologna. He died 1723, aged^ 
 57. His works are, Anatomical Disserta- 
 tions in Latin, 2 vols. 4to. edited at Venide, 
 1740, by Morgagni — de Aure Humane, 4to. 
 a valuable composition, the labour of six- 
 teen years. 
 
 Valverda, John, a Spanish physician, 
 the pupil of Realdus Columbus. It is said 
 that he introduced the knowledge of ana- 
 tomy from Italy into Spain, where he pub- 
 lished the Tables of Vesalius, with Re- 
 marks, &c. in Spanish. Indefatigable more 
 than ingenious, his labours were highly 
 useful in propagating anatomy in Spain. 
 He wrote a Treatise on Anatomy, published 
 Venice, 1589 — et de Animi et Corporis Sa- 
 nitate Tuenda, 1553. 
 
 Vanaken, Joseph, a native of Antwerp, 
 eminent as a painter. His satins, velvets, 
 lace, embroidery, &c. possessed peculiar 
 beauty. He died 4th July, 1749, aged 50. 
 — Another of that name, Arnold, excelled 
 in the representation of small figures, and 
 he published a set of prints of fishes, or the 
 wonders of the deep. 
 
 Vanbrugh, sir John, a native of Che- 
 shire, highly distinguished for his poetical 
 talents, and his knowledge of architecture. 
 He was for some time in the army, and in 
 1697, produced his first play, the Relapse, 
 or Virtue in Danger, which was received 
 with such applause, that the following year 
 he again claimed the public approbation by 
 his Provoked Wife. Soon after, his -Sisop, 
 a comedy abounding with satire and moral- 
 ity, appeared at Drury-lane, and in 1702, 
 the False Friend. His character was now 
 become so respectable, that he was knight- 
 ed by queen Anne, and appointed Claren- 
 cieux king at arms, and afterwards he held 
 successively the offices of surveyor of the 
 works at Greenwich hospital, of comptrol- 
 ler general of his majesty's works, and of 
 surveyor of the gardens and waters. No- 
 thing, however, could compensate the want 
 of economy, and the poet, suffering under 
 indigent circumstances, exerted the powers 
 of his genius to amuse the town, and to re- 
 trieve his fortunes. He had undertaken 
 the building of the new theatre in the Hay- 
 market, but the plan did not succeed, 
 though he rapidly produced for public re- 
 presentation, the Triumph of Love — the 
 Confederacy — the Cuckold in Conceit — 
 Squire Treeloby — and the Mistake. Sir 
 John died of a quinsy, 26th March, 1726, 
 Though ridiculed by Pope, sir John is yet 
 acknowledged by the satirist to be a man 
 of wit and of honour. The most remarka- 
 ble monument of his architectural abilities 
 is Blenheim house, which, though admired 
 by some as a perfect whole, must be consi- 
 dered as a heavy pile, with scarce an apart- 
 ment of magnitude sufficiently proportion- 
 ed to the size of a splendid mansion, or 
 adequate to the expectations formed at the 
 
VAN 
 
 VAN 
 
 aight of a noble edifice raised by national 
 gratitude. The dramatic pieces of Vau- 
 brugh, from their wit, ease, and vivacity, 
 possess great merit ; but they must be con- 
 demned for that licentiousness and immo- 
 ral tendency, which, though palliated by 
 the corrupt and indelicate taste of the 
 times, are yet unbecoming a man of pure 
 Tirtue, of refined sense, and of honourable 
 principles- 
 
 Van-Ceclen, Ludolph, a mathematician 
 of Leyden, of great merit, in the 17th cen- 
 tury. He published Fundanienta Geome- 
 triae, translated by Snellius, 4to, — de Cir- 
 culo et Adscriptis, 4to. 1619. The 36 ci- 
 phers by which he expressed the propor- 
 tion of the circumference and the diameter 
 of a circle, were, in honour of his laborious 
 calculations, engraved on his tomb in St. 
 Peter's church, Leyden. 
 
 Van-Cleve, Joseph, a sculptor of emi- 
 nence, the pupil of Anguier. He embel- 
 lished Marly, Versailles, Trianon, Paris, 
 &c. with his beautiful groupes, and died at 
 Paris, 1733, aged 89. 
 
 Vancouveur, George, an English navi- 
 gator. He was captain in the navy, and 
 made a voyaee in the North Pacific ocean, 
 and round the globe in 1790-5, of which he 
 published an interesting account in 4to. 
 He died 1797. 
 
 Vandale, Anthony, a Dutch physician, 
 born 8th Nov. 1638. From his earliest 
 years he showed great fondness for litera- 
 ture ; but his parents engaged him in com- 
 mercial pursuits, which at last he quitted, 
 at the age of 30, to study medicine. He 
 practised with great reputation at Haerlem, 
 where he died universally respected, 28th 
 Nov. 1708. He wrote Dissertations on 
 the Heathen Oracles, best edited 1700, Am- 
 sterdam, and ably abridged and improved 
 by la Fontenelle — a Treatise on the Origin 
 and Progress of Idolatry, 4to. — Disserta- 
 tions on Important Subjects, 4to. — Disser- 
 tatio super Aristed de LXX. Interpretibus, 
 4to. 
 
 Vanden-Eckout, Gerbrandt, a painter 
 of Amsterdam, the pupil of Rembrandt. 
 His historical pieces, as well as his por- 
 traits, possess great merit. He died at 
 Amsterdam, 1674, aged 53. 
 
 Vanden-Velde, Adrian, a painter of 
 Amsterdam. His animals, landscapes, &c. 
 were represented with taste, ease, and de- 
 licacy. He died 1672, aged 33. 
 
 Vanden-Velde, Isaiah, a Flemish paint- 
 er, whose battles and attacks of robbers ai-e 
 highly admired. He resided at Haerlem, 
 and aftf rwards at Leyden, and died about 
 1640. His brothers, John and William, 
 were also eminent artists. The former 
 excelled as an engraver, and the latter was 
 particularly commended for his representa- 
 tion of sea views and sea fights, for which 
 he was patronised by Charles I. He died 
 
 in London, 1693. The son of William, 
 also called William, posseBsed the K,tnius 
 and supported the reputation of his lanuly. 
 He was patronised by Charles II. and his 
 brother. His water pieces are finished in 
 the highest characters of grace, correctness, 
 and nature. 
 
 Vander-Does, Jacob, a Dutch painter, 
 who died at the Hague, 1673, aged 50. liia 
 animals and landscapes were highly finish- 
 ed, and as his temper was of a. gloomy cast, 
 he infused the melancholy feelings of his 
 mind into his pieces with peculiar effect. 
 
 Vander-Heyden, John, a painter, born 
 at Gorcum. He chiefly excelled in the re- 
 presentation of ruins, temples, distant tow- 
 ers, &c. He was correct in the most mi- 
 nute circumstances, and in an open Bible, 
 only four inches high, which was intro- 
 duced in one of his pieces, the characters 
 of the whole page were perfectly legible. 
 He died at Amsterdam, 1712, aged 75. 
 
 Vander-Kabel, Adrian, a painter and 
 engraver, born at Ryswick, near the Hague. 
 He excelled in sea views and in landscapes, 
 but his colouring was bad. He was in his 
 conduct fond of low company, and as his 
 resources were narrow, he, in one instance, 
 like another Morland, painted a sign to pay 
 his host's reckoning. He died at Lyons, 
 1695, aged 64. 
 
 Vander-Linden, John Antonides, pro- 
 fessor of Medicine at Leyden, was de- 
 scended from an ancient and respectable 
 family. His grandfather Henry, who was 
 master of the learned languages, and who, 
 in the Spanish massacre at Naerden, lost 
 several of his relations, was minister at 
 Enckhuysen, and afterwards divinity pro- 
 fessor at Franeker, where he died 1614, 
 aged 63. His son Anthony was rector of 
 Enckhuysen college, and afterwards prac- 
 tised physic at Amsterdam, where he died 
 1633, leaving Antonides. Antonides, who 
 was born at Enckhuysen, 13th Jan. 1609, 
 studied at Leyden and Franeker, and finish- 
 ed his medical studies at Amsterdam under 
 his father. His abilities were such that for 
 12 years he filled the professorial chair of 
 medicine at Franeker, with universal ap- 
 probation, and next removed, 1651, to Ley- 
 den, where his reputation and success fol- 
 lowed him. He died at Leyden, 4th March, 
 1664. He was distinguished not only as a 
 professor, but as a writer. His works are, de 
 Scriptis Medicis, 8vo. — Selecta Medica, 
 4to — editions of Hippocrates, Celsus, and 
 Spigelius. 
 
 Vander-Meer, John, a painter of Haer- 
 lem, who resided in Italy, and perished in 
 a short excursion on the sea-coast, 1690, 
 aged 62. He was the pupil of Nicholas 
 Bergbem, and chiefly excelled in his sea 
 views and landscapes. His brother was 
 also an eminent artist. His representa- 
 
 743 
 
VAN 
 
 VAN 
 
 tions of animals, especially the wool of his 
 sheep, possessed peculiar grace and spirit. 
 
 Vander-Mersch, general of the insur- 
 gents of Brabant, in 1789, against the im- 
 perial forces, distinguished himself by his 
 valour and prudence. When insulted and 
 betrayed by his countrymen, he retired to 
 Brussels, and was imprisoned by his ene- 
 mies in the citadel of Antwerp. He was 
 afterwards restored to liberty, and died at 
 Antwerp, 14th Sept. 1792. 
 
 Vander-Meulen, Anthony Francis, a 
 painter of Brussels, the pupil of Peter 
 Sneyers. His pieces exhibit all the graces, 
 the spirit, and delicacy of the most admired 
 performances of Teniers. The subjects are 
 chiefly hunting parties, sieges, battles, &c. 
 He attended Lewis XIV. in his military 
 expeditions, and gave an accurate repre- 
 sentation of the towns which he besieged, 
 and the actions which he fought. He mar- 
 ried the niece of le Brun, and Lewis XIV. 
 became sponsor to one of his children. He 
 died at Paris, 1690, aged 56. His brother 
 Peter was distinguished as a sculptor. He 
 was in England in 1670. 
 
 Vander-Monde, Charles Augustin, a 
 physician, born at Macao in China, of Eu- 
 ropean parents. He became censor royal 
 of the university of Bologna, and died at 
 Paris, 1762, aged 35. He published a Col- 
 lection of Observations on Medicine, and 
 Surgery, J2mo. which were the Origin of 
 the Journal of Medicine — Essay on the 
 Perfecting of the Human Species, 2 vols. 
 12mo. — Pocket Dictionary of Health, 2 
 vols. 12mo. &c. 
 
 Vander-Monde, N. a French mathema- 
 tician, born at Paris, He studied under 
 Fontaine, and was member of the national 
 institute, and died at Paris, 1st Jan. 1796, 
 aged 61. He contributed much to the me- 
 moirs of the academy of sciences, in his 
 observations on equations, on music, &c. 
 
 Vander-Neer, Eglon, a native of Am- 
 sterdam, eminent as a painter. Like his 
 father, who was also a good artist, he chiefly 
 excelled in his representations of nature, 
 and his views by moonlight possessed pe- 
 culiar merit. He died at Dusseldorf, 1697, 
 aged 53. 
 
 Vander-Spiegel, a Dutch statesman of 
 great eminence, whose services from 1785 
 to 1795, tended much to establish order 
 and regularity, and to repress the schemes 
 of political innovators. He left Holland in 
 consequence of the persecution of his ene- 
 mies, and died an exile at Lingen, in West- 
 phalia, 1800. 
 
 Vander-Ulft, James, a painter of Gor- 
 cum, born 1627. As he painted only for 
 his amusement, his pieces are few, but 
 they possess great merit. He became bur- 
 gomaster of his native town. 
 
 Vander-Velde. Vid. Vanden-Velpe. 
 
 Vandtck, Anthony, a celebrated painter, 
 744 
 
 born at Antwerp, 1599. He was the pupil 
 of Rubens, and afterwards travelled into 
 Italy, where he studied the beauties of the 
 Venetian school. On his return to Flan- 
 ders, the reputation of his historical pieces 
 procured him honourable invitations from 
 Richelieu and the court of France ; but he 
 preferred the patronage of Charles I. and 
 came to England. The monarch, pleased 
 with his merits, knighted him, and allowed 
 him a pension, and the painter, flattered by 
 the favours of the court, and grown rich by 
 the exertion of his pencil, married the 
 beautiful daughter of earl Gowry, and sup- 
 ported the dignity of her rank by the osten- 
 tatious display of a magnificent equipage, 
 numerous servants, and a splendid table. 
 He died in 1641, aged 42, and was buried 
 in St. Paul's church, where his monument, 
 on which was inscribed an epitaph by Cow- 
 ley, perished at the dreadful conflagration 
 of 1666. The most celebrated of his pic- 
 tures is a Descent from the Cross, preser- 
 ved in the great church of Antwerp. His 
 pieces in England are numerous, but chiefly 
 portraits, and from them he derived a more 
 rapid and substantial remuneration than 
 from the exertion of his powers on histo- 
 rical subjects. Of all the pupils of Rubens, 
 he, according to Fresnoy, best compre- 
 hended the rules and general maxims of 
 his master. He even excelled him in the 
 delicacy of his colouring, and in his cabi- 
 net pieces, though his gusto in the design- 
 ing part was not superior to that of Ru- 
 bens. His pictures preserve in high per* 
 fection the dress and the costume of the 
 times. After his death his widow married 
 a Mr. Price. 
 
 Vandtck, Peter, a Dutch painter. His 
 portraits of the Stadtholder and his family 
 are much admired, and he also excelled in 
 his history and conversation pieces. He 
 was born at Amsterdam, and died at the 
 Hague 1758, aged 78. 
 
 Vane, sir Henry, eldest son of sir Henry, 
 the secretary of state to Charles I. was 
 born 1612. From Westminster school he 
 removed to Magdalen hall, Oxford, and af- 
 terwards visited Geneva. He displayed on 
 his return sentiments so hostile to the 
 church, that to avoid his father's displea- 
 sure he went to New-England, 1635, but 
 came back to Europe two years after. He 
 soon after married, and by his father's in- 
 terest obtained the place of treasurer of the 
 navy with sir William Russel ; but a quar- 
 rel with the earl of Strafford, who had as- 
 sumed, in a new created title, the name of 
 their family seat, engaged the father and 
 the son in measures of opposition to the 
 government. Eager to ruin his political 
 enemy, Vane united with Pym and the 
 more violent members of the commons, 
 and during the civil wars he ably promoted 
 the views of the republicans, and a-rsisteA 
 
\ AN 
 
 \ A.N 
 
 til the courciences uitli the kiiiu ut Ux- 
 brid^c and in the Isle of \Vi<;ht. Though 
 he disapproved of the violence ofl'ercd to 
 the king's person, he accepted afterwards 
 of a seat at the council board ; but his op- 
 position to Cromwell's usurpation was so 
 determined that he was sent a prisoner to 
 Carisbrook castle. At the restoration, 
 though both houses voted for an act of in- 
 demnity in his favour, his conduct to Straf- 
 ford, and the perseverance with which he 
 had supported the republican cause, were 
 not forgotten, and therefore he was arraign- 
 ed and condemned oa pretence of having 
 compassed the late king's death. lie was 
 beheaded on ToAver-hill, 14th June, 1662, 
 and suffered with great firmness and resig- 
 nation. He is represented by Clarendon 
 as a man of deep dissimulation, of quiek 
 conception, and great understanding ; but 
 Burnet speaks of him as a fearful man, 
 whose head was darkened in his notions of 
 religion. From his fanatical mode of 
 preaching he and his adherents were called 
 Seekers, and in his writings, which were 
 on moral and theological subjects, he 
 clothed his thoughts in such affected lan- 
 guage that his meaning was totally unin- 
 telligible. His only son Christopher was 
 created bai'on Barnard by king William, 
 and he is the ancestor of the present Dar- 
 lington family. 
 
 Van-Effen, Just, a native of Utrecht, 
 known as the translator of Robinson Cru- 
 soe, 2 vols. 12mo. — of the Modern Mentor, 
 3 vols. 12mo.— of Swift's Tale of a Tub, 
 &c. died 18th Sept. 1735. 
 
 Van-Everdingen, Albert, a painter and 
 engraver, born at Alkmaer. His land- 
 scapes and water-falls possessed peculiar 
 beauty, and especially his agitated seas. 
 He died 1675, aged 54. His brothers John 
 and Caesar, who both died 1679, were also 
 eminent artists, whose works are preserved 
 chiefly in their native city. 
 
 V AN-HuTSUM, John, a painter, born at 
 Amsterdam, 1682. He studied under his 
 father, but instead of seeking reputation in 
 the various branches of his profession, he 
 applied all the powers of his genius in the 
 delineation of flowers, fruit, and land- 
 scapes. He was so successful, that in the 
 representation of the down and bloom of 
 fruit, and the varied tints of flowers, no 
 painter ever possessed greater delicacy, 
 more exactness, or more taste in tracing 
 the beauties of nature through all her va- 
 rious refinements. His pieces were so 
 much admired that he sold them for a very 
 high price, and at last only princes and no- 
 bles could aflbrd to become purchasers. 
 The violent temper of his wife, and the ili 
 conduct of his son, ruftled his spirits in the 
 last part of life, and produced habits of 
 intemperance and of melancholy, from 
 which, he was seldom able to recover. He 
 
 Vol U. fi,4 
 
 died at Am^lcrdam, 1710, aged 57. His 
 brothers were also good arti^ts. Juste ex- 
 celled in the repnsenlalion of battles, mui 
 died at the age of 22, and James, who waa 
 an able copyi.st, died in London. 
 
 Vanieke, James, a Jesuit, born at Caus- 
 ses in the diocess of Beziers, 'Jth March, 
 1664. He studied under Joubert, and 
 soon after being admitted among the Je- 
 suits, he displayed great poetical powers. 
 The best known of his poems is his Pra;- 
 dium Kusticum, in 16 cantos, a work in 
 imitation of Virgil's Georgics, though not 
 always interesting and free from tedious 
 descriptions. The best edition is that of 
 Paris, 1756, l2mo. He wrote besides, 
 eclogues, epistles, epigrams, hymns, &c. 
 and a Poetical Dictionary, in Latin, in 4to. 
 He died at Toulouse, 22d Aug. 1739, aged 
 76. His nephew, who died at Paris, 1768, 
 was author of a Cours de Latinite, 2 vols. 
 Svo. and also translated some of Horace's 
 odes. 
 
 Vanini, Lucilio, a well-known atheist^ 
 born at Taurozano in Otranto 1585. Af- 
 ter studying at Rome, Naples, and Padua, 
 and taking the degree of doctor in civil 
 law, he entered into orders, but soon dis- 
 regarded divinity for the writings of Aris- 
 totle, Avcrroes, Cardan, and Pomponatiu3. 
 In the pages of these philosophers it is 
 supposed, that he drew his principles of 
 atheism, which he laboured so earnestly to 
 disseminate through Europe. After visit- 
 ing part of Germany and the Low Coun- 
 tries he came to Geneva, and afterwards 
 passed into England, from which he re- 
 turned to Italy and next to France, where 
 he propagated his opinions sometimes 
 openly, and sometimes under the imposing 
 garb of the friend of truth and religion. 
 Though for a while patronised by Bassom- 
 pierre he preferred the freedom of a wan- 
 dering life, and quitting Paris he gained 
 some celebrity as a professor of physic, 
 philosophy, and divinity, at Toulouse. The 
 impious tenets, however, Avhich he instilled 
 into the minds of his pupils, soon drew 
 upon him the public indignation, and he 
 was tried before the parliament and con- 
 demned to be burnt as an irreligious and 
 immoral atheist. The sentence was execu- 
 ted 19th Feb. 1619. His works are Am- 
 phitheatrum ^Eternae Providential, Svo. 
 1615 — de Admirandis Naturae, Regina-, 
 Deceque Mortalium Arcanis, Svo. 1616, 
 works which abound with impiety and pro* 
 faneness — a treatise of Astronomy in MS. 
 The best account of his life is by Durand, 
 12mo. Rotterdam, 1727. 
 
 Van-Keulen, John, a Dutchman, who 
 edited the Flambeau de la Mer, 5 vols. fol. 
 Amsterdam, 1687, with a supplement iii 
 1699 in folio, with 160 maps. 
 
 Vanloo, John Baptist, a famous painter, 
 born at Aix^ He was honoured with the 
 
 745 
 
VAN 
 
 VAR 
 
 patronage ol' some of the princes of Eu- 
 rope, but he preferred a settlement at 
 Paris, where his pencil was successfully 
 employed on portraits and on histoxical 
 pieces, which are preserved in the churches 
 and the palaces of France, &c. He died 
 at Aix 1745, aged 61. His sons Lewis 
 Michael, and Charles Amadeus Philip, 
 were also good artists ; the former was a 
 painter to the king of Spain, and the lat- 
 ter to the king of Pi'ussia. 
 
 Vanloo, Charles Andrew, brother and 
 pupil of the preceding, was born at Nice 
 1705. After visiting Italy, and studying 
 under Lutti, and le Gros, he settled at Pa- 
 ris, and became painter to the king, and 
 professor in the academy of painting. He 
 was also made knight of St. Michael. 
 The best of his pieces are a lame man 
 healed by St. Peter, Jesus washing his dis- 
 ciples' feet, the graces, the sacrifice of 
 Iphigenia, &c. He died luth Feb. 1765, 
 aged 61. His life was written by d' Andre 
 Bardon. 
 
 Van-Mender, Charles, a native of 
 Courtray, eminent as a landscape and his- 
 torical painter. He died 1606, aged 58. 
 His best pieces are Adam and Eve in Pa- 
 radise, and the deluge. 
 
 Vanni, Francis, a painter born at Sien- 
 na. He studied the manner of F. Ba- 
 roche, and of Corregio, and chiefly excelled 
 in devotional subjects. He was also an 
 able architect and good mechanic. He 
 died at Rome 1609, aged 46. 
 
 Vannius, Valentin, a native of Swabia, 
 who warmly espoused and defended the 
 tenets of the Lutherans in his Judicium de 
 Miss^, published at Tubingen 1567, and 
 Missae Historia Integra 1563, 4to. 
 
 Van-Obstal, Gerard, a sculptor of ce- 
 lebrity, born at Antwerp. He died rector 
 of the royal academy of painting and 
 sculpture at Paris 1668, aged 73. 
 
 Van-Oort, Adam, a Dutch painter. 
 His landscapes and historical pieces were 
 admired. He died in his native town of 
 Antwerp, 1641, aged 84. 
 
 Van-Orlat, Bernard, a painter, the pu- 
 pil of Raphael. He was patronised by 
 Charles V. and died at Brussels, 1550. 
 
 Van-Ostade, Adrian, a native of Lu- 
 beck, eminent as a painter. His taverns, 
 stables, &c. possessed great merit. He died 
 at Amsterdam, 1689, aged 75. His bro- 
 ther Isaac, was also an artist, but of infe- 
 rior merit. 
 
 Vansomer, Paul, a native of Antwerp, 
 known as a painter. He was for some 
 time resident in England, where his abili- 
 ties were patronised by the nobility. He 
 died 1621, aged 45. 
 
 Van-Swieten, Gerard, a celebrated 
 
 physician, born at Leyden, 7th May, 1700. 
 
 After finishing his education under the 
 
 great Boerhaave, he left his native country, 
 
 746 
 
 and declining the liberal offers of patron- 
 age in England, settled at Vienna, where 
 he became first physician to the empress 
 Maria Theresa. To an extensive practice 
 he joined the labours of a public professor, 
 and it may truly be said that to his indefa- 
 tigable zeal and to his enlightened mind, 
 medicine is indebted for its present flour- 
 ishing state in the capital of Germany. 
 The most celebrated practitioners of Vien- 
 na regard him still as the cause of their 
 eminence, and his experiments and his suc- 
 sessful mode of treating diseases laid the 
 foundation of that superiority which his 
 school has so justly acquired over the other 
 medical institutions of the continent. 
 Though branded with the appellation of 
 the tyrant of the mind, and the assassin 
 of the body, by those extravagant philoso- 
 phers of France, whose works he censured 
 with merited severity, it is universally ad- 
 mitted that to encourage merit, and to pa- 
 tronise rising talents, he employed with 
 alacrity the powerful influence which he 
 possessed at the court of the empress. 
 This truly great and virtuous character 
 died 18th June, 1772, leaving two sons. 
 His chief work is Commentaries on Boer- 
 haave's Aphorisms de Cognoscendis et 
 Curandis Morbis, 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 1771-3, 
 which has been translated separately, into 
 French, and also into English. 
 
 Van-Tulden, Theodore, a painter and 
 engraver, born 1620, at Bois le Due, and 
 the pupil of Rubens. He chiefly excelled 
 in the representation of fairs, markets, and 
 village sports. 
 
 Van-Uden, Lucas, a native of Ant- 
 werp, eminent as a painter. His lands- 
 capes are particularly worthy of admira- 
 tion, as his trees, his figures, and other ob- 
 jects are represented with all the delicacy 
 and correctness of nature. He died 1660, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Varchi, Benedict, a native of Fiesole, 
 who became professor of morality at Pa- 
 dua. He preferred the patronage of Cos- 
 mo de Medicis to the honourable invita- 
 tions of Paul III. and showed himself so 
 correct and elegant a speaker of his native 
 tongue that the Florentines said if Jupiter 
 wished to talk Italian, he would speak the 
 language of Varchi. Though admired and 
 publicly applauded, he was not without 
 enemies who censured him, perhaps with 
 justice, for obstinacy of opinion, and for 
 debauchery of morals. He died at Flo- 
 rence 18th Dec. 1666, aged 63. He wrote 
 a history of the Principal Events of his 
 time in Florence and Italy, published Co- 
 logne 1721. He wrote besides some poeti- 
 cal pieces called Capitoli, 2 vols. 8vo. of- 
 fensive for their indelicacy — sonnets, 2 
 vols. 8vb. 
 
 Vardes, Francis Rene du Bee, marquis 
 de, one of the favourites at the court of 
 
VAR 
 
 VAS 
 
 Lewis XIV. As he was well acquainted 
 with tlic debaucheries of iiis master, he 
 Lad the imprudence to reveal them to the 
 queen in a letter supposed to come from 
 her mother the queen of bpuin, but after 
 procuring the disi>race of the duke of 
 Noailles by fixing the suspicion of this per- 
 fidious conduct upon him, he was at last 
 discovered and sent to ijj;nomiiiious exile. 
 He was afterwards pardoned and died at 
 Paris 1688. 
 
 Varenius, Augustus, a native of Lunen- 
 burg, well known for his deep acquain- 
 tance with Hebrew, and his extensive 
 learning as a Lutheran divine. It is said 
 that he could repeat the Hebrew Bible by 
 heart, and that he was so conversant with 
 that language that he spoke it with greater 
 fluency than his own. He wrote, among 
 other things, a Commentary on Isaiah, 
 4to. and died IGS4, aged 64. 
 
 Varenius, Bernard, a Dutch physician, 
 author of a Description of Japan and Siam, 
 8vo. — and of Geographia Universalis, bvo. 
 translated into English with notes by sir 
 Isaac Newton, 1672, and from the English 
 translated into French by Puisieux, 4 vols. 
 l2mo. 
 
 Varekne de Penille, p. C. a native of 
 Brescia. He was an intelligent agricultu- 
 rist, and published observations on the 
 causes why tishes die in pools, memoirs 
 on forests, &c. 2 vols. 12mo. He was 
 guillotined at Lyons in consequence of 
 false accusations before sanguinary judges 
 in 1794. 
 
 Vargas, Alphonso, a native of Toledo, 
 ■who died archbishop of Seville 1366. He 
 was author of commentaries on the first 
 book of the Master of Sentences, fol. 
 
 Vargas, Francis, a Spanish lawyer, em- 
 ployed by Charles V. and Philip II. in va- 
 rious embassies. He protested in his mas- 
 ter's name against the transferring of the 
 council of Trent to Bologna, and after be- 
 ing ambassador at Rome he became coun- 
 sellor of state in Spain, and some time 
 after retired, disgusted with the world, to 
 the monastery of Cissos, where he died 
 about 1560. He wrote on the jurisdiction 
 of the pope and of bishop?, a work which 
 gave offence at Rome — and memoirs of the 
 council of Trent. 
 
 Vargas, Lewis de, a painter born at Se- 
 ville. He studied for some years at Rome, 
 and in the Italian schools, and acquired 
 great celebrity among his countrymen. 
 The best known of his pieces are, a Jer.us 
 bearing his Cross, and Adam and Eve, still 
 preserved at Seville. Some of his portraits 
 also possessed superior excellence. He 
 died at Seville 1590, aged 62. 
 
 Varignon, Peter, a native of Caen, 
 known as an architect and mathematician. 
 He was member of the academy of inscrip- 
 tions at Paris, and of that of Berlin, aud 
 
 professor of mathematics iu the college of 
 Mazarine. This uhlc writer, etpially ad- 
 mired for his virtues and his modesty, died 
 suddenly at Paris 22d Dec. 1722, aged CM. 
 He wrote Nouvelle Macanique, 2 \ols. 4to. 
 — Conjectures on Gravity — Eh ments of 
 Mathematics, 4to. — Meuioires of the Aca- 
 demy of Sciences, &c. 
 
 Varili.as, Anthony, a native of (jihtj t, 
 wdio was patronised by Gaston dul:e of 
 Orleans, and appointed one of the libra- 
 rians to the king 1655. He wrote a his- 
 tory of France from the birth of Lewis 
 XL to the death of Henry HI. 15 vols. 
 4to. — History of the Revolutions in Reli- 
 gion through Europe, 6 vols. 4to. — la Po- 
 litique de Ferdinand the Catholic, 4to. — la 
 Politique de la Maison d'Autrichc, 4to. — 
 Anecdotes of Florence, 12mo. and other 
 works which betray great partiality, igno- 
 rance, and inaccuracy. He died 9ih June, 
 1696, aged 72. 
 
 Varius, a Latin poet the friend of Ho- 
 race. He was one of those to whom Au- 
 gustus intrusted the revision of Virgil's 
 JEneid. Some fragments of his poetry re- 
 main. 
 
 Varnum, James Mitchell, was appointed 
 a brigadier general in the American revo- 
 lutionary army in February, 1777, and re- 
 signed in 1779. In 1736 he was elected a 
 delegate to congress from Rhode-Island. 
 He resided at East Greenwich. In Octo- 
 ber, 1787, he was appointed one of the 
 judges of the territory northwest of 
 the Ohio, and died at ISIarietta, January 
 10th, 1789. ICT' L. ' 
 
 Varro, Marcus Terentius, a celebrated 
 Roman writer, the friend of Pompey and of 
 Cicero. His treatise de Re Rustica is ex- 
 tant. He died B.C. 29. 
 
 Varro, a poet of Gaul, who wrote a 
 poem on the war of the Sequani, and 
 translated into Latin verses the Argonau- 
 tics of ApoHonius Rhodius. 
 
 Vasari, George, a native of Arezzo, 
 known as a painter and an architect. He 
 studied under del Sarto and Michael An- 
 gelo, but though he paid much attention to 
 the noblest monuments of antiquity, he 
 was deficient in the colouring of his pieces, 
 thouEh his knowledge of architecture was 
 respectable. He was patronised by the 
 Medicis, and published some useful works. 
 His memory was so retentive that at thr 
 age of nine he could repeat the whole ol 
 tiie a'Eneid. He Avrote (he lives of the 
 most illustrious painters, scluptors, and 
 architects, 3 vols. 4to. 156S, published at 
 Rome 175S. He died at Florence 1574, 
 aged 62. His nephew George publishfid 
 a treatise on paiiiting in 4to. Florence, 
 1619. 
 
 \ asconcellos, Michael, a Portuguese 
 statesman, devoted to the interests of the 
 court of Spain. When a conspiracy was 
 
 747 
 
VAT 
 
 VAU 
 
 formed by the nobles to place the duke of 
 Braganza, on the throne of Portugal, this 
 minister, who possessed great talents, but a 
 character cruel and ferocious, was the first 
 sacrificed to the safety and the liberty of 
 the state, and his body was thrown into 
 the street with exultation by his murderers, 
 1st Dec. 1640. 
 
 Vascosan, Michael de,a native of Amiens, 
 eminent as a printer at Paris, where he 
 married one of the daughters of Badius. 
 Among the most valuable of his editions are 
 Plutarch's lives and moral works translated 
 by Amyot, 13 vols. Svo. — Cicero's Works — 
 Diodonis Siculus— Quintilian, &c. He died 
 1576. 
 
 Vasselier, Joseph, a native of Alsace, 
 ■who became member of the academy of 
 sciences at Lyons, and administrator of the 
 post, and died there 1800. He is known in 
 France for bis poetical pieces, which were 
 published 3 vols. 12mo. but do not always 
 possess delicacy of sentiment, or language 
 friendly to virtue. 
 
 Vassor, Michael le, a native of Orleans, 
 who quitted the congregation of the oratory 
 and retired to England, where he embraced 
 the protestant tenets and received a pension 
 from the prince of Orange. He was patro- 
 nised by the duke of Portland and by bishop 
 Eurnet, and died 1718, aged 71. He pub- 
 lished an history of Lewis XIIL 20 vols. 
 12mo. 1710-21 and 7 vols. 4to. 1756.— Trea- 
 tise on Religion, &c. 
 
 V4TABLUS, Francis, a native of Gamma- 
 the in Picardy, made Hebrew professor of 
 the royal college by Francis I. The obser- 
 vations which he made in his lectures on 
 the Scriptures were ingenious and learned, 
 and they were presented to the public from 
 the notes of Robert Stephens, and though 
 censured by the divines of Paris they were 
 applauded by the university of Salamanca. 
 The most correct edition of these valuable 
 commentaries is that of 1729, in 2 vols. fol. 
 Vatablus translated also some parts of Aris- 
 totle into Latin, and he encouraged Marot 
 in the completion of his version of David's 
 psalms. He died 1547. 
 
 Vattel, N. a native of Neufchatel in 
 Switzerland, author of some valuable trea- 
 tises on metaphysics and jurisprudence. 
 The best known of his works is the Right 
 of Nations, or the Principles of the Natural 
 Law applied to the conduct of nations and 
 of sovereigns, 1758, 2 vols^ 4to. From this 
 composition, which abounds with singular 
 ideas of modern philosophy, and treats re- 
 ligion as merely a political system, the au- 
 thor has derived great celebrity, and ranks 
 with Grotius and Pufiendorff, among the 
 most intelligent writers on subjects of le- 
 gislation, and of general policy. It is said 
 that in consequence of the popularity of 
 his work he applied in 1765 to the Austrian 
 government to introduce a reformation in 
 748 
 
 the public administration of affairs at Brrss- 
 sels, but his solicitations were received not 
 only with indifference but jealousy by Ma- 
 ria Theresa. He died about 1770. 
 
 Vavasseur, Francis, a Jesuit, born at 
 Paray in the diocess of Autun 1605. After 
 teaching rhetoric and belles lettres for seven 
 years, he came to Paris, where during 36 
 years he read lectures on the Holy Scrip- 
 tures, and cidtivated poetry and classical li- 
 terature. He died at Paris 14th Dec. 1681, 
 He wrote de Ludicra Dictione,1658, a work 
 of great merit, in which, with fine criticism 
 and deep and learned research, he asserted 
 that the Greeks and Romans knew nothing 
 of the burlesque style — de Epigrammate, 
 1669, a work opposed and censured by Ra- 
 pin, another Jesuit, who declared that an 
 epigram is the most insipid of all poetry ex- 
 cept it be admirable, and that the compo- 
 sition is so rare, that to make an excellent 
 one is sufficient for the whole of a man's 
 life. He published besides, Job, a heroic 
 poem — the miracles of Jesus Christ, a poem 
 — Elegies — Epic poetrj' — 3 books of Epi- 
 grams — a Commentary on Job, &c. 
 
 Vauban, Sebastian le Prestre, Seigneur 
 de, a celebrated French engineer. He was 
 born 1st May, 1633, and early entered into 
 the Spanish army, under Conde. He was 
 taken prisoner by the French, and prevailed 
 upon by the interest of Mazarine to enter 
 into the service of the French king, and he 
 soon distinguished himself at the sieges of 
 St. Menehould, Stenai, Landrecies, Valen- 
 ciennes, Montmedi, &c. His abilities were 
 seen and acknowledged by the government, 
 and his superior knowledge of fortifications, 
 and of the defence of towns, was employed 
 in raising impregnable ramparts around the 
 French monarchy. He was honourably ap- 
 pointed governor of Lisle, which he had 
 strongly fortified, and his genius next plan- 
 ned citadels for the defence of Verceil, Vc- 
 rue, Turin, &c. In the wars of 1672, and of 
 1683, he contributed much to the glory of 
 the French arms and the victories of Lewis 
 XIV. by the manner in which he conducted 
 the sieges of the towns of Flanders ; and for 
 his many and eminent services, he was re- 
 warded with the rank of marshal of France. 
 This illustrious character, who had during 
 his laborious and useful life been engaged in 
 140 actions, had conducted 53 sieges,had as- 
 sisted in repairing the fortifications of 300 
 ancient citadels, and had erected 33 new 
 ones, died 30th March, 1707, aged 74. Im- 
 mortalized as an engineer, he Avas remarka- 
 ble for his attachment to his country, and for 
 his heroism in danger, and in the midst of 
 victory he displayed the man of benevolence 
 and humanity. From the suggestions of an 
 active mind, always eager to add to his 
 knowledge and to increase his resources of 
 information, he had collected 12 large MS. 
 vnbjnies of observations, thoughts, tS*'- 
 
VAU 
 
 VAU 
 
 which he called his Oisivctes. His works 
 arc a treatise on Fortification, or the Trench 
 Engineer, 8vo. — new treatise on the Attack 
 and Defence of Places, 8vo. — Kssays on 
 Fortification, 12njo. — Project of a Koyal 
 Tithe for abolishing the Estuhlishecl Taxes, 
 and by other means increasing the Public 
 Kevcnue, 4to. — Political Testament of M. 
 Vauban, 12mo. — He was member of the 
 academy of sciences at Paris, and his 
 eloge was pronounced by Fontenelle. He 
 left only two daugliters who were both mar- 
 ried. 
 
 Vaucantson, James de, a native of Gre- 
 noble, celebrated in France for his know- 
 ledge of mechanics. He constructed with 
 ivonderful ingenuity various automata, and 
 improved and simplified the machinery of 
 silk-mills, and advanced the interests of 
 commerce and of science by many other 
 curious and useful inventions. He declined 
 the honourable offers of a settlement and a 
 pension from Frederic king of Prussia, 
 1740, and died at Paris, 21st Nov. 1782, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Vaudreuil, Marquis de, governor of 
 Canada, was appointed to the government 
 of Montreal in 1689, and, in 1703, to that 
 of the whole province of Canada, which he 
 retained till his death, October 10th, 1725. 
 He was distinguished for bravery, firmness, 
 and vigilance, and gave the English colo- 
 nies incredible trouble by the long war he 
 maintained against them, by exciting the 
 savages to perpetual inroads on their fron- 
 tier. IC^^ L. 
 
 Vaugelas, Claude Favre lord de, a na- 
 tive of Bourg in Bresse. He was member 
 of the French academy, and was engaged in 
 the completion of their famous dictionary. 
 In his style he was unusually elegant and 
 accurate, and his translation of Quintus 
 Curtius, 4to. in which he was employed for 
 30 years, was regarded in his time as the 
 most correct composition in the French lan- 
 guage, so that Balzac, a judge of literary 
 merit, said that the Alexander of Curtius 
 xras invincible, and that of Vaugelas inimi- 
 table. He wrote besides Remarks on the 
 French language, afterwards enriched with 
 the notes of T. Corneille, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 He died 1650, aged 65, in indigent circum- 
 stances, though he had received a pension 
 from the king ; but his attachment to the 
 fortune of Gaston duke of Orleans, to whom 
 he was chamberlain and companion, em- 
 barrassed and ruined his aflairs. 
 
 Vaughan, sir John, an English lawyer, 
 author of "reports," published by his son 
 Edward. After the restoration. Clarendon 
 offered him his patronage, but he refused it, 
 and soon after joined his enemies, and was 
 raised to the office of chief justice of the 
 common pleas. Though a man of abilities, 
 he was haughty and overbearing, and more 
 admired for his talents, than beloved for his 
 
 courteous manners. He died 1674, and wa** 
 buried in the Temple church, near the re- 
 mains of his friend Scld'ii. 
 
 \ AUGMAN, George, liciilenant-gOTcrnor of 
 New- Hampshire, who succc-dcd Usher ia 
 1715, was the son of major William Vaugh- 
 an, a wealthy merchant of PortHtnoiith, 
 who was many years a member of the 
 council, and was distinguished for his pul)- 
 lie spirit, and the firmness witli wliich he 
 resisted the claims of the proprietor-^ of 
 New- Hampshire. George was graduated 
 at Harvard college in 169C, and was agent 
 for the province in England before his ap- 
 pointment as lieutenant-governor. Having 
 oflended the governor and disgusted the 
 council and assembly by his imprudence, he 
 was displaced in 1717, and succeeded bj 
 Wentworth. He died in 1724. A son of 
 the governor was a brave and enterprising 
 ofiiccr in the expedition against Cape Bre- 
 ton, and died in England, whither he went 
 to seek a reward for his services. 
 
 Vaumoriere, Peter Dortigue Sicur de, 
 a French writer born at Apt, in Provence. 
 He was an intelligent writer, pleasing in his 
 conversation, and beloved by his friends. 
 He died 1693. He wrote, I'Art de Plairo 
 dans la Conversation, 12mo. — Lettres, &c. 
 2 vok. 12mo. — le Grand Scipion,4 vols.8vo. 
 — plane de France, l2mo. — Adelaide, and 
 other romances, &c. 
 
 Vauvenargues, Luke Chapier de, a 
 French writer of Provence, who died 1747, 
 aged 35. He lost, in his youth, his eyesight 
 by the smallpox, and supported the rest of 
 his life, in the most Christian resignation, 
 in the midst of his friends and family. His 
 introduction to the knowledge of the Hu- 
 man Mind, with reflections, and maxims, 
 12mo. possesses merit. This and others of 
 his works, were republished by Fortia, in 2 
 vols. l2mo. 1797. 
 
 Vax'villiers, John Francis, professor of 
 Greek, for 20 years, in the royal college of 
 France, struggled through the storms of the 
 revolution, and at last when proscribed lied 
 from the country. In liis voluntary exile, 
 he was invited by Paul I. to Russia, but the 
 climate of Petersburg proved too rigorous 
 for his delicate constitution, and he died 
 there 23d July,lS00, aged 64. He publish- 
 ed Essay on Pindar, l2mo. — Letters on 
 Horace, l2mo. — Examen Historique of the 
 Spartan government — notes to Brotier''; 
 Plutarch, &.c. 
 
 Valx, Nicholas lord, son of sir William 
 Vaux of Harrowden, Northamptonshire, af- 
 ter finishing his university education, distin- 
 guished himself at the battle of Stoke, near 
 Newark, 1497, and was knighted on the oc- 
 casion. He continued such a favourite at 
 the coui't of Henry VHL that he attended 
 his master in his interview with Francis L 
 and was afterwards i*ai'=!ed to the rank nf 
 
 7f9 
 
VEG 
 
 ^EL 
 
 baron. He wrote poems called the Para- 
 dise of Dainty Devices, and died in North- 
 amptonshire, 1522. 
 
 Vaux, Noel Jordan de, a French general 
 descended from a noble family in Gevaudan. 
 He early embraced the military profession, 
 and distinguished himself by his vaiom* and 
 discipline in the wars of Italy. He was at 
 the battles of Parma and (iuestalla, of Fon- 
 tenoy and llocroux, and at the sieges of 
 Prague, Oudenarde, and Bergen-op-Zooni, 
 at which last place he was wounded by the 
 bursting of a shell. In 1769 he was made 
 governor of Corsica, and completed the 
 conquest of the island ; but in his adminis- 
 tration, he %vas charged with cruelty and 
 oppression, though the French defended his 
 conduct as just and politic. He was in con- 
 sequence of his manj' services raised to the 
 dignity of marshal of France, 1783, and in 
 17S8 he was sent to Dauphine to quell the 
 troubles of that province. He died the 
 same year, l4th Sept. at Gi'enoble, aged 
 83. He had been present at 19 sieges and 
 14 battles. He left 2 daughters. 
 
 Vecelli, Francis, a native of Cador. the 
 brother of Titian, and also himself an able' 
 artist. His brother, who saw the genius 
 with which he executed his pieces, dreading 
 in him a powerful rival, persuaded him to 
 apply himself to commercial pursuits. • His 
 nephew Horace, the son of Titian, was*lso 
 an eminent artist, some of whose pieces 
 are attributed to the pencil of his father. 
 He died young, of the plague, 1576. 
 
 Veeninx, John Baptist, a native of Am- 
 sterdam, distinguished as a painter. He 
 was the pupil of Abi-aham Bloemaert, and 
 he painted, with great spirit and success, 
 historical pieces, landscapes, flowers, ani- 
 mals, portraits, &,c. He died near Utrecht, 
 1660, aged 39. 
 
 Vega, Lopez Felix de, a .Spanish poet, 
 born of a noble family at Madrid, 25th 
 Nov, 1562. From an humble office in the 
 bishop of Avila's household, he entered at 
 the university of Alcala, and afterwards 
 became secretary to the duke of Alva. He 
 embarked in the celebrated Armada of Phi- 
 lip II. to invade England, but escaped the 
 dangers of the sea, and of war, though his 
 brother perished in the expedition. He next 
 was in the service of the count of Lemos, 
 and though unfortunate in the levities, and 
 the immoral conduct of his first wife, he 
 took another, whose early death so deeply 
 affected him, that he quitted the world. 
 When admitted into orders, Urban VII. in 
 reward of his great poetical celebrity, be- 
 stowed on him the degree of D.D. the cross 
 of the order of Malta, and a lucrative office 
 in the apostolic exchequer. He died 27th 
 Aug. 1635, aged 72. His compositions are 
 verynumerous,and form upwards of seventy 
 volumes of prose and lyric pieces. His muse 
 was so prolific, that he often wrote a play 
 750 
 
 in the course of one day, and some of his 
 comedies even in the short space of five 
 hours, and in a style correct, elegant, and 
 animated. His dramatic pieces were so 
 popular and successful, that he acquired by 
 them above 150,000 ducats. His poetical 
 pieces are said to amount to the number 
 of 1800. 
 
 Vegetius, Flavins Renatus, a Latin wri- 
 ter, author of Military Institutions, which 
 give a satisfactory account of the Roman 
 tactics. He wrote also a treatise on the 
 Veterinary Art, preserved in the Rei Rus- 
 ticae Scriptores, 2 vols. 4to. Leipsic. His 
 institutions, which are written in very ele- 
 gant Latin, are best edited at Paris, 2 vols. 
 4to. 1783, with Turpin's Commentaries. 
 They have been translated into French by 
 Bourdon. He flourished in the fourth cen- 
 tury, and in Valentiuian's reign. 
 
 Veil, Charles Marie de, son of a Jew at 
 Metz, was converted to Christianity by 
 Bossuet, and entered among the Au^us- 
 tines, and became canon of St. Genevieve. 
 After giving public lectures on theolc^y at 
 Angers, and in other universities, he came 
 to England, 1679, where he abjured the 
 catholic faith, and after marrying the 
 daughter of an anabaptist, became a 
 preacher of that persuasion. He wrote, 
 Commentaries on Matthew and Mark, 4to. 
 — on the Acts of the Apostles, 8vo. — on 
 Joel, 12mo. — on the Song of Solomon, and 
 the Minor Prophets. He died about the end 
 of the century. His brother Lewis was also 
 a protestant, and became known as the 
 author of Catechismus Judaeorum in Dispu- 
 tatione et Dialogo Magistri et Discipuli, a 
 R. A. Jagel Monte Silicis Oriundo, Hebrew 
 and Latin, 1679, and other works. 
 
 Velasquez, Don Diego de Sylva, a 
 Spanish painter, the pupil of Herrera and 
 Pacheco. He was born at Seville, and died 
 at Madrid, 1660, aged 66. His abilities 
 Avere noticed by Philip IV. who appointed 
 him his iirst painter, knighted him, and 
 bestov.ed on him a liberal pension, and on 
 his death, honoured his remains with the 
 most magniiicent obsequies in the church 
 of St. John at Madrid. His pieces are 
 preserved in the churches and palaces of 
 Spain, and one of the most celebrated is 
 the representation of a man returning from 
 a well, with bare breast, and giving water 
 to drink to a little'boy. 
 
 Velleius Patef.culus, a Roman histo- 
 rian, in the age of Tiberius. He was au- 
 thor of an elegant epitome of Grecian and 
 Roman history, part of which only is ex- 
 tant. As he was the friend of Sejanus, it 
 is supposed that he shared the disgrace and 
 the misfortunes of that guilty favourite. 
 Vellutello, Alexander, a native 
 Lucca, author of some commentaries on the 
 wo -ks of Dante and of Petrarch. The best 
 edition of these works, which were once 
 
 of 
 
/ 
 
 much esteemed in Italy, is 1545, in 4to. 
 He died at the end of the 16t|j century. 
 
 Velly, Paul Francis, a Jesuit, born near 
 Nismes, in Champagne, lie wrote a His- 
 tory of France, of which he completed only 
 8 vols, in a plain but correct style, with 
 every mark of candour and accuracy. He 
 died 4th Sept. 175it, aged 48. 
 
 Velserus, Mark, u native of Augsburg, 
 distinguished as a civilian, and author of 
 Rerura Augusto-Vindeiicarun), Libri octo. 
 ibl. — Rerum, Boicarum, Libri quinque, 4to. 
 He died 13th June, 1614, aged 56. 
 
 Vrltheim, a. F. count, a native of 
 Brunswick, appointed in consequence of 
 his knowledge of mineralogy, superintend- 
 ent of the mines of Hartz, and made a 
 count by the king of Prussia, and doctor of 
 laws in the university of Helmstadt. He 
 wrote dissertations on the Formation of 
 Basaltes — on the vases of the Ancients — 
 on Memnon's Statue — on the Barberini 
 Vase — on making Glass, and other valuable 
 works. This ingenious man died 1801. 
 
 Velthuysen, Lambert, a native of 
 Utrecht, who studied medicine and philo- 
 sophy, and was an able defender of the 
 opinions of Des Cartes against Voet. He 
 died in retirement 1685, aged 63. His 
 works, consisting of theological, philoso- 
 phical, and medical pieces have been col- 
 lected in 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Vence, Henry Francis de, a French ec- 
 clesiastic, author of some Dissertations and 
 Analyses of the Old Testament, much and 
 deservedly commended by Calmet. This 
 pious author was preceptor to the children 
 of the duke of Lorraine, and died at Nancy, 
 1st Nov. 1749. 
 
 Vendome, Csesar, duke de, son of Hen- 
 ry IV. and Gabrielle d'Estrees, was made 
 governor of Bretagne by his father, whose 
 courage and vii'tues he inherited. He died 
 1665, leaving two sons and a daughter. His 
 grandson Louis Joseph, also duke of Ven- 
 dome, who was born 1st July, 1654, was 
 distinguished as an able warrior. His va- 
 lour was first displayed at the taking of 
 Luxemburg, Mons, and Namur, and when 
 raised to the rank of general, he was sent 
 into Catalonia, where he took Barcelona, 
 1697. In 1702 he was sent to Italy to 
 succeed Villeroy, who had been unfor- 
 tunate, and his presence turned the tide 
 of victory in favour of the French. The 
 imperialists were defeated at St. Vittoria, 
 and Luzara, Mantua was relieved. Savoy 
 was invaded, Eugene was defeated at Cas- 
 sano, at Raventlau, and Caicinito, and Tu- 
 rin was going to open its gates to the con- 
 queror, when he was recalled to head the 
 armies in Flanders. From Flanders he 
 passed to Spain, and Philip V. who had 
 neither troops nor resources, soon saw him- 
 self surrounded with soldiers at the call 
 of his generous defender, and replaced 
 
 YEN 
 
 English 
 
 on his throne at Madrid. The 
 forces were next pursued by the active 
 Vendome, and lord Stanhope, and his army 
 of 5000 men, surrendered prisonc-tH of war, 
 and on the morrow, lOih Dee. 1710, Stah- 
 remberg and the imperialists were defeated 
 at the battle of V illaviciosa. These impor- 
 tant services were honourably rewarded 
 by the gratitude of Philip, who created him 
 prince of the blood, and bestowed on him 
 the most valuable presents. Vendome 
 continued his services against the imperial- 
 ists in Spain, but died suddenly of an indi- 
 gestion at Tignaros, 11th June, 1712, aged 
 58. His remains were magnificently inter- 
 red in the Escurial, and the Spanish nation 
 put on mourning in honour of his meri- 
 torious services to their monarch. 
 
 Vendome, Philip de, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Paris, 23d Aug. 1655. 
 He distinguished himself in the army un- 
 der Lewis XiV. in the conquest of Hol- 
 land, at the passage of the Rhine, and at 
 the sieges of Msestricht, Valenciennes, 
 Cambray, &c. He afterwards served with 
 honour under his brother in Catalonia, but 
 he fell under the displeasure of the French 
 king for not having joined the army at the 
 celebrated battle of Cassano. He retired 
 to Rome, but afterwards returned to 
 France, and died at Paris, 24th Jan. 1727, 
 aged 72. 
 
 Venel, Gabriel Francis, a native of Pe- 
 zenas, known as an able and intelligent 
 physician, and professor of medicine at 
 Montpellier, where he died 1776 aged 53. 
 He wrote an Account of the Mineral Wa- 
 ters of Passi — Instructions on the Use of 
 the rouille — Analysis of the Waters of 
 Seltz, &c. 
 
 Veneroni, John, a native of Verdun, 
 in the 17th century, who altered his name 
 of Vigneron to the Italian word Yeneroni. 
 He taught Italian at Paris with great suc- 
 cess, and contributed much to render the 
 Italian poets popular in France. He wrote 
 Method to learn Italian, 12mo. 1770 — a 
 Dictionary, French and Italian, 4to. 1768 
 — Fables Choisies — Letters of Loredano — 
 Bentivoglio's Letters, &c. 
 
 Venetiano, Dominic, a Venetian paint- 
 er. He was basely murdered by Castagno, 
 to whom he had communicated the secret 
 of painting in oil, when first introduced 
 into Italy. 
 
 ^ENETTE, Nicolas, a French physician, 
 \vho died at Rochelle, his native town, 1698, 
 aged 05. He wrote treatises on the Scurvy 
 — on the Human Calculus — Tableau de 
 TAmour Conjugal, with plates, 2 vols. 
 l2mo. a work of licentious tendency. 
 
 Veniero, Dominic, a Venetian noble, 
 known as a poet. His Puttana Errante, in 
 three cantos, is a composition very disho- 
 nourable to his chaiacter as a moral man. 
 He had also three brothers, Jerome, Fran- 
 
 751 
 
VEfe 
 
 VEK 
 
 cis, and Lewis, who wrote some poetiy 
 and some prose works. He died 1581. 
 
 Venius, or Veen, Otho, a painter of 
 Leyden, who studied at Rome under Zuc- 
 charo. He was patronised by the emperor, 
 and by the German electors, and from his 
 attachment to his native country, he de- 
 clined the liberal offers of Lewis XIIL He 
 settled at Antwerp, and afterwards retired 
 to Brussels, where he died 1634, aged 78, 
 leaving two daughters, who inherited his 
 great abilities. He was well acquainted 
 with the claro obscuro, and very correct 
 and animated in his pieces, the best of 
 which are his Triumph of Bacchus, and the 
 Last Supper, preserved in the cathedral of 
 Antwerp. He was the master of the cele- 
 lebrated Rubens. He published Bellum 
 Batavicum ex Tacito, with plates — Horace, 
 with plates — Amorum Emblemata, 4to. — 
 Emblemata Ducenta, &c. 
 
 Venn, Henry, a native of Barnes in Sur- 
 rey, educated at Jesus college, Cambridge. 
 He became fellow of Queen's, and in 1759, 
 obtained the living of Huddersfield, York- 
 shire, which he exchanged in 1770 for 
 Yelling, Huntingdonshire. He published 
 Sermons on various Subjects, 8vo. — Mis- 
 takes in Religion Exposed, 8vo. — the Com- 
 plete Duty of Man, and other tracts in 
 which he showed himself strongly attached 
 to the doctrines of Calvin. He died at 
 Clapham, 1796, aged 71. 
 
 Venner, Tobias, author of Via Recta ad 
 Longam Vitam, a popular work — of a trea- 
 tise on the Bath Waters — and of a Censure 
 on British Water, was a native of Pether- 
 ton, near Bridgewater. He studied medi- 
 cine at St. Alban's hall, Oxford, and took 
 his doctor's degree, 1613, after which he 
 settled at Bridgewater, and afterwards at 
 Bath, where he died respected, 26th 
 March, 1660, aged 83. 
 
 Venner, Thomas, a wine-cooper, who, 
 not satisfied with the business of his profes- 
 sion, became a fanatical preacher, and per- 
 suaded his followers, who were called fifth 
 monarchy men, that all human government 
 was soon to cease, to make room for the 
 coming of Christ and his saints. From 
 preaching he proceeded to violence, and af- 
 ter representing Cromwell and Charles IL 
 as usurpers, he headed a mob, and pro- 
 claimed the kingdom of king Jesus. This 
 popular insurrection called for the inter- 
 ference of the civil power, and Venner and 
 twelve of his followers, who considered 
 themselves as invulnerable, were executed 
 Jan. 1660-1, exclaiming, "that if they were 
 deceived, the Lord himself was their de- 
 ceiver." 
 
 Verdier, Anthony du, u native of Mont- 
 brisson in Forez, who died 25th Sept. 1600, 
 aged 56. He w as historiographer of France, 
 and author of Bibliotheque des Auteurs 
 Francois, and other works. 
 752 
 
 Verdier, Caesar, a native of Moliereij 
 near Avignon, eminent as an anatomical 
 professor. He was in his character an 
 amiable and benevolent man, and died at 
 Paris, 19th March, 1759. He wrote an 
 Abridgment of Anatomy, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 published with the notes of Sabatier — Me- 
 moirs on the Hernias of the Bladder — Me- 
 dical Observations, &c. 
 
 Verduc, Laurence, an able surgeon of 
 Toulouse. He was a popular professor on 
 surgery, and died at Paris, 1695. He wrote 
 an excellent Treatise on Healing by Means 
 of Bandages, &c. His son, John Baptist, 
 was a physician, and w rote the Operations 
 of Surgery, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Vere, Edward, earl of Oxford, received 
 his education at St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, and was one of the judges in the 
 trial of the unfortunate Mary of Scotland, 
 1 588. He displayed great valour and judg- 
 ment in the destruction of the Spanish ar- 
 mada, and was also admired for his poeti- 
 cal talents. Some of his poems are pre- 
 served in Percy's Reliques, and in Eng- 
 land's Parnassus, printed 4to. 1600. He 
 died 1604. 
 
 Vere, sir Francis, an English general. 
 He served under Leicester in the English 
 expedition to Holland, 1585, and was made 
 governor of Flushing in 1596. He 
 greatly distinguished himself at the siege 
 of Bergen-op-Zoom, at the battle of Nieu- 
 portj in the defence of Ostend, and against 
 the Spaniards. He died governor of Ports- 
 mouth, 28th Aug. 1608, aged 54, and was 
 buried in Westminster abbey. His brother 
 Horace, served under him on the conti- 
 nent, and also shared his honours by his 
 bravery at the battle of Nieuport. He was 
 intrusted by James L with the forces sent 
 to the assistance of the duke Palatine, and 
 his retreat from Spinola, the Spanish gene- 
 ral, was regarded as a most glorious ex- 
 ploit. He was created baron Tilbury by 
 Charles L in reward for his meritorious 
 services, and he died 2d May, 1635, and 
 was buried in Westminster abbey. 
 
 Verelst, Simon, a Flemish painter, who 
 resided for some time in England, and ex- 
 celled in the representation of fruits and 
 flowers. He died 1710. — A woman of that 
 name, was also eminent for her knowledge 
 of music and painting, and the facility with 
 which she spoke the several languages of 
 Europe. She was born at Antwerp, 1680, 
 and she settled in England, where her pen- 
 cil was engaged with success in historical 
 pieces and portraits. 
 
 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, count de, 
 a French statesman, born of a noble family 
 in Burgundy. His abilities recommended 
 him to the court, and in 1755 he was sent 
 as anibassador from France to Constanti- 
 nople, where his good conduct and sound 
 policy merited the thanks of his master, and 
 
VEK 
 
 \ F.n 
 
 the friendly approbation of Maria There- 
 sa, and of Catherine of Russia. He was 
 sent in 1771 ambassador to Sweden, and 
 promoted the revolution which made (jus- 
 tavus master of his country, and on the 
 accession of Lewis XVI. to the throne, he 
 was recalled to share in his councils as mi- 
 nister for foreign affairs. Whilst he spread 
 the influence of France through Kurope, he 
 eagerly promoted general tranquillity, and 
 the peace of Teschen, the reconciliation of 
 the emperor and the Dutch, and the com- 
 mercial treaty with Russia, are important 
 proofs of his wisdom and sagacity. In his 
 politics toward the Bnglioh government he, 
 however, greatly erred, and b^ supporting 
 the American colonies agaii.st the parent 
 country, he laid the foundation of a system 
 which hurled his master from his throne. 
 His treaty of peace with England in 1783, 
 was followed by a commercial treaty, which 
 proved beneficial to both countries. He 
 died at Versailles, 13th Feb. 1787, aged 
 68, and was magnificently buried by the 
 order of Lewis XVI. who shed tears of re- 
 gret and affection on the ashes of his fa- 
 vourite minister. A Historical and Politi- 
 cal Memoir on Louisiana, Svo. published, 
 1802, has been attributed to him. 
 
 Verger de Haurane, John du, abbe 
 de St. Cyran, an eminent French ecclesias- 
 tic, who was born at Bayonne, 1581. He 
 obtained in 1620 the abbey of St. Cyran, 
 and by reading the works of the fathers 
 and the History of Ancient Councils, he 
 formed a new system of faith. At Paris 
 his insinuating manners, his learning, and 
 his virtues, procured him adherents, and 
 while he regarded confec-.sion as useless, 
 and absolution unavailing, except it was 
 attended with the total reformation of the 
 penitent sinner, he failed not to inculcate 
 that confirmation was a more important 
 and more powerful ceremony than baptism, 
 or the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. His 
 maxims, though committed only to the se- 
 crecy of tried friends, soon became popular, 
 and at last drew upon him the jealousy and 
 resentment of Richelieu, who caused him 
 to be imprisoned in 1638. The death of his 
 persecutor restored him to liberty, but he 
 soon after himself fell sick, and died at 
 Paris, 1 1th Oct. 1643, aged 62. His works 
 are la Somme des Fautes, &c. de Garasse, 
 3 vols. 4to. — Spiritual Letters, 2 vols. 4to. 
 — Apology for Roche-Posay, &c. — Ques- 
 tion Royale. Among the friends and pu- 
 pils of St. Cyran were Jansenius, Arnauld, 
 Nicole, Pascal, &c. 
 
 Vergier, James, a native of Lyons, who 
 possessed great poetical talents, and was 
 patronised by Colbert. His fondness for 
 dissipated and licentious pleasures, how- 
 ever, stood in the way of his advancement. 
 He was shot dead at Paris by some robbers 
 in the night of the 23d Aug. 1720, aged 63. 
 
 Vol,. IT. 9.5 
 
 His works arc odes, sonnets, madri?;ali(, 
 epigrams, fables, purodicH, 6lc. edited to- 
 gether, 2 vols. 12mo. 750. 
 
 Vergne, Louis Klizabclh de l;i, a French 
 general, born at Mans, I7n:,. lie uxh the 
 friend of Voltaire, FontenclU-, and other 
 learned men, and shared tlie glories of the 
 campaigns of Lewis XV. in Flanders. He 
 died at Paris, 3lst Oct. 1782, aged 77. Ilis 
 works are numerous, consisting chieily of 
 Romances, &.c. 
 
 Vergniaud, Peter Victorin, a native of 
 Limoges, who left his profession of advo- 
 cate at Bourdeaux, to attend the meeting 
 of the national assembly. With command- 
 ing eloquence he recommended the violent 
 measures against the emigrants, he pro- 
 posed the suspension of the monarch, and 
 suggested the convoking of a national con- 
 vention. By degrees, however, his viru- 
 lence abated, and in the convention he 
 showed himself moderate and the friend of 
 order, but his views did not escape the p«- 
 netration of Robespierre, who saw in him a 
 powerful rival aspiring to the sovereign 
 power. He was accused before the revo- 
 lutionary tribunal, and sent to the scaffold. 
 He suffered, 31st October, 1793, aged 35. 
 
 Verheten, Philip, son of a peasant at 
 Verrebrouck in Waes, was born 1648. Af- 
 ter working in the fields with his father till 
 the age of 22, he was drawn from this low 
 occupation by the curate of the parish, who 
 observed the superior powers of his mind, 
 and he made such rapid progress at the col- 
 lege of Louvain, that he soon obtained the 
 degree of doctor of medicine, and a profes- 
 sorship of anatomy, lie published Trea- 
 tise de Corporis Humani Anatomia, 2 vols. 
 4to. translated into German, — de Febribus, 
 and other medical works. This worthy 
 character died at Louvain, iSth Feb. 1710, 
 aged 62, universally regretted, leaving by 
 his second wife four children, who inherit- 
 ed little besides their father's reputation. 
 
 Verkolie, John, an eminent painter and 
 engraver of Amsterdam, who died at Delft, 
 1693, aged 43. His Venus and Adonis, his 
 tempest, his kneeling penitent, and paiticu- 
 larly his pieces on which little light is 
 thrown, are particularly admired. 
 
 Vermander, Charles, a native of Meule- 
 beck, in F'landers, known as a painter and 
 a poet. He died 1607, aged 59. His land- 
 scapes and grotesque pieces were deserved- 
 ly admired. He wrote a poem on painting 
 — Figures of Antiquity — Lives of celebra- 
 ted Painters, &c. 
 
 Vermeyen, John Cornelius, a painter, 
 born near Haerlem. He was surnamed the 
 Bearded, because he wore his beard so long 
 that it touched the ground. He was pa- 
 tronised by Charles V., whom he accompa- 
 nied in his Tunis expedition. He died at 
 Brussels, 1559, aged 59. 
 
 Vernes, Jacob, a native of Languedoc, 
 
 75.? 
 
VEK 
 
 VER 
 
 who died at Geneva, where he was minis- 
 ter, 1788, aged 60. He wrote la Confi- 
 dence Philosophique, 2 vols. 8vo. — Choix 
 Literaire, 24 vols. 8vo. — Letters on Rous- 
 seau's Catechism — an elegant work on the 
 death of his wife, &c. 
 
 Vernet, Joseph, a native of Avignon, 
 who from a common cart painter became 
 the first marine artist in France. He visit- 
 ed the diflferent seaports of France %vhich 
 he painted with astonishing effect. He died 
 at Paris, Dec. 1789, aged 77, and it has been 
 said of him that his genius had neither in- 
 fancy nor old age. 
 
 Verneuil, Catherine Henrietta de Bal- 
 zac, Marquise de, a French lady who so cap- 
 tivated the heart of Henry IV. that he pro- 
 mised to marry her. When the monarch 
 gave his hand to Mary de Medicis, this 
 haughty mistress was so offended that she 
 conspired with the Spanish court to de- 
 throne him, and to place the crown on the 
 head of her own son, whom she had borne 
 to Henry. Their intrigues were discover- 
 ed, and her accomplices punished. She 
 died in exile, 1633, aged 54. 
 
 Verney, Guichard Joseph du, professor 
 of anatomy in the royal gardens, was born 
 at Feurs en Forez, 5th Aug. 1648. He ac- 
 quired great celebrity at Paris as a profes- 
 sor, and died there lOth Sept. 1730. He 
 wrote an excellent Treatise on the Ear, 
 12mo. &c. His works appeared together 
 in 2 vols. 4to. 1762. 
 
 Vernon, Edward, an English admiral, 
 born at Westminster. After serving with 
 distinction in the navy, he was sent, 1739, 
 against Porto-Bello, which he took, and 
 with a small force, as he had often boasted 
 in the house of Commons, but he was un- 
 successful in his attack on Carthagena two 
 years after. His name is beautifully intro- 
 duced in the most pathetic lines written by 
 Thomson. He died suddenly, 29th Oct., 
 1757, aged 73. 
 
 VERNULiEUs, Nicholas, professor of 
 belles lettres at Louvain, was author of a 
 Latin History of Louvain University, 4to. 
 ' — Historia Austriaca, 8vo. — Latin Trage- 
 dies — and Institutiones Politicae. He died 
 at Louvain, 1649, aged 79. 
 
 Veronese, Paul Caliari, a celebrated 
 painter, born at Verona, 1532. He studied 
 under his uncle, and soon acquired such re- 
 putation as to rival Tintoret and the most 
 illustrious artists. The most celebrated of 
 his pieces are the marriage of Cana and the 
 supper in the house of Simon the leper. 
 From the rich resources of a strong imagi- 
 nation, he painted with all the truth of na- 
 ture, his characters were represented with 
 dignity, his female figures exhibited grace 
 and elegance, and in his draperies appeared 
 splendour and magnificence. In commen- 
 dation of his great abilities, Guido said 
 tljat he wished to be what Veronese was 
 754 
 
 rather than acquire the celebrity of any 
 other artist, for as he observed, others dis- 
 play their art, but ghe paints nature in all 
 her real charms. This admired painter, 
 equally great as a good Christian and as an 
 amiable man, died at Venice 1588, aged 51. 
 
 Veronese, Alexander Turchi, a painter 
 born at Verona. In his pieces he drew the 
 beauty of his female figures from the 
 charms of his wife and daughters. He 
 died at Rome 1670, aged 70. As he suf- 
 fered much from indigence in consequence 
 of the luxurious extravagance of his wife, 
 many of his pieces were hastily finished. 
 
 Veronese, Carlo, a Venetian who ac- 
 quired some reputation at Paris as an actor, 
 and as a dramatic author. He died 1760, 
 aged 58. His daughter Anna was also 
 eminent as an actress and an elegant dan- 
 cer on the French stage. 
 
 Verrochio, Andrew, a native of Flo- 
 rence, who united in his own person the 
 various knowledge of the painter, the gold- 
 smith, the geometrician, the sculptor, the 
 engraver, &c. He first introduced the art 
 of taking casts in plaster of the faces of 
 dead or living persons. His heads of 
 Alexander, Darius, &c. in bronze are much 
 admired, but his paintings possessed not 
 equal merit. He died 1488, aged 56. 
 
 Verschuring, Henry, a native of Gor- 
 cum, who studied painting under John Bois 
 of Utrecht, and afterwards in the Italian 
 schools. He followed the Dutch army in 
 1672, and drew views of its various encamp- 
 ments, &c. He was made public magis- 
 trate at Docum, but did not abandon his 
 profession. He was drowned in a storm 
 on the toast near Dordrecht 1690, aged 63. 
 
 Verse, Noel Aubert de, a native of 
 Mans, who embraced the Calvinistic doc- 
 trines and afterwards became a Roman Ca- 
 tholic. He was rewarded with a pension 
 by the French clergy for his theological 
 works. He died 1714. 
 
 Verskovis, James Francis, a Flemish 
 artist, who settled in England and died 
 there 1749. His vases and figures in wood, 
 ivory, &c. were much admired. His son 
 was eminent as a painter. 
 
 Verstegan, Richard, a native of Lon- 
 don. His parents were of Flemish descent, 
 and after studying at Oxford he went to 
 settle at Antwerp, where he died 1625. He 
 wrote a restitution of decayed intelligence 
 in antiquities concerning the noble and re- 
 nowned English nation,4to. a curioiis work, 
 reprinted London 1634, and again 1674, 
 4to. — The Regal Government of England, 
 — Antiquitates Belgicae, 12mo. — Theatrum 
 Crudelitatum Haereticorum, 4to. &c. 
 
 Vert, Dom Claude de, an ecclesiastic of 
 the order of Cluni. He studied at Avig- 
 non, and travelled into Italy, and devoted 
 himself to inquiries on the ecclesiastical 
 ceremonies of Rome. He died at Abbe- 
 
Vf:s 
 
 \lL 
 
 ville, 1st May, 1708, aged 63. He wrote 
 a simple and historical history of the Cere- 
 monies of the Church, 4 vols. 9vo. &c. 
 
 Vertot d'Auboeuf, Rene Aubcrt de, a 
 native of Bennetot in Normandy. He en- 
 tered among the Capuchins, but (juitted the 
 order in 1677, to be admitted among the 
 regular canons of Premontrc. In 1701 he 
 abandoned the solitude of the monastery 
 for an ecclesiastical life, and a residence in 
 Paris, where he found great and powerful 
 patrons. He became in 1715, historio- 
 grapher to the order of Malta, and was se- 
 lected for the office of sub-preceptor to 
 Lewis XV. but the appointment never took 
 place. The abbe suffered much from the 
 infirmities of age, and died 15th June, 1735, 
 aged 80. In his character he was an amia- 
 ble man, and united the virtues of private 
 life to great intelligence, deep penetration, 
 and an elegant taste. He wrote the His- 
 tory of the Revolutions of Portugal, 12mo. 
 — History of the Revolutions of Sweden, 
 2 vols. 12mo. — History of the Revolutions 
 of Rome, 3 vols. 12mo. his chief work — 
 History of Malta, 4 vols. 4to. and 7 in 
 12mo. — History of the settlement of the 
 Britons in Gaul, 2 vols. l2mo. — Origin of 
 the greatness of the Court of Rome, 12mo. 
 Dissertations on the Memoirs of the Aca- 
 demy of Belles Lettres, &c. 
 
 Vertue, George, a native of London, 
 bound apprentice to an engraver of arms. 
 He afterwards studied painting and engra- 
 ving, and by degrees emerged into reputa- 
 tion and consequence by the patronage of 
 sir Godfrey Kneller and lord Somers. He 
 made a collection of materials for a history 
 of painting and painters, which was bought 
 of his widow and digested and published 
 from his MSS. by Horace Walpole, in 4 
 vols. 4to. 1762, and afterwards republished 
 5 vols. 8vo. 1782. He died 1757, aged 73. 
 
 Verus, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, son 
 of ^lius, distinguished himself against the 
 barbarians in the East, and was adopted by 
 Marcus Aurelius, and admitted to share 
 the throne. He died of an apoplexy in his 
 German expedition, aged 39. 
 
 Verwey, John, a learned Dutchman, 
 who presided with great reputation over the 
 school of Goude, and afterwards that of the 
 Hague, where he died about 1690. He is 
 author of a Medulla Aristarchi Vossiani — 
 and Nova Via docendi Greece, 8vo. two gram- 
 mars of singular merit and general utility. 
 
 Vesalius, Andrew, a celebrated anato- 
 mist, born at Brussels of a family long dis- 
 tinguished for their knowledge of medi- 
 cine. After studying at Louvain, where 
 he displayed the strong bent of his ge- 
 nius by dissecting dogs, cats, moles, &c. he 
 came to Paris and applied himself labori- 
 ously to anatomy, a science then in its in- 
 fancy. He next visited Pisa, Bologna, and 
 
 the other universities of Italy, and in 1537, 
 was appointed anatomical prof(;.s«or at Pa- 
 dua. He next rrmovcd to Spain to be 
 physician to Charles V. and there acquired 
 the most extensive rrputation by his skill 
 and sagacity. From t\m hi^h popularity, 
 he, however, all at once formed the project 
 of going to the Holy Land, and while some 
 attribute it to the wish of flying from the 
 jealousy and persecution of his enemies at 
 court, or to the troublesome peevishncHs of 
 his wife, others ascribe the cause to a more 
 extraordinary circumstance. He obtained, 
 it is said, permission to open the body of a 
 young nobleman, whom during a severe 
 illness he had attended, but dreadful to 
 relate, he no sooner uncovered the heart of 
 his patient, than he perceived it still palpi- 
 tating with life. This circumstance so ir- 
 ritated the weeping family of the nobleman, 
 that the unhappy physician was summoned 
 before the inquisition, but Charles V. inter- 
 fered and saved him from the most excru- 
 ciating torments, on condition that he 
 should undertake a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 Land. On his return from Cyprus and 
 Jerusalem, which was hastened by the 
 invitations of the senate of Venice, who 
 solicited him to fill the medical chair of 
 Padua, vacant by the death of Fallopius, 
 the wretched pilgrim was shipwrecked and 
 thrown upon the barren shores of the 
 island of Zante, where he soon after pe- 
 rished through famine and hardship, Oct. 
 1674, aged about 60. His body when 
 found was buried in St. Mary's church in 
 the island. The chief of his works is, do 
 Humani Coi-poris Fabrica, Leyden, 2 vols, 
 fol. 1722. Vesalius may be truly consider- 
 ed as the great restorer of anatomy in 
 Europe, as before his time it was not only 
 neglected, but the study of it was impeded 
 by the gross superstition and the ignorant 
 prejudices of the age. 
 
 Vespasian, Titus Flavius, an obscure 
 native of Riti, who by his merits and vir- 
 tues rose to consequence in the Roman 
 armies, and headed the expedition against 
 Jerusalem. On the death of Vitellius A. D. 
 69, he was proclaimed emperor by his sol- 
 diers, and the wisdom, moderation, antl 
 firmness of his reign showed the propriety 
 of the choice. This truly virtuous mo- 
 narch, the liberal patron of learning, and 
 the friend of morality and order, died A. D. 
 79, aged 71. 
 
 Vesputius Americus, the discoverer of 
 the new continent, was a native of Flo- 
 rence. Vid. Americus. 
 
 Vicars, John, a native of London, edu- 
 cated at Christ's hospital and Queen's col- 
 lege, Oxford, after which he officiated as 
 undermaster in Christ's hospital. He wafs 
 author of God in the Mount, or England's 
 Remembrancer, a poem, 4to. — Looking 
 Glass for Maliffnani?,^ and other pamphlet? 
 
 v.j».-» 
 
VIG 
 
 VID 
 
 in favour of the Presbyterians against tlie 
 royalists. He died 1652. 
 
 ViCARY, Thomas, a native of London, 
 sergeant surgeon to Henry VIII. and his 
 three successors, and surgeon to St. Bar- 
 tholomew's hospital, was the first anatomi- 
 eal writer in the English language. His 
 book " a Treasure for Englishmen, or the 
 Anatomy of a Man's Body," 12mo. 1577, 
 and other medical and surgical tracts, are 
 chiefly compiled from the works of Galen 
 and of the Arabians. 
 
 Vicente, Giles, a famous dramatic poet 
 of Lisbon in the l6th century, whose works 
 have served as models to the labours of Lo- 
 pez de Vega, and to Quevedo. He wrote 
 with great facility, and his pieces were so 
 popular among the Portuguese, that he was 
 called the Piautus of Portugal. It is said, 
 that Erasmus learned the Portuguese to be 
 able to read his works, which were pub- 
 lished by his children in five parts, 1562. 
 
 Vico, John Baptist, a native of Naples, 
 who became professor of rhetoric in the uni- 
 versity there. The best known of his works 
 is Scienza Nuova. He died 1740, aged 70. 
 
