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This Institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order If, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would Involve violation of the copyright law. A UTHOR , THOMAS JAMES TITLE: STUDY OF THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH PLACE: NEW YORK DA TE : [PREF. 1911] Master Negative # COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Restrictions on Use: Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record .935.4 Mis-'' '"'■" ;t.ll6 ■■■■■.I I I — wfyg^Hiwipy ■MHW^ippwp^W^W . M » ■! ■ ■ ■JK'MM i .ll. II" ■ t'.!,"" '. i' *;t" f -" ' » i Lacey, Thomas James » 1870- A study of the Eastern orthodox, churoh Yorkf Gorham, £pref« 1911 j« 58 p., front., plates ( ports •) 18 om# New 5555*.^ TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA FILM SIZE: J>D m.yrn REDUCTION RATIO: //X^ IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA £a) IB DB ^ DATE FILMED: 3/:>Sfi'3 INITIALS__j3_/y_rl „_ HLMEDBY: RESEAROi PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGE. CT c Association for Information and image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 mm lilllMllilillillNllltlllllilMllllMlllllihllilMllllllillilllllMllillllillllilllllllliillll^ m w u Inches 1 I I 'I'M" I MTTT 1.0 I.I 1.25 |4£ 1 5.0 ia.3 IM 2.8 13.2 ■ 4.0 2.5 ■J" 1.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 TTT MfiNUFflCTURED TO fillM STRNDflRDS BY APPLIED IMAGE. INC. tnt4eCtlpofBrtti||int THE LIBRARIES (^ PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE. fCourtesy of the Churchman.) i| I PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE (Courtesy of the Churchman.) A STUDY OF THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH BY Thomas James Lacey RECTOR OF The Church of the Eedeemer BROOKLYN. NEW YORK EDWIN S GOPHAM, NE'V YORK. ^ 3 ' - • ^' C!|:p 2 Iflt? « I • ( « • • • ••••••»••;! ill , • • • • • t t t 1 1 1 1 1 • Ciitl It • I I t » It , t ,• » • • t t "' t I * . ^* • I i 1 - '' • * * • I • t I * I III • • . I • * t : ' « • « I t • • . « I BY THE SAME AUTHOR THE GOSPEL OF OPTIMISM BEGINNING AT JERUSALEM TO The Bishop of Harrisburg IN Warm Admiration OF His Statesmanlike Interest IN THE CAUSE OF CHRISTIAN UNITY THIS LITTLE VOLUME IS INSCRIBED WITH PROFOUND VENERATION CONTENTS PREFACE THE ANCIENT PATEIARCHATES THE EASTERN COMMUNION THE ORTHODOX IN AMERICA PREFACE. Y iuterest in the Eastern Church began twenty years ^X ago at Griswold College in Iowa, where I came under the instruction of the late Chas. R. Hale, whose name I mention in the spirit of the classic lines: *• llic ego centenas ausim deposcere voces rt quantum niihi te sinuoso in pectore flxi Voce trahaiu." A master of many languages and a profound liturgical acholar, Dr. Hale directed his ripe learning to a study of the religious movements of the East. As secretary of the commission on ecclesiastical relations he corresponded with the Patriarchs and with the :Metroi)olitan of Athens. The oummunications that passed between the churches at inter- vals beginning with 1872 form an interesting chapter in our history. Visiting Alexandria in 1885, Dr. Hale saw framed in the reception room of the patriarch's palace the engrossed letters which he himself had sent some years before on be- 10 PREFACE half of the American Church. At Jerusalem he was ac- corded the privilege of celebrating the eucharist in the chapel of the Monastery of Abraham. During my ministry I have been brought into freijuent contact with the Eastern Church in its various brandies and my veneration has deepened with more intimate knowl- edge. Bishop Raphael is my neighbor and his devoted work among the Syrian people has won my admiration. His friendly attitude toward our communion was manifest by his presence recently in the sanctuary of my church. He visited the last General Convention and I venture to believe that his letter setting forth the conditions under which the Syrian Orthodox may receive the sacraments at the hands of our clergy will establish a far-reaching precedent. We have been accustomed to regard the Eastern Church as very remote. In ISCtS our Russo-Greek committee was cautious about entering into relations with a communion so little known and so far away. It had no adherents in this country. It was separated from us by the great oceans of the world. There was no opportunity to observe its worship and rites. Its theological literature was inacces- sible. The earlier immigration to America was Celtic or Teu- tonic, closely allied to us in history, customs, religious tra- THE BISHOP OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA. 10 PREFACE half of the Ainericaii Church. At .h'nisaleni lie wai ac- c-orded the in-ivlle^'e of celebrating the eueharist in the ehapel of the Monastery i>f Abraham. During my ministry 1 have been brought into frequent contact with the Eastern I 'hurch in its various l)ranches and my veneration lias deeitened with more intimate knowl- edge. Bishop IIai»hael is my neighbor and liis devoted work among the Syrian i>coiile has won my admiration. Ilis friendly attitude toward our eonununion was manifest by ills presence recently in the sanctuary of my church. He visited the last General Convention and I venture to believe that his letter setting forth the conditions under which the Syrian Orthodox may receive the sacraments at the hands of our clergy will estalilish a far-reaching precedent. We have l)een accustomeil to regard the Eastern Church as very remote. In is»;s our Kusso-Greek committee was cautious about entering into relations with a eonununion so little known and so far away. It had no adherents in this country. It was sei)arated from us by the great oceans of the world. There was no opportunity to observe its worship and rites. Its theological literatiu'e was inacces- sible. The earlier immlgratiou to America was Celtic or Teu- touic, closely allied to us in history, customs, religious tra- THE BISHOP OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA. PREFACE 11 dltloiis and Ideals, but for some years past the Incoming tide has been chietly from southern and eastern Europe — Latin, Greek, Slavic. The transplanting of the Orthodox Church to our shores is a development of this immigration. To-day it is represented everywhere: in our large cities, in the New England towns, in the mines and shops of the mid- west, on the Pacitlc slope, on the gulf coast. Its liturgy is celebrated in New York in three languages. Its growth has been extraordinary and it is destined to become an important factor in the religious life of the United States. Our study has a sociological as well as a religious and an historical interest. The existence in our midst of growing congregations of Orthodox, representing the most ancient communion of Christendom, not only witnesses to the strength of our position against the Roman pretensions but affords the op- portunity of that mutual acquaintance and service which must precede and prepare the way for organic union. Recent years afford numerous illustrations of friendli- ues* between our own church and the East. In the spring of 1908 the Bishop of Southern Florida was in the holy land. He bore a letter of greeting from the House of Bishops and was granted an audience by Damianos, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, who received the communication PREFACE graciously, welcomed the bishop and bis company cordially and gave each one a necklace and his photograph. Bishop Gray carried on a lengthy conversation through an inter- preter. Finally the patriarch knelt, offered prayer and pronounced the benediction. The spirit of the interview Is significant of the sympathetic approach of the two churches. There is a mutual yearning for and reaching after unity in God's own time and in Ills own way. From the East come many evidences of good will. The Greek patriarch attended the consecration of the English Church in Jerusalem last full. A voice is heard from Smyrna, Illustrious through Polycarp the martyr. Chrysos- tom, archbishop of this ancient see, has issued a remarkable document asserting his conviction of the validity of Angli- can orders and as this goes to press there comes the account of the reception accorded our distinguished layman, Mr. Silas ArcBee, by rei^rcsfntatives of the Eastern Church. The papers gathered in tliis little volume are a humble contribution to the fullillment of the consummation so fondly cherished " that all may be one." TT T Church of the Redeemer, Brooklyn. Feast of the Transfiguration of Our Blessed Ix>rd, 1911. THE PATRIARCH OF ALEXANDRIA. 12 PKEFACE grHiiuusly, welcomed the bishop and hU eonipaiiy cordially Hiul gave each oue a necklace and his pliotograph. Bishop (iray carried ou a lengthy coiiversathm throujfh an iuter- preter. Finally tlie patriarch knelt, <»tTered prayer and prononnced the benediction. The spirit of the interview is siijnilicant of the synii>nthetic aiiiiroacli of the two churches. There is a mutual yearning for and reaching after unity in God's own time and in His own way. Froui tile East come many evidences of gncKl will. The Greek iiatrinrch attended the conserraliou of the Euirlish Church in Jerusalem last fall. A voice is heard from Smyrna, illustrious through Polycarp the martyr. C'hrysos- toui, archbishop of this ancient see, has issued a remarkable document assertinj? his conviction of the validity of An^jll- CHU orders and as this goes to i>ress there comes the account of the reception acc( inled our distinguished layman, Mr. Silas ^fcBee, by representatives of the Eastern Churcli. The palters gallicred in this little volume are a humble contribution to the fullillment of the consummation so fondly cherished " tliat all may be one." T. J. L. Church of the Iledeemer, Brooklyn. Feast of the Transtiguration uf Our Blessed Ijord, 19U. THE PATRIARCH OF ALEXANDRIA. THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES AN HISTORICAL PAPER 14 THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES THE ANCIENT PATKIARCHATES 15 STUDY of the Eastern Church is timely. Our age is interested in survivals. Science rings with the note. In these days of renewed research into tlie origins of Christian history and antiquities this church, so vener- able in its traditions, rightly claims attention. 1 fere is a churcli tliat has survived. Her theol- V ogy bears the impress of the ancient masters. She is the oldest communion of Christendom, the church of Athanasius and IJasil, of Gregory Nazianzen and Gregory of Nyssa, of the golden- tongued Chrysostom. When Britain was un- known and before the faith was planted in Rome the Eastern Church was rooted in the strong- holds of Jerusalem and Antioch, where her patri- archs still rule in unbroken succession from apostolic days. She never at any time owned the sway of the papacy or submitted to its arrogant claims. A sympathetic study of this ancient communion will contribute to an intelligent grasp of liie issues involved in the endeavor to heal the divisions of the church of Christ. It will help us to gain the perspective implied in ** Unity in essentials; liberty in non-essentials; charity in everything." It will reveal the force of Gregory's saying: " Things are not to be loved for the sake of places but places for good things." At the very beginning Christianity took pos- session of the cities. The word pagan " villager '' came to mean unbeliever. Unbelief was confined to the rural districts. The cross won the large |entres. Jerusalem was mother of churches. From the Jewish capital the gospel spread. The message struck root in Antioch in Syria where the disciples were first called Christians. Gen- y 16 THE ANCIENT PATRIAKCHATES eroiLS ill its charities and iui«»litv in missionary enthusiasm this eluireh was quick to ^rasp the world-wide destination of the faith. Thence St. l*aul started fortli to proclaim the tidings : *' O Autioch, thou teacher of the world! lYom out thy portals passed the feet of those Who banished and despised have made thy name The next iu rank to proud Jerusalem. Within thy gates the persecuted few, Who dared to rally round the holy cross, And worship Him whose sacred form it bore, Were first called Christians." Closely connected in its early history with both St. Peter and St. l*aul, Antioch took prom- inent place in the second century in the person of its martyr bishop, St. Ignatius, ^^ hose lieroism reflects undying splendor on this see. Anotlier stronghold was Alexandria, where Christianity was brought into contact with phil- THE PATRIARCH OF ANTIOCH. 