77^2 
 
 . WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers' Projects 
 1500 Eye St. N.W. 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 Supplementary Instructions #2 
 To 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 COLLECTION OF DATA 
 And 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF GUIDE TOPICS 
 'For 
 
 STATE GUIDE BOOK 
 
 December 10, 1935 
 
 - 
 
T?o+l s4of 
 
 °n~ 3 - 
 
 t 3 / ^ 
 
 
 11 - 12 - 
 
I. Staff Organization 
 
 II. Sources 
 
 III. Flow of Material (Time Schedule) 
 
 IV. Classification of Guide Topics 
 
 V. Essays 
 
 VI. Suggested Word Quotas 
 
7742 
 
 
 2 - 
 
 X. STAFF ORGANIZATION 
 
 
 
 The State Director should organize his workers so as 
 to gather the materials accurately, to write the Field Continuity, 
 and organize Editorial Copy for the State Guide. This will involve 
 close collaboration "between the State Office Staff and the District 
 Supervisors. The personnel of the State Office Staff, as well as 
 that of the District Staff, should "be divided into Field Writers 
 and the Office Staff . 
 
 State Field Writers : The Field Writers will gather the factual 
 
 material for the State Guide, covering all 
 the topics given in the Classification of 
 Guide Topics. For the manner in which the Field Writers should 
 prepare copy, see Supplementary Instructions #7 - "Instructions 
 for Field Writers." 
 
 Field Writers 1 Trainin g; Each Supervisor will instruct the field 
 
 workers in the writing of continuity, and, 
 later, in the editing of Guide material. 
 Workers with special training, or showing aptitude in given fields, 
 should he encouraged to do intensive work in those fields, so that 
 later they can he entrusted with the task of editing those sections 
 of the Guide. 
 
 Office Staff ; The Office Staff will consist of: (a) typists and 
 clerical workers , who will do the routine work; 
 
 (h) foreman or office manager (or whatever other 
 title he is given locally) who will he in charge of assignments and 
 the files; (c) editors or continuity writers who will convert the 
 field material into editorial copy. As already stated, the field 
 workers may he trained to write field continuity as well as editorial 
 copy. 
 
 Research Editor ; In the State Office and in each District Office, 
 one person should he selected to act as Research 
 Editor. 
 
 In the District Office he will be known as the 
 District Research Editor. His duties will he: The compilation of 
 a research file (in duplicate), covering all the points of interest , 
 the symbol numbers, and the exact location (street address, if in 
 a city or town); if in the country, its location with regard to the 
 nearest highway or other approach, the nearest post-office and the 
 County); also brief source of information about the topic; brief 
 reference where further information can he obtained. 
 
 \ 
 
- 3 - 
 
 7742 
 
 Maps and Numbers : Each District Research Editor should set up two 
 
 maps of his District. Each point of interest 
 should he given a number. The number should 
 appear on the card and should be marked on the map. The Research 
 Editor should devote himself to gathering, as fully as possible, the 
 information about points of interest, and devote himself to keeping 
 the file and maps in accurate order. 
 
 Use of File : The Research File (3” x 5” cards, alphabetically 
 
 arranged) should be made the basis of assignments 
 to Field Writers. 
 
 The duplicate of the Research File and duplicate 
 Map should be sent to the State Research Editor. When new material 
 is added, that should also be sent to the State Editor for collation. 
 
 State Research. Editor : The State Research Editor should compile 
 
 an index file of points of interest, alpha¬ 
 betically arranged, similar to the District 
 Files. This should consist of the duplicates received from the 
 districts, and other and new material that he may be able to unearth. 
 The State Research Editor should supply each District Research Editor 
 with points of interest that are not included in their submitted 
 list. Thus all points of interest will be covered, the location 
 of each will be readily identified. 
 
 It is quite clear that a great variation will exist in 
 the different District and State Offices, and we urge that each 
 State Director work out his or her own problem in the way best 
 suited to the particular situation. 
 
 (The method and manner of treating all folklore and local color 
 material, as well as continuous trips such as hiking trips, 
 horseback trips, trips by water, etc.; will be covered in 
 Supplementary Instructions #8.) 
 
 II. SOURCES 
 
 Approach to Sources : Wherever authentic material is already 
 
 available in printed records, field research 
 workers should not be sent out to do original 
 research, but the dafff should be gathered from these printed sources. 
 Following items S-190, S-203, S-230, etc., we suggest possible sources 
 for material treated by these respective topics. Each State Director 
 
- 4 - 
 
 7742 
 
 will naturally work out his own sources and the places where they 
 are available, and use his judgment on how much additional research 
 is needed. (For instance, it is not likely that a worker on our 
 project could add significant facts pertaining to geology, anthrop¬ 
 ology, or archaeology, not included in extended works on those topics 
 in the State; what he may do is to summarize facts from several sources, "z 
 
 But even in sifting the existing recorded material , 
 special attention should he paid to the legendary elements and all 
 
 such data that will help present the peculiar local color of the 
 
 environment . 
 
 list of Sources 
 
 Libraries : 
 
 Public libraries (Librarians) 
 
 University and college libraries (Librarians of State materials) 
 State library (State Librarian) 
 
 State Historical Society Library (State Library Historian) 
 
 State Archives (State Archivist) 
 
 Society of Pioneers Library (if any)\ (Curator in charge) 
 
 Museum libraries (Curators) 
 
 Art gallery libraries (containing State materials) (Curators) 
 Private collections of State material (where accessible) 
 
 Reports : 
 
 State Planning Board reports 
 
 Historical American Buildings Survey reports 
 
 (gathered by the Architects Emergency Committee) 
 
 Other survey reports gathered under E, R. A. projects 
 State Geological Survey reports 
 National Geographic Magazine 
 
 State folders and maps )Released by the State Chamber 
 
 Tour maps )of Commerce, or other agencies 
 
 Animated or picture maps )and private companies. 
 
 Books ; 
 
 State history (most recent, and one recognized for authenticity). 
 All available State guide and tour books. 
 
 Books on Historic House Museums. 
 
 Books or pamphlets on educational institutions in the State. 
 
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 7742 
 
 Travel : 
 
 Travel literature issued by railroads. 
 
 " " » » air lines. 
 
 " " " n "bus lines. 
 
 " " " " steamship companies (if any). 
 
 ” n " n oil companies. 
 
 ” " " ” gasoline companies. 
 
 National and State Department s: 
 
 Agriculture, Forestry, Conservation, Highways, Game and Fish, 
 Labor, Indian Bureau, Park Service, State Commerce Commission, 
 etc. In each of these Departments contact the regional, local, 
 or State representative, and list his assistants. 
 
 Specialists : 
 
 Wherever possible, specialists in all the fields of local 
 information should be sought out and consulted. The names 
 of these specialists should be filed by the Research Editors 
 and noted on the assignments. 
 
 III. FLOW OF MATERIAL 
 
 Flow of Material : As can be readily perceived, within the time 
 
 limit set for gathering Guide material, it 
 will be imperative to work continuously on the 
 Federal Guide in Washington almost simultaneously with the State 
 Guide. For this reason we suggest that each State Director divide 
 the material into sections, setting tentative dates for their 
 completion, and send State copy to Washington at intervals determined 
 by this schedule. As soon as such a time schedule has been worked 
 out (and this should be done without delay) a copy should be submitted, 
 to the Washington office. The State Director should plan to have 
 all State copy cleared to Washington not later than May 1, 1935. 
 