 Vicft d'Azir, Felix, a native of Valone, 
 who like his father became eminent as a 
 physician. He came to Paris in 1765, and 
 acquired such celebrity that in 1775 he was 
 sent by the minister Turgot to stop a con- 
 tagious distemper which raged among the 
 people of Languedoc, and in this he was 
 happily successful. He was one of the 
 founders of the society of medicine, and 
 pronounced the eloges of Haller, Linne, 
 Pringle, and other illustrious men, and with 
 such applause, that he was elected member 
 of the academy of sciences in the room of 
 Buffon. He died universally respected, 
 20th June, 1794, aged 46. Besides his 
 eloges he wrote memoirs — Anatomical Ob- 
 servations — Description of the Nerves, &c. 
 
 Victor I. pope after Eleutherus 193, 
 suffered martvrdom under Severus 202. 
 During his age there were violent disputes 
 in the church about the time most proper 
 for the celebration of Easter. 
 
 Victor II. Gebehard, elected pope after 
 Leo IX. 1055, died two years after. He 
 was an active pontiff, who devoted himself 
 attentively to the reformation of his clergy. 
 
 Victor III. Didier, was elected pope 
 1086. He hurled a bill of excommunica- 
 tion against the anti-pope Guibert, and 
 died soon after, 16th Sept. 1087. Some of 
 his epistles, dialogues, &c. are extant. 
 There was an anti-pope of that name after 
 the death of Anicletus, 1138. 
 
 Victor, Amadeus, duke of Savoy, and 
 first king of Sardinia, was born I4ih May, 
 1666, and succeeded his father Charles 
 Emanuel in 1675. By his marriage with 
 the niece^of Lewis XIV. he ensured the co- 
 operation of France, but he was no sooner 
 established in his power, than be declared 
 756 
 
 against his new allies. He was conse- 
 quently attacked and defeated by Catinat at 
 Staffarde 1690, and lost all Savoy, but two 
 years after he entered Dauphine and seized 
 upon Gap and Embrun. Another victory 
 at Marseilles, obtained over him by Catinat, 
 robbed him of all his newly acquired do- 
 minions, but though he was obliged to make 
 peace in 1696, he took up arms again in 
 1701, encouraged by the promises of the 
 emperor, who flattered his ambition by the 
 hopes of possessing a large territory be- 
 tween the Po and Tanaro. His troops 
 were now defeated by Vendome, and Turin 
 his capital besieged by the duke de la 
 Feuillade, but the timely succour of prince 
 Eugene saved him from ruin, and restored 
 him to his independence. Peace was re- 
 stored in 1713, and Victor, acknowledged 
 king of Sicily by the king of Spain, soon 
 after resigned his title in favour of the em- 
 peror, who in return supported his assump- 
 tion of the name of king of Sardinia. 
 Tired with the intrigues and labours of 
 greatness, Victor at last in 1730, after a 
 reign of 55 years, abdicated the throne in 
 favour of his son, but the next year, with 
 the same capricious inconsistency, he re- 
 claimed the regal honours. The son might 
 have complied, but when he saw that the 
 crown was claimed by the suggestions of 
 an ambitious mistress, who tyrannized over 
 the affections of his father, he wisely re- 
 fused, and the fickle old man soon after 
 died at Rivoli near Turin, 31st Oct. 1732. 
 
 VicTORius, or Vettorin, Peter, a learn- 
 ed Florentine, appointed by Cosmo de Me- 
 dicis, professor of eloquence in the college 
 of his native town. He was universally 
 resp'.cted for his learning and abilities, and 
 served his country in some embassies. He 
 died 1585, aged 87. He is to be regarded 
 as one of "the first restorers of learning in 
 Italy, and he ably devoted his time in elu- 
 cidating the classics, especially Cicero. 
 His works are Critical Notes on Cicero, 
 Cato, Varro, and Columella — Commenta- 
 ries on Aristotle's Rhetoric, &c. — Collec- 
 tion of Latin Epistles and Harangues, &c. 
 
 Victorius, Benedict, a native of Faenza, 
 professor of medicine at Bologna. He 
 wrote Empyrica! Medicine, 8vo. — de Mor- 
 bo Gallico, 8vo. — la Grande Pratique, 2 
 vols. fol. &c. and died about 1552, aged 72. 
 His uncle Lionel was also professor of me- 
 dicine at Bologna, where he died 1530. He 
 wrote a Treatise on the Diseases of Chil- 
 dren, Svo. — Practice of Medicine, 4to. &c. 
 
 ViDA, Mark Jerome, a celebrated modern 
 poet, born at Cremona 1470. After finish- 
 ing his studies at Padua and Bologna, he 
 entered into the order of the regular canons 
 of St. Mark at Mantua, which he soon 
 after exchanged for the order of St. John 
 Lateran at Rome. His poetical fame 
 reached the ears of Leo X.. who rewardet^ 
 
VIE 
 
 VIU 
 
 itim with his friendship and the priory of St. 
 Sylvester at Tivoli. In this charming re- 
 treat he devoted himself to the composition 
 of his Christias, and though liis labours 
 were interrupted by the death of his patron, 
 he soon emerged from the dissatisfaction 
 which the neglect shown to literary merit 
 during the short reign of Adrian \ I. had 
 created, and under the next pope, Clement 
 VII., he received tlic rewards due to his 
 talents, and was made bishop of Alba, lo32. 
 This truly benevolent prelate, and learned 
 man, died 27th Sept. 1566, aged 96, and 
 was buried in his own cathedral ; and liis 
 countrymen of Cremona honoured his mo- 
 mory by the erection of a noble monument 
 in their cathedral. The tributes of praise 
 paid to the genius and merits of this great 
 man, have been numerous, and among them, 
 the words of Pope are particularly striking. 
 Speaking of Leo's golden days, the poet 
 thus celebrates his name : 
 
 With sweeter notes eachrising temple rang, 
 A Raphael painted, and a Vida sang. 
 Immortal Vida ! on whose honoured brow, 
 The poeVs bays, the critic''s ivy grow, 
 Cremona now shall ever boast thy name, 
 t^s next in place ta Mantua, next in fame. 
 
 The poetical works of Vida were collected 
 by himself, 2 vols. 8vo. 1550. They con- 
 sist of Ars Poetica, a valuable poem — de 
 Bombyce Libri Duo, the most correct of 
 his works — Scacchia Ludus — Hymni de Re- 
 bus Divinis — Christiados Libri Sex — Buco- 
 lica, Ecloga, et Carraina, &c. — Besides 
 these he wrote. Dialog! de Republicae Dig- 
 nitate — Orationes Tres ad versus Papienses, 
 &c. — Constitutiones Synodales Alba;, &c. 
 The best edition of hi-- poems is that of Ox- 
 ford, r33, in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 ViETA, Francis, master of requests to 
 queen Margaret, was born at Fontenay, in 
 Poitou 1540, and acquired great celebrity 
 as a mathematician. He was the first who 
 used in algebra the letters of the alphabet 
 to mark known quantities, as they could 
 express every variety of number, and he 
 also introduced some important improve- 
 ments in that science, and in geometry. 
 He made afterwards some alterations in the 
 Gregorian calendar, and showed himself so 
 exact and sagacious in deciphering the se- 
 crets of the Spanish government in their 
 intercepted letters, that the divulging of the 
 contents which were obscurely clothed in 
 500 different characters, was ascribed to 
 magic. He died 1603. He published 
 Apollonius of Perga, under the name of 
 Apollonius Gallus, 4to. 1610, and his works 
 were collected together in 1646, in 1 vol. 
 folio, by F. Schooten. 
 
 ViEussENS, Raymond de, a native of 
 Rouergue, who became physician to the 
 king of France, and distinguished himself 
 ^\y his publications on his profession, one of 
 
 which, on Internal Diseases, in 4 vols. 4io. 
 was published by his grandson 1774. He 
 died at Montpellier, where he had retired 
 for his hcaltli, 1715. 
 
 ViGAND, or Wig AND, John, a Lutheran 
 divine, born at Mansfield. He was en- 
 gaged in the pul)licat.on of that important 
 work, the Centuries of Magdeburg, printed 
 at Basil, 13 vols. fol. 1562, and afterwards 
 presided over the churches of Pomeraiiia. 
 He wrote several works m favour uf the re- 
 formation, and died 21st Oct. 1 587, aged 64. 
 
 ViGiLius, an African bishop, ai;out 484. 
 He aldy opposed (he heretics of his age, in 
 his sermons und in his writings, which have 
 been published separately at Dijon, 4to. 
 1665. 
 
 ViGiLius, a Roman, who was elevated to 
 the papal throne by the intrigues of Theo- 
 dora the wife of Justinian, to whom he pro- 
 mised, as the price of his elevation, that he 
 would cancel all the decrees of the council 
 of Constantinople, against the Eutychian 
 bishops, whose cause she embraced. Though 
 thus raised to the pontificate in 537, he af- 
 terwards ventured to oppose Theodora, and 
 even excommunicated her, for which he 
 was banished from Rome, but died soon af- 
 ter at Syracuse 555. Eighteen of his letters 
 have been published at Paris, 8vo. 1642. 
 
 ViGNES, Peter des, a native of Capua, 
 who rose from the obscurest situation to 
 the dignity of chancellor of the German 
 empire. After receiving his education at 
 Bologna, by the charity of some benevolent 
 persons, he rose to consequence, and be- 
 came the favourite of the emperor Frederic. 
 It is said that he attempted to poison his 
 master, for which his eyes were put out, but 
 others attributed this severe treatment to 
 the malice and misrepresentation of his 
 enemies. Disgusted with the confinement 
 of a prison, and the tyrannical conduct of 
 his sovpreign, he dashed his head against 
 the column to which his galling chains were 
 fastened, and thus expired 1245). Des Vig- 
 nes was very eminent in the knowledge of 
 jurisprudence. Some of his works have 
 been printed. 
 
 ViGNOLE, James Barozzio, an eminent 
 architect, born at Vignole in the dutchy of 
 Modena, 1507. He studied at Rome, and 
 was afterwards employed in France by 
 Francis I. in the construction of several 
 splendid edifices, after which he returned 
 to Italy to finish the magnificent palace of 
 cardinal Farnese. He died at Rome, 7th 
 July, 1573, aged 66. He wrote a treatise 
 on the Five Orders of Architecture, in 
 Italian, translated into French by Davilier, 
 3 vols. 4to. and another, sur la Perspective 
 Pratique. 
 
 ^'iGNOLES, Stephen de, better known by 
 the name of la Hire, was of an illustrious 
 family, settled at Languedoc. He was one 
 of the ablest generals in the service of 
 
 757 
 
VUj 
 
 tit 
 
 Charles VII. and he obliged the duke of 
 Bedford to raise the siege of Montargis, 
 and assisted Joan of Arc in the relief of 
 Orleans. After contributing by his valour 
 to the restoration of Charles to his throne, 
 he died at Montauban, 1447. 
 
 ViGNOLES, Alphonso de, a native of Au- 
 bais in Languedoc, who, as a Calvinist, 
 left France on the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, and retired to Prussia. He 
 was patronised by the king of Prussia, and 
 made director of the royal academy of 
 sciences at Berlin, where he died 24th July, 
 1744, aged 95. He wrote the Chronology 
 of the Holy Scriptures, &c. 2 vols. 4to. — 
 Epistola Chronologica — Conjectures on 
 Virgil's fourth Eclogue, &c. 
 
 ViLLALPANDUs, John Baptist, a Jesuit of 
 Corduba, well skilled in the knowledge of 
 the Holy Scriptures. He wrote Desultory 
 Commentaries on Ezekiei, in 3 vols. 1596, 
 in which he gives an interesting description 
 of the Temple and the city of Jerusalem. 
 He wrote besides, Explanatio Epistolarum 
 S. Pauli, &c. and died 22d May, 1608. 
 
 ViLLARET, Claude, a native of Paris, 
 who first became known by his romance of 
 la Belle Allemande. In con-sequence of 
 some domestic distresses he quitted Paris, 
 and to support himself began the life of an 
 actor at Rouen, Compiegne^ Liege, &c. but 
 he afterwards abandoned a profession in 
 which he had acquired some celebrity. He 
 again settled at Paris, and obtained the 
 place of first commissary of the chamber of 
 accounts. On the death of Velly he was 
 appointed his successor in the completion 
 of a History of France, which he ably con- 
 tinued from the 8th volume, and the reign 
 of Philip VI. to the 348th page of the 17th 
 volume. He wrote besides, Considerations 
 aur I'Art du Theatre, 8vo.— et I'Esprit de 
 Voltaire. He died at Paris, March 1766, 
 aged 61. 
 
 ViLLARS, Andrew de Brancas de, a French 
 general, who espoused the interests of the 
 league against Henry IV. He was after- 
 wards gained over by the interference of 
 Sully, and when taken prisoner at the battle 
 of Dourlens by the Spaniards, 24th July, 
 1 595, he was basely murdered by the con- 
 querors. 
 
 ViLLARS, Louis Hector, marquis and 
 duke of, peer of France, was born at Mou- 
 lins in Bourbonnois, 1653. He embraced 
 early the profession of arms, and distin- 
 guished himself on the Rhine, at the siege 
 of Maestricht, at the battle of Senef, and 
 on various occasions, and for his services 
 Avas raised to the rank of marshal of France, 
 1690. At the peace of Ryswick, he went 
 ambassador to Vienna, and when after- 
 wards placed at the head of the French 
 armies, he defeated the prince of Baden, 
 and gained the battle of Hochstet ; but 
 after supporting the character of a brave 
 758 
 
 and active general against the superior ge- 
 nius of Marlborough, he was at last routed 
 and dangerously wounded at the battle of 
 Malplaquet, 1709. He afterwards regained 
 his reputation at Denay on the Scheldt, and 
 by the fall of Douay, Quesnoy, and other 
 places, and he assisted in the establishment 
 of peace as plenipotentiary at Radstadt, 
 1714. After the death of Lewis XIV. he 
 supported the administration of the duke 
 of Orleans, and in 1733, when a new war 
 broke out, he was sent to take the com- 
 mand of the French armies in Italy. He 
 took Pisighitone, but soon after was taken 
 ill, and died at Turin, l7th June, 1734, aged 
 82. His memoirs were published in Hol- 
 land, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 ViLLEFORE, Joseph Francis Bourgoin de,- 
 a native of Paris, who devoted himself la- 
 boriously to literary pursuits, and published 
 various works on history, &c. He died 2d 
 Sept. 1737, aged 85. 
 
 ViLLENA, marquis of, a Spanish poet, 
 allied to the royal house of Arragon. He 
 preferred retirement and solitude to the 
 intrigues of the court, and translated at 
 the request of his relation John, king of 
 Navarre, Virgil's iEneid into Spanish 
 verse. His Gaya Sciencia, a system of 
 poetry, rhetoric, and oratory, describing 
 the ceremonies and public exhibitions of 
 the Troubadours, is his most celebrated 
 performance. He also translated Dante 
 into prose, a work still esteemed by the 
 Spaniards, and died of the gout, 1434. 
 
 ViLLENEUVE, Gabriellc Susanne Barbot 
 de, widow of John Baptist de Gaalon de V. 
 lieutenant-colonel of French infantry is 
 distinguished as an elegant and interesting 
 novel-writer. Her romances are numerous, 
 the best known of which are, la Jeune 
 Americaine, 12mo. — le Phenix Conjugal — 
 le Juge Prevenu — la Jardiniere de Vincen- 
 nes, &c. She died 29th Dec. 1755. 
 
 VrLLERS, Charles Francis Dominic de, a 
 French writer, was born in 1764, at Belch- 
 en, in Lorraine. He became a lieutenant 
 in the artillery at the age of eighteen, but 
 in the revolution he joined the prince of 
 Condc at Triers, in consequence of which, 
 on the failure of the royal cause, he was 
 obliged to seek an asylum in Germany. 
 After many removals he settled at Lubec, 
 where he wrote several works, particularly 
 an " Essay on the Influence of the Refor- 
 mation of Luther," which obtained the prize 
 of the national institute. He next removed 
 to a professorship of philosophy at Gottin- 
 gen, but was deprived of it on the restora- 
 tion of peace ; though he obtained a pen- 
 sion from the Hanoverian government, and 
 was made a knight of the polar star by that 
 of Sweden. He died, Feb. 26, 1815. He 
 was also the author of " a Letter to Fanny 
 de Beauharnois ;" in which he drew such 
 an affecting picture of French enormity ir^ 
 
VIL 
 
 ML 
 
 Cfermany, as brought upon him the ven- 
 geance of Davoust. Besides this, he 
 wrote " Rapport a I'lnstitut sur I'Etat ac- 
 tual de la Littorature anciennc et dc I'His- 
 toire en Allemagne." — W. B. 
 
 ViLLETTE, Charles, marquis de, a native 
 of Paris, known as a writer. He married 
 Voltaire's niece, and was one of the mem- 
 bers of the convention. He died lOth 
 July, 1793, and his remains were attended 
 to the grave by a deputation of the French 
 senators His eloges of Charles V. Henry 
 IV. — poetical pieces, &c. were collected 
 together, 1784, 8vo. 
 
 ViLLiERS, George, duke of Buckingham, 
 was born of a respectable family at Brookes- 
 by, Leicestershire, 20th Aug. 1592, and 
 after receiving an indifl'erent education, he 
 travelled into France, where he acquired 
 all the personal accomplishments of the 
 gentleman and the courtier. He was in- 
 troduced to the notice of .fames I. at the 
 play represented for his entertainment by 
 the students of Cambridge, and the mo- 
 narch was so captivated with his handsome 
 person and his fine clothes, that he soon 
 succeeded to the honours of the discarded 
 Somerset, and became cup-bearer to the 
 king. By degrees honours were heaped 
 upon him ; he was kniglited, and rapidly 
 rose to the rank of a baron, an earl, a mar- 
 quis, and a duke, and was made master of 
 the horse, warden of the cinque ports, and 
 obtained the disposal of all the offices of 
 honour and emolument, in the church and 
 state, in the three kingdoms. In 1620 he 
 married the earl of Rutland's daughter, the 
 richest heiress in the kingdom, and three 
 years after he persuaded the prince of 
 Wales to go to Spain, in di.sguise, to solicit 
 the hand of the Infanta, his intended bride. 
 On the death of James, Villiers retained all 
 his influence with the new monarch, but 
 while he was the favourite of the court, he 
 was regarded with odium by the parliament 
 and the people. His unpopularity was in- 
 creased by rashly advising his master to 
 dissolve the parliament and to raise supplies 
 without the consent of the people. In the 
 midst of these popular discontents a war 
 broke out with Fraace, and the duke took 
 upon himself to carry hostilities into the 
 enemy's country, but instead of landing on 
 the continent, he made an imprudent at- 
 tack on the isle of Rhe, in which he lost 
 the flower of his army. This disaster was 
 to be repaired by a more formidable arma- 
 ment, for the relief of Rochelle, which Ri- 
 chelieu was besieging with all the powers 
 of the French monarchy, and the duke 
 made the most extraordinary preparations 
 for the expedition, but before he sailed he 
 was stabbed at Portsmouth by Felton, a 
 lieutenant of the army, who was dissatis- 
 fied with his conduct, and had vowed his 
 d^ath. This happened 23d Aug. 1628, in 
 
 the 36th year of his age. In his disposition 
 Buckingham was generous and humane, 
 but in his attachments he was violent 
 and headstrong. Immoderalely ambitious, 
 he viewed the cautious measures of tl»o 
 parliament with distrust and contempt, and 
 to carry into eflect his favourite meaBures, 
 he hesitated not to sacrifice the interests of 
 his master, and the happiness of the p.oplc. 
 For the inibrmation which he posse-sed on 
 |)ublic artairs, he was indebtt d to the par- 
 tiality of the monarch, who, with ridicu- 
 lous fondness lor bis person, rcaoUcit to 
 make him a mas trj)K-ce, and to mould 
 him, as it were, platonically to his own 
 ideas. 
 
 Villiers, George, duke of Buckingham, 
 son of the preceding, was born at W ailing- 
 ford house, London, 30th Jan. 1627, the 
 year before his father's murder. After 
 being at Cambridge he went on his travels, 
 and at his return he was presented to the 
 king, who was at Oxford, and he entered 
 at Christ church. On the fall of the royal 
 power he went with prince Charles to 
 Scotland, and shared afterwards his dan- 
 gers at the battle of Worcester, but after 
 accompanying him on the continent he re- 
 turned to England, and retrieved his for- 
 tunes by marrying, in 1657, the daughter 
 of lord Fairfax. Though thus connected 
 with republicans, he did not lose the royal 
 favour, but preserving his property, he at 
 the restoration was possessed of an estate 
 of 20,000/. a year, and added to his honours 
 the place of master of horse to the king. 
 The favours which he enjoyed at court 
 were, however, soon forfeited, when he 
 joined a conspiracy against the government, 
 yet so forgiving was the king's temper, that 
 he was restored, on his submission, to his 
 honours, and to confidence. The flagitious 
 attempt which he made with Blood on the 
 duke of Ormond's life, did not again ex- 
 pose him, as he deserved, to the royal dis- 
 pleasure, but he was made chancellor of 
 Cambridge, and employed as ambassador 
 to Lewis XIV. He afterwards resigned 
 the chancellorship, and capriciously favour- 
 ed the cause of the nonconformists, and af- 
 terwards was sent to the Tower for con- 
 tempt, by order of the house of lords. He 
 died at Kirkby Moorside, Yorkshire, 16th 
 April, 1688, after a short illness of three 
 days, of an ague, in consequence of sitting 
 on'the ground when fatigued with hunting. 
 His remains were buried in Westminster 
 abbey. Though a man of abilities, of great 
 vivacity, and of quickness of parts, he did 
 not possess a single virtue. His wit was 
 malevolence, his generosity was profuse- 
 ness, and so debauched was his character, 
 that the whole business of his life seemed 
 to be the gratification of the most sensual 
 appetites. His character has been well 
 delineated under the name of Zimri in Dry- 
 
 759 
 
VIN 
 
 VI N 
 
 <ien's Absalom and Achitophel, but though 
 a debauchee he has acquired celebrity as a 
 poet and a man of letters. His poems, 
 though few in number, are great in merit. 
 Besides the Rehearsal, a comedy of singu- 
 lar merit, in which he ridicules the drama- 
 tic writers of his age, he wrote the Chances, 
 altered from Fletcher — the Restoration — 
 the Battle of Sedgemoor— the Militant 
 Couple — an Essay on Reason and Religion 
 —on Human Reason — Discourse on the 
 Reasonableness of having a Religion and 
 Worship of God, &c. 
 
 ViLLoisoN, John Baptist Gaspard d'Ansse 
 de, a learned critic, was born at Corbeilie- 
 sur-Seine in 1750. He studied under Cap- 
 peronier, professor of Greek in the royal 
 college; and in 1773 published the Greek 
 Lexicon to Homer by Apollonius, from a 
 manuscript in the library of St. Germain- 
 des-Pres ; for which he was admitted a 
 member of the academy of inscriptions and 
 belles lettres. His next publication was an 
 edition of the pastoral of "Longus," with a 
 commentary. In 1781 he went to Venice 
 to search far Greek manuscripts in the 
 library of St. Mark, where he found several 
 unedited works, from which he made ex- 
 tracts, and published them in two quarto 
 volumes, under the title of " Anecdota 
 Graeca." But his most important discovery 
 was a copy of Homer of the tenth century, 
 which he published in folio in 1788. From 
 Venice, Villoison went to the court of 
 Saxe- Weimar, at the invitation of the duke, 
 and, while there, formed the collection of 
 critical letters, which he printed at Zurich, 
 under the title of " Epistolae Vinarienses." 
 He next published a translation of part of 
 the Old Testament, made by a Jew in the 
 ninth century. Soon after this, he travel- 
 led into Greece, and left numerous obser- 
 vations for a history of that country, and 
 for a new edition of Montfaucon's " Palaeo- 
 graphia Graeca." In the French revolution 
 he lost all his property ; but was appointed 
 professor of ancient and modern Greek, 
 which office he had just entered upon when 
 he died, April 26, 1805.— fT. B. 
 
 ViLLOTTE, James, a Jesuit of Bar-le-duc, 
 who travelled into Armenia, and returned 
 to Europe 1709. He died at St. Nicholas, 
 near Nancy, 14th June, 1743, aged 87. 
 He wrote an explanation of the Catholic 
 Faith — Christian Armenia, &c. — Commen- 
 taries on the Gospels, 4to. — Armenian Dic- 
 tionary, &c. 
 
 Vincent, Thomas, author of God's Ter- 
 rible Voice in the City, by Plague, and Fire, 
 8vo. — of an Explanation of the Catechism, 
 and other religious tracts, was ejected for 
 nonconformity from the living of St. Mary 
 Magdalen, in Milk-street, and died at Hox- 
 ton, 1671. During the plague he continued 
 in the city, and by his discourses from the 
 pulpit greatly contributed to support the 
 760 
 
 spirits, and relieve the terrors of the afflict* 
 ed inhabitants. 
 
 Vincent, Nathaniel, author of the Con- 
 version of a Sinner, and the Day of Grace, 
 8vo. — sermons, and other religious books, 
 was of Magdalen college, Oxford, and was 
 ejected from the living of Langley Marsh, 
 Bucks, for nonconformity. He adhered so 
 strenuously to his dissenting principles 
 that he wa.s imprisoned for preaching in a 
 conventicle at Southwark. He died 1697. 
 
 Vincent, William, a learned divine, was 
 born in London, Nov. 2, 1739. He re- 
 ceived his education in Westminster school, 
 from whence he was elected to Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he obtained a fel- 
 lowship. In 1762 he was appointed usher 
 of the school where he had been bred ; and 
 in 1771, second master. He was also made 
 chaplain in ordinary to the king ; and in 
 1778, being then doctor of divinity, he was 
 presented to the vicarage of Longdon, in 
 Worcestershire ; which he resigned the 
 same year, on being instituted to the recto- 
 ry of Allhallows, Thames-street. In 1788 
 he became head master of Westminster 
 school, which office he held till 1801, when 
 he obtained a stall in the collegiate church 
 of St. Peter. On the translation of bishop 
 Horsley to St. Asaph, in 1803, he was made 
 dean of Westminster, with which prefer- 
 ment he held the rectory of Islip, in Ox- 
 fordshire. He died, Dec. 21, 1815. His 
 principal works are, 1. A Charity Sermon 
 at St. Margaret's, Westminster, 1792. 2. 
 " De Legione Manliana." 3. The Conju- 
 gation of the Greek Verb ; and the Greek 
 Verb analyzed. 4. A Commentary on 
 Arian's Voyage of Nearchus, 4to. 6. The 
 Periplus of the Erythean Sea, 2 vols. 4to. 
 The two last he afterwards printed toge- 
 ther, with the title of" The Commerce and 
 Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian 
 Ocean," 2 vols. 4to, 7. A Defence of 
 Public Education, 8vo. A volume of Ser- 
 mons, with his life prefixed, was published 
 after his death. — W. B. 
 
 Vinci, Leonard, a celebrated painter, 
 descended of a noble family, and born in 
 the castle of Vinci near Florence 1445. 
 He studied under Verrochio, and soon be- 
 came a most accomplished painter, well 
 skilled in the knowledge of anatomy, of op- 
 tics, of geometry, and of all the arts which 
 could add correctness, grace, and delicacy 
 to the effiarts of a great genius. He was 
 patronised by Lewis Sforza, duke of Mi- 
 Ian, and not only introduced the simplicity 
 and purity of the Greeks over the rude 
 Gothic, but he contributed much to orna- 
 ment the city, and as well acquainted with 
 architecture and engineering, he supplied 
 it with water by a new canal 200 miles in 
 length. The wars of Milan, and the mis- 
 fortunes and captivity of the duke in- 
 fluenced the destinies of the painter^ and 
 
VIN 
 
 M 
 
 lieonarcl quilted a city which he hud adorn- 
 ed nith his paintings and the hibours of his 
 genius. He removed to Florence, where 
 he found protection and friendship with the 
 Medicis. From Florence he went to 
 Rome, and soon after visited France by the 
 liberal invitations of Francis I. The fa- 
 tigues of the journey, however, were too 
 much for his constitution, he languished 
 for some months at Fontaincblcau, and du- 
 ring one of the visits which he frequently 
 received from Francis, he raised himself in 
 his bed to show the gratitude of his heart, 
 and at that moment being seized with a 
 fainting lit, he expired in the arms of the 
 monarch, who had eagerly stooped to sup- 
 port him. This was in 1520. The best of 
 his pieces was our Saviour's last supper, 
 painted in oil, on the wall of a church of 
 Milan, long since defaced from moisture 
 and the ravages of time, though a copy of 
 it was taken by order of Francis I. which 
 is preserved at St. Germain's. At Flo- 
 rence he was engaged with Michael Ange- 
 lo in painting the council chamber of the 
 city, but this union of talents produced un- 
 fortunately not only rivalship, but lasting 
 jealousy. According to Rubens, his chief 
 excellence was in giving every thing its 
 proper character. His pieces are mostly 
 preserved at Florence and in France. He 
 wrote treatises on the Nature, Equilibrium, 
 and Motion of Water ; on Anatomy ; on 
 Perspective ; on Light and Shadows ; on 
 Painting, &c. 
 
 ViNER, sir Robert, a goldsmith and 
 hanker of London, who was much noticed 
 by Charles H. to whom he lent large sums 
 of money. When he was lord mayor of 
 the city the monarch honoured him with 
 his presence at dinner, and showed him 
 many marks of kindness and favour. 
 
 Vines, Richard, an English divine, born 
 at Blaston, Leicestershire. He Avas edu- 
 cated at Magdalen college, Cambiidge, and 
 afterwards became master of Hinckley 
 school, and when in orders he obtained the 
 living of Weddington, Warwickshire. The 
 civil wars drove him from his parish to Co- 
 ventry, but on the establishment of the 
 presbyterian government in 1644, he was 
 nominated one of the assembly of divines, 
 and proved himself by his eloquence, an 
 able champion of the republican cause. 
 From London, where he obtained St. Cle- 
 ment Danes, and St. Lawrence, Jewry, he 
 removed to Cambridge, where he was ap- 
 pointed master of Pembroke hall, which 
 he resigned soon after, as he would not 
 take the engagement. In the conferences 
 which he had with the monarch as one of 
 the deputies from the parliament, he con- 
 ducted himself with becoming propriety 
 and marked respect towards his unfortu- 
 nate sovereign, and on the morning of his 
 execution he offered him his spiritual co?i- 
 
 VoL. IL 9fi 
 
 solalion and aisislancc lie died lOJ.lp, 
 and was buried in St. Lawrence, Jewry, 
 where his monument perished in the great 
 hre of London. Though u strong and vio- 
 lent Calvinist, he was n bene\oh nt niitn, 
 void of pride and (lattery, and as a scholar 
 distinguished for his perfect knowledge of 
 Glreek, and cmincnl as a I'hilologibt, in- 
 vincible as a disputant, and as a preacher 
 most persuasive. He often preached be- 
 fore the parliament, and of the sermons 
 which he composed, 32 ha\e been publish- 
 ed. 
 
 ViNNius, Arnold, professor of law at 
 Leyden, was author of commentaries on 
 the institutes of Justinian, 2 vols. 4to. and 
 on the ancient lawyers, 8vo. and died at 
 Leyden 1G57, aged 09. 
 
 ViOT, Marie Ann Henrietta Payan de 
 I'Estang, a native of Dresden, distinguish- 
 ed for her learning, her wit, and the great 
 versatility of her genius. She married 
 d'Antremont at the age of 12, and was a 
 widow at 16, and afterwards she took for 
 her second husband de Bourdic of Nismes. 
 Her mental accomplishments recommend- 
 ed her to the notice of the learned, she was 
 honoured with a seat in the academy of 
 Nismes, and read on her admission an 
 eloge on her favourite author Montaigne. 
 Among her compositions are known an 
 Ode to Silence ; the Summer ; Fauvctte, 
 a romance , la Floret de Brama, an opera : 
 Epistle to Trcmblaye, &c. This inge- 
 nious and excellent woman died of a fever 
 in the summer of 1802, aged 56, at Bag- 
 nols. 
 
 ViRGiLius, Publius Maro, a celebrated 
 Latin poet. He was born at Andes near 
 Mantua, and died at Brundusium, B.C. 19, 
 aged 51. He was happily patronised by 
 Mecaenas and Augustus, and the indepen- 
 dence which he enjoyed permitted him to 
 devote the great powers of his genius to 
 the composition of the sublimest efforts of 
 the Italian muse. His 10 Eclogues, his 
 four Georgics, and his ^Eneid in 12 books 
 are Avell known, and will be read and ad- 
 mired so long as the labours of genius 
 can command the applauses of mankind. 
 
 Virginia, daughter of Virginius, was 
 stabbed to the heart by her father, and thus 
 saved from the violence which Appius the 
 tyrannical decemvir meditated against her 
 person, under the pretence that she was 
 the slave of one of his freed men. This 
 created a revolution in the state and the 
 abolition of the decemviral power, 449, 
 B.C. 
 
 ViscoNTi, Ennius Quirinus, an Italian 
 antiquary, was born at Rome, in 1753. 
 His father, John Baptist Visconli, was 
 keeper of the Pontifical Museum; and un- 
 der him the son imbibed a taste for anti- 
 quarian research, which was encouraged by 
 several cardinals and princes. His gi'cat- 
 
 ' 761 
 
VIV 
 
 VLO 
 
 est work is " A Description of the Mu- 
 seum Pio-Clementinum ;" in which he has 
 explained a vast number of obscure in- 
 scriptions, medals, and basso-relievos. 
 When the French carried off the ancient 
 monuments, and works of art, to Paris, 
 M. Visconti was called thither, and ap- 
 pointed keeper of the museum. There also 
 he published his " Iconographie Gi-ecque 
 et Romaine ;" which, however, he did 
 not live to complete. He died in 1818. — 
 W.B. 
 
 ViTELLio or ViTELLO, a native of Po- 
 land, author of a treatise on Optics, col- 
 lected from the works of Euclid, Archi- 
 medes, and others, in the middle of the 
 13th century. His works were best edited 
 in 1572. 
 
 ViTELLius, Aulus, a Roman emperor. 
 After sharing in the debaucheries of Tibe- 
 rius, and administering to the vices of Ca- 
 ligula, Claudius, and Nero, he was pro- 
 claimed emperor in Germany by his troops, 
 in opposition to Otho. Though defeated 
 in three battles by his rival he prevailed on 
 the fourth, but instead of reigning like a 
 father, he disgraced himself by every spe- 
 cies of licentiousness, and at last was as- 
 sassinated, and Vespasian placed on the 
 throne A.D. 69. 
 
 ViTRiNGA, Campegio, a native of Lee- 
 warde in Friesland, who became professor 
 at the university of Franeker, where he 
 died of an apoplexy 3d March, 1722, aged 
 63. He was author of a Latin commen- 
 tary on Isaiah, 2 vols. fol. — Apocalypseos 
 Anachrisis, 4to. — Typus Theologiae Prac- 
 ticae, 8vo. — Synagoga Vetus,4to. — Archisy- 
 nagogus, 4to. — De decem Viris Otiosae 
 Synagogoe, 4to. — Observationes Sacrse, 
 4to. His son of the same name died also 
 at Franeker 1723, aged 31, professor of 
 theology, and author of a valuable abridg- 
 ment of Natural Theology, 4to. 1720. 
 
 ViTRUvius, M. Pollio, a famous archi- 
 tect of Antiquity. He lived in the age of 
 Julius Cajsar, and dedicated his valuable 
 work on architecture, in 10 books, to Au- 
 gustus Cassar ; but few particulars are 
 known of his history. The best edition 
 of this work is that of Amsterdam, 1649, 
 in fol. 
 
 Vivaldi, Antonio, a famous Italian mu- 
 sician. His execution on the violin was 
 particularly admired, and his symphonies, 
 and four seasons, are still popular pieces. 
 He died about 1743, at Venice. 
 
 ViVAREs, Francis, an engraver of great 
 eminence, born at St. John de Bruel, a vil- 
 lage of Rouergue. He came to London in 
 1727 with the intention of following the 
 business of his uncle, a master tailor, but 
 his partiality to engraving prevailed, and 
 by the instructions of Amiconi the Italian 
 painter, he acquired an extensive reputa- 
 762 
 
 tion. His landscapes, and ti'ees were par- 
 ticularly admired. He died 1780, aged 71. 
 He was three times married, and by his 
 first wife, had 16 children, and by the two 
 last 15. 
 
 VivENS, Francis de, a French physician, 
 who died at Clairac 1780, aged 80. He 
 was author of tracts on the Flight of Birds 
 — on the Principles of Physics — new The^ 
 ory of Motion, 6ic. 
 
 VivES, John Lewis, a native of Valen- 
 cia, in Spain, who taught belles lettres at 
 Louvain, and came to England, where he 
 taught Latin to Mary the daughter of Hen- 
 ry VIII. He was highly favoured by the 
 monarch, but when he presumed to speak 
 and to write against the divorce of Cathe- 
 rine of Arragon, he was arrested, and for 
 six months sent to prison. When he re- 
 covered his liberty he returned to Spain, 
 and died at Bruges 6th May, 1540, aged 
 48. He wrote Commentaries on Augus- 
 tin's Civitas Dei — a treatise on the Corrup- 
 tion and Decline of Arts and Siences — 
 treatise on Religion — and other theological 
 works. 
 
 ViviANi, Vincent, a famous mathemati- 
 cian, born at Florence, 5th April, 1622. 
 He was the pupil and the friend of Gali- 
 leo, and acquired such reputation that he 
 received a pension from Lewis XIV. and 
 was appointed first mathematician to the 
 grand duke of Tuscany. He died 22d 
 September, 1703, member of several learn- 
 ed societies in Europe. He published 
 Divination on Aristeas, a work of merit, 
 fol. — de Maximis et Minimis Geometricae 
 Divinatio in Quintum Conicor. Apoll. Per- 
 gaei, &c. fol. — Enodatio Problematum Uni- 
 versis Geometris Propositorum, a CI. Com- 
 mieres, 4to. — a treatise on Proportions, 
 4to. 
 
 Vivien, Joseph, a painter, born at Ly- 
 ons. He studied under le Brune, and was 
 patronised by the electors of Cologne and 
 Bavaria. His pieces are much admired for 
 correctness of delineation, and a happy 
 manner which gave to the features the very 
 feelings of the soul. He died at Bonn in 
 Germany, 1735, aged 78. 
 
 Vlodomir, grand duke of Russia, em- 
 braced Christianity in 989, and enforced 
 the observation of its mild tenets among 
 his heathen subjects. His good intentions 
 were powerfully seconded by his daughter- 
 in-law, the daughter of Boleslaus duke of 
 Poland, who brought in her retinue Reim- 
 bern, bishop of Colberg, an active and in- 
 telligent missionary. Vlodomir, by an old 
 age of repentance, made amends for the 
 cruelties and the debauchery of his former 
 years, and after his death he was regarded 
 by his subjects as an apostle and a saint, 
 nd his tomb at Kiow has long continued 
 an object of veneration among the Rus« 
 
\0\ 
 
 vol. 
 
 sians. An order of merit was established 
 by the second Catherine, which bears his 
 name. 
 
 VoETius, Ciisbert, a learned divine, born 
 at Heusden, 3d March, loSI*. He was ap- 
 pointed in 1G34, professor of theology, and 
 of oriental languages at Utrecht, where he 
 continued an active iiistructcr for 40 years, 
 and died 1st November, 1G77, aged 87. 
 His accusation of Des Cartes, whom he 
 charged with atheism, was believed by the 
 magistrates of Utrecht, and the two Apo- 
 logetical letters of the philosopher were 
 condemned to ignominy. His followers 
 were called Voetians. He published Ex- 
 ercitia el Bibliotheca Studiosi Theologi — 
 Politica Ecclesiastica, 4 vols. 4to. — Dia- 
 tribe de Coelo Beatorum, &c. — His son Paul 
 was professor of law at Utrecht, and died 
 1667, aged 4S. He wrote de Usu Juris 
 Civilis et Canonici, &c. — de Jure Militari 
 — Commcntar. in Institutiones Imperiales, 
 2 vols. 4to. — de Mobilium et Immobil. Na- 
 tura, 8vo. — John, the son of Paul, was 
 professor of law at Leyden, and at Her- 
 born, and died 1714, author of an excel- 
 lent Commentary on the Pandects, 2 vols, 
 folio, 169S-17U4, &c. 
 
 VoGLERUS, Valentine Henry, a native 
 of Helmstadt, who became professor of 
 medicine, and died there, highly respected 
 as a physician, 1677, aged 55. He wrote 
 an Account of Writers, &c. improved by 
 Meibomius — Institutionum Physiologica- 
 rum Liber, 4to. — Diaeticorum Comment. 
 Dissertationes, &c. 
 
 VoiGT, Godfrey, a learned Lutheran di- 
 vine, who was born at Misnia, and died at 
 Hamburgh, 1682. He wrote a treatise on 
 the Altars of the Primitive Christians, 8vo. 
 &c. 
 
 VoiSENON, Charles Henry de Fusoe de, 
 a native of Voisenon, near Melun, who 
 quitted the ecclesiastical profession for the 
 pleasures of the world, and for the writing 
 of dramatic pieces. He was author of va- 
 rious romances ; fugitive pieces of poetry ; 
 several comedies ; lyric poen)s ; histori- 
 cal fragments, &c. written in an easy and 
 pleasing style, and collected together in 5 
 vols. 8vo. 1782, by Madame de Turpin. He 
 died 22d Nov. 1775, aged 67. 
 
 VoisiN, Joseph de, a native of Bour- 
 deaux, who became counsellor in the par- 
 liament of his native town, and afterwards 
 entered into orders. He wrote Theology 
 of the Jews, in Latin, 4to. ; a treatise on 
 the Divine Law, 8vo. ; and other treatises, 
 and died 1635. 
 
 VoisiN, Daniel Francis, counsellor of 
 the parliament of Paris, rose by his merits 
 to the highest offices of the state, and in 
 1714 ivas made chancellor of France. His 
 integrity and virtues were eminently dis- 
 played in a conference with Lewis XIV. 
 The monarch, who had promised pardon to 
 
 some worthless cidprit, directed hin chan- 
 cillor to afliv ihc sealH to the pardon, and 
 when the upri^ri.t magistrate refused, he 
 took the seals, and scaled the pardon him- 
 self. When Lewis dosiitd his minister to 
 take the seals back, he dtdinetl it, saving, 
 " they are contaminated, I wish no longer 
 to hold them." Astonished at his firnincHs, 
 the king, with an exclamation of admird- 
 tion, threw the pardon into the lire j 
 " now," rejoined the chancellor, " I can 
 properly resume the seals, as fire purifies 
 every thing." This excellent character 
 died suddenly, 1st Feb. 1718, aged 62. 
 
 VoiTURE, Vincent, an eminent French 
 writer, son of a wine-merchant, born at 
 Amiens, 1598. His wit and literary repu- 
 tation soon recommended him to the no- 
 tice of tlie court, where he was liberally 
 patronised and pensioned. He was sent 
 to Spain on political affairs, and during his 
 stay at Madrid, he wrote verses in Spanish 
 with such elegance that they were ascribed 
 to the muse of Lopez de Vega. He after- 
 wards visited Rome, where he was cour- 
 teously treated, and he was the bearer of 
 the information of the birth of Lewis XIV. 
 to the court of Florence. Though loaded 
 with pensions, he was, in consequence of 
 his fondness for gaming, always poor. He 
 died 27th May, 1648. Though he wrote 
 verses with elegance in French, Spanish, 
 and Italian, yet few of his poetical pieces 
 are preserved. His letters form nearly the 
 whole of his works, and they have often 
 been printed in 2 vols. l2mo. They are 
 elegant, polite, and easy, and have deser- 
 ved the highest commendations of Boileau, 
 who regards him not only as a polisher and 
 refiner of the French language in a bar- 
 barous age, but as a sensible and graceful 
 writer. Voltaire, however, speaks differ- 
 ently of his merits, and describes his let- 
 ters as the mere pastime of a wanton ima- 
 gination, v.ith nothing instructive, nothing 
 ilowing from the heart, but rather an abuse 
 than an exercise of wit. 
 
 VoLDER, Buichcl de, a native of Amster- 
 dam, professor of philosophy and mathema- 
 tics at Leyden, where he died, 1709, aged 
 66. He wrote Harangues and Disserta- 
 tions on Philosophical Subjects. 
 
 VoLKOF, Feodor, the Gairick of Russia, 
 was the son of a tradesman at Yaroslaf, 
 and was born 1729. He was educated at 
 Moscow, but instead of devoting himself to 
 the business of a manufacturer of salt- 
 petre and sulphur in the house of his mo- 
 ther's second husband, he took pleasure in 
 frequenting the German theatre at Peters- 
 burg, and on his return to Yaroslaf, he. 
 erected a stage in his father's house, and 
 provided himself with all the apparatus ne- 
 cessary f'^r dramatic representation. His 
 four brothers shared his theatrical labours, 
 and by dKjrees acquired buch reputation, 
 
 763 
 
VOL 
 
 tot 
 
 that a i-egula? theatre was buiit for the rx;- 
 ception of crowded audiences. The fame 
 of the young performer was no sooner re- 
 ported at Petersburg, than the empress, in 
 1752, sent for him to the capital, and nobly 
 allowed him a handsome pension, and ena- 
 bled him to represent with effect and mag- 
 nificence the finest productions of Sumoro- 
 kof and of Moliere. Under the patronage 
 of the court, not less than 2200Z. were an- 
 nually granted for the salaries of the actors, 
 and Volkof and his brother were ennobled, 
 and presented with extensive estates. The 
 last character which this eminent actor per- 
 formed was in the tragedy of Zemira, at 
 Moscow, and he died soon after, 1763, 
 aged 35. 
 
 VoLMAR, Isaac, a German statesman, 
 who assisted as ambassador from the em- 
 peror at the conferences before the peace 
 of Westphalia. He wrote in Latin, Me- 
 moirs of the Transactions which happened 
 at Munster and Osnaburgd between the 
 Catholics and Protestants from 1643 to 
 164S. He died 1662. 
 
 VoLNET, Constantine Francis Chasse- 
 beuf de, a French writer, was born at 
 Craon in 1757. After finishing his educa- 
 tion he went to Egypt and Syria, of which 
 countries he published a description in 2 
 vols. 8vo. 17S7. At the beginning of the 
 revolution he became a member of the 
 vStates-general ; but afterwards he purcha- 
 sed an estate in Corsica, where he gave 
 such offence by his opinions that he was 
 obliged to leave the island. In the reign 
 of terror, he suffered imprisonment ; but 
 in 1794, he was appointed one of the pro- 
 fessors in the new school of education. On 
 the failure of this project Yolney went to 
 America, where he had a controversy with 
 Priestley on the origin of Christianity. At 
 the peace he returned to Europe, and died 
 at Paris, April 20, 1802. His other works 
 are, — 1. On the Simplification of the Ori- 
 ental Languages. 2. Chronology of the 
 Twelve Centuries preceding the entrance 
 of Xerxes into Greece. 3. The Ruins, or 
 Meditations on the Revolutions of Empires. 
 4. The Law of Nature, or Physical Princi- 
 ples of Morality. 5. Account of Corsica. 
 6. Lectures on History. 7. On the Cli- 
 mate and Soil of the United States of Ame- 
 rica. 8. The Chronology of Herodotus. 
 9. New Researches on Ancient History, 
 3 vols. &ic.—W. B. 
 
 Voltaire, Marie Francis Arouet de, a 
 French writer of great celebrity, born at 
 Paris, 20th Feb. 1694. He was so feeble 
 at his birth, that it was long doubtful whe- 
 ther he could be reared by the kindest at- 
 tention of his parents. From his earliest 
 years he evinced superior powers of mind, 
 and a sprightly imagination, so that he 
 said he wrote verses before he left his cra- 
 A\e, He was educated in the college of 
 76-4 
 
 Lewis the Great, where he made so asto* 
 nishing a progress, that Ninon de I'Enclos 
 left him 2000 livres to buy him a library. 
 He was intended for the law ; but the mu- 
 ses had greater charms for him, and in the 
 society of the courtiers of Lewis XIV. he 
 acquired those graces of delicate humour 
 and easy expression by which he was so 
 much distinguished. His fondness for sa- 
 tire directed against the government, pro- 
 cured his imprisonment in the Bastile for 
 one year, from which he was liberated by 
 the interference of the duke of Orleans, 
 who was pleased with the representation 
 of (Edipus, the first tragedy which he 
 wrote, 1718. Some of his plays were af- 
 wards unsuccessful on the stage, and the 
 poet, indignant at the severe censures of 
 his countrymen, left Paris, and came to 
 England, where he was much noticed by 
 George I. and queen Caroline, under whose 
 patronage he published his Henriade. Flat- 
 tered with his reception from the English, 
 and with the handsome property which he 
 had realized by the liberality of his subscri- 
 bers, he in 1728 returned to Paris, and 
 while with avaricious eagerness he labour- 
 ed by commerce, and by adventurous un- 
 dertakings to improve his income, he de- 
 voted the best part of his time to literary 
 pursuits. His Brutus, the most nervous of 
 his tragedies, appeared in 1730, and was 
 soon succeeded by Zara, the most pathetic 
 of his dramatic pieces. His Lettres Philo- 
 sophiques at this time gave such offence 
 for their profane and indecent witticisms, 
 that they were burnt by a decree of the 
 parliament, and the author for a while with- 
 drew from the public indignation to the 
 seat of Madame de Chatelet on the borders 
 of Lorraine. His Alzire, Mahomet, and 
 Merope, produced soon after, placed him 
 at the head of the dramatic poets of France, 
 and introduced him to the court as the fa- 
 vourite of Madame Pompadour. He was 
 appointed gentleman of the bed-chamber 
 to the king, and historiographer of France, 
 and in 1746 v/as gratified in the long covet- 
 ed honour of a seat in the academy of 
 sciences. Though thus in the possession 
 of popularity, and universally admired for 
 the bold effusions of his muse, he yet found 
 a host of rivals and detractors, and to fly 
 from their persecution, he retired to the 
 court of Berlin. The confidence and fami- 
 liarity of the Prussian monarch, and a li- 
 beral pension of 22,000 livres, for a while 
 commanded his attachment and partiality ; 
 but a quarrel with Maupertuis, who was at 
 the head of the Berlin academy, and that 
 spirit of independence and inconstancy 
 which always marked his conduct, soon 
 after brought on his disgrace, and after be- 
 ing dispossessed of a volume of royal verses, 
 Avhich he wished to carry away, he was 
 permitted to leave the kingdom. The pub- 
 
vol. 
 
 VUK 
 
 \ication of an obscene and impious poem 
 at that time rendered his return to Paris 
 dangerous, and, therefore, after staying one 
 year at Cohvar, he pin'cliased an estate 
 near Cieneva, where he. lixed his residence. 
 This place he soon abandoned for Ferney, 
 on the borders of France, where he esta- 
 blished a little colony of industrious ar- 
 tisans, and received, in progress of time, 
 the homage and the respect of the learned 
 of Europe. In this peaceful retreat, where 
 he received the adulation of the great, and 
 the liberal presents of crowned heads, es- 
 pecially ol his ancient friend the king of 
 Prussia, and of the empress Catharine, he 
 continued long to direct the taste and the 
 literature of the world. At last, in 1778, 
 he ventured to exchange the tranquillity of 
 Ferney for the incense of the capital, and, 
 surrounded with glory and with wealth, he 
 appeared at Paris, where he was received 
 with unusual honours by all the learned 
 bodies, and crowned with the poetic wreath, 
 in the full theatre, amidst applauding thou- 
 sands. These honours, and the compli- 
 mentary visits of ceremony which they 
 produced were, however, too burdensome 
 for the great age of the poet, and change of 
 regimen, and continued fatigue, inflamed 
 his blood, and brought on a haemorrhage. 
 As if foreboding his approaching end, he 
 declared, when he reached Paris, that he 
 cams to seek glory and death ; and when 
 presented by an artist with a picture of his 
 triumph, he observed, " a tomb would be 
 fitter for me than a triumph." ^Vhen una- 
 ble to enjoy his usual rest be took a large 
 dose of opium, which deprived him of his 
 senses, and he died soon after, 30th May, 
 1778. He was buried at Selieres, between 
 Nogent and Troyes, and his remains were, 
 during the fervour of the revolution, remo- 
 ved to the church of St. Genevieve, at Pa- 
 ris, by a decree of the convention. Vol- 
 taire was an extraordinary character ; as 
 the leader of a new sect he has caused a 
 revolution in wit and morals, and whilst he 
 has often exerted his powerful talents to 
 promote the cause of reason and of humani- 
 ty, to inspire princes with toleration, and 
 Avith a horror for war, he has too often, and 
 too successfully, exerted himself in extend- 
 ing principles of irreligion, anarchy, and 
 libertinism. Ever inconstant and waver- 
 ing, he was the free-thinker at London, the 
 Cartesian at Versailles, the Christian at 
 Nancy, and the infidel at Berlin. From 
 the high character of the moralist, he fre- 
 quently descended into the buffoon ; from 
 the philosopher he became an enthusiast; 
 from mildness he passed to passion ; from 
 flattery to satire, from the love of money 
 to the love of luxury ; from the modesty of 
 a wise man to the vanity of an impious wit ; 
 and from the faith of the humble Christian 
 to the foul language and etrroutery of the 
 
 blasphemous atheist. It has been ^miuI, 
 that his physiogtioujy partook of that oC 
 the eagle and of the ape, and his character 
 exhibited iiiui occasionally with sensibility, 
 but void of artcclion, voluptuous, hut with- 
 out passions, open without sincerity, and 
 liberal without generosity. As a man of 
 letters, he must stand on very high ground 
 ill the eye of posterity, for versatility of ta- 
 lents, for brilliancy of imagination, for as- 
 tonishing ease, for exquisite taste, and for 
 vast extent of knowledge. Besides ihc 
 pieces already mentioned, he wrote several 
 tragedies, the last of which was Irene — se- 
 veral comedies, the best of which are, I'ln- 
 discret, I'Enfant Prodigue, and Nanine — 
 operas — fugitive pieces — Essai sur I'His- 
 toire Generale — Les Siecles de Louis XIV. 
 et Louis XV. — History of Charles XII. — 
 of the Czar Peter — Melanges de Literature 
 — Diet ion aire Philosophiquc — Philosophic 
 de I'Histoire, and other works of impious 
 tendency — Theatre of Peter and Th. Cor- 
 neille, &.c. These very voluminous works 
 have appeared in various forms, and by se- 
 veral editors. The most correct edition is 
 that of Geneva, in 30 vols. 4to. and the 
 most copious that of Basil, in 71 vols. Svo. 
 
 ^ ON DEL, Justus, or Jossc du, a Dutch 
 poet, born 17th Nov. 1587. His parents 
 were anabaptists, but he quitted their sect 
 for the Roman catholic tenets. With 
 strong natural powers, he for a while dis- 
 regarded the rules of art, and at the age of 
 30, began to learn Latin, to enjoy in their 
 original the beauties of the ancient muse. 
 He wrote various poems, collected together 
 in 9 vols. 4to. The best known of these 
 are, the Taking of Amsterdam by Florent 
 V. count of Holland, a work of merit, 
 though wild and irregular — the Destruction 
 of Jerusalem, a tragedy — Palamedes, or 
 Innocence Oppressed, a work which de- 
 scribed the fate of Barneveldt, and for which 
 the author was fined 300 livres by the in- 
 fluence of the offended Maurice — Satires, 
 bitterly severe against the ministers of the 
 reformed religion, &c. He lived regard- 
 less of worldly affairs, and consequently, 
 died poor, 5th' Feb. 1679, aged 91. 
 
 Vonscus, Flavins, a Syracusan in the 
 reign of Dioclesian, author of the Lives of 
 Aurelian, Tacitus Florianus, &c. printed 
 with the Historian Augusta; Scriptores. 
 
 VoRSTius, Conrad, a native of Cologne, 
 who studied at Heidelberg, where he took 
 his doctor's degree. He succeeded Armi- 
 nius in the divinity chairat Leyden,161 1, an 
 appointment which so displeased the Cal- 
 vinists, that James I. not only caused his 
 book De Deo to be burnt publicly in London, 
 but prevailed upon the statics of Holland, by 
 entreaties and by threats, to banish the of- 
 fending divine. This persecuted man at 
 last found protection in Holstein, and died 
 at Toiininii;oii, 1(J"22. His remains were 
 
vos 
 
 vos 
 
 conveyed to Frederickstadt, the newly built 
 city of the Arminians, and buried with great 
 pomp. His works are chiefly on contro- 
 versial and theological subjects. His son 
 William Henry was minister of the Armi- 
 nians at Warmond, in Holland, and wrote 
 several tracts, &c. 
 
 VoRSTius, jElius Everard, a native of 
 Ruremonde, professor of medicine at Ley- 
 den,where he died 1624, aged 59. He wrote 
 De Annulorum Origine — the Fishes of Hol- 
 land — an Historical Voyage, &c. in Magna 
 Graecia, &c. His son Adoiphus was also 
 professor of medicine at Leyden, and died 
 1663, aged 66. He published a Catalogue 
 of the I'lants in the Botanical Garden of 
 Leyden. 
 
 VoRTiGERN, a British chief, elected king 
 after the departure of the Romans from the 
 island, 445. To repel the invasion of the 
 Picts and Scots, he called to his assistance 
 the Saxons, and when these warlike tribes 
 landed under the command of Hengist and 
 Horsa, Vortigern granted them large do- 
 mains. He afterwards married Rowena, 
 Hengist's daughter, and granted him the 
 kingdom of Kent, after which he retired to 
 Wales, and was it is said burned in his cas- 
 tle about 484. 
 
 Vos, Martin de, a painter of Antwerp. 
 He studied in Italy, and was intimate with 
 Tintoret. His landscapes, historical pieces, 
 &c. possessed singular merit. He died in 
 his native town, 1604, aged 70. 
 
 Vossius, Gerard John, a learned writer, 
 born near Heidelberg, 1577. He studied at 
 Dort, and in 1595, removed to Leyden, and 
 he acquired such reputation for learning 
 and for merit, that though young, he was, 
 1599, elected to the office of director of the 
 college of Dort. He was in 1614 appointed 
 director of the theological college of Ley- 
 den, and four years after was placed in the 
 chair of eloquence and chronology. Though 
 he endeavoured to avoid all controversy, 
 he incurred the displeasure of the Gomar- 
 ists in his history of Pelagianism, and %vas 
 expelled from the communion of the Atiti- 
 remonstrants. Thus persecuted in Holland, 
 he found friends and protection in England, 
 and by the influence of Laud he obtained 
 a prebend in Canterbury cathedral, and was 
 honoured with the degree of doctor of laws 
 at Oxford 1629. On the erection of the 
 university of Amsterdam in 1630, Vossius 
 was regarded as a most proper person to 
 support by his learning and abilities the now 
 establishment, and notwithstanding the 
 clamours of his enemies and the opposition 
 of Leyden against the institution, he was 
 called to fill the chair of history. He died 
 there 1649, aged 72. His works were pub- 
 lished in 6 vols. fol. 1695. The best known 
 of these are, Etymologicon Linguae Latinae 
 — de Origine et Progressu Idolatriae — de 
 Historicis Graecis — de Hist. I^atinis — de 
 766 
 
 Arte Grammatica, &c. By his first wife, 
 whom he married at Dort 1602, and who 
 died 1607, he had three children, and by 
 the second he had five sons and two daugh- 
 ters, of whom only one son survived him. 
 
 Vossius, Francis, brother of the prece- 
 ding, was author of a poem on a naval 
 triumph obtained by Von Tromp, and died 
 1645. 
 
 Vossius, Dionysius, son of Gerard John 
 V. was celebrated for his learning, which it 
 is said, in consequence of his intense ap- 
 plication, hastened his death. He wrote 
 valuable notes on the work of Moses Mai- 
 monides, with a Latin translation, and died 
 1633, at Amsterdam, aged 22. 
 
 Vossics, Gerard, third son of Gerard 
 John V. was an able critic, who edited, 
 with valuable notes, Velleius Paterculus, 
 1639, in 16mo. and died 1640. His bro- 
 ther Matthew, wrote a valuable chronicle of 
 Holland and Zealand in Latin,4to. and died 
 1646. 
 
 Vossius, Isaac, youngest of the children 
 of Gerard John V. was born at Leyden 
 1618. He was educated under the care of 
 his father, and acquired such celebrity that 
 he was invited to S^veden to teach queen 
 Christina the Greek language. He received 
 in 1663, a handsome present from Lewis 
 XIV. with a flattering letter from Colbert, 
 and on his visit to England in 1670, he was 
 courteously received by Charles II. made 
 doctor of laws at Oxford, and appointed 
 canon of Windsor, with apartments in the 
 castle, where he died lOth Feb. 1688. The 
 valuable library which he left was regarded 
 as the best in the world, and it was pur- 
 chased by the university of Leyden. Though 
 learned and well informed, Vossius was 
 weak and credulous, and though he wrote a 
 book to prove the Septuagint to be the work 
 of inspired writers, he ventured in private 
 conversation to dispute the truths and reali- 
 ty of a revelation, in consequence of which 
 Charles, well acquainted with his belief in 
 fabulous stories,exclaimed, "there is nothing 
 which Vossius refuses to believe, except the 
 Bible." His works are very numerous, but 
 may perhaps be regarded as less valuable 
 than those of his father. The character of 
 these two illustrious men has been drawn 
 by the journalists of Trevoux, with great 
 accuracy. Nothing, say they, is more dif- 
 ferent than the make of their understand- 
 ings. In the father judgment prevails, ima- 
 gination in the son ; the father labours 
 slowly, the son goes on with ease ; the fa- 
 ther distrusts the best founded conjectures, 
 the son loves nothing but conjectures ; 
 bold and daring, the father's aim was to in- 
 struct, the son's to parade and make a 
 noise ; truth was the father's object, and 
 novelty the son's. In the father we admire 
 vast erudition orderly arranged, and clearly 
 expressed, in the son a dazzling turn o( 
 
vou 
 
 \K(J 
 
 style, siugulai' thoughts, and a vivacity 
 whicli pleases even in a bad cause. The 
 father was a man of probity and religion, 
 and regular in his manners, the son was a 
 libertine in principle and practice, he made 
 religion the object of his insults, and only 
 studied to lind the weak sides of it, and as 
 to his morality his obscene notes on Catul- 
 lus will too fully prove the licentiousness 
 of his heart. 
 
 Vossius, Gerard, a Roman catholic eccle- 
 siastic, distantly related to the preceding. 
 He died at Liege, where he was born 1609. 
 He edited and enriched with Latin versions 
 and with notes, the works of Gregory 
 Thaumaturgus, Ephrem Syrus, and some 
 of the pieces of J. Chrysostom and Theo- 
 doret, besides a commentary of Cicero's 
 Somnium Scipionis. 
 
 VouET, Simon, a celebrated painter, 
 born at Paris 1582. After studying under 
 his father, who was a painter, he visited 
 Constantinople, Venice, and Italy, and set- 
 tling at Rome he was patronised by pope 
 Urban VIIL and made prince of the Roman 
 academy of St. Luke. He was recalled in 
 1627, after a residence of 14 years at Rome, 
 by Lewis XIIL and he was employed in 
 adorning the palaces of the Louvre, Lux- 
 emburg, St. Germain's, and other places. 
 Though he had no genius for grand com- 
 
 positions, and was unacquainted with the 
 rules of perspecti\c, he was a great master 
 in colouriuf;, and to liim France is indebted 
 for banishing the insipid and barbarous 
 manner uliidi then prevailed. As the 
 founder of the French school, he had nu- 
 merous and respectable pupils, li Hrun, 
 Perrier, Mignard, Ic Sueur, Dorigny, and 
 others, who in acquiring celebrity lo tlirm- 
 selves, reflected high honour on their in- 
 structer. He died, worn more with labour 
 than with years, 1641, aged r»9. The best 
 part of his work was engraved by his son-in- 
 law Dorigny. 
 
 Vroon, Henry Cornelius, a native of 
 Haerlem, who in a voyage to Spain was 
 shipwrecked on the coast of Portugal. As 
 he was well skilled in painting he drew a 
 representation of the storm which had near- 
 ly proved fatal to him, and with such success 
 that he met with general approbation. 
 When the earl of Nottingham wished to 
 have the defeat of the armada transmitted 
 to posterity on a suit of tapestry, \ roon 
 was selected for the work, and his execu- 
 tion was equal to the celebrity of the sub- 
 ject. It remains still in the house of lords 
 a monument of his genius, and of the glo- 
 rious victory of Elizabeth's navy. The time 
 of his death is unknown. 
 
 WAD 
 
 VV ACE, Robert, a native of Jersey, clerk 
 of the chapel to Henry II. of England, and 
 canon of Bayeux, flourished in the middle 
 of the 12th century, and wrote, Rhon, or 
 the Dukes of Normandy, in French verse. 
 
 Wading, Peter, a native of Waterford, 
 in Ireland, who entered among the Jesuits, 
 and was professor of theology at Prague, 
 and afterwards at Louvain for 16 years. 
 He was also chancellor of the universities of 
 Prague and Gratz, in Stiria, and was high- 
 ly esteemed for his virtues and learning. 
 He wrote poems, and various other works 
 in Latin, and died at Gratz, 1644, aged 58. 
 
 Wading, Luke de, an Irish cordelier, 
 who settled at Rome, where he died 1655, 
 author of Annals of his Order, 4 vols. — 
 Bibliotheque des Ecrivains Cordeliers, &c. 
 
 Wadsworth, Thomas, a native of St. 
 Saviour's, South wark, educated at Christ's 
 college, Cambridge. He obtained Newing- 
 ton Butts, and was remarkable for his cha- 
 rity, but at the restoration he was ejected 
 from the living of St. Laurence Pultenev. 
 He afterwards preached at Newington 
 Thee! aid's, &c. and died of the stone, 29th 
 Oct. 1676, aged 46, much respected for 
 his pietj and learning. His works are the 
 
 WAG 
 
 Immortality of the Soul, and on theological 
 subjects. 
 
 Wadsworth, Benjamin, president of 
 Harvard college, Massachusetts, was born 
 at Milton in 1669, and graduated in 1690 at 
 Harvard. He was ordained pastor of the 
 first church in Boston in 1G96, and preached 
 there till his election to the presidency in 
 1725. His mind was marked by str< ngth 
 more than brilliancy, and his style of preach- 
 ing more by gravity than animation. He 
 possessed a most tenacious memory. Hi> 
 learning was considerable, and hi.s piety ex- 
 emplary. He died in 1737. IZZT" L. 
 
 Waffer, Lionel, a surgeon of London, 
 who made several voyages to the South 
 Seas, of which he published an account 1699, 
 translated into French by Montirat, 1706, 
 l2mo. 
 
 Wagenseil, John Christopher, a learn- 
 ed German, born at Nuremberg, 26th Nov. 
 1633. He studied at Stockholm and 
 Altorf, and afterwards travelled as tutor to 
 some persons of distinction, with wliom he 
 visited Holland, France, Spain, England, 
 and Italy, and received every where those 
 marks of respect and attention which hi.s 
 reiiUtation and learning deserved. Loui? 
 
 — c 
 
WAK 
 
 WAK 
 
 XIV. treated him with great liberality, and 
 the university of Oi-leans honoured him 
 with the title of doctor of laws, but though 
 solicited to settle abroad, he preferred lite- 
 rary distinction at home, and after an ab- 
 sence of six years he was placed in the 
 chair of law and history at Altorf. He 
 afterwards exchanged the professorship of 
 history for that of oriental languages, and 
 after being honoured with the confidence of 
 the count Palatine of the Rhine, and the 
 notice of the emperor, he died 9th Oct. 
 1705, aged 72. He wrote a treatise de 
 Urbe Noribergae, 4to. — Pera Librorum Ju- 
 Tcnilium, l2mo. — Tela Ignea Satanae, 2 
 Tols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Wagner, John James, a Swiss physi- 
 cian, librarian to the town of Zurich, and 
 member of the academy of the curious in 
 nature. He published Historia Naturalis 
 Helvetiae Curiosa, 12mo. and died 1695, 
 aged 54. 
 
 Wagstaffe, Thomas, a native of War- 
 wickshire, eflur^at^d at the Charter-house, 
 and New Inn hall, Oxford, where he took 
 his degrees in art. He obtained Martins- 
 thorp rectory in Rutlandshire, and in 1684, 
 was made chancellor of Litchfield, and rec- 
 tor of St. Margaret Pattens, London. At 
 the revolution be refused to take the oaths, 
 and was deprived of his ecclesiastical pre- 
 ferments, and then practised physic for 
 some years with success. He was in 1693, 
 consecrated suffragan bishop of Thetford, 
 and died Oct. 17th, 1712, aged 67. He 
 wrote several tracts in defence of the con- 
 stitution, according to the tenets of the 
 non-jurors, and he ably supported the title 
 of Charles I. to be author of the Eikon Ba- 
 5ilike. 
 
 Waillt, Noel Francis de, a native of 
 Amiens, distinguished as a philologist. He 
 wrote a French Grammar of great merit, 
 often republished — Principles of the Latin 
 tongue — on Orthography — translations of 
 Caesar's Commentaries, and Cicero's Ora- 
 tions, 4 vols. 12mo. &c. He died at Paris, 
 1801. 
 
 Wake, William, an eminent prelate born 
 at Blandford, Dorsetshire, 1657. He was 
 in 1672 admitted at Christ church, and 
 when in orders he became preacher to the 
 Grays-inn society. In 1689 he took his de- 
 gree of D.D. and was appointed deputy 
 clerk to the closet, and chaplain to William 
 and Mary, and soon after canon of Christ- 
 church, in 1694 rector of St. James's, West- 
 minster, dean of Exeter 1701, bishop of 
 Lincoln 1705, and translated to Canterbury, 
 Jan. 1715-16. He was engaged, 1697, in a 
 severe controversy with Atterbury with 
 respect to the rights of convocation, but 
 though several of the clergy entered the 
 lists on both sides, the State of the Church 
 and Clergy of England, &c. fol. by Dr. 
 Wake, was the mo?t masterly, Inminous 
 768 
 
 and satisfactory performance, published on 
 the subject. In other writings he also ably 
 vindicated the church against the papists, 
 and while he earnestly wished in his dis- 
 courses, and in his correspondence, to form 
 a union between the churches of England 
 and France, he was indefatigable in support- 
 ing the rights and tenets of the protestants. 
 This truly learned and virtuous man died at 
 Lambeth, 24th Jan. 1736-7, leaving several 
 daughters. Besides his controversial works 
 he published a translation of the epistles of 
 the Apostolical Fathers, Svo. — Exposition of 
 the church Catechism, often edited — Tracts 
 against Popery — sermons and charges. 
 
 Wake, Isaac, a native of Northampton- 
 shire, educated at Merton college, Oxford, 
 of which he became fellow 1598. He was 
 public orator to the university, and after- 
 wards went as ambassador from England 
 to Venice, Savoy, and France. He was 
 knighted, and died abroad 1632. He was 
 author of Rex Platonicus — Discourse on 
 the 13 Helvetic Cantons — on the State of 
 Italy — on the Proceedings of the king of 
 Sweden, &c. 
 
 Wakefield, Robert, an eminent divine, 
 born in the north of England, and educated 
 at Oxford. He afterwards travelled abroad, 
 and acquired such reputation that the em- 
 peror appointed him, 1519, professor of 
 Hebrew at Louvain. He, however, soon 
 left the continent for the patronage of Hen- 
 ry VIII. and he became Hebrew professor 
 at Oxford, 1530, and canon of Christ 
 church. He was author of several Latin 
 pamphlets on the abuses of the papal 
 power — on the Celibacy of the Clergy — 
 Syntagma Hebraiorum — a paraphrase of 
 Ecclesiastes, &c. and died in London 1537. 
 
 Wakefield, Gilbert, a native of Not- 
 tingham, educated under Mr. Woodeson, at 
 Kingston on Thames, where his father was 
 minister, and at Jesus college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his first and only degree 
 1776. When in deacon's orders he obtain- 
 ed Stockport curacy, Cheshire, and soon 
 after removed to Liverpool and married. 
 He quitted the church in 1779 for the situa- 
 tion of tutor in the dissenting academy at 
 Warrington, and on its dissolution he re- 
 moved to Hackney college where he con- 
 tinued about one year. The French revo- 
 lution at this time gave rise to several poli- 
 tical publications, and among others Mr. 
 Wakefield excited the public attention by 
 the violence of his attacks, and the animo- 
 sity of his observations on the conduct of 
 government. These publications wei'e dis- 
 regarded by the ministry, as the cfTorts of 
 virulent licentiousness or disappointed am- 
 bition, but his letter to the bishop of Lan- 
 dafF appeared so hostile to the interests of 
 the state, and to the safety of the establish- 
 ment, that he v/as prosecuted by the attor- 
 ney-general, and immured for two years 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 in Dorchester jail. His imprisunincnt ex- 
 pired May, 1801, but a (ever carried him to 
 his grave the following September, in his 
 45th year. As a scholar he is entitled to 
 high and unreserved pmise, and had his ta- 
 lents been always directed in the paths of 
 classical literature, he might have acquired 
 greater fame, and added much to his do- 
 mestic happiness from the respect and good 
 opinion of men of all parties, and of every 
 denomination. Unfortunately, however, 
 attached to Socinian and levelling princi- 
 ples, he was restless and dissatisfied under 
 a government which afforded him protec- 
 tion and safety ; and while he wished to 
 prostrate in the dust the noblest monuments 
 of human wisdom in legislation and in go- 
 vernment, be boldly claimed the exercise of 
 an unlimited sway over the opinions, the 
 prejudices, and the attachments of his fel- 
 low-subjects. The best known of his pub- 
 lications are a collection of Latin poems, 
 with notes on Homer, 1776 — Inquiry into 
 the Opinions of the Christian Writers of 
 the three first Centuries concerning ihe 
 Person of J. C. 4 vols. Svo. — Sylva Critica 
 — a pamphlet against Public Worship, which 
 gave general offence, and was answered 
 chiefly by dissenters — translation of the 
 New Testament, 2 vols. Svo. — Tragoedia- 
 Irum Graecarum Delectus, 2 vols. r2mo. 
 — Lucretius edited, 3 vols. 4to. — Horace 
 edited, &c. He also published Memoirs of 
 himself, Svo. little interesting. 
 
 Waldeck, Christian Augustus, prince 
 of, an Austrian general, employed in 1789 
 against the Turks, and in 1792 against the 
 French. He lost an arm at the siege of 
 Thionville, and afterwards distinguished 
 himself with Wurmser in carrying the lines 
 of Weissemburg. He continued to serve 
 his country with high distinction, and in 
 1798 passed into Portugal, where he was 
 named commander-in-chief. He died 
 1798, aged 54, highly respected as a gene- 
 ral, and as a warrior. 
 
 Waldo, Peter, a merchant of Lyons, 
 who, in the 12th century, became the foun- 
 der of the new sect of the Waldenses. 
 The sudden death of a friend by his side, 
 had such an effect upon him that he made 
 a vow of consecrating himself more imme- 
 diately to the service of God. He distri- 
 buted his goods to the poor, and as preach- 
 er of the gospel, collected around him 
 thousands of followers in Dauphine, Pro- 
 vence, and other provinces of France, but 
 notwithstanding the correct conduct and in- 
 offensive morals of his sect, as he enter- 
 tained opinions contrary to the interests of 
 Rome, he was declared an enemy to the 
 church, and persecution and war were 
 raised against him. Though thousands fell 
 in this bloody and unequal contest, the sect 
 spread from France to Piedmont, and long 
 maintained itself against all opposition. 
 
 Vol, !I, ' 97 
 
 Wales, William, an English matheniaii- 
 cian who acconipani* d captain Cook in his 
 first voyage round the world, a.s astrono- 
 mer, and was recommended on his return, 
 to the place of malhemalical master at 
 Christ's hospital. He was author of Ac- 
 count of Astronomical Observations in the 
 Southern Hemisphere, 4to. — remarks on 
 Foster's account of Cook's voyage — inquiry 
 into the Population of England and Walea 
 — Robertson's Elements of Navigation im- 
 proved — a Dissertation on the Achronical 
 Rising of the Pleiades, inserted in Dr. Vin- 
 cent's Periplus. He died 1799. 
 
 Wales, Samuel, D.D. professor of divi- 
 nity in Yale College, was graduated at that 
 institution in 1767, and was not long after 
 settled in the ministry at Milford, Connec- 
 ticut. He was appointed to the professor- 
 ship in 1782, and continued in the office 
 till his death, February 18th, 1794. He 
 was distinguished for talento, learning, and 
 piety. ICT^ L. 
 
 Walker, Clement, a native of Cliffe, 
 Dorsetshire, educated at Christ church, Ox- 
 ford. He was usher to the exchequer, and 
 member for Wells, and ably supported the 
 royal cause, during the civil wars. His op- 
 position to the republican government, was 
 so determined that Cromwell sent him to 
 the Tower, where he died, 1651. He was 
 author of the History of Independency, 
 4to. a curious work — the High Court of 
 Justice, or Cromwell's Slaughter-house, 
 4to. &c. 
 
 Walker, Edward, a native of Somerset- 
 shire, who was made secretary at war 1639< 
 and assisted the king at the battle of Edge- 
 hill. He was also garter-king at arms, and 
 received from Charles I. the honour of 
 knighthood, and at the rettoration was made 
 one of the clerks of the privy-council. He 
 was author of Historical Discourses, fol. — 
 Order of the Ceremonies observed at the 
 celebration of St. George's feast at the 
 Windsor 1674 — Acts of the knights of the 
 Garter in the Civil Wars, &.c. and died 
 1676. 
 
 Walker, Robert, chief painter to Crom- 
 well, died some time before the restoration 
 in an apartment in Arundel-house. One of 
 his pictures of the Protector, was sold to 
 the grand duke of Tuscany for 500/. ac- 
 cording to the anecdote mentioned by Ho- 
 race Walpole. 
 
 Walker, John, a native of Devonshire, 
 educated at Exeter college, and made rec- 
 tor of St. Mary's, Exeter, where he died 
 1725. His attempt towai'ds recovering an 
 account of the sufferings of the clergy, in 
 the great rebellion, fol. 1714, was so ho- 
 nourably received by the public, that the 
 university of Oxford complimented him 
 with the degree of D.D. 
 
 Walker, William, the master of Sir 
 Isaac Newton, was successively appoiiiteci 
 
 7«n 
 
WAL 
 
 YVAL 
 
 10 the grammar-schools of Lowth, and of 
 Grantham, and was rector of Colsterworth, 
 Lincolnshire, where he died 1684, aged 61. 
 He was author of a valuable treatise on 
 English Particles, 8vo. — and other useful 
 works in grammar, rhetoric, and logic. 
 
 Walker, Samuel, an English divine, de- 
 scended from bishop Hall, and born at Ex- 
 eter, 16th Dec. 1714. He studied at Ex- 
 eter college, Oxford, and travelled with the 
 son of lord RoUe, and became in 1740, 
 minister of Lanlivery, and in 1746, obtain- 
 ed the living of Truro in Cornwall, where 
 he died 1 9th July, 1761. He was author of 
 two vols, of Sermons, 8vo. — and discourses 
 on the Catechism, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Walker, George, an Irish clergyman, 
 born of English parents in the county of Ty- 
 rone, celebrated as the governor of London- 
 derry, which he gallantly defended against 
 the attacks of James IL till relieved by the 
 English. His valour was handsomely re- 
 warded by king AVilliam, whom he accom- 
 panied in his Irish campaigns. He was 
 slain at the battle of the Boyne, as he cross- 
 ed the water. 
 
 Walker, Obadiah, a native of York- 
 shire, educated at University college, where 
 he became fellow. Though deprived of 
 his fellowship by the parliament in 1648, he 
 was made master of the college at the re- 
 storation, and turned papist to keep his 
 place under James II. He was dismissed 
 from the headship at the revolution, and 
 returned to the house of his pupil Dr. Rad- 
 cliffe, where he was honourably maintained 
 till his death 1698. He was buried in St. 
 Pancras's churchyard. He wrote among 
 other things a violent pamphlet against Lu- 
 ther and his opinions — Life of Christ, &c. 
 