16 THE ANCIEXT PATKIARCHATES eroiis in its fluirities ami mii»litv in missionarv eiitliiLsiaJsni this ciiurcli was on:ils passed the feet of those Who banished and tU'spised have made thy name Tlie next in rank to jirond JerusakMu. Witiiin thy i;ales the persornted few, Who dared to rally round the holy cross. And worshii* Ilini whos*' sacred torni it bore, Were tirst called Christians." ( Uoseh eonneited in its earlv history with •' *■■ %i both 8t. l*eter and St. Tanl, Antioch to(»k prom- inent phiee in ihe second renlnrv in the i)erson of its martyr tdshop. Si. I gnat ins, whose lieroism reflects niidyin*; sph*ndor on tliis see. Another stronghohl was Alexandria, wliere (Miristianity was bronght into contact with phil- THE PATRIARCH OF ANTIOCH. THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES 17 osophy. Founded by Alexander the Great as a memorial of his victorious Egyptian campaign the city became a literary centre. Its busy life was an epitome of the world. Theocritus, in his fifteenth Idyll, has drawn a vivid and in- tensely liuman picture of the stir and activity of Alexandrian society. Here a catechetical school was established. It became the cradle of theology which developed under the master minds of Clement, Origen and Athanasius. The Council of Nice made Alexandria custodian of the calendar. The beginning of Christianity in Rome is ob- scure. Ti'aditions have gathered around the name of St. Peter but there is no historical evi- dence that he ever bore official relation to this church. Perhaps a clue to its origin is afforded by the mention of strangers of Rome in the ac- ii] ti, 18 THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES 19 Nif count of Pentecost. May not these strangers have spread report of the things they witnessed. Tid-" ings would be carried to the city with which the whole world was in comnuinication and tradition would naturally gather around the name of St. Peter who was spokesman on that day. Certain it is that the faith was planted in Rome at an early time. To this church St. Paul wrote and when he journeyed thither as prisoner of the Lord, Christians came to meet him " whom when Paul saw he thanked God and took courage." The church was Greek in language and litera- ture. North Africa, not lionie, was the home of Latin theology; Tertullian, Cyprian and Augus- tine were its parents. The Council of Nice recognized Eome, Anti- och and Alexandria as the chief ecclesiastical centres and the sixth canon confirmed their an- cient privileges. By the time of the second ecu- menical council Constantinople had arisen. Its foundation marked the recognition of the Chris- tian faith in the Roman empire. The bishop of Constantinople was given the second place be- cause it is the new Rome. The political impor- tance of the city determined its rank as an eccle- siastical see. Secular greatness was the ground of precedence. So rigorously did the church ad- here to this principle that Jerusalem was not raised to patriarchal dignity until the Council of Chalcedon. Then the Holy City won recog- nition by reason of its connection with both dis- pensations and the consequent veneration in w hich it was held. Primitive polity is in striking contrast to the papal theory. Church organization followed the political divisions of the empire. The bishop of THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES / V Kome had a priiiiaey of houor itrimns inter pares. He had no greater authority than the hish()[)s of C^onstaiitinople, Alexandria or Antioeli. The strength of the church was in the East. Chris- tianity was born in the East. The Greek lan- guage was the medium of revelation. The New Testament was written in Greek. The early fath- ers, apologists and church historians were Greek. The Greek intellect, speculative, dialectic, philo- sophic, came to the service of the church at the very time when it was necessary to defend the faith against heresy, and the language, rich in inflection and caiiable of expressing the most delicate shades of meaning, offered itself as the medium of theologj^ when tlie churcli found it necessary to formulate her creed in precise terms. The Nicene creed is an eastern symbol. The historical setting of the ecumenical coun- cils is Greek. THE PATRIARCH OF JERUSALEM. 20 THE ANCIENT PATFJAHCHATES Kome had a inniuacy of honor itr'untis inter (tans. He had no greater autliority than the lnsho[).s of Constantinople, Alexandria or Antioeh. The strength of the ehureh was in the East. Chris- tianity was born in the East. The (Ueek lan- guage was the medium of revelation. The New Testament was written in (Ireek. The early fath- ers, apologists and ehureh historians were Greek. The Greek intellect, speculative, dialectic, philo- sophic, came to the service of the church at the very time when it was necessary to defend the faith against heresy, and tlie language, rich in inflection and cajjahle of expressing the most delicate shades of meaning, offered itself as the medium of theoloiiv when the churcli found it necessary to formulate her creed in precise terms. The Nicene creed is an eastern symbol. The historical setting of the ecumenical coun- cils is Greek. THE PATRIARCH OF JERUSALEM. THE ANCIENT PATKIARCHATES 21 The year 1054 marks the breach between the Eastern and Western churches. The four East- ern patriarchs separated from communion with the West. The ostensible cause was the Filioque, wliich became the battle ground of con- troversy. This clause first appeared in the creed in the sixth century at the Spanish Council of Toledo, found acceptance in the Frankish church, was championed by Charlemagne, and in course of time was embodied in the creed throughout the West. The Eastern Church stood tenaciously for the Nicene symbol, wliich is recited by tlie Greek peasant to-day in the identical form in which it was issued by the fathers and is held in such ven- eration in Russia that the great bell of the Krem- lin peals forth at its recitation. The Filioque was rejected because it could not plead ecumeni- cal authority. 