 The remaining two months should then be devoted to checking, editing, 
 and assembling local and State copy for possible future publication. 
 
 .S ymbols : Number symbols for the State Guide are in all cases 
 
 preceded by the letter U S M and a dash (example, S-170) 
 to distinguish State copy at a glance from City and 
 District material. The numbering, except for the initial, is iden¬ 
 tical with that of similar material for Cities and Districts. 
 
7742 
 
 - 6 - 
 
 NOTE : Please make certain that each manuscript, whether Field 
 
 Continuity or Editorial Copy, hears the name of the person 
 who worked on the assignment; the detailed information of 
 his sources; if the information is obtained from books, the title, 
 author, place of publication, publisher, and date of publication 
 should be given, as well as page references after specific items of 
 information; if the information is obtained from an expert inter¬ 
 viewed, the name, address, and position of that person should be 
 given; if the information is obtained from personal observation by 
 the workers, the fact should be noted. On the Editorial Copy, both 
 District and State, the name, address, and position of the Volunteer 
 Consultant should be given. On the final State Copy, give name of 
 consultant to whom the copy was submitted for final checking. 
 
 IV. CLASSIFICATION OE GUIDE TOPICS 
 
 Note : The following classification of Guide topics is intended 
 
 primarily as an indication of inclusiveness toward our 
 ultimate goal, Should it, at first glance, appear forbid¬ 
 ding, please bear in mind that as the work progresses and the pre¬ 
 liminary gathering ox data is completed, it will then be compara¬ 
 tively simple to fill in whatever material is wanting. 
 
 S-IOO GENEPAL DESCRIPTION 
 
 S-101. Name, pronunciation, origin, meaning. 
 
 S-110. Geography of State 
 
 S-lll. Boundaries, how arrived at; history, etc. 
 
 S-112. Geographic areas, with their variants. 
 
 (Note: The effort here should be to describe units 
 that are geographically, commercially, and 
 culturally distinct within the State, as 
 plateau areas, coastal plain areas, mountain 
 areas, etc., rather than following County, 
 District, or other artificial boundaries.) 
 
 S-120. Topography of State - (Altitude, surface features, etc.) 
 
 S-130. Climate 
 
 S-131. Seasonal variations 
 S-132. Crop seasons 
 
 S-133. Humidity, precipitation, winds and other local 
 conditions. 
 
7742 
 
 S-140. Geology 
 
 S-141. Pock f ormations, minerals 
 
 S-142. Principal land forms (with brief mention of their 
 development.) 
 
 S-143. Soils and sub-soils (mentioning their derivation - 
 as from granite, limestone, etc.) 
 
 S-^144. Outstanding geologic features (as natural bridges, 
 arches of rock, caverns, etc.) 
 
 S-150. Paleontology 
 
 S-151. Fossil remains, plant and animal 
 S-160. Natural Hesources 
 
 S-161. Mineral 
 
 S-152. Plant: National Forests, State Forests, private 
 forests. 
 
 S-163. Water resources 
 
 S-164. Land resources, reclamation, etc. 
 
 S-170. Agriculture 
 
 S-180. Flora - native to the State (and outstanding successes 
 
 of introduced flora) 
 
 S-190. Fauna - native to the State (including game preserves, 
 bird sanctuaries, fish hatcheries, outstanding 
 private zoological collections, aquariums, 
 natural history museums, etc.) 
 
 Note: All data for above material (S-101 - S-190) are un¬ 
 doubtedly available in recorded sources and should not 
 be assigned for original research. Workers should be 
 sent to the State Library, main Public Libraries, or 
 University Library, to look up material under these 
 headings. 
 
 S-200 HISTORY 
 
 S-201. History prior to entrance in the Union. 
 
 (exploration, etc.) 
 
 S-202. Entrance into the Union. 
 
 S-203. Later- history. 
 
 Note: The few data necessary for this section (S-201 - 
 
 S-203) are undoubtedly available ‘in the State history. 
 
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 7742 
 
 S-210. Archaeology 
 
 S-211. Earliest human remains. 
 
 S-212. Indian archaeology. 
 
 S-220. Indians 
 
 S-221. History and anthropology. 
 
 S-222. Reservations. 
 
 S-223. Tribal remnants, not on reservations 
 
 Note: See Supplementary Instruction #5, entitled: "Indians 
 and Indian Life - Type of information desired." 
 
 S-230. Early Settlement 
 
 S-231. Earliest settlements in the State. 
 
 S-232. Earliest communal life, general description. 
 
 S-240. Eolk Ways 
 
 S-241. Early folklore legends 
 
 S-242. Other folklore (songs, dances, dress, superstitions, 
 etc.) 
 
 S-243. Contributions to language (include Indian origin as 
 
 Choctaw "okeh," Algonquin "succotash," etc.; localisms 
 such as "bunk" from Buncombe County, N. C., etc.) 
 
 Note : While much of the material to be used by us is 
 
 undoubtedly available, the Guide can perform a 
 
 unique service by collecting the authentic Americana 
 
 of every region. See Supplementary Instructions #8. 
 
 (Folklore and Local Color Material.) 
 
 S-250. Growth and Development 
 
 S-251. Economic development 
 S-252. Industrial growth 
 S-253. Social development 
 
 S-254. Noted personalities during period of development 
 
 Note: The data for S-230 - S-254 are undoubtedly available 
 in libraries or collections of the State Historical 
 Society (particularly S-230 - S-232), in the library 
 of economics and sociology in the State University, 
 public library, and the State Library (particularly 
 S-251 - S-254), and in the English Department of the 
 State University, particularly for S-243. 
 
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 7742 
 
 S-260, Racial Elements 
 
 S-261. Racial groups in the State* 
 
 S-262. Racial cultural heritage. 
 
 S-263, Relationship of racial groups to community development. 
 S-264. Contemporary racial groups retaining ethnic identity, 
 
 (Rote: This section needs careful field investigation.) 
 
 S-300 GOVERNMENT 
 
 S-400 TRANSPORTATION 
 
 S-410, Interstate and Intrastate 
 
 S-411. Airlines 
 
 S-412. Bus lines 
 
 S-413. Highways 
 
 S-414. Railroads 
 
 S-416. Water transportation 
 
 (Note: Do not attempt to gather detailed information on 
 
 transportation until you receive our special instruc¬ 
 tions on this topic.) 
 
 S-500 ACCOIvliQDAPI ONS (outside cities) 
 
 S-501. Tourist camps 
 S-502. Public camp sites 
 
 S-503. Notable roadhouses, dude ranches, resorts, etc. 
 
 S-535. Recreational clubs (fishing, yachting, hunting, golf 
 etc., private and public) 
 
 S-543, Handicraft shops where local products are for sale, 
 
 within the State (as pottery, basketry, silver work, etc.) 
 
 S-600 POINTS OP INTEREST IN THE STATE (outside cities) 
 
 S-601. Army and Navy 
 
 S-610. Villages and communities (isolated communities, bilingual 
 
 communities, etc.) 
 
 S-611. Architecture (see Special Instructions) 
 
 General description for State, noting influences 
 S-612, Buildings of architectural significance. 
 
 S-613. Eederal, state and county buildings, outside cities. 
 
 (Note: Where any building is mentioned in Guide material, 
 whether architecturally significant or not, the 
 comment, no matter how short, should be checked by the 
 architectural consultant connected with the project.) 
 