 Walker, John, an ingenious writer, au- 
 thor of "the pronouncing Dictionary of 
 the English language," and several other 
 works of excellence, on grammar, and elo- 
 cution. He was for nearly 40 years teach- 
 er of elocution, and with such reputation 
 and success, that he acquired a very com- 
 fortable competence. His literary as well 
 as his many virtues recommended him to 
 the notice of the learned, and he had among 
 Lis particular friends and patrons. Dr. John- 
 son, Edmund Burke, and other eminent 
 characters. He died 1st Aug. 1807, in his 
 76th year, at his apartments, Tottenham- 
 court road. 
 
 Walker, Adam, a philosophical lecturer, 
 was born in Westmoreland, and brought up 
 to the weaving business. While thus em- 
 ployed, he amused himself in constructing 
 the models of mills, and devoted so much 
 time to study, that, at the age of fifteen, he 
 was qualified to be an usher in a school. 
 He next became writing-master and ac- 
 comptant to the free-school at Macclesfield; 
 after which he travelled as a lecturer, and 
 ^n 1778 settled in London, where he met 
 
 with great encouragement. He invented 
 the Eidouranion, or transparent orrery ; 
 the rotatory lights in the islands of Scilly ; 
 and various useful engines. His literary 
 works are — 1. Lectures on Experimental 
 Philosophy. 2. Ideas suggested in an Ex- 
 cursion through Flanders, Germany, Italy, 
 and France. 3. Remarks in a Tour to the 
 Lakes of Westmoreland and Cumberland, 
 &c. 4. A System of Familiar Philosophy. 
 5. A Treatise on Geography and the Use of 
 the Globes, &c. He died at Richmond, 
 aged 90, Feb. llth, 1821.—^. B. 
 
 Walker, George, a mathematician, was 
 born about 1735 at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
 He studied at Glasgow ; and in 1757 was 
 ordained pastor of a congregation of dis- 
 senters at Durham ; from whence, in 1761, 
 he removed to Great Yarmouth, where he 
 remained till 1771, when he accepted the 
 office of mathematical tutor at Warrington, 
 In 1774 he went to Nottingham, and in 
 1798 to Manchester. He died in London 
 in 1807. As a mathematician he is known 
 by a " Treatise on the Doctrines of the 
 Sphere ;" and papers in the transactions of 
 the Royal Society, of which he was a mem- 
 ber. He was also president of the Lite- 
 rary and Philosophical Society of Man- 
 chester, in whose memoirs are some of his 
 essays. His sermons and political tracts' 
 were published after his death, in 2 vols. 
 Svo.—W. B. 
 
 Wall, Martin, M.D. a native of Po- 
 wick, Worcestershire, educated at Worces- 
 ter school, and Worcester college, Oxford. 
 He was in 1735 elected fellow of Merton, 
 and afterwards settled at Worcester, where 
 he practised with great reputation. He 
 died at Bath 27th June, 1776, aged 68, and 
 was buried in the Abbey church. He had 
 a strong genius for painting, and would 
 have excelled in the art if he had practised 
 it. Two of the frontispieces to Harvey's 
 Meditations were by his pencil. He wrote 
 a treatise on the Malvern waters — some 
 medical tracts, &c. edited by his son at Ox- 
 ford in Svo. 1780. 
 
 Wallace, sir William, a celebrated 
 Scotchman, descended from a poor but an- 
 cient family. Feeling for the miseries of 
 his country, he determined to free it from 
 English slavery, and collecting a small but 
 resolute band, fell unexpectedly upon the 
 enemy's troops amounting to 40,000 men, 
 and slew their leader lord Warren. Thus 
 deservedly regarded as the saviour of his 
 country, he was appointed regent of the 
 kingdom during the captivity of John Ba- 
 liol, and penetrating into England, laid 
 waste the county of Durham with fire and 
 sword. These victories recalled Edward 
 I. from Flanders, he hastened to meet the 
 Scotch, and totally routed their forces, but 
 though defeated, Wallace retired in secu- 
 rity to the impregnable fastnesses of the 
 
VVAl. 
 
 WAI. 
 
 ujountains, and defied (lit power of the 
 English. Disgusted nith tlic Jealousy of 
 the nobles, Wallace abdicated his import- 
 ant oflices, and lived in privacy, but his va- 
 lour was so formidable to the Knglish mo- 
 narch, that he was meanly betrayed info 
 his hands, and treated as a traitor, and 
 after being executed in 1303, his fotn- 
 quarters were hung in derision in the four 
 principal towns of England. 
 
 Waller, Edmund, an English poet, 
 born 3d March, 1625, at Coleshillin Herts, 
 near Amersham. He was educated at 
 Eton, and King's college, Cambridge, and 
 was chosen, when scarce seventeen, mem- 
 
 discourse ^\a> admired for its keciiues?. 
 and vivacity, :ind in the house of commons 
 his speeches were heard with unusual at- 
 tention, not only from ilu- tlcnaner of his 
 delivery, but tl,e force of liis wit, and the 
 quickness of his remarks. Thou^li courted 
 however as a man of the world, he was in 
 oilier respects, says Clarendon, of an abject 
 temper, without courage to support liim in 
 any virtuous undertaking, and of the most 
 insinuating and servile flattery, 'lint viru- 
 lence which he showed in joining the per- 
 secution of Clarendon is not free from cen- 
 sure, and though he was refused, by his 
 means, the oflice of provost of Lton, he 
 ber for Amersham, in the last parliament of ought to have shrunk from the appearance 
 James I. He became early known to the of an accuser against the virtuous chan- 
 public, by carrying off a rich heiress cellor. As a poet Waller is entitled to the 
 against a rival whose pretensions were es- highest praise. He may be called, as has 
 poused by the court, but his matrimonial been observed, the parent of English verse, 
 happiness was of short duration, as he was and the first who showed us that our lan- 
 a widower at the age of 25. Though no- guage had beauty and numbers. The Eng- 
 ticed by the court, and flattered by the no- lish tongue came into his hands like a rough 
 bility on account of his wit and vivacity, diamond, he polished it first, and to that 
 he did not neglect the muses, but imbibed degree, that all succeeding artists have 
 a deep taste for the beauties of ancient admired the workmanship, without pretend- 
 ing to mend it. Waller was twice mar- 
 ried, and left several sons and daughters. 
 The best edition of his works is that of 
 1730 in 4to. containing his poems, speeches, 
 and letters, with valuable notes by Fenton. 
 Wallet, John, judge of the superioi- 
 court of Massachusetts, in 1690 command- 
 ed the land forces in the expedition of sir 
 William Phips against Canada. He was 
 a principal founder of the town of Bristol, 
 Rhode Island. He was for some time a 
 member of the council of Massachusetts, 
 and a judge of the superior court, and dis- 
 the duties of those stations with 
 
 writers, by his acquaintance with Morley, 
 afterwards bishop of Winchester, who for 
 several years enjoyed the comforts of hos- 
 pitality and friendship under his roof. In 
 his parliamentary conduct he warmly op- 
 posed the measures of the court, and in 
 the impeachment of judge Crawley, he 
 spoke with such eloquence and animation, 
 that 20,000 copies of his speech were sold 
 in one day. He was in 1642 one of the 
 commissioners who proposed conditions of 
 peace from the parliament to the king at 
 Oxford, but the following year his popula- 
 rity vanished on an accusation of a conspi- 
 racy to reduce the city of London, and the ability, and was highly respected for talents, 
 
 charged 
 
 Tower, to the service of the monarch. In 
 this design he was assisted by some mem- 
 bers of parliament, and other inferior per- 
 sons, but though they were all condemned 
 to death, only two were hanged, and Waller 
 purchased his life and liberty after one 
 year's imprisonment, by a heavy fine of 
 lOjOOOZ. After this disgrace he retired to 
 
 integrity, and amiableness. ICIP' L. 
 
 Wallis, John, an able mathematician, 
 son of a clergyman, born at Ashford, in 
 Kent, 23d Nov. 1616. From Felsted 
 school, he removed in 1632, to Emanuel 
 college, Cambridge, and soon after taking 
 his degree he was elected fellow of Queen's. 
 After living for some time as chaplain in 
 France, and lived chiefly at Rouen, and on the family of sir Richard Darlcy, and ol 
 
 his return to England, after some time he 
 paid his court to the men in power, and 
 became a great favourite with Cromwell, 
 whose death he embalmed in the most ful- 
 some language of panegyric. So great was 
 the versatility of his talents, and of his 
 disposition, that after being in confidence 
 with the usurper, he became the favourite 
 
 lady Vere, he became in 1644 secretary to 
 the Westminster assembly of divines, and 
 married. In 1649 he was appointed Savi- 
 lian professor of geometry at Oxford, and 
 he removed thither from London, where he 
 had long resided, and by his efforts labori- 
 ously assisted in laying the foundation of 
 the learned body, afterwards denominated 
 
 of the second Charles, and celebrated the Royal Society. He entered at E,xctcr col- 
 restoration as the happiest of events. He lege, and in 1654, was admitted to the dc- 
 continued also in the good graces of James gree of D. D. and four years after he was 
 
 11., and died of a dropsy at Beaconsfield 
 1st. Oct. 1687, and was buried in the 
 churchyard there, where a monument is 
 erected over his remains. In his character 
 W^aller was agreeable and insinuating, his 
 
 appointed, after some opposition, keeper 
 of the university archives. At the resto- 
 ration he was received with kindness by- 
 Charles II. made his chaplain, and not 
 onlv confirmed in his academical oflices, 
 
 771 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 but selected as one of the divines to re- 
 view the liturgy. He died at Oxford, 28th 
 Oct. 1703, aged 88, and was buried in St. 
 Mary's church at Oxford, where a monu- 
 ment has been erected to his memory. He 
 left one son and two daughters. Respect- 
 ed as a man of learning. Dr. Wallis was, 
 during the turbulent times in which he 
 lived, universally esteemed for the modera- 
 tion of his principles, and the mild demea- 
 nour which marked his compliance with the 
 various powers in being. Whilst he re- 
 garded only the advancement and the in- 
 terests of religion, of virtue, and of the 
 public good, he lamented the miseries 
 which afflicted his country, and endeavour- 
 ed, in the enjoyment of privacy and learn- 
 ed ease, to live useful and not great. His 
 works are very numerous ; but though 
 what he wrote on divinity is most respect- 
 able, yet it is from his mathematical labours 
 that he has real claims to lasting celebrity. 
 The best known of his works are, Animad- 
 versions on lord Brooke's Nature of Truth, 
 &c. — Animadversions on Baxter's Apho- 
 risms, &c. — Grammatica Linguae Anglica- 
 nae, &c. — Elenchus Geometriae Hobbianae, 
 with other pamphlets, against Hobbes — Ma- 
 thesis Universalis, 4to. — Commercium 
 Epistolicum de Quxstionibus Mathem. 4to. 
 — de Cycloide, &c. — de ^stu Maris Hy- 
 pothesis, &c.— the works of Archimedes 
 edited, and also Ptolemy's Opus Harmoni- 
 cam — Appendix de Veterum Harmonicci, 
 &c. His theological works appeared in 
 1699, 3 vols, folio, dedicated to king Wil- 
 liam. 
 
 Wallius, James, a native of Courtrai, 
 distinguished among the Jesuits for his 
 learning and his talents as a Latin poet. 
 He died 1680, aged 81. He wrote elegies 
 — odes — heroic pieces — paraphrases, &c. 
 
 Walpole, sir Robert, earl of Oxford, 
 an illustrious minister, born at Houghton in 
 Norfolk, 6th Sept. 1674. He was educa- 
 ted at Eton, and elected to a fellowship at 
 King's college, Cambridge ; but he resigned 
 it on the death of his elder brother, to 
 whose estates he succeeded. He was elect- 
 ed into parliament in 1700, for King's Lynn, 
 and gradually rose to consequence in the 
 nation. In 1705 he became one of the 
 counsellors of George, prince of Denmark, 
 and secretary at war, and in 1709 treasurer 
 of the navy, but lost all bis places the next 
 year on the change of the ministry. In 
 1711 he was voted by the house guilty of 
 misdemeanors, and of corruption in his 
 office of secretary at war ; but though he 
 was expelled from the house, and confined 
 in the Tower, it is fully evident that he 
 owed this disgraceful sentence, not to his 
 own misconduct, but to the violence of his 
 political opponents, who resented his firm 
 attachment to the Marlborough family, and 
 were tealous of the powerfnl influence of 
 77^ 
 
 his oratorical powers in the bouse. His 
 ignominy was regarded as the cause of the 
 Whigs, he was returned for King's Lynn, 
 and though the election was declared void, 
 his constituents nobly persisted in their 
 choice. His attachment to the Hanoverian 
 interest was rewarded on the accession of 
 George I. he was made paymaster-general 
 of the forces, and a privy counsellor, and 
 soon raised to the arduous office of chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer, and first lord of 
 the treasury. His zeal in the impeach- 
 ment of Oxford, Bolingbroke, Ormond, and 
 Strafford, had rendered him popular in the 
 nation, and a favourite of the court ; but 
 after two years the ministry was divided, 
 and sir Robert gave way to the more pow- 
 erful influence of Stanhope. Now engaged 
 in the ranks of opposition, he directed the 
 shafts of his nervous eloquence against all 
 the measures of the court, and even shared 
 the honours and the popularity of patriotism 
 with Wyndham and Shippem ; but by de- 
 grees his acrimony softened, and the zeal- 
 ous and watchful defender of public rights 
 became again the fawning courtier, and was 
 restored soon after to the high and respon- 
 sible situation of premier. Thus the fa- 
 vourite minister of the king, he continued 
 at the head of affairs during the reigns of 
 the first and of the second George, till at 
 last in 1742, the clamour of opposition pre- 
 vailed, and sir Robert, unable to carry a 
 majority in the House of Commons, retired 
 from his dangerous emmence, and took 
 shelter behind the throne. He was created 
 earl of Orford, and as the reward of his 
 long-tried services, the king granted him a 
 pension of 4000/. This extraordinary cha- 
 racter, who so long guided the destinies of 
 England by the powers of eloquence as well 
 as by intrigue and by corruption, and who, 
 in the possession of ministerial infiuencc, 
 boasted that he knew the price of every 
 man, was, in private life amiable, kind, and 
 benevolent, and fully deserved the unsoli- 
 cited, and therefore impartial praises of 
 Pope's elegant muse. The last years of 
 his life were spent in retirement and tran- 
 quillity on his estate in Norfolk, where he 
 died 18th March, 1745-6, aged 71. Lord 
 Orford was author of various pamphlets on 
 political subjects, which have passed into 
 gradual oblivion, with the subjects in which 
 they originated. An interesting and well- 
 written account of the administration of 
 lord Orford, has appeared from the elegant 
 pen of Mr. Coxe. 
 
 Walpole, Horace, youngest son of the 
 preceding, was born 1717, and educated at 
 Eton, where his acquaintance with Gray 
 commenced. In 1734 he went to King's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and there distinguished 
 himself by his elegant verses in honour 
 of Henry VI. the founder of Eton school. 
 Under the patronage of his father, he oh- 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 tained, io 1738, the office of inspector of 
 exports and imports, which he afterwards 
 exchanged for that of usher to the ex- 
 chequer, with which he held the place of 
 comptroller of the pipe, and of clerk of the 
 escheats in the exchequer for life, appoint- 
 ments of the annual value of nearly 5000/. 
 In 1739 he was permitted by his father to 
 travel on the continent, and accompanied by 
 Gray he made the tour of France and Itai^ ; 
 but a dispute at Reggio unfortunately sepa- 
 rated the two friends, whose intimacy was 
 again renewed in 1744, to the honour of 
 both. On his return to England in 1741, 
 he was elected into parliament ; but though 
 he sat in the house for above 25 years, he 
 never distinguished himself as a speaker, 
 except on one occasion, in defence of his fa- 
 ther in 1742. On giving up his seat in par- 
 liament, he retired to his favourite house 
 at Strawberry-hill, near Twickenham, which 
 he had purchased in 1747, and tastefully 
 adorned with all the striking features of 
 Gothic times. In this charming spot the 
 literary hermit opened in 1757 a printing 
 
 f tress, where he published first the two sub- 
 ime odes of his friend Gray, and after- 
 wards edited other works in an elegant and 
 highly finished style. On the death of his 
 nephew in 1791, he succeeded to the title of 
 earl of Orford, but elevation of rank had no 
 charms for him. He never took his seat in 
 the House of Lords, and with reluctance 
 submitted to the respect or adulation of his 
 friends in assuming an empty title, which 
 he contemptuously called a new name for a 
 superannuated old man of 74. Respectable 
 as a man of letters, lord Orford was distin- 
 guished for his extensive information ; he 
 was polite in his manners, facetious in his 
 conversation, and in his sentiments, lively, 
 intelligent, and acute. If avarice and va- 
 nity were, according; to one of his biogra- 
 phers, his leading foibles, affability, and a 
 companionable temper were his most dis- 
 tinguishing virtues. He was of a benig- 
 nant and charitable disposition ; but it must 
 be confessed, that no man ever existed, 
 who had less the character of a liberal pa- 
 tron. He died at his house in Berkeley 
 square, 2d March, 1797, aged 80. The 
 best known of his works are, a Catalogue 
 of Royal and Noble Authors, re-published 
 with great additions by Th. Park, in 5 vols. 
 8vo. 1806 — Historic Doubts concerning Ri- 
 chard III. — Anecdotes of Painting enlarged 
 from Vertue — the Castle of Otranto, an in- 
 teresting romance in the marvellous style, 
 written in eight days — Essay on Modern 
 Gardening — the Mysterious Mother, a tra- 
 gedy, &c. His works have been collected 
 together in a splendid edition, 5 vols. 4to. 
 Anecdotes concerning him, his family, &c. 
 have appeared in 2 vols. 12mo. called Wal- 
 poliana, in 1800. 
 
 Walsh, William, an English poet, born 
 
 at Abbcrley, in WorccHtershirc, about ICttJ. 
 He entered as gentleman roinnioticr at 
 VVadham college, Oxford ; but though he 
 left tbe university without a d< gree, lie ap- 
 plied himself with such assiduity to litera- 
 ture, at home, and in London, that he be- 
 came, in DryUen's opinion, ih.; btht critic 
 of the nation. He was for several years 
 member of parliament, and genth man of 
 the horse to queen Anne ; but he derives 
 greater celebrity from the acquaintance of 
 Dryden and of Pope, than from his intima- 
 cy with thi- great and the powerful. He 
 has been praised by Pope in bis Essay on 
 Criticism, and though he possesses not the 
 fame of a great poet, he is to be admired 
 for the correctness of his language, and the 
 sportive graces of his muse. The time of 
 his death is not certain, though it is gene- 
 rally supposed to have happened about 
 1709. His works are, a Dialogue con- 
 cerning Women, being a Defence of the 
 Sex, 8vo. — letters and poems, amorous and 
 gallant, 8vo. — Essay on Pastoral Poetry — 
 Defence of Virgil — elegies, epitaphs, odes, 
 and songs. 
 
 Walsingham, Thomas, a Benedictine 
 monk of St. Albans, historiographer to the 
 king in the 15th century. His works are, 
 Historia Brevis from the conclusion of the 
 third Henry's reign, where Matthew Paris 
 ends, — and Hypodigtna Neustria;, both pub- 
 lished by archbishop Parker, 1574. 
 
 Walstein, Albert, duke of Friedland, 
 distinguished himself in the service of the 
 emperor, and was rewarded with part of 
 the lands of the revolted duke of Mecklen- 
 burg. When Germany was invaded by 
 Gustavus Adolpbus, he was placed at the 
 head of the imperial armies, and defeated 
 the enemy, though be was afterwards beat- 
 en at the battle of Lutzen, 1632. His po- 
 pularity was such among his soldiers, that 
 the emperor, afraid of his influence, ap- 
 pointed him a successor ; but Walstein, un- 
 willing to yield his power, demanded and 
 received the sworn allegiance of his army, 
 and declared himself independent, 1634. 
 He was murdered a month after, by the 
 cruel and cowardly suggestion of the empe- 
 ror, who thus cut off an enemy whom he 
 despaired of destroying in the field of 
 battle. 
 
 Walsingham, Sir Francis, an illustrious 
 statesman, under Elizabeth, born at Chisle- 
 hurst, Kent, of an ancient family. He was 
 educated at King's college, Cambridge, and 
 improved his knowledge by travelling. He 
 was twice ambassador from England to 
 France, and was, with difficulty, saved from 
 the horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew. 
 His services abroad were rewarded at home, 
 with the office of secretary of state, and his 
 vigilance and abilities were directed in es- 
 tablishing the protestant religion, and in 
 strengthening the throne of his sovereign. 
 
 773 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 He possessed such deep penetration, and 
 such address, that he discovered the politi- 
 cal intrigues of foreign courts, and by means 
 of the 53 agents, and 15 spies which he en- 
 tertained abroad, procured the earliest in- 
 telligence of the designs of the enemies of 
 his country, and often removed the scru- 
 ples of his coadjutors, by producing co- 
 pies of the most secret articles of diploma- 
 tic confidence. He was, in 1578, sent as 
 ambassador to the Netherlands, and he 
 afterwards visited France and Scotland in 
 the same capacity. This celebrated states- 
 man, whose labours were indefatigable, de- 
 dicated to advance the commerce, and the 
 arts of his country, and to patronise litera- 
 ture, died so poor, in 1589, that, on account 
 of his debts, his remains were privately 
 buried by night in St. Paul's church, with- 
 out any funeral ceremony. He was in his 
 90th year. He left one daughter, who had 
 three husbands of high distinction j Sir 
 Philip Sidney, Devereux, earl of Essex, and 
 Bourke, earl of Clanricard. An account 
 of his negotiations and despatches have 
 appeared by the title of the Complete Am- 
 bassador, in fol. published by Sir D. Digges, 
 1655. 
 
 Walter, Thomas, a minister of Roxbu- 
 ry, Massachusetts, was graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1713, and in 1718, settled 
 colleague with his father, and was one of 
 the most distinguished ministers of that 
 time. His mind was of a very superior or- 
 der, uncommonly energetic, almost intui- 
 tive in its perceptions, and rich and glow- 
 ing in its views. He acquired learning al- 
 most without effort, and communicated it 
 without toil. He was a profound scholar, 
 a keen disputant, and a popular preacher. 
 He excelled in the knowledge of music, and 
 published an elementary work on the sub- 
 ject of vocal music, which was long used in 
 New-England. He died in 1725. |CF* L. 
 
 Walter, Thomas, an eminent botanist, 
 was a native of England ; a man of libe- 
 ral education, and much devoted to the 
 study of natural history, and especially of 
 botany. He migrated to America, and 
 settled in South Carolina, a few miles from 
 the city of Charleston, where he resided 
 a number of years as a planter, and where 
 he died toward the close of the eighteenth 
 century. In 1788, he published his " Flo- 
 va Caroliniana," which is much esteemed. 
 
 Walters, John, M.A. a Welsh divine, 
 educated at Oxford, and made rector of 
 Llandocan, Glamorganshire, where he died 
 1797. He published an English Welsh 
 Dictionary, 4to. 1794 — a Dissertation on 
 the Welsh Language — sermons, &c. 
 
 Walther, N. a native of Nuremberg, 
 
 in the beginning of the 16th century, 
 
 known as the first who discovered the as- 
 
 trpnomical refraction of lisrht. He was the 
 
 774 
 
 friend and the associate of Regiomontanus, 
 whose writings and astronomical instru- 
 ments he purchased. 
 
 Walther, Michael, a native of Nurem- 
 berg, professor of divinity at Helmstadt. 
 He published, Harmonia Biblica, 4to. — Of- 
 ficina Biblica, 4to. — Mosaica Pastilla, &c. 
 and died 1662, aged 66. His son, of the 
 same name, was divinity professor at Wit- 
 temberg, and published some valuable trea- 
 tises. 
 
 Walther, Christopher Theodosius, a 
 German missionary to Tranquebar, author 
 of Doctrina Temporum Indica, &c. He 
 died after his return, at Dresden, 1741, 
 aged 42. 
 
 Walther, Augustin Frederic, professor 
 of anatomy at Leipsic, was author of trea- 
 tises, De Lingu^ Human^, 4to. — De Ar- 
 ticulis, Ligamentis, et Musculis, 4to. — 
 Academical Dissertations, &c. He died 
 about 1735. 
 
 Walton, Brian, the learned editor of 
 the Polyglott Bible, was born at Cleveland, 
 Yorkshire, 1600. He studied at Magdalen 
 college, and afterwards at Peterhouse, 
 Cambridge, and then officiated as curate in 
 Suffolk and in London. His learning re- 
 commended him to the notice of the great ; 
 he became rector of St. Martin's Orgar, 
 London, and of Sandon, Essex, and in 
 1639, took his degree of D.D., and soon 
 after was appointed chaplain to the king, 
 and prebendary of St. Paul's. His activity 
 in defending the rights of the church, ren- 
 dered him very obnoxious to the presbyte- 
 rians, so that, on the breaking out of the 
 civil wars, he was accused before parlia- 
 ment as a great delinquent, and stripped of 
 his benefices. He escaped with difficulty 
 to Oxford, where he was incorporated in 
 1645, and where he formed the noble 
 scheme for his Polyglott Bible. This most 
 valuable and laborious publication was hap- 
 pily completed in the midst of persecution 
 and of civil war, and made its appearance 
 in 1657, in 6 vols, folio, exhibiting the text 
 in the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, Samari- 
 tan, Arabic, jiEthiopic, Persic, Greek, and 
 Latin languages. His coadjutors in the 
 collating of various copies, were Edmund 
 Castell, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Hyde, 
 Edward Pococke, Whelock, Thorndike, and 
 other learned men. For his services to sa- 
 cred literature, arid his attachment to the 
 royal couse, Walton was, on the restora- 
 tion, made chaplain to the king, and a little 
 after created bishop of Chester. His re- 
 ception in his diocess, in the midst of the 
 acclamations of thousands of people, was 
 most flattering to his virtues and populari- 
 ty, which unhappily was to be short-lived, 
 as he died on his return to London, at his 
 house, Aldersgate-street, 29th November, 
 1661. He was buried in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral. He published besides, Introcluctio 
 
VVAl. 
 
 WAN 
 
 nd Lcctioucm Linguarum Oriental. 8vo. — 
 an able Defence of liis Bible — and a pam- 
 plilet on the Right of the London Clergy to 
 Tith.^s. 
 
 Walton, Izaak, an English writer, born 
 at Stafford, Aug. 151)3. He for some time 
 kept a shop in the royal exchange, and in 
 Fleet-street, and retired from business with 
 a comfortable competency. He was parti- 
 cularly attached to angling, and he publish- 
 ed a most curious and valuable treatise on 
 his favourite amusement, called the Com- 
 plete Angler, or the Contemplative Man's 
 Recreation, 1653, in 12mo. with cuts, of 
 which a fifth edition appeared in 1676. His 
 time was afterwards usefully employed in 
 compilingaccountsof the lives of several of 
 his learned friends, and those which appear- 
 ed separately have been published together, 
 and exhibit a most pleasing picture of the 
 abilities of the indefatigable author, and 
 abound with interesting and curious anec- 
 dotes of men eminent in rank, in talents, 
 and in learning. The characters mention- 
 ed are Dr. John Donne, Sir Henry Watton, 
 Hooker, author of Ecclesiastical Polity, 
 George Herbert, and bishop Sanderson. 
 Walton lived to a good old age, respected 
 and beloved by his friends, in the number of 
 whom were archbishops Usher and Shel- 
 don, bishops Morton, Morley, King, Bar- 
 low, Drs. Fuller, Price, Holdsworth, &c. 
 He died at the house of Dr. Hawkins, at 
 Winchester, 15th Dec. 1683, aged above 
 90, and was buried in Winchester cathe- 
 dral, where an ill-written epitaph marks 
 his remains. The best edition of his An- 
 gler is by Sir John Hawkins, and that of 
 his Lives is that by Zouch, in 4to. Ano- 
 ther edition has also appeared at Oxford, 
 in 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 Walton, George, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of American Independence, 
 was one of the four individuals who as- 
 sumed the responsibility of calling a public 
 meeting of the citizens of Savannah, for 
 the purpose of concerting measures for the 
 defence of the country, in 1774; and was 
 one of the committee which drew up the 
 patriotic resolutions adopted on that occa- 
 sion. He was active in promoting the re- 
 volution at home, and in 1776, was one of 
 the delegates of Georgia in congress. AVhen 
 the enemy attacked Savannah, he was dan- 
 gerously wounded and taken prisoner. He 
 v^'as released in 1779, and the same year 
 was chosen governor of the state. In 1780 
 he was again a delegate to congress, and in 
 1733 was appointed chief justice of the 
 state. In 1787 he was appointed a dele- 
 gate to the convention which framed the 
 constitution of the United States, but de- 
 clined taking his seat. In 1793 he was 
 again appointed a judge of the supreme 
 court, in the place of Mr. Houston, and in 
 1795 was appointed to succeed general 
 
 Jackson as a senator in congrc»». He died 
 February 2d, 1801. fcT- L. 
 
 Wani.ky, Nathaniel, vicar of Trinity 
 church in Coventry, was educated at Trini- 
 ty college, Cambridge, and died about 1690. 
 He is author of a curious book, called the 
 Wonders of the Little World, or the His- 
 tory of Man, folio. 
 
 Wanlet, Humphrey, son of the prece- 
 ding, was born 21st March, 1671-2, at Co- 
 ventry. He preferred literature to the 
 drudgeries of trade in which his father had 
 engaged him, and by the friend-hip of 
 Lloyd, his diocesan, he went to Edmund 
 hall, Oxford, and afterwards removed to 
 University college. By the kindness of 
 Mr. Nelson, he obtained the office of secre- 
 tary to the society for propagating Christian 
 knowledge, and he afterwards became li- 
 brarian to lord Oxford, with a liberal pen- 
 sion. In this occupation he arranged with 
 judicious care the Harleian collection, and 
 kept a curious diary of every occurrence in 
 which he was personally concerned. He 
 made some extracts from the MSS. 
 of the Bodleian, and promised a supple- 
 ment to Hyde's catalogue of the printed 
 books, and intended a treatise on the vari- 
 ous characters of MSS. &c. He travelled 
 through England in search of Anglo-Saxon 
 MSS. for Dr. Hickes, and died universally 
 respected, 6th July, 1726. 
 
 Wansleb, John Michael, a native of Er- 
 furt in Thuringia, who, after studying at 
 Konigsberg, was employed by the learned 
 Ludolf to come to England, to print his 
 .T^thiopic dictionary-. The work appeared 
 in London, 1661, and the author charged 
 Wansleb with inserting several ridiculous 
 and improper things without his permission. 
 Wansleb afterwards assisted Dr. Castell in 
 the completion of his Lexicon Heptaglot- 
 ton, and then was employed by Ernest, 
 duke of Saxe Gotha, to travel into ^-Ethio- 
 pia to propagate the Christian religion. He 
 was dissuaded from penetrating to -Ethio- 
 pia by the patriarch of Alexandria, and 
 therefore, after visiting Egypt, he returned 
 to Europe. Afraid, however, of appearing 
 before the duke, he repaired to Rome and 
 Paris, and was engaged by Colbert to go 
 into the East in search of literary curiosi- 
 ties, and he enriched the French king's li- 
 brary by the purchase of 334 MSS. His 
 conduct, however, displeased Colbert, as it 
 had displeased the duke of Saxe Gotha, and 
 he was recalled to Paris as he was preparing 
 to go to /Ethiopia, and he died a few years 
 after, neglected by the government, which 
 had before liberally promised him protec- 
 tion, June, 1679, aged 44. He published 
 some Account of Egypt, and also of the 
 Church of Alexandria. 
 
 Wanton, William, governor of Rhode 
 Island, was elected in 1732, and conti- 
 nued in office two years. He had previousl'' 
 
 775 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 been one of the assistants of the colony, 
 and died at Newport, May 9th, 1737, aged 
 57. IQ^ L. 
 
 Wanton, John, governor of Rhode Is- 
 land, was several years an assistant and 
 lieutenant-governor previous to 1734, when 
 he succeeded William Wanton as governor. 
 He continued in office until 1741. 
 
 Wanton, Gideon, governor of Rhode 
 Island, was elected in 1745, and again in 
 1747. He had previously been treasurer 
 of the colony, and died at Newport, Sep- 
 tember 12th, 1767, aged 74. iCF' L. 
 
 Wanton, Joseph, governor of Rhode Is- 
 land, was elected in 1769, and continued in 
 office until 1775, when he was succeeded 
 by Mr. Cooke. He died at Newport, July 
 19th, 1780, aged 75. |C3^ L. 
 
 Warburton, William, an illustrious 
 prelate, born at Newark, in Nottingham- 
 shire, 24th Dec. 1698. He was educated 
 at Okeham school, under the care of Mr. 
 Weston, and was brought up to the busi- 
 ness of his father, who was an attorney and 
 town-clerk of the town of Newark. Though 
 he practised for some years as an attorney 
 in his native town, it is believed that he 
 had little business, and consequently he 
 applied those high endowments of classical 
 knowledge which he had industriously ac- 
 quired at school, to pursuits more congenial 
 to his taste and inclination. In 1724 he 
 published miscellaneous translations in 
 prose and verse from Roman historians, 
 &c. and three years after his Critical and 
 Philosophical Inquiry into the Causes af 
 Prodigies and Miracles as related by histo- 
 rians appeared. His learning and abilities 
 in the mean time recommended him to the 
 notice of Theobald, Concanen, and other 
 ■wits, and by the friendship of Sir Robert 
 Sutton, to whom he had dedicated his two 
 works, he was presented to the living of 
 Burnt Broughton, worth 200Z. a year. In 
 1728 he was among those created masters 
 of arts in consequence of the king's visit to 
 Cambridge, and he deserved the honour by 
 bis merit and his learning. In 1736, he 
 published the Alliance between Church and 
 State, or the Necessity and Equity of 
 an established Religion and a Test Law, 
 &c. and in 1738, appeai'ed his Divine 
 Legation of Moses, demonstrated on the 
 principles of a religious deist, from the 
 omissions of the doctrines of a future state 
 of rewards and punishments in the Jewish 
 dispensation, in six books. This work 
 drew upon him a host of literary enemies, 
 and he was obliged to vindicate himself 
 against their objections and cavils. In 1739 
 he defended Pojie's Essay on Man, and this 
 ensured him the friendship and attention of 
 this celebrated poet, and a warm recom- 
 mendation to the learned and the great, and 
 among these to Mr. Ralph Allen, of Prior 
 776 
 
 park. At his death in 1744, Pope left the 
 publication of his works to the judgment of 
 his friend, a bequest worth about 4000Z. 
 At that time Warburton published an an- 
 swer to the objections raised against his 
 Divine Legation, and severely directed his 
 censures against Drs. Middleton, Pococke, 
 Richard Grey, and others. On the follow- 
 ing year he cemented his intimacy with 
 Mr. Allen, by marrying his niece, Miss 
 Tucker, an event which procured to him 
 the opulent inheritance of that gentleman's 
 property, and paved the way to prefer- 
 ment and dignity. Though his abilities 
 were now universally acknowledged as an 
 able divine, and a zealous advocate in fa- 
 vour of the church establishment, he yet 
 recevied no reward from the gratitude of 
 government. In 1746, however, he was 
 unanimously called by the society of Lin- 
 coln's inn to be their preacher ; in 1754 he 
 was made king's chaplain, and prebendary 
 of Durham, and also honoured with the 
 degree of D.D. by Herring the primate. 
 In 1757 he was advanced to the deanery of 
 Bristol, and two years after his services to 
 religion and literature were rewarded by his 
 nomination to the vacant see of Glouces- 
 ter. In the last years of his life this learn- 
 ed prelate sunk into deep melancholy, 
 which was aggravated by the loss of his 
 only son, a promising youth, who fell a vic- 
 tim to a consumptive disease. He died in 
 his palace at Gloucester, 7th June, 1779, 
 aged 81, and was buried in his cathedral, 
 where a neat monument records his vir- 
 tues. His wife survived him. His works 
 are very numerous and highly respectable. 
 Besides the Divine Legation, which he cor- 
 rected and improved, a work often re- 
 printed, in 3 vols. 8vo. and 2 vols. 4to. and 
 the works already mentioned, he published 
 Julian, or a Discourse on the Earthquake 
 and Fiery Eruptions which defeated that 
 Emperor's Attempt to rebuild the Temple 
 of Jerusalem — sermons, 2 vols. 8vo. — a 
 View of lord Bolingbroke's Philosophy — 
 a tract on the Lord's Supper — a treatise 
 against the Methodists on the Doctrine of 
 Grace — an edition of Shakspeare, severely 
 criticised in the Canons of Criticism bj Ed- 
 wards — Pope's works, 9 vols. 8vo. &c. His 
 works have appeared together in 6 vols. 
 4to. edited by his friend and zealous advo- 
 cate bishop Hurd, with an account of his 
 life. Warburton was founder in 1768 of a 
 lecture at Lincoln's inn, to prove the truth 
 of revealed religion from the completion of 
 the Scripture prophecies. The character 
 of Warburton is summed up with great dis- 
 crimination by Dr. Johnson. He was, as 
 he observes, a man of vigorous faculties, a 
 mind fervid and vehement, supplied by in- 
 cessant and unlimited inquiry, with won- 
 derful extent and variety of knowledge. 
 To every work he brought a memory fwH 
 
WAR 
 
 v^Al{ 
 
 iruught, top:cthcr ivith a (aiicy IciLile ol" 
 original combinations, and at once exerted 
 tbe powers of the scholar, the rcasoner, 
 and the wit. His abilities gave him a 
 haughty consequence, ivhich he disdained 
 to conceal or mollify ; and his impatience 
 of opposition disposed him to treat his ad- 
 versaries with such contemptuous superio- 
 rity, as made his readers commonly his 
 enemies, and excited against the advocate 
 the wishes of some who favoured the cause. 
 He seemed to have adopted the Roman 
 emperor's maxim, " oderint dum metuant;" 
 he used no allurements of gentle language, 
 but wished to compel rather than to per- 
 suade. His style is copious without selection, 
 and forcible without neatness ; he took the 
 words that pi'esented themselves ; his dic- 
 tion is coarse and impure, and his sen- 
 tences are unmeasured. 
 
 Ward, Samuel, D.D. scholar of Christ 
 college, fellow of Emanuel, and in 1G09 
 master of Sidney, Cambridge, was an able 
 disputant. He was also archdeacon of 
 Taunton, and Margaret professor of di- 
 vinity, and so well known as a divine, that 
 he was sent to the synod of Dordt, where 
 he relaxed from his rigorous attachment 
 to the doctrines of Calvin. He suficred 
 great persecution during the civil war, 
 and was not only expelled from his oflices 
 in the university, but treated with such 
 harshness and severity, that he died in con- 
 sequence, 1643. He was author of some 
 theological tracts, and many of his letters 
 appear in Usher's collection, folio. 
 
 Ward, Edward, a man of low extraction 
 in the 17th century, known as the uncouth 
 imitator of Butler's Hudibrastic rhymes. 
 He wrote the Reformation, a burlesque 
 poem — the London Spy — and Don Quixote 
 in Hudibrastic verse. He was in his prin- 
 ciples a great Tory, and the public-house 
 which he kept was frequented by persons 
 of his political opinions. 
 
 Ward, Seth, an English prelate, well 
 known as a mathematician and astronomer. 
 He was born at Buntingford, Hertfordshire, 
 1617, and after studying in the school of 
 his native town, he removed in 1632 to 
 Sydney college, Cambridge. By application 
 and good conduct, he recommended himself 
 to the notice of the master of the college, 
 who though not a relative, was of his own 
 name, and he was elected fellow of the 
 society, but was ejected for refusing to take 
 the covenant. After leaving Cambridge, 
 he was employed as tutor in various re- 
 spectable families, and on the expulsion of 
 Greaves from the Savilian professorship 
 of astronomy at Oxford, he was appointed 
 to succeed him, and entering at Wadham 
 college, he took the requisite oaths in 1649. 
 in 1654 he had a dispute with Dr. Wallis 
 about precedency in taking their degrees 
 of D.D. and three years after he was chosen 
 
 Vol. if. 98 
 
 pnri(:ii>al of .Jesus coUckc, but was disap- 
 pointed by tin; nomiiialiuii of Howell to 
 that oflicc by Croiiiu-.H. I,, i»;,VJ he was 
 elected president of Trinity college; but 
 at the rcstorulion he resigned it, and ob- 
 .taincd the rectory of St. Lawrence, Jcwrj-, 
 and was installed into the precentorship 
 of Exeter church, which a few years before 
 had been presented to him by the exjiellcd 
 bishop, in 1661 he was made fellow of the 
 Royal Society, and dean of Exeter, aiid ihc 
 next year bithop of that see. In 1667 he 
 was trauslatf'd to Salisbury, and 1671, ob- 
 tained the chanctlloibhip of the garter, an 
 honour which he had the interest to annex 
 to his successors in the see of Sarum. He 
 unfortunately, in the last years of his life, 
 wasdeprivcd'of the use of his faculties, and 
 died 1689, a melancholy instance of weak 
 mortality. In his character he was a pru- 
 dent, pious, and ingenious man, admirably 
 skilled not only in mathematics, but alsoiu 
 all kinds of polite literature, and he was, 
 as biohop Burnet has observed, one of the 
 greatest men of his age. He was aulhoi.- 
 of a Philosophical Essay on the Being and 
 Attributes of a God, Sec. ; Exercitatio 
 Epistolica in Hobbii Philosophiam, 8vo. ; 
 Sermons ; a Lecture on Comets ; an Idea of 
 Trigonometry; Geometrical Astronomy, &.c. 
 Ward, John, LL.D. a native of London, 
 educated at Utrecht, where he took his laAv 
 degrees. He was brought up for the mi- 
 nistry among the dissenters, but obtained 
 the place of clerk in the navy office, which 
 he afterwards resigned, and kept an aca- 
 demy in Moorfields. He was in 1720 elect- 
 ed professor of rhetoric at Gresham college, 
 and three years after fellow of the Royal 
 Society, and in 1752 one of its vice-presi- 
 dents. He was in 1751 created doctor of 
 laws at Edinburgh, and in 1753 elected a 
 trustee of the British museum, and he died 
 at Grcsharn college, l7th Oct. 1758, aged 
 80. He was author of the Lives of the 
 Gresham Professors, 2 vols, folio — Disser- 
 tations on Diflicult Passages of Scripture, 
 8vo. besides editions of Lily's Grammar,anil 
 of the Westminster Greek Grammar, and 
 he assisted Horslcy in his Britannia Roma- 
 na, and Ainsworth in his Dictionary, &.c. 
 
 Ward, Richard, two years governor of 
 Rhode Island, succeeded Mr. Wanton in 
 1740. He had previously been sccrctary 
 of the colony from 1714 to 1733, and de- 
 puty governor. His ancestors, one of whom 
 was an officer in Cromwell's army, were 
 among the first and mo^t respectable set- 
 tlers of Rhode Island. ICP" L. 
 
 Ward, Thomas, son of the preceding, a 
 distinguished scholar. Some few of his ma- 
 nuscripts are still preserved among the mem- 
 bers of his family, and many of his classical 
 books,fun of valuable notes in his own hand- 
 writing were presented by him to the Red- 
 wood llbrarv. where part of them still rex. 
 
 77? 
 
WAK 
 
 VvAli 
 
 main. He was secretar}"^ of Rhode Island, 
 from 1746 till his death, in Dec. 1760. 
 
 [CTL. 
 
 Ward, Samuel, brother of the prece- 
 ding, governor of Rhode Island, and a dis- 
 tinguished patriot, held the office of chief 
 justice of the supreme court of that state, 
 for some time. He was chosen governor in 
 1762, 1765, and 1766. At the commence- 
 ment of the revolution, he exerted himself 
 vigorously in the cause of liberty ; and was 
 elected a member of congress in 1774, and 
 held a seat in that august body till his death 
 by the smallpox in March, 1776. |C3^ L. 
 
 Ward, Henry, brother of the preceding, 
 was a member of the congress which met at 
 New-York in 1765. He succeeded his bro- 
 ther Thomas as secretary of Rhode Island. 
 In 1775 governor Wanton, being a tory, and 
 having refused to sign the commissions for 
 the officers of the Rhode Island brigade 
 destined for the siege of Boston, Mr. 
 Ward assumed that responsibility as secre- 
 tary. He, with his brother Samuel, were 
 the principal advocates and supporters of 
 the revolution in that state. He held the 
 office of secretary till his death in Decem- 
 ber, 1797. It may be worthy of remark, 
 that this same office was held by the father 
 and two of his sons for 70 years of the last 
 century. [CTL. 
 
 Ward, Artemas, the first major-general 
 in the army of the American revolution, 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1748. 
 He served in the army during the French 
 war, and held a seat for a number of years 
 in the house of representatives and council 
 of Massachusetts, and on the bench of the 
 court of common pleas for Worcester 
 county. He was chosen a member of con- 
 gress in 1774, and in 1775 appointed the 
 first major-general. He commanded the 
 right wing of the army at Roxbury for some 
 time. He resigned his commission in 1776, 
 and was elected to a seat in congress both 
 before and after the adoption of the present 
 constitution. He was greatly esteemed 
 for his integrity, independence, and fidelity. 
 He died at Shrewsbury, in 1800. ^Lr L. 
 
 Ward, William, English missionary at 
 Serampore, was born at Derby, October 
 20th, 1769, and was bred a printer. He 
 was for some time at the head of a printing 
 establishment in Hull, but in May, 1799, 
 embarked with several others for India, 
 and established a press at Serampore, for 
 the purpose of printing the Scriptures, 
 where with the exception of a visit to Eng- 
 land and America, for the purpose of col- 
 lecting fundi for the missionary college at 
 Serampore, he continued to labour with 
 great zeal and success, both in his depart- 
 ment in the printing establishment, and in 
 his pastoral office until his death, March 
 -Tth, 1823, in his fifty-fourth year. 0= L. 
 
 Ware, Sir James, a native of Dublin, the 
 778 
 
 son of the secretary of the lord deputies o/ 
 Ireland. He was educated at Trinity col- 
 lege, Dublin, and in 1629 he was knighted, 
 and three years after he was, on the death 
 of his father, appointed his successor as au- 
 ditor-general of the kingdom. In 1639 he 
 was made a privy counsellor ; but during 
 the rebellion he was a great sufferer from 
 the violence of the republicans. He came 
 in 1644 as deputy from lord Ormond to 
 Charles I. at Oxford, but was taken at sea 
 on his return, and sent to the Tower. 
 When liberated, he returned to Dublin, and 
 after the surrender of that city, on which 
 occasion he was delivered as an hostage, 
 he was permitted to go to France, and con- 
 tinued at Caen and Paris. On the restora- 
 tion he recovered his places of auditor-ge- 
 neral and of privy counsellor, and died at 
 Dublin, 1st Dec. 1666, aged 62, Hisworks 
 are chiefly on the history and antiquities of 
 Ireland, the best known of which are, dc 
 Praesulibus Hiberniae, folio — the Antiqui- 
 ties of Ireland, folio, &c. His valuable 
 collection of MSS. passed into the hands 
 of lord Clarendon, and afterwards came 
 into the possession of the primate Tenison, 
 
 Wargentin, Peter, a learned Swede, 
 born 22d Sept. 1717. He became knight 
 of the order of the Polar-star, member of 
 the various learned societies of Europe,, 
 and secretary to the academy at Stock- 
 holm, where he died at the observatory^ 
 13th Dec. 1783. He published tables for 
 computing the eclipses of Jupiter's Satel- 
 lites, a valuable work, and contributed 52 
 memoirs to the transactions of the Stock- 
 holm academy. 
 
 Warham, William, a native of Okeley 
 in Hampshire. He was educated at Win- 
 chester school and New college, Oxford, of 
 which he became fellow, 1475. In 148S 
 he practised as an advocate in the court of 
 Arches, and five years after was sent as am- 
 bassador to the court of Burgundy, to soli- 
 cit the duke not to support the imposture of 
 Warbeck, and he conducted himself so 
 much to the king's satisfaction, that he 
 was appointed chancellor of Wells, and 
 master of the rolls. He was afterwards 
 raised to the dignity of lord chancellor and 
 made bishop of London, and in 1504 trans- 
 lated to Canterbury. The death of Henry 
 VII. greatly altered his situation in the 
 kingdom, and Wolsey the favourite of the 
 new king was raised in his room to the of- 
 fice of chancellor, and soon after acquired 
 the superiority in ecclesiastical affairs, by 
 being nominated legate a latere from the 
 pope. Warham remonstrated in vain 
 against the pride and encroachments of his 
 rival, and died at St. Stephen's, near Can- 
 terbury, after filling the see 28 years, and 
 was buried in his cathedral without fune- 
 ral pomp. His memory is entitled to re- 
 spect, not only from his munificence. 
 
WAR 
 
 \\AIi 
 
 piety, and moderation, but his liberal pa- 
 tronage of Erasmus and other learned men. 
 Warin, John, a native of Li('e,e, famous 
 as an engraver and sculptor. His abilities 
 recommended him to the patronage of 
 Lewis XIII. who appointed him inspector 
 of the royal mint, and engraver general. 
 He engraved the seal of the French acade- 
 my representing Richelieu, whifh is re- 
 garded as his most perfect piece. His 
 two busts of Lewis XIV. in bronze, and of 
 cardinal Kichclieu in gold, are also deser- 
 vedly admired. He was so avaricious in 
 his character, that he compelled his daugh- 
 ter to marry a man greatly deformed but 
 very rich, and this had such an effect upon 
 the feelings of the unfortunate bride that 
 she poisoned herself ten days after her 
 nuptials, by swallowing sublimate in an 
 egg. He was poisoned himself at Paris by 
 some rival artist, 1672. 
 
 Waring, Edward, a native of Shrop- 
 shire, educated at Magdalen college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was appointed Lucasian pro- 
 fessor of mathematics in 1760, and two 
 years after published his valuable book. 
 Miscellanea Analytica, 4to. He was ad- 
 mitted to the degree of doctor of medicine 
 1767, and died 1798. He was author be- 
 sides of Meditationes Analytica; ; Pro- 
 prietates Algebraicarum Curvarum, besides 
 communications to the philosophical trans- 
 actions, &c. 
 
 Warner, Ferdinando, LL.D. vicar of 
 Roude, Wilts, rector of St. Michael's, 
 Queenhithe, London, and of Barnes, Sur- 
 rey, was author of a system of divinity and 
 morality, on the most important points of 
 natural and revealed religion, &-c. 5 vols. 
 12mo. reprinted in 4 vols. 8vo. 1756. He 
 published besides some single sermons ; 
 Life of sir Thomas More ; the History of 
 Ireland, 1 vol. 4to. ; History of the Rebel- 
 lion and Civil War in Ireland, 4to ; Bo- 
 lingbroke, or a Dialogue on the Origin and 
 Authority of Revelation ; an Account of 
 the Gout, &c. This laborious author died 
 of the gout, Oct. 3d 1768, aged 68. His 
 son John was educated at Cambridge, 
 ■where he took his degree of D.D. 1773. 
 He obtained Hockliffe and Chalton livings 
 in Bedfordshire in 1771, and afterwards 
 Stourton, Wilts. He was author of a 
 learned treatise on the pronunciation of 
 Greek, called Metron Ariston, and he also 
 translated from the Spanish the life of Friar 
 Gerund, in 2 vols. 8vo. He was for some 
 time chaplain to the English embassy at 
 Paris, and died 1800. 
 
 Warner, Richard, a learned botanist, 
 educated at Wadham college, Oxford. 
 Though called to the bar he never follow- 
 ed the profession, but chiefly passed his 
 time at his seat at Woodford Green, Es- 
 sex, employed in those botanical pursuits 
 which he loved. He wrote Plantae Wood- 
 
 lordiensos, oracata!o;^ie of the plants m bis 
 neighbourhood, 8vo. ; Letter to Garrick on 
 a Glossary to ShaLspc:u-c, Hvo. ; Transla- 
 tions of some of I'l.iiitus's Comediis, itc. 
 He left his valuable library to Wadham col- 
 lege, and died 1775. 
 
 Warren, James, who acted a conspi- 
 cuous part in many of the civil transac- 
 tions during the contests of the American 
 colonies with Great Britrin, wa^ born at 
 Plymouth in 1726, and graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1745. He employed hiui- 
 self a numl)er of years in merchandise. 
 In 1757 he was appointed high sheriti, and 
 held the office till the opening of the war 
 of the revolution. He took a decided and 
 bold part in opposing the aggressions of the 
 British government. In 1766 he was 
 elected a member of the general court, and 
 distinguished himself in maintaining the 
 rights of the colony. In 1773 he pro- 
 posed the establishment of committees of 
 correspondence, which were instituted and 
 became highly useful. After the death of 
 general Warren he was appointed president 
 of the provincial congress, and in 1775, 
 while the army was at Cambridge, was 
 made paymaster general, but he resigned 
 the office on its removal to New-Vork. 
 He was afterwards appointed a major ge- 
 neral of the militia. After the adoption of 
 the constitution of Massachusetts, he was 
 for many years speaker of the house of re- 
 presentatives ; and held a seat at the navy 
 board. He was solicited to accept of more 
 important offices, but preferred retirement. 
 In 1S04 he was chosen elector of presi- 
 dent. He died at Plymouth in 1808. 
 
 icj^- L. 
 
 Warren, Joseph, mnjor general in the 
 army of the American revolution, was born 
 in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1740, and 
 was graduated at Harvard college in 1759. 
 He studied medicine, and settling in Bos- 
 ton, rose to eminence in the profession. 
 He distinguished himself at an early pe- 
 riod by a zealous opposition to the unjust 
 measures of the British government to- 
 ward the colonies. He was bold, ardent,, 
 decisive, circiunspect, eloquent, elegant 
 in his manners, and accomplished in litera- 
 ture, and soon rose to the first place in the 
 esteem and confidence of his fellow-citi- 
 zens. He was a principal member of a 
 secret association formed in Boston in 
 1768, which exerted a very important in- 
 fluence, by originating plans for resisting 
 the designs of the British ministry, de- 
 signating individuals for office, and insti- 
 tuting means to excite the people to the de- 
 fence of their rights. He delivered two 
 of the Boston 5th of March orations, so 
 called, the last under extraordinary cir- 
 cumstances in 1775. Boston was then fill- 
 ed with British troops ; the office of giving 
 the pttblic oratioa was considered dangev- 
 
 779-. 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 eus. He presented himself for the pur- 
 pose, and his oflcr was accepted. On the 
 appointed day the church designated was 
 crowded with citizens,but the British officers 
 took possession of the aisles and stairs lead- 
 ing to the pulpit. He succeeded in entering 
 by a window ; and in the presence of this 
 mixt audience, where every man's heart 
 was on fire, and every hand ready to he 
 lifted : with absolute self-command, not 
 intimidated by the menacing looks and 
 gestures of the officers surrounding him, 
 he pronounced a most animated and touch- 
 ing declamation on the injuries done the 
 country by the British government, and 
 the necessity of resisting them by force of 
 arms. It was he, who, on the evening be- 
 fore the battle of Lexington, obtained in- 
 telligence of the intended expedition of 
 the British to Concord, and apprised Han- 
 cock and Adams of it, and he was one of 
 the most active in the battle of the next 
 day. He exerted a high influence in pre- 
 serving order among the troops which 
 soon alter assembled at Cambridge. On 
 the departure of Hancock to the congress 
 at Philadelphia, he Mas chosen president 
 of the provincial congress. Four days be- 
 fore the battle of Bunker's hill, he was ap- 
 pointed major general, and on the day of 
 that battle, to encoui-age the soldiers with- 
 in the lines, joined them as a volunteer, 
 and just as the retreat commenced, was 
 struck by a ball, and died in the trenches, 
 aged 35. He was the first person of rank 
 ■who fell in the war, and was deeply lament- 
 ed. In 1776 his remains were removed 
 from the battle ground and interred in Bos- 
 ton. fC3^ L. 
 
 Warren, Mercy, was the wife of gene- 
 ral James W'^arren of Plymouth, and a 
 daughter of the honourable James Otis of 
 Barnstable, Massachusetts. Her connex- 
 ion with these distinguished individuals was 
 the means of introducing her to extensive 
 literary acquaintance, and led to a corres- 
 pondence between her and several of the 
 leading revolutionary characters. The ad- 
 vantages she thus enjoyed led her to write 
 a " History of the American Revolution," 
 which was published in 3 volumes, 8vo. 
 Boston, 1805. She also published " The 
 Adulator," and " The Group," two political 
 pieces, before the revolution, and a volume 
 of poems, containing tragedies, and mis- 
 cellanies. She died at Plymouth, October, 
 ,1814. ^trF L. 
 
 Warren, John, M.D. professor of ana- 
 tomy and surgery in Harvard university, 
 was born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, July 
 27th, 1753. He was graduated at Har- 
 vard college in 1771 ; and prepared him- 
 self for his profession under the direction 
 of his brother, general Joseph "Warren, 
 then a physician of Boston. He first set- 
 tled at Salem, and when the revolutionarv 
 7Si) 
 
 army was organized, had an appointment 
 as hospital surgeon. Two years after, he 
 was appointed to superintend the hospital 
 at Boston, which was from that time the 
 place of his abode. In 1780 he commen- 
 ced the first course of lectures on anatomy, 
 which were given in New-England, and in 
 1783 was appointed professor on the foun- 
 dation of doctor Hersey. He was among 
 the original members of the medical so- 
 ciety of the state, and several years its 
 president. He was also president of the 
 humane society, and a counsellor of the 
 American academy. His life was a scene 
 of great industry and professional useful- 
 ness. He early attained, and through life 
 enjoyed as a physician, and still more as 
 an anatomist, a very high reputation. He 
 died April 4th, 1815. His chief publica- 
 tions were a dissertation on the use of mer- 
 cury in febrile complaints, and occasional 
 essays in the periodical journals. ICU^ L- 
 Warren, sir John Borlase, baronet, ad- 
 miral in the British navy, was educated at 
 Cambridge, and became a lieutenant in the 
 navy as early as the American war. He 
 was promoted to the rank of captain in 
 1781, vice admual in 1S05, full admiral in 
 1810, and was commander-in-chief of the 
 fleet on the coast of North America, during 
 the last war with the United States. He 
 was som.e time in early life a member of 
 parliament, and ambassador to Russia after 
 the truce of Amiens. His principal naval 
 battles were in April, 1794, in October, 
 1798, and in March, 1806, in all of which 
 he defeated the French fleets opposed to 
 him, and captured several of their ves- 
 sels. He died February 27th, 1822. 
 
 ICJ^ L. 
 Warton, Thomas, a native of Godel- 
 min, Surrey, educated at Magdalen col- 
 lege, Oxford, of which he became fellow. 
 He was professor of poetry at Oxford from 
 1718 to 1728, and obtained the living of 
 Basingstoke, Hants, and Cobham, Surrey. 
 He died 1745, and two years after appear- 
 ed a volume of his poems, 8vo. He is par- 
 ticularly known by his ingenious epigram on 
 the occasion of George the second sending 
 a troop of horse to Oxford, and a collec- 
 tion of books to Cambridge. 
 
 W'arton, Joseph, son of the preceding, 
 was born 1722, at Dunsfold, Surrey, where 
 his mother's father, the Rev. Joseph 
 Richardson, was rector. He received his 
 education at Winchester school, but as he 
 was superannuated and thus disabled from 
 admittance on the New college foundation, 
 he entered at Oriel college, Oxford. In 
 the university he distinguished himself by 
 his application and regularity, and publish- 
 ed there his Enthusiast, his Dying Indian, 
 and a satire on Ranelagh house. He left. 
 Oxford after taking his first degree, and 
 Avas created M.A. in 1757 by diploma, and 
 
WAK 
 
 WAK 
 
 in 1766 be was admitted to the degree of 
 D.D. In 1751 he went to France as the 
 rompanion of the duke of Bolton, to whom 
 lie was chaplain, witli the intention, it is 
 said, of marrying him at Paris on the ex- 
 pected death of his dutchess, to I'olly 
 Peachum of licentious memory, but he re- 
 turned to England soon after, and thus was 
 prevented from solemnizing the nuptials of 
 his amorous patron. He obtained from 
 the duke Wynsladc rectory in Hampshire, 
 to which was added in 1755 Tunworth 
 living. In 1755 he was elected to the se- 
 cond mastership of Winchester school, and 
 in 1766 he was placed at the head of this 
 celebrated foundation, which after an ho- 
 noui'able and laborious service he resigned 
 in 1793. In 1782 he was presented to a 
 prebend of St. Paul's by Lowth, and to the 
 living of Chorley, Hertfordshire, and in 
 1788 he obtained a stall in VV' inchester ca- 
 thedral and Easton rectory, w hich he after- 
 wards exchanged for Upham. This amia- 
 ble and deservedly respected character died 
 at his living of Wickham, in Hampshire, 
 23d Feb. 1800, and his remains were de- 
 posited in Winchester cathedral, where 
 the gratitude of his pupils has erected a 
 monument, and paid a due and becoming 
 tribute of reverence to the abilities, the 
 genius, and the virtues of their beloved 
 instructer. Dr. W'arton married in 1748 
 Miss Daman, who died 1772, and the year 
 after he took for his second wife Ivliss 
 Nicholas. His elegant and interesting 
 essay on the genius and writings of Pope 
 appeared in 1756, and to it he added a se- 
 cond volume in 1782. He projected the 
 history of the revival of literature, but lit- 
 tle progress was made in the work. In 
 1797 he published his edition of Pope's 
 works, and soon after began an edition of 
 Dryden's works which he never completed, 
 though the first 2 vols, were published with 
 notes. As a poet his character is very re- 
 spectable, but his merits are still greater as 
 a critic and commentator, and the services 
 which he has rendered to the public as an 
 active, vigilant, and enlightened preceptor, 
 have deservedly endeai'ed him in the es- 
 teem and the affection of numerous pupils, 
 on whose minds his superior abilities, and 
 his sound judgment, deeply imprinted a 
 lasting taste for elegant literature, and for 
 all the beauties of poetical composition. 
 Memoirs of his life and writings have been 
 published in 2 vols. 4to. by his respectable 
 pupil Dr. W'ooll. 
 
 VVarton, Thomas, D.D. brother of the 
 preceding, was born in 172S, and educated 
 at W^inchester school and Trinity college, 
 Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship in 
 1751. He had already distinguished him- 
 self by the publication of five pastoral ec- 
 logues, when on the appearance of Isis, a 
 poem by Mason, he was encouraged by 
 
 Dr. Huddersford, the head of hia college, 
 to stand forth the champion of the univer- 
 sity, a nd Ik; hoon after produced the 
 Tnuniph of Isi.s, a poem of great merit, 
 which rivalled the elegance and the popu- 
 larity of the Cantabrigiitn bard. In 1753 
 he pul)lished his ObserNalion-* on Spenaer'M 
 Fairy Uueen, and the following year be 
 was particularly honoured witli the notice 
 of Dr. .Johnson in his visit to the univer- 
 sity. In 1756 he was elected professor of 
 poetry for ten years, and in his lectures he 
 evinced his abilities as a polished scholar, 
 and an acute critic. 'i'he Anthologia 
 Graeca by Cephala, was edited by hiiu in 
 1766, and four years after his Theocritus 
 issued from the press in 2 vols. 4to. with 
 valuable notes. He was admitted into the 
 antiquarian society in 1771, and in that 
 year obtained from lord Lichfield the small 
 living of Kiddington, Oxfordshire. The 
 life of sir Thomas Pope, the founder of his 
 college appeared in 1771, and in 1774 his 
 first volume of the history of English 
 Poetry, and the second, which brings the 
 account down to the accession of Eliza- 
 beth, four years after. Though in some 
 respects a tedious performance from the 
 long quotations of obsolete passages, the 
 whole is a valuable acquisition to British 
 literature, and the records of our more an- 
 cient poets are presented to view in a pleas- 
 ing and interesting form, whilst the genius 
 of the author enriches and diversifies the 
 dry narrative with acute remarks, judi- 
 cious explanations, and appropriate anec- 
 dotes. The death of Whitehead in 1785, 
 made room for his appointment to the 
 iaureatcship, and at the same time he 
 was chosen Camden professor of history. 
 His last publication was Milton's smaller 
 poems, elucidated with curious notes, illus- 
 trative of the allusions and beauties of the 
 great poet. Blessed with an uninterrupted 
 flow of health, and in the possession of 
 comfort and independence in the midst of 
 the enlightened society of his college, 
 Warton knew little of the concerns or ca- 
 lamities of life, till in his 62d year he felt 
 a serious attack of the gout. A journey 
 to Bath removed the troublesome com- 
 plaint, and he promised himself more years 
 of health and of intellectual enjoyments, 
 when after spending a cheerful day in the 
 common-room of his college, he was seized 
 with a paralytic stroke, 20th May, 1790, 
 vvliich terminatcil his existence on the fol- 
 lowing day. He was buried with academi- 
 cal honours in the college chapel, and a 
 short inscription on the pavement marks 
 the spot where his remains were deposited. 
 In his character, Warton was all'able and 
 easy, his conversation was full of anec- 
 dotes, and he aspired to the name of a 
 ready and frequent punster. As a critic 
 he displayed great judgment, elegant taste, 
 
 7«1 
 
WAU 
 
 WAS 
 
 and strong discriminating powers, and as a 
 poet he is entitled to no mean praise. In 
 his imagery he is bold, clear, and lively, he 
 paints with correctness, and in his descrip- 
 tions of rural scenes he is singularly hap- 
 py, rich, and interesting. The best of his 
 poems are, the Progress of Discontent — 
 the Suicide — and the ode on the king going 
 to Cheltenham ; and among the various 
 subjects which he has attempted it is re- 
 markable that he never sung of love. He 
 has, as one of his biographers observes, 
 visited many a Grecian isle, but he never 
 touched at Paphos. His Mons Catharinae 
 is also an elegant Latin poem ; but the 
 chief work on which his fame is built, is 
 his History of Poetry, of which a third 
 volume, collected from his papers, has ap- 
 peared. 
 
 WarwicKj sir Philip, an eminent wri- 
 ter, born in St. Margaret's parish, West- 
 minister, 1608. He was educated at Eton, 
 and after travelling over France, and visit- 
 ing Geneva he returned to England, and 
 became secretary to Juxon, the treasurer 
 and clerk to the signet. He was also in 
 parliament, and opposed the impeachment 
 of Strafford, but on the breaking out of the 
 civil war he retired to Oxford with the 
 king, whose confidence he much enjoyed. 
 He was in 1646 one of the royal commis- 
 sioners empowered to treat with the par- 
 liament, and the next year he attended his 
 master in the isle of Wight as his secre- 
 tary. At the restoration he was returned 
 member for Westminster, and was knight- 
 ed and replaced in his situation of clerk to 
 the signet. He died 15th Jan. 1682, and 
 was buried in Chiselhurst in Kent, where 
 he had purchased an estate. His chief 
 work is, Memoirs of the reign of Charles 
 I. continued to the restoration, 8vo. 1701, 
 a work of great merit, candour, and inte- 
 grity. He wrote besides discourses on go- 
 vernment, &c. 
 
 Waser, I. H. an ecclesiastic of Zurich, 
 known for his writings, and chiefly for his 
 sufferings. He inserted in a German jour- 
 nal, some severe animadversions on the 
 administration of public affairs in Zurich, 
 for which he was arrested by the magis- 
 trates, and condemned to death. He was 
 beheaded 27th June, 1780. 
 
 Waser, Anna, daughter of a senator at 
 Zurich, excelled as a painter in oil, and 
 particularly in miniatures. She died 1713, 
 aged 34. 
 
 Washington, George, the illustrious 
 founder of American independence, was 
 born 1732, in the county of Fairfax in Vir- 
 ginia, where his father, Augustus Washing- 
 ton, was possessed of great landed property. 
 He was descended from an English family, 
 which emigrated from Cheshire, about the 
 year 1630 for a settlement in Virginia. He 
 was educated under the care of a private 
 7?2 
 
 tutor, and after making rapid progress in 
 mathematics and engineering, he embraced 
 the military profession. His abilities were 
 first employed by general Dinwiddle in 
 1753, in making remonstrances to the 
 French commander on the Ohio, for the 
 infraction of the treaty between the two 
 nations, and he afterwards negotiated a 
 treaty of amity with the Indians on the 
 back settlements, and for his honourable 
 services deceived the thanks of the British 
 government. In the unfortunate expedi- 
 tion of general Braddock he served as his 
 aid-de-canip, and when that brave but rash 
 commander fell in an ambush, he displayed 
 great military talents in conducting the 
 retreat to the corps under colonel Dunbar, 
 and in the saving the remains of the army, 
 from a dangerous and untenable position. 
 He retired from the service with the rank 
 of colonel, but while engaged in the peace- 
 ful employments of an agriculturist at his 
 favourite seat of Mount Vernon, he did not 
 refuse the civil offices of his country, but 
 appeared as a senator in the national coun- 
 cil for Frederic county, and afterwards for 
 Fairfax. In the unhappy quarrel which 
 separated the American colonies from the 
 mother country, be was early selected by 
 the leaders of the insurrection, as a proper 
 person to command the provincial troops, 
 to inspire them with confidence, and to 
 unite under his standard their wavering 
 and undisciplined ranks. From the mo- 
 ment when he took upon himself the im- 
 portant office of commander-in-chief, at 
 Cambridge, June 1775, he employed the 
 great powers of his mind to his favourite 
 object, and by his prudence, his valour, and 
 his presence of mind he deserved and ob- 
 tained the confidence and the gratitude of 
 his country, and finally triumphed over all 
 opposition. Distinguished by the name of 
 the American Fabius, he shoxved himself 
 master of the knowledge of military strata- 
 gems, and while some presumed to blame 
 his precautions as cowardice, he proved 
 that he could fight, whenever he calculated 
 upon the prospect of decisive advantages, 
 or certain victory. A more rash general 
 might have endangered the safety of his 
 country, by venturing to face openly the 
 disciplined troops of England in the field, 
 but the sagacious general knew that cau- 
 tious operations, and vigilant delay would 
 prove, without loss to himself, more deci- 
 sive than the most brilliant victory over an 
 enemy, whose resources were supplied with 
 difficulty from the distant shores of Europe. 
 After seeing the independence of his coun- 
 try established in the treaty of peace of 
 1783, the heroic chief resigned his high 
 office of commander to the congress, and 
 in the midst of the applauses, the admira- 
 tion, and the tears of his fellow-citizens, 
 he retired to the obscurity of a private 
 
"VVAS 
 
 WAS 
 
 jitalion. With becoming firmness he de- 
 clined the honours oll'ercd to his active ad- 
 ministration, by the gratitude of America, 
 he defrayed all bis military expenses, du- 
 ring the long period of the eight years of 
 the war, and modestly declared himself 
 satisfied with the recollection of the services 
 ■which he had performed, and with the good 
 opinion of his fellow-citizens. Such pa- 
 triotism naturally pointed him out for the 
 highest offices of the state, and in 1789 he 
 was called to fill the dignity of president, 
 for which his wisdom and moderation so 
 fully qualified him. • It was a period of 
 great difficulty, the unsubdued spirit of 
 liberty in America was again kindled into 
 a flame by the revolutionary events of 
 France, and not a few of the Americans 
 sighed at home for that freedom and equali- 
 ty, which seemed to promise more exten- 
 sive happiness, and more lasting blessings 
 to the renovated subjects of Lewis XV I. 
 Washington foresaw and anticipated the 
 plans of the factious, the prudence and firm 
 moderation of his administration checked 
 insurrection, discontent was silenced, and 
 the people of the Alleghany and Washington 
 counties, which the intrigues of Genet the 
 French envoy had roused to rebellion, were 
 convinced of the wildness of their measures, 
 and of the wisdom of their governor. The 
 virtuous president completed in 1798 the 
 business of his temporary office by signing a 
 commercial treaty with Great Britain, and 
 then resigned his power, at a moment when 
 all hearts and all hands were united again 
 to confer upon him, agreeable to the gene- 
 ral wish, the sovereignty of the country. 
 Restored to the peaceful retirement of 
 Mount Vernon he devoted himself to the 
 cultivation of his lands, and though he ac- 
 cepted the command of the army in 1798, 
 it was more to unite together the affections 
 of his fellow-citizens, to one general point, 
 the good of the country, than to gratify any 
 desires of ambition or of pride. This great 
 man expired at his seat, rather unexpect- 
 edly, after a few days' illness, 14th Dec. 
 1799. He was buried with due national 
 honours, America, in a public mourning, 
 deplored in him the loss of her father and 
 of her friend, and a new city was erected 
 on the borders of the Potomack, which, in 
 becoming the capital of the United States, 
 records to distant times, in bearing his 
 name, the services, the patriotism, and the 
 glories of her great and illustrious founder. 
 Wisdom, says a contemporary writer, was 
 the predominant feature in the character 
 of Washington, in his military and political 
 career. His patience, his forbeai'ance, 
 bis firmness, in adverse as well as in prosper- 
 ous events proved of more solid advantage 
 to his country than his bravery and his 
 talent?.. Though perhaps inferior to other 
 ^'eat characters in the extent of hrs ideas, 
 
 and the boldness of his plans, ho hurpasgcd 
 ihem iar in wisdom, in moderation, in 
 integrity. The history of his life, is the 
 history of American independence, and 
 though there may be in America nu n who 
 decry his services, while they forg« t his 
 noble disinterested resignation of sovereign 
 authority, it is much to be feared that many 
 generations shall not elapse, before some 
 equally fortunate, but more ambitious chief, 
 may boldly seize the reigns of absolute do- 
 minion, and establish a usurped power, 
 over the rights, the fortunes, and the liber- 
 ties of his bleeding, but enslaved country. 
 A copious account of his life has lately 
 been published by judge Marshall, in five 
 large vols. 8vo. collected from the private 
 papers of his family, and from the public 
 
 records of the state. 
 
 General Washington joined the army at 
 Cambridge, July 2d, 1775. The British 
 having evacuated Boston on the 17th of 
 March, 1776, he proceeded to New- York in 
 April. The battle of Long Island was 
 fought on the 27th of August, he evacuated 
 New-York on the 15th of September, and 
 fought the battle of White-plains on the 
 28th of October. He passed into New- 
 Jersey in November, and into Pennsylvania 
 in December. He recrossed the Delaware 
 the 25th of December, and on the 2Gth 
 captured a body of Hessians at Trenton, 
 and soon gained a victory over another 
 British detachment at Princeton. He 
 fought the Battle of Brandywine September 
 11th, 1777, that of Germantown on the 4th 
 of October following, and that of Monmouth 
 February 28th, 1778. He continued during 
 the years 1779 and 1780, in the vicinity of 
 New- York, and closed the important mili- 
 tary operations of the war by the capture 
 of Cornwallis, at Yorktown, October 19th, 
 1781. The cessation of hostilities was 
 proclaimed in the American camp on the 
 19th of April, 1783, and the British evacua- 
 ted New-York on the 25th of the following 
 November, when he entered the city, and 
 bidding farewell to the army, proceeded to 
 Annapolis, and resigned his commission oii 
 the 3d of December. ?CIr^ L. 
 
 Washington, William, colonel in the 
 army of the American revolution, was a 
 native of Stafford county, Virginia, and 
 descended from the same ancestors as 
 general Washington. He entered the army 
 as a captain under general Mercer, and was 
 at the battle on Long Island, and at Tren- 
 ton, in the latter of which he particularly 
 distinguished himself. He was soon after 
 appointed major, and served in tlie northern 
 and midtlle states until 1780, when he was 
 advanced to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 
 and joined the army under general Lincoln. 
 In the battle at the Cowpens he had com- 
 mand of the cavalry, and contributed 
 gi-eatly to th-e vietorv. His intrepidity ott 
 
 7S" 
 
WAT 
 
 WAT 
 
 that occasion was rewarded by the gift of a 
 sword by congress. In the battle of Eutaw 
 Springs, he was wounded and taken pri- 
 soner. After the war terminated, he set- 
 tled at Sandy Hill, South Carolina. In 
 1798 General Washington selected him as 
 one of his staff, with the rank of brigadier- 
 general. He died March 6th, 1810. He 
 was dignified in person, eminently enter- 
 prising and intrepid as a soldier, and in pri- 
 vate life amiable and unassuming. 
 
 il3=^ L. 
 
 Wasse, Christopher, author of a transla- 
 tion of Grotius's catechism into Greek 
 verse, and of Gratius's Cynegeticon into 
 English, was for some time fellow of King's 
 college, Cambridge, and afterwards supe- 
 rior beadle in law at Oxford. He died 
 1690. 
 
 Watelet, Claude Henry, receiver ge- 
 neral of finance, member of the French aca- 
 demy, and of several foreign learned so- 
 cieties, paid much attention to literature, 
 and travelled to Italy, and the low coun- 
 tries, to improve himself. He died poor 
 13th Jan. 1786, aged 68. He is author of 
 a poem on the art of painting, in 4to. and 
 Svo. — and of some comedies — operas — and 
 a prose poem from the Aminta of Tasso — 
 a Dictionary of Painting, Sculpture, and 
 Engraving. His Opuscula were published 
 together 1788. 
 
 Waterland, Daniel, an English divine, 
 born 1683 at Wasely, Lincolnshire, where 
 his father was rector, and educated at Lin- 
 coln school, and Magdalen college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he became fellow, and in 
 1713 master. He became successively rec- 
 tor of Ellingham, Norfolk, chaplain to the 
 king, rector of St. Austin, and of St. Faith, 
 London, chancellor of York, archdeacon of 
 Middlesex, canon of Windsor, and vicar 
 of Twickenham. He died 1 740, and was 
 buried at Windsor. He was author of ser- 
 mons preached at lady Moyer's lecture, of 
 which he was the first preacher — treatise 
 on the Eucharist — history of the Athana- 
 sian creed — a vindication of the Trinity 
 against Dr. Samuel Clarke, with whom he 
 was engaged in a long and acrimonious con- 
 troversy — and other theological works. 
 
 Waterloo, Anthony, a native of Utrecht, 
 distinguished as a painter in the 16th cen- 
 tury — His pictures are scarce, but bear a 
 very great price. 
 
 Watrin, Henriette, Helen, and Agatha, 
 three sisters at Verdun, who were accused 
 of having strewed flowers in the way of the 
 king of Prussia, when he entered their town. 
 Tinville, the public accuser of the revolu- 
 tionary tribunal, recommended to them to 
 deny the charge, but they refused to pur- 
 chase their liberty by a falsehood, and pe- 
 rished on the scaffold in 1793, pitied by 
 thousands. 
 
 Wats, Gilbert, D.D. a native of York- 
 78.4 
 
 shire, educated at Lincoln college, Oxford^ 
 where he obtained a fellowship. He trans- 
 lated into English, Davila's History of the 
 Civil wars, and lord Bacon's treatise de 
 Augmentis Scientiarum, fol. and died 1657, 
 
 Watson, John, a native of Rengworth, 
 Worcestershire, educated at All Souls col- 
 lege, Oxford. He studied medicine, but 
 under Elizabeth he took orders, and rose in 
 1572 to the deanery, and eight years after 
 to the bishopric of Winchester. He wrote 
 among other things a Latin tragedy called 
 Absalom, and died 1589. 
 