22 THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES 23 j Back of the tlieologieal controversy there lay racial distinctions, differences of temperament, ^ the political cleavage between East and West and the opposition of the East to the growing / claims of the papacy. Meantime the church had been weakened by the progress of Mohamedanism. Forces were at work which threatened the very existence of Christianity. Andrew of Crete in the eighth cen- tury crystallized the history of the age in the hvmn, " Christian, dost thou see them." Moslem hordes were sweeping like a scourge over the world. A path of blood, carnage and desolation '""•mil*"' f-/ /' J marked their progress. iJamasciis, Antiocli, Jerusalem, Alexandria fell into the hands of the enemy. Province after province was lost to the empire. The sacred shrines came into possession of an alien power. The holy places were defiled. The spirit of the time finds expression in the mournful cadence : Christian, dost thou see them, Ou the holy ground, How the powers of darkness Rage thy steps around. It was the beginning of the end— the harbinger of darker centuries to come. Eastern Christian- ilv never regained ascendancy. Disaster fol-^ lowed disaster until finally in the fifteenth cen- tury Constantinople itself, the metropolitan city, fell into the hands of the Turks and the last of the CcTsars lay dead among the slain. In vain / did valiant men endeavor to fight back the foe. The crescent supplanted the cross on the dome of St. Sophia. Yet even in that day of calamity scholars driven from the Byzantine capital brought the treasures of Greek learning to the THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES 25 West and iuaiiijiirattMl the renaissance in Eu- rope. Thus the Eastern Church made Western / n/ Cliristendom its debtor. I have a profound veneration for tliis ancient communion. I believe she has yet an important part to play in the life of Christendom. ^Men- aced on every side she keeps a light shining in the laiul where the gospel dawned in splendor. 8he holds the custody of the Holy Sepulchre and waits in hope of a brighter day. ^^^i admire her »crupulous fidelity to tlie ancient creed, her firm resistance to papal aggressions, lier patient wit- ness for Christ under oppression. In many places she finds herself in the condition of the apostle, ** troubled on every side yet not dis- tressed; perplexeil but not in despair; persecuted but not forsaken ; cast down but not destroyed." But day is breaking. Already there is a glim- mer on the horizon. Moslem misrule cannot con- tinue. The Mohamedan yoke must yet be broken and with the termination of Ottoman power a new era will dawn. Christianity will flood the land of her birth with the radiance of midday and to this ancient communion w ill come a voice, *' Behold I have set before thee an open door and 110 man can shut it." There is a curious legend in connection with an old mosque w^hich was once a church. The Moslem covered every Christian symbol and a tradition arose that w^hen those symbols reap- pear the power of the crescent w ill wane. Trav- elers tell us that the plaster is wearing away. The hidden picture of the Christ is dimly visible. The time is at hand ! The day of awakening is nigh! When the banner of the cross is un- 26 THE ANCIENT PATRIARCHATES furled over the East the vision of the poet-bishop will find realization : The cross to old Byzance restore, There let Christ reign, our king and priest, Basils and Chrysostoms once more Be born to christen all the East. THE EASTERN COMMUNION A STUDY IN CHRITIAN UNITY 28 THE EASTERN COMMUNION THE EASTERN COMMUNION 2D I aHRISTIAN unity is in the forefront of re- ligious thought and unity must be grounded in the historic past. It was grand old Bishop Ken who said, " I die in the faith of the Catholic Church before the disunion of East and West." The faith of the undivided church af- fords a basis on which the scattered members of God's household may yet be brought together. The student of organic evolution traces the development of the organism from the simple to the complex, notes the slightest divergence in the life stages of individuals and beneath in- finite variation discovers fundamental agree- ments in type and structure that point to com- mon ancestry. In a similar way we approach the history of the church. Like the river of Eden, dividing into four heads, the stream of Christian truth was moditied under iflie influ- ence of national and racial adaptation. The faith found expression according to the varying temperaments and spiritual needs of different peoples called by God into the church's fold. National churches developed customs which reg- istered themselves in the worship, the calendar, the ceremonial. The rise of the Kile becomes a subject of intercession in the Alexandrian lit- urgy. Tlie break-up of the empire, when northern invaders knocked at the gates of Rome, echoes plaintively in the collects of the West. Milan preserves the primitive features of the Anibrosian rite. It is interesting to note how the adminis- trative policy of the Roman Empire, with its cen- tralized authority, survives in the ultra-montane conception. The Latin Church is organized on 30 THE EASTERN COMMUNION the imperial model with the pope in place of C^iesar. The cardinals correspond to the senate. A like comparison