 S-617. Outstanding structures outside cities (memorials, 
 monuments, statues, etc. 
 
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 7742 
 
 S-618. Outstanding engineering structures outside cities; 
 ■bridges, tunnels, roadways, etc. 
 
 S-620. Historic Remains Outside Cities . 
 
 
 4 
 
 f • 
 
 S-621. Historic house museums. 
 
 S-622. Historic houses. Indicate whether open to public. 
 
 S-623. Historic sites. Include battlefields, forts, historic 
 trees, etc. 
 
 S-624. Cemeteries outside cities. 
 
 S-625. Archaeological remains (mounds, etc.) 
 
 S-626. Indian reservations. 
 
 S-627. Tribal remnants 
 
 (Note: Under the items S-610 - S-267, existing printed matter 
 should be examined before any field work is undertaken.) 
 
 S-630. Industry and Commerce . 
 
 S-632. Leading manufactures outside cities. 
 
 S-640. Education 
 
 S-641. Educational institutions outside cities. 
 
 S-650. Museums Outside Cities (list under postoffice address) 
 
 S-651. Natural history 
 
 S-652. Scientific 
 
 S-653. Industrial 
 
 S-654. Historical 
 
 S-655. Social 
 
 S-656. Art 
 
 S-657. Botanical gardens 
 
 S-660. Cultural Centers - outside cities 
 
 S-661. Religion, outstanding churches, seminaries, etc. 
 
 S-662. Science, institutes, laboratories, observatories, 
 planetariums, etc. 
 
 S-663. Art, noted museums, collections, galleries, artists* 
 colonies, etc. - outside cities. 
 
 S-664. Music, musical organizations, groups, halls, (as 
 
 Music Mountain in Conn.)., and organizations outside cities. 
 
 S-665. Literature - landmarks oi' literary figures, libraries, 
 Collections of State material; other collections such 
 as Shakespearian collections, etc., rare books, etc. 
 
 Also notable works by State authors with State as 
 background. 
 
- 11 - 
 
 7742 
 
 S-566. Theatre; theatres outside cities, outdoor drama, drama 
 groups not in cities. Also dramas with State as 
 background. 
 
 S-667. Outstanding motion picure houses, outside cities; 
 
 studios, motion picture groups. 
 
 S-668. Radio. Radio stations and playhouses outside cities. 
 S-669. Auditoriums and stadia outside cities, where events of 
 cultural nature take place. 
 
 670. S ocial 
 
 S-671. State organizations that play prominent part in social 
 and economic life of State. 
 
 S-672. State labor unions. 
 
 S-673. State philanthropic societies. 
 
 S-674. State social service agencies. 
 
 S-674.1 Hospitals, clinics, etc. 
 
 S-674.2 Penal institutions, reformatories, etc. 
 
 S-674.3 Asylums 
 
 S-674.4 Homes for orphans, for the aged, etc. 
 
 S-675. State societies for experimental purposes 
 (Medicine, education, etc.) 
 
 S-676. Customs peculiar to the State. 
 
 S-677. Cuisine peculiar to the State - State cook books, recipes 
 S-678. Outstanding State holidays and observances. 
 
 S-679. Folklore - such as haunted spots, or any object or place 
 with legendary associations. 
 
 680. Sports and Recreation 
 
 S-681. Professional and seasonal sports events in the State. 
 S-682. Amateur sports events in the State. 
 
 S-683. Outstanding recreational facilities in State - public 
 and private (as golf, tennis, swimming, etc.) 
 
 S-684. State singing and other festivals. 
 
 S-685. Hunting and fishing facilities in State. Seasonal 
 
 information; cost of resident and non-resident licenses, 
 etc. 
 
 S-686. State fairs, carnivals, and jubilees. 
 
 S-637. Hiking trails and trips.. 
 
 S-688. Bridle trails and horseback trips. 
 
 S-689. Trips by water (canoe trips, etc.) 
 
 690. Points of Scenic Interest 
 
 S-691. Maps and map material 
 
 S-692. Vantage points for scenic observations - as towers, peaks 
 S-693. Places of scenic interest; as waterfalls, rivers, lakes, 
 caves, geologic formations, etc. 
 
 S-694. State Parks 
 S-695. National Parks 
 
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 7742 
 
 S-700 CITIES 
 
 S-800 SECTIONAL DESCRIPTION (Note: Special instructions on Sectional 
 
 Descriptions or tours will "be sent 
 to you later) 
 
 S-900 BIBLIOGRAPHY - topically arranged and alphabetical in order, 
 under each topic. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 V. ESSAYS 
 
 Symbol numbers are intended primarily for the gathering 
 and filing of data. In the actual continuity much of this will 
 appear in the form of a series of essays, as follows: 
 
 I. Introduction (S-101) 
 
 II. Geography (S-110 - S-133); Geology (S-140 - S-151); 
 Natural Resources and Agriculture (S-160 - S-170); 
 Flora and Fauna (S-180 - S-190). 
 
 III. History (S-200 - 203); Archaeology (S-210 - S-212); 
 
 Indians (S-220 - S-223); Early Settlements (S-230 - 
 S-232); Folk Ways (S-240 - S-243). 
 
 IV. Growth and development (S-250 - S-254). 
 
 V. Racial elements (S-260 - S-264). 
 
 VI. Government (S-300 - S-330). 
 
 VII. Industry and Commerce (S-630). 
 
 VIII. Educational facilities (S-640). 
 
 IX. Contemporary culture (S-650 - S-686) 
 
 It is to be understood that State essays on any topic will 
 relate not only to out-of-city material, but to all data pertinent 
 to that topic in the State. 
 
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 7742 
 
 VI. SUGGESTED WORD Q UOTAS 
 
 In order to control the length of the State Guide it is 
 suggested that an approximate number of pages of 450 words each 
 he allowed for each section somewhat after the method given below. 
 It is understood that these quotas are tentative and suggestive, 
 and will vary considerably from State to State. But a similar 
 ratio should be maintained. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Introductory essays . 75 
 
 Transportation . 4 
 
 Accommodations . 4 
 
 Recreational facilities .. 12 
 
 Handicraft . 4 
 
 Points of interest. 50 
 
 Cities, towns and villages .211 
 
 Bibliography .. 25 
 
 Maps, illustrations, tables, etc.40 
 
 Sectional descriptions or Tours . 50 
 
 Index. 25 
 
 Total 500 
 
 Words' 
 
 We are appending, as an illustration, the Word Quota as 
 worked out for the District of Columbia Guide. 
 
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 7742 
 
 SUGG-1STED WORD QUOTA FOR 
 DIST RI CT OF COLUMBIA GUID E 
 
 General Description . . . • 
 
 (Name, etc,, geography, tojjOgraphy, climate, 
 geology, paleontology) 
 
 Histor y ..... 
 
 (Archaeology, Indians, early discovery, early 
 settlement, folkways, growth and development, 
 ethnology) 
 
 Go vernment . 
 
 (Federal, army, navy, etc.) 
 
 Transportation ....... . 
 
 (Arrival and departure, interurhan, local) 
 
 Accommcdations . .. 
 
 (Hotels, restaurants, shops, newspapers, etc.) 
 
 Points of Interest . 
 
 Environs . 
 
 Bibliography . . 
 
 Index . . , .. . 
 