 Watson, Thomas, 'M. A. minister of St, 
 Stephen, Walbrook, was educated at Ema- 
 nuel college, Cambridge, and lost his pre- 
 ferment, for nonconformity, at the resto- 
 ration. He wrote the body of Divinity, a 
 course of sermons on the assembly's cate- 
 chism, fol. and some other theological 
 works, and died 1673. 
 
 Watson, James, a native of Aberdeen, 
 brought up to the printing business under 
 his father. In 1711 he obtained a patent 
 from queen Anne, with Mr. Freebairn, and 
 then published several valuable works. He 
 printed in an elegant manner a Bible in Svo. 
 1722, and in 4to. 1726, and another in very 
 small size, and of great beauty. He died 
 at Edinburgh, 1728. 
 
 Watson, David, M.A. a native of Bre- 
 chin, in Scotland, educated at St. Leonard's 
 and St. Andrew's, where he became profes- 
 sor of philosophy. On the union of his col- 
 lege with St. Salvador's in 1747, he retired 
 to London, where he published his prose 
 translation of Horace, 2 vols, with notes, a 
 popular work. His manner of life was 
 very irregular, and brought him into many 
 difficulties, and he at last sunk a victim to 
 his licentious pursuits, and was buried at 
 the expense of the parish 1756. He pub- 
 lished also the history of the heathen Gods 
 and Goddesses. 
 
 Watson, Robert, a native of St. An- 
 drew's, educated in his native town, from 
 which he passed to Glasgow, and to Edin- 
 burgh. He took his degree of doctor of 
 laws, and became professor of logic, rhe- 
 toric, and belles lettres at St. Andrews, 
 and afterwards principal of the college. 
 He died 1730, and three years after his 
 death, appeared his History of the Reign 
 of Philip III. of Spain, in 1 vol. 4to. and in 
 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Watson, John, a divine born 26th 
 March, 1724, at Lyme-cum-Hanley, in 
 Prestbury parish, Cheshire. From Man- 
 chester school he came to Brazen-nose 
 college, Oxford, of which he became fel- 
 low, and afterwards he obtained the living 
 of Meningsby, Licolnshire, which he re- 
 signed, in 1769, for the valuable rectory of 
 Stockport, Cheshire. He devoted himself 
 to the compilation of the History of Hali- 
 fax, which appeared in 1775, and dietl 
 
WA'I" 
 
 \\ \ I 
 
 March 14th, 1783. He wrote bcsules a 
 History of the ancient carls of Warren, 
 and Surrey, to prove the claim of his pa- 
 tron, sir George Warren, to these ancient 
 titles. 
 
 Watson, Henry, a native of London, 
 eminent as a lecturer in anatomy, and as 
 the author of an Account of the Absorbents 
 of the Urinary Bladder, was elected, in 
 1761, surgeon of Westminster hospital, and 
 died 1793, aged 91. He contributed besides 
 some papers to the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions. 
 
 Watson, sir William, a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at Merchant Tailors'. He 
 applied himself to the medical profession, 
 and in 1741 was made member of the Royal 
 Society. He was complimented in 1757 
 "ivith the degree of M. D. by the universi- 
 ties of Hasle, and Wittemberg, and in 1762 
 he became physician to the Foundling hos- 
 pital. He was made member of the col- 
 lege of physicians in 1784, and two years 
 after knighted by the king. He wrote va- 
 rious tracts on electricity, collected into 
 one vol. 8vo. and as he had paid particular 
 attention to that branch of philosophy, and 
 contributed some curious experiments to 
 the Royal Society, in 1744 he was honour- 
 ed with the Copley medal from that learned 
 body. He died universally respected, 1787. 
 Watson, Richard, a celebrated prelate, 
 was born in 1737, at Heversham, in W^est- 
 moreland, where he was educated under 
 his father, who was master of the gram- 
 mar-school at that place. In 1754, he be- 
 same a sizar in Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 where, in 1760, he was elected fellow. In 
 1764 he was chosen to the chymical pro- 
 fessorship^ and in 1771 he succeeded to 
 that of divinity. In 1776 he printed " An 
 Apology for Christianity," addressed to 
 Gibbon, with whom he held a friendly cor- 
 respondence. In 1782 he was advanced to 
 the bishopric of Llandaff, with permission 
 to hold the archdeaconry of Ely, his pro- 
 fessorship, and other ecclesiastical prefer- 
 ments. On this promotion, he published 
 a letter to the archbishop of Canterbury, 
 containing a plan for equalizing church re- 
 venues. In 1785 he printed six volumes 
 of " Theological Tracts," selected from 
 various authors, for the use of students. 
 The year following, Mr. Luther, of Ongar, 
 in Essex, though noway related to the 
 bishop, left him an estate worth twenty- 
 four thousand pounds, which he sold to 
 lord Egremont. During the king's illness, 
 in 1788, Dr. Shipley, of St. Asaph, died, on 
 tvhich bishop Watson made a speech in the 
 house of lords, advocating the right of the 
 prince of Wales to the regency ; and it was 
 expected that his lordship's translation to 
 the vacant see would have followed ; but 
 the king recovered, and the bishop was 
 disappointed. In 1796 he published an 
 Vol. II, 99 
 
 Answer lo I'aine's Age of licujfrjn, m a vo- 
 lume called " An Apology for the Bible," 
 which passed through nmny editions. In 
 1798 he printed " an Address to the Peo- 
 ple of Great Britain," recommending large 
 sacrifices to repel the French, for which 
 he was attacked by (Gilbert Wakefield. The 
 bishop died at Calgarth-park, in W cstmore- 
 land, July J, 181(;. Besides the works al- 
 ready mentioned, he published five volumes 
 of Chymical Essays, several sermons, 
 chaises, and tracts. After his death ap- 
 peared the Memoirs of his Life, written by 
 himself.— I^. /;. 
 
 Watt, James, an engineer, was the son 
 of a tradesman at Greenock, and born 
 there, in 1736. He became a mathemati- 
 cal instrument maker, and in 1757 was ap- 
 pointed in that capacity to the university 
 of Glasgow, with apartments in the college, 
 where he resided till 1763, when he mar 
 ried and established himself in that city. 
 About a year after this, he made his famou- 
 improvement of the steam-engine, and from 
 this time entered almost wholly jipon the 
 business of civil engineer, particularly in 
 planning and surveying canals, to aid him 
 in which he invented a new micrometer 
 and machine for drawing in perspective. 
 In 1774 he removed from Glasgow to Soho, 
 near Birmingham, where he entered into 
 partnership with Mr. Boulton in the busi- 
 ness of constructing steam engines, which 
 they carried to the height of perfection. 
 Mr. Watt also invented a method of copy- 
 ing writings by a simple machine. He was 
 a member of the royal societies of London 
 and Edinburgh ; and in 1306 the degree of 
 doctor of laws was conferred on him by the 
 university of Glasgow. He died Aug. 25, 
 1819.— FT. B. 
 
 Watteait, Anthony, a native of Valen- 
 ciennes, of obscure origin. Self-instructed, 
 he gradually rose to eminence, and after 
 visiting Italy, and stydying the beauties of 
 Rubens, and other illustrious artists, he 
 was admitted member of the French acade- 
 my of painting, and obtained a pension 
 from the king. He afterwards visited Eng- 
 land, which he was obliged to quit on ac- 
 count of the ill state of his health. He die4 
 soon after at Nogent near Paris, 1721, aged 
 37. His pieces are particularly striking for 
 their originality, the grace of his attitudes, 
 the lightness of his figures, and the delica- 
 cy of the whole. His conversation pieces 
 are his best performances, and in these the 
 airs of the heads deserve particular admi- 
 ration. 
 
 W'atts, Isaac, a respectable divine 
 among the dissenters. He was born at 
 Southampton, 17th July, 1674. His great 
 abilities early displayed themselves, and he 
 was, in 1690, placed under the care of Mr- 
 Thomas Rowe, in London, where he com- 
 pleted his studies, and where he had among 
 
 785 
 
WAk 
 
 WEB 
 
 iiis lellow-students Horte, afterwards ai'ch- 
 bishop of Tuam. In 1696 he went into the 
 family of sir John Hartop, Stoke Newing- 
 ton, as tutor to his son, and in 1702 he was 
 appointed successor to Dr. Chauncey in the 
 pastoral office. Though his constitution 
 was weak, and his health disordered by 
 frequent illness, he not only paid particu- 
 lar attention to the duties of his office, but 
 wrote some valuable works on subjects of 
 divinity. In the latter part of life he be- 
 came acquainted with sir Thomas Abney, 
 in whose family he found an asylum of 
 friendship and hospitality, and where he 
 died 25th November, 1748, aged 75. He 
 had been, in 1728, honoured in a very flat- 
 tering manner, and unsolicited, by the uni- 
 versities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen, with 
 the degree of D D. and the useful publica- 
 tions which he sent to the press deserved 
 the high distinction. In his character he 
 was an amiable man, mild, generous, and 
 charitable, and it may be said of him, that 
 few have left behind such purity of conduct, 
 or such monuments of laborious piety. His 
 works are very numerous and respectable, 
 the best known of which are, a Treatise on 
 Logic — an Essay on the Improvement of 
 the Mind — Introduction to Astronomy and 
 Geography — Hymns — and a poetical ver- 
 sion of the Psalms sung in dissenting con- 
 gregations — Horae Lyricae, chiefly on reli- 
 gious subjects — Scripture History in Ques- 
 tion and Answer— Miscellaneous Thoughts, 
 12mo. — two volumes of sermons — Philoso- 
 phical Essays, &c. The whole have been 
 collected into six vols. 4to. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony, major general in the 
 army of the United States, was born in 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He 
 was chosen to a seat in the legislatui-e of 
 that state in 1773, and took a vigorous part 
 in opposing the injustice of Great Britain. 
 In 1775 be entered the army as a colonel, 
 and accompanied general Thompson to 
 Canada. He afterwards served under ge- 
 neral Gates at Ticonderoga, and was high- 
 ly esteemed as an engineer, as well as a 
 brave and skilful officer. At the close 
 of that campaign he was advanced to the 
 rank of brigadier general. In the cam- 
 paign of 1777, in the middle states, he acted 
 an important part. At the battle of Bran- 
 dywine, being stationed at the ford, he 
 made a brave defence against the attack of 
 (he British under general Kniphausen, but 
 in a few days after, being detached with 
 1500 men to hang on the British rear, he 
 was surprised and defeated. He fought 
 also in the battles at Germantown and 
 Monmouth. In 1779, being detached for 
 fhat purpose, he stormed the fortress at 
 Stony Point, and succeeded in capturing 
 it. In 1781 he was ordered to join the 
 southern army under La Fayette ; and 
 ^hilc on his march, fallin? in with the ar- 
 7«G 
 
 my of Cornwallis, amounting to 4000, sup- 
 posed it to be only a rear guard till he had 
 approached too near to allow an unmolest- 
 ed retreat. He extricated himself by inti- 
 midating the enemy. Advancing at the 
 head of his troops, amounting only to 800, 
 he made an attack on the British for a few 
 minutes so furious, that it inspired them 
 with the belief that other troops must be 
 in the vicinity to sustain him, and deterred 
 them from pursuing him on his retiring. 
 After the capture of Cornwallis he was de- 
 tached to Georgia, and was victorious in 
 several battles with the British and Indians, 
 and received from that state the gift of a 
 plantation as a reward for his services. In 
 1787 he was a member of the convention 
 of Pennsylvania which ratified the consti- 
 tution of the United States. In 1792 he 
 was appointed to the command of the 
 western army, as successor of St. Clair, 
 and at the battle of the Miamis, in 1794, 
 gained a complete victory : the next year 
 he concluded a peace. He remained in 
 that region till the 15th of December 1796, 
 when he died at Presque Isle in his fifty- 
 second year. ICP' L. 
 
 Weare, Mesheck, president of New- 
 Hampshire, was a native of that state, and 
 graduated at Harvard college in 1735. He 
 was early elected to a seat in the house of 
 representatives, and was its speaker for se- 
 veral years. In 1754 he was sent a com- 
 missioner to the congress which met at Al- 
 bany. He was afterwards appointed judge 
 of the superior court, and in 1777, chief 
 justice. On the establishment of a new 
 form of government, in 1776, he was elect- 
 ed president, and held the office of chief 
 magistrate and chief justice during the 
 whole war. On the formation of a new- 
 constitution, in 1784, he was again chosen 
 president, but soon resigned the office on 
 account of his age. He died in 1786, aged 
 72. His talents, though not splendid, were 
 highly respectable. His understanding was 
 vigorous and clear, his judgment accurate, 
 and his knowledge extensive ; and he was 
 distinguished for uprightness, fidelity, and 
 amiableness. rCj^ L. 
 
 Weaver, John, author of the Loves of 
 Mars and Venus — of Orpheus and Eury- 
 dice — of Perseus and Andromeda, panto- 
 mimic dramas — of a History of the Mimes 
 and Pantomimes of the Ancients — of the 
 Art of Dancing — with a Treatise on Ac- 
 tion and Gesture, &c. was a dancing mas- 
 ter, and died in London about 1730. 
 
 Webb, Philip Carteret, an able antiqua- 
 rian, born 1700. He was bred up to the 
 law, and acquired great eminence as a par- 
 liamentary and constitutional lawyer. He 
 published in 1747, Observations on the 
 Course of Proceedings in the Admiralty, 
 and in 1751 he was employed in obtaining 
 the charter of incorporation for the AnH- 
 
WEB 
 
 VVtl. 
 
 ijuarian Society, to whose labours he iicnt 
 some vahiable communications. He was 
 returned member for ilasiemere in 1754 
 and Gl, and became one of the joint soli- 
 citors to the treasury ; but during the ques- 
 tion about general warrants, and in the 
 prosecution of Wilkes, he expressed his 
 disapprobation of the measures of the go- 
 vernment, and published some pamphlets 
 on the occasion. He died at his house at 
 Busbridge, near Haslemere, 22d June, 1770, 
 aged 70. His valuable library and MSS. 
 were sold by public auction for 17 days, and 
 his other curiosities also passed into the 
 hands of dift'erent collectors. He wrote 
 several pamphlets of considerable merit, 
 and chiefly on temporary subjects in law, 
 antiquities, &c. 
 
 Webb, Benjamin, son of a shoemaker at 
 Redcross, became known as the master of 
 Bunhill-row school, where he died 1774, 
 aged 49. He was very ingenious in his 
 calculations, &c. and he was employed in 
 writing copies of honorary freedoms be- 
 stowed by the city of London on eminent 
 persons, and that which he prepared for the 
 king of Denmark in 1768 was particularly 
 admired. 
 
 Webber, Samuel, D. D. president of 
 Harvard University, was a native of By- 
 field, Massachusetts. His father removed 
 when he was two years old to Hopkinton, 
 New- Hampshire. He early discovered an 
 attachment to study, and at the age of 
 twenty entered Harvard university. While 
 there he exhibited a strong predilection for 
 mathematics, and attained to uncommon 
 eminence in them. When he had con- 
 cluded his college life, in 1784, he devoted 
 himself to the study of theology, but in 1787 
 was appointed a tutor in the university, 
 in 1789 succeeded Doctor Williams as pro- 
 fessor of mathematics and natural philoso- 
 phy, and continued in that office until the 
 death of president Willard, when he was 
 elected his successor. His inauguration 
 took place May 6, 1806, and he devoted 
 himself with great assiduity to the duties 
 of the station. He died suddenly, at Cam- 
 bridge, July 17th, 1810, aged 51. Dr. Web- 
 ber was a fellow of the American academy, 
 and philosophical society. In 1796 he was 
 employed by the government to ascertain the 
 boundary between the British provinces 
 and the United States. He published a sys- 
 tem of mathematics, intended to be a text 
 book in the university, in 2 vols. 8vo. 1801, 
 a judicious work, which has been adopted 
 in ether seminaries. [CF L. 
 
 Webster, William, an able writing mas- 
 ter, author of a Compendious Course of 
 Mathematics, 3 vols. 8vo. translated from 
 the French of la Hoste — Book-keeping — 
 and a Treatise on Arithmetic, often edited. 
 He kept a school in Castle-street, near 
 
 Leicester-square, where he died 1744, 
 aged CO. 
 
 Webstek, John, governor of Connccli- 
 cut, one of tlie juiiicipal selikrs of Hurt- 
 ford, was elected a magialratc of the colo- 
 ny in 1639, and governor in lO-.C. About 
 four years after, he, with three ulhera of 
 the name, the reverend Mr. IluascI, ol 
 WethersOeld, and a number ol U'joocialc*, 
 purchased the territory now included in the 
 towns of Hadley, Hatfield, Grunl»y, and 
 Amherst, Massachusetts, and removed 
 thither. He died in Hadley in 1605. \ij L. 
 
 Wechel, Christopher, an eminent print- 
 er, at Paris. He began to print Creek 
 books iu 1530, and with such correctness 
 that scarce an error could be discovered in 
 a folio volume. This accuracy is attributed 
 to his able corrccior,the learned Sylburgiu^. 
 He exposed himself to the persecution of 
 the church for printing some offensive and 
 controversial books, and died soon after, 
 1552. His son Andrew retired from Paris, 
 because he was a protestant, and settled at 
 Frankfort, where he carried on with greai 
 success the printing business. A catalogue 
 of the books which he and his father print- 
 ed, was published in 8vo. He died 1531. 
 
 Weever, John, a native of Lancaster, 
 educated at Cambridge. He is author of 
 Funeral Monuments, lastly edited in 4to. 
 1767, a work of singular service to aati- 
 quarians and historians, though greatly de- 
 ficient in point of accuracy. He died about 
 1632, and was buried in St. James's church, 
 Clerkenwell. 
 
 Weimar, Bernard, duke of Saxe, early 
 distinguished himself in arms against the 
 house of Austria, whose severities to hLs 
 family he strongly resented by espousing 
 the cause of Gustavus Adolphus. Though 
 defeated at Nordlingen, he repaired his 
 losses, and at the head of a large army, in- 
 trusted to his command by Lewis XIIL he 
 quickly overran Franche Comte, Burgundy, 
 and Alsace, and would have obtained more 
 important advantages had not death stop- 
 ped his career. He died l8th July, 1639. 
 
 Welbt, Henry, a native of Lincolnshire, 
 of a very eccentric character. In conse- 
 quence of an attempt on his life by his bro- 
 ther, he quitted his native county, where 
 he had extensive estates, and retired to the 
 privacy of an obscure house in Grub-street, 
 London, where for 44 years, either through 
 superstition or melancholy, he suffered 
 himself to be seen by no one till his death 
 in 1636. 
 
 Wellevs, James Thomas Joseph, bishop 
 of Antwerp, is distinguished for his learn- 
 ing, and his private and public virtues. He 
 published Exhortationcs Familiares de Vo- 
 catione Ministrorum, &c. Svo. and died at 
 Antwerp, 1764, aged 53. 
 
 Weller, Jerome, a native of Freyberg, 
 ill Misnia, known as the friend and favoui- 
 
WEL 
 
 WEL 
 
 ite of Luther. He wrote Comraentaria in 
 Libros Samuel et Regum — Consilium de 
 Studio Theolog. &c. — Commentaria in 
 Epistol. ad Ephesios, &c. all collected into 
 2 vols. fol. and he died at Freyberg, 1572, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Weller, James, a native of Newkirk, 
 in Voigtland, professor of theology, &c. 
 at Wittemberg, where he died 1664, aged 
 62. He wrote Specilegium Quaestion. He- 
 braeo-Syriac — and a Greek Grammar. 
 
 Welles, Samuel, M. A. an English di- 
 vine, born at Oxford, 18th Aug. 1614, and 
 educated at Magdalen college there. He 
 proved an active minister during the civil 
 wars, though he retired from persecution, 
 and settled at Remenham, Berks, from 
 which he afterwards removed to Banbury, 
 Oxfordshire. He was much beloved by 
 his parishioners for his eloquence as a 
 preacher, and his charitable and benevo- 
 lent deportment as a man. He wrote a 
 Spiritual Remembrancer, and died after the 
 restoration. 
 
 Welles, Thomas, governor of Connec- 
 ticut, was one of the earliest settlers of 
 Hartford, and was elected a magistrate and 
 treasurer of the colony in 1639. He was 
 deputy governor in 1656, governor in 1657 
 and 1658, and died in 1660. ICT' L. 
 
 Wells, William Charles, a physician, 
 was born, of Scotch parents, at Charleston, 
 in South Carolina, in 1753. He was edu- 
 cated at Dumfries, and next at Edinburgh, 
 from whence he returned to his native 
 place, and was put apprentice to a medical 
 practitioner. On the breaking out of the 
 war, he quitted America, and in 1779 was 
 appointed surgeon of a regiment in Hol- 
 land. The year following he graduated, 
 and went back to Carolina, where he dis- 
 tinguished himself by his loyalty. In 1784 
 he visited London, and in 1788 was admit- 
 ted a licentiate of the Royal College. He 
 afterwards became a zealous manager of 
 the dispute with the same learned body, on 
 the claims of the licentiates to the right of 
 being admitted fellows. In 1793 he was 
 chosen a member of the Royal Society, to 
 whose Philosophical Transactions he com- 
 municated several valuable papers, for 
 some of which, containing Experiments on 
 Dew, he received the gold and silver me- 
 dals. He died Sept. 18, 1817. Dr. Wells 
 was also the author of an " Essay upon 
 Single Vision with Two Eyes ;" and a de- 
 fence of it in answer to Dr. Darwin ; also 
 several memoirs and medical papers in dif- 
 ferent journals. — W. B. 
 
 Wells, Edmund, a native of Corshara, 
 Wilts, educated at Westminster school, 
 and Christ-church, Oxford, where he took 
 his degree of D. D. He became professor 
 of Greek in the university, and obtained 
 the living of Cotesbach, Leicestershire, 
 where he died, 1730, ag:ed 65. Up wrote. 
 788 
 
 besides pamphlets against the dissenter^; 
 and an Answer to Dr. Clarke on the Tri- 
 nity — a Course of Mathematics for Young 
 Gentlemen, 3 vols. — a work of merit on 
 the Geography of the Old and New Testa- 
 ments, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Wells, John, eminent as a lawyer, was 
 born at Cherry- Valley, New- York, in 1769, 
 or 1770. While on a visit at Schenectady, 
 in 1778, the celebrated colonel Brandt at- 
 tacked the settlement of Cherry-Valley, 
 and, murdering its inhabitants, left him the 
 only survivor of his father's family. He 
 was not long after placed in a grammar- 
 school, at Newark, New-Jersey, and at 
 length entered Princeton college, where he 
 was graduated in 1788. He was admitted 
 an attorney of the supreme court in 1792, 
 and to the degree of counsellor in 1795. 
 He established himself in the city of New- 
 York, and devoting himself assiduously to 
 his professional studies, at length rose by 
 the superiority of his talents and know- 
 ledge, to the first eminence at the bar. He 
 possessed a mind of great strength and 
 penetration, an enlightened judgment, and 
 a classical taste : was an accomplished and 
 eloquent speaker, and eminently distin- 
 guished in his professional and private life 
 by urbanity, uprightness, and the social 
 virtues. His death took place September 
 7th, 1823. ttir L. 
 
 Wellwood, James, M. A. a native of 
 Perth, educated at St. Andrews. The trou- 
 bles of the times prevented him from en- 
 tering into the ministry, and after conceal- 
 ing himself from the persecution of his po- 
 litical enemies, he was attacked by a fever, 
 and died at Perth, 1680, aged 32. He was 
 author of ImmanueFs Land, and other 
 tracts. 
 
 Wellwood, Thomas, M. D. a native of 
 Edinburgh, educated at Glasgow. He fled 
 to Holland with his father, who had been 
 suspected of being concerned in the mur- 
 der of archbishop Sharpe, in 1679, and af- 
 ter studying medicine at Leyden, and 
 taking his degrees, he returned with Wil- 
 liam at the revolution, and was nominated 
 one of the royal physicians for Scotland. 
 He acquired a respectable fortune by his 
 extensive practice, and died at Edinburgh, 
 1716, aged 64. In his principles he strong- 
 ly favoured the republican government, 
 and published Memoirs of England from 
 1588 to 1688, well written, though with 
 the spirit of party. 
 
 Welsted, Leonard, a native of Abing- 
 ton, Northamptonshire, educated at West- 
 minster school. He obtained a place in 
 the ordnance oflSce by by the friendship of 
 lord Clare, but in the midst of his occupa- 
 tions he devoted much of his time to the 
 muses. He wrote epistles, odes, &c. — 
 a translation of Longinus on the Sublime, 
 from Boilearj's version — the Genius, or the 
 
WEN 
 
 wf:k 
 
 duke of Marlborough's Apoplexy — an Kpis- 
 tle on the duke's Death — the Triumvirate, 
 &c. which was considered as un attack on 
 Pope, and conse(iuently procured tlie au- 
 thor an honourable place in the Dunciad. 
 He wrote besides, the Dissembled Wanton, 
 a comedy, 172G, and other things, wbich 
 were much applauded in his day, and which 
 appeared, collected into one vol. Svo. 1787, 
 with a Vindication of his Character by a 
 relation. His little poem called the Apple- 
 Pie, written at Westminster school, was 
 for a long time attributed to Dr. King, and 
 printed among his poems. Welsted was 
 much noticed by the great and the learned, 
 and his poetical talents were respectable, 
 and displayed genius, and though he did 
 not perhaps rise to the sublimer flights of 
 the muse, his compositions were entitled 
 to praise. He was twice married, but left 
 no children. He died at the house which 
 he held from his official situation in the 
 Tower, 1747, aged 58. 
 
 Wenceslaus, son of Charles IV. empe- 
 ror of Germany, succeeded his father in 
 1378, at the age of 15. Though he pro- 
 mised the highest virtues for the ornament 
 and the glory of the throne, he became de- 
 bauched, capricious, and tyrannical, and at 
 last he was deposed, in 1400, by the elect- 
 ors of the empire. He died king of Bohe- 
 mia, 1419, aged 58. In his character he 
 united all the extravagance of Antony, the 
 infamous cowardice of Heliogabalus, and 
 the bloody passions of Tiberius. Though 
 twice married, he left no issue. 
 
 Went WORTH, Thomas, earl of Strafford, 
 was born in London, 1594. After finish- 
 ing his education at Cambridge, he travel- 
 led abroad, and succeeding to a family es- 
 tate of 6000/. per annum, in Yorkshire, he 
 was elected into parliament, and became a 
 leading member of the house. His elo- 
 quence in opposition to the measures of 
 the court was so powerful, that he was 
 named sheriff of Yorkshire, that he might 
 not be elected into parliament ; after, how- 
 ever, maintaining such determined opposi- 
 tion to the king, he was gained over by the 
 ministry, and the grant of a peerage, and 
 the office of president of the council in the 
 northern counties, rendered him a loyal 
 subject. This dereliction of principle highly 
 offended his old political friends, and Pym, 
 to whom he wished to justify his coniluct, 
 told him, "though you have left us, I will 
 not leave you while your head is on your 
 shoulders." In 1631 he was sent as depu- 
 ty to Ireland, and in his government he 
 was a most zealous and active representa- 
 tive. He redeemed the encumbrances of 
 the royal revenue ; he improved the yearly 
 income 40,000i. a year, and prevailed upon 
 the clergy of Ireland to conform to the 
 doctrines and the discipline of the English 
 church. Notwithstanding these important 
 services, he was arbitrary in his conduct, 
 
 and hi'i severity towards lord MounlmorriA, 
 whom, ill the course of two hour-*, he 
 caused to be condemned to death, In cause 
 he had spoken diMcspcrtfully of him, re- 
 flects eternal disgrace on bis nioniorj . The 
 king rewarded the faithful administration 
 of his viceroy with every mark of favour 
 and honoural)le distinction, but while he 
 was secure of the royal confidence, he lo^t 
 the good opinion of the nation. Pym, too 
 true to his promise, inveighed against him in 
 parliament, and at last accused him before 
 the house of lords, as the cause of all the 
 acts of tyranny that prevailed, and as the 
 greatest enemy to the liberties of his coun- 
 try. His impeachment, drawn up in 28 
 articles, engaged the attention of the na- 
 tion for 18 days, but when his noble and 
 energetic defence seemed to influence the 
 decision of the lords, the commons, with 
 persecuting virulence, passed a bill against 
 hint, attainting him of high treason. The 
 king used all his influence to save this 
 faithful minister, but his compassion was 
 answered by the cries of the factious, who 
 insulted him with the exclamations of jus- 
 tice ! justice ! and even threatened his 
 person if he refused to sacrifice him to the 
 popular indignation. Charles was re- 
 lieved from his deep distress ; and when 
 the earl, with ill-requited generosity, en- 
 treated hin). by letter, not to hazard his 
 safety, nor the peace of the kingdom, for his 
 sake, but to assent to the sacrifice of his 
 life, which might become a means of recon- 
 ciliation between the injured sovereign and 
 his rebellious subjects, the monarch, after 
 two days and two nights of dreadful per- 
 plexity, signed, with the greatest reluctance, 
 the fatal instrument which conducted his 
 friend to the seaflold. He suffered with 
 great resignation, on Tower-Iiill, I2th May, 
 1641. At the restoration hi.> attainder 
 was reversed, as dishonouraMe to the na- 
 tion. His letters have appealed, in 2 vols, 
 fol. 1739, by Dr. Knowles. 
 
 Wentworth, Benning, governor of 
 New-Hampshire, was a native of that 
 state, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1715. He resided at Portamouth, and em- 
 ployed himself in merchandise. After ha- 
 ving held a seat both in the house of repre- 
 sentatives and in the council, he was, in 
 1741, when that colony obtained a distinct 
 government, appointed its governor, and 
 held the office nearly twenty years. He 
 was superseded in 1767, and died in 
 1770, in his seventy-fifth year. He 
 was passionate and resentful, addicted 
 somewhat to favouritism, and partial to- 
 wards the Episcopalians, yet his adminis- 
 tration was on the whole useful. Benning- 
 ton, in Vermont, obtained its name from 
 him. He gave a lot of 500 acres to Dart- 
 mouth college, on which the college build- 
 ings were erected. ICZP" L. 
 
 W'erdmuller, John Rodolph, a histori- 
 
 789 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 cal and landscape painter of Zurich. He 
 was unfortunately drowned in crossing a 
 river near Zurich, 1668, aged 27. 
 
 Werenfels, John James, a divine of 
 Basil, author of sermons in German, of ho- 
 milies in Latin, &c. He died 1655. His 
 son Peter became professor of theology at 
 Basil, and died there, 23d May, 1703, aged 
 76. He was author of some learned dis- 
 sertations, sermons, &c. 
 
 Werenfels, Samuel, son of Peter, was 
 born at Basil, where he filled some profes- 
 sorial chairs with great celebrity. He tra- 
 velled into Holland, Germany, and France, 
 and was the correspondent of the leai'ned 
 of Europe. He died at Basil, universally 
 respected for his learning and for his many 
 virtues, 1st June, 1740, aged 83. His 
 works, which are chiefly on subjects of 
 theology, philosophy, and philology, have 
 appeared in 2 vols. 4to. The best known 
 of his works is de Logomachiis Erudito- 
 rum. 
 
 Werff, Adrian Vander, a painter of 
 Rotterdam. His portraits and historical 
 pieces were finished with correct taste and 
 judgment, and procured him the patronage 
 of the great and the powerful. His pieces 
 are preserved in the Dusseldorf gallery. 
 The best are his 15 pieces on the mysteries 
 of the Christian religion. He died in his 
 native town, 1727, aged 68. His brother 
 Peter was his pupil, and became eminent 
 also in historical pieces. He was a hypo- 
 chondriac in the latter part of his life, and 
 died 1718, aged 53. 
 
 Werner, Abraham Gottlieb, a mineral- 
 ogist, was born at Wehraw, in Upper Lu- 
 satia, in 1750. At the age of twenty-four 
 he published a valuable treatise " on the 
 external Characteristics of Fossils ;" which 
 procured him the professorship of mineral- 
 ogy at Frieberg, where his lectures were 
 attended by students from various parts of 
 Europe. He was also keeper of the cabi- 
 net of natural history, and held a situation 
 in the council of Mines. He was employ- 
 ed in very extensive works and mineralogi- 
 cal surveys, and his system is now almost 
 universally adopted. Werner died at 
 Dresden in 18M.— W. B. 
 
 W^esenbec, Matthew, a native of Ant- 
 werp, professor of law at Jena, and at Wit- 
 temberg, where he died, 1586, aged 55. 
 He wrote Observations on the Pandects, 
 4to. and fol. and other woiks on jurispru- 
 dence. 
 
 Wesley, Samuel, a native of W^inter- 
 borne Whitchurch, Dorsetshire, where his 
 father was vicar. He was educated at 
 Dorchester school, and then entered as 
 servitor at Exeter college, Oxford, 1684. 
 By means of the duke of Buckingham he 
 obtained the living of South Ormesby, Lin- 
 colnshire, and afterwards Epworth, in the 
 same county, where he died, 2rith April, 
 790 
 
 1 735. The best known of his publication.^ 
 are the Life of Christ, a heroic poem, folio 
 — the History of the Old and New Testa- 
 ment, attempted in verse, &c. 3 vols. 12mo. 
 — Maggots, or Poems, &c. — Elegies on 
 queen Mary, and on Tillotson — a letter 
 concerning the Education of the Dissent- 
 ers, &c. — treatise on the Sacrament — Dis- 
 sertations on Job, &.C. He has been ridi- 
 culed by Garth for the inelegance of his 
 poetry, but though indifferent as a poet, he 
 was very respectable as a man. He left a 
 large family, four of whom are not unknown 
 in the history of English literature. The 
 eldest of these, Samuel, was educated at 
 Westminster, and elected to Christ church, 
 Oxford. He was afterwards usher of 
 Westminster school for near 20 years, and 
 then obtained Blundel's school, at Tiverton. 
 He was presented to no ecclesiastical bene- 
 fice, and died at Tiverton, 6th Nov. 1739, 
 aged 49, and was buried in the churchyard 
 there. He is author of the Battle of the 
 Sexes — the Prisons Opened, two poems of 
 merit, and the Parish Priest — a eulogy on 
 his Wife's Father, &c. His poems appear- 
 ed in 1736, 4to. and in 1743, 12mo. He 
 is said to have presented to the Spalding 
 Society an amulet that had touched the 
 heads of the three kings of Cologne. 
 
 Wesley, John, the great founder of Me- 
 thodism, son of Samuel, was born at Ep- 
 worth, Lincolnshire, 1703. In 1714 he 
 was placed at the Charter house, and two 
 years after he was elected to Christ church, 
 Oxford, and in 1725 was ordained deacon 
 by bishop Potter, and the next year became 
 fellow and tutor of Lincoln college. He 
 early expressed himself against the damna- 
 tory clauses of the Athanasian creed, and 
 was one of that small society at Oxford 
 which was formed on principles of greater 
 austerity and devotion than prevailed in 
 the university, and which consequently re- 
 ceived the appellation of Methodists. In 
 1735 he embarked at Gravesend for Ameri- 
 ca, at the request of the trustees of the new 
 colony of Georgia, who were anxious for 
 the conversion and spiritual instruction of 
 the natives and settlers, and in this new 
 theatre he, accompanied by his brother 
 Charles, displayed his strong powers of 
 eloquence and persuasion in the cause of 
 methodism. Here, though much engaged 
 in spiritual affairs, Wesley gave way to the 
 emotions of love, but Miss Causton, the 
 object of his passion, growing impatient at 
 his delay, gave her hand to a more favoured 
 suiter, and the modern saint, who com- 
 pared the disappointment to the plucking 
 out of his right eye, carried his pique and 
 i-esentment so far as to repel the virtuous 
 bride from the altar at the administration 
 of the sacrament. This gross attack upon 
 the character of a woman whom he wished 
 to have taken for a wife, was resented by 
 
WEb 
 
 Wtb 
 
 the lady, wbo published lo the world some 
 transactions not very honourahlo to the 
 sanctity of the preacher, in consequence of 
 which he hurriod away from the public 
 odium of AniericK. In 1738 he landed at 
 Deal, and began his career of prosclytisni. 
 Believing himself to be »ct at liberty from 
 the bonds of sin by divine illumination, he 
 soon saw himself followed by a crowd of 
 admiring converts, and zealously delivered 
 his doctrines in his conventicle, which was 
 first established in Fetter-lane. His dis- 
 courses were heard w^ith enthusiastic admi- 
 ration, and superstitious deference, the 
 number of the faithful were rapidly in- 
 creased, and the pious founder of the sect, 
 by the solemn imposition of hands, sent 
 forth his apostles to propagate the faith. 
 In 1751 he married Mrs. Vizelle, a widow 
 lady of independent fortune, but whatever 
 might have been the motives to this union, 
 it proved unfortunate, and showed that, 
 however calculated he might be for the 
 head of a sect, he was very unwilling to 
 spare attention to the comforts or happi- 
 ness of his bride, who fled in disgust from 
 his home. The great increase of his fol- 
 lowers, no doubt, flattered the pride of the 
 saint, and to that he devoted the whole of 
 his active life, in the midst of dangers, of 
 troubles, and of corporeal fatigues. Im- 
 pressed with the idea that his great suc- 
 cess was the immediate influence of hea- 
 ven, his adherents easily believed that he 
 was inspired, and that methodism was the 
 work of God. But while he affected hu- 
 mility in his intercourse with the multitude, 
 with all the strong powers which constitute 
 the leader, with coolness, perseverance, 
 and popular eloquence, he kept in his own 
 hands the supreme authority over his sect, 
 and the whole spiritual machine was moved 
 according to his direction, so that in the 
 most distant corners of the empire, his 
 censures had as much the weight of law 
 and correction upon his delegates as if he 
 had himself personally pronounced the sen- 
 tence of reproof or dismission. This ex- 
 traordinary character, who for more than 
 half a century exercised the most absolute 
 authority, and with undiminished effect, 
 over his followers, died on the 2d March, 
 1791, in his 88th year, and the 65th of his 
 ministry. Though the sermons which he 
 published are superior to those of his fra- 
 ternity, they must be considered as loose 
 and desultory, conveying little to the mind, 
 but, by familiar allusions or vulgar imagery, 
 commanding the attention of the ignorant 
 multitude. It has been doubted whether 
 he was in his spiritual career hypocritical, 
 or sincere, and actuated more by interested 
 pride, than unspotted piety and unfeigned 
 love ; but though he was ambitious of pow- 
 er, greedy of pre-eminence, and impatient 
 of con tradictoin, it is plain that he was in^ 
 
 tlucuced by molivea of benevolence, and 
 that his zeal in the caune of mclh.jdi>tn wa« 
 directed, wlicther by proper or improper 
 means, to promote the future happii.tf^B of 
 man. lie publi'^hed variuus iructw, and 
 controversial pamphUl!,, aj^ainst the Cal- 
 vinists and Moravians. An interesting 
 account of the Rise and Progress o( Me- 
 thodism, has been published by Mr. Night- 
 ingale, and the Life of Wj^sley has appear- 
 ed from the pen of John Whitehead, one of 
 his followers, in 2 vols. Svo. 
 
 The insinuations often made, that Wee- 
 ley was hypocritical, and actuated supreme- 
 ly by ambition, are unjust. The plan on 
 which he organized his societies did, in- 
 deed, throw the management of them en- 
 tirely into his hands, and at length elevated 
 him to an extraordinary degree of power, 
 which he retained till his death ; but the 
 acquisition of that influence was an adven- 
 titious consequence, not the supreme object 
 of his exertions. No man ever gave more de- 
 cisive evidence that he truly held the views 
 which he avowed and defended, and that he 
 regarded himself as promoting the salvation 
 of men by the peculiar measures he pur- 
 sued. He was ardent in his feeUngs, 
 strong in his prejudices, confident and hasty 
 in his opinions, and forward to make them 
 known, and vindicate them, on all occa- 
 sions. His life was a scene of almost un- 
 paralleled labour, and was marked by great 
 frugality, temperance, self-denial, and ar- 
 dour of devotion. He is supposed, in the 
 course of his itinerancy, to have travelled 
 near 300,000 miles, and to have preached 
 more than 40,000 sermons. jCIP' L. 
 
 Wesley, Charles, younger brother of 
 the preceding, was born at Epworth, and 
 from the care of his father, passed to West- 
 minster school, of which he became captain. 
 He was elected, in 1726, to Christ church, 
 Oxford, and after taking his degrees, em- 
 braced, with warmth, the religious tenets 
 of his brother John, whom he accompanied 
 in his mission to Georgia. After various 
 adventures in his intercourse with the In- 
 dians, he returned, in 1736, to England, 
 and became a zealous and active preacher 
 to the people of his own persuasion. As 
 he was well skilled in Scripture divinity, 
 and of "a warm, lively character, his dis- 
 courses were much admired among the Me- 
 thodists. Though occasionally resident in 
 London, he was chiefly employed as an 
 itinerant preacher among his adherents. 
 He died 1788, aged 79. He was respecta- 
 ble as a poet, and his religious pieces are 
 also numerous. His two sons, Charles 
 and Samuel, have been celebrated as very 
 great proficients in music. 
 
 Wesselus, John, a native of Groningen, 
 who studied at Zwool and Cologne, and af- 
 terwards at Paris. Sixtus IV. who was 
 well acquainted with his learning, and -mih 
 
 791 
 
WES 
 
 W£S 
 
 his abilities, was no sooner raised to the pa- 
 pal chair, than he sent for him to Rome, 
 and oflfered him whatever he wished. The 
 modest Wesselus requested the gift of a 
 Hebrew and Greek Bible in the Vatican. 
 Why do not vou ask for a bishopric, in- 
 quired the astonished pontiff, because, an- 
 swered the disinterested ecclesiastic, I do 
 not want one. He soon after returned to 
 his country, where he died 4th Oct. 1489, 
 aged 70. He was, in his opinions, occa- 
 sionally unfriendly to the tenets of the Ro- 
 mish c urch, and many have regarded him 
 as the forerunner of Luther. He wrote 
 various things, some of which appeared at 
 Leipsic 1522, and Groningen 1614, in 4to. 
 under the title of Farrago Rerem Theolo- 
 
 gicarum. 
 
 West, Gilbert, a learned writer, educa- 
 ted at Eton and Christ church, Oxford, for 
 the church. He, however, entered into 
 the army, and afterwards held some civil 
 oflSces, and was appointed clerk extraordi- 
 nary to the privy-council in 1729. He mar- 
 ried some time after, and settled at Wick- 
 ham, Kent, where he devoted himself to 
 literary and religious pursuits, and where 
 his retirement was frequently visited by 
 Lyttleton and Pitt, who, weary with faction 
 and political debates, courted his society, 
 and the tranquillity of his abode. Though 
 thus noticed by the great, it was not till 
 1751 that he could obtain an increase to his 
 narrow fortune by the appointment of a 
 clerkship to the privy council, to which was 
 afterwards added the place of treasurer to 
 Chelsea hospital, by the kindness of Mr. 
 Pitt. These honours, however, came too 
 late ; the loss of his only son, in 1755, em- 
 bittered the short remainder of life, and on 
 the 26th of March, 1756, a stroke of the 
 palsy hurried him to his grave at the age of 
 50. He was a man of polished manners 
 and great erudition, and so respectable, 
 that, it is said, the care of the young prince's 
 education was offered to him, which he de- 
 clined, because he considered his mode of 
 superintendence not sufficiently extensive. 
 His works are Observations on the Resur- 
 rection, 1747, a work which obtained for 
 him, from the university of Oxford, the ho- 
 nourable degree of LL.D. — Pindar's odes 
 translated into English, a valuable, elegant, 
 and spirited composition. 
 
 West, James, M.A. of Alscot, Warwick- 
 shire, was educated at Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford, and in 1741, was elected into parlia- 
 ment for St. Alban's. He was soon after 
 made one of the joint secretaries to the 
 treasury, which he resigned in 1762, and 
 three years after he obtained, by the favour 
 of the duke of Newcastle, a pension of 
 2000Z. a year. He was member of the an- 
 tiquarian society, and for some time presi- 
 dent of the Royal Society. He died 2d 
 July, 1772. His valuable MSS. were pur- 
 792 
 
 chased by lord Shelburne, and his printed 
 books were sold by auction in 24 days, his 
 prints and drawings in 13, his coins and 
 medals in seven, his plate curiosities in se- 
 ven, and his pictures, drawings, &c. in four. 
 
 West, Richard, of the Temple, was 
 made king's counsel in 1717, and in 1725, 
 raised to the dignity of lord chancellor of 
 Ireland. He married a daughter of bishop 
 Burnet, and died 1726. He was author of 
 a Discourse on Treasons and Bills of At- 
 tainder — treatise on the Manner of creating 
 Peers, &c. 
 
 West, Thomas, the ingenious author of 
 the history of Furness abbey, and of a 
 guide to the lakes, was for some years pro- 
 fessor of natural philosophy in the univer- 
 sities on the continent. He spent much 
 time in describing the beauties of the lakes, 
 &c. and in visiting those spots which are 
 so remarkable for sublimity and extent of 
 view. He chiefly lived in the latter part of 
 life at Ulveston, and died there much re- 
 spected, lOth July, 1779, aged 63. 
 
 West, John, succeeded Sir John Harvey 
 as governor of Virginia, when the latter 
 was displaced by the council in 1635. Har- 
 vey was restored to his office the following 
 year, and succeeded by Sir William Berk- 
 ley in 1639. Colonel West was afterwards 
 a member of the council. iCP' L. 
 
 West, Joseph, was a short time governor 
 of South Carolina in 1671, was again apoint- 
 ed in 1674, and a third time in 1684. He 
 was succeeded by SirRichard Kirle in 1685. 
 The brief accounts we have of his adminis- 
 tration represent it as having been conduct- 
 ed with prudence and moderation. ICJ*' E. 
 
 West, Francis, brother of lord Delawar, 
 arrived at Plymouth in 1623, with a com- 
 mission to be admiral of New-England. 
 He was authorized to restrain vessels from 
 fishing or trading on the coast without a 
 license from the New-England council, but 
 meeting with difficulty in executing that 
 part of his commission, he sailed for Virgi' 
 nia. He was a member of the council for 
 that colony under the old charter, and was 
 reappointed in 1624. When governor 
 Yeardly died, in 1626, the administration 
 devolved on him. He was succeeded by 
 John Pott, in 1628. During this period, 
 the colony received large accessions of 
 emigrants from Eui'ope. ICP' L. 
 
 West, Samuel, D.D. minister of New- 
 Bedford, Massachusetts, was born at Yar- 
 mouth, March 4th, 1730. He employed 
 himself in husbandry till twenty years of 
 age, when the superior talents he discover- 
 ed induced a number of gentlemen to fur- 
 nish him with the means of education, and 
 he was graduated at Harvard in 1754. He 
 settled at New-Bedford about ten years 
 after, and continued there till disqualified 
 by age for the labours of the ministry. He 
 was one of the most conspicuous men of 
 
W'LS 
 
 \V K> 
 
 iiis day. He possessed a mind of greal 
 originality, and extraordinary streiigtb and 
 Oftivity. His investigaiioiis in theology 
 ncre profound and extensive, his reason mi; 
 shrewd and demonstrative, ami his memory 
 tenacious and prompt to furnisli at e.very 
 call whatever liad come within his know- 
 ledge. He was not, however, popular as a 
 preaehcr from an iil-modnialeil \oiee, and 
 singularly uncouth manner. About the 
 year 1775 he engaged zealously in the poli- 
 tical struggle against British despotism, and 
 rendered con^ideralJle service to the country 
 by his sermons, and by deciphering the let- 
 ter of Dr. Church, designed to convey in- 
 telligence to the British. He was a mem- 
 ber of the convention which formed the con- 
 stitution of Massachusetts, and of that also 
 which adopted the constitution of the Uni- 
 ted States. During the last years of his 
 life he suffered an almost total loss of his 
 mental powers. He died September 24th, 
 1807, in his seventy-eighth year. He made 
 himself conspicuous by some metaphysical 
 writings in opposition to the opinions of 
 president Edwards, published in 1793, and 
 1795, which were answered by Dr. Ed- 
 wards, sdr' L. 
 
 West, Benjamin, LL.D. professor of 
 mathematics and natural philosophy, in 
 Brown University, Rhode-island, was born 
 at Rehoboth, Massachusetts, in March, 
 1730. He early displayed an extraordinary 
 genius for the exact sciences, and without 
 the aid of a public education, and amid the 
 hinderances of other occupations, made him- 
 self acquainted with mathematics and natu- 
 ral philosophy, to such an extent, that he 
 was, inl7SG, appointed professor of those 
 branches in the college at Providence, in 
 which town he had before spent several 
 years in instruction. He not long after 
 received the same appointment from Co- 
 lumbia college, but declined it. He enter- 
 ed on his office at Providence in 1783, and 
 retained it till 1799. He died August 2Gth, 
 1813, aged 83. His talents were of a su- 
 perior order, and had he been able to devote 
 himself to their cultivation, would have 
 given him a distinguished rank among ma- 
 thematicians. ICJ^ li. 
 
 West, Benjamin, a distinguished lawyer 
 of New Hampshire, was born April 8th, 
 1746. He was a brother of Samuel West, 
 D.D. and was educated at Harvard college, 
 where he was graduated in 17G8. He stu- 
 died law and established himself in practice 
 at Charlestown, New-Hampshire, and soon 
 rose to eminence in the profession. His 
 superior talents and great excellence of cha- 
 racter,caused him to be elected by his fellow- 
 citizens to several important civil employ- 
 ments. The chief of which were a seat in 
 Congress ; in the convention which formed 
 the Constitution of the United States ; and 
 the State Convention which ratified it : but 
 
 Vol. it. 100 
 
 his dislike lo pulilic life l.\l him to dccliiU- 
 them all. After a long life murk.d b) 
 unconncon aniiablenrss, nnxlc^ly, upright- 
 ness, and piety, which endeared him to all 
 who knew liim, he died, July i»7th, 1''17. 
 
 tCj ' I.. 
 
 West, Benjamin, a celebrated painter, 
 was born in Chester county, in the .stale of 
 Pennsyhania, in 1738. Ilis parents were 
 (Quakers, but indulged him in bis propensity 
 to the fine arts, and even the society, at a 
 general meeting, allowed him to practise 
 j)ortrait painting as a profession. After ex- 
 ercising his pencil in different parts of Ame- 
 rica, he went to Italy in 17()(», and from 
 thence came to England in 17G3. Here he 
 was persuaded to settle, and soon met with 
 encouragement to confirm him in tiiat reso- 
 lution. One of his earliest friends was Dr. 
 Drummond, archbishop of York, who intro- 
 duced him to the late king, and he enjoyed 
 the patronage of that excellent nionarch 
 above forty years. On the death of Sir Jo- 
 shua Jteynolds in 1791, Mr. Wcit waselect- 
 ed president of the royal academy, which 
 chair he enjoyed, with the except ion of a 
 short interval, till his death, M.'xrch lU, 
 1820. He was interred in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral.- W. B. 
 
 \\ R3T, Elizabeth, a native of Edinburgh, 
 who became known for her eccentricities 
 and mystical opinions. She wrote an ac- 
 count of her life, and died at Saline, 1735, 
 aged G3. 
 
 Westfiei.d, Thomas, a native of El}, 
 educated at Jesus college, Cambridge. He 
 obtained the livings of Mary-le-Bow, and 
 St. Bartholomew's, London, and was made 
 archbishop of St. Alban's and soon after 
 raised to the see of Bristol by the king, who 
 thus rewarded his soundness of judgment, 
 his learning, and his unblamable conversa- 
 tion. Though at first respected and belov- 
 ed in his diocess, he was exposed to the ri- 
 dicule and persecution of the republicans, 
 and at last ejected from his see. He died 
 25th June, 1644. His sermons were pub 
 lished after his death in 2 vols. He was 
 so eloquent and so pathetic a preacher, that 
 he was called the weeping prophet. 
 
 Weston, Richard, a native of Leicester, 
 who though occupied in the business of a 
 thread hosier, paid particular attention (o 
 horticulture, ami contributed some valuable 
 and curious observations to the Gentleman's 
 Magazine on the subje<-t. He also pub- 
 lished various useful tracts on his favourite 
 pursuit, and died at Leicestei- 10th Nov. 
 1S06, aged 74. 
 
 Wetsteiv, John Rodolphus, a learned 
 native of Basil, who succeeded his father as 
 professor of Greek and of theology. He 
 published among other valuable works, Di- 
 alogue of Origcn against the Marcionites — • 
 Exhortation to Martyrdom, &.c. and died in 
 his native town 1711, aged 64. His brother 
 
 793 
 
^VET 
 
 WHA 
 
 ,1ohn Henry, ^vas well skilled in the learned 
 
 languages. 
 
 He settled in Holland, and ac- 
 
 quired great celebrity as a printer, and died 
 1726, aged 77. He was respected by the 
 great and the learned, and the prefaces 
 ■which he prefixed to the works which he 
 edited, proved that he was a man of abili- 
 ties and of deep erudition. 
 
 Wetstein, John James, of the same fa- 
 mily as the preceding, wa» born at Basil. 
 He travelled over Switzerland, France, 
 England, and Germany, to examine the va- 
 rious MSS. of the Greek Testament, and 
 on his return home he published his Prole- 
 gomena 1730. The work was no sooner 
 read than it created him a multitude of ene- 
 mies, who accused him befoi*e the council 
 of Basil as a Socinian, in consequence of 
 which he was stripped of his ecclesiastical 
 honours, and obliged to fly from his coun- 
 try. He was I'eceived with distinction at 
 Amsterdam, and placed in the professorial 
 chair of Le Clerc, in philosophy, an ap- 
 pointment which he held with great reputa- 
 tion, till his death 24th March^ 1754, in his 
 61st year. His edition of the New Testa- 
 ment with the various readings, and with 
 critical remarks, was published in 1751-2, 
 in 2 vols. fol. He published with that work 
 two epistles of Clemens Romanus in Syriac, 
 ivith a Latin version, of which he ably de- 
 fended the authenticity. In reward for 
 these useful labours he was honourably 
 elected member of the royal societies of 
 London and Berlin. 
 
 Whalley, Peter, a native of Northamp- 
 tonshire, educated at Merchant Tailors' 
 and at St. John's college, Oxford, of which 
 he became fellow. He was chosen in 1768 
 master of the grammar-school of Christ's 
 hospital, which he resigned in 1776, and was 
 soon after placed at the head of St. Olave 
 school in Southwark. He obtained some 
 preferment in the church, St. Sepulchre's 
 vicarage, Northampton, and afterwards St. 
 Margaret Pattens, and Horley, Sussex. He 
 died 1791. He wrote an Inquiry into the 
 Learning of Shakspeare, 8vo. — Vindication 
 of the Authenticity and Evidences of the 
 Gospels, Svo. — Ben Jonson's Works with 
 notes, 7 vols. Svo. — Verses prefixed to Her- 
 vcy's Meditations — sermons, &c. and he 
 was for some years engaged in making col- 
 lections for a histoiy of Northampton- 
 shire, which was never completed. 
 
 Wharton, George, a native of West- 
 moreland, whose property was i-uined in the 
 civil vv^ars, in consequence of his strong at- 
 tachment to the royal cause. During the 
 usurpation he maintained himself by writing 
 almanacs, tracts on astronomy, chronologi- 
 cal works, &c. His sufferings were re- 
 warded at the restoration, he was made a 
 baronet, and appointed treasurer of the ord- 
 nance. He died about 1681. 
 
 Wharton, Anne, daugliter of sir Henry 
 794 
 
 Lee, of Ditchley, Oxfordshire, inherited 
 conjointly with her sister lady Abingdon, 
 her father's estates. She became the wife 
 of Thomas, marquis of WTiarton, and dis- 
 tinguished herself by her learning and po- 
 etical works. Several of her poems have 
 appeared in Dodsley's and Nicholas's collec- 
 tions. She died about 1685. 
 
 Wharton, Henry, a learned divine, 
 born 9th Nov. 1664, at Worstead in Nor- 
 folk, where his father was vicar. He was 
 educated under the eye of his father, and 
 afterwards entered at Caius college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he took his degrees in art. 
 His abilities recommended him to the no- 
 tice of Dr. Cave, and of Sancroft, archbi- 
 shop of Canterbury, to whom he was ap- 
 pointed chaplain, and from whom he re- 
 ceived the vicarage of Minster, and the 
 rectory of Chartham in Kent. His applica- 
 tion to literary pursuits was so great that 
 his health at last sunk under it, and he died 
 at Canterbury, 5th March, 1695, aged 31, 
 universally lamented. His publications 
 were numerous and valuable, the best known 
 of which are, a treatise on the Celibacy of 
 the Clergy against the Church of Rome — 
 Defence of Pluralities, Svo. — Specimens of 
 Errors in Burnet's History of the Reforma- 
 tion — Historia de Episcopis et Decanis 
 Assavensibus, Svo. — Anglia Sacra, sive Col- 
 lectio Historiarum de Episcopis, &c. 2 vols, 
 fol. — History of Laud's Troubles, and 
 Trials — sermons, Svo. &c. 
 
 Wharton, Philip, duke of, an English 
 nobleman, remarkable for his great eccen- 
 tricities, born 1699. His early marriage 
 with a woman of inferior rank, though of 
 amiable and virtuous character, proved the 
 beginning of his misfortunes, and flying 
 from those domestic comforts which were 
 within his reach, he plunged into all the fol- 
 lies, the crimes, and the extravagance of a 
 licentious age. In his travels on the con- 
 tinent he paid his court at Avignon to the 
 chevalier de St. George, and was compli- 
 mented with the title of duke of Northum- 
 berland. His partiality for the fortunes of 
 the exiled Stuarts was, however, forgot- 
 ten ; on his return home, he became the 
 zealous supporter of the ministry, and for 
 his eloquent services in parliament he was 
 raised from the dignity of marquis to that 
 of duke. Unsteady in his politics he soon 
 changed sides, and distinguished himself 
 not only as the bold defender of the bishop 
 of Rochester, but as the publisher twice a 
 week of a violent periodical paper called the 
 True Briton. His extravagances had now 
 so injured his property, that his creditors 
 obtained possession of his income under a 
 decree of chancery, and therefore to avoid 
 that disgrace of sinking from a high station 
 into contempt and poverty, he retired to the 
 continent, and at the court of Spain openly- 
 espoused the causae of the pretender. After 
 
WIIR 
 
 um: 
 
 filling Madrid ami Rome with Iiis intrigues, 
 and deceiving by tl>c levity of his eonduct 
 both the Spanish court undtl>e chevalier of 
 St. George, he formed the plan of revisiting 
 his country, though he heard that an in- 
 dictment for high treason was issued against 
 him. He proceeded as far as Rouen, but 
 new difficulties arose, and his want of njo- 
 iiey obliged him iigain to return to Spain, 
 and he died soon after at Terragone, where 
 he had gone for tlie benefit of the waters, 
 May 1731. His remains were interred with 
 little ceremony by the charity of the Ber- 
 nardiiie monks, of a neighbouring convent. 
 On the death of his wife in 1726, he mar- 
 ried another, who, though the daughter of 
 an Irish colonel, was one of the maids of 
 honour to the queen of Spain. 
 
 Whateley, William, a native of Lan- 
 cashire, educated at Magdalen college, 
 Cambridge. He obtained a living in Che- 
 shire, and died 1613. He was an able advo- 
 cate in favour of the protestant religion 
 against the Roman catholics, and ho wrote, 
 among other things, an Exposition of the 
 Ten Commandments, &c. 
 
 Wheare, Degory, a native of Jacobstow 
 in Cornwall, educated at Broadgate hall, 
 Oxford. He became fellow of Exeter col- 
 lege, and afterwards travelled on the conti- 
 nent. He was patronised by lord Chandos, 
 and was appointed by Camden the first pro- 
 fessor in the lecture which he had founded, 
 and he obtained also the mastership of 
 Gloucester hall, which he held till his death 
 in 1647, in his 74th year. He was author 
 of a Dissertation de Rationo et Methodo 
 legendi Historias, 8vo. a useful work, trans- 
 lated into English by Edmund Bohun — 
 Parentatio Historica, &c. — Epistolarum 
 Eucharist. Fasciculus, &c. 
 
 Wheatley, Charles, a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at St. John's college, Oxford, 
 where he obtained a fellowship. He after- 
 wards became lecturer of St. Mildred in 
 the Poultry, and vicar of Brent and Fer- 
 neaux Pelham, Hertfordshire, where he 
 died 1742, aged 56. He wrote a Rational 
 Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer, 
 fol. republished'' in Svo. — Historical Vindi- 
 cation of the 85th Canon, &c. — Answer to 
 Hoadly on the Sacrament — Private Devo- 
 tions at the Sacrament — Sermons at lady 
 Moyle's Lectures, Svo. — Miscellaneous 
 Sermons published after his death, 3 vols. 
 Svo. 
 
 Wheatley, Phillis, a poetess, was a na- 
 tive of Africa, and brought to America in 
 1761 in her childhood. She acquired a 
 knowledge of the English language, and 
 also learnt something of the Latin. While 
 a slave in the family of Mr. John Wheatley, 
 Boston, she wrote a volume of poems, in- 
 dicating a very superior genius. She died 
 in 1784, aged 31. ICF L. 
 
 Wheeler, George, a native of Chari rra". 
 
 Kent, was born at Breda, where Uij; pa- 
 rents lived ia exile during the civil war*. 
 He entered at Liiiroln college, Oxfonl, but 
 before he took hii digrccn h*; began to tra- 
 vel, in company with Dr. James Spon of 
 Lyons, and visited Venire, Consl:intinopI«', 
 Asia Minor, the various countries of 
 Greece, Zante, &.c. The observations of 
 these two learned travellers were ingcnioua, 
 and as tiu-y minutely compared the rela- 
 tions of Pausanias, with the existing htalc 
 of the country, they were enabled to trace 
 with accuracy every striking feature of dif- 
 ference and of improvement. On his re- 
 turn to England \\ heeler presented to the 
 university of Oxford several valuable anti- 
 quities, and was in consequence compli- 
 mented with the degree of NI. A. Though 
 a knight he took orders and obtained the 
 living of Basingstoke, and besides the valu- 
 able rectory of Houghton le Spring, Dur- 
 ham, and a prebend in Durham cathedral. 
 In his private character he was an amiabh^ 
 and devout man. He was created D.D. 
 by diploma 1702, and died Feb. 18, 1724, 
 aged 74. Besides his journey into Greece, 
 in 6 vols. fol. 1682, he published an account 
 of the churches and places of assembly of 
 the primitive Christians, Svo. 1689 — and the 
 Protestant Monastery, or Christian (Econo- 
 
 mics, l2mo. 
 
 Wheelock, Eleazer, D.D. first presi- 
 dent of Dartmouth college, New-Hamp- 
 shire, was born about the year 1710, and 
 graduated at Yale college in 1733. He 
 studied theology, and was greatly distin- 
 guished for zeal and piety, and success ia 
 the ministry. He settled at Lebanon, Con- 
 necticut, and there instituted a school for 
 the instruction of Indian youth for mission- 
 aries in 1754, in which he was aided by be- 
 nefactions from many in the colonies, and 
 at length by contributions in England and 
 Scotland. In 1762 he had more than twenty 
 Indian youth under his care. In 1770, at 
 the invitation of New-Hampshire, ho re- 
 moved to Hanover in that state, and there 
 opened a college, of which he was appoint- 
 ed president, and which was called Dart- 
 mouth, in honour of the carl of that name, 
 who was at the head of the board of trus- 
 tees, to whose direction the money collect- 
 ed in Great Britain for the Indian school 
 was intrusted. He continued in his bene- 
 volent labours there till his death in 1779, 
 in his sixty-ninth year. ICP' L. 
 
 Wheelock, John, LL.D. president of 
 Dartmouth college, New-Hampshire, was 
 the second son of the former president, and 
 born at Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1754. Re- 
 moving with his father to Hanover, he was 
 educated there, and graduated with the first 
 class in 1771. The next year he was ap- 
 pointed a tutor in the college. ^Vhen the 
 revolution came on he was chosen a dele- 
 gate to thn N^ow->Hamf>sbire convention, an<l 
 
 •795 
 
WHI 
 
 WUI 
 
 in 1777 entered the armv, receiving' tii'st a 
 major's commission from the state of New- 
 York, and afterwards that of lieutenant 
 colonel in the continental service. In the 
 summer of 1778, he conducted a hazardous 
 expedition into the Indian country, and in 
 a manner highly creditable to himself. His 
 military reputation was increased by sub- 
 sequent events, until by request of general 
 Gates he entered his family, and continued 
 in that station until he left the service. 
 The charter of Dartmouth college having 
 conferred on the president the right of no- 
 minating his successor, he selected his son, 
 who assumed the office on the death of his 
 father in 1779. In 1782 he visited Europe 
 for the purpose of obtaining contributions 
 to the institution. He returned in 1784, 
 and for the space of thirty-six years conti- 
 nued at its head, labouring assiduously and 
 successfully to promote its usefulness. In 
 addition to the duties of president, he dis- 
 charged those of professor of civil and ec- 
 clesiastical history. Toward the close of 
 his life a disaffection to him arose which 
 led to his removal by the legislature in 1 81 5, 
 but a subsequent legislature and the public 
 at large vindicated him, and he was restored 
 to the office in February 1817. He died on 
 the 4th of April in that year. He possessed 
 fine talents, and extensive learning, and 
 excelled as a speaker. He was amiable, 
 an exemplary Christian, and distinguished 
 for his charities. ?CJ^ L. 
 
 Whelpley, Rev. Philip Melancthon, 
 was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, 
 Dec. 22, 1792. Conspicuous for early 
 exhibitions of talent, he entered the Chris- 
 tian ministry soon after he reached the 
 age of twenty-one. In a few months he 
 was called to the pastoral care of the first 
 presbyterian church in the city of New- 
 York, and was ordained April 25, 1815; 
 from which charge he was removed by 
 death, after nearly ten years devotion to 
 its interests. Besides some anonymous 
 pieces in the Christian Spectator, a perio- 
 dical work published in New-Haven, Con- 
 necticut, he published several sermons in 
 his lifetime ; among which, one commemo- 
 rative of the landing of the pilgrims upon 
 this continent, delivered before the New- 
 England Society in the city of New- York, 
 in 1822, and one delivered before the Uni- 
 ted Foreign Missionary Society in 1823, are 
 distinguished for their genuine eloquence, 
 and are models of their kind. A volume 
 of miscellaneous sermons from his pen h 
 about to perpetuate his memory. He died 
 .July 17, 1824. fCj^ L. 
 
 Whichcot, Benjamin, an English divine, 
 born 1609 at Stoke in Shropshire, He was 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his degrees in arts, and ob- 
 tained a fellowship. He afterwards ob- 
 tained the living of Ndrthcadburv, Somer- 
 
 setshire, from which he was withdrawn by 
 the parliamentary visiters to become pro- 
 vost of King's college, in the room of Dr. 
 Collins who was ejected. At the restora- 
 tion he was removed from the headship of 
 the college, and then settled in London, 
 where he became minister of St. Anne's, 
 Blackfriars, and afterwards of St. Law- 
 rence, Jewry. On a visit to Cambridge he 
 caught a violent cold, and died soon after, 
 May 1683, at the house of his friend Dr. 
 Cudworth, master of Christ college, and 
 he was buried in his church of St. Law- 
 rence, Jewry, wlierehis funeral sermon was 
 preached by Dr. Tillotson. His sermons 
 were published after his death, the first 
 volume by Shaftesbury, the author of the 
 Characteristics, three more by Dr. Jeffrey 
 of Norwich, and another volume by Dr. 
 Samuel Clarke, 1707. 
 
 Whipple, William, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was a delegate from New- Hampshire. In 
 1777 he was appointed a brigadier general 
 of the troops of that state. He was after- 
 wards a member of the executive council, 
 and from 1783 until his death a judge of the 
 supreme court. He died at Portsmouth 
 November 28th, 1785. fC?' L, 
 
 Whistox, William, a learned English di- 
 vine, born 9th Dec. 1667, at Norton near 
 Twycrosse, Leicestershire, where his father 
 was rector. He received his education un- 
 der his father, and afterwards was two 
 years at Tamworth school, and then enter- 
 ed at Clare-hall, Cambridge. In 1693 he 
 became fellow of his college, and soon af- 
 ter tutor, but the labours of this important 
 office were too great for his delicate consti- 
 tution, and he resigned his numerous pu- 
 pils to become chaplain to bishop Moore. 
 His New Theory of the Earth appeared in 
 1696, and excited general admiration, 
 though its principles were opposed by Dr. 
 Keill. In|l698 he was i)resented by his pa- 
 tron the bishop to the living of Lowestoft 
 in Suffolk, where he devoted himself assi- 
 duously to his parochial duties, till he was 
 invited in 1 700 to Cambridge, to become 
 deputy to sir Isaac Newton, whom he soon 
 after succeeded in the Lucasian professor- 
 ship of mathematics. About this time his 
 attachment to the principles of the church 
 of England began to waver, he pretended to 
 discover that the two first centuries of the 
 church were truly Eusebian and Arian, and 
 that afterwards doctrines less congenial to 
 the genuine spirit of Christianity had been 
 adopted. These opinions, which were 
 heard with astonishment by his friends, en- 
 gaged much of the public attention, but he 
 disregarded the opposition and censures of 
 his former associates, and wrote several 
 works in support ?of his sentiments, and in 
 vindication of his conduct. This drew upon 
 hiin the severe displeasure of the university. 
 
VVHI 
 
 IV HI 
 
 and in 1710 he was deprived of bis pro- 
 fessorship, and banished irom the precincts 
 of Cambridge. Regardless of the disgrace, 
 he retired to London, where he maintained 
 himself by giving lectures on philosophy, 
 astronomy, and divinity, and by writing on 
 his favourite topic of primitive Christianity. 
 The scanty pittance which he thus derived 
 was scarcely suflicient to supply him 
 with the necessaries of life, yet he was 
 cheerful and serene, and in the midst of 
 his distresses, he often found the hand of 
 those who revered him for his learning, his 
 integrity, and piety, extended to relieve his 
 wants. Though he had regularly frequent- 
 ed the church of England, he at last for- 
 sook it in 1747, when the officiating clergy- 
 man read, in allusion to him as he supposed, 
 the Athanasian creed, and he then repaired 
 to the Baptist meeting, till, as he observed, 
 he had an opportunity of setting up a more 
 primitive congregation himself. He died 
 after a week's illness, 22d Aug. 1752, aged 
 84, and was buried near his wife, by whom 
 he had several children, and who had died 
 18 months before him, at Lyndon, in Rut- 
 landshire. He was, as bishop Hare ob- 
 serves, a fair unblemished character, who 
 all his life had cultivated piety, virtue, and 
 good learning. Constant himself in the 
 private and public duties of religion, he 
 promoted virtue in others, and such learn- 
 ing as he thought would conduce most to 
 the honour of God by manifesting the 
 greatness and wisdom of his works. By 
 his useful works of philosophy and mathe- 
 matics, he endeavoured to display the glory 
 of the great Creator, and to his study of 
 nature he early joined the study of the 
 Scriptures. The best known of his works 
 are, besides his Theoryi— Astronomical 
 liCctures, 8vo. — translation of Josephus, 
 with eight valuable dissertations, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 ■ — Astronomical Principles of Religion — 
 History of the Old and New Testament, 6 
 vols. 8vo. — Vindication of the Testimony 
 of Phlegon — Memoirs of his own Life, 2 
 vols. 8vo. and several theological pieces in 
 defence or support of his favourite doc- 
 trines. 
 
 Whitaker, William, D.D. a native of 
 Holme, Lancashire, educated at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He became regius 
 professor in the university, and master of 
 St. John's college, Avhere he died 1595, 
 aged 47. Though he wrote some tracts 
 against popery, and in favour of the church 
 of England, he is supposed to have inclined 
 to the puritans. Bishop Hall said of him, 
 " never a man saw him without reverence, 
 or heard him without wonder." 
 
 Whitaker, John, a learned divine, was 
 born at Manchester in 1735. He was edu- 
 iiated at the free-school of his native town, 
 and next at Corpus Christi college, Oxford, 
 where he obtained a fellowship, and took 
 
 his degree of bachelor in divinity. In 1771 
 he acquired celebrity by his " History of 
 Manchester," which was followed by the 
 " Genuine History of the Britons assert- 
 ed," in answer to Macpherson. At this 
 time he was morning preacher at Berkeley 
 chapel, and lived on terms of intimacy with 
 Gibbon, who submitted to his correction 
 the manuscript of the first volume of his 
 history, except the offensive chapter on 
 Christianity. In 1778 Mr. Whitaker was 
 presented to the college living of Ruan La- 
 nyhorne in Cornwall, where he died Oct. 
 30, 1808. His other works are — 1. Ser- 
 mons on Death, Judgment, Heaven, and 
 Hell, 8vo, 2. A Vindication of Mary, 
 queen of Scots, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. The Course 
 of Hannibal over the Alps, 2 vols. 8vo. 4. 
 Criticisms on Gibbon's Decline and Fall of 
 the Roman Empire, 8vo. These were ori- 
 ginally printed in the English Review. 5. 
 The Origin of Arianism disclosed, 8vo. 
 6. The origin of Government, 8vo. 7, 
 The ancient Cathedral of Cornwall, 2 vols. 
 4to. 8. The Life of St. Neot. He also 
 wrote some poetical pieces. — IV. B. 
 
 W^HiTAKER, Edward W. an ingenious 
 divine, Avas the son of sergeant Whitaker. 
 He studied at Christ Church, Oxford, and 
 on entering into orders became curate of 
 St. John's, Clerkenwell, but afterwards ob- 
 tained the livings of St. Mildred and AH 
 Saints, Canterbury. Latterly he resided 
 at Egham in Surrey, where he kept a re- 
 spectable seminary for education. At the 
 close of his useful life he succeeded in es- 
 tablishing the Refuge for the Destitute. He 
 died in 1818, aged 68. His works are — 
 1. On the Prophecies relating to the Resto- 
 ration of the Jews, 8vo. 2. Dialogues on 
 the Trinity. 3. A letter to the Jews. 4. 
 Sermons on Education. 5. A general and 
 connected View of the Prophecies. 6. 
 Family Sermons, 3 vols. 7. Commentary 
 on the Revelation. 8. The Manual of Pro- 
 phecy. 9. An Abridgment of Universal 
 History, 2 vols. 4to. ^c.— W. B. 
 
 WiiiTBREAD, Samuel, a politician, was 
 the son of the eminent porter-brewer in 
 Chiswell-street, London, and born there in 
 1758. He was educated at Eton, and af- 
 terwards at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 where he took his bachelor's degree, and 
 then went on the continent, accompanied 
 by the present archdeacon Coxe. Soon 
 after his return, he married the daughter 
 of the late sir Charles, and sister to the 
 present earl Grey. In 1790 he was return- 
 ed to the House of Commons for Steyning, 
 where he instantly joined Mr. Fox, and 
 continued that attachment through life. In 
 subsequent parliaments he sat for Bedford : 
 and was distinguished as a vigorous assail- 
 ant of Mr. Pitt. He also conducted the 
 impeachment of lord Melville ; and, with 
 the exception of the short-lived adminisfrs- 
 
 797 
 
WHI 
 
 WHI 
 
 lion of the talents, was uniformly in oppo- 
 sition to the government. In a fit of insa- 
 nity, supposed to be occasioned by his con- 
 nexion with Drury-lane theatre, he destroy- 
 ed himself, July 6, 1815.— fF. B. 
 
 Whitbt, Daniel, D.D. a native of Rush- 
 den, Northamptonshire, educated at Trini- 
 ty college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow 1664. He was afterwards chaplain 
 to Seth Ward, bishop of Salisbury, and un- 
 der his patronage became chanter of the 
 cathedral, rector of St. Edmund's, Salis- 
 bury, and prebendary of Taunton, Regis. 
 He died 24th March, 1726, aged 88. In 
 his character he was easy, affable, devout, 
 pious, and charitable, little acquainted with 
 worldly affairs, and more attentive to the 
 business of religion, and to the pursuits of 
 learning. His publications are more than 
 40 in number, and display good sense and 
 learning. The best known of these are, 
 the Protestant Reconciler, 1682, which 
 gave great offence to the clergy, and was 
 publicly burnt by the university of Oxford 
 — five Points against Calvinism, 8vo. — Pa- 
 raphrase and Commentary on the New 
 Testament, 2 vols, folio, often re-edited. 
 
 White, John, a bishop in the reign of 
 Elizabeth, deposed for preaching a sedi- 
 tious sermon. He wrote some theological 
 works in Latin, and died 1559. 
 
 White, Richard, a miscellaneous wri- 
 ter. His works were in Latin, and chiefly 
 on subjects of English history. He died 
 atDouay, 1612. 
 
 White, Francis, bishop of Ely under 
 the first James, was author of some ser- 
 mons and controversial tracts against Fish- 
 er. He died 1637. 
 
 White, Thomas, lecturer of St. An- 
 drew's, Holburn, and St. Anne's, Alders- 
 gate-street, was author of the Art ^of Di- 
 Tine Revelation, a boolc of merit. After 
 the restoration he preached to the prison- 
 ers in Ludgate, and was kindly noticed by 
 bishop Sheldon. 
 
 White, Thomas, or Albius, a Roman ca- 
 tholic priest, principal of a college at Lis- 
 bon, and sub-principal at Douay. He was 
 an able scholar, and so warm an admirer of 
 Aristotle's philosophy, that he applied his 
 principles to explain some of the most mys- 
 terious parts of the Christian religion. 
 Some of his pieces have been inserted in 
 the Index Expurgatorius. He was intimate 
 with Hobbes, though in their opinions they 
 widely differed. He died 1676. 
 
 White, Thomas, a native of Bristol, 
 who studied at Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 and obtained the livings of St. Gregory, 
 and St. Dunstan in the W^est, London. He 
 afterwards became prebendary of St. Paul's, 
 canon of Windsor, and Christ church, and 
 treasurer of Salisbury. He was author of 
 some sermons, and founded an almshouse 
 in his native town, besides a lectureship at 
 7J)8 
 
 Oxford, and liberal donations to Sion col- 
 lege in London. He died 1623. 
 
 White, Jeremy, fellow of Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and chaplain to Cromwell, 
 is known for his humour and vivacity. He 
 showed particular attention to one of the 
 protector's daughters, and being once sur- 
 prised by the father on his knees before the 
 lady, he averted the indignation of Crom- 
 well by saying, that he was entreating her 
 interference with her maid, to whom he had 
 long paid his addresses without hopes of 
 success. Cromwell, who knew the artifice 
 of the lover, upbraided the maid for her 
 supposed unkindness, and immediately or- 
 dered a clergyman to perform the ceremony 
 of marriage between her and the astonished 
 chaplain. He wrote a book on the Resto- 
 ration of all Things, published after his 
 death, in which he maintained that all man- 
 kind are doomed to inherit salvation. He 
 died 1707, aged 78. 
 
 White, Robert, an engraver of emi- 
 nence, who was pupil to Loggan. His like- 
 nesses were strikingly correct and expres- 
 sive, and his attention to business was so 
 intense, that it is said he engraved more 
 portraits and other works than any other 
 artist. He died 1704. 
 
 White, Nathanael, pastor of the dis- 
 senting congregation at the Old Jewry, was 
 born in Pali-Mall, and educated under 
 Doddridge and Caleb Ashworth. He pub- 
 lished some funeral sermons, &c. and died 
 March 3d, 1783. 
 