might be drawn between the Eastern Ohnrch and the political traditions of classic Greece. The Greek genius never inclined toward centralization. The city states were char- acterized by the passion for local autonomy. This spirit is embodied in Eastern Christianity, which has developed the principle of national churches independent of any supreme earthly head. The papacy is foreign to the East. The Eastern communion is a confederation, complex c in its make-up. Older than Rome, older than Canterbury, the Holy Eastern Ortliodox Church holds the four patriarchal tlirones, Constanti- nople, Alexandria, Antiocli, Jerusalem. Within its fold are embraced the church of Cyprus, autocephalous from earliest times, the national THE EASTERN COMMUNION 31 / churches of Russia, Servia, Montenegro, Rou- mania, Bulgaria, Greece and the metropolitan sees of Karlowitz, Hermannstadt, Bukowina and Dalmatia, in Austro-Hungar^ It is a world in it- self representing endless diversity of language, tradition, racial and national life. It is the faith alike of lordly Muscovite and hardy Montenegrin, to whom Tennyson pays graceful tribute : O, smallest among peoples! rough rock-throne Of freedom! warriors beating back the swarm Of Turkish Islam for five hundred years, Great Tseruogora! The principle of unity is dogmatic agree- ment. Men of diverse races celebrating the lit- urgy in different languages are one in the ac- ceptance of the Nicene creed and the ecumeni- cal councilsJ^ / The worship expresses religious devotion in a V 32 THE EASTERN COMMUNION THE EASTEEN COMMUNION 33 way adapted to the eastern mind. The temper- ament of the east inclines to the metaphysical and loves to dwell on the subtle mysteries. The ritual inspires awe and is marked by lengtliy rhetorical commemorations in contrast to our own terse collects. The Byzantine is its native architecture. The ornamentation is rich in col- oring, blue and vermilion. The churches are adorned with sacred icons. They are built to- ward the east. There are no organs. There is no instrumental music. The absence of seats is a reminiscence of the Nicene canon which enjoins the standing posture in prayer. The Eastern Church uses the Julian cal- endar which differs from our own by thirteen days. The Scripture is freely circulated. The priests are married. Long beards and flowing locks are distinguishing marks of eastern eccle- siastics. I^aptism is by trine immersion. Leav- ened bread cut from a whole loaf is employed in the Holy Communion. Wafers are not used. St. I»aurs imagery is carried out : " We are all par- takers of that one bread." The sacrament is ad- miuistered in both kinds. The service is in the vernacular and is rich in symbolism. Each de- tail is designed to set forth some truth— the spear, the silver star, the solemn procession, the fanning of the elements, the opening and closing of the doors of the iconostas, the gorgeous vest- ments resplendent in jewels. The bishop's man- tle, with the attached bells, carries us back to the liigh priest's vesture in the Jewish Church^ The impressiveness of the ceremonial had much to do with the establishment of the church in Russia. Tradition is that Vladimir sent an »/ V nibassy to investigate the religions of the world. THE EASTERN COMMUNION The ambassadors returned witii a report of tlie splendor of St. Sophia. " Wheu we stood in the temple we did not know where we were for there i& nothing like it on earth. There in truth God has his dwelling and we can never forget the beauty we witnessed. No one who has once tasted sweets will afterward want the bitter. We can no longer abide in heathenism." Tlie scale turned in favor of the Byzantine faith. We note in passing how the missionary work of East and West witnesses to the quiet, indirect influence of women. St. Paul remembered Lydia and Damaris and those women that labored with him in the gospel. England owes a debt to Ber- tha, Ethelburga and Hilda. The conversion of the Franks was brought about through Clotihla. History repeats itself in the missionary acliieve- ments among the Slavs. Back of Vladimir's con- THE EASTERN C0MMI3NI0N 35 version lies the work of his grandmother, the Princess Olga, in shaping his education. Bul- garia was won through the sister of King Bo- «roris, who was a hostage at the Byzantine court. How far-reaching the power of consecrated womanhood, whether East or West, among Teu- ton or Slav! I The Eastern Church has been pre-eminently i N the home of monasticism. ; The contemplative life accords with its conservative, immobile tem- per. The prelates are taken from the ranks of the monks and are unmarried. Monasteries are intrenched in quarters most remote and have played a large part in ecclesiastical policy. What memories gather around Mar Saba, Athos, (^rc^tan Arcadion and the fortress monastery of St. (Catherine on Mt. Sinai, built by Justinian. The Sinaitic peninsula is an independent see of 36 THE EASTERN COMVIUNION the Orthodox Church. Hither Tiseheiulorf joiir- ueyed and iu the spriii^^ of 1844 he made his way up the rugged height of this mountain sanctuary. The monks pulled him to the narrow entrance by a rope and allowed him access to the manu- Bcripts. He perceived in the hallway a basket of mouldering parchments about to be thrown into the fire. Examining them, he discovered pages of a Bible, the most ancient he had ever seen. This led to the recovery of the Codex Sinaiticus, now in St. Petersburg. I am impressed by the simihirity between the Greek system and our own. Historically there has ever been a close affinity between the two communions. There are those who believe that early British Cliristianity was Eastern in its origin coming by way of Gaul along the path of the Mediterranean commerce. Theodore of Tar- THE EASTERN COMMUNION 37 sus, the second Archbishop of Canterbury, was a Greek. It is not without significance that Wic- lif was charged by his enemies with maintaining that " All Christendom ought to live independ- ently like the Greek