 TOTALS 
 
 pp. 
 
 words 
 
 1 ° 
 
 6 
 
 2,700 
 
 1.50 
 
 . 75 
 
 33,750 
 
 18.75 
 
 . 35 
 
 15,750 
 
 8.75 
 
 
 4,500 
 
 2.50 
 
 
 4,500 
 
 2,50 
 
 .227 
 
 102,159 
 
 56.75 
 
 
 9,900 
 
 5.50 
 
 . 5 
 
 2,250 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 4.500 
 
 2.50 
 
 400 
 
 180,000 
 
 100.00 
 
 Photos . . .... 50 
 
 Maps .. IQ. 
 
 TOTAL PAGES 
 
 46W 
 
7778 
 
 G v 
 
 C" 
 
 4 
 
 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers’ Projects 
 1500 Eye St. N.W. 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 Supplementary Instructions #3 
 
 To 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 ARCHITECTURE 
 
 December 1 6 
 
 1935 
 
7778 
 
 - 1 - 
 
 SPEGIAL INSTRUCTIONS - ARCHITECTUBE 
 
 H 
 
 "i The following instructions constitute a general system 
 
 of guidance in the preparation of architectural material for the 
 American Guide. 
 
 COPY ; 
 
 All copy must he prepared in accordance with instructions 
 issued under the heading "UNIPOEM PILING SYSTEM." Special attention 
 is called to the following paragraphs: 
 
 A. "Before any field worker is assigned to a topic, a list should he 
 prepared in the office of all available sources of information 
 on that topic." 
 
 This list should he drawn up by the person specially assigned to 
 report upon the architecture of the city or state. It will he 
 necessary, however before drawing up such a list, to prepare a 
 complete check-list of all the buildings of architectural intered; 
 in the locality. The buildings thus selected must be divided into 
 two groups; those which merit only summary treatment, and those 
 which are deemed sufficiently noteworthy or significant to merit 
 a detailed and comprehensive description. The category to which 
 a particular building is to be assigned is left to the discretion 
 of the person in charge of reporting upon the architecture of tk e 
 locality. It is advised, however, that such, lists be submitted 
 for suggestions and corrections to the local expert consultant. 
 
 B. "Each worker should first familiarize himself with the sources of 
 information for his particular topic and acquire a general notion 
 of the subject. Where it is desirable to obtain expert advice, 
 and an authority on the topic has agreed to act as consultant, 
 arrangements should be made by the office for the field worker 
 to get in personal touch with the consultant." 
 
 In those cases where the field workers are not technically trained 
 or specially qualified to report upon their assigned subjects, it 
 is advisable to inform the expert consultant or volunteer advisor 
 of the fact. In order to facilitate the work of consultants, it 
 is necessary to acquaint them with the scope and nature of the 
 material required for the purpose of the Guide as indicated in 
 these instructions. 
 
7778 
 
 - 2 - 
 
 C. n Topics have "been assigned, numerical symbols, using a decimal 
 
 system from 100 to 1000. These symbols must be uniformly used 
 in all filing of data." 
 
 Under the heading, "POINTS OF INTEREST" in the Table of Contents, 
 the field of architecture is covered by two symbols, thus: 
 
 611. Architecture - General description of the architecture 
 of the city, noting influences. 
 
 612. Buildings of architectural interest. 
 
 For the State, these numerals are preceded by the letter "S". 
 
 S-611. Architecture - General description of the architecture 
 of the State, noting influences. 
 
 S-612, Buildings of architectural interest. 
 
 Clearly, all buildings indicated on the check-list as architect¬ 
 urally interesting or significant will be filed either under 612, 
 or S-612. In addition, however, they must bear a cross-reference 
 in all cases where further mention is made of the building, or the 
 history of the institution, etc., connected therewith, to other 
 sections of the Guide. Such cross-references must be noted on the 
 check-list, as well as the copy . Thus, for instance, the archit¬ 
 ectural description of Mount Vernon, the home of George Washington, 
 will be filed under symbol S-612, with a cross reference to 
 "Historic House Museums," under S-621. 
 
 Buildings marked on the check-lis t as meriting only a brief treat¬ 
 ment under "Summary Description" should be filed directly with the 
 material to which they are related, as for instance, a high-school 
 under the symbol 643. But in all such c ases the symbol must appear 
 opposite the building on the check-list . 
 
 The nature of the general description called for under 611, and 
 S-611, will be indicated below. 
 
 SUMMARY DESCRIPTION : 
 
 The following information must be ascertained for all 
 buildings specifically noted in the Guide. Where the building 
 may fairly be described as architecturally negligible and undis¬ 
 tinguished, this minimum information will suffice. In such cases, 
 as noted above, the data will be filed under the particular topic 
 to which the building is related, 
 
 A. Name of building . Care should be exercised to distinguish 
 between name of building and title of institution which 
 it may house. 
 
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 7778 
 
 B. Location . G-ive pri'cise address; number, street, etc. 
 
 C. Date of Erection . (Mention should be made of former 
 buildings occupying site, if important.) 
 
 D. Materi al. Summary description of exterior building 
 material; thus, red brick, granite, limestone, etc. 
 
 E. Style . Brief description as to "style." (See 
 instructions below.) 
 
 F. Name of architect. 
 
 DETAILED DESCRIPTI ON: 
 
 In general, a more detailed description is called for 
 in the following cases: 
 
 A. Buildings significant in the history and development of 
 American architecture, including contemporary examples; 
 
 - typical examples of stylistic development; restorations, 
 etc.; buildings of conspicuous and acknowledged merit. 
 
 B. Monumental structures - public or semi-public in character; 
 such as court-houses, churches, libraries, skyscrapers. 
 Large-scale architectural groups, colleges, hospitals, 
 etc. Also railroad stations, noteworthy residences, 
 theatres, Government and historic buildings. 
 
 Note: Famous and important buildings, including large- 
 
 scale structures on conspicuous sites, merit full 
 discussion and description, whether architecturally 
 distinguished-or not.’ See notation on CRITICISM 
 below. 
 
 C. Types characteristic of special localities; historic and 
 modern examples; as red-brick and white stoop house of 
 Baltimore; brown-stone house of New York; bungalow of the 
 west coast; examples of buildings under zoning law of 
 New York, illustrating set-back effects, etc. Adobe 
 houses of South-west, salt-box houses of Cape Cod, etc. 
 
 D. Buildings exhibiting unusual methods of construction, or 
 distinctive and original approaches in design, or new and 
 experimental uses of building material. 
 
 E. City-planning developments, slum-clearance projects, low- 
 cost housing, model-tenements, rural and suburban develop¬ 
 ments; parks, playgrounds, etc. 
 
7778 
 
 -4- 
 
 F. Noteworthy bridges, dams, power-stations, factories, and 
 industrial developments, etc. 
 
 G-. Examples by well-known and distinguished architects, past 
 or contemporary. 
 
 The above list is intended for general guidance, and may be 
 extended as occasion warrants. Thus, for instance; fountains and 
 monuments, etc., in architectural settings; works of landscape 
 architecture; light-houses accessible to the public; shot-towers, 
 covered bridges, modern docks, stadia, typical apartment houses, 
 unusual shops and tenements. In short, all buildings the architect¬ 
 ure of which is significant, arresting and noteworthy - socially and 
 historically - as well as aesthetically. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE PROCEDURE : 
 
 While it may prove difficult to adhere in all cases to a spec¬ 
 ific method of descriptive procedure, certain rules should be observed. 
 