 White, Joseph, a learned divine, was the 
 son of a weaver at Gloucester, and born 
 there in 1746. He was educated at the 
 school of Gloucester, and next at Wadham 
 college, Oxford, where he applied to the 
 study of oriental literature. In 1775, 
 being then master of arts, and fellow of his 
 college, he was appointed professor of Ara- 
 bic. In 1778 he published " Sacrorum 
 Evangeliorum Versio Syriaca, Philoxenian- 
 na, ex Cod. MSS. Ridleianis, in Bibl. Coll. 
 Nov. Oxon. cum Interpretationes et Anno- 
 tat." 2 vols. 4to. The same year he preach- 
 ed a sermon before the university, which 
 was printed with this title ; " A Revisal of 
 the English Translation of the Old Testa- 
 ment recommended." In 1779 he took the 
 degree of bachelor in divinity, and publish- 
 ed " A Letter to the Bishop of London, 
 suggesting a Plan for a new Edition of the 
 Septuagint." In 1780 he printed '* A Spe- 
 cimen of the civil and military Institutes of 
 Timour or Tamerlane," which was followed 
 by an English edition of the whole work by 
 Major Davy, with the notes of Mr. White. 
 In 1783 he preached the Bampton Lecture, 
 on a comparison between the characters of 
 Mahomet and Christ. These lectures were 
 published in 1784, with an additional ser- 
 mon on the duty of propagating Christianity 
 in India. For this work Lord Thurlow 
 
WHl 
 
 VVHI 
 
 gave the preacher a prebend in the catiie- 
 dral of Gloucester, on which he took his 
 doctor's degree. But in 1788 an attempt 
 was made to deprive him of the honour of 
 writing these discourses, and it appeared, 
 indeed, that he was hugely indebted to Mr. 
 Badcock in the composition of them. Upon 
 this Dr. White published " A Statement of 
 his literary Obligations to the Rev. Samuel 
 Badcock and the Rev. Dr. Parr." In 1790 
 he vacated his fellowship by marriage, and 
 was presented to the rectory of Melton in 
 Suffolk. In 1800 he published his " Dia- 
 tessaron," or a Harmony of the Gospels, in 
 Latin, which was followed the year after by 
 his ** ^gyptiaca ; or Observations on cer- 
 tain Antiquities of Egypt." His next pub- 
 lication was an edition of Griesbach's 
 *' New Testament in Greek," 2 vols. ; as a 
 sequel to which he printed a Synopsis of 
 the Criticisms of Griesbach. He died at 
 Oxford, May 22d, 1814.— fT. B. 
 
 White, Henry Kirke, an ingenious 
 youth, was the son of a butcher at Notting- 
 ham, and born there March 21st, 1785. 
 He received an ordinary education, and at 
 the age of fourteen was placed with a stock- 
 ing weaver, from which business he was 
 soon taken, and entered in an attorney's 
 office, where at his leisure hours he studied 
 Latin and Greek. He now wished to enjoy 
 the benefit of a university education, to fa- 
 cilitate which object he published a volume 
 of poems, but the sale did not answer his 
 expectations. At length he procured ad- 
 mission as sizar in St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, where incessant study threw him 
 into a consumption, of which he died Oct. 
 19th, 1806. His poems and other pieces 
 were published, with a biographical me- 
 moir, by Mr. Southey, under the title of 
 " The Remains of Henry Kirke White." — 
 W.B. 
 
 White, Peregrine, the first Englishman, 
 whose birth was in New-England, was 
 born at Plymouth in November, 1620, and 
 died at Marshfield, July 22d, 1704, in his 
 eighty-fourth year. [CT L. 
 
 White, Anthony Walton, a distinguish- 
 ed officer in the American revolutionary 
 w^ar, assumed the command of the cavalry 
 after the defeat at Monk's corner, in April, 
 1780. He died at Brunswick, Pennsyl- 
 vania, in 1803. tdj^ L. 
 
 Whitefield, George, one of the found- 
 ers of the sect of the Methodists,was born 
 at Gloucester, where his mother kept the 
 Bell inn, 1714. From the Crypt school of 
 his native town, he entered as servitor at 
 Pembroke college, Oxford, and was or- 
 dained at the proper age by Benson, bishop 
 of Gloucester. Enthusiasm and the love of 
 singularity now influenced his conduct, and 
 in his eagerness to obtain popularity, he 
 preached not only in prisons, but in the 
 open fields, and by strong persuasive elo* 
 
 quencc, he prevailed upon mulliluUes to 
 regard him as a man of superior sanctity. 
 In 1733 he went to America, to increase 
 the number of his converts; but after labour- 
 ing for some time as the friend and the asso- 
 ciate of the Wesleys, he at la.st was engaged 
 with them in a serious dispute, which pro- 
 duced a separation. While he zealously 
 asserted the doctrine of absolute election 
 and final perseverance, agreeable to the no- 
 tions of Calvin, his opponents regarded his 
 opinion as unsupported by Scripture, and 
 therefore inadmissible, and in consequence 
 of this arose the two sects of the Calvinistic 
 and the Arminian Methodists. Secure in 
 the good opinion of a great number of ad- 
 herents, and in the patronage of lady Hun- 
 tingdon, to %vhom he was chaplain, he con- 
 tinued his labours, and built two Taber- 
 nacles in the city and in Tottenham-court 
 road for the commodious reception of his 
 followers. He died while on a visit to his 
 churches in New-England, America, 1770, 
 and had the satisfaction to know that his 
 adherents were numerous on both conti- 
 nents. His sermons, letters, and contro- 
 versial tracts, have been published together 
 in 7 vols. 8vo. and an account of his life 
 has appeared by Gillies. 
 
 Whitfield, Henry, B. D. first minister 
 of Guilford, Connecticut, v/as the only son of 
 an opulent lawyer, and born in England in 
 1597. His father intending him for the 
 law, gave him an education at one of the 
 universities, and the inns of court, but the 
 son preferring the ministry entered into 
 orders, and obtained the rich living of 
 Oakly in Surrey. Here he entertained the 
 puritan divines in the Laudean persecution, 
 and in 1639, emigrating to America, he be- 
 came the founder of Guilford in connexion 
 with Mr. Leete, Samuel Desborough, and 
 John Hoadly. Leete was governor suc- 
 cessively of the colonies of New- Haven 
 and Connecticut, Desborough was related 
 to Cromwell, and returning to England^be- 
 came lord chancellor of Scotland. Hoad- 
 ly also returned to England, and was 
 chaplain to the castle of Edinburgh. Whit- 
 field returned in 1650, and died in the mi- 
 nistry at the city of Winchester. He was 
 a good scholar, a distinguished divine, and 
 an excellent preacher. He published an 
 account of the progess of the gospel among 
 the Indians in 1G51. iCj* L. 
 
 Whitehead, Paul, an English poet, born 
 in London, on St. Paul's day, from which 
 circumstance he derived his Christian 
 name. Though originally intended for bu- 
 siness, and apprenticed to a mercer, he de- 
 spised the drudgery of the counter, and 
 entered at the temple to study the law. 
 By imfortunately joining with Fleetwood 
 the player, in a bond of 3000/. he brought 
 misery upon himself, and languished for 
 some years in the Fleet prison. He after- 
 
 799 
 
VVHl WHf 
 
 wards maintained himself by iiis writings, nerosity of liis pupils. In the midst of 
 
 and at last, through the friendship of lord these pleasing assiduities of friendship, he 
 
 le Despenser, he obtained a patent place devoted much of his time to the muses, and 
 
 of 800/. for life. He published the State besides the occasional odes which loyalty, 
 
 Dunces — Manners Honour — Satires — and official duty claimed from his pen, he 
 
 the Gymnasiad, a mock-heroic poem, to wrote the School for Lovers, a comedy 
 ridicule the brutish business of boxing, ad- acted at Drury-lane^ 1762, and Charge to 
 dressed to Broughton, the then famous the Poets, a satirical poem. The Trip to 
 champion of the order. He wrote also an Scotland, a farce, appeared about 1771, and 
 Epistle to Dr. Thompson, besides some in 1775, the poet collected together, and 
 songs and epigrams. He died 30th Dec. published his poems. As he grew older, 
 1774, aged 64, and was buried with great Whitehead felt more sensibly a palpita- 
 pomp at Wycombe, by the directions of his tation of the heart, and a difficulty of 
 friend lord le Despenser. breathing, with which for nearly forty 
 Whitehead, William, an English poet, years, he had been occasionally afflicted, 
 born at the beginning of^ I71;j, at Cam- and these disorders at last proved fatal, 
 bridge, where his father was a baker. By He died suddenly, after a short confine- 
 the kindness of Mr. Bromley, afterwards ment, in consequence of a cold at his lodg- 
 lord Montfort, who generously exerted ings, Charles-street, Grosvenor square, 
 himself in favour of his family, he ob- 14th April, ) 785, and was buried by the di- 
 tained, at the age of fourteen, a nomina- rection of his friend general Stevens, in 
 tion to Winchester college, and he had South Audley-street chapel. Besides the 
 there the honour of obtaining a prize for above-mentioned pieces. Whitehead wrote 
 a poem which Pope set to the scholars of Variety — the Goat's beard — Venus attiring 
 the college whert he visited the school in the Graces, &c. and though be may not 
 company with his friend lord Peterborough, claim a distinguished seat among the first 
 Though very respectable in the school for bards of Britain, he must hold a respecta- 
 abilities and learning, he lost the election ble rank in the temple of fame, as an elc- 
 to New college for want of friends, and in gant poet and a nervous writer. As a pri- 
 consequence entered at Clare hall, Cam- vate man, his virtues were many, and de- 
 bridge, where, as the son of a baker, he servedly recommended him to the friend- 
 had a claim to a scholarship. In 1742 he ship and patronage of the great. An ac- 
 became fellow of the college, and soon af- count of his life has been published by his 
 ter engaged in the family of lord Jersey, as friend Mason. 
 
 tutor to his son, and to his friend, after- Whitehbad, John, a Methodist preacher, 
 
 wards general Stevens. The leisure which He was well educated, and with a mind 
 
 be enjoyed amidst the comforts and the in- panting after distinction, he quitted the 
 
 dependence of his situation, directed his trade of linen-draper at Bristol, and then 
 
 thoughts to dramatic composition, and he kept a school at Wandsworth, where he 
 
 produced his Roman Father and his Creu- was patronised by the Quakers, whose prin- 
 
 sa, which were received with great ap- ciples he had adopted, after abandoning 
 
 plause. In 1754 he accompanied his noble the society of the Methodists. He next 
 
 pupil and lord Nuneham on the continent, travelled on the continent, as tutor to one 
 
 and after visiting the German courts, he of his pupils, and at Leyden he applied 
 
 passed to Italy, and returned through himself to anatomy and physic, and took 
 
 Switzerland, Germany, and Holland to his medical degrees. On his return to Lon- 
 
 England 1756. The views of Rome, and don he became physician to the London 
 
 the monuments of her departed greatness, dispensary. He preached the funeral ser- 
 
 were not lost on the imagination of a man mon of John W^esley, and published an 
 
 of genius and of taste, and on his return account of his life, in 2 vols. 8vo. — but the 
 
 the poet presented to the public his elegy work gave great offence to the Methodists, 
 
 written at Hautvilliers — his ode^ on the and occasioned a quarrel. Dr. Whitehead 
 
 Campagna of Rome — and five eclogues. By died in London, 1804. 
 
 the interest of lady Jersey, he was appointed Whitehurst, John, an eminent wri- 
 
 secretary, and register to the order of the ter, born in 1713, at Congleton, Cheshire. 
 
 Bath, and two years after he succeededCib- He was brought up to the business of his 
 
 ber in the honourable office of poet laureat. father, a clock and watch maker, and after 
 
 Thus deservedly raised to comfortable in- visiting Dublin, to see a curious clock, set 
 
 dependence,he continued the friend and the up for himself at Derby. There he made 
 
 associate of the two noblemen over whose the clock for the Town-hall, and also the 
 
 education he had so usefully presided, and clock and the chimes for All Saints' church; 
 
 the many days which he passed, in honour- in 1775 he removed to London, where he 
 
 able hospitality, and in cheerful conversa- became stamper of the money weights, by 
 
 tion, at Nuneham, and Middleton parks, the patronage of the duke of Newcastle, 
 
 were proofs of the goodness of his heart, as Distinguished by his great mechanical 
 
 much as of the virtues, and the grateful ge- knowledge, his house was the resort of the 
 
 son 
 
WHI 
 
 Win 
 
 iagcuious, and the scientific, and in reward 
 for his valuable inquiries into the original 
 state and formation of the earth, which he 
 improved in 1787, in 1 vol. 4to. he was in 
 1779 elected member of the Roya! Society. 
 He published besides, an attempt towards 
 obtaining invariable measures of length, ca- 
 pacity, and weight, from the mensuration 
 of time, and contributed to the philosophi- 
 cal transactions three valuable papers, on 
 thermometrical observations, at Derby, on a 
 machine for raising water, and on an ex- 
 periment on ignited substances. He pre- 
 pared also a treatise on Chimneys, Ventila- 
 tion, Slc. which appeared after his death, 
 by Dr. William. This ingenious and amia- 
 ble man, died at his house in Bolt-court, 
 Fleet-street, 17SS, aged 75. 
 
 Whitelock, Sir James, an able lawyer, 
 born in London, and educated at Merchant 
 Tailors', and St. John's college, Oxford, 
 from which he removed in 1594, to the 
 Middle Temple. He was chosen member 
 for Woodstock, in 1620, and soon after 
 made chief justice of Chester, and knighted. 
 He was afterwards raised to the olHce of 
 judge of the common pleas, and at last be- 
 came chief justice of the king's bench, and 
 died 1632, aged 62. He wrote Lectures or 
 Readings in the Middle Temple hall — 
 Speeches in Parliament, &c. He was well 
 acquainted with Hebi-ew, and Greek, and 
 so fluent a Latin speaker, that at the as- 
 sizes at Oxford, he explained from the 
 bench, to some dignified foreigners who 
 "ivere present, the charge which he had deli- 
 vered to the jury, in good and elegantLatin. 
 
 W^HiTELOCK, Bulstrode, son of the 
 above, was born 6th Aug. 1605, in Fleet- 
 street, London. He was educated at Mer- 
 chant Tailors', and at St. John's, Oxford, 
 which he left without a degree, to enter at 
 the Middle Temple. Under the direction 
 of his father, he acquired great knowledge 
 of the law, and in the long parliament he 
 was elected member for Marlovv. Though 
 he was one of the most active managers in 
 the accusation against Strafford, he honour- 
 ably declined to engage in the prosecution 
 of Laud, from whom he had, when at Ox- 
 ford, received many marks of kindness and 
 hospitality. His influence was such in par- 
 liament, that he was one of the commis- 
 sioners appointed to treat about peace with 
 the king, and he also sat as a lay member 
 in the Westminster assembly of divines. 
 He afterwards gained the confidence of 
 Cromwell, by informing him secretly of the 
 intentions of lord Essex, to criminate him, 
 but though one of the commissioners of the 
 great seal, he refused to be concerned in the 
 trial of the unfortunate Charles, and retired 
 into the country. In 1648, he was elected 
 high steward of Oxford, and he deserved the 
 thanks of the university for the interfe- 
 Vence of his authority to preserve their 
 
 Vol. II, ' 101 
 
 librar), and to protect their imuiunities 
 In 1653 he went ambassador to Sweden, 
 and on his return, the next year, became 
 commissioner of the Exchequer, and in 
 1656, he was chosen speaker of the com- 
 mons, and the following year called up to 
 the other house as one of Cromwell's lords. 
 In 1659 he was appointed president of the 
 council of state, and keeper of the great 
 seal, but on the approach of the restora- 
 tion he withdrew to the country, and led 
 the rest of his life in retirement at Chilton, 
 Wiltshire, where he died 28th Jan. 1676. 
 He wrote memorials of the English affairs, 
 or account of what passed during the reigu 
 of Charles I. till the restoration, &c. pub- 
 lished 1682, and again edited 1732— Me- 
 morials of the English affairs, from the 
 time of Brutus, to the end of the first 
 James's reign, published fol. 1709. — Mo- 
 narchy asserted to be the best, most an- 
 cient, and legal form of government, 8vo. 
 — Speeches in Rushworth's collection, &c. 
 Though a confidential friend of Cromwell, 
 he is deservedly commended by lord 
 Clarendon, for his eminent parts, great 
 learning, and the openness of his character. 
 Whitgift, John, a learned prelate, born 
 1530, at Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, from 
 a family anciently settled at Whitgift in 
 Yorkshire. He was educated at St. Antho- 
 ny's school, London, and there he miracu- 
 lously escaped the plague, and in 1548 he 
 entered at Queen's college, Cambridge, 
 from which he soon after removed to Pem- 
 broke hall. In 1555 he was chosen fellow 
 of Peter-house, and when in orders he ob- 
 tained from bishop Coxe, to whom he was 
 chaplain, the rectory of Feversham in Cam- 
 bridgeshire. He was in 1563 appointed 
 Margaret professor of divinity, and two 
 years after made chaplain to the queen. In 
 1567 he was made master of Pembroke- 
 hall, and three months after placed at the 
 head of Trinity college, and made regius 
 professor of divinity. He was in 1573 made 
 dean of Lincoln, and in 1576, raised to the 
 see of Worcester, by Elizabeth, who highly 
 esteemed him, and in 1533, he was transla- 
 ted on the death of Grindal to Canterbury. 
 In this elevated situation he acted with, 
 great vigour against the puritans and pa- 
 pists, but though ridiculed by his enemies, 
 he maintained his dignity and the modera- 
 tion of his conduct, so that he is deservedly 
 called by Fuller the worthiest man that 
 ever the English hierarchy did enjoy. He 
 died 29th Feb. 1604, at Croyden, where he 
 had founded an hospital, and w as buried in 
 the parish church there, where a monument 
 is erected to his memory. In his thesis for 
 his doctor's degree, he maintained that the 
 pope was antichrist. He wTote an answer 
 to an admonition to the parliament 1572, 
 which produced a long controversy between 
 him and the puritans. 
 
 SOI 
 
WIC 
 
 WIC 
 
 Whittingham, William, a native of 
 Chester, educated at Brazen-nose col- 
 lege, Oxford. He was afterwards fellow of 
 All-Souls, and then student of Christ 
 church, but he quitted England during 
 Mary's bloody reign. Under Elizabeth he 
 was made dean of Durham, though he 
 entertained scruples against the litur- 
 gy and the church ceremonies established 
 by parliament. He gave great offence to 
 the Durham clergy by violating the stone 
 coflSns, and removing some of the ancient 
 ornaments of his cathedral. He translated 
 the Geneva Bible into English, and also 
 turned into metre some of the psalms of 
 David, which appear in the old versions 
 with the initials of his name. He died 1579. 
 
 Whittington, Robert, a native of Lich- 
 field, who obtained a degree at Oxford by 
 petitioning the congregation of regents, and 
 declaring that he had spent 14 years in the 
 study of rhetoric, and 12 years in teaching 
 boys. He edited Lily's grammar, and pub- 
 lished some school books of great utility. 
 He was in his character an ill-natured rest- 
 less man, of whom it might be said that his 
 hand was against every man, and every 
 man's hand against him. He died about 
 15G0. 
 
 Whittington, sir Richard, a mercer and 
 citizen of London in the times of Richard 
 IL and his two successors^ He was a man 
 of great influence, and very rich, and among 
 other charitable labours he founded an 
 alms-house for 13 poor men, he built New- 
 gate, the best part of Bartholomew's hospi- 
 tal, the library in Gray-friars, now called 
 Christ's hospital, and part of Guildhall, with 
 a chapel and library for the preservation of 
 city records. He was sheriff for the city 
 1393, and was knighted, and afterwards 
 served the office of lord mayor three times, 
 the last time in 1419. The various stories 
 which are reported of him are calculated 
 for the amusement of children, but have no 
 foundation in truth. 
 
 WicKAM, William. Vid. Wykeham. 
 
 WiCKLiFFE, John de, a celebrated doc- 
 tor, professor of divinity at Oxford, and de- 
 .5ervedly considered as the forerunner of 
 Luther in the reformation. He was born 
 at Wickliffe in Yorkshire, about 1324, and 
 educated at Queen's college, and afterwards 
 at Merton, and in 1361 raised to the mas- 
 tership of Baliol college. In 1365 he was 
 made, by the scholars, head of Canterbury 
 hall, just founded at Oxford by archbishop 
 Islip, but his elevation was opposed by the 
 monks, and Langbam the next primate, and 
 the pope, to whom the dispute was referred, 
 displaced him, and his secular associates. 
 Thus disgraced by violence he retired to his 
 living at Lutterworth in Leicestershire, me- 
 ditating revenge against the authors of his 
 imjust privation. In the works of Marsi- 
 Vuvs of Padua, and other bold writers» he 
 802 
 
 found ample room to indulge his opposition^ 
 and well aware of the popularity of attack- 
 ing a foreign power, which overawed the 
 throne, and submitted the industry and the 
 revenues of the kingdom to its own avari<^ 
 cious views, he loudly inveighed against the 
 errors and the enci'oachments of the Ro- 
 mish church. His writings alarmed the 
 clergy, and a council was assembled at Lam- 
 beth, by archbishop Sudbury, 1377, and 
 Wickliffe summoned to give an account of 
 his doctrines. He appeared before it, ac- 
 companied by the duke of Lancaster, then 
 in power, and he made so able a defence, 
 that he was dismissed without condemna- 
 tion. His acquittal, however, displeased 
 the pope, Gregory XL who directed his 
 emissaries to seize the offending heretic, or 
 if he were protected by the great and pow- 
 erful of the kingdom, to cite him to Rome, 
 to answer in person before the sovereign 
 pontiff. In consequence of this a second 
 council assembled at Lambeth, and the 19 
 propositions which the pope had declared 
 heretical, were so ably vindicated by the 
 eloquence of the undaunted reformer, that 
 his judges, afraid of offending the nobles, or 
 of exciting a commotion among the people, 
 who loudly supported the cause of their 
 champion, permitted him to depart in safe- 
 ty, and enjoined him silence in matters of 
 religion and of controversy. Undismayed 
 by the power of his enemies, Wickliffe con- 
 tinued to preach his doctrines, which were 
 now more universally spread, and a third 
 council, therefore, assembled under Court- 
 nay the primate, 1382, and 24 propositions 
 of the reformer were condemned as hereti- 
 cal, and 14 as erroneous. The severity of 
 the church was, at the suggestion of the 
 pope, and the concurrence of the weak 
 Richard II. directed with effect against the 
 supporters of the ncAV heresy ; but whilst 
 some of his followers suffered punishment 
 for their adherence to his principles, Wick- 
 liffe unhappily died at Lutterworth, 1384, 
 at a time when nothing was wanting to 
 emancipate the English nation from the 
 tyranny of Rome, but the boldness, perse- 
 verance, and eloquence of a popular leader. 
 Of the several works which he wrote, his 
 Trialogus is almost the only one which has 
 been printed. The noble struggle which 
 Wickliffe had made against the gigantic 
 power of Rome was almost forgotten after 
 his death, till Martin Luther arose to follow 
 his steps, and to establish his doctrines on 
 a foundation which will last till Christianity 
 is no more. The memory of Wickliffe was 
 branded with ignominy by the impotent pa- 
 pists, and by the order of the council of 
 Constance, whose cruelties towards John of 
 Huss, and Jerome of Prague are so well 
 known, the illustrious reformer was de- 
 clared to have died an obstinate heretic, 
 and his bones were therefore dug up fron? 
 
WiCi 
 
 WIl. 
 
 holy ground, and contomptuously thrown 
 on a dunghiil. The English translation of 
 the New Testament, by the pen of VV'ick- 
 litt'e, wii^ published in folio by Lewis, and 
 his life has been written among others by 
 Gilpin. 
 
 WicQUEFORT, Abraham, a native of Am- 
 sterdam, who early settled in France, where 
 he acquired great political knowledge. He 
 became known to the elector of Branden- 
 burg, who appointed him, in 1626, his am- 
 bassador at the court of France, where he 
 continued his honourable services for 32 
 years. The jealousy of Mazarine at last 
 produced his disgrace, and, upon an accu- 
 sation of sending private intelligence of the 
 state secrets of France to the Dutch go- 
 vernment, he was sent to the bastile, and 
 after some months confinement, was con- 
 ducted out of the kingdom. From Calais 
 he passed over to England, and afterwards 
 to Holland, where he was honourably re- 
 ceived by De Witt, and appointed histori- 
 ographer to the states. He was accused, 
 in 1675, of holding secret correspondence 
 with the enemies of the state, and in conse- 
 quence of this he was condemned to perpe- 
 tual imprisonment ; but four years after he 
 escaped, by the assistance of one of his 
 daughters, who, at the peril of her life, ex- 
 changed clothes with him. He retired to 
 Zell, which he quitted in disgust in 1681, 
 because the duke refused to interest him- 
 self in procuring the reversion of his sen- 
 tence at the Hague, and he died tho next 
 year. He wrote the Histoi-y of the United 
 Provinces from their establishment to the 
 peace of Munster, fol. — the Ambassador 
 and his Functions, 2 vols. 4to. — Memoirs 
 on Ambassadors and public Ministers, &c. 
 
 WiDA, Herman de, a German divine, 
 who joined his labours with those of Lu- 
 ther, Melancthon, and Bucer in effecting 
 the reformation. He was made archbishop 
 of Cologne in 1515 ; but was obliged to re- 
 sign 1547, and died 1552. His opinions of 
 church government were the nearest, of all 
 the German reformers, to the doctrines of 
 the church of England. 
 
 WiGGLESWORTH, Edmund, D.D. first 
 Hollis professor of divinity in Harvard col- 
 lege, was a native of Maiden, Massachu- 
 setts, and graduated at Harvard in 1710. 
 He soon became conspicuous in the minis- 
 try by his talents, learning, and piety ; and 
 on the institution of the Hollis professor- 
 ship of theology in 1721, was elected to fill 
 it. He continued in that station with the 
 highest reputation for more than forty 
 years. He was distinguished for force and 
 comprehension of mind, keenness in rea- 
 soning, and delicacy of fancy ; erudition, 
 candour, and modesty. He was chosen rec- 
 tor of Yale college, but declined on account 
 of deafness, with which he was afflicted. 
 
 He died January 19th, 176.», in his sevcnt} 
 third year. jU^ L. 
 
 VViGciLESwoRTii, Edwiird, D.D. son of 
 the first Hollis profc'ssor in Harvard col- 
 lege, was graduated at that institution in 
 1749. He succeeded his father in the pro- 
 fessorship in 1705, and retained it till 1791, 
 when he resigned on account of ill health. 
 He was also conspicuous for his learning, 
 and was one of the original members of the 
 American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 
 He died in 1794. iCr L. 
 
 WiELAND, Christopher Martin, a Ger- 
 man poet, was born at Biberach, in 1733. 
 After residing some years in Switzerland, 
 he returned to his native place, where he 
 became director of the chancery. The elec- 
 tor of Mentz appointed him professor of 
 philosophy and belles-lettres at Erfurt ; and 
 the duke of Saxe- Weimar made him aulic 
 counsellor. In 1803, Buonaparte sent him 
 the cross of the legion of honour. He 
 died at Weimar, in 1813. His works make 
 42 vols. 4to. One of his poems, entitled 
 " Oberon," has been translated by Mr. 
 Sotheby.— 1^. B. 
 
 Wild, Henry, a tailor, born at Noi*wicb. 
 Though well educated, the poverty of his 
 parents obliged him to seek for mainte- 
 nance in a tailor's shop, and after working 
 there 14 years, he at laat emerged from ob- 
 scurity, and by astonishing application not 
 only regained his classical knowledge, but 
 formed an intimate acquaintance with the 
 Hebrew, and other oriental languages. He 
 was by accident noticed by Dr. Prideaux, 
 who liberally patronised him, and obtained 
 for him permission of admittance into the 
 Bodleian library at Oxford. At the univer- 
 sity he maintained himself by teaching the 
 oriental languages to private pupils, and in 
 1720 he removed to London, where he was 
 admitted to the patronage and friendship of 
 Dr. Mead. He died about 1733, respected 
 as a sober, modest, diffident, and inofTen- 
 sive man. After his death appeared his 
 translation of Mahomet's Journey to Hea- 
 ven, from the Arabic. 
 
 Wild, Robert, D.D. author of the trage- 
 dy of Christopher Love — Iter Boreale, a 
 poem on the imprisonment of Calamy in 
 Newgate — other poems, sermons, &c. was 
 rector of Aynho, Northamptonshire, from 
 which he was ejected at the restoration for 
 nonconformity. He died at Oundle, 1697. 
 
 WiLDBORE, Charles, an eminent mathe- 
 matician, who obtained the living of Brough- 
 ton Sulney, Nottinghamshire, where he 
 died 1803. His knowledge of mathematics, 
 and of the classics, was extensive, and all 
 acquired by his own industry, and without 
 the assistance of others. In 1759 he began 
 his ingenious contributions to the Gentle- 
 man's Diary, and became the editor of it in 
 1780. He also contributed to the Ladies' 
 
 S03 
 
VfU. WIL 
 
 JDiaiy, and to Martin's Miscellaneous Cor- his constituents persisted in their choice, and 
 
 respondence, and he engaged, in 1773, in a after he had been thus arbitrarily expelled 
 
 controversy in Button's Miscellanea Ma- the house three times, Mr. Luttrel his an- 
 
 tbematica, and also with Dawson of Sed- tagonist,who had but few votes, was declared 
 
 bryk, about the velocity with which water the successful candidate. In 1769 he was 
 
 issues from a vessel in motion. elected alderman of Farringdon Without, 
 
 Wilde, William, an English lawyer of and the same year he obtained a verdict 
 
 eminence. He was recorder of London, against Lord Halifax, the secretary of state, 
 
 created a baronet 1660, made king's ser- for seizing his papers, with 4000/. damages, 
 
 geant, and one of the judges of the Common In 1771 he served the office of sheriff, and 
 
 Pleas, and four years after, 1672, promoted in 1774 was elected lord mayor, and was 
 
 to the King's Bench. He published Yel- permitted quietly to take his seat in the 
 
 \erton's Reports, and died Nov. 23d, 1679. House of Commons for Middlesex. In 1779 
 
 WiLDMAN, John , an able writer in the he obtained the lucrative office of chamber- 
 service of Oliver Cromwell. He was major lain to the city of London, and then gave 
 in the army, and like the fanatics of the himself up to the duties of his appointment 
 
 > 
 
 day, he spent much time in hypocritical regardless of the political struggles in which 
 prayers, and all the assumed sanctity of re- he had so long been engaged. In his retire- 
 ligion. He was imprisoned by Cromwell ; ment at his seat in the isle of Wight, he de- 
 but when his execution was expected, he voted much of his time to literary pursuits, 
 was set at liberty, and afterwards served and convivial society. He died 26th Dec. 
 the usurper with great zeal, and by his 1797, aged 70, and was buried in a vault in 
 pen, as well as his negotiations, contributed Grosvenor chapel, South Audley-street. Be- 
 much to the popularity of his government, sides the works already mentioned, he pub- 
 
 WiLKES, Thomas, an Augustine monk, lished sevei^al political pamphlets and 
 
 of Osney abbey, near Oxford, author of an speeches, occasioned by the occurrences of 
 
 History of England from William I. to the the times, and he also gave to the world 
 
 end of the first Edward's reign. He wrote splendid editions of Theophrastus and of 
 
 also some Latin tracts, &c. Catullus, and prepared an elegant transla- 
 
 WiLKEs, John, alderman and chamber- tionof Anacreon. Though for a number of 
 
 lain of London, was burn 28th of Oct. 1727, years the idol of the people, and the cham- 
 
 in St. John's-street, Clerkenwell, tho son of pion of opposition, Wilkes sunk into ob- 
 
 a distiller. He received his education at scurity in the latter part of life ; and he, 
 
 Hertford school, and under a private tutor, who once compared himself to Brutus, and 
 
 and then went to Leyden, and on his return sought for public favour, and for popularity 
 
 to England, he married, about 1750, Miss in opposing the measures of government. 
 
 Mead, of the Meads of Buckinghamshire, and in abusing the monarchy, was at last 
 
 In 1754 he stood an unsuccessful candidate seen a bending courtier at the levees at St. 
 
 for Berwick, but three years after was elect- James's, and the associate of those political 
 
 cd for Aylesbury. He first drew upon dependents with whom to have familiarly 
 
 himself the severity of the government in conversed some years before he would 
 
 1763 by the publication of the 45th number have considered as the highest of disgrace, 
 
 of the North Briton, and in consequence of In his private character he was licentious j 
 
 this offisnsive paper he was sent to the Tow- his conversation was easy and full of wit, 
 
 er. Though the warrant by which he had his manners were pleasing and elegant, 
 
 been arrested was declared illegal, he was though his physiognomy was in the highest 
 
 dismissed from the office of colonel of the degree forbidding ; and his memory was so 
 
 Buckinghamshire militia, and his opposition strongly retentive, that his company was a 
 
 to government marked him as a dangerous perpetual treat of facetiousness and of 
 
 innovator, and as an object of persecution, amusement to the chosen few whom he se- 
 
 The republication of the North Briton was lected for his intimate friends. He was a 
 
 followed by his Essay on W^oman, an indeli- man of great personal courage ; he fought 
 
 cate and licentious performance, for which several duels in support of his political cha- 
 
 he was properly arraigned in the court of racter ; and the firmness with which he 
 
 King's Bench, and upon conviction expelled exerted himself during the dreadful riots of 
 
 from the house of Commons and outlawed. 1780, was so conspicuous, so spirited, and 
 
 He afterwards obtained a verdict against so salutary to the bank and to the city, that 
 
 Mr. Wood, the under secretary of state, with he received for his extraordinary services, 
 
 lOOOL damages, and soon after retired from the thanks of the privy council, 
 
 his persecutors to Paris. On his return to Wilkie, William, D.D. a native of West 
 
 England in 1768, he sent a letter of submis- Lothian, educated at Edinburgh. He be- 
 
 sion to the king, and at the general election came professor of natural philosophy at St. 
 
 offered himself a candidate for London, but Andrews, where he died 1772. He was 
 
 though unsuccessful, he was soon after eho- distinguished not only as an able divine, but 
 
 sen for Middlesex. His election was de- as an ingenious poet, author of the Epigo- 
 
 f-Tared void by the house of Commons : but niad, and some fables, §to-. 
 '*'^4 ^,, . 
 
vvir- 
 
 WIL 
 
 WiLKiNS, John, an ingenious prelate, 
 aon of a citizen ol" Oxford, was born 1614 
 at Fawlsey, near Daventry, Northampton- 
 ehire, at the house of his mother's father, 
 Mr. l)od, a well-lino wn dissenter. He was 
 educated at a private school in Oxford, and 
 then entered in 1627 at New Inn hall, from 
 which he soon removed to Magdalen hall, 
 where he took his degrees. He became 
 chaplain to lord Say, and then to Charles, 
 count palatine ol the Rhine, and on the 
 breaking out ol the civil wars, he joined the 
 parliament, and took the solemn league and 
 covenant. He was next appointed warden 
 of Wadham college, and one of the reform- 
 ers of the university, and in 1656 he mar- 
 ried Robina, the w.dow of Peter French, 
 canon of Christ-church, sister to Oliver 
 Cromwell, and by means of this alliance he 
 obtained a dispensation to keep the headship 
 of his college against the statutes which re- 
 quired celibacy. In 1659 he was made 
 master of Trinity college, Cambridge, by 
 Richard Cromwell,but he was ejected at the 
 restoration, and then became preacher to the 
 Gray's inn society, and rector of St. Law- 
 rence, Jewry, London. He was afterward 
 member of the Royal Society, and one of 
 their most active council, and he next was 
 made dean of Rippon,and in 1668 promoted, 
 by the interest of Villiers, to the see of 
 Chester. He did not long enjoy his prefer- 
 ment, but died of the stone,19th Nov. 1672, 
 at the house of Dr.Tiliotson, his son-in-law, 
 in Chancery-lane, T^ondon. He was bu- 
 ried in the chancel of St. Lawrence, Jewry, 
 and his funeral sermon was preached by 
 Dr. Lloyd, dean of Bangor. Though much 
 abused by party for his connexion with the 
 family of the usurper, he was a man of 
 great abilities, an able theologian, an acute 
 mathematician, and an active promoter of 
 experimental philosophy. To his intimacy 
 with Cromwell, Oxford was indebted, if not 
 for many favours, at least for that deliver- 
 ance from pillage and violence which the 
 puritans at that time exercised against 
 every place eminent for learning or loyalty. 
 The writings of Dr. Wilkins are curious, 
 learned, and interesting. In 1638 he pub- 
 lished the Discovery of a New World, or a 
 Discourse to prove that the Moon is Habi- 
 table, with a Discourse on the Possibility 
 of a Passage to it. His Discourse concern- 
 ing a New Planet, to prove that our 
 Earth is a New Planet, appeared in 1640 
 — his Mercury 1641 — Mathematical Magic, 
 or the Wonders that may be performed by 
 Mechanical Geometry, 1648 — all which 
 were republished in 1708 in 8vo. He wrote 
 besides, Ecclesiastes, or Discourse on the 
 Gift of Preaching — Discourses on the Gift 
 of Prayer — sermons — of the Principles and 
 Duties of Natural Religion, &c. 
 
 Wilkins, David, D.D. F.A.S. keeper of 
 the archbishop's liWary at Lambeth, was 
 
 rewarded by Wake the primate, for tlic cu^ 
 rious catalogue which he made of all the 
 books and MSS. of that valuable collection 
 1718, with several benefices, a prebend in 
 Canterbury church, and the archdeaconry 
 of Suftblk. He published the New Testa- 
 ment in Coptic — the Saxon Laws, &c. — 
 an edition of Seldon's works, 3 vols. fol. — 
 Pentateuch Coptic, &c. and died 6th Aug. 
 1740, aged 62. 
 
 Wilkinson, Henry, of the assembly of 
 Westminster divines, rector of St.Dunstan's 
 in the East, canon of Christ church, and 
 Margaret professor of divinity at Oxford, 
 was ejected from his ecclesiastical honours 
 at the restoration for nonconformity, and 
 died 1675. He was author of some ser- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 Wilkinson, Henry, a native of York- 
 shire, educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, 
 of which he became principal. During the 
 civil wars he espoused the popular cause, 
 and was appointed professor of moral philo- 
 sophy, from which he was ejected at the 
 restoration. He published some English 
 sermons, the doctrine of contentment, &c. 
 several Latin tracts, &c. His Praelectiones 
 Morales, remain in MSS. in the library of 
 his college. He died at Great Connard 
 near Sudbury, Suffolk, 13th May, 1690, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Wilkinson, Jemima, a religious impos- 
 tor, was born in Cumberland, Rhode Island, 
 about the year 1753. She was educated a 
 quaker, was zealous, shrewd, and bold, and 
 her fanaticism-imposing person, and artful 
 manner, gave her some distinction among 
 the sect. Recovering suddenly from an ap- 
 parent suspension of life, which she expe- 
 rienced during a fit of sickness, about the 
 year 1 773, she gave out that she had been 
 raised from the dead, and claimed to be in- 
 vested with divine attributes and authority 
 to instruct mankhid in religion. She made 
 a few proselytes with whom she removed 
 to New- York, and settled on the tract called 
 Jerusalem,near Crooked Lake, where she re- 
 sided till her death in 1819. She professed 
 to be able to work miracles, and offered to 
 demonstrate it by walking on the neigh- 
 bouring lake. Accordingly her followers 
 and many others assembled at a time ap- 
 pointed to witness the prodigy; after recon- 
 noitering the beach for some time, she de- 
 manded of her disciples if they truly be- 
 lieved her to possess the extraordinary 
 power she pretended, to which they zeal- 
 ously replied in the affirmative. She an- 
 swered that the object of the miracle 
 was to convince them of her miraculous 
 power, and as they were already satisfied of 
 that, the miracle would be superffuous, she 
 therefore declined performing it. 
 
 rC?' L. 
 
 WiLLAN, Robert, a physician, was born 
 in 1757 at Hill, near Sedburgb, in York^ 
 
 805 
 
WIL 
 
 VVIL 
 
 shire. His father was a physician and a 
 quaker,in which profession the son was also 
 educated, though some years afterwards he 
 quitted the society. He graduated at Edin- 
 burgh in 1780, and the year following set- 
 tled at Darlington, where he published a 
 tract entitled "Observations on the Sulphur 
 Water at Croft." Soon after this he removed 
 to London, and became phjsician to the 
 dispensary in Carey-street. In 1791 he 
 was admitted a member of the Society of 
 Antiquaries. He died of a dropsy at Ma- 
 deira, in 1812. His other works are — 1. 
 The Life of Christ harmonized from the 
 Gospels, 8vo. 2. Reports on the Diseases 
 of London, 12mo. 3. A Treatise on cuta- 
 neous Diseases, 4to. 4. Another on Vac- 
 cination, 4to. ; and papers in the Medical 
 Journal. — W. B. 
 
 WiLLARD, Samuel, minister in Boston, 
 Massachusetts, and vice president of Har- 
 vard college, was a native of Massachu- 
 setts, and educated at Harvard, where he 
 was graduated in 1659. He settled in 
 the ministry at Groton, but was driven 
 with his people from that place by the 
 Indians in 1676. He settled in the Old 
 South church, Boston, in 1678, and became 
 the most distinguished among his cotempo- 
 raries in the ministry. He possessed a 
 powerful mind, rapid and clear in its per- 
 ceptions, glowing in its imagery, and pro- 
 found and demonstrative in argument. He 
 was an erudite scholar, and an eloquent 
 writer and speaker. During the persecu- 
 tion f6r witchcraft, he displayed his good 
 sense by vigorously opposing the infatua- 
 tion of the people. In 1701 he was called 
 to the superintendence of Harvard college 
 as vice president, and discharged the duties 
 of the station till his death in 1707. His 
 publications, which were numerous, were 
 chiefly sermons. The most important was 
 a folio volume of divinity published in 1726, 
 and the first of that size issued from an 
 American press. ICJ^ L. 
 
 WiLLARD, Josiah, secretary of Massachu- 
 setts, and son of the preceding, was born in 
 Boston, and graduated at Harvard in 1698. 
 After spending some time as a tutor in that 
 seminary, and in travelling in Europe, he 
 was in 1717 appointed secretary of the co- 
 lony, and held the office 39 years till his 
 death. He was also judge of probate, and 
 a member of the council. He was singu- 
 larly conspicuous for his piety and amiable- 
 ness. He died in 1756, in his seventy-sixth 
 year. IQ^ L. 
 
 WiLLARD, JosephjD.D. LL. D. president 
 of Harvard college, was born at Biddeford, 
 Massachusetts, December 29th, 1738, and 
 was educated at Harvard, where he recei- 
 ved the degree of bachelor of arts in 1765. 
 He was the next year chosen a tutor of that 
 seminary,and held the office till 1772, when 
 he was ordained colleague pastor of the 
 fi06 
 
 first church in Beverley, where he continueu 
 highly popular till his election in 1781 to 
 the office of president of Harvard college. 
 He remained in that station till his deaths 
 in September, 1804. He was distinguished 
 for his acquaintance with science and lite- 
 rature, and discharged the duties of his sta- 
 tion in the college with great ability and 
 dignity. ICF' L. 
 
 WiLLEMET, Remi Peter Frances, a phy- 
 sician, born at Nancy, 2d April, 1762. He 
 studied medicine under his father, and then 
 went to the East Indies, and became first 
 physician to Tippoo Saib, and died at Se- 
 ringapatam 1790. He wrote some Latin 
 dissertations on physiology, &c. and his 
 Herbarium Mauritianum, was published at 
 Leipsic in 1796, 8vo. 
 
 William I. king of England, surnamed 
 the Conqueror, was natural son of Robert 
 I. duke of Normandy, by Arlotta, daughter 
 of a furrier of Falaise, where he was bom 
 1024. He was put in possession of the 
 dukedom of Normandy by his father,and on 
 the death of Edward the Confessor, king of 
 England, he laid claim to the sovereignty of 
 that kingdom, to which he pretended to be 
 entitled under the will of the late mo- 
 narch. He landed on the English shores 
 Sept.1066, and burning his fleet, encouraged 
 his soldiers by pointing to the land and ex- 
 claiming, behold your country ! He was 
 quickly met by Harold, whom the people 
 had fixed on the throne, but the battle of 
 Hastings soon decided the fate of the king- 
 dom, and the fall of Harold and of his two 
 brothers with 50,000 English, left him mas- 
 ter of the country. William advanced to 
 London, where he was crowned on Christ- 
 mas day, 1066, and deservedly obtained the 
 surname of Conqueror ; but while he ex- 
 pected submission and peace, he found in- 
 surrection and hostility on all sides. By di- 
 viding the lands of the nobility among his 
 followers, he created himself thousands of 
 enemies, and the people whom he oppressed 
 by the severity ofhis laws, answered the ri- 
 gour of his government by discontent and re- 
 bellion. To silence their clamours and pre- 
 vent their seditious meetings, he ordered a 
 bell or Curfew to be rung every evening at 
 eight o'clock, to warn the people to put out 
 their light,and this severe regulation,though 
 common on the continent, was regard- 
 ed by the English as the height of wanton 
 tyranny. As if determined to change the 
 manners of his subjects, he ordered that 
 all pleadings should be made in his courts 
 in the French language, but though this was 
 observed as far as the reign of the third 
 Edward, the national idiom prevailed, and 
 the English, though conquered, still retain- 
 ed their language, their manners, and their 
 prejudices. Notwithstanding these arbi- 
 trary steps, William showed himself atten- 
 tive to the interests and prosperity of his 
 
jjeople, and an accurate survey -was made the Dutch forces against Lewis XIV. and 
 by his order of all the lands and property he carried to the war a soul ambitious of 
 of the kingdom, and registered in Dooms- glory, the most determined courage, and a 
 day book, which is still preserved. Vari- phlegmatic indifierence to pleasure and to 
 ous castles were also raised in convenient luxury, which exhibited him unshaken in 
 places, the Tower of London was finished, adversity, and heroic in the midst of his 
 1078, and at last security and protection greatest successes. Though brave and vi- 
 were ensured to the subject, by the firmness gilant, he was defeated in 1674 at Sencf, 
 of the government, and the prompt admini- by the prince of Condc, and in 1G77 he was 
 stration of the laws. Instead of a con- obliged to raise the siege of Charleroi, but 
 queror, William at last was regarded as the the peace of Nimeguen the next year put an 
 friend of his people, and he crossed over to end to the quarrels of the continent. The 
 the continent with an army of English, to unpopular measures of his father-in-law 
 reduce to obedience his revolted dukedom James II. of England, excited in 1688 his 
 of Normandy. The king of France had highest ambition, and yielding to the wishes 
 excited the sons of the English prince to of the British nation, he landed with a 
 disobedience, and William hastened to pun- small force at Brixam, 4th Nov. the same 
 ish his insidious designs, as well as the se- year, and after a few skirmishes, soon dis- 
 vere jests with which he had ridiculed his possessed the monarch of his throne. Thus 
 great corpulency. His expedition proved in conjunction with his wife Mary, he was 
 fatal to himself, he fell from his horse in acknowledged king of England, and was 
 leaping a ditch near Mantes, and died in crowned lltb April, 1689, but though hail- 
 consequence of it, a few days after, at ed as a deliverer and a friend by the Eng- 
 Rouen, lOth September, 1087, aged 63. lish, Ireland still remained attached to the 
 He was buried in the church which he had fortunes of the fugitive James. William 
 built at Caen. W^illiam as a monarch was with his usual activity crossed to Ireland, 
 a respectable character, and if he had en- and there met with his father-in-kiw, who 
 deavoured with greater assiduity to concili- had landed fx*om France, supported by a 
 ate the affections of the people whom he French force. The battle of the Boyne 
 had conquered, he might have been a great proved- fatal to the affairs of James, who 
 prince, and in more firmly securing his own retired in dismay to France, and left his 
 tranquillity in the government, contributed rival in peaceful possession of the throne, 
 most essentially to the happiness and pros- The war which had raged in Ireland was 
 parity of England. By Matilda, daughter removed to the continent, and by his pow- 
 of the count of Flanders, he left three sons, erful alliances William determined to pun- 
 Robert duke of Normandy, and William ish the duplicity of the French king, who 
 and Henry, who both succeeded to the had excited distrust and rebellion in his 
 English crown. kingdom. Though checked at Steinkeique 
 
 William II. king of England, surnamed and Nerwinde, William headed the allied 
 Rufus from the colour of his hair, succeed- forces to victory, Namur was taken, and 
 ed his father William in the absence of his greater conquests were promised to the 
 elder brother, and was crowned 27th Sept. ^English nation when the peace of Ryswick 
 1087. Though he made the fairest pro- was signed, and the right of William to the 
 mises for the protection of the clergy, and British throne was acknowledged by Lewis, 
 for the happiness of the people, he became Always active, and jealously hostile against 
 a capricious persecutor of the one, and a the power of France, William was making 
 cruel oppressor of the other. He banished new preparations to curb the ambition of 
 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, who his rival, and to arm the powers of the con- 
 reprehended him for his conduct, and he tinent in favour of his plans, when death 
 obtained the dukedom of Normandy through stopped his career. He fell from his horse 
 the imprudence of his brother. He also while riding near Hampton-court, and 
 invaded Whales, and conquered the Scotch, broke his collar bone, and though the acci- 
 and used the power which success in war dent in a more robust constitution might 
 and negotiations ensured in gratifying his have been deemed trivial, it proved fatal in 
 avarice and in oppressing his people. He William, and a slow fever carried him off, 
 was shot accidentally as he was hunting in 16th March, 1702, in his 53d year. Wil- 
 the New Forest in Hampshire, by a dart Ham left behind him the character of a 
 from the hand of Walter Tyrrell, one of great politician, though he had never been 
 his courtiers, and he died a few hours after, popular, and of a formidable general, 
 2d August, 1100, aged 44. though he was seldom victorious. In his 
 
 W^iLLiAM III. of Nassau, prince of manners he was cold and reserved, sullen 
 
 Orange, and king of England, was born at and phlegmatic, and showed little anima- 
 
 the Hague, 14th Nov. 1650, of William tion, except in the moment of battle. He 
 
 prince of Orange, and Henrietta Maria, despised flattery, yet was ambitious of 
 
 daughter of Charles I. He was elected power. Greater as the general of Holland, 
 
 ^tadtholder in 1672, and named general of than as the king of England, he was to the 
 
 807 
 
 X~S 5 
 
Wit 
 
 WiL 
 
 oi\e a father, and to the other a suspieious 
 friend. Disgusted with the jealous politics 
 of England, he at one time resolved to aban- 
 don the government, when obliged by the 
 parliament to dismiss his Dutch guards, 
 and while he regarded the leaders of oppo- 
 sition as factious demagogues, he did not 
 hesitate to ensure the success of his mea- 
 sures by the mean and dangerous engines 
 of bribery and of corruption. While in 
 his retirement in Holland, far from the ca- 
 bals of English politics, he devoted himself 
 to increase the enemies of Louis XIV. he 
 did not scruple to render the power and the 
 resources of England subservient to the 
 ambitious schemes of the Stadtholder of 
 Holland, and in guiding the interested plans 
 of a league against France, he laid the foun- 
 dation of that system of continental alli- 
 ances which, if it has yielded to the king- 
 dom barren glory, has entailed upon it po- 
 verty, discontent, and wretchedness. 
 
 William, son of Florent IV. count of 
 Holland, and Matilda of Brabant, was 
 crowned king of the Romans, after the 
 death of Henry of Thuringia, 1247. Though 
 opposed by powerful factions, he showed 
 himself active and vigilant, and at last was 
 assassinated by some peasants, whilst in a 
 marsh, from which his horse was unable to 
 extricate him, 1255. 
 
 William, St. son of count of Thierry, 
 and duke of Aquitaine, after distinguishing 
 himself by his valour against the Saracens, 
 in the service of Charlemagne, bade adieu 
 to the world, and retired to a monastery. 
 He died there, 28th May, 812. 
 
 William Longsword, son and successor 
 of RoUo, first duke of Normandy, was an 
 able and active general. He defeated the 
 Bretons, and increased his dominions, by 
 the addition of Avranches and Cotentin.^ 
 He was basely murdered in 942, at Pe- 
 quiny-sur-Somme, where he had been in^ 
 vited to hold a conference by a neighbour- 
 ing chief. 
 
 William de Nangius, a monkish histo- 
 rian of St. Denys. He was author of two 
 Chronicles, one from the Creation to his 
 own time, 1301, continued by two monks 
 of his abbey to 1368, and the other of the 
 kings of France, &c. 
 
 Williams, Charles Hanbury, second son 
 of I. Hanbury, a south-sea director, was 
 member for Monmouth, in several parlia- 
 ments, and 1744 was installed knight of the 
 bath, and two years sent as minister to 
 the Prussian court. He was afterwards 
 ambassador to Russia, and died, 2d Nov. 
 1759. He was author of some poems re- 
 markable for their ease and vivacity, ra- 
 ther than for their moral tendency or ele- 
 gance of composition. They have appear- 
 ed in Dodsley's collection, and other peri- 
 <!)clical works. 
 
 Williams, John, an eminent prelate, 
 808 
 
 born 25th March, 1582, at Aher-conway, 
 Caernarvonshire. From Ruthin school, he 
 removed, at the age of 16, to St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, of which he became 
 fellow. His application to literature was 
 unusually great, and as he required only 
 three hours of sleep in the 24, to recruit his 
 constitution, his improvement in divinity, 
 in philosophy, and in every branch of litera- 
 ture was rapid, and lasting. He obtained in 
 1611, the rectory of Grafton Regis, in 
 Northamptonshire, and the next year that 
 of Grafton Underwood, in the same coun- 
 ty, to which were soon after added pre- 
 bends in Lincoln, Hereford, St. David's, 
 and Peterborough cathedrals. On the death 
 of Egerton, the chancellor, to whom he was 
 chaplain, he obtained as a legacy, all his 
 MS. papers, and thus derived important in- 
 formation, which afterwards guided his 
 conduct in parliament, and in chancery. 
 His abilities recommended him to the king, 
 who made him his chaplain, and in 1619, 
 gave him the deanery of Salisbury, and the 
 next year that of Westminster. On the 
 removal of Bacon, from the office of chan- 
 cellor in 1621, Williams was intrusted with 
 the seals, and a few days after appointed 
 bishop of Lincoln. He attended the king 
 in his last illness, and preached his funeral 
 sermon, in which he compared him for 
 wisdom and intelligence to Solomon. The 
 influence of Buckingham, however, proved 
 too great for him, and he was not only re- 
 moved from the seals, but accused in the 
 star-chamber, and by the contrivance of 
 Laud fined 10,000/. and stripped of all his 
 ecclesiastical dignities, and imprisoned in 
 the tower. After a confinement of nearly 
 four years, he was set at liberty, by the in- 
 terference of the house of lords, and was 
 reconciled to the king. In the impeach- 
 men of Strafford, he, according to Cla- 
 rendon, asserted the impropriety of the bi- 
 shops voting in a case of blood, and after- 
 wards when consulted by the king, he ad- 
 vised him to sacrifice that unfortunate no- 
 bleman to the fury of his enemies, if per- 
 haps he thus might produce a reconciliation 
 between himself and the people. In 1641, 
 he was raised to the see of York, and ably 
 opposed the bill for depriving the bishops of 
 their seats in the house of lords. When, 
 however, he protested with the other pre- 
 lates on the irregularity of the peers pro- 
 ceeding in the public business, whilst the 
 bishops were absent, in consequence of 
 the threats of the mob, he was sent to the 
 Tower as guilty of high treason. During 
 the civil war, he yielded to the storm, and 
 retired to his native town, where he forti- 
 fied, and for some time ably defended Con- 
 way castle. The death of the king over- 
 whelmed him with sorrow, and he felt the 
 blow with such poignancy of giief, that he 
 constantly rose every night, at midnight- 
 
VVIL 
 
 >V1L 
 
 JGLud passed a quarter of an hour in deep 
 and solemn prayer. He died soon after, 
 ii5th March, 1G50, and was buried in IJun- 
 dogay church, where a monument was 
 erected to his memory by his nephew, sir 
 Griffith Williams. He was author of some 
 sermons — of the Holy Table, &.c. — against 
 Laud's Innovations, a book commended by 
 lord Clarendon. Though accused by some 
 of pride and ambition, archbishop Williams 
 possessed great virtues, he was charitable 
 and humane, the friend of learning and of 
 merit, and in his conduct hospitable and 
 courteous. His life has been written by 
 Hacket his chaplain. 
 
 Williams, Anna, a lady of literaiy cha- 
 racter, daughter of a surgeon in Wales. 
 Her father, with more warmth than pru- 
 dence, persuaded himself that he had dis- 
 covered the longitude by magnetism, and 
 with this idea, full of golden dreams, he 
 hastened to London in 1730, but saw all his 
 hopes vanish in disappointment, and in the 
 midst of his distress he was fortunate 
 enough to obtain the place of a pensioner 
 in the Charter-house. His daughter, who 
 accompanied him, contributed all'the powers 
 of her mind to support his indigence, but 
 in 1740 she was afflicted with a cataract, 
 which totally deprived her of sight. In 
 this distressful situation, she still engaged 
 herself in the exercise of her needle for 
 the maintenance of her indigent father, who 
 had quitted the Charter-house, and in 1746 
 she added a little to her scanty income by 
 publishing the life of the emperor Julian, 
 from the French of la Bleterie. The dis- 
 tresses of the father, and the virtuous in- 
 dustry of the daughter, soon after became 
 known to Dr. Johnson and his wife, and 
 commiseration at last ended in the closest 
 intimacy. Miss Williams was admitted 
 into the house of the great moralist, and 
 after the death of his wife, whose bed of 
 sickness she soothed with all the kind offi- 
 ces of friendship, she still continued under 
 the protection of her excellent host. An 
 operation was performed upon her eyes, by 
 Mr. Sharp, but it proved unsuccessful ; yet 
 in the midst of her sufferings, she found 
 comfort, not only in the treatment of Dr. 
 Johnson, but in the kindness of Garrick, 
 who in 1755 granted her a benefit, which 
 produced for her the clear sum of 200Z. 
 The latter part of her life was rendered 
 still more comfortable by the publication of 
 her Miscellanies in prose and verse, 17G5, 
 which added more than 100/. to her little 
 fortune, and thus tended to spread cheer- 
 fulness and independence around the infir- 
 mities of declining age and of melancholy 
 blindness. She died 6th Sept. 1783, aged 
 77, in the house of her friend Dr. Johnson, 
 in Bolt-court, Fleet-street, and left her lit- 
 tle property for the charitable education of 
 poor deserted girls. 
 
 Vol. 1L "^ 102 
 
 War.iAiH-., John, an able divine, boriiiii 
 Northampton-ihire. He entered at Mag- 
 dalen-hall, Oxford, 1651, where he took his 
 degrees, and afterwards obtained the rec- 
 tory of St. Mildred in the Poultry, and 
 Kugmerc prebend in St. Paul's cathedral. 
 After the revolution he became chaplain to 
 the king, prebendary of Canterbury, and in 
 1G96 he was raised to the see of Chichester. 
 He was author of several controversial 
 tracts against the papists and dissenters — 
 and of the Characters of Divine Revelation, 
 in sermons preached at Boyle's Lectures. 
 He died 1709. 
 
 Williams, Daniel, a native of Wrexham 
 in Denbighshire. When in orders he set- 
 tled in Ireland as chaplain to lady Meath, 
 and was for 20 years an active minister in 
 Dublin ; but on the breaking out of the 
 troubles in 1687 he came to London, and 
 succeeded Mr. Baxter at the merchant's 
 lecture. Pinner's hall. He was created 
 D.D. in 1709, by the universities of Glas- 
 gow and Edinburgh, and died 26th Jan. 
 1716, aged 72. His Practical Discourses 
 appeared in 2 vols. 1738, with his life pre- 
 fixed. He founded a library in Redcross- 
 street for the use of dissenting ministers. 
 
 Williams, Francis, was sent over by 
 Mason and Gorges in 1634, as governor of 
 the settlement which had been commenced 
 by them in New-Hampshire, and resided 
 at Portsmouth. He was a gentleman of 
 good sense and discretion, and so very ac- 
 ceptable to the people, that when they com- 
 bined in a body politic, they continued him 
 at their head by annual suffrage, and he 
 was continued in the magistracy when the 
 government was assumed by Massachusetts, 
 in 1641. |i3^ L. 
 
 Williams, Roger, one of the principal 
 founders of Rhode Island, was born in 
 W'ales in 1599, and educated at Oxford. 
 He preached some time as a minister of 
 the established church, but at length dis- 
 sented, and came to New-England in 1631, 
 to enjoy religious liberty. He preached at 
 Salem and Plymouth until 1636, when he 
 was banished from the colony on account 
 of some religious opinions which were 
 deemed dangerous to the community. 
 Some of them were indeed sufficiently ri- 
 diculous, and fraught with an injurious ten- 
 dency, but his views of religious freedom 
 were essentially just, and entitle him ta 
 everlasting commendation. In January, 
 1636, he, with several others, removed to 
 Rhode Island, and laid the foundation of 
 Providence. He purchased the lands of 
 the Indians, with whom he always lived in 
 peace. He soon collected a company of 
 settlers, and they instituted a society, the 
 first in the modern world to their immortal 
 honour, in which perfect liberty of con- 
 science was enjoyed. In 1643 he went to 
 England and procurevl a charter, confirinino' 
 
 809 
 
WII. 
 
 WiL 
 
 the plan of government the colony had 
 formed. In 1654 he was chosen president 
 of the colony, and held the office till 1657. 
 He conducted the affairs of the colony with 
 ability and exemplary uprightness. He 
 possessed a mind of unusual vigour, and of 
 great boldness and eccentricity ; his learn- 
 ing was respectable, and he exhibited him- 
 self in his religious controversy with the 
 ministers and magistrates of Massachu- 
 setts, an able disputant. He continned to 
 preaeh occasionally after his removal to 
 Rhode Island. He died in April, 1683, in 
 his 85th year. iCj^ L. 
 
 Williams, John, first minister of Deer- 
 field, Massachusetts, was born in Roxbury, 
 December 10th, 1664, and graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1683. He was ordain- 
 ed in 1686, minister of Deerfield, then a 
 frontier town, and exposed to the Indians. 
 On the night of the 20th of February, 1704, 
 about 300 Frenchmen and Indians attacked 
 the town, and captured Mr. Williams and 
 his family, with many others, and putting 
 two of his children and a servant to death, 
 retreated with the others towards Canada* 
 On the second day, his wife becoming ex- 
 hausted with fatigue, was murdered, and 
 about twenty others who were unable to 
 endure the journey. At length, after tra- 
 versing a wilderness of 300 miles, they ar- 
 rived in Canada. There attempts were 
 made to convert him to the Roman Catho- 
 lic faith, and threats of death employed for 
 the purpose, but he resisted their solicita- 
 tions, and in 1706 was redeemed with 57 
 others, and returned. One of his daugh- 
 ters, who had become a catholic, and mar- 
 ried an Indian, he left behind him. He 
 settled again at Deerfield, and continued 
 there till his death in 1729. He published 
 in 1707, a history of his captivity. 
 
 U-L. 
 
 Williams, Elisha, president of Yale 
 college, was born at Hatfield, Massachu- 
 setts, and graduated at Harvard college in 
 1711. He settled in the ministry at New- 
 ington, in Wethersfield, Connecticut, where 
 he remained till chosen president of Yale 
 college in 1726. He retained that station, 
 discharging its duties with great ability and 
 dignity till 1739, when ill health induced 
 liim to resign. He returned to Wethers- 
 field and became a justice of the superior 
 court, acted as chaplain in the expedition 
 against Cape Breton, and the next year 
 was appointed colonel in the expedition 
 against Canada. He afterwards visited 
 England as an agent of the colony, and be- 
 came acquainted with Dr. Doddiidge, who 
 represents him as possessing " solid learn- 
 ing, consummate pr-udence, great candour, 
 and sweetness of temper, an ardent sense 
 of religion, and a certain nobleness of soul, 
 capable of contriving and acting the great- 
 est things without seeming to be conscious 
 SIQ 
 
 of having done them." He was a man of 
 those great and various talents, which en- 
 abled him to excel in whatever he attempt- 
 ed. He died at Wethersfield in 1750. 
 
 Williams, Ephraim, founder of Wil- 
 liams college, Massachusetts, was a native 
 of Newtown in that state. He possessed 
 fine talents for a military officer, and in the 
 French war from 1740 to 1748, command- 
 ed the line of forts on the west side of Con- 
 necticut river. In 1755 he received the 
 command of a regiment, and joined general 
 Johnson at the north of Albany. He was 
 sent out on the morning of the 8th of Sep- 
 tember, at the head of 1200 men to skir- 
 mish with the enemy, and falling into an 
 ambuscade, was killed. His party retreat- 
 ed to the main body, and in another battle 
 during the day, repulsed the enemy. He 
 was brave, facetious, polite, and popular. 
 He gave his property for the establishment 
 of a free-school in the town now called 
 Williamstown, on condition it should bear 
 that name. A school was opened in 1791, 
 and in 1793, it was incorporated a college. 
 
 ttlTL. 
 
 Williams, Otho Holland, brigadier ge- 
 neral in the army of the American revolu- 
 tion, was born in the county of Prince 
 George, Maryland, in 1748. He was bred 
 in the clerk's office in that county, and for 
 a short time before the commencement of 
 the war of the revolution, had the chief 
 direction of that office in Baltimore. On 
 the opening of that contest he was appoint- 
 ed a lieutenant in captain Price's company 
 of riflemen, and joined the army at Boston. 
 In 1776 he was appointed major of the rifle 
 regiment, and was with it in the garrison 
 of fort Washington when it was surrender- 
 ed to the British. After the surrender of 
 Burgoyne's army, he was exchanged, and 
 was appointed to the colonelcy of the sixth 
 Maryland regiment. He marched to South 
 Carolina, and on the arrival of general 
 Gates, became adjutant general, and fought 
 in the disastrous battle of the 16th of Au- 
 gust. During the important campaign 
 whieh followed, he had command of the 
 light corps, and acted a most conspicuous 
 part, and rendered the most important ser- 
 vices in covering the retreat of the army, and 
 harassing the enemy. He fought with in- 
 trepidity in the battles of Guilford, Hobkirk's 
 Hill, and the Eutaws. Before the disband- 
 ment of the army, he was advanced to the 
 rank of brigadier general. After the war 
 he was appointed collector of Baltimore. 
 He died in July, 1794, in the 45th year of 
 his age. He was greatly respected for his 
 courage and skill in the field, his patriotism, 
 and the refinement of his manners. 
 
 [cr L. 
 
 Williams, William, one of the signers 
 of the declaration of American jndepend- 
 
WiL 
 
 WiL 
 
 eiice, Avas a delegate from Connecticut. 
 He was graduated at Harvard college in 
 1751. In 1773 he nas a member of the 
 committee of correspondence of Connecti- 
 cut, and in 1775, speaker of the house of 
 representatives. He was several years in 
 congress, and afterwards a member of the 
 state council. In 1302 he declined a re- 
 election, and in an address to the people, 
 admonished them to appoint for his succes- 
 Hor '* one who fears God, is a friend to the 
 constitution, and to the administration of 
 the venerable Washington." He died at 
 Lebanon, August 2d, 1811, aged 80. 
 
 ICJ* L. 
 Williams, Samuel, LL.D. professor in 
 Harvard college, was born at VValtham, 
 Massachusetts, and graduated at Harvard 
 college in 1761. He was ordained minis- 
 ter of Bradford, November 20th, 1765, 
 where he continued until his appointment 
 as professor of mathematics and natural 
 philosophy. After holding that office from 
 1780 to 1788, he resigned, and removed to 
 Rutland, Vermont, where he resided during 
 the remainder of his life. For some time 
 he was the editor and proprietor of the 
 "Rutland Herald," published at that place. 
 He was a fellow of the American Academy, 
 of the American Philosophical Society, and 
 of the Meteorological Society of Manches- 
 ter, and published several astronomical and 
 other papers in the scientific journals. His 
 principal work was the Natural and Civil 
 History of Vermont, originally published in 
 1 vol. 8vo. 1794, and afterwards continued 
 and published in 2 vols. It was esteemed 
 the best historical work which had appear- 
 ed in the country at the time of its publi- 
 cation, and received high encomiums from 
 some of the philosophers of Europe. He 
 died January, 1817. ilZT' L. 
 
 Williams, David, a literary character, 
 was born in Cardiganshire in 1738. He 
 became a dissenting minister, first at Frome 
 in Somersetshire, next at Exeter, and af- 
 terwards at Highgate. But in 1776, he 
 opened a chapel near Cavendish-square, on 
 the avowed principle of deism. In a short 
 time, however, this temple of infidelity was 
 deserted ; and the preacher had recourse 
 to private teaching and literary specula- 
 tions. One of these was a splendid edition 
 of Hume's History ; but in consequence of 
 the part taken by him in the French revolu- 
 tion, he was dismissed from this concern. 
 Mr. Williams will be longest remembered 
 as the founder of the "Literary Fund." 
 He was himself supported by that excellent 
 institution at the close of life, which ter- 
 minated June 29, 1816. He published Lec- 
 tures on Education, 3 vols. — Lectures on 
 Political Principles — a History of Mon- 
 mouthshire, 2 vols. 4to. — and other works. 
 -fF. B. 
 Willis, Thomas, an eminent physician. 
 
 born at (jircat Bedwin, Wiltshire, 102L Ue 
 was educated at a private school at Oxford, 
 and then entered at (-hrisi church, where 
 he took his degrees in arts and medicine. 
 When Oxford was garrisoned by the king, 
 he took up arms in the royal cause, and al- 
 ter the surrender, he returned to the stu- 
 dies and practice of his profession. In 1660 
 he was appointed Sedleian professor of na- 
 tural philosophy, and increased his reputa- 
 tion and his fortune by an extensive and re- 
 spectable practice. He was one of the 
 first members of the Royal Society, and 
 became fellow of the college of physicians. 
 In 1666 he removed to London, and soon 
 rose to the height of his profession in the 
 city. He died at his house in St. Martin's- 
 lane, 11th Nov. 1675, and was buried in 
 Westminster abbey. He wrote several 
 works on the different branches of his pro- 
 fession, often reprinted, especially at Ge- 
 neva, 2 vols. 4to. 1676, and Amsterdam, 
 1682. Though accused by some of framing 
 a body of physic, chiefly on hypotheses of 
 his own, without having recourse to ex- 
 periment and observation, he is regarded 
 by others as a sagacious anatomist, an able 
 philosopher, and a most learned and skilful 
 physician, respectable for veracity, infor- 
 mation, and integrity. 
 
 Willis, Browne, LL. D. son of Thomas 
 Willis, of Bletchey, Bucks, and grandson of 
 the preceding, was born at Blandford, Dor- 
 setshire, 14th Sept. 1682. From Bechamp- 
 ton school he passed to Westminster, and 
 at the age of 17 he was removed as gentle- 
 man commoner to Christ-church, Oxford, 
 where he took his degrees. He afterwards 
 retired to Fenny-Stratford, and, in 1705, 
 was elected member of parliament for 
 Buckingham. In 1717 he became one of 
 the members of the society of antiquaries 
 just revived, and he showed such emulation 
 in the pursuit of antiquities, that he visited 
 all the cathedrals of England and Wales, 
 except Carlisle. Though he had a large 
 family, he was a liberal contributor to the 
 repairing of the church of Stony Stratford, 
 which had suffered by fire, and he gave, in 
 1741, to the university, his valuable cabinet 
 of English coins, the laborious collection 
 of upwards of 40 years. He liberally made 
 other contributions to charitable purposes, 
 and died at Whaddon hall, 5th Feb. 1760, 
 and was buried at Fenny-Stratford. Au 
 account of his publications, with some in- 
 teresting particulars, is inserted in the 
 anecdotes of Bowyer by Nichols. The 
 best known of his works are the Survey of 
 the Cathedrals, 2 vols. 4to. — an Account of 
 Mitred Abbeys, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 WiLLOUGHBT, Fraucis, an eminent natu- 
 ralist, born 1635. To the high advantages 
 of birth, rank, and fortune, he added the 
 more solid merit of application, and a 
 strong attachment to literature. He di- 
 
 dii 
 
WIl. 
 
 WIL 
 
 rected the powers of his cultivated mind 
 <"hiefly to the history of animals ; and after 
 readinor everv book which could elucidate 
 the subject, he travelled over his native 
 country, and afterwards visited France, 
 Spain, Italy, Germany, and the l/ow Coun- 
 tries, accompanied by his intelligent friend 
 Ray. The observations, made in these 
 journeys, on animals and on nature, were 
 carefully pi'eserved ; but before they could 
 be submitted to the public eye, the learned 
 author died, universallj' and deservedly re- 
 spected, 3d July, 1672, aged only 37. He 
 left Mr. Ray the guardian of his children, 
 and was buried with his ancestors in Mid- 
 dletou church, Warwickshire. His works 
 were afterwards published by his friend 
 Ray, and were Ornithologiae Libri tres, &c. 
 with cuts, folio, translated into English by 
 the editor — Historic Piscium Libri qua- 
 tuor, &c. with cuts, folio — Letters, with 
 Observations on Wasps called Ichneu- 
 mones, &c. — Letters, &c. inserted in the 
 Philosophical Transactions, &c. He was 
 an actiA e member of the Royal Society. 
 
 WiLMOT, John Eardley, was born at 
 Derby, in 1748. He was educated at West- 
 minster school, and next at University col- 
 lege, Oxford, from whence he removed to 
 a fellowship in All-Souls. He was de- 
 signed for the church, but on the advance- 
 ment of his father to the bench he applied 
 to the law, and in 1783 became a master in 
 chancery. At the close of the American 
 war he was appointed commissioner for 
 settling the claims of the loyalists. In 
 1790 he opened a subscription for the relief 
 of the suffering French clergy, and other 
 emigrants, with the management of Which 
 fund he was intrusted. He died at Tot- 
 tenham in 1815. Mr. Wilmot published — 
 1. A Short Defence of the Opposition, 
 1779. 2. A Treatise on the Laws and Cus- 
 toms of England. 3. Memoirs of his Fa- 
 ther. 4. Life and Letters of Bishop Hough, 
 4to. 5. History of the Commission of 
 American Claims, 8vo. — W. B. 
 
 Wilson, Arthur, a native of Yarmouth, 
 Norfolk. He was some time clerk in the 
 exchequer oflfice, under sir Henry Spillar, 
 and in 1614 entered into the service of Ro- 
 bert, earl of Essex, whom he attended into 
 the Palatine, in Holland, and at the siege 
 of Cadiz. In 1630 he was dismissed from 
 the confidence of Essex by the intrigues of 
 lady Essex, who had conceived an aversion 
 against him, and the next year he entered 
 as gentleman commoner at Trinity college, 
 Oxford. He afterwards was in the retinue 
 of lord AVarwick, and died at Felsted in 
 Essex, 1652, aged 56. He wrote some 
 comedies, according to Wood, who speaks 
 of him with some degree of commendation, 
 and also the Life and Reign of king James 
 I. printed 1653, folio. This work is cen- 
 sured by most historians as written not 
 St2 
 
 without prejudice and rancour, and in lari' 
 guage harsh and obscure. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, a learned prelate, 
 born at Burton Wirral, Cheshire, Dec. 
 1663. From a private school at Chester 
 he removed to Trinity college, Dublin, 
 where he studied medicine, which he soon 
 abandoned for divinity. He was ordained 
 in 1686, and soon after became curate of 
 New church in the parish of Win wick, 
 Lancashire, where he formed an acquaint- 
 ance with lord Derby, who appointed him 
 his chaplain, and tutor to his son, lord 
 Strange. He refused the rectory of Bad- 
 deswork in Yorkshire, because he was in- 
 capable of residence upon it, and when of- 
 fered by the kindness of his patron the 
 bishopric of Sodor and Man, which had 
 been already vacant for three years, he de- 
 clined the honour, but at last in compliance 
 with the repeated requests of his friends, 
 he accepted it in 1696. He was created 
 LL. D. by archbishop Tenison, and conse- 
 crated by his primate Sharp, in the Savoy 
 church, and in 1698 he first visited his dio- 
 cess. Though his revenues were only 300/. 
 a-year, they were sufficient to support him 
 with dignity, and to contribute to the com- 
 forts of the poor and the helpless. With 
 the most laudable zeal he built a new cha- 
 pel at Castleton, and he founded parochial 
 libraries through the island, and, in 1703, 
 obtained the act of settlement, and the pass- 
 ing into a law, of his ecclesiastical consti- 
 tutions, which were so highly applauded by 
 lord Chancellor King, that he declared if the 
 ancient discipline of the church were lost in 
 England, it could be recovered in all its puri- 
 ty in the isle of Man. In respect to his vir- 
 tues and his services, he was, in 1707, cre- 
 ated D. D. at both the universities of Ox- 
 ford and Cambridge. In 1721 he was un-^ 
 forttmately engaged in a quarrel with the 
 governor of the Island in consequence of 
 his forbidding the introduction of the In- 
 dependent W^hig, an obnoxious book, into 
 his diocess, and this dispute was more se^ 
 riously increased the following year. The 
 bishop suspended one of his clergy for ad- 
 ministering the sacrament to a person 
 whom he had banished for ill conduct from 
 the holy table, and the governor enlisting 
 on the side of the offended party, fined the 
 prelate, and committed him to prison, 
 where he refused to discharge the fine. 
 The tumults which consequently were ex- 
 cited among the people, were appeased by 
 the mild exhortations of the bishop from 
 the walls of his prison, and after a con- 
 finement of nine weeks, he was set at liber- 
 ty by the direction of the privy council, 
 who reversed all the proceedings of the go- 
 vernor against him. So high an insult call- 
 ed aloud for punishment, but the benevo- 
 lent prelate checked the importunities of 
 his friends who wished Ixim to prosecnfc 
 
WIL 
 
 V\1L 
 
 ihe governor. This venerable man was so 
 ottached to his situation that he refused an 
 English bishopric, and gradually sunk un- 
 der the infirmities of age. He expired 
 gently, 7th March, ITof), in the 93d year 
 of his age, and the S^th of his consecra- 
 tion. By his wife, Mary Patten, of War- 
 rington, whom he married at Winwick, 
 1698, and who died 1705, he had two sons 
 and two daughters, all of whom died young 
 except Thomas the youngest. In 1699 he 
 published the Principles and Duties of Chris- 
 tianity, for the use of the island, in Manks, 
 the first book ever printed in ;hat language. 
 His works were two vols. fol. consisting of 
 religious tracts and sermons, with a short 
 history of the isle of Man. He also form- 
 ed the plan for translating the Bible into 
 the Manks language, which proceeded un- 
 der him to the end of the Gospels, but was 
 finished by his successor, Hiddesley. His 
 sermons have since his death appeared in 
 4 vols. 8vo. and his Bible, with valuable 
 notes, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, son of the preceding, 
 was born 24th Aug. 1703, and educated at 
 Christ-church, Oxford, where he took his 
 degree of D. D. 1739. He became preben- 
 dary of Westminster, minister of St. Mar- 
 garet's there, and rector of St. Stephen's, 
 Walbrook, for 46 years. He opposed the 
 building of a new square at Westminster, 
 because his interest in the prebendal house 
 was undervalued ; and he rendered himself 
 ridiculous by erecting to Mrs. Macauley 
 Graham a statue in his own church, under 
 the character of Liberty. His fondness 
 for the lady disappeared when she married 
 against bis consent, and the monument of 
 his weakness was removed. Besides the 
 Ornaments of churches considered, &c. a 
 View of the Projected Improvements in 
 "Westminster, &c. — and Distilled Liquors 
 the Bane of the Nation, a popular pam- 
 phlet, which procured him the friendship of 
 sir Joseph Jekyll, he published his father's 
 works. He died at Bath, 15th April, 1784, 
 and was buried in Walbrook church. 
 