Church.'' The Alexandrian manuscript of the Bible in the British Museum was the gift of the Patriarch Cyril Lucar, whose strange and varied career forms a striking chap- ter in the annals of the Eastern Church. The misguided, non-juring bishops sought succor from tlie patriarchs. Turning from these incidental instances of contact to a study of the book of Common Prayer we are struck by the influence of the East upon our worship. This is especially marked in the eucharistic service of the American Church, which follows closely the ancient models, in the j>tress laid on the invocation of the Holy Spirit. «lo THE EASTERN COMMUNION *■ 'i J The closing collect in our daily offices is from the Greek. ( 'rannier was a close student of the East- ern liturgy and through his intiuence the prayer of St. Chrysostom from St. Basil's liturgy has been set like a precious gem in our worship, linking us to the ancient East. The Greek Church has made large contributions to our hymnal. Clement of Alexandria wrote " Shepherd of Tender Youth.'' The authorship of "The Day is Past and Over" is ascribed to Anatolius, and Neale tells us that its plaintive, touching melody lingers still among the scattered hamlets of Chios and ^litylene. John of Damas- cus was the great theological writer of Eastern Christendom. His memory lingers amongst us in liis Easter hymns, "^^ Tlie Day of Resurrec- tion " and " Come Ye Faithful Kaise the Strain.*' The former is sung at Athens at midniglrt when 11 THE EASTERN COMMUNION 39 the stroke of twelve proclaims Easter day. The archbishop elevates the cross exclaiming, ^' Christos anesti." The people take up the cry and amid the gleaming of tapers and the roll of drums king, queen and populace proclaim the resurrection, wdiile from shore and mountain rockets illumine the ^^J-Jj In 1870 the Archbishop of Syra and Tenos visited England, met a number of Anglican pre- lates, was present at two episcopal consecra- tions, was honored bv the universities and his re- port of the cordiality of his reception called forth an appreciative letter from the Holy Synod of (heece to the Archbishop of Canterbury. It w^as made clear to the East that the Anglican Church cherishes a particular sympathy and love for the Orthodox, and it was also apparent to the acute mind of the Greek prelate that tlie English V^ 40 THE EASTERN COMMUNION THE EASTERN COMMUNION 41 Cliiireh, though generally eininierated with the Protestant communities, is altogether different from them in maintaining both the episcopate and the ancient traditions and customs. With the more frequent intercourse between the representatives of the churches it is gener- ally recognized that the Eastern Church and our own are closely akin. Beneath variations in national temperament we discover unmistak- able traits that witness to a common origin and an intimate relationship. In these two historic churclies there is a common life, a common spirit, a common iidelity to the historic creed, the com- mon possession of an apostolic ministry. Visiting a Syrian priest a fortnight ago I was very much impressed as he grasped my hand ex- claiming fervently, " I pray tlie day is not dis- tant when your church and mine shall be one.'^ The union of the East and West has been the 7 • prayer of devout Christians through the ages. ' It was the dream of crusaders. It was the moving thought alike at Lyons in the thirteenth and Florence in the fifteenth century. It was the cherished hope of the Bonn conference in the nineteenth century. To him who can discern the signs of the times there are stirrings in the hearts of God's people that indicate the time draweth nigh. THE ORTHODOX CHUKCH IN AMERICA 43 JJI THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY HE Orthodox Church in America challenges the attention of the sociologist as well as the theologian. Its adherents are coming in in- creasing numbers and will exert an important influence on the future of this country. At an early date Eastern Christianity struck root among the Slavs. The Byzantine monks (^ril and Methodius reduced the Slavonic Ian- guage to writing and are venerated as the apostles of the Slavonians. The strength of the Eastern Church to-day is among the Slavic peo- ples who have ever been hospitable to the Eastern form. Its system appeals to them. Even when Orthodox congregations have been led into the I.atin fold, as in the case of the Uniates, they have clung tenaciously to the distinctive features of the old mother church, celebrating mass in the lii '! ' 44 THE ORTHODOX CHUECH IN AMERICA Slavonic, giving conimnnion in botli kinds, fol- lowing the eastern calendar, retaining the Greek rites and chanting the service without instru- mental accompaniment. The Eastern Churcli offers a vehicle of religious expression that seems to answer the needs of the Slavic people. The Bohemians, Poles and Croatians are the chief Slavic peoples of the Latin faith. There are those who have interpreted the Hussite move- ment as the striving of the Bohemian people after the ideals of Orthodoxy which had never become entirely extinct among those who looked to Cyril and Methodius as their evangelizers and teachers. r Our first contact with the Orthodox in Amer- ica was through its Slavic adherents. The Rus- sian Church was established in Alaska at an early date and its influence could not but be felt THE BISHOP OF ALASKA. 