 Factual descriptions should be comprehensive, accurate and 
 informative. All data must be carefully verified, and all sources 
 of information noted . Descriptive data must include a history of 
 the building and site. (Not to be confused with a history of the 
 institution connected with the building - if any.) Existence of 
 former buildings on site to be noted. Descriptive data should 
 include, as noted above, name of building; present and past owner^- 
 ship; date of erection, when begun, when finished; laying of 
 corner-stone, etc. Subseauent changes, additions and restorations; 
 name of architect or architects, including reference to other r/orks 
 where important; location as noted above, giving orientation relative 
 to compass points, neighboring landmarks, buildings and streets; 
 accessibility to the public, time, routes, charges for admission, 
 if any, or through special permission, etc. - should all be stated. 
 
 Significant facts relating to size, cost, materials and 
 construction must be covered. The size of a building should be 
 indicated in such a manner as to visualize its mass. Vivid contrasts 
 or comparisons may.be found useful. Size may call for a notation 
 on floor area, length of corridors, number of cubic feet, height, 
 length, depth, etc. Cost may similarly call for comparative state¬ 
 ments or illuminating contrasts. In certain cases, cost per cubic 
 foot, or square foot, may be of interest. In mentioning materials, 
 the interior should be given consideration, as well as the exterior. 
 Wherever possible, materials should be specifically described; thus, 
 Tennessee marble, Indiana limestone, etc. Attention should be . 
 called to new, or unusual methods of construction, such as prefab¬ 
 ricated units, concrete houses, pre-cast slab construction, etc. 
 Extensive use of the welding process may also be of interest. 
 
7778 
 
 -5- 
 
 Special care should he given to describing the arrange¬ 
 ment - or plan - of the building. This basic consideration, which 
 is vital to a proper understanding of architecture, is all too often 
 neglected in favor of commenting upon the exterior alone. It is 
 important that the disposition of the main elements of the structure 
 - their relation to each other and to the building as a whole - 
 be clarified in terms of its purpose and function. Circulation, 
 vertical as well as horizontal, - elevators, stairs, halls and 
 corridors, entrances and exits - should be given consideration as 
 integrating elements. Clear analysis of the plan will facilitate 
 a tour of the building. 
 
 In the case of complek buildings, or groups of buildings, 
 such.as libraries, state capitols, college and hospital groups, 
 etc,, block -plans are essential in elucidating the descriptive 
 data. These should be secured, or prepared if necessary, and 
 submitted with copy. Wherev er possible, photographs, illustration s 
 and plans should be secured and attached to copy . These should 
 be forwarded, with " State Editorial Copy 1 1 to the Washington office. 
 
 SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS : 
 
 Authenticity ; All statements such as "first building in the 
 state," "brick from England," and like assertions, which frequently . 
 turn out to be inaccurate, should be carefully verified before 
 inclusion in Guide copy. All dates, in particular, should be checked. 
 
 Furnish i ngs and Furniture ; In describing interiors, 
 more especially those of historic houses, it is important that the 
 furniture and decorative arts be adequately covered along with 
 the architecture. In monumental buildings, the same rule applies 
 to murals, sculpture, etc. 
 
 Technical terms : As far as possible, technical terms 
 should be avoided. Guide material must be prepared with the lay 
 public in mind. 
 
 CRI TICI SM: 
 
 Critical comments, by competent and recognized authorities, 
 should be quoted wherever possible, and proper acknowledgement made. 
 Where valid differences of opinion exist, their expression is 
 stimulating and provocative. In ail cases, the sources of critical 
 comment must be indicated. 
 
 Descriptive and critical comments upon the architecture 
 of buildings will necessarily involve references to "style." The 
 great majority of buildings show stylistic influences of one kind 
 or another; few may legitimately be described as belonging to the 
 great historic styles. Terms like "Classic," "Gothic," "Renaissance," 
 
n Romanesque,’’ etc., should he reserved for examples of unquestioned 
 authenticity. Style is a matter of conception; not a means of 
 treatment. It is important, therefore, to emphasize the particular 
 qualities and characteristics of form, structure, and purpose that 
 serve to ’’place" a building stylistically. Cate should he exercised 
 to avoid the pitfall of relying solely upon the externals of style - 
 the ornamental ear-marks of a period. Thus, for example, in des¬ 
 cribing the Woolworth Building in New York, it is far more illumin¬ 
 ating and accurate to speak of it as a modern office building in 
 borrowed Gothic attire, than as a "Gothic" building, or even as 
 a building in the "Gothic" style. In speaking of a building - 
 its purpose and plan, its mass and. structure - are more significant 
 than the idiom of its ornamental treatment. 
 
 As indicated above, in section "B" under "Detailed Descrip¬ 
 tion," buildings of doubtful architectural merit, but important function 
 or otherwise noteworthy, deserve careful descriptive and critical 
 comment. Characteristic examples of periods of questionable taste 
 should receive critical analysis, as for instance, examples of the 
 so-called "General Grant period." 
 
 Where the architectural solution of a building has been 
 clearly inspired or influenced by some historical example, the 
 fact should be noted. In this way a sense of the adaptation of 
 architectural motifs - or the development of architectural forms 
 - as the case may be, can be indicated. Thus, in mentioning the 
 Public Library of Boston by McKim, Mead and White, mention should 
 be made of the Bibliotheque Sainte Genevieve in Paris by Labrouste, 
 upon which it was based. 
 
 Critical comment should tend to widen our understanding 
 of architecture. This imposes upon us a twofold obligation; the 
 need of careful and thorough research, and the exercise of mature 
 and discriminating judgment. Criticism, to be effective, should 
 be bold, authoritative, and objective. Slashing statements, 
 hyperbole and invective defeat themselves, and should be avoided, 
 along with easy generalizations and loose comparisons. 
 
 Field workers are urged to bear in mind that the American 
 Guide offers us a unique opportunity of creating a higher standard of 
 taste and a sounder basis of judgment in the appreciation of archi¬ 
 tecture. Criticism should therefore stress the underlying principles 
 that characterize good architecture, whether contemporary or of 
 the past. It should clarify for us a broader conception of 
 architecture as an expression of historic and social forces - as 
 a resolution, in visible form, of the trends and tendencies of 
 our civilization. 
 

 
 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers'*Projects 
 I^OO Eve St. N.W. 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 Supplementary Instructions #4 
 
 To 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 VOLUNTEER ASSOCIATES 
 
Y..O 
 
 7771 
 
 C 0 N T E NTS 
 
 X* The American Guide 
 
 II. Volunteer Associates 
 
 III. Field Notes 
 
 IV. Example of a Volunteer Associate’s 
 
 Field Notes 
 
7771 
 
 I. THE AMERICAN GUI HE 
 
 Character and Purpose of the American Guide : 
 
 Included among the jjrojects of the Professional and Ser¬ 
 vice Projects Division of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) are 
 the Writers’ Projects. The most important of these is the project 
 known as The American Guide. 
 
 ‘The American Guide (to he published in five regional vol¬ 
 umes, arranged by States) is intended to answer the need for a comprehen¬ 
 sive description of the United States. It undertakes to provide tourists 
 with comprehensive descriptive material on the scenic, historical, color¬ 
 ful, unique and recreational points of interest in the country; for the 
 student, author and research worker the Guide will compile rich source 
 material of cultural, economic and historical value; and, most important 
 of all, for the average citizen who cannot afford to travel extensively, 
 yet is interested in all the resources of his country, the Guide will 
 provide in simple language a medium to acquaint him with every section of 
 this vast country. The Guide, by assembling material now scattered in 
 various sources, will present information now not readily available. It 
 will be so arranged as to acquaint the reader with the folkways of the 
 various communities and their particular contributions to America's 
 culture. 
 