 Wilson, Florence, a native of Murray, 
 in Scotland, educated at King's college, 
 Aberdeen. He travelled abroad, and re- 
 sided for some time at Basil, where he had 
 Erasmus among the number of his friends. 
 He afterwards taught philosophy in the 
 college of Navarre at Paris, where he was 
 tiniversally respected for his learning and 
 abilities. He returned to Scotland in 1554, 
 and died at Elgin, in retirement, 1557, 
 aged 57. He wrote de Tranquillitate Ani- 
 ma;, published by Freebairn,1706, and Rud- 
 diman, 1750. 
 
 Wilson, John, a native of Kendal, 
 W^estmoreland. Though engaged in knit- 
 ting stockings, he emerged from his humble 
 occupation, and indulging his fondness for 
 l>otajiical pursuits, he became a popular 
 
 lecturer in that science, and had numerous 
 and applauding audiences at Kendal and 
 Newcastle, lie published a Synopsis of 
 British Plants, in the manner of Ray, 1711, 
 8vo. and died about 1750. 
 
 Wilson, Richard, a native of Pineges, 
 in Montgomeryshire, educated under the 
 care of his father, who was tlic rector of 
 the parish. He pursued his partiality for 
 painting under a London artist, and in 
 1749 he visited Italy, where he was em- 
 ployed in landscape painting by Mr. Locke. 
 He returned to England in 1755, and be- 
 came member of the Royal Academy, and 
 was appointed its librarian in 1779. From 
 the superior execution of his landscapes he 
 has been called the English Claude. He 
 died 1782, aged 63. 
 
 Wilson, John, first minister of Boston, 
 Massachusetts, was born at Windham, 
 England, in 1588, and educated at King's 
 college, Cambridge, where he obtained a 
 fellowship. After studying law for several 
 years, he devoted his attention to theology, 
 and served as a chaplain in several fami- 
 lies. He at length settled at Sudbury ; 
 but in 1630 came to New- England with go- 
 vernor Winthrop, and was installed teach- 
 er of the church at Charlestown on the 
 27th of August. AVben the church soon 
 after removed to Boston, h§ accompanied 
 them, and continued to labour till his death 
 in 1667. He possessed great excellence 
 of character ; and w as distinguished by an 
 extraordinary talent at rhyming and making 
 anagrams, which he continually exercised 
 to the amusement of his acquaintance. 
 
 iCP L. 
 
 Wilson, Matthew, D.D. was a native of 
 Chester county, Pennsylvania, and born in 
 1731. He received his academical educa- 
 tion under the direction of the Rev. Dr. 
 Francis Allison, and the Rev. Dr. Alexan- 
 der McDowell, and was considered as one 
 of the most accurate and mature scholars 
 of his day. He was ordaijied to the work 
 of the ministry, and installed as pastor of 
 the united presbyterian churches of Lewes 
 and Cool-Spring, in the state of Delaware, 
 in the year 1755. Here he continued to 
 reside, greatly beloved, and extensively- 
 useful, until his death, which took place 
 March 30th, 1790. In 1786 he received 
 the degree of doctor of di\inity from the 
 university of Pennsylvania. He was an 
 eminent physician as well as divine ; and 
 although his publications were few, and of 
 small size, yet his active services to man- 
 kind were very important. He was a 
 great lover of peace ; a warm friend of 
 civil and religious liberty ; ingenious, 
 learned, pious, patriotic, and benevolent in 
 an eminent degree ; so that the place 
 of his residence, and his neighbourhood, 
 while he lived, became a centre of literary 
 and evangelical influence, honourable at 
 
 813 
 
WIL 
 
 WIN 
 
 ijiice to his attainments, his enterprise, and 
 his apostolical zeal. iCH^ L. 
 
 Wilson, Alexander, distinguished for 
 his knowledge of ornithology, was born at 
 Paisley, Scotland, and came to Delaware 
 in 1794. He soon after went to Philadel- 
 phia, and was led, by an acquaintance with 
 iMr. Bartram, to devote himself to the stu- 
 dy of natural history, for which he had a 
 strong propensity. He bestowed his chief 
 attention on American ornithology, and 
 after a course of the most laborious and 
 faithful preparation, commenced, in 1808, 
 the publication, in 7 volumes, quarto, of a 
 description of the birds of North America. 
 The last volume was completed only a few 
 days before his death, in August, 1813. 
 The work is splendidly executed, and is far 
 more accurate and comprehensive than any 
 other on the subject. He was distinguish- 
 ed for integrity, enterprise, industry, and 
 perseverance. Beside his knowledge of 
 natural history, he cultivated a considera- 
 ble acquaintance with general literatui'e, 
 and published several poems. PCj^ L. 
 
 Wilson, James, LL.D. one of the signers 
 of the declaration of American indepen- 
 dence, was a lawyer of Pennsylvania. He 
 took an early and active part in the con- 
 troversy between Great Britain and the co- 
 lonies, and vvijote and published his senti- 
 ments with a freedom which was then 
 thought by many to be too daring. He 
 was chosen a member of the first conven- 
 tion of Pennsylvania, and by the conven- 
 tion recommended to the assembly to be 
 appointed one of the delegates in the first 
 congress, but through the influence of Mr. 
 Galloway the recommendation was not re- 
 garded. He was, however, elected a dele- 
 gate to the second convention in 1775. On 
 hearing of the battle of Lexington, he was 
 one of the first in arms, and in the begin- 
 ning of May was elected captain of a com- 
 pany of volunteers. He was soon after 
 appointed a delegate to congress, and 
 continued in that body from May, 1775, 
 to September, 1777. In 1782 he was 
 again a member of congress, and was 
 a steady promoter of the most vigorous 
 measuses for carrying on the war until its 
 final termination. He was a member of 
 the convention which framed the constitu- 
 tion of Pennsylvania and the United States, 
 and of the convention of Pennsylvania by 
 which the latter was ratified, and a stre- 
 nuous advocate for its adoption. In 1789 
 he was appointed one of the judges of the 
 supreme court of the United States. In 
 1797 he was appointed professor of law in 
 the university of Pennsylvania. He was 
 the first who held that office, and delivered 
 a course of lectures which are contained in 
 his works, published in 3 volumes, 8vo. 
 Philadelphia, IS04. He married, in 1771, 
 Miss Rachel Bird, of Pennsvlvania, and 
 814 
 
 died at Wilmington, Delaware, September, 
 1798. UZr- L. 
 
 WiMPiNA, Conrad, a native of Buchan, 
 professor of divinity at Frankfort, who 
 warmly engaged in defence of the papal 
 power against Luther, and the other re- 
 formers. His ivorks appeared at Frank- 
 fort, 1528, fol. and he died, 1531. 
 
 WiNCHELSEA, Aunc, couutess of, daugh- 
 ter of sir Richard Kingsmill, of Hampshire, 
 was maid of honour to the second wife of 
 James II. and married Heneage, afterwards 
 earl of Winchelsea. She possessed great 
 genius, and wrote a poem on the Spleen, 
 printed in Gilden's miscellany, 1701 — Aris- 
 tomeues, a tragedy never acted, &.c. Her 
 poetical w orks, which are elegantly writ- 
 ten, were published in 1713, 8vo. She 
 died, 5th Aug. 1720, without issue. 
 
 Winchester, Thomas, D.D. a native of 
 Farrington, Berkshire. He was educated 
 at Magdalen college, Oxford, where he took 
 his degree of D.D. 1749, and in 1761 he 
 obtained from the societj the living of Ap- 
 pleton, Berks, where he died, 1780. He 
 was author of a tract on the l7th article of 
 the church of England, reprinted for the 
 use of divinity students in 1803, by the ju- 
 dicious care of Mr. Churton of Brazen- 
 nose, who has prefixed an account of the 
 writer. He wrote, besides, a tract against 
 the Confessional, sermons, &c. 
 
 Winchester, Elkanah, an American di- 
 vine in the last century, author of a popular 
 work in defence of the doctrine of univer- 
 sal salvation. 
 
 WiNCKELMANN, Johu, a nativc of Hora- 
 berg in Hesse, author of some polemical 
 works, of Commentaries on the gospels of 
 St. Mark and St. Luke, and on the minor 
 prophets, &c. He died 1626. 
 
 WiNCKELMANN, Abbc Johu, a native of 
 Stendall, in Brandenburg, born, 1718. 
 Though but the son of a shoemaker, and 
 for some time engaged in the same em- 
 ployment, he burst from his obscurity, and 
 became, for seven years, professor of belles 
 lettres at Sechausen. He afterwards went 
 to Saxony, where he continued for seven 
 more years librarian to count Bunau, at 
 Nothenitz, and in 1754 went to Dresden, 
 where he formed an acquaintance with the 
 ablest artists. About this time he re- 
 nounced the protestant faith for the Roman 
 catholic tenets, and the next year went to 
 Italy to visit the valuable contents of the 
 Vatican, and the precious relics of Hercu- 
 laneum. His celebrity here recommended 
 him to the notice of the great and power- 
 ful, and as a most judicious antiquarian, 
 and an enlightened connoisseur of the 
 works of arts, he was universally courted at 
 Rome. He became president of the anti- 
 quaries in the Vatican, member of the 
 Royal and Antiquarian societies of Lon- 
 don, and of other learned societies in Eu- 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 rope. He nas honouvaWy invited to Dres- 
 den and to Berlin ; but the liberality of the 
 Pope detained him at Home, where, in the 
 midst of the monuments collected from the 
 treasures of ancient and modern times, he 
 indulged his fondness for the productions 
 of genius and of art. In 17G8 he made a 
 journey to Vienna, and was received with 
 great kindness by the emperor ; but on his 
 J'cturn to Italy, while he stopped at Trieste, 
 he was basely assassinated by Arcangcli, a 
 man to whom he had imprudently shown 
 at the inn the medals and the various pre- 
 sents with which he had been honoured. 
 This unfortunate catastrophe happened 8th 
 June, 1768, and the murderer, who hoped 
 to escape with the plunder, was seized, and 
 executed on the wheel, opposite the inn 
 where the crime had been perpetrated. 
 The works of Winckleman were, the His- 
 tory of Art among the Ancients, in Ger- 
 man, ti'anslated into French, Italian, and 
 English, 3 vols. 4to. — Reflections on the 
 Imitation of the works of the Greeks — Al- 
 legory for Artists — Explanations of difficult 
 Parts of Mythology — Remarks on the Ar- 
 chitecture of the Ancients — Familiar Let- 
 ters, &c. He planned, besides, various 
 other works for the elucidation of the arts, 
 of which his melancholy death prevented 
 the completion. In his character he was 
 impetuous and enthusiastic, ardent and 
 authoritative in his decisions, and in his 
 . conversation so free and open, that he 
 spoke his sentiments with boldness and 
 without reserve. He was the friend and 
 the correspondent of the most learned men 
 of his times, and he deserved their confi- 
 dence by the sincerity of his conduct, and 
 the generosity of his heart. His life has 
 been published by Heyne. 
 
 Windham, Joseph, an eminent antiqua- 
 ry, was born at Twickenham in 1739, and 
 educated at Eton, from whence -he went to 
 Christ's college, Cambridge. He next tra- 
 velled to Rome, and while there took draw- 
 ings of the monuments of antiquity. He 
 also composed the principal part of the 
 letter-press of the *' Ionian Antiquities," 
 published by the Dilettanti society, and as- 
 sisted Stuart in his Athens. In the Ar- 
 chaeologia are his " Observations on a pas- 
 sage in Pliny relative to the Temple of Dia- 
 na at Ephesus." He died at Earsham 
 house, Norfolk, in 1810.— fT. B. 
 
 Windham, William, a statesman, was 
 the son of colonel Windham of Felbrigg in 
 Norfolk, and born in 1750. He was edu- 
 cated first at Eton, next at Glasgow, and 
 lastly at University college, Oxford. In 
 1773 he set out with lord Mulgrave on his 
 voyage to the North pole, but, being taken 
 ill, was obliged to land in Norway. After 
 this he travelled, and on his return was 
 elected into parliament. In 1782 he went 
 to Ireland as secretary to the lord lieute- 
 
 nant, but quitted that kingdom in a few 
 months. Till the French revolution he 
 acted with the opposition; but in 1794 he 
 joined Mr. I'itt, ;uul was appointed secre- 
 tary at war, which office he held till 1801, 
 when he vigorously opposed the peace. On 
 the death of Mr. Pitt, Mr. Windham be- 
 came secretary of state for the war depart- 
 ment, but went out of place again the fol- 
 lowing year. His death, which happened 
 June 4, 18 10, was occasioned by a contu- 
 sion of the hip in a fall, while exerting 
 himself to save the library of Mr. North 
 during a fire in Conduit-street. His speech- 
 es in parliament have been published, with 
 his life prefixed, in 3 vols. 8vo. — W. B. 
 
 Winder, William H. general in the army 
 of the United States, was born in the coun- 
 ty of Somerset, Maryland, in the year 1775. 
 He was educated for the bar, and about the 
 year 1798 established himself in the profes- 
 sion at Baltimore, where he pursued it with 
 great success. On the declaration of war 
 with Great Britain in 1812, he received a 
 colonel's commission, and was afterwards 
 promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, 
 and served during the war with reputation. 
 He commanded the troops at the battle of 
 Bladensburg. On the return of peace he 
 resumed his profession, and continued in it 
 till his death in April, 1824. He was gene- 
 rous, benevolent, and public spirited. 
 
 iCJ^ L. 
 W^iNDER, Levin, governor of Maryland, 
 was elected to succeed Mr. Bowie m 1812, 
 and was at the head of the administration 
 during the war which ended in 1815. He 
 entered the army of the revolution as a 
 soldier, and served until the close of the 
 war. He was speaker of the house of de- 
 legates before his election as governor, and 
 in 1816 was chosen a member of the senate 
 of Maryland. He was also a general of the 
 state militia. He died July 1st, 1819, aged 
 63. [Er L. 
 
 Wing, Vincent, author of the Celestial 
 Harmony of the Visible World, 1667, fol. 
 — of an Ephemeris for 30 years — of Com- 
 putatio Catholica — and of Astronomia Bri- 
 tannica, a work of merit, was well skilled 
 in astrology, and died 20th Sept. »661. A 
 sheet almanac is still published under his 
 name. An account of his life was publieh- 
 ed by Gadbury. 
 
 WiNGATE, Edmund, author of the Use 
 of the Rule of Proportion, or Gunter's 
 Scale — of Natural and Artificial Arithme- 
 tic, 8vo. often reprinted — of Ludus Mathe- 
 maticus — of the Exact Surveyor — of Ta- 
 bles of Logarithms, and other mathematical 
 works, was a native of Bedfordshire, edu- 
 cated at Queen's college, Oxford, and at 
 Gray's Inn, London. He was for some 
 time employed in the royal household, as 
 English teacher to the first Charles's queen ; 
 hut he forgot the favours of his sovereigft 
 
 815 
 
WIN 
 
 WIN 
 
 duiing- the civil wars, and taking the cove- 
 nant, he became the friend of Cromwell, 
 and served in his parliament. He died 
 1656, aged 63. 
 
 WiNGFiELD, Edmund Maria, first presi- 
 dent of the colony of Virginia under the 
 patent granted to Bartholomew Gosnold 
 and others, April 10th, 1606. On the re- 
 turn of captain Newport to England in 
 June, 1607, the colony consisted of one 
 hundred and four persons. The hardships 
 they endured created discontent and jea- 
 lousy, which were heightened by the impru- 
 dence and selfishness of Wingfield, who 
 was in consequence deposed, and John 
 Radcliffe elected president. Wingfield af- 
 terwards conspired %vith other malcontents 
 to run away with the vessel belonging to 
 the company, but the design was discovered 
 and defeated by captain Smith, who in 
 1608 sent him home to England. QU" L. 
 
 WiNSCHOMB, John, better known by the 
 name of Jack of Newbury, was the most 
 opulent, and the largest clothier in the 
 reign of Henry VIII. He built part of 
 Newbury church, and was so loyal, that he 
 armed, at his own expense, 100 men, whom 
 he led in person against the Scots at the 
 battle of Floddenfield, under the earl of 
 Surrey. He kept in his house 100 looms, 
 and his memory has been so affectionately 
 respected by his fellow-townsmen, that an 
 inn at Newbury still bears his name. 
 
 WiNSEMius, Peter, a native of Leeward, 
 who, after travelling over Germany, Swe- 
 den, and Fi'ance, became historiographer 
 to the states of Holland, and professor of 
 history and eloquence at Franeker, where 
 he died, 1644, aged 59. He wrote the 
 History of Friesland, in Flemish, fol. — 
 Vita Mauritii Principis Auriaci, &c. His 
 brother Menelaus was professor of medi- 
 cine at Franeker, and died there, 15th May, 
 1639. He wrote Compendium Anatomise, 
 4tc. 
 
 WiNSLOW, James Benignus, an eminent 
 Danish anatomist, born at Odinsey, Den- 
 mark, 2d April, 1669. He was the grand 
 nephew of the celebrated Steno. He went 
 to Paris, where he studied under du Ver- 
 ney, and was converted to the catholic 
 faith by Bossuet. He became physician of 
 the faculty of Paris, demonstrator in the 
 royal gardens, and member of the Paris 
 academy of sciences. He wrote a tract on 
 the Uncertainty of the Signs of Death, 2 
 vols. 12mo. — Anatomy with improvements, 
 4to. — on the Diseases of the Bones, and 
 other anatomical works. He died 3d April, 
 1760, aged 91. 
 
 WiNSLOAv, Edward, governor of Ply- 
 mouth colony, Massachusetts, was born in 
 1594 in Worcestershire. He came to Ame- 
 rica with the first colonists in 1620, and 
 was one of the most active and useful of 
 their number. He repeatedly visited the 
 S16 
 
 neighbouring Indians, and obtained foo^:* 
 for the colonists, when suffering from fa- 
 mine, and went several times as an agent 
 to England, and proposed there the forma- 
 tion of the society for propagating the gos- 
 pel among the Indians. During one of his 
 visits there he was imprisoned several 
 months by Laud, for speaking in a religious 
 meeting in Plymouth, and being married by 
 a magistrate. Iii 1633 he was elected go- 
 vernor, and again in 1636 and 1644. In 1643 
 he was appointed a commissioner of the 
 united colonies, and in 1655 a commission- 
 er to superintend the expedition against 
 the Spaniards in the West Indies, and died 
 near Jamaica on the 8th of May of that 
 year. He was a great and good man. He 
 was the first man married in New-Eng- 
 land, and married Mrs. White, the mother 
 of the first English child born there. 
 
 ICJ^L. 
 
 WiNSLOw, Josiah, governor of Plymouth, 
 Massachusetts, and son of the preceding, 
 after having been a magistrate for several 
 years was elected governor in 1673, and 
 held the office till 1680. He was greatly 
 respected, like his father, for his excellent 
 sense and great worth. He was a brave 
 and skilful military officer, as well as an 
 able magistrate. In 1656 he, at the head 
 of a small number, captured Alexander, the 
 eldest son of Massasoit, and defeated his 
 plots against the colony ; and in 1675 com- 
 manded a party which defeated the Indians 
 under Philip with great slaughter. He 
 died at Marshfield, December 18th, 1680, 
 in his fifty-second year. He was the first 
 governor born in New-England. IQ^ L. 
 
 WiNSLow, John, major-general, and a 
 grandson of the preceding, served as a cap- 
 tain in the expedition against Cuba in 1740, 
 and afterwards rose to the rank of major- 
 general in the British service. He com- 
 manded several expeditions to Kennebeck, 
 Nova Scotia, and Crown Point, in the 
 French war, and distinguished himself by 
 ability and courage. In 1762 he was ap- 
 pointed chief judge of the court of common 
 pleas for Plymouth county. He died at 
 Hingham in April, 1774, in his seventy-se" 
 cond year. iCj^ L. 
 
 WiNSTANLEY, William, author of the 
 Lives of the Poets — of Select Lives of Eng- 
 land's Worthies — of Historical Rarities — 
 of the Loyal Martyrology — and some sin- 
 gle lives, &c. all in 8vo. was originally a 
 barber. His style is incorrect and vulgar, 
 yet his compositions are valuable for no- 
 ticing some facts which other writers have 
 passed over in silence. He lived in the 
 reigns of Charles II. and James II. 
 
 Winston, Thomas, an English physi- 
 cian, who studied at Clare-hall, Cambridge, 
 and afterwards travelled over the continent. 
 He passed some time in the academies of 
 Basil, and also of Padua, where he took hi? 
 
\VI^ 
 
 Wli\ 
 
 jiiedicai degrees. On his return to Eng- 
 land he took his degree of M.D. at Cam- 
 bridge, and settled in London 1607, and 
 became fellow of the college of physicians, 
 and professor of physic at Ciresham col- 
 lege. During the civil wars he retired to 
 France, and after an absence of ten years 
 came back, and died in London 24th Oct. 
 1655, aged 80. After his death his anato- 
 mical lectures appeared, 8vo. 1659, and 
 1664. 
 
 Winter, George Simon, a German wri- 
 ter in the 17th century. He paid great at- 
 tention to the veterinary art, and published 
 Tractatio Nova de Re Equariii, in Latin, 
 French, and German, 1672, fol. — Eques 
 Peritus et Hippiator Expertus. 
 
 WiNTHROP, John, first governor of Mas- 
 sachusetts, was born at Groton, in Suflblk, 
 England, June 12th, 1587. He arrived 
 with the first colonists of Massachusetts at 
 Salem, June 12th, 1630, having a commis- 
 sion as their governor. They soon after 
 removed to Boston. He was re-elected to 
 the office of governor annually, with the 
 exception of 6 or 7 years, till his death, in 
 1649, and rendered the most important 
 services to the colony by his judicious ad- 
 ministration, his prudent examples as a pri- 
 vate man, and his wealth, which was very 
 large, and liberally devoted to the good of 
 the public. He was eminent for upright- 
 ness, prudence, piety, and public spirit. He 
 kept a minute journal of the events of the 
 colony down to 1644, which has been pub- 
 lished, and is of great use to the historian. 
 It seems from his picture that he wore a 
 long beard. ICJ^ L. 
 
 WiNTHROP, John, F.R.S. governor of 
 Connecticut, and son of the preceding, was 
 born in England in 1605, and educated at 
 Cambridge. He possessed a noble genius, 
 and his education, improved after he left 
 the university by extensive travel and inter- 
 course with the most distinguished scholars, 
 was of the first order. He came to Massa- 
 chusetts in 1633, and settling at Ipswich 
 became a magistrate of the colony. He 
 went to England in 1635, but returned in 
 the autumn of that year with authority to 
 establish a colony at Saybrook, Connecti- 
 cut, and immediately despatched persons to 
 erect a fort there. In 1651 he became a 
 magistrate of that colony, and afterwards 
 deputy-governor. In 1657 he was chosen 
 governor, and with the exception of the 
 next year, from that time till his death. 
 In 1662 he was sent an agent to the court 
 of Charles II. and obtained a charter for 
 the colony. He died while on a visit at 
 Boston, April 5th, 1676, in the seventy-first 
 year of his age. He was distinguished for 
 bis knowledge of natural philosophy, and 
 was intimately familiar with Boyle, Wil- 
 kins, and other learned men of his time. 
 He was one of the founders of the Royal 
 
 Vol. II. 103 
 
 Ssociciy of London, its corrospoudeut in 
 America, and sent to it many .specimena of 
 the productions of the country. Hu was 
 equally emintnt us a gentleman, j. Chris- 
 tian, and a n\agistrato. iCJ^ L. 
 
 WiNTHROH, Fitz John, F.R.S. governor 
 of Connecticut, was the son of tiic prece- 
 ding, and born at Ipswich in 1633. He be- 
 came a magistrate of Connecticut in 1689, 
 and the following year was tippointed ma- 
 jor-general of the land army designed to 
 act against Canada ; and conducted with 
 great prudence in the expedition. He was 
 sent as agent of the colony to Great Britain 
 in 1694, and discharged the duties of the 
 appointment so much to the satisfaction of 
 the colony, that the legislature made him a 
 bequest of 500 pounds. He was distin- 
 guished, like his father, for his knowledge 
 of philosophy, his skill in politics, and his 
 piety ; and was honoured by the learned in 
 England by being elected a member of the 
 Royal Society. He was chosen to the of- 
 fice of chief magistrate in 1698, and held it 
 till his death, which took place at Boston, 
 November 27th, 1707. ICJ^ L. 
 
 WiNTHROP, John, F.R.S. son of the pre- 
 ceding governor Winthrop, graduated at 
 Hai'vard college in 1700, and was for some 
 time a magistrate of Connecticut, but at 
 length went to England to obtain a reversal 
 of some decisions in the courts of the colo- 
 ny respecting the property of his ancestors ; 
 and continued to reside there. He made 
 such representations of the laws of the co- 
 lony respecting inheritances, at the British 
 court, that they were repealed, and great 
 alarm excited in the colony for a time. He 
 was conspicuous, like his father and grand- 
 father, for the superiority of his genius, 
 and his accurate knowledge of natural phi- 
 losophy, particularly chymistry. He was a 
 member of the Royal Society, contributed 
 largely to its repository, and was honoured 
 by the dedication to him of the 40th vo 
 lume of its transactions. He died in 1747, 
 
 (rj- L. 
 
 WiNTHROP, John, LL.D. F R.S. HoIIis 
 
 professor of mathematics and natural philo- 
 sophy in Harvard college, Massachusetts, 
 was a native of that state, and graduated 
 at Harvard college in 1732. He was ap- 
 pointed to the professorship in 1738, an3 
 discharged the duties of the station with 
 great ability and popularity for more than 
 forty years. In 1761 he went to New- 
 foundland, and observed a transit of Venus, 
 another at Cambridge in 1769, an account 
 of which he gave to the public. His obser- 
 vations on the transit of Mercury in 1740, 
 were inserted in the transactions of the 
 Royal Society, and he was elected a mem- 
 ber of that society, and received a diploma 
 of LL.D. from Edinburgh. He was chosen 
 a member of the council in 1733, and dis- 
 tinaiuished himself bv defending the right* 
 
 817 
 
WIN WIS 
 
 oi' tlife colony. He was again chosen a nours of the baronetage. He published 
 
 councillor after the British authority ceased Mead's Medical Precepts improved, 8vo. 
 
 in Massachusetts. He was endowed with and died in London, 1794, aged 84. 
 
 talents of a very superior order, and pro- ^Vin wood, Sir Ralph, a native of Aynho, 
 
 foundly versed not only in his profession, Northamptonshii'e, educated at St. John's 
 
 but in the classics, in general literature, in college, Oxford, from which he removed in 
 
 biblical criticism, controversial theology, 15S2 as pi'obationer fellow to Magdalen, 
 
 and politics. He was also eminently pious. He was proctor of the the university, 1592, 
 
 He died the 3d of May, 1779, in his sixty- and afterwards travelled over Europe, and 
 
 fifth year. iCj^ L. in 1599 went as secretary in sir H. Ne- 
 
 WiNTHROP, James, LL.D. son of the vil!e's embassy to France. He was in 1602 
 
 preceding, was born at Cambridge, Massa- sent envoy to Holland, and in 1607 received 
 
 chusetts, April 8th, 17o2, and graduated at the honour of knighthood. He again repre- 
 
 Hanard in 1769, with a high reputation sented his sovereign in Holland twice, and 
 
 for talents and acquirements. He was in in 1614 was appointed secretary of state. 
 
 1771 appointed librarian of that institution. He was well versed in political affairs, and 
 
 and retained the office twenty years. He especially in matters of trade and war. He 
 
 devoted a great part of his life to literary died 1617, aged 52. His Memorials of Af- 
 
 pursuits, and became distinguished for the fairs of State under EUzabeth and James I. 
 
 extent of his knowledge, particularly of an- &c. were published in 3 vols. fol. 1715, by 
 
 cient and modern languages, the exact Edmund Sawyer. 
 
 sciences, and biblical and polite learning. Wirlet, William, Rouge croix pur- 
 He was a member of the principal literary suivant, was a native of Leicestershire, 
 societies of Massachusetts, and contributed and became known for his great skill in the 
 to their publications and other periodical knowledge of heraldry. He died at the 
 works many valuable papers. He held for Heralds' college, Feb. 1618, and was buried 
 many years several res^pectable civil offices, in St. Benet's church, Paul's wharf. He 
 and was distinguished in public and private published 1592, the True Use of Armoury- 
 life by uprightness, liberality, and public showed by History, and plainly proved by 
 spirit. At his death, which took place Example, 4to. He made some valuable 
 Sept. 26, 1821, he left bis library as a be- collections of ancient records, &c. pre- 
 quest to the college at Meadville, Pennsyl- served in the Herald's college, 
 rania. Idr* L. Wirsungus, John George, a native of 
 
 WiNTLE, Thomas, a learned divine, was Bavaria, Professor of Anatomy at Padua, 
 
 born at Gloucester in 1737. He was edu- where, in 1642, he discovered and explain- 
 
 oated at Pembroke college, Oxford, where ed the pancreatic duct. He was meanly 
 
 he obtained a fellowship, and took the de- assassinated by some rivals, who were jea- 
 
 ^ree of bachelor in divinity. Archbishop lous of his professional celebrity. 
 
 Seeker made him his chaplain, and gave Wischart, William, D.D. a native of 
 
 him the rectory of Wittrisham in Kent, Dalkeith. He was educated at Utrecht, and 
 
 with which he held the living of St. Peter, on his return to Scotland was arrested as if 
 
 Wallingford, but relinquished both on being concerned in the rye-house plot. At the 
 
 presented to the rectory of Brightwell in revolution he returned from Holland, 
 
 Berkshire, where he died in 1814. His where he had taken refuge, and became 
 
 works are, 1. An improved version of Da- one of the ministers of Leith, and in 1716 
 
 niel, with notes. 2. A dissertation on the was appointed principal of Edinburgh 
 
 vision in Zachariah. 3. Sermons at the university, and one of the city ministers. 
 
 Bampton Lectui-e. 4. Christian Ethics, His Theologia, consisting of 120 sermons, 
 
 or Discourses on the Beatitudes. 5. A is a valuable system of Calvinistical divin- 
 
 letter to bishop Hurd, occasioned by his ity. He died at Edinburgh, 1727, aged 70. 
 
 strictures on archbishop Seeker and bishop W^ischeart, George, D.D. a native of 
 
 Lowth. — W. B. Yester in East Lothian, educated at Edin- 
 
 Win TOWN, or Wtntown, Andrew, ca- burgh university, where he took his de- 
 
 non of St. Andrews, and prior of St. Ser- grees. On the breaking out of the civil 
 
 finsh in Loch Leven, was author of a Chro- wars, he followed the fortunes of the illus- 
 
 nicle of Scotland, undertaken at the request trious Montrose, to whom he was chap- 
 
 of one of the ancestors of the earl of We- lain, and on his defeat by Lesley in 1645, 
 
 myss. The work has lately been edited ; he was among the prisoners. He with dif- 
 
 it is written in rhyme, but though curious, ficulty escaped the death which his unhap- 
 
 rontains much tradition and fable mixed py fellow-pi-isoners suffered, and after some 
 
 with truth. He died about 1400. years of confinement he withdrew to the 
 
 WiNTRiNGHAM, Sir Clifton, a native of continent, and at the restoration returned, 
 
 York, educated at Cambridge. He became and became bishop of Edinburgh. In this 
 
 physician to the late duke of York, and set- high situation he showed great benevo- 
 
 cled in London, where he acquired celebrity lence of heart and forgiveness of injuries, 
 
 in his profession, and was raised to the ho- and with all his power assisted some of 
 818 
 
WIS 
 
 VVIJ 
 
 his most virulent persecutors, and procured 
 their pardon from government. This en- 
 lightened prelate wrote an Account of the 
 Wars in Scotland, and the history of his 
 early patron, the marquis of Montrose, 
 8vo. and died at Edinburgh, 1669, aged 
 GO. 
 
 WiscHER, Cornelius, a Dutch engraver, 
 in the 17th century. His works from the 
 most famous Flemish painters are much ad- 
 mired. His brother John, and his rela- 
 tions Lambert and Nicholas, were also emi- 
 nent artists. 
 
 Wise, Francis, an English divine, born 
 3d Oct. 1695, and educated at New college 
 school. He was admitted to Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxford, 1711, and became fellow of 
 the society, and assistant to Dr. Hud:ion 
 in the Bodleian library. He obtained El- 
 lesfield vicarage, Oxfordshire, from his pu- 
 pil, lord Guildford, and the rectory of Ro- 
 therfield Grays from his college. He was 
 also keeper of the archives of the univer- 
 sity, and RadclifTe librarian, and died at 
 Ellesfield, 6th Oct. 1767, aged 62, univer- 
 sally beloved. He published Annales Al- 
 fredi Magni, 8vo. — Letter to Dr. Mead 
 on some Antiquities in Berkshire — 
 on the White Horse, JBerks — the Red 
 Horse, W^arwickshire, &c. — Catalogus 
 Numorum Antiq. in Bodleian. &c. — Inqui- 
 ries on the first Inhabitants, Languages, 
 &c. of Europe, 4to. — on the Chronology 
 of Fabulous Ages, 4to. &c. 
 
 W^issiNG, William, a portrait painter, 
 born at Amsterdam, 1656, and brought up 
 under Dodaens at the Hague. He visited 
 England, where he obtained celebrity as 
 the friend and happy imitator of sir Peter 
 Lely. He painted Charles II. and all the 
 royal family, and in his reputation was the 
 rival of Kneller. He died at Burleigh- 
 house, Northamptonshire, 10th Sept. 1687, 
 aged only 31, and was buried in St. Mar- 
 tin's church, Stamford, where a marble 
 tablet was erected to his memory by lord 
 Exeter. 
 
 WissowATius, Andrew, a native of 
 Philliporia in Lithuania, grandson of Faus- 
 tus Socinus. After spreading the tenets of 
 his grandfather in Holland, France, and 
 England, he returned to Poland, where he 
 acquired popularity at the head of the So- 
 cinians, till by religious persecution, he 
 was obliged to fly for safety to Amster- 
 dam. He assisted in the Bibliotheque de 
 Freres Polonois, 9 vols, folio, and published 
 besides, Religio Rationalis, &c. and other 
 works. He died in Holland, 1668. 
 
 WiSTAR, Caspar, M.D. professor in the 
 university of Pennsylvania, was born in 
 the year 1760. His father was a German 
 of the the society of Friends, and settled 
 in New-Jersey. Dr. W^istar was educated 
 Ht the Friends' grammar-school, in Phila- 
 
 deiplua, studied medicine with Dr. Red- 
 man of that city, and attended the lectures 
 at the university of Pennsylvania. In 
 17S3 he went to Europe to complete his 
 education, and in 1786, was graduated at 
 Edinburgh, with high reputation. He re- 
 turned to Philadolpliia in 1787, and was 
 immediately appointed professor of chy- 
 mistry and physiology in the college in 
 that city. He also commenced the prac- 
 tice of medicine, and was chosen one of 
 tlie attending physicians to the dispensary 
 and hospital. He afterwards became ad- 
 junct professor to Dr. Shippc n in the de- 
 partments of anatomy and surgery, and on 
 the death of Dr. Shippen succeeded to his 
 chair ; and his superior talents, his tho- 
 rough acquaintance with his profession, 
 and his popular manners raised him to 
 the highest reputation. It was mainly 
 owing to him, and his distinguished coad- 
 jutors, Drs. Rush and Barton, that the me- 
 dical school of Philadelphia rose to its 
 high standing. He was in 1815 elected ho- 
 norary member of the literary and philo- 
 sophical society of New- York, and in 1816 
 president of the American philosophical 
 society. His acquisitions in the various 
 departments of natural science were un- 
 usually extensive ; he held a correspon- 
 dence with several of the most eminent 
 naturalists in Europe, and was a zealous 
 promoter of every species of useful learn- 
 ing. His numerous professional avoca- 
 tions permitted him but seldom to appear 
 as an author. His chief work is a System of 
 Anatomy, in two volumes. He belonged 
 to the society of Friends. His dispositions 
 %vere peculiarly amiable, his manners mild, 
 his method of lecturing eminently happy 
 and popular ; and his extensive learning, 
 his public spirit, his assiduous attention to 
 his professional duties, and his philanthro- 
 py elevated him to a high place in the 
 respect and esteem of all. He died Janu- 
 ary 22d, 1818, in his fifty-seventh year. 
 
 IC?' L. 
 
 WiTASSE, Charles, a French ecclesias- 
 tic, born at Chauny, 11th Nov. 1660. He 
 became professor of theology at Paris, hut 
 incurred the displeasure of the court by 
 refusing to receive the pope's bull, called 
 Unigenitus. He died of an apoplexy at 
 Paris, 10th April, 1716, aged 56. He 
 wrote Letters on Easter — Examination of 
 Hardouin's Councils — treatises on Theolo- 
 gical Subjects, &c. 
 
 W^iTHERS, George, an English poet, 
 born 11th June, 1588. His satirical verses 
 on the court and government exposed him 
 to persecution, and for his " Abuses Wliipt 
 and Stript," he was sent to prison. He 
 took up arms in favour of the parliament, 
 and when taken by the king's troops, was 
 with difliculty saved from hanging by sir 
 John Denham. He was afterwards one of 
 
 Sl*> 
 
WIT 
 
 WOL 
 
 €ioiuivcii's major-generals appointed to' 
 overawe and oppress the country. At the 
 restoration he was stripped of his fortune 
 and power, and was for some time impri- 
 soned in Newgate, and in the Tower. 
 He died 1667. His poetical pieces are 
 very numerous, and some of them possess 
 juerit. 
 
 WiTHERSPOON, John, D.D. LL.D. pre- 
 sident of the college at Princeton New- 
 Jersey, was born in Yester, Scotland, Fe- 
 bruary 5th, 1722, and educated at Edin- 
 burgh. He was settled in the ministry, 
 first at Beith, and afterwards at Paisley, 
 and became one of the most distinguished 
 of the Scottish clergy, for talents and in- 
 fluence. He published while therfe his 
 " Characteristics," and became the leader 
 of the orthodox part of the clergy. He 
 was invited to remove to several distin- 
 g;uished cities in Europe, but at length ac- 
 cepted an appointment to the presidency 
 of the college at Princeton, New-Jersey, 
 and came to that state with his family in 
 176S. The war of the revolution disper- 
 sed the students, and left him at leisure to 
 engage in civil employments, to which he 
 ivas almost immediately called. He was 
 elected a member of the convention which 
 formed the constitution of New-Jersey, 
 and in 1776 was appointed a member of 
 fongress, and retained a seat in that body 
 till the conclusion of peace. His name is 
 affixed to the declaration of independence, 
 and the articles of confederation. After 
 the war the college was reopened, and he 
 xeturned to his duties tbere. During the 
 last two years of his life he suffered the 
 loss of his sight. He died November 15th, 
 1794, in the seventy-third year of his age. 
 He possessed a mind of great vigour and 
 activity, of uncommon shrewdness and 
 humour, his learning was very various and 
 extensive, and his discernment of charac- 
 ter singularly keen. His preaching was 
 characterized by perspicuity and energy ; 
 he was an able politician, and a zealous 
 friend of liberty, and a highly amiable, 
 amusive, and instructive companion. His 
 works have been published in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 ICF' L. 
 
 WiTSius, Herman, a learned divine, 
 born at Enckhuysen, in North Holland, 
 1626. He so distinguished himself, that 
 lie was appointed professor of divinity at 
 Franeker, afterwards at Utrecht, and then 
 at Leyden, where he died 1708. He pub- 
 lished several important works, which dis- 
 play great learning, judgment, and piety. 
 The best known of these are ^gyptiaca et 
 Decaphylon, 4to. — the Economy and the 
 Covenants between God and Man, a valu- 
 able work, translated into English, 3 vols. 
 8vo. — Historia Hieroaolymitana — Miscel- 
 lanea Saerorum— Maletem. Leydens. &c. 
 
 Witt, John de. Vid. De Witt. 
 ?>20 
 
 Witt, Emanuel de, a native of Alkmaer. 
 eminent as a painter. His pieces in which 
 he introduces architecture, are particularly 
 valuable. He died 1692, aged 85. 
 
 WiTTiCHius, Christophei', a native of 
 Brieg in Silesia, professor of mathematics 
 at Herborn, afterwards at Duisburg, and 
 then theological professor at Nimeguen, 
 and lastly at Leyden, where he died 1687, • 
 aged 62 — He wrote Theologia Pacifica, 
 4to. — Anti-Spinosa. — de Deo et AttributiSj 
 4to. — Consensus Veritatis. 
 
 WoDHULL, Michael, an ingenious wri- 
 ter, xvas born at Thenford in Northamp- 
 tonshire, in 1740. He was educated at 
 Winchester school, and next at Brazen- 
 nose college, Oxford, which he left with- 
 out a degree to settle upon his paternal 
 estate, where he died in 1816. Mr. Wod- 
 hull wrote several poems, but is best known 
 by his translation of Euripides, first print- 
 ed in 4 vols, in 1782.— W.B. 
 
 WoFFiNGTON, Margaret, an English ac- 
 tress, born at Dublin, 1718. She first ap- 
 peared in London at Covent-garden, in 
 1738, in sir Harry Wildair, and acquired 
 great celebrity, though she failed in her 
 attempts to rival Mrs. Pritchard and Mrs. 
 Cibber. She afterwards acted Cordelia 
 and Ophelia with great success under Gar- 
 rick, with whom she continued at Drury- 
 lane till she made a new engagement with 
 Rich. She was afterwards on the Dublin 
 stage with Mr. Sheridan, and died in Lon- 
 don of a gradual decay, 1760. 
 
 WoiDE, Dr. a native of Poland, who 
 found friends and protection in England, 
 by his learning and his assiduities. He was 
 minister of the German chapel in the Sa- 
 voy, and of the Dutch chapel at St. James's, 
 and assistant libi'arian at the British Mu- 
 seum. He published the Coptic Lexicon 
 of la Croze, which had remained in manu- 
 script since 1720, and edited besides the 
 Alexandrian MS. of the New Testament, 
 preserved in the British Museum, and also 
 Scholtz's Egyptian Grammar. He was en- 
 gaged in the compilation of an Egyptian 
 Lexicon, but died before its completion, 
 1790, after a residence of 25 years in Eng- 
 land. 
 
 WoLcoT, John, a satirist, was born at 
 Dodbrook in Devonshire, in 1738. He 
 was educated first at Kingsbridge, in his 
 native county, and next at Bodmin in Corn- 
 wall, after which he was brought up under 
 his uncle, an apothecary at Fowey, who 
 left him the principal part of his estate. 
 In 1767, he obtained a doetor's degree in 
 Scotland, and the same year went with sir 
 William Trelawney to Jamaica, but on the 
 death of his patron he returned to Eng- 
 land and settled as a physician in Cornwall, 
 where he became . the instructer of Opie 
 the painter, with whom he visited London 
 m 1780. He now quitted physic, an^i 
 
WOL 
 
 WiJi. 
 
 began, under the name of Peter Pindar, 
 some severe attacks on the royal acade- 
 micians, in a series of odes, criticising 
 their annual exhibitions. After this he 
 took higher aim, and published a satirical 
 poem, called " The Lousiad ;" in which he 
 ridiculed the king, with more wit than 
 truth or manners. Ader this he brought 
 out a number of ludicrous pieces which 
 went through numerous editions, both se- 
 parately and in a collected state. The au- 
 thor became blind some years before his 
 death, which happened in Somerstown, 
 Jan. 14, 1619.— W.B. 
 
 WoLcoTT, Roger, governor of Connec- 
 ticut, was born at Windsor, January 4th, 
 1679, and rose to distinction without the 
 advantages of a classical or even a com- 
 mon school education, presenting a remark- 
 able instance of the triumph of talents 
 over all obstacles to conspicuity and use- 
 fulness. He was bred a mechanic. His 
 first pirblic employment was in 1711, when 
 he served as commissary to the troops of 
 Connecticut in the expedition against 
 Canada. In 1745 he held the office of ma- 
 jor general at the capture of Louisburg. 
 He successively held a seat in the assem- 
 bly and council, was appointed judge of 
 the county court, deputy governor, chief 
 judge of the superior court, and at length 
 in 1751 chief magistrate, to which station 
 he was elected the three succeeding years. 
 He acquired a respectable share of know- 
 ledge, and was highly affable and amusive 
 in conversation. He had some poetical 
 talent, and wrote several pieces, the chief 
 of which is preserved in the historical 
 collections of Massachusetts. He was 
 eminently pious. He died in May, 1767, 
 in his eighty-ninth year. i CT^ L. 
 
 WoLcoTT, Erastus, a judge of the su- 
 perior court of Connecticut, was a son of 
 the preceding, and born about 1723. He 
 was not liberally educated, but well furnish- 
 ed with useful knowledge. He command- 
 ed a regiment at the investment of Boston 
 in 1776, and the next year served as briga- 
 dier general in the expedition to Peekskill. 
 He served for some time as judge of the 
 superior court, and was repeatedly a 
 member of congress. He died in 1793 
 in the seventy-first year of his age. He 
 was upright, patriotic, and religious. 
 
 WoLcoTT, Oliver, LL.D. governor of 
 Connecticut, was also a son of governor 
 Roger Wolcott, and born about the year 
 1727. He was educated at Yale college, 
 and graduated in 1747. He served as a 
 captain in the French war, and afterwards 
 studied medicine, but was prevented from 
 practising by being appointed sheriff of 
 Litchfield county, which office he held for 
 fourteen years. He was elected to a seat 
 <n the illustrious congress of 1776, and 
 
 signed the declaration of independence , 
 and U»e articles of confederation in 1778. 
 He held a seat in that body till 1785, and 
 distinguished himself during the struggle 
 of the colonies by his great firmness and 
 zeal in the cause of liberty. He was elect- 
 ed deputy governor in 1785, and annually 
 after till 1796, when he was advanced to 
 the cbair of the chief magistrate, but died 
 on the 1st of December, 1797, in his se- 
 venty-second year. He was an accom- 
 plished scholar and gentleman, and his life 
 was adorned with uprightness, patriotism. 
 
 and piety. 
 
 ICPL. 
 
 Wolfe, James, a celebrated English 
 general, born at Westerham, Kent, Jan. 
 1726, son of lieutenant-general Edward 
 Wolfe. He early embraced the military 
 profession, and distinguished himself at 
 the battle of la Feldt, and was present af- 
 terwards at every engagement during the 
 war, and every where gathered fresh lau- 
 rels by his valour, coolness, and judgment. 
 At the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, instead 
 of resigning himself to indolence and plea- 
 sure, he devoted himself more assiduously 
 to military labours, and when lieutenant- 
 colonel of Kingsley's regiment he intro- 
 duced such order and discipline in the 
 corps, that the gallant conduct of the sol- 
 diers in the plains of Minden is proverbial 
 to this day. These great talents did not 
 long remain in obscurity ; when Mr. Pitt 
 was placed at the head of affairs, the ge- 
 nius of Wolfe was called forth to execute 
 his gigantic plans. Though the meditated 
 attack on Rochefort was abandoned, the fall 
 of Louisburgh displayed to the admiration 
 of the nation, the abilities of their favour- 
 ite general, who was immediately after 
 selected, 1759, for the command of the 
 expedition against Quebec. In this bold 
 enterprise, the many difficulties from situa- 
 tion and from superior numbers, were 
 quickly surmounted by perseverance and 
 by military stratagem, and the English 
 troops, permitted to face their enemy, 
 triumphed over all opposition ; but in the 
 moment of victory, the conqueror re- 
 ceived a ball through his wrist ; yet, disre- 
 garding the wound, he animated his men 
 to the battle. A second ball, a few minutes 
 after, shot him through the body, and ren- 
 dered it necessary to carry him off to the 
 rear of the troops. In the last agonies his 
 attention was roused by the cry of " they 
 run !" and eagerly inquiring who ran, he 
 no sooner heard the reply, " the defeated 
 French," than he exclaimed, " then I 
 thank God, and I die contented," and in- 
 stantly expired, 13th Sept. 1759. His re- 
 mains were brought to England, and bu- 
 ried with becoming pomp in Westminster 
 abbey, w^here a splendid monument was 
 erected by the nation to his honour. His 
 glorious death forms the subject of a beau- 
 
 821 
 
VVOL 
 
 VVOL 
 
 tiful painting by West, which has been en- 
 graved in a masterly manner by Woollet. 
 To the great abilities of the general, to stea- 
 diness, stength, and activity of mind, Wolfe 
 united the milder virtues of life, sincerity 
 and candour, a quick sense of honour, of 
 justice, and public liberty. While he bore 
 the meed of superiority in constitutional 
 courage, in penetration, in cool judgment, 
 and in unshaken presence of mind, he 
 was equally admired and respected for be- 
 neficence and charity, and the estimation 
 of the great was accompanied by the love 
 of the soldiery and the gratitude of the 
 poor. 
 
 Wolff, Christian, a celebrated writer, 
 born at Breslau, 24th Jan. 1679. From 
 his native town he went in 1699 to Jena 
 university, where he made a most extraor- 
 dinary progress, and in 1702 he repaired 
 to Leipsic, where the following year he 
 opened his lectures by a famous disserta- 
 tion, called Philosophia Practica Univer- 
 salis Methodo Mathematica Conscripta. 
 His publications and the number of his 
 pupils increased his reputation, and he was 
 liberally invited by the universities of Gies- 
 sen and of Halle to accept the professorial 
 chair of mathematics. He accordingly 
 went to Halle 1707, and to his academical 
 honours was soon after added the title of 
 counsellor to the king of Prussia. These 
 flattering prospects were, however, soon 
 obscured ; in his Latin oration on the 
 morality of the Chinese, in 1721, bespoke 
 with such applause of their philosophy and 
 of their virtues, that the university was 
 offended, and not only his tenets were re- 
 probated, but he was by the representation 
 of the body of divines, ordered on pain 
 of the severest punishment to leave the 
 country in 24 hours. From this ungrate- 
 ful society he retired to Cassel, and became 
 professor of mathematics and philosophy 
 at Marpurg, and counsellor to the land- 
 grave. The favourable opinion of the 
 learned and the great continued to atone 
 for the persecution of the Halle university, 
 he was declared honorary professor of 
 the Petersburg academy of sciences, and 
 admitted member of that of Paris, and ho- 
 noured with the title of counsellor of re- 
 gency by the king of Sweden. The pre- 
 judices of his enemies at last passed away, 
 and in 1741 with some reluctance he obey- 
 ed the commands of the king of Prussia, 
 and assumed the office of privy counsellor, 
 of vice-chancellor, and of professor of the 
 law of nature and of nations in the univer- 
 sity of Halle. He afterwards was raised 
 on the death of Ludwig to the dignity of 
 chancellor of the university, and created a 
 baron of the Roman empire. This great 
 man, whose whole life was devoted to ad- 
 vance the interests of science and of vir- 
 tue, died at Halle, of the gout in his sto- 
 822 
 
 macb, 9th April, 1754, aged 76. His works 
 in Latin and German are more than 60 in 
 number, the best known of which are, a 
 Course of Mathematics, 2 vols. 4to. — Phi- 
 losophia Rationalis, sive Logica, 4to. — A 
 System of Metaphysics, 4to. — Jus Na- 
 turae, 8 vols. 4to. — Jus Gentium, 4to. — 
 Horae Subsecivae Magdeburg — Dictionary 
 on the Mathematics — Specimen Physicae 
 ad Theologium Natural. Applicatae, 8vo. 
 &c. Though precise and correct as a ma- 
 thematician, his style as writer is rough 
 and unpolished, his diction is barbarous, 
 and his phrases inelegant. His German 
 works are said to be superior in execution 
 to his Latin. 
 
 Wolff, Jerome, a native of the Grisons, 
 who studied at Tubingen, and became, by 
 application, librarian and principal of the 
 college of Augsburg, where he died of the 
 stone 1581, aged 64. He wrote transla- 
 tions of Demosthenes and Isocrates — de 
 Vero et Licito Astrologiae Usu — de Expe- 
 dita Utriusque Linguae, &c. 
 
 WoLLASTON, William, an able divine, 
 born of an ancient family at Coton Clan- 
 ford, Staffordshire, 26th March, 1659. He 
 was of Sidney college, Cambridge, where 
 he took his master's degree, but not being 
 able to obtain a fellowship he became in 
 1682 assistant to the master of Birming- 
 ham school, and was four years after ap- 
 pointed under-master, but the death of a 
 rich relation in 1688 left him in possession 
 of an ample estate, and at liberty to quit 
 his laborious employment. From Birming- 
 ham he came to reside in London, where 
 he soon after married. In his retirement, 
 which he loved above the tumults of public 
 life, and which he refused to quit for high 
 preferment in the church, he zealously de- 
 voted himself to literature, and in his opi- 
 nions and conduct showed the liberal-mind- 
 ed man. The best known of his writings 
 is his Religion of Nature Delineated, a po- 
 pular work, of which more than 10,000 co- 
 pies were sold in a few years. In his old 
 age he had the misfortune to break his arm, 
 and this increasing the disorders of a weak 
 constitution, hastened his death, which 
 happened 29th Oct. 1724, at his house in 
 Charter-house square. He was buried at 
 Great Finborough, where he had an estate, 
 near his wife, who died in 1720, and who 
 brought him 11 children, of whom only se- 
 ven survived him. His Religion of Nature 
 exposed him to the censures of some di- 
 vines, because he makes no mention of re- 
 vealed religion, and attempts to explain the 
 truth of religion on mathematical princi- 
 ples, and on the obligations of truth, reason, 
 and virtue. Lord Bolingbroke, in call- 
 ing the work a strange theism, as dogmatical 
 and absurd as artificial theology, does not 
 deny the author to be a man of parts and 
 of learning, a philosopher and a geometri-- 
 
>VOL 
 
 WOL 
 
 cian. The work must be, however, con- 
 sidered as a composition of great merit, 
 and one of the best written in the English 
 language. It has appeared in 4to. and in 
 8vo. 
 
 WoLLEBius, John, a divine of Basil, au- 
 thor of Compendium Theologiae, a work of 
 merit, translated into various languages. 
 He died 1629. 
 
 WoLMAR, Melchior, a native of Rotweil 
 in Switzerland, known as the instructer of 
 Calvin and of Beza in the Greek language. 
 He was patronised by Ulric duke of VVir- 
 temburg, and became professor of law at 
 Tubingen. He died of an apoplexy at 
 Eisenach 1561, aged 64. He wrote Com- 
 mentaries on the two first Books of the 
 Iliad. 
 
 WoLSELEY, Robert, son of Sir Charles 
 W. of Staffordshire, who espoused the 
 cause of the parliament against the king, 
 and was one of Cromwell's lords, was in 
 favour with king William, and was his en- 
 voy to Brussels, 1693. He wrote a curious 
 preface to Rochester's Valentinian ~a trans- 
 lation of Virgil's jEneas meeting Dido, &c. 
 
 WoLSEY, Thomas, a celebrated liavourite 
 at the court of Henry VIII. He was born 
 at Ipswich in Suffolk, 1471, not the son of 
 a butcher as generally reported, but de- 
 scended from a poor but respectable family, 
 and he entered so early at Oxford that he 
 was bachelor of arts at the age of 14, and 
 consequently called the boy bachelor. He 
 became fellow of Magdalen college, and 
 when master of arts he exchanged the care 
 of Magdalen school for the tuition of the 
 sons of Thomas Grey, marquis of Dorset. 
 By the favour of his patron he obtained the 
 rectory of Lymington in Somersetshire, but 
 here he behaved with such irregularity that 
 he was set in the stocks for being drunk of 
 a Sunday, by sir Amias Paulet, a punish- 
 ment which was severely visited on the up- 
 right magistrate, by a long imprisonment of 
 six years, when the offending clergyman 
 was raised to the height of power. After 
 the death of Dorset he recommended him- 
 self to the notice of Dean, aixhbishop of Can- 
 terbury, and at last became chaplain to the 
 king, to whom he rendered himself so agree- 
 able, that he was intrusted with the nego- 
 tiation of his intended marriage with Mar- 
 garet dutchess of Savoy. He used such de- 
 spatch in this business that he was rewarded 
 with the deanery of Lincoln, and on the 
 accession of Henry VIII. he maintained 
 his influence at court, and saw new ho- 
 nours soon heaped upon him. He was made 
 rector of Torrington, canon of Windsor, 
 registrar of the garter, and prebendary and 
 dean of York. In the expedition to France 
 1513, he attended the king to direct the 
 supplies and the provisions for the wants 
 of the army, and on the taking of Tournay 
 he was appointed by the conqueror bishop 
 
 of that city. In 1514 he was advanced to 
 the sec of Lincoln, and eigiit months after 
 removed to York, the next year he was 
 made cardinal of St. Cicily, and a few 
 months after lord chancellor of Knglaud. 
 To these high favours were added the con- 
 fidence of the king, and consequently the 
 disposal of all places of trust, of honour, 
 and power jn the kingdom. Thus placed 
 at the head of affairs, he governed the na- 
 tion at his pleasure, and that he might con- 
 firm more strongly his ascendency over thu 
 king, he withdrew his attention from all 
 public affairs, and by the most artful policy 
 he fanned his pleasures, and administered 
 most liberally to the gratification of his 
 most licentious desires. Absolute at home, 
 where his expenses exceeded the revenues 
 of the crown, he was courted and flattered 
 by foreign princes, and according to his ca- 
 price, or the demands of his avarice, the 
 support of England was promised to favour 
 the ambitious views either of France, or of 
 Germany, or of the pope. His disappoint- 
 ment in his application for the popedom af- 
 ter the death of Leo. X. in which he was 
 deceived by the emperor, was soon after 
 followed by the displeasure of his capri- 
 cious master, who in the matter of his di- 
 vorce expected from his favourite an obse- 
 quious and submissive assistant. The car- 
 dinal, equally afraid of the pope and of the 
 king, wished to stand neuter, but Henry, 
 indignant at his conduct, stripped him of 
 his honours 1529, and caused him to be im- 
 peached in parliament by a cnarge of 44 
 articles. Though the treasonable charges 
 were repelled in the house of commons by 
 the influence and exertions of his friend 
 Cromwell, he was desired to retire to York, 
 where he was soon after arrested by the 
 earl of Northumberland, on a fresh charge 
 of high treason. Wolsey, struck with the 
 greatness of his disgrace, fell sick, and as 
 he proceeded by slow journeys to London he 
 stopped at Leicester, where he is said to 
 have taken poison to put an end to his 
 wretched existence. He expired 29th Nov. 
 1530, and a few hours before his dealh he 
 exclaimed in accents of agony : " Had I 
 served my God with the same zeal that I 
 have served the king, he would not have for- 
 saken me in my old age." His remains were 
 buried in the abbey of St. Mary de Pratis, 
 at Leicester. The history of Wolsey ex- 
 hibits in the most striking degree the vicis- 
 situdes of fortune and the inconstancy of 
 human affairs. His private character was 
 so depraved, that he deserved little of the 
 favours of his master, but with a capricious 
 tyrant the most profligate and vicious are 
 generally the most useful and convenient 
 ministers. It has been truly observed, that 
 few ever fell from so high a station with 
 less crimes objected against them. It must 
 indeed be acknowledged that he was a man 
 
 823 
 
woo 
 
 woo 
 
 oi' great abilities, well acquainted with the 
 learning of the times, sagacious as a politi- 
 cian, and well versed in the intrigues of 
 courts. Notwithstanding, however, his 
 vices and his ambition, his schemes for the 
 promotion of literature in the nation were 
 noble and well imagined. He not only 
 founded seven lectures in the university 
 where he had been educated,, but Christ- 
 church owes its greatness to his munifi- 
 cence and liberality. He also founded a 
 school at Ipswich. Besides the honours 
 already enumerated, he possessed the com- 
 mission of pope's legate, a latere, he was 
 abbot of St. Alban's, bishop of Winchester 
 and Durham, and he held in farm the dio- 
 cesses of Bath, Worcester, and Hereford, 
 and had in his retinue 800 servants, among 
 whom were ten lords, 15 knights, and 40 
 esquires. 
 
 WoLTERS, Henrietta, a lady of Amster- 
 dam, eminent as a miniature painter. She 
 died 1741, aged 49. 
 
 WoLzoGEN, Lewis de, a native of Amers- 
 ford, who studied at Paris and Geneva, and 
 became a zealous partizan of the Socinians. 
 He settled at Amsterdam as professor of 
 ecclesiastical history, and died there 13th 
 Nov. 1690, aged 58. He wrote Orator 
 Sacer, sive de Ratione Concionandi, 8vo. 
 — Dissertatio Critico-Theologica, &c. 
 
 WoMACK, Lawrence, D.D. author of the 
 examination of Tilenus before the Friers, 
 12mo. against the puritans — the Calvinistic 
 Cabinet Disclosed, 12mo. — the Result of 
 False Principles, or Error convinced by its 
 own Evidence, and other tracts against the 
 Calvinists, was a divine of Cambridge, who 
 became archdeacon of Suffolk, 1660, and 
 was made bishop of St. David's 1683. He 
 died 16S5. 
 
 Wood, Anthony, an able antiquary, born 
 at Oxford, l7th Dec. 1632. He was edu- 
 cated at New college school, and at Thame 
 school, and in 1647 entered at Merton col- 
 lege. He took his master's degree in 1655, 
 and earnestly devoted himself to the study 
 of the antiquities of the colleges and 
 churches of Oxford. His labours were so 
 highly esteemed that after they were pre- 
 pared for the press in English, Dr. Fell dean 
 of Christ church procured them, and em- 
 ployed Peers, one of the students of his col- 
 lege, to translate the work into Latin. The 
 work thus left to the mercy of an obstinate 
 and perverse translator, and of a capricious 
 editor, appeared in 1674, in 2 vols. fol. un- 
 der the title of Historia et Antiquitates 
 Universitatis Oxoniensis, but much altered 
 and disfigured by several errors. He pub- 
 lished another work in 1691, of which a 
 second edition under the care of bishop 
 Tanner appeared in 1721, under the title of 
 Athenae Oxoniensis, containing an account 
 of the great men who flourished in the uni- 
 versity from 1500 to 1695, to which were 
 824 
 
 added the Fasti, in two vols. fol. Thougb 
 Wood in these works claimed the merit ot 
 being free from prejudice and party, he yet 
 reflected with such asperity* on the cha- 
 racter of lord Clarendon, the chancellor of 
 the university, that he was indicted for de- 
 famation in the court of the university, and 
 his expulsion, for greater notoriety, was in- 
 serted in the Gazette 1693. Though an in- 
 defatigable collector, and a diligent anti- 
 quary. Wood deserves to be censured for 
 his narrowness of mind and his violent 
 prejudices, totally unworthy the dignity of 
 the Historian. He died at Oxford 29th 
 Nov. 1695, of a retention of urine. His 
 papers and books were deposited agreea- 
 bly to his will in the Ashmolean musaeum. 
 Wood vindicated his work in an 8vo. vo- 
 lume, against the attacks of bishop Burnet. 
 Wood, Robert, an English writer. He 
 travelled with his friends Bouverie and 
 Dawkins into the East, and visited the 
 plains of Troas, and the remains of Balbec 
 and Palmyra. He became under secretary 
 of state in 1764, under lord Granville, and 
 in the midst of his political engagements 
 prepared the account of his observations 
 for the press, which he published under 
 the title of Essay on the Original Genius 
 of Homer, a work of great merit. He 
 died 1771. 
 
 Wood, Isaac, a painter in oil, and in 
 black lead on vellum, was patronised by 
 Wriotesley, duke of Bedford. He was in 
 his conversation very facetious, and parti- 
 cularly happy in his application of the lu- 
 dicrous passages of Hudibras. He died 
 24th Feb. 1752, aged 63. 
 
 Wood, James, professor of divinity, and 
 provost of St. Salvador's college, St. An- 
 drews, was author of a book against the 
 independents, and died 1664. 
 
 Wood, James, governor of Virginia, in 
 1798 and 1799, had been previously lieute- 
 nant-governor. He sustained a high repu- 
 tation as a general officer in the revolution- 
 ary army. Although opposed to the pre- 
 vailing political opinions of Virginia, during 
 the administration of president Adams, he 
 enjoyed a share of the confidence of the 
 people as to be placed at the head of the 
 government. Colonel Munroe succeeded 
 him in 1800. He died in June, 1813. 
 
 rCP L. 
 Woodall, John, an English surgeon, 
 who went, in 1539, with the troops sent by 
 Elizabeth to assist Henry IV. After tra- 
 velling over Europe he settled in London, 
 and became member of the corporation of 
 surgeons, and practised as a physician. 
 He was also surgeon to St. Bartholomew's 
 hospital, and surgeon general to the East 
 India company. He wrote Surgeon's Mate, 
 1617, and a supplement to it called Viati- 
 cum. He died 1638, aged 69. 
 Woodcock, Robert, was so attached to 
 
vvun 
 
 woo 
 
 music that, to in(Uilc;c his favourite pur- 
 suits, he quitted a lucrative place which he 
 bald under government, lie was eminent 
 as a composer, and as a player on the haut- 
 boy. Several of his compositions have 
 been published. He died lOtli April, 1728, 
 aged 36. He also txcelled as a painter of 
 sea pieces. 
 
 Woodford, Samuel, an English divine, 
 born in the parish of All-Hallows on the 
 Wall, London, 15th April, 1636. He was 
 of Wadham college, Oxford, and after ta- 
 king his first degree in arts, he entered at 
 the Inner Temple. At the restoration he 
 ivas ordained by bishop Morley, and ob- 
 tained the rectory of Hartley-Maudet, 
 Hants, to which were afterwards added a 
 prebend of Chichester, and in 1680, a pre- 
 bend of Winchester. He was member of 
 the Royal society, and was, in 1677, crea- 
 ted D.D. by archbishop Sancroft, and he 
 died 1700. He wrote poems of considera- 
 ble merit — Paraphrase on the Psalms, five 
 books — Paraphrase on the Canticles — The 
 Legend of Love, three cantos — to the Muse, 
 a pindaric ode — Paraphrase of some of the 
 Hymns of the Old and New Testament — 
 occasional compositions in English rhymes, 
 &c. 
 
 WooDHEAD, Abraham, a native of Mal- 
 tham, Yorkshire, bred up at University 
 college, Oxford, where he obtained a fel- 
 lowship. The restoration replaced him in 
 his fellowship, which he had lost by the 
 civil war ; but his conversion to the Roman 
 catholic faith proved injurious to his future 
 advancement in the church. He lived in 
 retirement at Hoxton, and was considered 
 the best wi'iter of his time in favour of the 
 tenets which he had adopted. He wrote 
 the Guide to Controversy, &c. The best 
 part of his numerous pamphlets are anony- 
 mous : they were ably answered by Dr. 
 Stillingfleet. He died 1678. 
 
 WooDHOUSE, James, professor of Cliy- 
 mistry in the university of Pennsylvania, 
 was eminent for his knowledge of that 
 branch of science, and published a number 
 of pieces on chvmical subjects of value. 
 He died June 4th, 1809, aged 38. IZZP' L. 
 
 WooDviLLE, Elizabeth, widow of sir 
 John Grey, who lost his life in the battle of 
 Bernard's Heath, captivated the heart of 
 Edward IV. when she appeared before him 
 to solicit the restitution of her husband's 
 property. In consequence of this inter- 
 view the frail monarch married her, and 
 from this union was born the princess Eli- 
 zabeth, whose marriage with Henry VII. 
 cemented a reconciliation between the vio- 
 lent partisans of the houses of Yoi*k and 
 Lancaster. The conduct of Edward, and 
 his partiality for his concubines, were not 
 calculated to ensure domestic happiness to 
 Elizabeth, yet, after his death, she ventured 
 to take for her third husband, lord Stanley. 
 
 Vol. it.. 104 
 
 She died in a monastery, w here her tsou-iit- 
 law, Henry V il. had confined her. 
 
 WooDvii.i.K, William, ;i ii!i(i\c of Cum 
 berland, who sliirlicd mctlicine at Edin- 
 burgh, where be took his ilcgree of M.I). 
 in 177;). Uc went to settle at Denbigh, 
 and in 1782 removed to London, where he 
 became physician to the Midillcsex dispen- 
 sary, and soon after, to the small-pox hos- 
 pital. He wrote a dissertation I)c Irrita- 
 bilitate, medical botany, 4to. du useful work, 
 and some tracts on the small-pox and the 
 cow-pox. He was an able practitioner, and 
 died at the small-pox hospital, Pancrae, 
 26th April, 1805, aged 58. 
 
 Woodward, John, a natural philoso- 
 pher, born in Derbyshire, 1st May, 1665. 
 He was well educated at a private school, 
 and then bound apprentice to a linen-dra- 
 per in London ; but literature and philoso- 
 phy had more charms for him than the bu- 
 siness of the counter. His studies were 
 assisted by the kindness of Dr. Barwick, 
 and on the vacancy of the medical profess- . 
 orship at Gresham college, 1692, he was 
 honourably elected to the chair. In 1693 
 he was chosen fellow of the Royal Society, 
 and two years after he was honoured by 
 Dr. Tenison, the primate, with the degree 
 of M.D. He published, in 1695, his Essay 
 towards a Natural History of the Earth, 
 &c. with an account of the Universal De- 
 luge, and of its effects, Bvo. This book, 
 as containing some curious facts and bold 
 conjectures, had many admirers, and more 
 enemies, and it passed in 1702, to a second 
 edition, and in 1723, to a third ; but it was 
 not followed by a larger work, as the author 
 had promised. He was in 1702, chosen 
 fellow of the college of physicians, and he 
 published some intelligent papers in the phi- 
 losophical transactions. In 1718 he pub- 
 lished the State of Physic, and of Diseases, 
 with an inquiry into the causes of their in- 
 crease, &c. and of the small-pox, which 
 produced a bitter controversy with Dr. 
 Mead. He died at his house, Gresham 
 college, 25th April, 1728, and was buried in 
 Westminster abbey. He founded a pro- 
 fessorship at Cambridge, with a salary of 
 1501. for a lecture to elucidate the Natural 
 History of the Earth, &c. and the first pro- 
 fessor appointed was Dr. Conyers Middle- 
 ton, 1731, who resigned tAvo years after. 
 
 Woodward, Henry a comedian of emi- 
 nence, born in London 1717, and educa- 
 ted at Merchant Tailors' school. From the 
 business of a tallow-chandler he became, 
 under the care of Mr. Rich, a popular har- 
 lequin on the London stage. VViih the 
 6000Z. which he had amassed by his profes- 
 sion, he commenced manager of Dublin 
 theatre, and imprudently lost the whole, 
 and returned again for support to Convent 
 garden. He died 17th April 1777, in con- 
 sequence of a fall, as he was jumping on fj 
 table, on the stage, in the character of 
 
 S2'5 
 
woo 
 
 WOK 
 
 Scrub. He ivas author of Marplot in Lis- 
 bon, a farce, and the ISIan's the Master, a 
 comedy, 1775. 
 
 Woodward, Bezaleel, professor of ma- 
 thematics and natural philosophy in Dail- 
 mouth College, was a native of Lebanon, 
 Connecticut, and graduated at Yale college 
 in 1764. He was an instructer in Dart- 
 mouth college from the time of its estab- 
 lishment in 1769 until his death, and a very 
 useful officer. He married a daughter of 
 the first president Wheel ock, and died at 
 Hanover, August 25th, 1804, aged 59. 
 
 icy L. 
 
 WooLLETT, William, a native of Maid- 
 stone, who became a pupil of Timney, and 
 acquired celebrity by his engravings, espe- 
 cially that of the death of general Wolfe. 
 He was engraver to the king, and died i 783, 
 aged 48. 
 
 WooLSTON, Thomas, an English divine, 
 born 1669 at Northampton, where his fa- 
 ther was a tradesman. He was educated 
 at Sidney college, Cambridge, where he ob- 
 tained a fellowship, and took his degree of 
 B.D. He published in 1705, the Old Apo- 
 logy of the Truth for the Christian religion, 
 against the Jews and Gentiles, revived, 8vo. 
 a singular work, which though abounding 
 in new opinions, did not, however, excite 
 the censures of the learned against him. 
 He afterwards published a Latin disserta- 
 tion on the authenticity of the letter said to 
 have been written by Pilate to Tiberius, 
 describing our Saviour, &c. 1720, and the 
 next year two letters on the character, &c. 
 of the Quakers — and in defence of the 
 Apostles, and primitive Fathers, &c. His 
 Four Free Gifts to the Clergy appeared in 
 1723 and 4, and soon after his Moderator 
 between an Infidel and Impostor, &c. 
 which excited a persecution against him, 
 which, however, was stopped by the inter- 
 ference of Mr. Whiston. His six discourses 
 on the Miracles of Christ, and his two de- 
 fences of them, dedicated to six bishops, ap- 
 peared in 1727, and the three next years, 
 and by their merriment, and humour, their 
 profaneness, and blasphemy, excited emo- 
 tions of mirth, of indignation, and of hor- 
 ror. In these books he regards the mira- 
 cles of our Saviour, as related in the gos- 
 pel not as real events, and historical facts, 
 but allegorical fables, and while he at- 
 tempts to disprove them, he treats of them 
 in the most ludicrous, offensive, and inde- 
 cent language. Thus at war with the good 
 sense, the opinions, and the religion of his 
 country, he soon felt not only the attacks of 
 literary champions, but the prosecution of 
 the law. He was tried for the offence at 
 Guildhall, before lord chief justice Raj^- 
 mond, and sentenced to one year's impri- 
 sonment, and to a fine of 100/. As he was 
 imabl^ to pay the fine, he continued to the 
 frnd of his life within the rules of the kina's 
 
 «2f; 
 
 bench, and died there 27th Jan. 1733, of ah 
 epidemic disorder, after an illness of four 
 days, while Dr. Clarke was engaged in so- 
 liciting his liberty. In the agonies of death 
 he exclaimed *' this is a struggle which all 
 men must go through, which I bear not only 
 patiently, but with willingness." His re- 
 mains were deposited in St. George's 
 churchyard, Souihwark. 
 
 VVoosTER, David, major general in the 
 army of the American revolution, was born 
 at Stratford, Connecticut, in 1711, and gra- 
 duated at Yale college in 1738. He was ap- 
 pointed to the chief command of the troops 
 of Connecticut at the commencement of the 
 war of the revolution, and afterwards a 
 brigadier general in the continental service. 
 He soon resigned that office, and was ap- 
 pointed, in 1776, the first major general of 
 the militia of Connecticut, and while op- 
 posing the British detachment sent to de- 
 stroy the public stores at Danbury, was 
 mortally wounded at Ridgfield, April 27th, 
 1777, and died on the 2d of May follow- 
 ing. ICJ^ L. 
 
 WooTON, John, an eminent landscape 
 painter, was particularly distinguished for 
 his paintings of dogs, and horses, for which 
 he regularly received 40 guineas, and 20 
 when less than life. He quitted business 
 in 1761, and his collection of drawings and 
 prints was sold by public auction. He died 
 1765. 
 
 Worcester, Samuel, D.D. congrega- 
 tional minister of Salem, was born at Hol- 
 lis, New- Hampshire, and graduated at 
 Dartmouth college in 1795. Having quali- 
 fied himself for the ministry, he was or- 
 dained pastor of the church at Fitchburg, 
 Sept. 27, 1797. He was dismissed in 1802, 
 and in April, 1803, was installed pastor of 
 the Tabernacle church at Salem, Massachu- 
 setts, where he continued till his death. 
 His talents and learning were highly re- 
 spectable, he was eminently amiable, most 
 exemplarily pious, and distinguished for his 
 practical wisdom. He was one of the 
 earliest and most zealous promoters of the 
 missions from New- England for commu- 
 nicating the gospel to the heathen, was the 
 secretary to the board of commissioners 
 for foreign missions, for that purpose, and 
 devoted most of his attention to the busi- 
 ness of the society from the time of its or- 
 ganization. In 1820 he took a journey to 
 the south, for the joint purpose of impro- 
 ving his health, and visiting the missionary 
 stations among the Aborigines, and died at 
 Brainerd, in the country of the Cherokees, 
 January 7th, 1821. His chief publica- 
 tions were " Letters on the Trinity," ad- 
 dressed to the Rev. Mr. Channing, and 
 "Two Discourses on the Abrahamic Cove- 
 nant," connected with a volume of letters 
 addressed to the Rev. Dr. Baldwin of Bos- 
 ton. fC?' I'» 
 
WOR 
 
 WOT 
 
 WoBLiDGE, Thomas, an engraver, and 
 portrait painter, who publislicd a book of 
 J^ems front the antique. Some of his etch- 
 ings, from llembraiult, were particularly 
 admired. He died ITGO. 
 
 WoRMius, Olaus, a native of Arhusen, 
 in Jutland, who studied at Lunenbur;2;, 
 Emmeric, and Marpurg, and in 1(507 came 
 to Strasburg, where he applied himself to 
 physic. He visited Italy, and on account 
 of his great learning was honourably re- 
 ceived by the universities of Padua, Sien- 
 na, and Montpellier, and after travelling 
 over France, Holland, and England, he 
 took his doctor's degree at Basil, and at 
 last settled at Copenhagen, where he ob- 
 tained the chair of professor of belles lettres. 
 In 1615, he was advanced to the chair of 
 Greek, and in 1624, to that of medicine, 
 and acquired both reputation and opulence, 
 as the physician of the court. He obtain- 
 ed a canonry of Lunden, from Christiern 
 IV. for his services, and died 1634, aged 
 66. He was three times married, and the 
 father of 16 children. He wrote Fasti 
 Danici, 1626 — a History of Norway, 4to. 
 — Literatura Danica Antiquissima, Vulgo 
 Gothiea Dicta, et de Prisca Danorum Poesi, 
 5to. — Monument, Danic. Libri Sex. fol. — 
 Lexicon Runicum, and appendix ad Monu- 
 menta Danica, fol. — Series Regum Daniae, 
 &:c. — Talshoi, or Monument. Stroense in 
 Scania, 4to. 
 
 WoRMitis, William, eldest son of the 
 preceding, was born at Copenhagen, and 
 applied himself to medical pursuits. He 
 became professor of medicine, historiogra- 
 pher to the king, counsellor of state, &c. 
 and died 1724, aged 71. He wrote Mu- 
 saeum Wormianum, fol. containing an ac- 
 count of the curiosities preserved in his 
 father's collection. His eldest son Olaus, 
 was professor of eloquence, history, and 
 physic, at Copenhagen, and author of trea- 
 tises de Glossopetris — de Viribus Medica- 
 mentorum Specificis, &c. He died 1708. 
 Another brother was bishop of Copenha- 
 gen, and author of some theological tx'acts. 
 He died 1737, much respected. 
 
 WoRSDALE, James, a painter, the pu- 
 pil of sir Godfrey Kneller, whose niece he 
 privately married. In consequ6nce of this 
 union he was discarded by his master, but 
 found patrons and friends in the public, 
 and gained some reputation as a singer, 
 and as a facetious mimic. He was author 
 of songs, of five dramatic pieces, in one of 
 which he acted a part, &c. He died 13th 
 June, 1767, and was buried at St. Paul's, 
 Covent-garden. 
 
 WoRSLET, sir Richard, a native of the 
 Isle of Wight, who succeeded to the title 
 on the death of his father, sir Thomas, 
 1768, and in 1775 married a olaughter of 
 ^ir John Fleming, bai't. from whom he was 
 ilivorced in 1782. He was comptroller of 
 
 tiic royal household, governor of the isle of 
 Wight, and member for Newport. In the 
 youn2;(:r partof his life he tnuflled Ihrougli 
 Europe, and made aline collection of mar- 
 bles, statues, and other antiques, engraved 
 and published 2 vols. fol. under the title of 
 Musaeum Worsleianum. He puiilished also 
 a History of the Isle of Wight, 1781, 4to. 
 with inditlerent plates by Godfrey. He 
 died of an apoplexy, at his seat of Apple- 
 durcombe, 8th Aug. I80o, aged 54. 
 