44 THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA Slavonic, giving coiiiiiiiiiiiou in both kinds, fol- lowing the eastern calendar, retaining the (5 reek rites and chanting the service without instrn- niental accompaniment. The Eastern Church offers a vehicle of religious expression that seems to answer the needs of the Slavic people. The 15ohemians, Poles and Croatians are the chief Slavic peoples of the Latin faith. There are those who have interpreted the Hussite move ment as the striving of the Bohemian people after the ideals of Orthodoxy wiiich had never become entirely extinct among those who looked to Cvril and Methodius as their evangelizers and teachers. Our first contact with the Orthodox in Amer- ica was througli its Slavic adherents. The Kus- Hian Church was established in AUiska at an early date and its influence could not but be felt THE BISHOP OF ALASKA. Ill'" THE ORTHODOX CHDRCH IN AMERICA 45 l^f i> 1 ■tiii on the Pacific slope.Jit is not without signifi- cance that when our church in California was isolated and felt the need of episcopal oversight the idea of applying to the Greek Church for a bishop was in the minds of some and freely men- tioned. Doubtless the proximity of Alaska sug- gested the Greek Church to these pioneer churchmen. With the purchase of Alaska by the United States in 1867 our church was brought into direct relations with the Russian commun- ion and the creation of a missionary jurisdiction by the General Convention of 1895 has strength- ened the mutual friendliness. The apostolic iU>we labors side by side with the Orthodox on terms of intimacy and cordiality. The centre of Russian influence has shifted from Alaska east- ward. New York is now the seat of the arch- bishop and the number of congregations through- 46 THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA out the country is growing. In many places there is a warm sympathy between our people and the Russians. Bishop Parker has used his inilu- ence effectively on behalf of the Russian mill workers in New Hampshire, and instances are not wanting where Anglicans and Russians liave worshipped together as at the " Peace '' service in Portsmouth. Americans can never forget that Russia was our friend when the world was our foe and while we deplore the Jewish nuissacres which in many quarters have created a feeling unfavorable to Russia yet we should labor for the restoration of the old time attitude of friendli- ness, and for myself I can echo with all my heart the sentiment of our poet : ** God bless the Eii^pire that loves the great I'liioii ; Strength to her people. Long life to the Czar." I" THE ORTHODOX CHIJRCH IN AMERICA 47 The Russian Church has a great opportuiiitr- aiuongst her people in America and is destined to make a worthy contribution to the religious life of this land. Some time ago I was passing through a little town in Pennsylvania where there is a Serb church. The priest was away but a friendly Serb acted as my guide and gave me such in- formation as his uieagTe vocabulary permitted. Back of the Servian people lies a long varied history which contains many a brilliant chapter The name of Stephen Dushan is synonymous with an era of national glory when they bade fair to effect a union of the Balkans. His untimely death defeated the plan and Kossovo's fatal day reduced them to the Turkish yoke. Through the dark days of Moslem oppression the church kept alive the memory of the past. Under 46 THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA out the country is growing. In many places there is a warm sympathy between our people and the Russians. Bishop Parker has used his influ- ence effectively on l)ehalf of the Russian mill workers in New^ Hampshire, and instances are not wanting where Anglicans and Russians have worshipped together as at the " Peace " service in Portsmouth. Americans can never forget that Russia w^as our friend when the world was our foe and while we deplore the Jewish massacres which in many quarters have created a feeling unfavorable to Russia yet we should labor for the restoration of the old time attitude of friendli- ness, and for myself I can echo with all my heart the sentiment of our poet : " God bless the Eiikpire that loves the great Union ; Strength to her people. Long life to the Czar." THE ORTHODOX CHIJRCH IN AMERICA 47 The Russian Church has a great opportunity- amongst her people in America and is destined to make a worthy contribution to the religious life of this land. Some time ago I was passing through a little town in Pennsylvania where there is a Serb church. The priest was aw^ay but a friendly Serb acted as my guide and gave me such in- formation as his meagre vocabulary permitted. Back of the Servian people lies a long varied history which contains many a brilliant chapter The name of Stephen Dushan is synonymous with an era of national glory when they bade fair to effect a union of the Balkans. His untimely death defeated the plan and Kossovo's fatal day reduced them to the Turkish yoke. Through the dark days of Moslem oppression the church kept alive the memory of the past. Under 48 THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA the lead of Kara George and Miloscli, the old time martial spirit asserted itself and Servians freedom was won in the last century. The Serbs are a courageous, attractive, intelligent people. They have been finding their way to America during the past sixty years and some have risen to places of distinction in educational and scien titic fields. There are nineteen congregations presided over l)y Arcliimandrite Sebastian Dabo- vitch who was born in San Francisco of Dal- matian parentage and educated in Servia and Russia. He is a zealous and efficient worker among his people. His relations with our com- munion are most cordial and at the corner stone laying of the cathedral in San Francisco he was present in his rol»es. For the last eight years there has been a steady stream of Bulgarian immigration centering in Servian Archimandrite in procession at corner- stone laying of San Francisco Cathedral. (Courtesy of Pacific Churchman.) 