 How the Material for the Guide Will Be Gathere d: 
 
 In each State a. number of people have been set to work 
 in all WPA Districts to gather the data on the topics to be included in 
 the Guide as outlined in our Table of Contents. This material, after 
 it is written up in proper form, will be sent to the State Office. There 
 it will be assembled and carefully edited. This will constitute mater¬ 
 ial for the State Guide. 
 
 Copies of State Guide material will be sent to Washington, 
 where again it will be condensed, revised, and edited, for inclusion 
 in the five-volume American Guide. 
 
 Importance of State Guide Material : 
 
 The worth of the Federal Guide will depend on the complete¬ 
 ness and accuracy of State Guide material. In order to assure thorough¬ 
 ness, it will be imperative to reach all communities, irrespective of 
 size, and to receive from them up-to-date information on their towns 
 and environs. 
 
 Because of the limited number of workers at our disposal 
 it will be impossible to rea,ch many communities under 10,000 in popula¬ 
 tion. We must, therefore, depend on the communities themselves to 
 supply us with material. 
 
- 2 - 
 
 7771 
 
 The people who will undertake this work in small communities 
 we designate as Volunteer Associates. 
 
 II. VOLUNTEER ASSOCIATES 
 
 Duties of Volunteer Associates : 
 
 The Volunteer Associate, selected for his intellectual abili¬ 
 ties and his interest in preserving a record of history and culture in 
 his community, will he directly responsible to the District Supervisor 
 of the Federal Writers’ Projects. The Volunteer Associate will gather 
 data in his community, check for accuracy, and send them to the District 
 Supervisor. 
 
 The data from the smaller communities should cover the follow¬ 
 ing: Dame of town - and its origin (see example), population, locality, 
 transportation, general character of the environs, facts of cultural im¬ 
 portance (such as art museums or collections, musical organizations, art 
 colonies; whether it is the birthplace of noted persons, whether any 
 noted person now resides there) as well as other special points of inter¬ 
 est (such as prehistoric or later remains of Indian life, historic houses, 
 educational institutions, recreational experiments, etc.). 
 
 In gathering the data for such a report, the writer should 
 guide himself by the following general rule: Anything in the community 
 that is common to all or many communities in America should be given 
 little space. Anything of interest that is peculiar to the community or 
 its region should be treated more fully. 
 
 III. FIELD NOTES 
 
 Field Notes and Continuity : 
 
 The data should be gathered in notes, which we call Field 
 Notes. After the information has been assembled in notes, it should be 
 written up in a continuous essay of about 1,500 words; more if the 
 material warrants it. A copy of the Field: Notes and the original copy 
 of the essay, bearing the name and address of the Volunteer Associate, 
 should be sent to the District Supervisor at the District Office. 
 
 The following Field Notes are given as an example of contents 
 and order in which the Volunteer Associate’s factual material should 
 appear. 
 
IV• EXAMPLE OE A VOLUNTEER ASSOCIATE'S 
 
 ElELD NOTES 
 
 Note: Wo have selected La Jolla, California, ’because it contains 
 
 several unique institutions (see Scripps Institutes), points 
 of scenic interest (see Torrey Pines, etc.), and interesting histor¬ 
 ical landmarks (see Eamona’s Wedding Place, etc.)* As the California 
 material has not yet reached us, most data cannot "be given acouratelj^* 
 Items on which information is lacking have been starred (*). 
 
 *Namej La Jo lla (pronounced La Ho * ya; corrupted from the Spanish 
 "La Joya," meaning "the jewel,") La Jolla is sometimes 
 called "The Jewel City." (Give origin.-and circumstances of naming 
 the city, and the cause of the corruption in spelling.) 
 
 Population: 1525 
 
 * Altitu de: 100 to 150 ft. 
 
 Location : La Jolla is loca.ted on the Pacific sea-shore. It is 
 
 14 miles north of San Diego and 118 miles south of Los 
 Angeles, on US Highways 80 and 101. 
 
 Transportatio n: No railroad passes through La Jolla, but connections. 
 
 can be made on the Southern Pacific at Del Mar, 3 
 miles to the north. It is approached from the north and south by U.S, 
 Highways 80 and 101. The Pacific Greyhound buses pass through, and 
 stop at, La Jolla on their San Diego-Los Angeles runs. The nearest 
 airport is Lindbergh Eield in San Diego. 
 
 *Hot_els: La Jolla has three excellent hotels; the Casa de Manana, 
 
 the La Valencia, and the Colonial Hotel. (Give number of 
 rooms, garage accommodations, range of charges, etc. of each.) 
 
 * Tourist Camps : State where located, if any; accommodations, facilitie 
 
 charges, etc, (Mention also other tourist accommo¬ 
 dations, range of fees, etc.) 
 
 * Climate : La Jolla enjoys an even temperature throughout the year, 
 
 with a fluctuation seldom exceeding 15 degrees. Maximum 
 
 temperature is _, minimum is_. Warm winds from the deserts 
 
 and the Imperial Valley, to the east; and cool breezes from the 
 Pacific, account for La Jolla's favorable climate. Eogs are rare 
 in this region. The normal rainfall of about 15 inches occurs almost 
 entirely during the months of November to Eebruary, inclusive. 
 
- 4 - 
 
 7771 
 
 ♦ History : (Give fully circumstances of first settlement, important 
 
 events in the history of the community, etc.) 
 
 * Growth and Development : La Jolla’s climate, its excellent recreational 
 
 possibilities, and the fact that no railroad 
 or industrial activities are allowed, account for its being almost 
 entirely a residential community. (Here should be given an account of 
 the factors responsible for excluding the railroad and industries.) 
 
 ♦ Racial Groups : The population is fairly homogeneous racially, as 
 
 well as culturally. Most of the inhabitants are of 
 Anglo-Saxon origin. A small colony of expatriate English "islanders,” 
 akin to many of Britain’s younger sons who have set up cultural 
 ’’islands" in other places, find refuge and recreation here; as well 
 as a colony of concert musicians, of every nationality, who rest between 
 tours in La Jolla. 
 
 * Industrie s; 
 
 ♦ Historic Remain s: (Describe fully.) 
 
 ,^ Points of Intere st: 
 
 Architect ural; La Jolla is considered one of the most 
 attractive of California’s seaside places. It is noted for its 
 architecture. Practically all the buildings, with the exception of 
 some commercial structures, are in the California-Spanish style. 
 
 ♦ Scripps’ In s titutes : Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 
 Scripps Laboratories Aquarium, and Scripps Metabolic Clinic, are 
 located in La Jo 1.1a, 
 
 S cripps Museu m: Started in 1909, Curator; Percy S. Barn¬ 
 hart. Field; Oceanography of the southern California region. 
 
 Research collections: Marine plants, animals, and fossils; maps and 
 graphs of currents and tides, under the hydrographic department; 
 instruments used in oceanographic work; exhibits showing chemical 
 and physical characteristcs of the ocean. Admission: Free, daily 
 8-5. Attendance: (1929) 4,828; (1930) 4,902. 
 