 WoRTHiNGTON, John, D. D. a native of 
 Wales, who was elected to the headship of 
 Jesus college, Cambridge, which he resign- 
 ed after the restoration. He obtained the 
 cure of St. Benet Fink, in London, and 
 soon after the fire of London was presented 
 to the living of Ingoldsby, near Granthan), 
 Lincolnshire, and to a prebend of Lincoln 
 cathedral. He died at Hackney, where he 
 had resided as lecturer to the church, and 
 was buried there, at the latter end of 1671 . 
 His funeral sermon was preached by Til- 
 lotson. He published a Form of Sound 
 Words, or a Scripture Catechism, 8vo. — 
 the Great Duty of Self-Resignation, 8vo. — 
 the Doctrine of the Resurrection Consider- 
 ed, Svo. &c. 
 
 W^ORTHiNGTON, William, D. D. a native 
 of Merionethshire, educated at Oswestry 
 school, and Jesus ct>llege, Oxford, where 
 he took his doctor's degree, 1758. He 
 was liberally patronised by bishop Hare, 
 who gave him a living in Shropshire, and 
 afterwards another in Denbighshire, and a 
 stall in the cathedral of St. Asaph. He af- 
 terwards obtained a stall in York cathedral 
 from archbishop Drummond. Jle died at 
 his living of Llanrhayader, in Denbigh- 
 shire, much lamented, 6th Oct. 1778, aged 
 75. He sent to the press various publica- 
 tions, the best known of which are, an Es- 
 say on the Scheme and Conduct, &c. of 
 Man's Redemption, &c. 8vo. — Historical 
 Sense of the Mosaic Account of the Fall 
 proved, &c. — the Evidences of Christianity, 
 deduced from facts, &c. preached at Boyle's 
 Lectures, 1766-8, 2 vols. Svo. — the Scrip- 
 ture Theory of the Earth, &c. Svo. — Ser- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 WoTTON, sir Henry, an eminent writer, 
 born 30th March, 1568, at Bocton-hall, 
 Kent, of respectable parents. From Win- 
 chester school he entered at New college, 
 Oxford, and soon after removed to Queen's 
 college, where he became distinguished for 
 wit and learning. After leaving Oxford, 
 %vhere it is imcertain whether he took his 
 master's degree, he went to France, Gei'- 
 many, and Italy, and there increased his 
 knowledge of literature, and of the fine 
 arts, during a residence of nine years. Oj> 
 his return to England, he recommended 
 himself, by his abilities and politeness, to 
 Essex, and became his secretary ; but an 
 the fall of t]»at imbappy favourite, he hs*? 
 
WOT 
 
 WOU 
 
 the good Ibrtune to escape to the continent. 
 At Florence he ingratiated himself with the 
 grand duke, and was confidentially com- 
 missioned to go to Scotland to inform 
 James VI. of a conspiracy formed against 
 his life. Under the assumed name of Oc- 
 tavio Baldi, he passed to Norway, and then 
 to Scotland, where he was received with 
 kindness, and treated with distinction by 
 the king. He had no sooner returned to 
 Florence than he was informed of the death 
 of Elizabeth, and of the accession of Jamea 
 to the English throne, and he therefore 
 Tiastened back to his native country, and 
 was greeted with regard and confidence by 
 the king. He was knighted and sent am- 
 bassador to Venice, and afterwards to the 
 United Provinces, and to several of the 
 German courts, where he represented his 
 sovereign with becoming dignity, and truly 
 Bi'itish independence. For his services to 
 the state he was rewarded with the pro- 
 vostship of Eton, 1623, and he took deacon's 
 orders, as he regarded his ecclesiastical situ- 
 ation incompatible with the character of a 
 layman. He died 1639, deservedly respect- 
 ed in his private as well as his public cha- 
 racter. He was buried in the chapel of his 
 college, and, as an enemy to controversy, 
 he caused these words to be engraved on 
 liis tomb : Hie jacet hujus sententiae primus 
 auctor, disputandi pruritus ecclesiae scabies. 
 Nomen alias quaere. He wrote the Ele- 
 ments of Architecture — Parallels between 
 Essex and Buckingham — Characters of 
 some of the Kings of England — Essays on 
 Education — Poems, printed in the Reliquae 
 Wottoniae, which appeared after his death, 
 8vo. After he was settled at Eaton, he 
 Began the Life of Martin Luther, with the 
 Kistory of the reformation, but abandoned 
 it at the request of Charles L to devote 
 himself more laboriously to the History of 
 England, which he, however, never com- 
 pleted. 
 
 WoTTON, William, an able divine, born 
 13th Aug. 1666, at Wrentham, Suffolk, 
 where his father was rector. He was en- 
 dowed with astonishing powers of mind, 
 and when four years and three months old, 
 he could read with the greatest ease the 
 Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. He was ad- 
 mitted of Catherine-hall, Cambridge, be- 
 fore he was 10 years old, and there he 
 maintained his reputation by his astonish- 
 ing skill in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Arabic, 
 and Syriac, as well as in arts and sciences. 
 He took his first degree in 1679, and was 
 soon after noticed by Lloyd, bishop of St. 
 Asaph, who patronised him, and after- 
 wards gave him the sinecure of Llandrillo, 
 in Denbighshire. He had before obtained 
 a fellowship at St. John's college, and in 
 1693 lord Nottingham gave him the living 
 of Middlcton Keynes, in Buckinghamshire. 
 In 1694 he published Reflections upon. An- 
 8^ 
 
 cicnfc and Modern Learning, a work of me^ 
 rit, and as he had been abused by the satiri- 
 cal pen of Swift, he wrote Observations on 
 the Tale of a Tub, which he called an irre- 
 ligious book, and a most profane piece o£ 
 ribaldry. In 1701 he published the History 
 of Rome from the death of Antoninus Pius 
 to the death of Severus Alexander, 8vo, 
 under the direction of Dr. Burnet, a work 
 of great merit. In 1707 Tenison confer- 
 red on him the degree of D. D. and he wa.'i 
 presented by Burnet to a stall in Salisbury 
 cathedral. Though in possession of a mo- 
 derate income, he was so regardless of 
 economy, that pecuniary difficulties crowd- 
 ed upon him, and obliged him in 1714 to 
 retire to South Wales, where he wrote se- 
 veral books. He died 13th Feb. 1726, 
 leaving only one daughter, the wife of Mr. 
 W. Claike, canon residentiary of Chiches- 
 ter. His other works are, Discourse con- 
 cerning the Confusion of Tongues at Babel 
 — Advice to a Young Student — Memoirs of 
 the Cathedrals of St. David's and Llandaff 
 — some sermons — five political anonymous 
 pamphlets, &c. In his character he was a 
 most extraordinai'y man, as he never for- 
 got any thing which he had read, and what 
 is remarkable, as has been observed, his 
 learning was all in ready cash, which he 
 was able to produce at sight, and with 
 which he could enliven and embellish the 
 most uninteresting subjects. 
 
 WoTTON, Edward, a native of Oxford, 
 educated at Magdalen school. He becamo 
 demy of Magdalen college, and then re- 
 moved to Corpus Cbristi, of which he was 
 appointed Greek lecturer. He afterwards 
 travelled into Italy, and took the degree of 
 M. D. at Padua, and after his return to 
 England, practised with great success at 
 Oxford, and then at London, where he was 
 made member of the college of physicians, 
 and physician to Henry VIII. He died 
 oth Oct. 1555, and was buried in St. Al- 
 ban's church, London. He published de 
 Differentiis Animalium Libri decem, 1552, 
 a work of merit, and he was the first who 
 paid particular attention to natural history. 
 He began, but did not finish, a History of 
 Insects. 
 
 WouTERS, Francis, a Dutch painter. His 
 landscapes with naked cupids are admired. 
 He was the pupil of Rubens, and lived for 
 some time in England, in the suite of the 
 impeinal ambassador. He died 1659. 
 
 WouvERMANS, Philip, a native of Haer- 
 lem, who studied painting under John 
 Wynants, and without visiting the schools 
 of Italy, acquired great celebrity. For 
 high finishing, for correctness, and for 
 pleasing composition, he was excelled by 
 fev/ ; but his merits wei'e viewed without 
 encouragement, and his labours were un- 
 accompanied with the honourable rewards 
 due to superior talents. He lived poor- 
 
WRA 
 
 uui: 
 
 aiiU iiic cares of a numerous luinily, added 
 to the small recompense which he received 
 for his valuable pieces, contributed to in- 
 crease the miseries of life. Displeased with 
 the ingratitude of the world, he refused to 
 bring up any of his children to his own pro- 
 fession, and in his last moments he de- 
 stroyed a box full of designs, &c. He died 
 at Hacrlem, 1688, aged 68. His land- 
 scapes were particularly happy, and diver- 
 sified with encampments, with huntings, 
 halts, &c. As he chiefly excelled in the 
 painting of horses, he studied those sub- 
 jects in which these animals could be in- 
 troduced to the best advantage. Two of 
 his brothers, Peter and John, were also 
 eminent artists. 
 
 WowER, John, a native of Hamburgh, 
 distinguished as a politician, and as a lite- 
 rary character. He died at Gottorp, where 
 he was governor, 1612, aged 38. He wrote 
 Polymathia, 4to. — Notes on Firmicus, 
 Apuleius, Sidonius, &c. — Letters, &c. 
 
 Wragg, William, was a native of South 
 Carolina, and a descendant of one of the 
 French Huguenots who fled from France 
 on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. 
 He was born in 1714, and was sent to Eng- 
 land for his education, first to Westminster 
 school, and afterwards to the university of 
 Oxford. He studied and entered on the 
 practice of the law in England, and there 
 also formed a matrimonial connexion. Not 
 long afterwards he returned to his native 
 country, and was for a considerable num- 
 ber of years in succession, elected a mem- 
 ber of the provincial house of assembly of 
 South Carolina. In 1753, he was ad- 
 vanced to the rank of one of the king's 
 eouncil for the province, and in 1769, the 
 office of chief justice of the province was 
 offered him, but he declined to accept it. 
 When the revolution commenced he felt 
 constrained by his official oaths, and by his 
 views of the best interests of the country 
 to oppose the declaration and prosecution 
 of independence. This turned the tide of 
 popular feeling so completely against him, 
 that he embarked for England, and in the 
 course of his voyage was wrecked and lost 
 in a violent storm on the coast of Holland, 
 in September, 1777. A monument in West- 
 minster abbey perpetuates the memory of 
 his life, and of the melancholy shipwreck 
 in which he met his death. He was a man 
 of fine talents, of powerful eloquence, and 
 of great probity and honour. tCJ^ L. 
 
 Wrangel, Charles Gustavus, marshal 
 and constable of Sweden, was distin- 
 guished for his valour. He burnt the Da- 
 nish fleet in 1644, beat the Imperialists at 
 Augsburg, 1648, and defeated the Dutch 
 fleet in the passage of the Sound, 1658. He 
 died about 1676. 
 
 Wray, Daniel, a native of London, edu- 
 ^ted at the Charter-honse, and at Queen's 
 
 eullegc, Cambridge, and distinguished for 
 his learning, his taate, and his acquaintance 
 with the fine arts. He was member of the 
 Royal and Anti(juarian societies, and trus- 
 tee of the British museum, &.c. He died 
 2yth Dec. 1783, aged 82, and universally 
 lamented. He contributed to the Archa^'o- 
 logia, Notes on the Walls of Ancient Rome, 
 and Extracts of Letters from Rome on the 
 discovery of a statue of Venus, &c. 
 
 Wren, Matthew, an English prelate. 
 He was of Pembroke hall, Cambridge, and 
 afterwards became master of Peter-house, 
 chaplain to Charles I. prebendarj of Win- 
 chester and Westminster, dean of Wind- 
 sor, and in 1634, was made bishop of Here- 
 ford. He was afterwards translated ta 
 Norwich, and in 1638 to Ely. During the 
 civil wars his property was seized, and his 
 pex-son imprisoned in the Tower, where he 
 continued 18 years without being brought 
 to trial. At the restoration he was re-in- 
 stated in his bishopric, and died at Ely- 
 house, London, 1667, aged 81. He was 
 a man of abilities, and wrote some contro- 
 versial tracts against the Socinians — Epis- 
 tolae Variae, &c. — the Abandoning of the 
 Scots Government — two sermons, &c. 
 
 Wren, Matthew, son of the preceding, 
 was educated at Cambridge, and became 
 member of parliament for St. Machael, in 
 Cornwall, and was secretary to James, 
 duke of York. He died June, 1672, aged 
 
 42. 
 
 He wrote Considerations on Harring- 
 
 ton's Oceana — Monarchy Asserted, &c. 
 Lord Clarendon was anxious that he should 
 undertake a confutation of Hobbes' Levia- 
 than, but it does not appear that he enga- 
 ged in the work. 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, a celebrated 
 English ai'chitect and mathematician, ne- 
 phenv to bishop Wren, was boni at Knoyle, 
 Wilts, 20th Oct. 1632. At the age of 14 
 he entered as gentleman commoner at Wad- 
 ham college, Oxford, where he made asto" 
 nishing progress in mathematics. He was, 
 about the time of taking his master's de- 
 gree, elected fellow of All-Souls, and in 
 1657 he was chosen professor of astronomy 
 in Gresham college, where his lectures on 
 the difl^erent phases of Saturn were attend- 
 ed by rumerous audiences. In 1661 he 
 succeeded Seth Ward as Savilian prof* ssor 
 at Oxford, and in consequence resigned the 
 Gresham professorship, and took the de- 
 gree of LL.D. His acquaintance with ar- 
 chitecture was so great that he was sent 
 for by Charles II. to assist sir John Den- 
 ham, the surveyor-general, and in 1663 he 
 was chosen fellow of the Royal Society, to 
 whose memoirs he contributed some valua- 
 ble papers on subjects of astronomy, natu- 
 ral philosophy, and other sciences. In 
 1665 he went to France, and visited the 
 most curious edifices, and the most remark- 
 able inventions in mechanics in thecarital. 
 
 S29 
 
WRI 
 
 WPtI 
 
 stiid on bis return home he was appointed 
 architect, and one of the commissioners for 
 the reparation of St. Paul's cathedral. The 
 dreadful conflagration of the city which 
 quickly followed, called for the exertion of 
 the powers of the ingenious architect, but 
 the model for a new capital which he made, 
 though approved by the king and the privy 
 council, was not adopted. His avocations 
 were now so numerous as an architect, and 
 as the successor of sir J. Denham, in the 
 office of surveyor-general of his majesty's 
 works, that he resigned his Savilian pro- 
 fessorship in 1673, and the following year 
 received the honour of knighthood. By 
 his advice Greenwich was selected as the 
 best place for the erection of an observato- 
 ry, and his friend Flamstead was appointed 
 the first professor. In the improving and 
 beautifying London, his genius was parti- 
 cularly displayed, and the churches which 
 he ei'ecte.d are lasting monuments of the 
 vast powers of his mind. Besides St. Paul, 
 the noblest edifice which he raised, he built 
 53 chui-ches in London, among which St. 
 Stephen Walbrook is particularly celebra- 
 ted. The monument was also erected by 
 him, and likewise the custom-house, Green- 
 wich hospital, Emanuel college chapel. Tri- 
 nity college library, Cambridge, the theatre 
 .at Oxford, &c. This ingenious man, whose 
 architectural labours deserve and receive 
 so much admiration, died 25th Feb. 1723, 
 aged 91, and he was buried with great 
 solemnity in the vault of his favourite ca- 
 thedral, where, on the side of a pillar, these 
 fe'w words record the greatness of his ge- 
 nius, " Lector, si monumentum requiris, 
 circumspice." Sir Christopher sat twice in 
 parliament, for Plympton in Devonshire, 
 1685, and for Mel combe Regis in 1700. 
 He married the daughter of sir Thomas 
 Coghili of Blechington, Oxon, by whom he 
 had a son, and after her death he took, for 
 liis second wife, a daughter of baron Lif- 
 ford, of Ireland, by whom he had a son and 
 a daughter. He was in 1680 elected pre- 
 sident of the Royal Society, and in 1684 
 made comptroller of the works in Windsor 
 castle. Though he never published any 
 thing himself, several of his works have 
 appeared in the philosophical transactions 
 and in the publications of Dr. Wallis and 
 others. His son of the same name, pub- 
 lished, 1708, a learned work, called Numis- 
 matum Antiquorum Sylloge, 4to. and died 
 1747, aged 7-3. 
 
 Wright, Nathan, a learned lawyer, born 
 at Barwell, Leicestershire. He was made 
 loi'd keeper of the great seal on the remo- 
 val of lord Somers ; but though abused by 
 Burnet as a strong Tory, devoted to party 
 and fond of money, he adds, that he never 
 was charged with bribery in his court. He 
 was removed in 1705, and passed the rest 
 nf life in peaceful retirement at his seat at 
 830 
 
 CaJdeeot hall, Warwickshire, where he died 
 much respected, 4th Aug. 1721. 
 
 Wright, Samuel, a dissenting minister, 
 born Jan. 30th, 1683, at Retford, Notts, 
 He settled in London, where he acquired 
 some reputation as an eloquent and fluent 
 preacher. He published about 40 single 
 sermons, but his best known work is his 
 Treatise on the New Birth, or the being 
 born again, without which it is impossible 
 to enter the kingdom of God. He died 3d 
 April, 1746, at his bouse, Newington 
 Green. 
 
 Wright, Edward, a mathematician of 
 Cambridge, who attended the earl of Cum- 
 berland in his expedition to the Azores in 
 1589. He wrote the Errors of Navigation 
 corrected, 1599, a work of merit — Treatises 
 on the Sphere — on Dialling — Haven-find" 
 ing Art, and he also constructed a table of 
 Meridional Parts, and tables of the Sun's 
 Declination. He died about 1620. 
 
 Wright, Edward, an English writer, 
 who attended lord Macclesfield in his tra- 
 vels in 1720-2, of which he wrote an account 
 called Observations, &c. 2 vols. 4to. an in- 
 teresting work, though written in inelegant 
 language. 
 
 Wright, Abraham, a native of London, 
 educated at Oxford, where he was public 
 orator. During the civil wars he lived as 
 tutor in several respectable families, and 
 died rector of Oakham church, 1690. He 
 wrote Deliciae Deliciarum — Commentary 
 on the Psalms — on the Pentateuch — ser- 
 mons — a collection of poems, or Parnassus 
 Biceps, &c. 
 
 Wright, Joseph, a native of Derby, emi- 
 nent as a painter. He was the pupil of 
 Hudson, and in 1773, visited Italy to im- 
 prove himself. Two years after he return- 
 ed to England and died in his native town, 
 1797, aged 63. His landscapes and histo- 
 rical pieces are highly valued, 
 
 Wright, Paul, an English divine, edu- 
 cated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge. He 
 obtained Oakley vicarage, and Burden cha- 
 pel, Essex, and Snoreham rectory, 1739, 
 on the presentation of the governors of 
 Bridewell, St. Thomas, and the other city 
 hospitals. He republished, in 1774, Hey- 
 lyn's Help to English History, 8vo. ; but 
 his Chauncey's History of St. Alban's, for 
 which he had printed proposals, and re- 
 ceived subscriptions, never appeared. A 
 Family Bible with notes was published un- 
 der his name. He died 1785. 
 
 Wright, sir James, govei'nor of Georgia, 
 was the last who held that office under the 
 royal government. He had been agent for 
 South Carolina in England, and in 1760 
 was appointed chief justice of that pro- 
 vince and lieutenant-governor of Georgia. 
 In 1764 he was appointed governor, and in 
 1772 created a baronet. His long admini- 
 stration was distinguished bv wisdom amV 
 
WYA 
 
 WYC 
 
 jinidcnce, aiid the colony flourished under 
 it in an unprecedented degree, lie was, 
 however, avaricious, and devoted to the 
 ivishes of the king. At the commence- 
 ment of the revolution, a contest for the 
 supreme authority was kept up by him and 
 the popular leaders, until January, 1776, 
 when he was taken prisoner. He soon af- 
 ter found means to escape on board the 
 Scarborough, a British ship. He returned 
 in July, 1771), and resumed the govern- 
 ment, but it was for a short time. Inde- 
 pendence was established, tiie royal au- 
 thority ceased, and the large estates ac- 
 quired by him in Georgia were confiscated. 
 
 WuRMSER, Dagobert Sigismund, count, 
 field-marshal in the service of Austria, was 
 a native of Alsace. After being live years 
 in the French armies, he enlisted in the ser- 
 vice of the emperor, and by his merit and 
 valour, rose to the highest ranks. He was, 
 in 1793, commissioned to cover the siege 
 of Mentz, and he soon after attacked the 
 Weissemburg lines, while the duke of 
 Brunswick fell on the left of the French 
 army, and prince Waldeck on the right. 
 Victorious in his attack, he pushed his con- 
 quest into Alsace, and took Haguenau, 
 Drusenheim, &c. These advantages were 
 counterbalanced by the fatal battle of 
 Trischweiler, in which he was defeated j 
 but the following year he repaired his losses 
 by the taking of Manheim. In 1796 he 
 hastened to the relief of Mantua, and for 
 two successive days defeated the French on 
 the borders of the lake of Guarda. The 
 fortune of Bonaparte, however, prevailed 
 against him at Castiglione, Montechiaro, 
 and Lodano, and afterwards at Roveredo, 
 and at the Brenta, and after the severest 
 losses, he penetrated through the enemy, 
 and threw himself into Mantua. After the 
 most determined resistance, Mantua, re- 
 duced by famine and by sickness, surren- 
 dered, 2d Feb. 1797, to the conqueror on 
 the most honourable terms. The aged 
 commander retired to Vienna, where he 
 was received W'ith the honour which his 
 services and his years deserved, and he was 
 appointed governor of Hungary, where he 
 died Aug. 1797, aged above 80. 
 
 Wyat, sir Thomas, a learned courtier in 
 the service of Henry VIII. He was born 
 of a respectable family in Kent, and edu- 
 cated at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 which he afterwards quitted for Oxford. 
 He was knighted by Henry, and his abili- 
 ties usefully employed in various embassies 
 on the continent. He was author of seve- 
 ral poems, printed in 1565, with those of 
 his friend the earl of Surrey. He was the 
 first who turned into English metre, Da- 
 vid's Psalms. He died 1541, aged 38. 
 
 Wyatt, Sir Francis, governor of Virgi- 
 nia, succeeded Yeardley in October. 1621. 
 
 On the 22d of March, 1C22, the Indiana 
 commenced the execution of a plot to ex- 
 terminate the English, and on that day 
 three hundred and forty-nine persons *wcre 
 destroyed at the various plaiiiations, six of 
 whom were members of the council. 
 Jamestown was preserved, in consequence 
 of the friendship of a j ouiig Indian who com- 
 municated the design to his master. This 
 sanguinary event was followed by a retalia- 
 tory war, which was carried on with great fe- 
 rocity, and which created a deadly hostility 
 in the minds of the savages towards the 
 colonists. On the death of his father he 
 returned to Ireland in 1025, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Yeardley. Under the adminis- 
 tration of Wyatt, the first courts were es- 
 tablished, and a general assembly convened, 
 by which the first laws were passed which 
 are to be found in the records of the colo- 
 ny. In 1639 he was again governor. He 
 succeeded sir John Harvey, and continued 
 in office until the arrival of sir William 
 Berkeley. ICJ^ L. 
 
 Wyatt, James, an architect was born at 
 Burton in Statibrshire about 1743. He went 
 to Rome, and there studied the principles ' 
 of architecture and painting under Viscen- 
 tini. On his return to England he was em- 
 ployed to build the Pantheon in Oxford- 
 street, w^hioh fixed his reputation, and 
 when sir William Chambers died he was 
 appointed surveyor-general to the Board of 
 Works. He also became a member of the 
 Royal Academy, and sat as president of 
 that institution for some time. He died in 
 consequence of the overturning of a car- 
 riage, Sept. 5, 1813. — Jf . B. 
 
 Wycherley, William, an eminent comic 
 writer, born at Cleve, in Shropshire, 1640, 
 hx the age of 15 he went to France, where 
 he embraced the Roman catholic tenets, 
 and on his return home, in 1660, he re- 
 sided at Oxford, though he was not admitted 
 member of the university. He afterward 
 returned to the protestant faith, and en-r 
 tered at the Middle Temple, but soon pre- 
 ferred the labours of literature to the dry 
 studies of the law. In the course of 10 
 years he produced four comedies ; Love 
 in a Wood — the Gentleman Dancing Mas- 
 ter — Plain Dealer — and Country Wife, 
 printed together in 1712, and the populari- 
 ty of these pieces recommended him to 
 the notice of the great, the w itty and the 
 fair. He was noticed not only by Viltiers, 
 duke of Buckingham, and by the dutchess 
 of Cleveland, who admitted him to the last 
 degree of intimacy, but by Charles II. who 
 visited him when ill, at his private apart- 
 ments, and enabled him to remove to the 
 south of France for the recovery of his 
 health. On his return Wycherly was of- 
 fered by the king, the place of governor to 
 his son, with an ample salary ; but his 
 marriase with the widowed countess of 
 
 831 
 
WYK 
 
 WIL 
 
 Drogheda, soon after offended his royal 
 patron, and involved him in difficulties. 
 Though the countess, who was jealously 
 fond Of him to a ridiculous degree, bestow- 
 ed on him all her property, yet at her 
 death, which happened soon after, his 
 right to the succession was disputed, and 
 in consequence of law-suits, he was thrown 
 into prison by his unfeeling creditors. 
 Here he languished for seven long years, 
 till James II. going to see the Plain, Dealer, 
 was so pleased with the play, that he of- 
 fered to pay the debts of the unfortunate 
 author, and settled an annuity of 2001. on 
 him. Wycherley, however, from false 
 delicacy, was ashamed to give an account 
 of his debts, and thus still continued in- 
 volved in distress. Though averse to the 
 troubles of a married life, he wished, as 
 one of his biographers has informed us, to 
 die married, and with this singular passion, 
 in his old age, he took for his second wife 
 a young lady worth 1500/. and died eleven 
 days after, 1st Jan. 1715. He was buried 
 in a vault of Covent-garden church. Be- 
 sides his comedies he wrote some poems, 
 a folio volume of which appeared 1704, 
 and his posthumous works, in prose and 
 verse, were published in 1723, by L. Theo- 
 bald, Svo. 
 
 Wycke, Thomas, a native of Haerlem, 
 eminent as a painter. His sea-ports, and 
 his marine views which he drew in Italy, 
 were highly admired. He died 1686, aged 
 70. His son John was an able artist. He 
 resided for some years in London, where 
 he assisted sir Godfrey Kneller. His 
 paintings of battles, and especially of 
 horses, displayed superior excellence. He 
 died in London 1702, aged 62. 
 
 Wykeham, William of, a celebrated 
 prelate, born at Wykeham in Hampshire, 
 1324. Though his parents were respecta- 
 ble, yet they were poor ; but domestic dif- 
 ficulties were forgotten in the liberal pa- 
 tronage of Nicolas Uvedale, lord of the 
 manor of Wykeham, and governor of Win- 
 chester, who provided for his education and 
 made him his secretary. By degrees he 
 rose in the estimation of his friend, and 
 was recommended to the notice of Edward 
 HI., who appointed him surveyor of his 
 works in the castle and park of Windsor. 
 By his advice this commanding situation 
 was adorned with new buildings, and the 
 present magnificent structure erected ; but 
 the inscription of " this made Wykeham," 
 placed on the palace, threatened ruin to the 
 favourite. While, however, his enemies 
 interpreted the ambiguous sentence to his 
 discredit by reading it backward, Wykeham 
 assured his master, that, instead of arroga- 
 ting to himself the glory of the edifice, he 
 wished posterity to know that the favour 
 of the king, and the care of the building, 
 liad raised him from a low situation to an 
 332 
 
 exalted fortune. Thus reconciled to Ed- 
 ward, he rose in consequence, and when 
 in orders he obtained the rectory of Pul^ 
 ham, Norfolk, and after other preferments, 
 he was advanced, in 1366, to the see of 
 Winchester. He was besides, chief war- 
 den and surveyor of the king's castles, war- 
 den of the forests, keeper of the privy seal, 
 and afterwards secretary to the king. In 
 1367 he was appointed chancellor of Eng- 
 land, and continued in the high office till 
 1371, when he was deprived of it by the 
 representation of the parliament, who in- 
 veighed against the too extensive power of 
 the ecclesiastics. Though much engaged 
 in affairs of state, he paid particular atten- 
 tion to the business of his diocess ; abuses 
 were redressed, improvements in the regu- 
 lation and discipline of the church intro- 
 duced, and the houses and palaces belong- 
 ing to the see repaired. With the most muni- 
 ficent intentions also for the encouragement 
 of learning and piety, the bishop determined 
 to appropriate the large possessions which 
 he had acquired by the favour of his so- 
 vereign, in the endowment of two colleges. 
 In 1373 a school was established at Win- 
 chester ; but his noble designs were inter- 
 rupted by the jealousy or persecution of the 
 duke of Lancaster, who accused him be- 
 fore the king as guilty of various misde- 
 meanors, till the attachment of the people, 
 and the interference of the clergy, restored 
 him to the favour of the monarch, and to 
 the possession of his see. Under the weak 
 reign of Richard II. he laboured assiduous- 
 ly to effect his noble purpose, and under 
 the king's patent. New college, Oxford, was 
 begun in 1380, and finished 1386, and 
 Winchester begun the following year, and 
 completed in 1393. The virtuous prelate 
 enjoyed the gratification of seeing, before 
 hisdeath,his two noble foundations flourish, 
 and his example was followed soon after 
 by his scholar Chicheley, who founded All- 
 Souls, and by Henry VI., who, on the same 
 plan, founded the colleges of Eton, and of 
 King, Cambridge. Wykeham died at South 
 Waltham, 17th Sept. 1404, and was buried 
 in his own oratory in Winchester cathe- 
 dral. Little is known of the private cha- 
 racter of this great founder ; but if he had 
 any failings, they were obscured in that 
 spirit of beneficence and of charity which, 
 in his two noble establishments, has so 
 largely contributed to the advancement of 
 literature, and of happiness through the 
 nation. His life has been written by 
 Lowth, who thus has paid a becoming tri- 
 bute of praise and gratitude to the memory 
 of the illustrious prelate, by whose munifi- 
 cence his education had been formed at 
 Winchester and at Oxford. 
 
 Wyllys, George, descended from Ri- 
 chard Wyllys, of Knapton in Warwickshire, 
 England, who lived in the reign of Henry 
 
WYL 
 
 wv^ 
 
 IV., migrated in 1G38 from that country to 
 America, and established his residence at 
 Hartford, Connecticut. At the first elec- 
 tion under the constitution adopted by all 
 the free planters of the colony, on the l4th 
 of January, 1639, he was chosen one of the 
 six persons called magistrates, who, with 
 the governor, were to exercise the principal 
 functions of government, legislative, judi- 
 cial, and executive. In 1641 he was cho- 
 sen deputy governor, and in 1G42, govern- 
 or, of the colony. He died in March 1644. 
 He was distinguished for the fervour of his 
 piety, the purity of his life, and the simpli- 
 city of his manners ; his love of civil and re- 
 ligious liberty, and his exactness in the dis- 
 charge of social and public duties. (Li L. 
 
 Wyllts, Samuel, son of the preceding, 
 born in England in 1632, was educated at 
 Harvard college, where he graduated in 
 1653. In 1654 he was elected one of the 
 magistrates under the constitution. In this 
 office and the corresponding one of assist- 
 ant, under the charter of Charles 11. he 
 ■was continued, by annual elections, for 
 about thirty years. Eminent in piety, pru- 
 dence, and wisdom, he died May 30th, 
 1709. It was during his life, that the char- 
 ter was concealed in the body of a large 
 oak-tree, then hollow, on his estate in front 
 of his house, to secure it from Sir Edmund 
 Andross. This tree has since been called 
 the charter oak ; and after adding nearly a 
 century and a half to its age, it remains, in 
 1824, undecayed, and with even renovated 
 vigour. iCT' L. 
 
 Wyllts, Hezekiah, son of the preceding, 
 being bred a merchant in Boston, established 
 himself in mercantile business in Hartford, 
 which, however, he soon relinquished for 
 public employment. In 1712 he was elect- 
 ed secretary of the colony, and continued in 
 that office until his death in 1734. fCJ^ L. 
 Wyllts, George, son of the preceding, 
 born October 6th, 1710, educated at Yale 
 college, where he graduated in 1729, was 
 appointed by the general assembly, to per- 
 form the functions of secretary during the 
 illness of his father, in the years 1730, 1731, 
 1732, 1733, and 1734; and in 1735, was 
 elected secretary by the people. In this of- 
 fice he was continued by annual popular 
 elections until his death, on the 24th of 
 April 1796. Rarely has there been in any 
 age, a more remarkable instance of a sound 
 mind united to a sound body. During a 
 period extending through more than two 
 entire generations of men, he attended 
 every session of the legislature, and per- 
 formed his official duties. Discernment 
 and wisdom were the characteristics of his 
 4nind. But his whole chai-acter, rather 
 than any particular traits, caused him to be 
 luiiversally esteemed as a great and good 
 man. dlT L. 
 
 W^YLLTS, Samuel, sou of the preceding, 
 Vol. II. lOo 
 
 was boni January 15th, 1739, and educated 
 at Yale college, where he graduated in 1758. 
 In 1775 the legislature of Connecticut ap- 
 pointed him lieutenant colonel of genera! 
 Spencer's regiment ; and in January, 1776, 
 congress appointed him colonel of a regi- 
 ment in the Connecticut line, on the con- 
 tinental establishment, in which capacity 
 he served with reputation, through the 
 war of the revolution. After the peace, 
 he was employed, by his native; town, in 
 several civil offices, and as a representative 
 in the general assembly. He was also ap- 
 pointed brigadier, and afterwards major 
 general, in the militia of the state. In May. 
 1796, he succeeded his father as secretary 
 of the state, and continued in that office un- 
 til the year 1809, when he was induced, by 
 a paralytic affisction, to resign it. He dicil 
 June 9th, 1823. He, with his father, and 
 grandfather, held the office of secretary 
 ninety-ci2,ht successive years ; a fact pro- 
 bably without a parallel in the history of 
 republics. iCJ^ L. 
 
 Wtnant2, John, a native of Haerlem, 
 eminent as a painter. He was the master 
 ofWouvermans and Vander Velde, and in 
 the use of his pencil he acquired celebrity 
 and independence. His landscapes were 
 much admired. He died 1670, aged 70. 
 
 Wtndham, sir William, an eminent 
 statesman, born about 1687. From Eton 
 school he went to Christ-church, and after- 
 wards travelled over the continent for im- 
 provement and information. On his return 
 he was chosen member of parliament foi 
 Somersetshire, and continued to represent 
 that county till his death. His abilities 
 were so highly respectable, that in the 
 change of ministry in 1710, he was appoint- 
 ed master of the queen's hounds, and after- 
 wards made secretary of state, and in 1713 
 chancellor of the exchequer. Under George 
 I. he was removed from his offices, and 
 soon after appeared in the ranks of opposi- 
 tion, and ably vindicated the conduct of the 
 duke of Ormond, and of lords Oxford and 
 Straffisrd. On the breaking out of the re- 
 bellion, in 1715, he fell under the suspicion 
 of government, but though he escaped from- 
 his pursuers, he at last surrendered himself, 
 and was sent a prisoner to the tower. As 
 he never was brought to trial, it is natural 
 to infer, that no guilt could attach to his 
 conduct, and that the violence of the times, 
 and not a participation in disloyal acts, 
 produced his temporary disgi'ace. He died 
 at Wells, after a few days' illness, 17th June, 
 1740. Pope has well painted the great pow- 
 ers of his eloquence in these lines : 
 Wyndham, just to freedom and the throne. 
 The master of our passioyis, and his own. 
 
 Wtndham, Henry Penruddock, an in- 
 genious gentleman, was born in Wiltshire 
 in 1736, and educated at Wadham college, 
 Oxford, Tthere he took the degree of masfef 
 
WVT 
 
 WYV 
 
 trt'arts ill 1759. He became knight of the 
 shire for his native county ; and was a mem- 
 !)er of the Royal and Antiquarian societies. 
 He died at Salisbury in 1819. His publica- 
 tions are — 1. A tour through Monmouth- 
 shire and Wales, 4to. 2. The Diary of 
 George Bubb Doddington, baron of Mel- 
 Gombe Regis, 8vo. 3. Wiltshire, extracted 
 liom the Domesday Book, 4to. 4. A pic- 
 ture of the Isle of Wight, 8vo.—W. B. 
 
 Wythe, George, chancellor of Virginia, 
 was born in the county of Elizabeth city, 
 in 1726. His mother possessed uncommon 
 strength of mind and knowledge, and taught 
 him the Latin language. His education in 
 other respects was defective. At the age 
 of thirty he abandoned a course of dissipa- 
 tion to which he had addicted himself, and 
 devoted his attention to the acquisition of 
 knowledge. After accomplishing himself 
 in the languages and sciences, he studied 
 law, and commenced its practice. At the 
 opening of the revolution, he, with Pendle- 
 ton, Henry, Mason, and the Lees, espoused 
 the cause of liberty, and was one of the 
 ablest of the distinguished men who were 
 the leaders in Virginia during that struggle. 
 lie was for some time speaker of the house 
 of burgesses, and in 1775 elected a mem- 
 ber of congress, and signed the declaration 
 of independence. In 1776 he vv^as appoint- 
 ed one of the committee to revise the laws 
 of Virginia, and had a principal share in 
 preparing the code which with some altera- 
 
 tions was adopted in 1779. He was sooij 
 after appointed one of the three judges of 
 the high court of chancery, and afterwards 
 sole chancellor, in which station he con- 
 tinued till his death. He was a member of 
 the convention of Virginia which considered 
 the constitution of the United States, and 
 exerted his influence to obtain its adoption ; 
 and he was twice one of the electors of presi- 
 dent and vice-pi-esident of the United States. 
 He died in 1806, on the Sthof June ; it was 
 supposed by poison. Chancellor Wythe 
 was one of the most eminent of the great 
 statesmen and jurists among his cotempo- 
 raries. His mind was uncommonly vigo- 
 rous and rapid in its perceptions, his knov/- 
 ledge of law profound, his uprightness and 
 impartiality pre-eminent, and his patriotism 
 ardent. He was unambitious of wealth, 
 plain and frugal in his method of life, and 
 condescending and amiable in his manners* 
 
 Wttman, Matthew, a native of Gorcum, 
 eminent as a painter of landscapes, animals, 
 and conversations. He died 1639, aged 49. 
 
 W^TViL, Robert, a bishop of Salisbury, 
 who is known in history for defending his 
 right to Salisbury castle, by producing a 
 champion to fight in single combat against 
 the champion of his opponent William Mon- 
 tacute, earl of Salisbury. The king inter- 
 fered, and the dispute was at last amicably 
 settled. The bishop presided over his see 
 46 years, and died 1375. 
 
 XAN 
 
 .^ACCA, an Indian philosopher, born at 
 vSica. He was the legislator of the Japanese, 
 and flourished, it is said, a thousand years 
 before the Christian era. His memory is 
 regarded with particular honour in China, 
 where he is placed in the number of the gods. 
 
 Xacca, Erasmus, a Sicilian of the 17th 
 oentury, who wrote an account, in Italian, 
 of the eruption of Mount Etna in 1669 — be- 
 sides a didactic poem, in Latin, on Fevers — 
 Brevis Expositio in Psalmos et Cantica 
 Cantic— Tasso's Jerusalem translated into 
 Latin verse. 
 
 Xantippe, wife of Socrates, was remark- 
 able for her moroseness and violence of 
 temper. It is said that the philosopher w as 
 acquainted with her character before he 
 married her, and that he took her for his 
 wife more severely to exercise his patience. 
 
 Xantippus, a Lacedaemonian, sent to 
 the assistance of the Carthaginians against 
 Regulus and the Romans. Though he de- 
 feated the enemy, he was ordered to be 
 thrown into the sea on his return home by 
 the cruel ingratitude of the Cartha2;inian«!-. 
 «S4 
 
 XEN 
 
 Xaupi, Joseph, a native of Perpignan, 
 author of a. Funeral Oration on Louis XIV. 
 — Historical Researches on the Citizens of 
 Perpignan — two Dissertations, &c. He was 
 an ecclesiastic, and died at Paris universally 
 respected, 7th Dec. 177S, aged 90. 
 
 Xavier, Jerome, a Jesuit, who was mis- 
 sionary in the East Indies, and died at Goa 
 1617. He wrote History of Jesus Christ, 
 and of Peter, in Portuguese, &c. 
 
 Xenocrates, a philosopher of Chalce- 
 don, the disciple of Plato. He was so il- 
 lustrious for wisdom and integrity, that the 
 judges dispensed with his oath in a court of 
 justice. He died B. C. 314. 
 
 Xexophanes, a Greek philosopher in the 
 age of Socrates. He was of opinion that 
 the moon was an inhabited globe, &c. 
 
 Xenopiion, a celebrated Greek historian, 
 born at Athens. He was the pupil and the 
 friend of Socrates, and he distinguished 
 himself in war as the follower of Cyrus, and 
 the active guide of the Greeks in their re- 
 turn from the battle of Cunaxa. His His- 
 tory of Cyrus the Great, and of the expedi- 
 
XI M 
 
 \rv 
 
 lioii of tbe younger Cyrus, and other works, 
 are well known, lie died at Corinth, B. C. 
 360. 
 
 Xenophon, a writer of Ephesua in the 
 beginning of the 4th century. Me is autlior 
 of the Loves of Ahrocomas and Anthia, a 
 romance of some merit. 
 
 Xerxes, king of Persia, son of Darius 
 Hystaspes, is celebrated for his expedition 
 against Greece. Though accompanied by 
 about five million of souls, he was defeated 
 by the valour of the Greeks, and the battles 
 of Thermopylae and Salamis convinced him 
 that the conquest of the country was im- 
 possible. He retired in disgrace to Persia, 
 and was slain by Artabanus, B. C. 465. 
 His weeping at the sight of his numerous 
 armies, because not one man of them would 
 survive a 100 years, is mentioned by histo- 
 rians as a proof of the goodness and bene- 
 volence of his heart. 
 
 XiMENES, Roderick, a native of Navarre, 
 archbishop of Toledo. He laid claim to the 
 primacy in preference to the see of Com- 
 postella, at the council of Lyons, 1247, be- 
 fore Innocent IX. and bis rights were con- 
 firmed. He wrote a Spanish history of lit- 
 tle merit. 
 
 XiMENEs, Francis, a celebrated ecclesi- 
 astic, born at ToiTclaguna in Old Castile, 
 1437. He was educated at Alcala and at 
 Salamanca, and afterwards went to Rome, 
 where he could obtain no patronage. He 
 became grand vicar to Gonzales de Mendo- 
 2a, bishop of Siquenza, and afterwards his 
 wisdom, his learning, and his knowledge of 
 oriental literature, and of theology, pro- 
 cured him friends, and recommended him to 
 the notice of queen Isabella, who named 
 him archbishop of Toledo, 1495. Thus 
 placed at the head of the Spanish church, he 
 bent his thoughts to the reformation of his 
 clergy, and to the more pure and impartial 
 administration of temporal and ecclesiasti- 
 cal aflfairs through his diocess. He was 
 raised to the purple by Julius II. 1507, and 
 he was intrusted by Ferdinand with the af- 
 fairs of the government, as prime minister. 
 Not satisfied with the power which he ex- 
 ercised over the state, he was ambitious of 
 military glory, and at his own expense he 
 prepared an expedition against Oran in Af- 
 rica, which he took from the Moors after 
 displaying great marks of bravery and he- 
 roic presence of mind. Ferdinand, who 
 was afraid of his power, appointed him, on 
 his death-bed, regent of the kingdom, du- 
 ring the minority of Charles V. and Ximenes 
 exercised this authority not only with wis- 
 dom but with severity, and thus raised the 
 complaints of the nobles against his admi- 
 nistration. He despised, however, their cla- 
 mours, satisfied in the good opinion of his 
 sovereign, and in the support of the people 
 to whom he granted great and important 
 privileges. While tj^ns labouring for the 
 
 glory of his country, tliis virtuous minister 
 was poisoned in e:iting tioul, ;inil died two 
 months after, Sth Nov. iril7, aged 81. He 
 was buried in the r(»ll('j;(' of St. Ildefonse at 
 Alcala, of uhiih he was the munificent 
 founder, and these remarkable lines are en- 
 graved on his toiul) : 
 
 Condidcram munis Franciscus grande Ly- 
 cicumy 
 Condor in exi^iio nunc ego sarcophago. 
 
 Prcctcxtam junxi sacco, galeumque gcdero, 
 Frater, dux^ prccsul^ cardincusque paler. 
 
 Q,uin virtide niea junctum est diademu 
 cucxdioj 
 Cum mild regnanti pandt Ilesper. 
 In his character Ximenes was noble and pa- 
 triotic, the friend of virtue and of merit, 
 the protector of innocence, and the active 
 and generous promoter of industry. He 
 was himself learned, and by his munifi- 
 cence he caused the famous Complutensian 
 Polyglott Bible to be published in his newly 
 erected university of Alcala. This national 
 work, which was begun in 1514, was com- 
 pleted in 1517, in 6 vols. fol. and in four 
 languages. The work is now very scarce. 
 He also caused to be published the Missal, 
 and the Breviary Mosarabe, under the care 
 of Ortiz. An account of his life has been 
 published by Alvaro Gomez in Spanish, 
 and by Flephier in French. 
 
 Ximenes, Joseph Albert, a Spanish ec- 
 clesiastic, prior general of the Carmelites. 
 He died 1774, aged. 55. He published the 
 two last volumes of the Bulls of his order. 
 
 Xylan DER, William, a native of Augs- 
 burg, who though born of poor parents, 
 rose to distinction by his abilities. He 
 was educated in the university of Augsburg, 
 and afterwards at Tubingen and Basil, by 
 the friendship of Relinger, a senator of 
 Augsburg, and in 1558 he was invited to 
 fill a Greek professpr's chair at Heidelberg. 
 He was in 1566 appointed secretary to the 
 assembly of divines, who held a conference 
 on the eucharist, and he a second time 
 filled the same honourable office in 15S1. 
 His great application hastened his death, 
 which happened Feb. 1576, in his 43d year. 
 He was the translator of Dion Cassius, of 
 Marcus Antoninus, of Plutarch, and of 
 Strabo, into Latin, but as he wrote for 
 biead, the execution of these laborious 
 works is occasionally careless and faulty. 
 
 Xyphilin, John, called of Trebizond, 
 from the place of his birth, was made pa- 
 triarch of Constantinople 1064, and died 
 1075. He wrote a sermon preserved in the 
 Bibliotheque of the fathers. His nephew 
 of the same name wrote an abridgment of 
 the history of Dion Cassius in Greek 1592, 
 folio, which begins at the 32d book, and is 
 written with little elegance. The work 
 containing the history of the emperors to 
 the time of Alexander, son of Mammea, is 
 generally printed with Dion Cassius, 
 
 835 
 
Y£A 
 
 YOU 
 
 \ ALDEN, Thomas, an English poet, born 
 at Exeter 1671. He was educated at Mag- 
 dalen college school, and after being com- 
 moner of Magdalen hall, he obtained a 
 scholarship at Magdalen college, where he 
 had for his fellow-students Addison and 
 Sacheverell. He published an Ode on the 
 taking of Namur, and a poem on the death 
 of the duke of Gloucester, and in 1710, ob- 
 tained a fellowship in his college and the 
 following year was presented to a small 
 living in Warwickshire. In 1706, he was 
 received into the duke of Beaufort's family, 
 and the next year he took his degree of 
 D.D. and resigned his fellowship. He af- 
 terwards obtained the contiguous livings of 
 Chalton, and Cleanville, in Hertfordshire, 
 and the sinecures of Deans, Hains, and 
 Pendles, in Devonshire, and lived in peace- 
 ful retirement till the nation was alarmed 
 by the pretended plot of bishop Atterbury. 
 As Dr. Yalden had been intimate with Kel- 
 ly, the prelate's secretary, he was regarded 
 as an accomplice, and arrested, but as no 
 tTirect charge could be made against him, 
 except a treasonable explanation of the 
 words "thorough paced doctrines" disco- 
 vered in his pocket-book, he was set at 
 liberty. He died 16th July, 1736. He 
 wrote besides. Hymn to Light— Hymn to 
 Darkness, his best poem, &c. His works, 
 '?ays his biographer, deserve perusal, though 
 they are not always polished. His faults 
 are rather omissions of idleness, than the 
 negligence of enthusiasm. 
 
 Yale, Elihu, the principal benefactor of 
 Yale college, was born in New-Haven, 
 Connecticut, in 1648. He went to Eng- 
 land while young, and about the year 1678 
 to the East-Indies, where he acquired a 
 large fortune, both by his industry, and by 
 marriage to an Indian lady of wealth, and 
 became governor of fort St. George. On 
 his return to England he was chosen go- 
 vernor of the East-India company. He 
 presented donations to the college then re- 
 cently established in New-Haven, in 1714, 
 1718, and 1721, amounting in all to about 
 400 pounds sterling ; in commemoration 
 of which, the college bears his name. He 
 died in Wales, July 8th, 1721. WZr L. 
 
 Yart, Anthony, an ecclesiastic, born at 
 Rouen, 1709. He is author of the Idea of 
 English poetry, in 8 vols. l2mo. 1756, a 
 work of merit, which has made known to 
 the French nation, the labours of several 
 English poets. He wrote besides some 
 poems, and was happy in his epigrams. 
 
 Yeamans, Sir John, governor of South 
 Carolina, was the son of an alderman of 
 Bristol, who was executed for attempting 
 to deliver the city to the king's forces du- 
 ring the civil war ; and was created a ba- 
 yonet from respect to his father's lovaltv. 
 8.36 
 
 Sir Johu was himself a cavalier, but his 
 poverty induced him to seek his fortune in 
 Barbadoes. In 1665 he joined a company 
 of emigrants from that island who pur- 
 chased and formed a settlement on a tract 
 of land in Carolina, named Clarendon 
 county. He was elected governor of the 
 colony, and on the death of governor Sayle 
 of Carteret county, he claimed the same 
 office there as vice-palatine, under the con- 
 stitution of 1669. The council resisted 
 his claims, and appointed Joseph West. 
 In August, 1671, Yeamans received from 
 the proprietors the appointment of gover- 
 nor of the southern county. From this 
 time there were but two governments in 
 Carolina. Sir John had ruled a small 
 colony with prudence and moderation, but 
 became violent, unjust, and tyrannical, 
 when he governed people by whom he had 
 not been chosen, and was removed from 
 office, but continued to reside in the colony 
 until his death. He first introduced slaves 
 into Carolina from Barbadoes, previous to 
 which, there were no labourers in the colony 
 but Europeans. iCIj^ L. 
 
 Yeardly, Sir George, was left at the 
 head of the administration of Virginia, on 
 the return of Sir Thomas Dale to England 
 in 1616. He indulged the people in the 
 cultivation of tobacco, in preference to 
 corn, which he compelled the natives to 
 furnish by way of tribute. He was suc- 
 ceeded by Argal in 1617, who, having in- 
 curred the displeasure of the people and 
 the proprietors, was superseded, and Yeard- 
 ly appointed governor-general in 1619. In 
 that year the first general assembly met in 
 Virginia : many important improvements 
 were made during his administration, and 
 the power, population, and respectability of 
 the colony much increased. He was pru- 
 dent, humane, and faithful ; and under 
 many embarrassments conducted so as to 
 secure the favour of his employers, and the 
 esteem of the people. His commission 
 expired in Nov. 1621, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by Wyatt ; but still continued to 
 reside in the country, and was afterwards 
 a member of the council. When Wyatt 
 returned to England in 1625, the adminis- 
 tration again devolved on Yeardly. He 
 died the following year, and was succeeded 
 by Sir John Harvey. Id?' L. 
 
 YoRKE, Philip. Vid. Hardwicke. 
 
 Young, Patrick, a Scotchman, educated 
 at St. Andrew's, and incorporated to the de- 
 gree of M.A. at Oxford, 1605. He was 
 well skilled in Greek literature, and was 
 employed as librarian to the king, at St. 
 James's palace. He published St. Cle- 
 ment's Epistle to the Romans, in Greek and 
 Latin, 1637, and he also undertook, but did 
 not finish, the printing of the Septuagint 
 
YOU 
 
 VOL 
 
 iioin the Alexandrian MS. presented to the 
 first Charles, by Cyril Lucar. He died 
 1652. 
 
 Young, Robert, a native of Edinburgh, 
 who succeeded the well-known Andrew 
 Hart, in the business of printer. When 
 the troubles broke out in Scotland, he was 
 banished for the violence of his conduct, 
 and his printing-presses destroyed. He 
 afterwards returned to Scotland, but was 
 again banished for publishing some papers 
 in favour of the parliament, and died abroad 
 1655, aged 62. 
 
 Young, Edward, an English poet, born 
 June 1681, at Upham near Winchester, the 
 residence of his father of the same name, 
 who was chaplain to William and Mary, 
 and dean of Sarum, and who died 1705, 
 aged 62, author of two vols, of sermons. 
 He was educated at Winchester school, and 
 in 1703, though superannuated, removed to 
 New college, Oxford, which he left five 
 years after on being chosen fellow of All 
 Souls. He took his degree of LL.D. 1719. 
 He first appeared before the public 1712, as 
 author of an epistle to lord Lansdowne, in 
 consequence of the unpopular creation of 
 10 peers, in one day by Queen Anne, and 
 the next year he prefixed a recommendatory 
 copy of verses to the Cato of Addison. 
 Though distinguished in literary fame, he 
 was prevailed upon by the duke of Whar- 
 ton, bis father's friend, to abandon the 
 prospect of two livings, from his college, 
 worth GOOl. a year, and to engage in the tu- 
 mult of a contested election, as a candidate 
 at Cirencester, an event of which he was 
 afterwards ashamed to the latest period of 
 life. He took orders 1727, and soon after 
 was appointed chaplain to the king, and he 
 paid such respect to the decorum of his 
 new profession, that he withdrew from the 
 stage, his tragedy cf the Two Brothers, 
 which was already in reliearsal. He after- 
 wards was presented b^ his college, to the 
 living of Welwyn, Herts, and in 1739, he 
 married lady Elizabeth Lee, daughter of 
 the earl of Litchfield, and widow of colonel 
 Lee, whom he had the misfortune to lose 
 on the following year. To relieve himself 
 from the heavy melancholy which this 
 event brought upon him, he began his Night 
 Thoughts, but though in this work he seem- 
 ed to bid adieu to the world, he afterwards 
 engaged in politics, by the publication of 
 Reflections on the Public Situation of the 
 Kingdom, and at the age of 80 he solicited 
 further patronage from archbishop Seeker, 
 and was appointed clerk of the closet to the 
 princess dowager. He died April, 1765. 
 Besides his great work the Night Thoughts, 
 he published a poem on the Last Day — Bu- 
 siris, and the Revenge, tragedies — the Cen- 
 taur not fabulous, a moral satire — Estimate 
 of Human Life, a sermon — Conjectures on 
 Original Composition — the Love of Fame, 
 
 the universal passion — some papers in the 
 Spectator, &c. As a poet. Young is highly 
 respectable, his Night Thoughts abound 
 with many sublime passages, and they are 
 written in a strain of true genuine morality, 
 though occasionally obsctu'e. As a clergy- 
 man he was particularly exemplary, full 
 of benevolence, goodness, and piety. He 
 was buried by the side of his wife in his 
 church, where a beautiful monument has 
 been erected to his memory. His son sur- 
 vived him. 
 
 Young, sir William, baronet, was born 
 at Charlton-house, near Canterbury, Nov. 
 30, 1750. His father, sir William Young, 
 who had Ijeen governor of St. Vincent's, 
 died in 1788 ; and his mother was the 
 daughter of Dr. Brook Taylor. He was 
 educated at Eton, from whence he removed 
 to Clare-hall, Cambridge ; but after a short 
 stay there, he went to University college, 
 Oxford, under the tuition of Dr. now Sir 
 William Scott. Having studied there three 
 years, he went on his travels through 
 France, Italy, and Sicily. Of part of this 
 tour, he printed an account for the gratifica- 
 tion of his friends, but it was never pub- 
 lished. In 1774, he returned to England ; 
 and during the Aa^.erican war served ut the 
 militia. In 1783, he was returned to par- 
 liament for St. Mawes ; and in 1786, he 
 was elected a member of t e Royal Society. 
 He succeeded his father in 1783; and in 
 1807 was appointed governor of Tobago, 
 where he died in 1815. Sir William pub- 
 lished — 1. The Spirit of Athens, 8vo.; this 
 he afterwards enlai'ged and reprinted, un- 
 der the title of the " History of Athens," 
 4to. 2. A tract on the Poor Laws. 3. 
 The Rights of Englishmen. 4. A Letter to 
 Mr. Pitt, on the Poor and Workhouses. 
 5. The West-India Commonplace-Book, 
 4to. 6. Contemplatio Philosophica ; a 
 posthumous pi^ce of Dr. Brook Taylor's, 
 with a memoir of the author. He was 
 twice married, and left issue, four sons and 
 two daughters. — W. B. 
 
 Young, Arthur, an agriculturist, was the 
 son of the preceding, and born in 1741. 
 He served his apprenticeship to a wine- 
 merchant ; but on entering into the pos- 
 session of his paternal estate, he became a 
 farmer ; and impoverished himself by ex- 
 periments. After this he setup as a teach- 
 er of others ; and in 1770 published a vo- 
 lume called " The Farmer's Calendar ;" 
 which was followed by a periodical work, 
 entitled " The Annals of Agriculture," in 
 which he had the honour of having his late 
 majesty for a correspondent. Mr. I'oung 
 also made excursions through the British 
 islands and on the continent, to collect in- 
 formation on subjects of rural economy. 
 At length a board of agriculture was esta- 
 blished, of which he was appointed secre- 
 tary, with a salary of six hundred a year : 
 
YUI 
 
 YVO 
 
 but what other benefits this institution may 
 have produced, the world has yet to iearn. 
 Mr. Young became blind some years before 
 his death, which happened Feb. 20th, 1820. 
 His works are numerous, and his Travels 
 amusing. — W. B. 
 
 Yriarte, Don John d', a native of Tene- 
 riffe, who studied at Paris and Rouen, and 
 afterwards became librarian to the king of 
 Spain, at Madrid. He was also, in conse- 
 quence of his extensive learning, made 
 member of the royal Spanish academy, and 
 interpreter to the Spanish secretary of 
 state. He was author of a Greek Palaeo- 
 graphia, 4to. — Miscellaneous Works in 
 Spanish, 2 vols. 4to. — a catalogue of Greek 
 MSS. in the Spanish king's library — Cata- 
 
 logue of Arabic MSS. in the Eseurial, 2 vols.^ 
 fol. &c. He died 1771, aged 69, much and 
 deservedly regretted. 
 
 YsE, Alexander de, protestant professor 
 of theology, at Die, in Dauphine, in the 
 age of Lewis XIV. was deprived of his 
 ecclesiastical honours on suspicion of fa- 
 vouring the Romish church, and died in 
 retirement in Piedmont. He wrote some 
 theological works. 
 
 YvoN, Peter, a native of Montauban, in 
 Languedoc, known as the follower of Laba- 
 die. He accompanied this enthusiast of 
 Holland, and Middleburg, and acquired 
 some celebrity, as a preacher among the 
 Labadists, and as a writer, on mystical sub- 
 jects. 
 
 ZAC 
 
 Z 
 
 lABARELLA, Francis, better known by 
 the name of cardinal de Florence, was a 
 native of Padua. He studied the law at 
 Bologna, and then became professor in that 
 science at Padua, and when the city was 
 besieged by the Venetians in 1406, he was 
 deputed as ambassador to implore the as- 
 sistance of France. Unable to succeed in 
 his application, he retired to Florence, and 
 afterwards was invited to Rome by pope 
 ' John XXni. who not only appointed him 
 archbishop of Florence, but raised him to 
 the rank of cardinal, an J sent him in 1413 
 as his ambassador to the emperor Sigis- 
 mund, at the council of Constance. He 
 died there 26th Sept. 1417, aged 78, and in 
 respect to his learning and virtues, his fune- 
 ral was attended by the emperor and all 
 the members of the council. He was au- 
 thor of Commentaries on the Decretals, 
 &c. 6 vols, folio — harangues — letters — Ac- 
 ta in Conciliis, &c. 
 
 Zabarella, Bartholomew, nephew of 
 the preceding, was professor of law at Pa- 
 dua, and afterwards became archbishop of 
 Florence. He died 1442, aged 46, respect- 
 ed for his learning and piety. 
 
 Zabarella, James, son of the preceding, 
 was born at Padua 1553, and died there 
 1589. He was well acquainted with the 
 philosophy of Aristotle, and became philo- 
 sophical professor at Padua, where he pub- 
 lished Commentaries on Aristotle's works, 
 folio. He wrote besides, a treatise de In- 
 ventione JEterni Motoris, 4to. &c. 
 
 Zacagni, Lawrence Alexander, a native 
 of Rome, who devoted himself laboriously 
 to literature. He was employed in the 
 care of the Vatican, and published Collec- 
 tanea Monumentorum Veterum Ecclesias 
 Graecse et Latins, 1698. He died about 
 1720. 
 
 ZAL 
 
 Zachias, Paul, a native of Rome, who 
 studied medicine, belles lettres, music, and 
 painting, and was patronised by pope Inno- 
 cent X. to whom he was physician. He 
 published Quaestiones Medico-Legales, 3 
 vols, folio, 1726, Lyons — and some Italian 
 tracts. He died 1659, aged 75. 
 
 Zatch Leeven, Herman, a native of 
 Rotterdam, who died at Utrecht, 1685, aged 
 77. He was eminent as a painter, and his 
 landscapes, in which he introduces distant 
 objects to great advantage, are much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Zacutus or Lusitanus, a Jewish phy- 
 sician, born at Lisbon. He studied at Sala- 
 manca and Coimbra, and took his medical 
 degrees at Morvedre, and practised at Lis- 
 bon, which he quitted 1624, inconsequence 
 of the edict of Philip IV. against the Jews. 
 He retired to Holland, and died at Amster- 
 dam, 1641, aged 66. His medical works in 
 Latin, were printed at Lyons, 2 vols, folio, 
 1649. His grandfather was a native of Sa- 
 lamanca, who became famous in Portugal 
 for his great knowledge of chronology and 
 history, on which he wrote Juchasin, a work 
 of Jewish chronology from the creation to 
 the 1500th year of the vulgar era. 
 
 Zaleucus, a legislator of Locris in Italy, 
 B.C. 500. He was so strict in the execu- 
 tion of the laws, that when his son was 
 guilty of adultery, a crime which was pu- 
 nished by the loss of both eyes, he caused 
 one of his own eyes, and one of his offend- 
 ing son's, to be put out. 
 
 Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom, a native 
 of Poland, who, after visiting the Low 
 Countries, France, and Italy, took orders, 
 and became bishop of Warmia, and grand 
 chancellor of Poland. He was for some 
 time ambassador in Spain and Portugal, 
 and died 1711, aged 61. He was author 
 
ZAN 
 
 /.All 
 
 of some Latin letters, which 'ai'c valuable 
 for the information which they contain 
 concerning Poland, and the rest of Europe. 
 
 Zamoski, John, son of Stanislaus Castc- 
 lan, of Chelmc, a town of Red Russia, stu- 
 died at Paris and Padua, lie made such 
 progress in literature, that he was elected 
 vector of Padua, and lie afterwards return- 
 ed to Poland, Avhere he rose to honourahle 
 oftices, and was employed as ambassador 
 to France. On the election of Stephen 
 Battori to the Polish throne, he married the 
 new monarch's niece, and became chancel- 
 lorof the kingdom, and general of the Polish 
 armies. In these high offices Zamoski be- 
 haved with judgment and valour ; he re- 
 pressed the attacks of Basilides, czar of 
 Muscovy, and delivered from his yoke the 
 provinces of Polesia, Velesia, and Livo- 
 nia. On the death of Battori, 1586, his 
 services strongly recommended him to the 
 Polish nobles, but he refused the crown, 
 and placed it on the head of Sigismund of 
 Sweden. This illustrious chief, who de- 
 served the appellation of defender of his 
 country, and of protector of science, died 
 1605. He was a munificent patron of let- 
 ters, and in the town which he built and 
 which bears his name, he founded a uni- 
 versity. He wrote while at Padua, two 
 treatises on the Roman Senate — and on 
 the Perfect Senator. 
 
 Zampini, Matthew, a native of Reca- 
 nati, who came to France with Catharine 
 de Medicis, and there supported by his 
 "writings the cause of the league. He wrote 
 deOrigine et Atavis H. Capeti,&c. 1581, &.c. 
 
 Zanchius, Basil, an ecclesiastic of Ber- 
 gamo, who died at Rome, where he was 
 employed in the service of the Vatican 
 1560. He wrote Latin poems — Poetical 
 Dictionary, &c. 
 
 Zanchius, Jerome, a native of Alzano, 
 ■who entered in the congregation of the La- 
 teran canons. He embraced the tenets of 
 the protestants by the conversation of Peter 
 the Martyr, who was of the same establish- 
 ment, and afraid of persecution, be retired, 
 1553, to Strasburg, where he taught divini- 
 ty and the philosophy of Aristotle. He 
 quitted Strasburg in 1563, for Chiavene, 
 and in 1568 removed to Heidelberg, where 
 he was appointedprofessor of theology, and 
 where he died 19th Nov. 1590. He was 
 author of Commentaries on St. Paul's Epis- 
 tles, and other works, published together at 
 Geneva, in 8 vols, folio, 1613. In his cha- 
 racter he was a man of moderation, learn- 
 ed, benevolent, and pious. 
 
 Zannichelli, John Jerome, a native 
 of Modena, who became distinguished as a 
 physician. He died 11th Jan. 1729, at the 
 age of 67, at Venice, where he had settled, 
 and practised with great celebrity. He 
 wrote Catalogus Plantarum Terrestrium, 
 Marinarum, &c. 17ll--Promptuarium Re- 
 
 mediorum Chymicorum, 8vo. — do Myrio- 
 philloPelagico — Lithographia duorumMon- 
 tium V eronensium, kc. — de Rusco ejusquc 
 Praiparationc, 8vo.— Opuscula Botanica, 
 4to.— History of Plants ;iear Venice, folio. 
 His labours in botanical researches were 
 improved by his son John James, who also 
 was a man of erudition. 
 
 Zannoni, James, a physician of Bo- 
 logna, who acquired great celebrity as a 
 botanist. He added several curious plants 
 to the catalogue of botany, and published 
 Historia Botanica, fol. 1675 — Raiiorum 
 Stirpmm Historia, folio. He died about 
 1682. 
 
 Zanotti, John Peter, a native of Paris, 
 known as an eminent painter. He studied 
 at Bologna, where his picture of St. Tho- 
 mas is -much admired. He wrote the life 
 of his master Pasinelli. 
 
 Zanotti, Francis Maria Garazzoni, a 
 native of Bologna, educated among the Je- 
 suits. After studying the law for some 
 time, he applied himself to mathematics 
 under Beccari, and became mathematical 
 professor at Bologna, and secretary to the 
 senate. He introduced the study of the 
 Newtonian philosophy in the university in- 
 stead of the system of Des Cartes, and ac- 
 quired such respectability as a professor, 
 that he was in 1766 made president of the 
 institution, of which he had been for some 
 years librarian. Besides two catalogues 
 of the library of the institute, he published 
 some poetical and philosophical works, 
 and died 1777, aged 85. 
 
 Zanzalus, James, an obscure monk of 
 the sixth century, became founder of the 
 sect of the Jacobites, who consider the per- 
 fection of the Gospel to be the strict ob- 
 servance of fasts. They circumcise chil- 
 dren, and acknowledge one nature and 
 person only, in our Saviour, and reject the 
 union of the divine and human nature in 
 his body. 
 
 Zapolski, John de, Vaivode of Tran- 
 sylvania, was in consequence of his valour 
 and services, elected king of Hungary 
 1526, after the death of Lewis II. He was 
 opposed by Ferdinand of Austria, and sup- 
 ported by Solyman II. and at last he di- 
 vided the kingdom with his rival 1536, and 
 died four years after. 
 
 Zappi, John Baptist Felix, a native of 
 Imola, who cultivated the profession of the 
 law with success at Rome. He became 
 acquainted with Carlo Maratti, whose 
 daughter he married, and from his fond- 
 ness for literature he became one of those 
 who established the academy degli Arcadi 
 at Rome. He died at Rome 1719, aged 
 52. Some of his verses have been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 Zarate, Augustin de, a Spaniard sent 
 to Peru, 1543, as treasurer-general of the 
 Indies. He aftenvards was employed in 
 
 839 
 
ZEN 
 
 Zlt 
 
 the Low Countries, and in the Mint. , He 
 published History of the Discovery and 
 Conquest of Peru, a work of merit, best 
 edited at Antwerp, 8vo. 1555, and trans- 
 lated into French^ 2 vols. 8vo. 1700, Paris, 
 and Amsterdam. 
 
 Zarlino, Joseph, of Chioggia, in the 
 Venetian territory, wrote with great skill 
 and judgment on music. His works have 
 appeared in 4 vols. fol. 1589, and 1602, at 
 Venice, where he died, 1599. 
 
 Zazius, Hulric, a native of Constance, 
 known for his abilities as professor of 
 law. He died at Friburg, 1539, aged 74. 
 He wrote Epitome in Usus Feudales — In- 
 tellectus Legum Singulares, &c. 
 
 Zechariah, one of the minor prophets, 
 was son of Barachias, the son of Addo, and 
 prophesied in tae reign of Darius Hys- 
 taspes. He encouraged his countrymen in 
 the rebuilding of the temple, and he speaks 
 in such plain terms of the Messiah, that his 
 language appears more the language of a 
 historian, than of a prophet. 
 
 Zegedin, Stephen, a native of Zegedin, 
 in Lower Hungary, was one of the first dis- 
 ciples of Luther. He was taken prisoner 
 by the Turks, who treated him with great 
 inhumanity, and on his liberation he 
 became minister of Buda. He died at 
 Keven 1572, aged 67. He wrote Specu- 
 lum Romanorum Pontific. Historicum, 
 8vo. — Tabulae Analyticae in Prophetas, &c. 
 fol. — Assertio de Trinitate, 8vo. 
 . Zeiller, Martin, a native of Styria, 
 who became inspector of the schools in 
 Gerrr^any, and died at Ulm, 1661, aged 73. 
 He was author of Itinerary of Germany — 
 Topography of Bavaria — of Suabia — of 
 Alsace, &.c, 
 
 Zell, Ulric, a native of Hanau, emi- 
 nent as a printer at Cologne. His treatise 
 of St. Augustin de Vita Christ, et de Sin- 
 gularit. Christ, appeared 1477. 
 
 Zelotti, John Baptist, a painter of 
 Verona, the pupil of Titian. He distin- 
 guished hmiself by the beauty of his co- 
 louring, the accuracy of his figures, and the 
 elegant simplicity of his designs. He died 
 1592, aged 60. 
 
 Zeno, the founder of the stoic philo- 
 sophy, was a native of Citium, in Cyprus. 
 His school was one of the porticoes of 
 Athens, whence the name of his sect. He 
 defended suicide, and the principle of fatal 
 necessity. He died B.C. 264. 
 
 Zeno, the Isaurian, emperor of the 
 East, married Ariadne, the daughter of 
 Leo I., and died 491, detested for his cru- 
 elty, avarice, and debauchery. 
 
 Zeno, Apostolo, a native of Venice, of 
 illustrious birth. He early applied himself 
 to literary pursuits, and in 1696 established 
 the academy of Animosi, in his native 
 country, and in 1710, began to publish that 
 """Till-known work called the Giornale de 
 840 
 
 Literati, which he continued in thirty vol«. 
 to 1719. He afterwards went to reside at 
 Vienna, at the invitation of the emperor 
 Charles VL to whom he was appointed 
 poet and historiographer. After a resi- 
 dence of 10 years, during which he wrote 
 several plays, for the entertainment of the 
 imperial family, he quitted Vienna to return 
 to Venice, and was succeeded in his ap- 
 pointments by Metastasio. This learned 
 man, who was respected not only by his 
 own countrymen, but by the literati of the 
 age, died at Venice 11th Nov. 1750, aged 
 81. His works have been printed in 10 
 vols. 8vo. in Italian, 1744, and contain 63 
 poems, either tragedies, comedies, or pas- 
 toral. He wrote besides some tracts on 
 antiquarian subjects — Dissertations on 
 Vossius, 3 vols. 8vo. — Letters — Disserta- 
 tion on Italian Historians, 2 vols. 4to. &c. 
 Though a popular poet among the Italians, 
 his pieces exhibit much confusion of plot, 
 and unnecessary episodes, but his inven- 
 tion is striking, his delineations strong, and 
 his dialogues spirited and interesting. He 
 is compared by the French to Corneille, 
 and his successor, Metastasio, to Racine. 
 
 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, wife of 
 Odenatus, was honoured by the Romans 
 with the imperial title of Augusta. She de- 
 rives not a little glory from her patronage 
 of Longinus the celebrated critic. She 
 was attacked by Aurelian the Roman em- 
 peror, who was jealous of her power, and 
 she fell into the hands of her conqueror, 
 and died in privacy near Rome. 
 
 Zefhaniah, one of the twelve minor 
 prophets in the reign of king Josiah, 624 
 B.C. He foretold the destruction of Ni- 
 neveh, and exhorted his countrymen to re- 
 pentance. 
 
 ZERnBBABEL, soH of Salathicl, was 
 permitted by Cyrus, whose good opinion he 
 had obtained, to rebuild the temple of Je- 
 rusalem. He adorned the new edifice with 
 the vessels which had been plundered from 
 the former temple and carried to Babylon, 
 and the dedication took place 515 B.C. 
 
 Zeuxis, a celebrated painter of He- 
 raclea. His best piece was said to be a 
 picture of Helen. His dispute about pre- 
 eminence with Parrhasius is well known. 
 He flourished about 350 B.C. 
 
 ZiANi, Sebastian, doge of Venice, is ce- 
 lebrated for his munificent labours, in em- 
 bellishing his native city with the most 
 splendid edifices, and adorning them with 
 the best productions of arts. He flou- 
 rished at the end of the 12th century. 
 
 ZiEGLER, James, professor of theology 
 and mathematics at Vienna, was born at 
 Lindau in Swabia, and died 1549. He was 
 author of Notes on some Passages of Scrip- 
 ture, fol. — Description of the Holy Laml, 
 fol.1536 — de ConstructioneSolidge,Spherae, 
 4to. a Commentary onPliny's secondBook. 
 
ZIM 
 
 /IN 
 
 ZiRGLER, Caspar, a native of Lcipsic, 
 professor of law at Wittembcrg, where be 
 died 1690, aged 09. He wrote dc Milite 
 Episcopo — de Diiicoiiis, &c. — dc Clero — de 
 Episcopis — Critical Notes on Grotius de 
 Belli et Pacis Jure, &.c. 
 
 ZiEGLER, Bernard, a native of Misnia, 
 professor of theology at Leipsic. He uas 
 mueh esteemed by Luther and Melancthon, 
 whose doctrines he ahly supported. He 
 died 1556, aged 60. He wrote some theo- 
 logical works now little read. 
 
 ZiETTEN, John Joachim Van, a native 
 of Worstrau, in the circle of Rupin, dis- 
 tinguished as an officer in the Prussian ser- 
 vice. He lost his first commission for 
 challenging his superior officer, but his me- 
 rits recommended him to the king, and as 
 captain of Hussars he rendered his com- 
 pany the best disciplined in the army. In 
 the campaign of 1745, his valour was par- 
 ticularly displayed, and though disgraced 
 for a while by the intrigues of general Von 
 AV'interfeldt, he rose to the rank of lieute- 
 nant-general, and commanded the admira- 
 tion of the king, and of the Prussian army, 
 at the siege of Prague, the battle of Lig- 
 nitz, and the storming of Torgau. He 
 died in retirement, universally regretted, 
 1786, aged 87. He was of small stature, 
 but the powers of the mind, and the good- 
 rtess of the heart, atoned for the deficien- 
 cies of nature. 
 
 ZiMMERMANN, Matthias, a native of Epe- 
 ries, who became protestant minister at 
 Meissen, and died 1689, aged 64. He 
 published a Dissertation on a Passage in 
 Tertullian — Florilegium Philologico-Histo- 
 ricum, 4to. — Amoenitates Historiaj Ecclesi- 
 astics', 4to. 
 
 ZiMMERMANN, John Gcorgc, an eminent 
 physician, born at Brug in the canton of 
 Berne, 8th Dec. 1728. He studied medi- 
 cine at Gottingen under Haller, in Holland 
 under Gaubius, and at Paris under Senac, 
 and acquired distinction by his profession, 
 and more by his writings. He was noticed 
 by the king of Prussia, and appointed, by 
 the regency of Hanover, physician to the 
 king of England. In the latter part of life 
 he gave way to melancholy, and his infirmi- 
 ties were increased by the insanity of his 
 son, and the death of a beloved daughter 
 who expired in his arms. He died 7th Oct. 
 1795, aged 66. He wrote a poem on the 
 Destruction of Lisbon by the Earthquake, 
 1755 — and Physiological Dissertation on Ir- 
 ritability — an Essay on Solitude, 1756, 
 translated into French and English — an Es- 
 say on National Pride, 1758. His life was 
 "ivritten by his friend Tissot. 
 
 ZiMMERMANN, Ebcrhard Augustus Wil- 
 liam Von, a learned German, was born in 
 1743 at Uelzen, where his father was super- 
 intendent. He received his education first 
 at Gottingen, and next at Leyden ; after 
 
 ^ OL. IT. 
 
 106 
 
 which he became professor of natural philo- 
 sophy in the Caroline college at Brunswick. 
 His first work was a treatise on the analysis 
 of Curves, and in 1777 he pul)li.shcd " Spe- 
 cimen Zoologiae," the outline of his " Geo- 
 graphical History of Man and Quadrupeds," 
 3 vols. He visited Englan<l three times, 
 and printed here in 1787 his *' Political 
 Survey of the present State of Europe." 
 The French revolution made a strong im- 
 pression upon the mind of Zimmermann, 
 and he warned his countrymen of the evils 
 which they would suffer from it. For this 
 he was ennobled by the emperor Leopold. 
 After this he published several geographical 
 works, but one of his best was a " General 
 Survey of France and of the United States 
 of America," 2 vols. In 1806 Zimmer- 
 mann left Brunswick, and went to Ham- 
 burgh, but afterwards he returned to the 
 former city, and died there July 4, 1815. — 
 IV. B. 
 
 ZiNEK, Christian Frederic, a native of 
 Dresden, who Studied painting in England 
 under Boil, 1706. He chiefly excelled in 
 enamel painting, and his portraits of the 
 royal family of England possessed great 
 merit. He died 1767, aged 83. 
 
 ZiNGHA, queen of Angola, was sister to 
 Gola Bendi the king of the country, who 
 sacrificed all his family to his fears or cruel- 
 ty. Zingha escaping from the persecution 
 of her brother, ascended the throne at his 
 death, but was soon after dispossessed by 
 the Portuguese. She afterwards retired 
 among a savage nation in the interior of Af- 
 rica, where she obtained the sovereignty, 
 and in her old age expressed a wish to be 
 converted to Christianity. She died Dec. 
 1664, aged 82. 
 