48 THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA the lead of Kara George aiul ^Miloseli, the old time martial si)irit asserted itself and Servia's freedom was won in the last ceiitiiry. The Serbs are a eoiirageoiis, attractive, intelligent people. They have been tinding their way to America during the past sixty years and some have risen to places of distinction in educational and scien titic fields. There are nineteen congregations jjresided over by Archimandrite Sebastian Dabo- vitch who was l»orii in San Francisco of Dal- matian ijarentage and educated in Servia and Knssla. He is a zealous and efficient worker among his peoide. His relations with our com- munion are most cordial and at the corner stone laying of the cathedral in San Francisco he was l»resent in his robes. For the hist eight years there has been a steady stream of IJulgarian immigration centering in Servian Archimandrite in procession at corner- stone laying of San Francisco Cathedral. .Courtfsy of Pacific Churchman.) THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA 49 Illinois. My interest in the Bulgarians began some years ago when I happened to visit Chicago when Ivan Doseff was endeavoring to enlist sym- pathy for his starving countrymen there. A graduate of Chicago University whose foot-ball achievements made hiin the envy of every school boy this youth impressed me as a remarkable instance of the capabilities of his nation. The Bulgarians are a Slavic people taking their name from their non-Slavic conquerors who Mjalesced with the subject race. Ancient Bul- garia had a splendid history. Its tzar rivalled the Byzantine emperor. Pope and patriarch con- lepiled for the allegiance of its church. Toward the end of the fourteenth century the kingdom fell before the Turks. Then came five hundred years of grievous oppression culminating in one of the most frightful and revolting massacres 50 THE ORTHODOX CHUECH IN AMERICA kuowu ill liistory. The fields were drenelied w itlj blood. A carnival of death held sway. The heart of Christeiuloiu was stirred l)y the appal- ling cruelty, liiissia came splendidly to their succor and made tlie cause her own. Solemnly invoking divine help the Czar's army advanced and Bulgaria's freedom was won. The people are simple, good-natured, peaceful, democratic, physically strong and hardy. Tlie national dress of sheepskin indicates their peasant occupation. Their sufferings have given them a claim on the world's affection. There are five hundred Bulgarians in Steel- ton, Pennsylvania. Visiting there last summer I alighted from the car in front of the neat build- ing which bears the inscription, " Bulgarian Church of St. Blagoveshtenie.'' Walking along Franklin street I came to the store of Minoft* anu THE BISHOP OF HARRISBURG LAYING THE CORNERSTONE OF THE BULGARIAN CHURCH AT STEELTON, PA. 50 THE ORTHODOX CHrU(;H IX AMERICA k 1 i(j w 11 ill hint ( try . T 1 1 e lie his \\v n^ 1 1 vv uvU vi I w i 1 1 1 bloiKl. A carnival of death hehl sway. Tht^ heart of Cliristeiuhnu was stiired by the api>al- lin^" eriielty. Kiissia eaine sideiulidly to their sueeor and made the eansi' her own. Scdennily inv( )kiii«' divine htdp the ( 'zar's army advanced and Bulgaria's freedom was won. The jjeople are simijh', «^0( >d-iiatnred, peaceful, democratic, physically strong and hardy. The national dress of sheepskin indicates their peasant occn]»ation. Their sufferings have given them a claim on the world's affection. There are five hundred IVulgarians in Steel- ton, Pennsylvania. Msiting there last summer 1 alighted from the car in front of the neat build- ing which bears tlie inscription, " IVulgariari (Inirch of St. lMag(>veshtenie." Walking along Franklin street I came to the store of Minoff ami THE BISHOP OF HARRISBURG LAYING THE CORNERSTONE OF THE BULGARIAN CHURCH AT STEELTON, PA. ^-"-■■ilil THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA 51 Dimitrott' with its conspicuous sign in Bulgarian characters. I inquired where I might find tlW: priest and Mr. A. S. MinolT, a splendid specimen of his race, took me to the unpretentious home of Kev. Theophylacte, who welcomed me cordially and showed me the church with its beautiful icons and service books in classic Slavonic. I met a number of his people whose thrift and solid character promise well for the development of the best type of citizenship. The great hearted Bishop of Harrisburg has taken deep interest in the congregation and laid the cornerstone of their mmm church. The Bulgarian Church is independent ' under the supervision of its own exarch. Though holding the Orthodox faith it is estranged from tlie Ecumenical Patriarch. The controversy con- cerns jurisdiction not doctrine. I Ihit perhaps the most interesting representa- / It I 52 THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN AMERICA tives of the Orthodox Church are not the Slavs Imt the Greeks because back of the humblest, poorest Greek ou our streets are racial traditions connected with the most splendid triumphs of the human mind in art, letters, philosophy, poli- tics. The language became the vehicle through which the New Testament was given to the world and it is spoken to-day on the streets of Athens in a form less changed than our own Eng- lish since the days of Chaucer. The Greeks are penetrating every section of this country, the metropolitan centres, the Ohio valley, the towns of Illinois and Iowa, the Nevada desert, Savan- nah, Cliarleston and the cities of the south. At Tarpon Springs, Florida, within a dozen years there has grown up such a Greek community that the local newspaper is planning a dex)art- ment in the Greek language. On a recent visit k Q C/5 CO O u o •< en u Q QC O C/5 O z cc Q. CO O Q_ QC <: I- I- <: CO cc f THE ORTHODOX CI IVilCll IX AMERTCA tives of the ()rllio(lox ( 'liiircli are not the Shivs but the (ireeks because baek of the humblest, poorest (ireek ou our streets are raeuil trailili(Mis rouueeted with the most si^h-udid triumphs of the human miud in art, ktters, pliih)S(»phv, poli- ties. The lau«^ua^e became the veliiele throui^h which the New TestauuMit was jiiveu to the worhl and it is spoken to-day on the streets of Athens in a form less chan.ued than our own Ener is [dannin^' a depart- ment in the (ireek lan<»'ua^e. ( )ii a recent visit Q CO o en u o cc QO U <£ o cc O CO O z tr o Q. CC I- Q o QC CO O CO LU ^ u LU CO cr <: O a. III i^ 1- UJ LU oc oc Q o 7 Q z O (T CO O CO LJJ Z u LU C/) q: o cr III i^ 1— LU LU DC QC Q O -F" cr Q UJ 2 X