 ♦ Ramon a ’s Marriage Plac e: This located on Baccigallupi 
 Road (give exact address, when open to the public, whether a fee is 
 charged, its legendary history, etc., etc.) 
 
 ♦ Cave s: As one leaves La Jolla, on the main highway towards 
 Los Angeles, one comes to the Caves. A stairway leads down into the 
 subterranean openings, (Here should follow a description of the weird 
 and impressive rocks, carved by the tides.) 
 
7771 
 
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 * Torrey Pines : Not far from the Caves, where the main 
 highway toward Los Angeles rises into the hills, are a group of 
 fantastic dwarfed pines. This, it is claimed, is the only group 
 of its kind. (interesting facts about these trees should he given. 
 
 Their value as a roadmarker for the northbound explorers of early 
 days, if such a fact can be substantiated, should be elaborated on.) 
 
 ♦ Notables ; La Jolla's most noted resident is Madame Schumann-Heink, 
 
 who has lived here since _. Other well known persons 
 
 who maintain residences in La Jolla are Walt Mason, Carrie Jacobs 
 Bond, and others. (This should be elaborated, upon - give also names 
 of notables who lived here at one time, and names of notables whose 
 birthplace is La Jolla.) 
 
 Recreation ; La Jolla can be described as a playground community. 
 
 It has several bathing beaches, the most popular being 
 the Cove, where one may bathe every da..y in the year. Several municipal 
 tennis courts are open day and evening. There is an all-grass 18-hole 
 golf course, operated by the La Jolla Country Club. Many miles of 
 bridle paths are available to equestrian enthusiasts. (Enumerate and 
 describe these and other recreational facilities.) 
 
 ♦ Education ; List educational facilities. 
 
 ♦ Art ; La Jolla is unusual among small American towns in.the possession 
 of its own gallery. (Describe collection and give interesting 
 facts regarding ownership and operation.) 
 
 * Civic Buildings ; 
 
 ♦ Civic Activities ; 
 
 ♦ Publications ; List and describe; distinction, literary or otherwise 
 should be dwelled upon, 
 
 ♦ Other Date. ; Give other interesting information - annual festivals, 
 local customs and folklore, distinctive homes, etc. 
 
 ♦ Envi rons; Describe. 
 
 ♦ Bibliography ; Here should be given a detailed list of all the sources 
 of information for the facts recorded above. In the 
 instance of books, give name of author, title, place of publication, 
 publisher, date of publication, page sources. In the case of information 
 obtained from individuals, give name, address, and position or title. 
 
7891 
 
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 — 
 
 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers' Projects 
 1500 Eye St., N.W. 
 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONS #5 
 
 to 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 INDIANS AND INDIAN LIFE 
 
 January 3, 1936 
 
7891 
 
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 INDIANS AND INDIAN LIFE 
 
 In writing of Indians and Indian life for the American 
 G-uide, we want first of all to emphasize those points of inter¬ 
 est — scenic or cultural — which are most likely to capture the 
 attention. It should he a work of selection. In those states 
 having Indian Reservations, the Reservation will ordinarily he 
 the center of this interest, hut it will rarely he the entire in¬ 
 terest. Every state has its landmarks in, and its associations 
 with, Indian lore. Occasionally a community's only history will 
 he this legendary material. It will he necessary then to select, 
 hut care should he taken that the selection is made with a view 
 to interesting the outsider who looks for the first time upon a 
 strange landscape. 
 
 After the visitor's interest has been awakened, he will 
 want to know how to get to the place described. He will want to 
 know what is the best time of year, or of the day, to visit it; 
 where to find accomodations; of whom to inquire for specific in¬ 
 formation; how much it is going to cost him. More often than not, 
 he will not he a specialist, and the information we give him, while 
 it should he accurate from the anthropologist's point of view, 
 will have to he palatable — simple hut not sketchy. 
 
 The field worker assigned to Indian material should pre¬ 
 pare himself by reading as much background literature as is pos¬ 
 sible in the time at his disposal. Wherever the REPORTS of the 
 Bureau of American Ethnology are available they should form the 
 basic source of information. Local libraries, museums, histori¬ 
 cal societies, universities, individuals interested in Indian ma¬ 
 terial, etc., will generally have these reports or other material 
 on the Indian tribes in the vicinity. 
 
 In many instances a Bureau of Ethnology Report on a given 
 tribe will have been compiled so long ago that customs once prev¬ 
 alent, or the economy of life’once in operation, continue only in 
 a modified or limited form, if at all. In any case in which a Re¬ 
 port dates from twenty years or more in the past special effort 
 should be made to check it against later material. A bibliography 
 for all the more important tribes will be supplied by the Washing¬ 
 ton office. 
 
 After locating the available published material, the 
 first step should be to make contact with the Indian Superintendent 
 
7891 
 
 on the Reservation and get from him, possibly by correspondence, 
 as much general information as his office has on file. (See the 
 list of Indian Reservations, Superintendents, and post office ad¬ 
 dresses which has been sent to all state directors.) 
 
 The physiography of the Reservation may be found in the 
 reports of state or national geological surveys, in Bureau of 
 Ethnology Reports, or in miscellaneous volumes dealing with the 
 Reservation. Population and vital statistics; the names of tribes 
 domiciled; the history of their migrations; the linguistic stocks 
 from which they derive — all these questions can be answered in 
 part or in full by the Indian Agent. More detailed history, his¬ 
 toric names, etc. will require further research, but in general 
 the field worker will need go no further than the Bureau of Eth¬ 
 nology Reports. Continuing through the questions covering the 
 Reservation, those touching on economic status and education can 
 also be supplied by the Agency, perhaps checked against such a 
 work as "Problems of Indian Administration" (institute for Govern¬ 
 ment Research, 1928.) 
 
 The second and third parts of the following question¬ 
 naire call for information which is technical in nature. It is 
 information which the trained anthropologist gathers over a 
 course of years. The Indian Agent generally will be unable to 
 supply such material and it will be impossible for us to get it 
 first hand, Fortunately, however, most of the important Indian 
 tribes have been or are now being studied, and, except in a few 
 instances, the state director's office, should have no trouble in 
 getting fairly complete and up-to-date data. 
 
 Published material should be utilized to the full. If 
 this is out of date, or is in other respects inadequate, the lo¬ 
 cal office should ascertain what museum, university, scientific 
 society, or individual has been working in the field in recent 
 times. (A list of field expeditions in 1934 has been sent out.) 
 
 Every office working on Indian material should arrange 
 to have .the services of an anthropologist or responsible Indian stu¬ 
 dent as a Volunteer Consultant, In some cases it will be neces¬ 
 sary to have several specialists in a singl® state. The Volunteer 
 Consultant will either direct the gathering of material or will 
 indicate where it may be found, and later he will be asked to pass 
 
7891 
 
 - 3 
 
 upon Field. Continuity. (A list of such specialists for 
 the various Indian tribes is being sent to you.) 
 
 It may be feasible in some cases to place an educated 
 and experienced Indian in charge of the work in the state. The 
 Reservation Superintendent, assisted by Indian employment commit¬ 
 tees where these have been set up, will know whether there is any 
 one competent to do research and editorial work of this kind. If 
 the Indian selected is not on the Reservation Relief Roll he may 
 be placed in the non-relief quota. It may be found that an Indian 
 will give different versions of tribal history, etc., from that 
 supplied by the official ethnological report. If these differences 
 are important and interesting they ought to be mentioned. 
 