 ZiNZENDORF, Nicholas Lewis, count, of 
 an ancient family originally from Austria, 
 was son of the chamberlain of the king of 
 Poland. He is celebrated as the founder of 
 the sect called Hernhaters, or Moravians, 
 which first began at Bai'telsdorf in Upper 
 Lusatia, 1722. The place where these vi- 
 sionaries, who called themselves the bre- 
 thren, met together,was a forest, which soon 
 grew into a large village, and received the 
 name of Hernhuth, and their doctrines were 
 rapidly spread through Bohemia and Mora- 
 via. Some of them came to England, and 
 by the patronage of general Oglethorpe and 
 others, they obtained an act of parliament 
 for the protection of their sect. Their go- 
 vernment is patriarchal ; they consider the 
 purest precepts of the gospel as the best 
 guides of their conduct ; their morals are 
 irreproachable ; and in their mutual support 
 of each other, display the noblest virtues of 
 the Christian doctrine. The have, how- 
 ever, been accused by some, according to 
 Cevenna, of impure conduct, and they are 
 charged with the gross crime of having a 
 community of wives- Zinzendorf died 9^ 
 
ZOE 
 
 ZOR 
 
 Hernhutli, 1660, aged 60, and was succeed- 
 ed in the government of the sect by count 
 de Dohna. His life has been written in 
 German by Augustus Spangenberg, 8 vols. 
 Svo. 1777, and is full of curious and inte- 
 resting particulars. 
 
 ZiNZERLiNG, Justus, a learned antiqua- 
 rian of Holland in the l7th century. He 
 published Criticorum Juvenilium Promulsio 
 — Jodici Sinceri Itinerarium Galliae cum 
 Appendice de Burdegala, a curious and in- 
 teresting work, &c. 
 
 ZiSKA or ZiscA, John de Troeznou, a 
 native of Bohemia. He early embraced the 
 military profession and lost one of his eyes 
 in a battle, in consequence of which he was 
 called Ziska. He placed himself at the head 
 of the Hussites who wished to avenge the 
 death of their leader John Huss ; and on 
 the decease of Wenceslaus king of Bohemia 
 in 1414, he opposed the claims of the em- 
 peror Sigismund to the throne. Though he 
 lost his other eye by an arrow at the siege 
 of Rabi, he continued the war, and he de- 
 feated his enemies at the battle of Aussig on 
 the Elbe, and became master of Bohemia, 
 which he laid ■waste with fire and sv/ord. 
 Alarmed by the astonishing success of this 
 vigorous leader, Sigismund sent ambassa- 
 dors to him to offer him the government of 
 Bohemia on the most honourable condi- 
 tions ; but during the negotiations, he fell 
 a victim to the plague, which began to ra- 
 vage the country. This happened in 1424, 
 and an honourable epitaph, describing his 
 virtues and services, was placed on Ms 
 tomb, which, however, was disgracefully 
 erased by the soldiers of Ferdinand II. 1619. 
 The report that he ordered his skin to be 
 tanned, and to be used as a drum to animate 
 his soldiers, is false. 
 
 ZiziM, or Zem, son of Mahomet II. and 
 brother of Bajazet, was made governor of 
 Lycaonia. On the death of his father, he 
 disputed the throne of the Ottomans with 
 his brother Bajazet, but being defeated, he 
 fled to Egypt, and afterwards passed 
 through Cilicia and Rhodes to France, 
 where he claimed the protection of Charles 
 VIII. He was afterwards delivered into 
 the hands of the pope by the French king ; 
 but though demanded on the most flatter- 
 ing conditions by Bajazet, who wished to 
 put him to death, he was kept a prisoner at 
 Rome, where he died 1497, as it is said by 
 poison. 
 
 ZoE, fourth wife of the emperor Leo VI. 
 was mother of Constantine Porphyrogeni- 
 tus, during whose minority, 912, she go- 
 verned with great wisdom and firmness. 
 She crushed the rebellion of Constantine 
 Ducas, and after making peace with the Sa- 
 racens, she obliged the Bulgarians to return 
 to their country. Though thus entitled to 
 the gratitude of her son, and the admiration 
 of the people, she "was overpowered by the 
 5^42 
 
 intrigues of the courtiers, and retired to a 
 private station, and died in exile. 
 
 ZoE, daughter of Constantine XI. was 
 born 978. She married Argyrus, who as- 
 cended the throne after her father ; but 
 disgusted, from the most licentious mo- 
 tives, with her husband, she caused him to 
 be strangled, and placed on the throne Mi- 
 chael the Paphlagonian, a goldsmith, whom 
 she married. She was afterwards confined 
 in a monastery, and after Michael's death, 
 she took for her third husband, in her 64th 
 year, Constantino Monomachus. This 
 cruel and debauched princess died eight 
 years after, 1050. — Another, daughter of 
 Stylian, married the emperor Leo, sur- 
 named the Philosopher, and died 21 months 
 after, 893. 
 
 ZoiLus, a rhetorician of Amphipolis in 
 Thrace, who criticised so severely the 
 poems of Homer, that he was called Ho- 
 meromastix, and his name is reproachfully 
 applied to all illiberal critics. He flourished 
 B.C. 270. 
 
 ZoLLiKOPER, George Joachim, a native 
 of Switzerland, educated at Bremen and 
 Utrecht. He settled in the Pays de Vaud, 
 and afterwards went to Monstein in the 
 Grisons, and then to Isenberg, andtoLeip- 
 sic, where he was distinguished as an able 
 divine among the protestants. He died 
 1758, aged 28, author of a book of devo- 
 tions — two volumes of sermons, translated 
 into English, &c. 
 
 ZoNARAS, John, a Greek historian. He 
 held offices of distinction at the court of 
 Constantinople ; but at last, tired with the 
 world, he assumed the habit of a monk, and 
 died in a monastery in the beginning of the 
 12th century. He wrote Annals from the 
 Creation of the World to the year 1118, a 
 work of little merit,as the compilation of an 
 ignorant and credulous monk. He closely 
 copies Dio Cassius, though in the affairs of 
 his own times, he mentions facts nowhere 
 else to be found. He wrote also Commen- 
 taries on the Apostolic Canons. 
 
 ZoNEA, Victor, an Italian mathematician 
 in the 17th century. His inventions and 
 improvements in mechanics were many and 
 valuable, and of them he published an ac- 
 count called Novo Teatro di Machine ed 
 Edificii, Padua, 1621, folio. 
 
 Zoppo, Mark, a native of Bologna, the 
 disciple and imitator of Andrew Mantagne, 
 in historical and portrait painting. He died 
 1517, aged 66. 
 
 ZoPYRUs, a Persian noble, one of the 
 seven who destroyed the usurper Smerdis. 
 To obtain possession of Babylon for Darius 
 he mangled his body, and thus gained the 
 confidence of the Babylonians, after which 
 he betrayed the town to his countrymen. 
 Zoroaster, an ancient philosopher, the 
 founder or the reformer of the religion of 
 the Magi. Some call him king of the Bac- 
 
-zou 
 
 ZUl 
 
 Irians, and others place hiin in the age of 
 Abraham. As the head of a religious sect 
 among the Persians, he taught his folloAvers 
 the practice of benevolence, as he declared 
 that nothing could be more acceptable to 
 heaven than mutual affection and the dis- 
 play of philanthropy. The book which con- 
 tains his religious tenets, and which is di- 
 vided into 100 articles, has been made 
 known to Europeans by the researches of 
 M. Anquetil, who has published a transla- 
 tion of it in 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 ZosiMUs, St. a Greek, who became pope 
 after Innocent I. 417, and died the follow- 
 ing year. Sixteen of his letters are pre- 
 served. 
 
 ZosiMUS, author of a Greek history of 
 the Roman emperors to his own times, 
 flourished in the fifth century. Of his 
 works, only the five first books, and part of 
 the sixth, are extant ; best edited at Ox- 
 ford, 1679, Svo. and by Cellarius, 1696. 
 His work is written with elegance, but not 
 always with fidelity, and he is very severe 
 against the Christians. 
 
 ZoucH, Richard, a native of Ansley, 
 Wiltshire, educated at Winchester school, 
 and New college, Oxford. He studied the 
 law, and afterwards became an advocate in 
 Doctors' Commons, chancellor of Oxford 
 diocess, principal of Alban hall, and judge 
 of the admiralty court. He wrote Cases 
 and Questions resolved in the Civil Law, 
 Svo. 1652 — Vindication of the Jurisdiction 
 of the Admiralty of England against sir 
 Edward Coke, a work of merit, and other 
 tracts on jurisprudence, and died 1660. 
 
 ZoucH, Thomas, a learned divine, was 
 born in 1737, at Sandal, near Wakefield, in 
 Yorkshire, and educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, where he was chosen fellow in 
 1763. In 1770 he was presented to the 
 rectory of Wycliffe, in his native county ; 
 in 1793 instituted to that of Scrayingham, 
 and in 1805 collated to a prebend in the 
 cathedral of Durham, on which occasion 
 he took his doctor's degree. In 1808 he 
 was offered the bishopric of Carlisle, which 
 he declined on account of his age. He 
 died in 1816. His works are, 1. The 
 Crucifixion, a Seaton prize poem. 2. 
 An Inquiry into the prophetic character of 
 the Romans, as described by Daniel. 3. 
 The good Schoolmaster, exemplified in 
 the character of the Rev. John Clarke. 4. 
 Memoir of Sir Philip Sidney, 4to. 5. Me- 
 moir of John Sudbury, dean of Durham, 
 4to. 6. An edition of Izaac Walton's 
 "Love and Truth." 7. Another of that 
 writer's Lives of Donne, Wotton, Hooker, 
 Herbert, and Sanderson. Dr. Zouch also 
 left a manuscript memoir of sir George 
 ■\\Tieler, which is now in the press. — W.B. 
 ZousT, Gerard, a German, particularly 
 distinguished as a portrait painter. He 
 lived for some years in London, where Ri- 
 
 ley was his pupil, and died 1081. He wa - 
 happy in his male figures, but he was too 
 faithful a copier of nature, nays (i ranger. ' 
 to be much in vogue among the ladies. 1 Ij- 
 highest price was 3/. a head. 
 
 ZuBLY, John Joachim, D.I), was a native 
 of Switzerland. He came to America, 
 and took charge of the presbyterian church 
 in Savannah, Georgia, abouttheyear 1760. 
 He not only preached in that dntrch in the 
 English language, but also in one neigh- 
 bouring congregation in German, and in 
 another in French. He was a member of 
 the provincial congress of Georgia in 177r>, 
 but as he took the side of opposition to 
 American independence, he incurred the 
 frowns of a majority of his fellow-citizens, 
 and became, for the remainder of his life, 
 less happy and less useful. He was a man 
 of strong mind, of great learning, and of 
 eminent piety. His evangelical labours 
 were zealous, disinterested, unwearied, and 
 at one period extensively useful. The few 
 and small publications which he made, do 
 honour to his memory. He died in Savan- 
 nah in 1781, at an advanced age. The. 
 degree of doctor of divinity was conferred 
 upon him by the college at Princeton, in the 
 year 1774. ICJ^ L. 
 
 ZuccHERO, Taddeo, a painter, born 1520 
 at San-Aguolo-Invado, in the dutchy of 
 Uxbino. He was noticed by cardinal Far- 
 nese,who granted him a pension, but his in- 
 dependence produced dissipated habits, and 
 hastened his end. He died 1566. His 
 pieces are much admired, though his figures 
 exhibit little variety in the features, and de- 
 serve censure for the stiffness observable 
 in the hands and feet. 
 
 ZuccHERO, Frederic, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born in the dutchy of Urbino, 
 and died at Ancona 1609, aged 63. He 
 studied under his brother, and afterward.s 
 settled at Rome, where he was patronised 
 by pope Gregory XIII. In consequence of 
 a dispute with some of the officers of the 
 pope's household, he drew a picture of ca- 
 lumny, in which he represented the features 
 of his enemies with ass's ears, and in such 
 a correct manner that they could not be 
 mistaken, and this so highly offended the 
 sovereign pontiff' that he was obliged to fly 
 from Rome. After visiting France, Hol- 
 land, England, and Spain, he returned to 
 Italy, and was honoured with the title of 
 knight by the Venetian republic, and after- 
 wards invited to Rome, and placed at the 
 head of an academy of painting, with the 
 title of prince. His pieces are much ad- 
 mired, though there appears a stiffness in 
 his figures, and though his draperies are 
 not executed with taste and judgment. He 
 w^as also eminent as a good architect and 
 sculptor. 
 
 ZuiNGLius, Ulricas, a zealous reformer- 
 born at Wildehr»usen in Switzerland 14S7 
 
 843 
 
ZUi 
 
 ZWI 
 
 He studied the learned languages at Basil 
 and Berne, and applied himself to philoso- 
 phy at Vienna, and took his degree of D.D. 
 at Basil 1505. For ten years he acquired 
 popularity as public preacher, at Claris, and 
 in 1516 he was invited to Zurich to under- 
 take the office of minister. The tenets 
 of Luther, which were now propagated in 
 Germany, encouraged the Swiss preacher 
 to oppose the sale of indulgencies, and to 
 regard them as impositions from the court 
 of Rome upon the superstitious credulity 
 of the people. Undaunted in the publica- 
 tion of his opinions, he continued to in- 
 crease the number of his adherents, and in 
 1523 he assembled the senate and the 
 clergy of Zurich, and presented before 
 them in 67 propositions the minute arti- 
 cles of his faith. Though opposed by the 
 bishop of Constance, his doctrines were 
 adopted by the full senate, and he was ex- 
 horted to preach the word of God, whilst 
 all pastors were forbidden to teach any 
 thing but what could be proved by the 
 Gospel. Another synod still more power- 
 fully favoured the cause of Zuinglius and 
 ef truth, images and reliques were re- 
 moved from churches, processions were 
 forbidden, and the greater part of the out- 
 ward worship and ceremonies of the church 
 of Rome was abolished. While, however, 
 successful in the establishment of bis doc- 
 trines in the canton of Zurich, Zuinglius 
 met with violent opposition in the other 
 members of the Swiss confederacy, and 
 after the fruitless conferences of Baden 
 between CEcolampadius on the part of Zu- 
 yieh, and of Eckius on the part of the ca- 
 tholics, both sides had recourse to arms. 
 In one of the first encounters the great 
 champion of the reformation was slain, 
 11th Oct. 1531. As a leader Zuinglius 
 displayed great firmness, deep learning, and 
 astonishing presence of mind. Though 
 he opposed the doctrines of the Romish 
 church, he greatly differed from the Ger- 
 man reformer, and each unhappily paid lit- 
 tle respect to the opinions of the other. 
 His followers continued to increase, and 
 in bearing his name they maintained doc- 
 trines on original sin, and on grace, which 
 were rejected by the other seceders from 
 the jurisdiction of Rome. According to 
 Zuinglius, salvation was extended not only 
 to infants, who died before baptism, but to 
 heathens of a virtuous and moral life. 
 Some alterations were afterwards intro- 
 duced by Calvin, by Beza, and others, but 
 whilst the proselytes to these new opinions 
 acquired the name of Calvinists in France, 
 and in other parts of Europe, the Zuing- 
 lians who firmly adhered to the tenets of 
 their founder assumed the appellation of 
 Saeramentarians. The works of Zuing- 
 lius, as a controversialist were respectable, 
 844 
 
 chiefly written in German, and were com- 
 prehended in 4 vols. fol. 
 
 ZuMBo, Gaston John, a sculptor, born 
 at Syracuse 1656. He resided for some ^ 
 time at Rome, and then at Florence, where 
 he was much noticed by the grand duke of 
 Tuscany. He afterwards went to Genoa, 
 and then passed to Paris, where he died 
 1701. The best of his pieces are a nativity, 
 and a descent from the cross. 
 
 Zur-Lacben, Beat de, a native of Va- 
 lais, known as an able negotiator, from the 
 canton of Zug, at the court of Lewis XHL 
 He was highly honoui'ed for his services by 
 his countrymen^ and called the father of 
 his country, and the pillar of religion. He 
 died 1663, aged 66. He wrote an account 
 of his negotiations. His eldest son of the 
 same name, was engaged in the military 
 affairs of his country, and distinguished 
 himself at the battle of Vilmergen, against 
 the Bernese. He died at Zug 1690, aged 
 74. A nephew of the preceding, of the 
 same name, displayed his knowledge of 
 war at the head of the French armies, and 
 contributed much to the victory of Ner- 
 winde. He died at Ulm, 21st Sept. 1704, 
 aged 48, in consequence of seven wounds, 
 which he had received at the battle of 
 Hochstet. 
 
 ZusTRUs, Lambert, a painter of merit, 
 the pupil of Schwarts, and df Titian. The 
 best of his pieces is the rape of Proser- 
 pine preserved at Paris. 
 
 ZwiCKER, Daniel, a Socinian, who at- 
 tempted to reconcile the discordant sects 
 among the protestants by the publication 
 of his Irenicon Irenicorum, a work which 
 created him many enemies. He defended 
 himself in two subsequent publications, 
 and died about the 17th century. 
 
 ZwiNGER, Theodore, a learned physi- 
 cian, born at Bichoffstzel in the Turgau. 
 He became professor of moral philosophy 
 and medicine, and died 1588, aged 54. He 
 wrote the Theatre of Human Life, a pon- 
 derous work published in 8 vols. fol. Ly- 
 ons 1656, and afterwards improved and 
 enlarged by his son James, who died 1610. 
 
 ZwiNGER, Theodore, son of James, and 
 grandson of Theodore, studied medicine 
 which he afterwards abandoned for di- 
 vinity. During the plague which raged at 
 Basil in 1629, he displayed great humanity, 
 both as a pastor and as a physician. He 
 was author of several controversial tracts, 
 and died 1651, aged 54. His son John 
 became professor of Greek, and public li- 
 brarian at Basil, and distinguished himself 
 by his learning. He died 1696. 
 
 ZwiNGER, Theodore, son of John just 
 mentioned, was professor of eloquence and 
 medicine at Basil, where he died 1724. He 
 published Theatrum Botanicum, in Ger- 
 man, foL — Fasciculus Dissertationum, 4to. 
 
ZVP 
 
 ZYP 
 
 • — Tri^a Disscrtationum — a Latin and (tci*- 
 maii Dictionary — souic nicdicai works, &c. 
 His brother John Rodol))hus was proft'ssor 
 of divinity at Basil, and died there 1708, 
 aged 48. He wrote sermons — tracts — and 
 the Hope of Israel, in German. 
 
 Zti.ius, Otho, a Jesuit, born at Utrecht. 
 He wrote the Lives of Saints — Camera- 
 cum Obsidione Liberatum, a poem, &c. 
 and died at Malines 15th Aug. 1656, aged 
 88. 
 
 Ztp.«us, or Vandev Ztpe, Francis, a 
 native of Malines. His great knowledge 
 of jurisprudence was admired, and reward- 
 ed by le Mire, bishop of Antwerp, who ap- 
 pointed him his secretary, and gave him 
 the place of a canon, and of an archdea- 
 
 VOL. U. lOfi 
 
 con of las cliuroli. He is author of some 
 works of merit on the law, espeeiolly Ana- 
 lytica Enarratio Juris Pontitirii Novi — Con- 
 sultationes Canonica; — Notitia; Juris Bel- 
 gici — Dc Jurisdietione EcelesiasticA, et 
 Civili, &.C. collected together in 2 vols. fol. 
 This learned man, equally respectable in 
 private life, died at \iitwerp 1650, aged 
 71. His brother Henry wac an ecclesias- 
 tic, and became abbot of St. Andrew near 
 Bruges. He died 1659, aged 85. He was 
 author of several works, the best known 
 of which is Sanctus Gregorius Magnus, 
 &.C. 1611, 8vo. in which, with more learn- 
 ing than wisdom, he proves that Gregory, 
 who was a Roman pontiff, was of the order 
 of the Benedictines. 
 
 843 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 The following Original Articles were communicated too lalefor insertion in their proper 
 
 places in the body of the ivork. 
 
 BUG 
 
 Bradbury, Theophilus, judge of the su- 
 perior court of Massachusetts, was gradu- 
 ated at Harvard college in 1757. He de- 
 voted hirasielf to the profession of the law, 
 and after enjoying a course of successful 
 practice, was appointed to a seat on the 
 bench of the superior court, and discharged 
 the duties of the station with intelligence 
 and fidelity. His death took place, Sept. 
 6, 1S03, in his 64th year. 
 
 Braxton, Carter, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was from Virginia. 
 
 Brown, John, born in Providence, 
 Rhode Island, in 1736, and a wealthy and 
 enterprising merchant of that town ; was 
 a leader of the party which, in 1772, de- 
 stroyed the British sloop of war Gasper, in 
 Narraganset bay. He was the first in 
 Rhode Island who traded with the East 
 Indies and China ; a member of congress ; 
 a great projector of works of public utility, 
 and a munificent patron of literature. He 
 laid the corner stone of the spacious and 
 oldest edifice, of the institution now called 
 Brown university, in honour of his nephew 
 the Hon. Nicholas Brown. He died in 
 1803. 
 
 Brown, .Joseph, born at Providence, 
 Rhode- Island, December 3d, 1733, and a 
 merchant and manufacturer, was distin- 
 guished for his genius for mechanics, and 
 the extent of his mathematical and philoso- 
 phical acquirements. He was for some 
 time professor of natural philosophy in 
 Brown university, and uas a member of 
 the American academy of arts and sciences. 
 He died Dec. 3, 17S5, aged 52. 
 
 Bdckminstkr, Joseph Stevens, was born 
 in Poitsmcuth, N. H. May 26, 1784. His 
 male ancestors, both by his father's and 
 moiher's side, for several generations, were 
 clergymen, and several of them of consider- 
 aVde eminence. He entered as a student 
 
 BUC 
 
 of Harvard in 1797, nearly a year in ad- 
 vance, and was graduated in August, 1800 ; 
 and his oration delivered on that occasion, 
 " on the literary character of different na- 
 tions," produced a deep impression. After 
 leaving college he spent four years in the 
 study of theology. He first preached in 
 the church in Brattle-street, Boston, Oct. 
 1S04, and was ordained over that ciiurch in 
 January, 1805. During a great portion of 
 his life he was subject to attacks of epilep- 
 sy, which in an instant prostrated his pow- 
 ers. With the view of improving his con- 
 stitution, he went to Europe in the spring 
 of 1806. He returned in the autumn of 
 1807, and resumed the exercise of his pro- 
 fession. In l8ll he was appointed the first 
 lecturer on biblical criticism on the Dexter 
 foundation at Cambridge university, and 
 immediately began a course of laborious 
 and extensive preparation for the delivery 
 of lectures, but was soon interrupted by a 
 violent attack of his old disease, which 
 caused an instant and irrecoverable wreck 
 of his intellect. After lingering a few days 
 he died, June 9tb, 1812, having just com- 
 pleted his 28th year. '^No man of his age 
 and sphere of life was ever more ardently 
 beloved, or more highly estimated, both by 
 his friends, and by that portion of the pub- 
 lic which came within his scope of action. 
 His high x-epu:.ation as a pr;^acher was sud- 
 denly acquired, but was sustained, extend- 
 ed, and increased, to the close of his life. 
 His love of sacred literature was ardent, 
 and he did much to excite attention to bi- 
 blical criticism. His sermons were search- 
 ing and practical : they contained the es- 
 sence of learning without its ostentation. 
 Their most interesting attribute was the 
 "philo.sophica! imagination" with which he 
 beoutifulh and jiowerfuUy enforced his 
 views and illustrated his arguments. Se- 
 veral of his occasional orations and dis- 
 cour"^cs have been published. He also con- 
 
 847 
 
BYK 
 
 CHA 
 
 ' tributedmauy articles to the periodical works 
 of the day. He will, however, be best 
 known by the volume of posthumous ser- 
 mons pubiishecl by some of hii friends 
 shortly alter his death, to tvhich an inte- 
 restiiig memoir of his life, drawn up by his 
 friend, the late Rev. Samuel Thacher, was 
 prcitixed. 
 
 Bull, Henry, of Newport;R.I. one of the 
 original purchasers of the island of A quid- 
 neck, nov. Rhode-Ibiand, was born in South 
 Wales in the year 1609. He came to Mas- 
 sachusetts colony, and resided there a short 
 time ; but in consequence of the unhappy 
 differences in ecclesiastical matters, joined 
 himself with seventeen others, who pur- 
 chased and settled at Newport in 1638. 
 He was governor of the new colony in 1685, 
 and again in the memorable jear 1689, 
 when sir Edmund Audros, governor of all 
 Neiv-England for James the second, was 
 imprisoned in Boston. The freemen of the 
 colony then resolving to restore the former 
 system of government, the governor elect, 
 with a number of the inferior magistrates, 
 refused to serve. Mr. Bull died in 1693, 
 at the age of 84. 
 
 BuRRiLL, James, an eminent lawyer and 
 istatesman, was born at Providence, Rhode 
 Island, April 25, 1772, and educated at 
 Brown university, where he graduated in 
 178S, with a high reputation for genius and 
 acquirements. He studied law in the offices 
 of T. Foster, and judge Howell, and was 
 admitted to practice in September, 1791, 
 and his superior talents soon placed him in 
 the first rank at the bar. He was, in 1797, 
 appointed attorney-general of the state, 
 and continued to hold the office for lifteen 
 years, discharging its duties vv'ith uncom- 
 iiion ability and popularity. The decline of 
 his health led him, in May, 1813, to retire 
 from the bar. He was immediately elect- 
 ed to a seat in the state legislature, and the 
 following year was chosen speaker of the 
 liouse of representatives. In May, 1816, 
 he was appointed c'ief justice of the su- 
 preme court of the state, and in February, 
 1817, elected to a seat in the senate of the 
 United States, for which the dignity of his 
 character, the force of his eloquence, and 
 his superior knowledge of politics and law 
 rnost happily fitted him. He immediately 
 became conspicuous in that body, and took 
 a di^itinguished part in the most important 
 of its transactions during the three follow- 
 ing years, when he was suddenly called 
 from life. December 25, 1820, while at the 
 seat of government. He was eminent for 
 the extent of his miscellaneous as well as 
 professional knowledge, the strength of his 
 argumentative powers, and the soundness of 
 his judgment, and was ciiaracterized in his 
 public and private life by uprightness, ur- 
 banity, and be'icvolence. 
 
 Btrox, George Gordon, the most emi- 
 845 
 
 nent poet of the age, was born in 1788. 
 He was the grandson of the Hon. John By- 
 ron, well known as a navai commander 
 under lord Anson, and succeeded to the 
 title and estates of William, the fifth lord 
 Byron, in 1798. He was that year sent to 
 Harrov/ school, and at the age of 16 be- 
 came a student at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge. About four years after he com- 
 menced his travels in Portugal, Spain, and 
 Greece, and on his return, aiter an absence 
 of nearly three years, published tht' two 
 first cantos of " Childe Harold," and not 
 long after the " Giaour," " Bride of Aby- 
 dos," and " Corsair." He left England 
 again in !8l6, and travelling through Swit- 
 zerland to Italy, resided several years at 
 Venice, Rome, and Genoa, and there com- 
 pleted his " Childe Harold," and composed 
 several other poems. In 1823, he proceed- 
 ed to Greece to take part in the struggles of 
 that country for freedom, and after having 
 rendered the most important services by 
 his wealth and counsels, and acquired a dis- 
 tinguished reputation and influence among 
 t le Greeks, died suddenly at Missoioughi, 
 April 19th, 1824. His last and largest work 
 is Don Juan. His works have recently 
 been republished in this country in 8 vols. 
 Chase, Samuel, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of American independence, 
 was bred a lawyer, and was one of the 
 most eminent at the bar in Maryland for 
 several years previous to the commence- 
 ment of tbe revolutionary war. At the be- 
 ginning of that struggle, he took a bold and 
 active part in the cause of liberty, and was 
 appointed one of the committee of corres- 
 pondence, and elected to a seat in congress 
 in 1774, and was long a distinguished mem- 
 ber of that body. In 1776, he was appoint- 
 ed with Franklin and Carroll to form a plan 
 of union between the colonies and Canada. 
 He was one of the most bold and vigorous 
 advocates for the declaration of indepen- 
 dence, and is said to have been the means 
 of inducing the Maryland delegation, con- 
 trary to their instructions, to unite in the 
 measure. In 1782, he resigned his seat in 
 congress. In 1788, he was a member of 
 the convention of Maryland which ratified 
 the constitution of the United States. la 
 1791, he was appointed chief justice of the 
 general court of Maryland, and afterwards 
 associate judge of the supreme court of the 
 United States. Warmly attached to the 
 principles and measures of the administra- 
 tions of Washington and Adams, he incur- 
 red, in the discharge of his official duties, 
 the violent resentment of the opposition ; 
 and after the change in the administration,, 
 and the displacement of his political friends, 
 was impeached of high crimes and misde- 
 meanors. The measure was principally 
 instigated by John Randolph, one of the 
 managers on the part of government. The 
 
FIT 
 
 HUV\ 
 
 trial, which was long;, and ooii'iuctoil with 
 great ability, ami wliicii cxcittti Uic lii!:5host 
 interest in the pulilic mind, i(rinin;\icd in 
 the cumplete vindication of Mr. Chase. 
 An account of it, in 2 vols, was published 
 in 1«UG. He died June 17, ISll. 
 
 Coke, Thonm.s^ LL.D. a distinguished 
 mini-ster ol' the Methodist church, was born 
 at Brecon, in South Wales, Seplembi-r 9, 
 1747, and educated at Oxford. He tooii 
 orders, aiid obtained the curacy of Pcther- 
 ton, in Somersetshire ; but in 1777, joined 
 Mr. Wesley, antl was appointed to labour 
 in London. In 17S0, he began to visit the 
 societies m diHerent parts of the kingdom, 
 and spent the remainder of his life in itine- 
 rating. In 17:54, he was appointed by Mr. 
 Wesley superintendent of the Methodist 
 churches in the United States, to which he 
 immediately repaired. He afterwards re- 
 peatedly vicjited them and the West Indies, 
 and contributed greatly to the progress of 
 the society. He embarked in 1814 for In- 
 dia, for the purpose of establishing a mis- 
 sion at Ceylon, but died on the 3d of May, 
 before the termination of the voyage. He 
 published a Commentary on the Scriptures 
 — a History of the West Indies — and seve- 
 ral smaiier w orks. He was distinguished 
 for his zeal and disinterestedness, and the 
 extent and successfuiness of his labours. 
 
 Gushing, John, D.D. son of the Rev. 
 Job Gushing, was born in Shrewsbury, 
 Massachusetts, Aug. 22, 1744, and gradua- 
 ted at Harvard university in 17G4. He was 
 ordamed to the pastoral care of the church 
 in Ashburnhani, Massachusetts, Nov. 2, 
 1768 ; received a diplotna as doctor of di- 
 vinity from Harvard university in 1822 ; 
 and died April 27, 1823, in the 79th year of 
 his age, and the 5yth year of his ministry. 
 He was remarkable for purity of mind and 
 soundness and discrimination of judgment, 
 and his attainments were extensive, parti- 
 cularly in geography, biography, chronolo- 
 gy, and history, both sacred and profane. 
 As a pastor, he was zealous and indefatiga- 
 ble in promoting l)ie welfare of his flock, 
 and the reverence and affection of his peo- 
 ple increased with his years. In his reli- 
 gious tenets he was Calvinistic, and was 
 singularly liberal towards all other sects of 
 Christians. Endowed by nature with a re- 
 tentive memory, and having conversed 
 much with men, as well as with books, he 
 had acquired a vast store of general infor- 
 mation, which, combined with great frank- 
 ness of manners and a communicative dis- 
 position, caused his society to be courted 
 and valued by those who knew him. He 
 wrote about sixteen hundred discourses, of 
 which several occasional sermons were 
 published. A Discourse, delivered on the 
 completion of the 50th year of his minis- 
 try, soon passed through two editions. 
 
 Fttch, Thomas, w«s chief just ic^ of Ton- 
 
 necticnt from 1750 to 1754, and governov 
 of he eolony from 1754 to l7Gt>. He wa« 
 a man of distinguished talents, a profound 
 lawyer, and a sagacious statesman ; and 
 was eminently uselul in his public, and es- 
 timable in his privut*- life. He died at Nor- 
 walk, July Iblh, 17/4, aged 75. 
 
 GiiAHAM, Mrs. Isabella, was the daugh- 
 ter of John Marshall, of the >hire of La- 
 nark, Scotland, and born .July 2l»lh, 1742. 
 She received an excellent education, and 
 early became pious. In 1765, she married 
 Dr. John Griiham, and accompanied him 
 with his regiment, first to Fort Niagara, 
 and afterwards to Antigua, where be died 
 in 1774. She returned to Scotland, but in 
 1789, came to New-York and estabiiahed a 
 school for the instruction of young ladies, 
 which she continued for many years with 
 success. She distinguished herseli during 
 the last years of her life by her charity to 
 the poor, and her laudable exertions and 
 example contributed greatly to their in- 
 struction and the relief of their ivants, by 
 encouraging the formation of charitable so- 
 cieties, and the establishment of benevo- 
 lent institutions. The most important of 
 them was the Widows' Society — the Or- 
 phan Asylum Society — and the Society foF 
 the Proniotion of Industry. Her death 
 took place July 27th, 1S14, 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin, one of the signers 
 of the declaration of American Indepen- 
 dence, was from Virginia. 
 
 Kawley, Joseph, a distinguished states- 
 man and patriot, was born at Northamp- 
 ton, Massaehusetts, in 1724, and graduated 
 at Yale college in 1742. He devoted him- 
 self to the practice of law, and soon rose to 
 eminence in the profession. At the com- 
 mencement of the contest between Great 
 Britain and the colonies, he engaged with 
 great zeal in the cause of liberty, and be- 
 came by his distinguished talents, superior 
 knowledge of the principles of government, 
 bold and manly eloquence, and eminent ex- 
 cellence of character, one of the ablest and 
 most successful advocates and pronioters 
 of the struggle which terminated in inde- 
 pendence. He rendered his eh, ef services 
 in the state legislature, of which he w as the 
 most distinguished member from his first 
 election, in 1764, till 1776, when the de- 
 cline of his health induced him to retire 
 from public cmployraenis. His death took 
 place, March lOth, 17S8, in his 64th year. 
 
 Heywood, Thomas, junior, one of the 
 signers of the declaration of American In- 
 dependence, was from South Carolina. 
 
 Howell, David, judge of the United 
 States district court, was a native of New- 
 Jersey, and educated at Princeton. He re- 
 moved in early life to Rhode-Island, and 
 was appointed professor of mathematics 
 and philosophy, and afterward of law, ia 
 Brown iiniversitv. Providence. He there 
 
 S49 
 
JUN 
 
 PAH 
 
 established himself in the pvaclice of the 
 law, and rose to eminence in the profession. 
 He was for some time attorney-general of 
 the state and judge of the supreme court. 
 His distinguished talents and patriotism 
 procured his election to a seat in the old 
 contniental congress, and after the reorga- 
 nization of the general government he was 
 appointed a commissioner for settling the 
 eastern boundary of the United States, 
 and subsequently district attorney, and in 
 1812 district judge for Hiiode-island, in 
 which station he continued till his death, 
 July 29, 1824, in his 7Sth year. He was a 
 man of great wit, learning, and eloquence. 
 
 Jarvis, Abraham, D.D, bishop of the 
 Episcopal church in Connecticut, was born 
 in Norwalk, in that state, May 5th, 1739, 
 and graduated at Yale college in 1761. In 
 1764 he visited England, and was ordained 
 by the bishop of Carlisle. On his return, 
 he was settled as rector of the church at 
 Middletown, Connecticut, and continued 
 there, greatly respected by his people, till 
 1799. He was appointed the successor of 
 bishop Seabury in June, 1797, and conse- 
 crated on the iSth of October, in that year. 
 He resigned the rectorship of the chui-ch at 
 Middletown in 1799, and removed fust to 
 Cheshire, and in 1803 to New-Haven, 
 where he continued to reside till his death, 
 May 3, 1813, in his 74th year. He pos- 
 sessed a vigorous mind, and a correct taste, 
 and was distinguished for courteousness, 
 affability, integrity, and devotedness to the 
 interests of the church. He published a 
 Sermon on the Death of Bishop Seabury — 
 a Charge to the Clergy — and a Sermon on 
 the Witness of the Spirit. 
 
 Jones, David, judge of the supreme court 
 of New- York, was a native of Oysterbay, 
 Long-Island, and born in September, ltj99. 
 He enjoyed an excellent private education, 
 and studied law, though he never devoted 
 himself to the profiession. He was chosen 
 a member of the colonial assemby in 1737, 
 and continued to occupy a seat in it until 
 1758. He was thirteen years of the period 
 speaker of that body, and discharged the 
 duties of his station with distinguished in- 
 telligence and fidelity to the liberties of the 
 people. In 1758 he was appointed a judge 
 of the supreme court, and through the long 
 period during which he held the office, ren- 
 dered himself the object of universal confi- 
 dence and respect by his capacity, upright- 
 ness, and zealous defence of the rights of 
 the people against the encroachments of the 
 king. He resigned the station in 1773, and 
 died October lith, t775. 
 
 Jones, William, governor of Rhode- 
 Island, was born in Newport in that state in 
 1754. He was during the revolutionary 
 war a captain of marines, and was taken a 
 prisoner at the siege of Charleston, South 
 ♦^-arolina. He was several year? speaker 
 
 sr>a 
 
 of the house of representatives of Rhode- 
 Island, and was in iSlO elected governor, 
 and held the office till 1817. His death 
 took place at Providence in 1822. 
 
 Lewis, Francis, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of American Independence, 
 was from New- York. 
 
 Livingston, John, D.D. professor of 
 theology in the reformed Dutch church, 
 was born at Poughkeepsie, New-Y^ork, in 
 1746, and educated at Yale college, where 
 he was graduated m 1762. He studied 
 theology at the ursiversity of Utrecht, Hol- 
 land, from which he received the degree of 
 Doctor of Theology in 1770, and soon after 
 returned, and became pastor of the reform- 
 ed Dutch church in the city of New-York. 
 In the following year, at his suggestion, 
 the colonial church separated from the 
 parent church in Holland, became inde- 
 pendent, and laid the foundation for a the- 
 ological professorship, which he was, in 
 1784, appointed to fill. He continued to 
 discharge the duties of those offices with 
 success and reputation, till 1810, when on 
 the removal of the theological school to 
 Queen's college, New-Brunswick, New- 
 Jersey, he was appointed to take charge of 
 that institution, and remained there until 
 his death, which took place January 29th, 
 1825, in the SOth year of his age. He was 
 eminent for piety, learning, and usefulness, 
 and enjoyed in a distinguished degree the 
 affection of his people, the confidence and 
 respect of his associat' s in the ministry, 
 and the veneration of his pupils. 
 
 Lynch, Thoinas, jun- one of the signers 
 of the declaration of American independ- 
 ence, was born in Prince-George's parish, 
 South Carolina, August 5th, 1749, and was 
 educated at Cambridge, England. He af- 
 terwards ent-^red at the Temple, but before 
 completing his course, returned in 1772 to 
 America. On the raising of the first troops 
 in South Carolina, m l77n, be received the 
 commission of a captain, but in consequence 
 of the illness of his father, toward the close 
 of that year, was elected to fill his seat in 
 congress, for which he was eminently quali- 
 fied, by his superior intellect, extensive 
 knowledge, and persuasive eloquence. The 
 decline of his health obliged him in the au- 
 tumn of 1776 to retire from public employ- 
 ment. After lingering till near the close of 
 1779, he embarked for St. Eustatia, with 
 the intention of visiting Europe ; and by 
 some unknown accident, perished with all 
 the ship's company at sea. 
 
 Nelson, Thomas, jun. one of the signers 
 of the declaration of American Independ- 
 ence, was from Virginia. 
 
 Parson's, Moses, congregational minis- 
 ter of B> field, Massachus'-tts, was boru 
 June 20, 1716, and educated at Harvard 
 college, where he was graduated in 1736. 
 He was ordained in 1744, and after a use- 
 
bUU 
 
 \AA 
 
 ful ministry of 40 years, died, December 
 14, I7b4. He was ilistinguishcd lor talents, 
 leaniini;;, and piety, us a preacher, and for 
 dignity of manners, atiability, wit, benevo- 
 lence, and every social virtue in private 
 life, lie was tiie father ol Theophiius I'ar- 
 sons, chief justice of Massachusetts. His 
 only publication was an Election Sermon, 
 in 1772. 
 
 Jf ENN, John, one of the signers of the 
 declaration ol American independence, was 
 from North Carolina. 
 
 UoDNEY, Caesar, one of the signers of 
 the declaration of Anierican Independence, 
 ivas irom fenusyivania. 
 
 KoGERSjVViiliam, D.IJ. professor of Eng- 
 lish and oratory in the university ot Penn- 
 sylvania, was born at Newport, Khode-ls- 
 lanu, Juiy 22, 1751, and v.as graduated at 
 Brown univeisity m 1769. He received 
 his license to preach in 1771, and in May 
 of tiie following year was ordained pastor 
 of the tirst Baptist church in Philadelphia, 
 ■wucie he continued till the commencement 
 of tue revolutionary war in 1775, when he 
 ivas appointed chaplain of the Pennsylvania 
 forces, and not long afterwards of a brigade 
 of the continental army, and remained in 
 the service till 1781. In 1 769 he was elect- 
 ed professor o^- >hglish and oratory in the 
 college of PhilaSleipQia, and afterwards was 
 appointed to the same office in tue univer- 
 sity o; Pennsylvania, and held it till I8l2, 
 when he lesigned. His death took place, 
 April 7, 162-4, in his 74th year. He held a 
 highly respectable rank in talents and learn- 
 ing, and was greatly esteemed for his ability 
 and faituiulness as a preacher, and his ex- 
 cellence as a mnn. 
 
 RoMEiN, Hev. John B. D.D. was the 
 only son ol the Rev. Thedoricus Romeyn, 
 D.L). of Schenectady. He was born in the 
 year 1778, graduated at Columbia college 
 in New-\ork, at the age of IS, studied 
 theology under the guidance of his father, 
 and afterwards ol the late Dr. Livingston ; 
 and was licensed to preach the gospel by 
 the classis of Albany, in 179S. The next 
 year he was ordained and installed pastor 
 of the Reformed Dutch Church at Rhine- 
 beck, where he remained until the year 
 1803, when he was transferred to the Pres- 
 byterian church in the city of Schenectady, 
 as successor to the Rev. Dr. Clarkson. The 
 next year he removed to the first Presbyte- 
 rian church in Albany, and succeeded the 
 Rev. Dr. Nott; where he continued about 
 four years, and in 1808 was removed to the 
 Presbyterian church in Cedar-street, New- 
 York, of v^hich be was the first pastor, and 
 remained in that station till his death, which 
 took place the 22d Feb. 1825. A collec- 
 tion of his sermons in 2 vols. 8vo. was pub- 
 lished la 1816. 
 
 ScHAiCKj Gonzen Van, a brigadier ge- 
 
 neral in the American army, who in 1779 
 distinguished hims(;il b) deairoying the 
 Ononaaga Indian aetllciuents. He died at 
 Albany iii 1769, aged 53. 
 
 Scott, i nomas, ^.D. woAbornat Bray- 
 toft, Lintoiii.>,iure, Icb. 4, 1740. lie was 
 sent, at the age of 10, to the school at 
 Scorton, wheie Ue leaiueU ilie liuii^uages. 
 In 17/2 Ue outuineu oiumaiion, anu entered 
 on a curacy at btoke and Weston tnder- 
 wood. In I7bi he succeedeu iVii. Newton 
 at Olney, but in 178a became chaplain to 
 the Lock Hospiial, Lonuoji, and continued 
 there tul his appointment, ui 1603, to the 
 rectorj oi Astun iaaiiuioru, liucks. His 
 deulh look place Apiii 2zd, Ibliil, in his 
 76th year. He was distinguished lor piety 
 and useiulness. He is chiehy known by 
 his Commentary on the Bible, which has 
 had a most extensive circulation. His other 
 works aie 6 vols, on theological subjects. 
 
 Sewall, Joacph, U.D. a congregational 
 minister, was tiie son oi Samuel Stvvall, 
 chief justice of Massachusetts, and born 
 August 26, lt>88. He was graduated at 
 Harvard college in 1707, and in 1713, was 
 ordained colleague pastor ol the old 6outh 
 church, Boston, wnere he laboured with 
 great accepiauce and success till his death, 
 June alst, 1 / 69, in his 81st ^> ear. He held 
 a respectable rank in talents and learning, 
 and was eminent for piety and I'aithlumes.s 
 in tue diseuaige of uis othcial duties. He 
 was in i724 elected president oi Harvard 
 college, out declined the appointment. He 
 published a large number ot Sermons. 
 
 THACHER,Pcter,D.D. congiegatiunal mi- 
 nister in Boston, was born at Milton, Mas- 
 sacnusetts, March 21, 1752, and graduated 
 at Harvard college, in 1769. He was set- 
 tled at Maiden in 1770, and early became 
 distinguished for his intelligence, piety, 
 and eloquence. He was in 17 SO a meuiber 
 of the convention which Iramed the consti- 
 tution of Massachusetts. He was in 1735 
 installed pastor of the Brattle-street church 
 in Boston, and continued in that station 
 till his death, December 16, lo02. He 
 published a great number of Sermons. 
 
 Van Ness, William W. lor many years 
 a judge of the supreme court of the state 
 of New-Vork, was born of Dutch parents 
 at Claverack, in that state, in the year 1 775. 
 He married eaily, and came to the bar at 
 the age of 21, and settled in his native 
 town. He continued to practise the law 
 there and in the adjoining city of Hudson, 
 with continually increasing reputation and 
 success, until he was appointed to a seat on 
 the bench ol the supreme court in 1807 
 and at the age of 32. He was distinguish- 
 ed for his grpat sagacity and quick percep- 
 tion of sound legal principles. He had a 
 persuasive and argumentative style of elo- 
 quence, and no judge ever surpassed, and 
 
 851 
 
WHE 
 
 YAT 
 
 rarely equalled bim, in his talents for the 
 <iespatch of business at JNisi Prius, and in 
 his ascendency over the understanding and 
 control of the feelings of the jury, by the 
 simplicity and urbanity of his manners, the 
 clearness of his perception, and the just- 
 ness and integrity of his conduct. The 
 period in which he presided on the bench 
 was remarkable for great political excite- 
 ment, and being warm and zealous in what 
 he deemed the true interest and policy of 
 his country, he rendered himself peculiarly 
 obnoxious to the jealousy anU hatred of his 
 political opponents, who felt the force of 
 his character and weight of his counsels. 
 In 1820, the house of assembly of New- 
 York, in consequence of incessant and vi- 
 rulent newspaper attacks on his character, 
 instituted a laborious and piercing investi- 
 gation into his official conduct, which ter- 
 minated in his complete vindication. He 
 continued on the bench until his resignation 
 on the 1st May, 1822, when he resumed 
 the practice of his profession in the city of 
 New-York. He, however, soon after lost 
 his health, and in January, 1823, made a 
 hopeless experiment of a sea voyage, and 
 died at Charleston, South Carolina, on the 
 28th February following, deeply regretted 
 by his numerous friends, and the profes- 
 sion, of which he was one of the brightest 
 ornaments. 
 
 Whelplet, Samuel, minister and au- 
 thor, was born in Berkshire county, Massa- 
 chusetts, in 1766. A considerable portion 
 of his life after he had completed his edu- 
 cation, was passed in New- Jersey, chiefly 
 at Momstown, where he had charge of an 
 academy, and employed himself in teaching. 
 About the year 1812 he returned to the city 
 of New- York where he continued till his 
 death, July 15, 1817. He possessed 
 an original and highly gifted mind, and dis- 
 played uncommon powers as a writer. He 
 was author of the essays entitled the Trian- 
 gle, published in New- York in 1816, in de- 
 fence of the doctrines of the New-England 
 churches. Also of " Letters on Capital 
 Punishment, and War," addressed to gover- 
 nor Strong, and published in New- York in 
 1816. Of his other works, the principal 
 trere, a " Compend of Ancient and Modern 
 852 
 
 History," and " Lectures on Ancient His- 
 t ory." 
 
 WoRTHiNGTON, John, LL.D. an eminent 
 iawyer, who received his education at Yale 
 college, where he was graduated in 1740. 
 He was afterwards a tutor in that institu- 
 tion. He was a member of the legislature 
 of Massachusetts in 1774, and opposed 
 himself to the measures which were adopt- 
 ed by the friends of liberty. He was the 
 same year appointed one of the mandamus 
 counsellors, but declined the office. His 
 death took place at Springtield, in April, 
 1800. 
 
 Yates, Robert, chief justice of New- 
 York, was born at Schenectady, January, 
 1738. He received a classical education, 
 studied law, and established himself in 
 practice in Albany. He early rose to emi- 
 nence in the profession, as well by incor- 
 ruptible integrity as superior talents and 
 legal knowledge. During the revolution, 
 he was one of the most prompt, judicious, 
 and influential friends of the popular cause 
 in the state, and rendered important ser- 
 vices in a variety of responsible stations. 
 He was chairman of the committee of 
 military operations in 1776 and 1777 ; was 
 a member of the conven(?-s a in the latter 
 year which formed the constitution of 
 New-York ; and on the organization of the 
 government under it, was appointed a judge 
 of the supreme court, and distinguished 
 himself by the moderation and impartiality 
 with which he discharged the duties of the 
 station, particularly in the prosecutions 
 against loyalists. He was a member of the 
 convention which formed the federal con- 
 stitution, and of that also by which it was 
 ratified in his native state, and opposed its 
 adoption. He became chief justice in 
 1790, and held the office till 1798. He 
 died Sept. 9, 1801. He possessed a fine 
 genius, was an accomplished scholar, and 
 thoroughly versed in law. He was inti- 
 mately acquainted with the history of the 
 state, conversed in Dutch and several In- 
 dian languages, and was greatly distin- 
 guished and beloved for his amiable tem- 
 per, benevolence, public spirit, uprightness, 
 and wisdom. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
NAMES OF SL15SCUnu:KS. 
 
 NEW-YORK. 
 
 City of New- York. 
 
 Rev. Gardiner Sprino:, D.D. 
 Riffht Rev. John H. Hobart, 
 Bish. Epis. Ch. New- York. 
 Rev. John B. Romeyn, D.D. 
 Rev. George W. Doane. 
 Rev. R. B. E. iM'Leod. 
 Rev. Pascal N. Strona:. 
 Ansel W. Ives, M.D." 
 Erastus Ellsworth. 
 M. R. Nicholson. 
 John Anthon. 
 David Graham. 
 Frederick T. Peet. 
 John R. Hedley. 
 Robert VVardcIl. 
 Thomas Boyd, M.D. 
 E. Metcalf, 
 Wm. Ovington. 
 Jacob Wyckoff. 
 Charles Ellet. 
 Charles Weeks. 
 Partrick Byrne. 
 Rev. J. M. Matthews, D.D. 
 David Hosack, M.D. F.R.S. 
 
 LL.D. 
 George Belden. 
 C. Barstow. 
 John W. Francis, M.D. 
 Rev. Archibald Maclay, D.D. 
 Rev. M. L. M. Peixotto. 
 Charles G. Haines, Adjt. Gen. 
 
 State N. Y. 
 Rev. John Power. 
 Rev. W. W. Pliilins. 
 S. D. Beekman, M.D. 
 Theodore Dwight. 
 Samuel R. Marshall. 
 William Coleman. 
 De Forest & Son. 
 Joel Post. 
 Rev. E. Washburn. 
 Rev. William Ross. 
 Rev. N. Bangs, A.M. 
 James Harper. 
 John Harper. 
 Rev. P. R. M'Cartee. 
 Divie Bethime. 
 Rev. William Patten. 
 Rev. Henry Chase. 
 H. B. Titus. 
 J. Delafield. 
 Samuel Flewelling. 
 Charles Anthon, Prof. Col. Col. 
 Rev. F. C. Schaeffer. 
 Charles L. Livingston. 
 John Hone, Junr. 
 
 H. W. Field. 
 J. Bennett. 
 P. B. Penny. 
 Thomas Van Yorks. 
 Henry Hone. 
 Samuel F. Clarksou. 
 Charles James Cook. 
 John Brooks, Jimr. 
 Henry Laight. 
 Frederick De Peyster. 
 John C. NicoU. 
 Henry Bostwick. 
 Rev. Samuel H. Cox. 
 W. S. Cardell. 
 G. Banker. 
 John Wheeley. 
 John Wells. 
 George W. Strong. 
 James Boggs. 
 
 F. Roberts. 
 Abraham Mills. 
 Joseph Hoxie. 
 
 John Forrester Foote. 
 William Forrest. 
 John E. Tompkins. 
 Capt. Joseph Bainbridge, 
 
 U. S. N. 
 Albert Picket. 
 Jeremiah Fowle. 
 Hon. Richard Riker. 
 Uriah E. Wheeler. 
 H. Desabay. 
 Miles R. Burke. 
 Joseph C. Hart. 
 
 G. M. Richards. 
 John Walsh. 
 
 L. Binsse. 
 
 E. Smith. 
 
 Joseph Neilson. 
 
 Rev. Stephen N. Rowan, D.D. 
 
 Robert F. Mott. 
 
 John Borland. 
 
 Valentine Mott, M.D. 
 
 Elizabeth Bennett. 
 
 Mary Okill. 
 
 Robert K. Moulton. 
 
 J. Holt. 
 
 Thomas W. Moore. 
 
 J- M. Scott M'Knight. 
 
 J. Martindale. 
 
 Pliilip Hone. 
 
 N. G. Miles. 
 
 John Pintard. 
 
 John D. Meyer. 
 
 Rev. Charles G. Somers. 
 
 Marinus Willett, Junr. 
 
 Cyrus Perkins. 
 
 Caroline M. Thayer. 
 
 Ralph Lockwood. 
 
 M. M'Lood. 
 
 Stephen Addingtou. 
 
 Daniel Lord, Junr. 
 
 George W. Chapman, M. D. 
 
 Horace Covell. 
 
 Rev. Hooper Curaming, D.D. 
 
 Clarkson Crolius. 
 
 Rev. P. M. Whelpley. 
 
 Mary F. Keogh. 
 
 J. B. Nan. 
 
 Peter Maverick. 
 
 Richard Varick. 
 
 Lewis Forman. 
 
 D. S. Lownsbuiy. 
 P. Dykers, M.D. 
 Rev. Spencer H. Cone. 
 
 Rev. Beujamiu T. Onderdonk. 
 
 W. L Clasou. 
 
 Rev. William M'Murray, D.D. 
 
 H. G. Uilbrd. 
 
 Elijah Benedict. 
 
 Professor John Griscom. 
 
 Orlando Warren. 
 
 Edward P. MaguirQ. 
 
 Hannah Goldsmith. 
 
 E. S. Lockwood. 
 James B. Quirk. 
 Samuel L. Govcrneur. 
 S. F. Bonfils. 
 Francisco Diago. 
 
 C. Vandytreath. 
 
 Rev. F. VV. Geissenliamer. 
 
 D. EspinWlle. 
 William Wagstaff. 
 Rev. Andrew Stark. 
 Stephen Brown, ISI.D, 
 B. M'Gowan. 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Coles. 
 Mariano Velasquez. 
 Elizabeth Byron. 
 Rev. Wm. Harris, D.D. Pres. 
 
 Col. College. 
 Luke Barker, M.D. 
 Peter B. Helme, M.D. 
 Jane F. M. English. 
 John Flint. 
 Doyle & Nagle. 
 Tliomas H. Duffy, M.D. 
 Rev. Nicholas J. Slarselus. 
 Tliomas H. Buckmaster. 
 Borden Chase. 
 William R. Thompson. 
 Mary Squires. 
 Edward James. 
 William S. Scanlan. 
 George C. Ferguson. 
 Thomas Brady. 
 A. D. Wilson. 
 L P. Van Zandt. 
 
NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Thomas Mason. 
 
 James CockerofI, M. D. 
 
 E. G. Dimnel, M.D. 
 Rev, William Parkinson. 
 Jane Gardner. 
 Rev. Wm. D. Snodgrass. 
 James Renwnck, Piof. Col.Col. 
 Noah Wetmore, 
 David S. Lyon. 
 Charles A. Van Zandt. 
 Smith Cutter. 
 Hugh W. Taylor. 
 Henry K. Bicker. 
 
 F. Granger. 
 James R. Malthie. 
 Allan Melville. 
 E. Denison Hmlbut. 
 Samuel Thompson. 
 Edgar Evertson. 
 John Steams, M.D. 
 James S. Schermerhorn. 
 John S. M'Leod. 
 Peter Gasoner. 
 Ithamar Pillsbury. 
 Cornelius P. Berrian. 
 E. Oram. 
 
 H. D. &. R. Sedgwick. 
 John Stebbens. 
 R. K. Ward. 
 
 Sidney E. Morse. 
 
 Albany. 
 HisExcellencyDe Witt Clinton, 
 
 Gov. N. Y. 
 Hon. Joseph C. Yates. 
 W. K. Fuller. 
 Rev. John Chester, D.D. 
 Alex. M 'Naught on, M.D. 
 Salem Dutcher, Jun. 
 S.De Witt Bloodgood. 
 John Tayler. 
 Peter Gansevoort. 
 P. S. Van Rensselaer. 
 J. V. N. Yates, Treas. St. N. Y 
 Charles D. Townsend. 
 Frederick Matthews. 
 i.ewis C. Beck, M.D. 
 W. A. Tweed Dale. 
 Gerard Van Schaick. 
 Absalom Townsend, 
 Drs. B. P. & P. P. Staats, 
 James Himter, 
 
 Henry J. Liim, 
 
 Jonathan Eights, M.D. 
 
 James Dexter, 
 
 James Stevenson. 
 
 N. P. Winne. 
 
 R. V. De Witt. 
 
 John F. Bacon. 
 
 E. P. Phelps. 
 
 John Keyes Paige. 
 
 Joseph P. Mott. 
 
 J. J. King. 
 
 John Townsend. 
 
 Henry L. Webb. 
 
 Thonaas Lee. 
 
 John Willard. 
 
 James P. Powers. 
 
 Richard J. BrinckerhofF. 
 
 John Mancius. 
 
 W. S. Packer, Jun. 
 
 Rev. James Martin. 
 
 E. R. Satterlee & Co. 
 
 Rev. Charles Brenan. 
 
 Trot. 
 Rev. Nathan S. S. Beman, 
 David Buel, Jun. 
 Amatus Bobbins, M.D. 
 J. L. Lane. 
 W. Whitaker. 
 Daniel Gardner. 
 O. L. Holley. 
 Elam Buel. 
 D. J. Vanderhyden. 
 Aichibald Bull.. 
 Joseph Russell. 
 William Hart. 
 William P. Haskin. 
 J. Vail, M.D. 
 Th. Clowes. 
 D. Southwick. 
 A. B. Storms. 
 John G. Vanderheyden. 
 Mrs. Enama Willard. 
 Alfred Wotkyns, M.D. 
 Lansingburg. 
 Rev. Benjamin Dorr. 
 James Reid. 
 J. B. Comstock. 
 
 Schenectady with Union 
 College. 
 
 Rev. Eliphalet Nott, D.D. Pre- 
 sident. 
 Rev. Andrew Yates, D.D. Prof. 
 
 Logic, and Moral Philos. 
 Jolm A. Yates, A.B. tutor. 
 Edward B. Gantt. 
 Edward Bayai-d. 
 Marshal L. Farnsworth. 
 Sidney Smith. 
 David Reid. 
 John W. Anderson. 
 Aaron A. Marcelus. 
 Edward Sandford. 
 Charles Douchy. 
 Benjamin F. Joslin. 
 ■ Tolliver D. Huff. 
 Jos, A. Constant. 
 George M. Lansing. 
 Oliver A. Taylor. 
 Philoraathean Society, per G 
 W. Campbell, H, Tappen 
 Jun. and M. G. Wheeler 
 committee. 
 Hemy Mandeville. 
 John K. Lusk. 
 M. G.Wheeler. 
 Seth Mosely. 
 Franklin Lusk. 
 Jolm V. H, Van Reypen. 
 Wm. H. CoiTielison. 
 Ebenezer Seymour, 
 Joseph Steele. 
 Joseph Gray. 
 John Van Ingen, 
 James Van Ingen, 
 James M'Geoch, 
 Charles L Jenkins. 
 Rev. W. Monteith, 
 S, W. Jones. 
 J. Broderick. 
 Alonzo C. Paige. 
 
 Thomas S. Williams. 
 
 Hemy Seymour, 
 
 J. H, Lathrop. 
 
 R. N. Morrison. 
 
 Rev. Heru-y Anthon. 
 
 J. & C, P. Kirkland. 
 
 A. B. Johnson. 
 
 E. Dorchester. 
 
 C. Stuart, 
 
 A. Kasson. 
 
 J. H. Rathbone. 
 
 Walter King. 
 
 Lansing & Ostrom. 
 
 Rev. Richard Bulger. 
 
 Samuel Tuttle. 
 
 Richard Despard. 
 
 J. N. Meacham, M.D- 
 
 George Stafford, 
 
 Rev. George Peck. 
 
 James H. Hackett. 
 
 Samuel L. Breese, U, S. N. 
 
 Thomas Colling. 
 
 Clinton, with Hamilton 
 College. 
 
 Rev. H. Davis, D.D. President. 
 
 Isaac Smith. 
 
 George W. Clinton. 
 
 Ariel Works. 
 
 William Sherer. 
 
 Roswell Brooks. 
 
 Isaac Benedict, 
 
 Ebenezer D. Maltbie. 
 
 John G. Floyd. 
 
 John A, Fleming. 
 
 James B, Griswold, 
 
 Luther Saxton, 
 
 George Spalding, 
 
 Phoenix Society, per Joseph 
 W. Lee, Peter B. Porter, 
 James B. Griswold, com- 
 mittee. 
 
 Isaac Benedict. 
 
 Miss N. Royce. 
 
 Utica. 
 
 Rev. S. C. Aikin. 
 Rev. E. F, WiUey. 
 Wm. H, Mavnard. 
 
 West Point, 
 
 Rev. Thomas Picton. 
 Charles Davies. 
 Horace Webster. 
 ' Col. S. Thayer. 
 
 Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Rev. Rufus Babcock, Jun. 
 Gen. N. P. Tallmadge, 
 James Hooker. 
 David V. N. Radcliflf. 
 Leonard Maison. 
 E. Nye. 
 Edwin Holmes. 
 Robert B. Southwick. 
 Henry Angevine. 
 
 Hudson. 
 
 Rev. Howard Malcom. 
 Rev. Richard Carrique. 
 Eleazar Root, 
 Hon. Rufus Reed. 
 William B. Stebbins. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 New-Haven. 
 
 Ut. Rev, T, C. Browncll, Bi^b 
 Epis. Church, Conn. 
 
NAMES OF SUBSCRIDERS. 
 
 Ilov. J. Morse, D.D. 
 
 Rov. Renj. M. Hill. 
 
 Rt'v. Saiuurl Luckcj. 
 
 O. C'(.los. 
 
 Jolui E. I^ovcll. 
 
 Richard IMadoiu' Jones. 
 
 Nathiiii Siiiilli, M.l). C.S.M.S. 
 Loml. Prof, of the Theory 
 ami Practier ol" Physic, 
 Surgciy and Obstetrics. 
 
 Eli Ives, M.D. Prof. Mat. Me- 
 dica and Botanv, and Lee- 
 tui-er on the l)iseases of 
 children. 
 
 Aaron N. Skinner. 
 
 Rev. .Samuel Merwin. 
 
 Chai-Ics D. Shoemaker. 
 
 Rev. Claudius Herrick. 
 
 Rev. John M. Garfield. 
 
 Elizabeth C. Apthorp. 
 
 Sarah Hotchldss. 
 
 E. Fenwick, and E. A. Ruther- 
 
 ford. 
 Rev. Aaron Dutton. 
 Ro^er S. Skinner. 
 
 F. Edey. 
 W. A. Dimimett. 
 Hon. Geo. Hoadly. 
 Joshua Leavitt. 
 Wm. P. Skinner. 
 
 Yale-College. 
 
 \. Pope. 
 Win. H.aforl. 
 Wni. Henry Hrlshanc. 
 Jo>e|ih Wliitinj?. 
 Handel CJ. Nott. 
 Alfred E. Clark. 
 Harnard S. Elliott, 
 W. \i. Fleminf,'. 
 Wni. M. Fulton. 
 Thomas Atkinson. 
 Robert Chisolra. 
 Wni. Robinson. 
 
 F. Sands. 
 
 G. S. IM'Intosh. 
 Edward Brace. 
 David Mack. 
 John B. Stajdes. 
 James M. Barker. 
 Charles Walker. 
 Samuel H. Fletcher. 
 S. A. Maverick. 
 Isaac Du Bose. 
 Henry A. Raymond. 
 James T. Dickinson. 
 Chauncey Wilcox. 
 A. J. Perkins. 
 
 J. W. Stanley. 
 Charles B. Sherman. 
 James S. Purcell. 
 F. J. Judson. 
 W"m. P. Lowndes. 
 Alexander T. Hawldns. 
 Henry Z. Hayuer. 
 Andrew Thompson. 
 William Smith. 
 John De Forest. 
 Sidney S. Franklin. 
 Andi'ew Knox. 
 
 Rev. Jeremiah Day, S.T.D 
 
 LL.D. Pres. 
 B. Silliman, M.D. Prof. Chy 
 
 mistry, Pharmacy, Minera 
 
 lo»y, and Geology. 
 Rev. Chauncey A. Goodrich, Bentley Hasell, 
 
 A.M. Prof. Rhetoric and S. T. Robinson 
 
 Oratory. 
 Sylvester Hovey, A.M. tutor. 
 John H. Lathrop, A.M. tutor. 
 Rev. W. C, Fowler, tutor. 
 Edward Bull, tutor. 
 Library of Brothers in Unity, 
 
 per W. W. Holland. 
 Library of the Linonean Soc. 
 
 per L. Child. 
 Noiinan Pinney. 
 Gurdon Hayes. 
 John S. Semple. 
 B. Livingston. 
 James Lewis. 
 Bennet F. Northi'op. 
 Richard F. Cleveland. 
 
 John P. Cowles, and 
 
 Scovel. 
 William E. Huger. 
 Seabmy Ford. 
 Horace Wilder. 
 Eleazer Holt. 
 Josiah Collins, Jim. 
 Geo. S. Pumpelly. 
 David Hayden, Jim. 
 Daniel H. Prosser. 
 James Berdan. 
 Philip A. Verplank. 
 Wm. P. Van Rensselaer. 
 Lewis C. Trezevant. 
 George Jones. 
 G. W. Blayden. 
 A. Duncan. 
 WTiitwell J. Hill. 
 Le Roy Pope. 
 
 David J. Gardiner. 
 Wm. M. Riley. 
 A. D. Parker. 
 L. S. Waters. 
 Charles C. P. Gale. 
 Edward Laurens. 
 Alexander E. Gadsdou. 
 Ebenezer Denison. 
 Albert S. Wilkinson. 
 Horatio N. Graves. 
 Samuel Howe. 
 William E. Mead. 
 Philip Van Rensselaer. 
 Joseph T. Williams. 
 Allen M. D. Wolf. 
 James Stelle. 
 Alden Reuben H. Close. 
 Daniel T. Coit. 
 Rev. John Mitchell. 
 
 New-London. 
 
 Rev. Abel M'Ewen. 
 
 Dalrymple, Flsq. 
 William H. .Iiidd. 
 J. (i. Hruinard. 
 Thomas Parkin. 
 Samuel H. P. Lee. 
 Timothy S. Pinnco, 
 Anson Smith, 
 John Praiidegee. 
 Nathamci OtLs. 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 Rev. Alfred Mitchell. 
 Josejdi Perkins. 
 Francis A. Perkins. 
 G. L. Perkins. 
 Charles Perkins. 
 Jonathan G. W, Trumbull. 
 Salmon Phelps. 
 
 East- Windsor. 
 
 Rev, Thomas Robbins. 
 J. Willard, 
 W. B. Calhoim. 
 Henry Stems. 
 Joseph Bangs. 
 George Frost, M.D. 
 Eldad Stebbins, 
 James W. Crooks. 
 Henry Adams. 
 J. A.Cooley. 
 John Stone, M.D. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Boston. 
 
 His 
 
 Eustis, 
 
 Bishop 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 Thomas Day, Esc^.Sect'y. 
 
 Rev. Samuel W'hittelsey. 
 
 Charles Sigourney. 
 
 Pliineas Talcott. 
 
 Miss Emily Rockwell. 
 
 Judah Bliss, M.D, 
 
 O. Pelton. 
 
 Isaac Toucey. 
 
 John M. Niles. 
 
 Mrs. Eliza L. Sheldeu. 
 
 David Rus>ell. 
 
 WilUam W. Ellswoilhv. 
 
 Excellency W. 
 
 Gov. State Mass. 
 Hon. Josiah Quincey, mayor. 
 Genl. Wm. H. Sumner. 
 J. E. Worcester, A.M. 
 Rev. Wm. Jenks. 
 Rev. B. B. W^isner. 
 Rev. John S. J. Gardiner,D.D. 
 Rev. Daniel Shaq). 
 James Bowdoiu. 
 Rev. Henry W^are. 
 Rev. William Taylor. 
 Rev. Charles Lowell. 
 Rev. Elijah Heddin 
 
 Meth. Epis. Ch. 
 Rev. Paul Dean. 
 Rev. John Pierpout. 
 Rev. Samuel Green. 
 William Ingalls, M.D. 
 Hon, Daniel Webster, LL.D. 
 Aaron Dexter, M.D. 
 Hon. W^m. Prescott, LL.D. 
 Rev. James Sabine. 
 David ToAvnsend, M.D. 
 James Jackson, M.D. 
 Ebenezer C. Preston, 
 state. John G. Coffin, M.D. 
 Nathan Hale. 
 George Hayward, M.D. 
 Z. B. Adams, M.D. 
 Jacob Gates, M.D. 
 Asa Beeckman, M.D. 
 Samuel Adams, M.D. 
 Hon. Thomas L. W'inthi-op. 
 Hon. William Gray. 
 Hon. Timothj- FiUler. 
 George E. Head. 
 Nathaniel R. Cobb. 
 
NAMES OP SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 John Randall, M.D. 
 
 J. Temple Winthrop. 
 
 W. Tudor, Esq. U. S. Consul 
 
 for Peru. 
 John Heard, Jun. 
 Augustus W. Roberts, 
 John P. Bigelow. 
 John C. Gore. 
 Samuel Cobb. 
 
 Rev. Samuel F. Jarvis, D.D. 
 Samuel Hill. 
 David Sears. 
 Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn. 
 C. R. Codman. 
 Hezekiah Blanchard. 
 N. A. Barrett. 
 N. T. C overly. 
 Hon. Nathl. Bowditch, LL.D. 
 John Benson. 
 Daniel Leverett, Jmi. 
 Calvin Bailey. 
 Thomas C. Amory. 
 John Sturgis. 
 Benjamin A. Gould. 
 Charles Tufts. 
 Hon. J. C. Jones. 
 Benjamin B. Whittemore. 
 G. Washington Ladd. 
 J. A. Lowell. 
 Daniel C. Bacon. 
 John Tappan. 
 Otis Norcross. 
 Adonis Howard. 
 Thomas Lamb. 
 Samuel Maxwell. 
 John B. Jones. 
 J. L. Murray. 
 Hon. Heman Lincoln. 
 Joseph Bluxome. 
 Benjamin Porter. 
 Eben Wright. 
 Cynis Chenery. 
 W. Cabot. 
 
 E. R. Currier. 
 Luther Hill. 
 John H. Pray. 
 Moses Pierce. 
 James Brewer. 
 Hervey Bates. 
 Charles Colhome. 
 John Aldersey. 
 Barnabas Binney. 
 William B. White. 
 Elisha Simmons. 
 Thomas K. Jones. 
 Edward Clark. 
 Thomas Gridley. 
 Samuel B. Sumner. 
 .John Mellen. 
 George B. Emerson. 
 Edward Blake. 
 
 F. S. Durivage. 
 
 G. P. Lyon. 
 E. M. Keige. 
 Miss Farnham. 
 IVIiss Newman. 
 Mrs. Holmes. 
 Gideon F. Thayer. 
 Mrs. N. Nutting. 
 Isaac Y. Berry. 
 John Dodd. 
 James Russel. 
 Ebenezer W. Hayward. 
 Jonathan Porter. 
 John Pierce. 
 
 Wm. Savage. 
 Charles Hickling. 
 Ebenezer Parker. 
 Hardy Ropes. 
 David Low. 
 Wm. S. Sampson. 
 J. F. Bordman. 
 N. Appleton. 
 Thomas P. Rich. 
 Jabez Fisher. 
 Samuel G. Barnes. 
 John Stevens. 
 Samuel Dana. 
 Josiah Wheelwright. 
 Chai-les French. 
 John Wood, Jun. 
 Lincoln Fearing. 
 John Hendrick. 
 William Sewall. 
 Benjamin C. Ward. 
 Elisha Tower. 
 George Pierce. 
 Joseph Jenkins. 
 Ebenr. Thayer, Jun. 
 A. Kendall, Jun. 
 Isaac Osgood. 
 Samuel O. Mead. 
 Wm. Fowle. 
 W. H. Delano. 
 James W, Stuart. 
 Joseph King. 
 John A. Lamson. 
 S. A. Bemis. 
 Ward Jackson. 
 D. S. Townsend. 
 Calvin Washbm'n. 
 Charles C. Nichols. 
 George W. Bleecker. 
 J. F. Bumstead. 
 Charles Jackson. 
 Edward Blake. 
 Jeremiah Fitch. 
 Francis F. Ripley. 
 John C.Warren, M.D. 
 
 Cambridge, with Harvard 
 University. 
 
 Rev. John J. Kirkland, D.D. 
 
 LL.D. Prest. Harv. Uni. 
 Levi Hedge, LL.D. Prof. Log. 
 
 and Metaphysics. 
 Rev. Edward Everett, A.M. 
 
 P.D. Eliot Prof. Grk. Lit. 
 Rev. Andrew Norton, A.M. 
 
 Dexter Prof. Sacred Lit. 
 Nath. Wood, A.B. tutor Math. 
 
 Nat. Philos. 
 Rev. A. Holmes, D.D. LL.D. 
 John Porter, A.M. Assist. Libn. 
 J. H. Thayer. 
 Thomas Alston. 
 Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte. 
 J. L. Murray. 
 Ezra Gannett. 
 Henry S. Tudor. 
 Charles Warren. 
 Wendell B. Davies. 
 Benjamin Kent. 
 D. C. Relf. 
 Samuel Barrett. 
 Lat Wisnall. 
 H. B. Cenas. 
 .James B. K. Gabaniss. 
 Joseph Alston. 
 Joseph Osgood. 
 
 Joseph H. Nicholson. 
 Edmund W. Kenning. 
 John C. Howard. 
 Hiram Manley. 
 C. Willing. 
 Charles F. Adams. 
 George Sheafe. 
 J. M. Gray. 
 
 E. Levy. 
 John H. Lee. 
 Francis Jenks. 
 Henry Beale. 
 Jolm J. Pringles. 
 Frederick J. Dugan. 
 Charles B. Abbot. 
 Edward Warren. 
 Charles H. L. Elwyn. 
 William P. Perkins. 
 Charles C. Paine. 
 Thomas F. Patter. 
 George A. Merredith, 
 C. C. Felton. 
 Charles Inches. 
 
 B. V. Crowninshield. 
 G. C. Jouve. 
 Edward Barry. 
 Robert Rantout, Jun. 
 Alexander C . Dunbar. 
 Abraham G. Randall. 
 William J. Ward. 
 Allen W. Dodge. 
 William Winthrop. 
 William J. Whipple. 
 John Soley. 
 Edward C. Marshall. 
 Levi Fairwell. 
 Rev. Thomas B. Gannett. 
 Richard G. Cole. 
 Charles Everett. 
 Marshall Livermore. 
 George W. Lord. 
 James P. Chaplin, M.D. 
 Peter Tufts, Jun. 
 
 Andover with Theological 
 Seminary. 
 
 Rev. E. Porter, D.D. Bartlet 
 Prof. Sacred Rhetoric. 
 
 Rev. L. Woods, D.D. Abbot 
 Prof. Christian Theology. 
 
 Rev. J. Murdoch, D.D. Brown 
 Prof. Sa. Rhet. & Ec. His. 
 
 Abiel Pierson, M.D. 
 
 G. C. Beckwith. 
 
 J. Clement, A.M. 
 
 B. Woodbury, Res. Licentiate. 
 
 C. Isham. 
 
 Leonard Bacon, Res. Licen. 
 Geo. D. Boardman, Res. Licen. 
 Samuel Farrar. 
 
 F. E. Cannon. 
 Aaron Foster. 
 Horace Sessions. 
 Nathaniel Bouton. 
 Samuel Russell. 
 Thomas S. W. Mott. 
 Joseph Muenscher. 
 Daniel Crosby. 
 Luther G. Bingham. 
 Walter Colton. 
 Richard C. Hand. 
 John She re r. 
 George Cowles. 
 Lyman Whitnev. 
 
.NAMES OF bUBSCRIBLKb. 
 
 /, \\ . VVhochvri^lii. 
 Ihuiiil Fitz. 
 Ova V. Hoyt. 
 ErastiLs Maltby. 
 Georjire Howe. 
 Cyrus Stone. 
 Wm. W. Hunt. 
 Nathaniel Cobb. 
 O. S. Hinckley. 
 •Tohn INI. Ellis. 
 .Iqhii Smith. 
 .J. S. Adams. 
 Homan Hallock. 
 W. A. Hallock. 
 Elb. Gerry Howe. 
 J. Leavitt. 
 Curtis P. Baker. 
 Augustus Pomeroy. 
 Theodore Hinsdale. 
 Royal Washburn. 
 Samuel Marsh. 
 Josiah Brewer. 
 Nathaniel Barker. 
 Heman Rood. 
 Josiah Tucker. 
 John Ingalls. 
 CharlesBoyter. 
 F. A. Strale. 
 Robert Shaw. 
 Wm. Torrey. 
 Eber Child. 
 Roswell Harriss. 
 Minor Pratt. 
 Charles Walker. 
 James F. M'Ewen. 
 Pindar Field. 
 Joseph C. Stiles. 
 Addington Davenport. 
 A. Stetson. 
 John A. Carter. 
 Seth Sackett. 
 Isaac Rogers. 
 .T. O. Payson. 
 Charles A. Andrew. 
 Duncan N. Hennen. 
 D. Edwin Avery. 
 Samuel H. Steams. 
 Rev. Thomas M. Smith. 
 David C. Kimball. 
 
 Worcester. 
 Rev. Jonathan Going. 
 Oliver Fiske, M.D. 
 Samuel Jennisou. 
 Hon. Nathaniel Paine. 
 Hon. Levi Lincoln, LL.D. 
 Col. Reuben Sikes. 
 Samuel Flagg. 
 Miss Nancy Denny. 
 Miss E. Burling. 
 Major Enoch Flagg. 
 Rev. Benjamin F. S\irnsworth. 
 Rev. L. Ives Hoadly. 
 
 ClIARLESTOWN. 
 
 Rev. Warren Fay. 
 
 Rev. Bartholomew Otherman. 
 
 Rev. Henry Jackson. 
 
 F. A. Buniham. 
 
 Abram R. Thompson, INI.D. 
 
 Mrs. Maria Burrill. 
 
 Mrs. Mary K. Vose. 
 
 Alvin Edson. 
 
 Benjamin Adams. 
 
 iMrs. Anna Edes, 
 
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