 Good maps and photographs are always useful and should 
 be obtained wherever possible. The Reservation office will usual¬ 
 ly have maps on file. The Art Project in the state may be gather¬ 
 ing photographic or representational material on Indian life, handi¬ 
 crafts, etc. and, if possible, the Writers’ Project should arrange 
 to make what use it can of such materials. 
 
 NOTE: 
 
 A questionnaire on archeology is being prepared and will 
 be sent out shortly. 
 
7891 
 
 - 4 - 
 
 INDIANS AND INDIAN LINE 
 
 What the Visitor Will Want to See 
 
 (The following questionnaire has been designed to 
 serve as a guide in gathering infornation on Re¬ 
 servation tribes of today. It ought to be useful 
 also, in a more limited degree, in assembling ma¬ 
 terial on extinct or reduced Indian tribes whose 
 remains are still points of interest in state his¬ 
 tory. 
 
 The amount of Indian material in any state ought 
 to determine the degree of thoroughness with which 
 this information is gathered.) 
 
 I. THE RESERVATION : 
 
 A. Official Name ; Give the official name of the Reserva¬ 
 
 tion and explain whether or not it is 
 one of several reserves under a common 
 jurisdiction. What is the Agency having jurisdiction? 
 
 B. Location, Accommodations , Where is it located in the 
 
 General Description : State? What railroads and 
 
 highways lead to it? What 
 accommodations will the 
 
 Visitor find? Describe its scenery, its points of par¬ 
 ticular interest, its climate, natural resources. Popu¬ 
 lation and vital statistics; general statement of health 
 conditions. 
 
 C. Tribes : If there is more than one tribe on the Reserva¬ 
 
 tion, name each tribe, tell where it is located, 
 and how to get to it. Is this the original 
 habitat for the tribe? What tribes have been imported, 
 from where? To what linguistic stock does the tribe belong? 
 Is the language dying? Is the tribe itself declining or 
 increasing in numbers? 
 
 D. History : Brief history of the tribe, from the time of 
 
 discovery by the whites to the present time, 
 This should include the correct name of the 
 tribe, as it will be found that many tribes bear a design¬ 
 ation today that was not theirs originally, as Crow 
 (Absaroka), Chippewa (Ojibway, or the older Anicinabe), 
 Elathead (Salish). Many of these tribal histories will be 
 found in the Bureau of American Ethnology Reports, to which 
 Vol. 48 is a complete index. 
 
7891 
 
 - 5 
 
 Treaties: If any were signed in the state or on the pres¬ 
 
 ent reservation, tell where. 
 
 Legends : Give the principal ones, and if possible, assoc¬ 
 iate them with the surrounding country. 
 
 E. Economic Status : Tribal and per capita wealth. Principal 
 occupational activities of the Indians. 
 
 Land - If the Reservation has been divided into individual 
 allotments, has the tribe any reserve of unalloted 
 land? Does the Indian use his land or rent it out? 
 
 Stock - Are there any large Indian-owned stock ranches? 
 
 Cooperatives - Explain briefly the mechanics of any Indian 
 cooperative associations, as of stock, fish 
 or wild rice growers. 
 
 Marketing - What arrangements are in force for marketing 
 Indian products. List the reliable dealers, 
 either on or off the Reservation, of Indian handicrafts. 
 
 If there are periodical Indian Pairs where native products 
 may be seen and purchased, state where and when they occur, 
 how to reach them, etc. 
 
 P. Education : Types of schools now in operation; what subjects 
 or crafts are taught? Will the outsider be in¬ 
 terested in visiting any particular school? Is 
 there a resident farm instructor on the reservation? What 
 other vocational guidance is available? 
 
 H. MATERIAL CULTURE 
 
 ROTE: In giving the information asked for below, indicate 
 
 wherever possible, where and how the thing described 
 can be seen — keeping in mind the point of view of 
 the visitor. 
 
 A. Pood : 1 - If wild vegetable foods are used describe meth¬ 
 ods of gathering and processing; at what time 
 of year? 
 
 2 - Hunting and Fishing - Their importance in the 
 present economy of the tribe; methods used. 
 
7891 
 
 III. 
 
 - 6 - 
 
 3 - Agriculture (including herding), to what extent 
 
 practiced; methods, products. 
 
 4 - Cooking; methods, primitive survivals (as hot 
 
 stone "boiling). 
 
 5 - Manufactured foods, e.g., acorn "bread, pemmican, 
 
 to what extent have these techniques survived? 
 
 >• Shelter : 1 - If primitive dwellings are in use, give de~ 
 tails of structure on (a) seasonal or temp¬ 
 orary and (h) permanent abodes. 
 
 2 - What proportion of the tribe is now housed 
 in modern buildings? (A floorless, window- 
 less, and fireless log cabin, for instance, 
 should not be classed as modern.) 
 
 ; . Work in Skins : Methods of dressing and quality of product; 
 
 quality of tailoring and sewing; objects 
 besides clothing produced, as bags, tepee coverings, etc. 
 
 '. Basketry ; Materials used; typical shapes; typical decora¬ 
 tion, colors, designs. 
 
 » Weaving : Materials used (wool, cotton, hair, etc.); methods 
 of twisting the thread; methods of weaving (native 
 frames and looms); technique of dyeing, source of dye-stuff, 
 typical colors; design, typical patterns. 
 
 '• Pottery : Nature of clay used and quality of product turned 
 out: methods of manufacture; typical shapes, tech¬ 
 nique of decorating, typical colors and patterns. 
 
 . Work in ?ifood : List of objects made of wood; tools used; 
 
 technique of carving, polishing, decorating. 
 
 !. Metal Work : Metals used; technique of shaping, stamping, 
 engraving, beating (as of silver), etc. 
 
 • Other Typical Arts : Work in bone, ivory, quills, beads, 
 featherwork, stone carving, etc. 
 
 OCIAL CULTURE 
 
 .. Tribal Organization : Effort should be made to reconstruct 
 the primitive social culture for the 
 purpose of showing how it functions in modern tribal life. 
 
7891 
 
 1 - If there is a head chief, is his office hereditary? 
 
 If not hereditary, how is he selected? Give a brief 
 sketch of the present chief. 
 
 2 - Secondary chiefs - how selected? Who are they at 
 
 present? 
 
 3 - Tribal council - what is its function in the modern 
 
 tribe and how is it selected? Are its meetings open 
 to the public? 
 
 4 - Is there an active tribal judiciary? May it be visited'. 
 
 5 - Has the clan survived and what is its status? 
 
 6 - Does the phratry, or brotherhood of clans, exist? 
 
 7 - Is marriage exogamous - that is, between members of 
 
 opposite clans? 
 
 8 - Is the line of descent -patrilineal or matrilineal , and 
 
 is this the original form? 
 
 9 - To what extent does the tribe, through its organization 
 
 govern its own affairs. Does it have a native police 
 force? 
 
 B. Community. Activities : 
 
 1 - To what extent is group life shared, in work, in play? 
 
 Is there a community meeting place? 
 
 2 - What social fraternities are to be found? 
 
 3 - If there are sectarian festivals, such as Indian Pairs, 
 
 Rodeos, etc., when and where may they be seen? 
 
 4 - What other activities are shared in common? 
 
 C. Property ; 
 
 1 - To what extent has the concept of individual ownership 
 
 of property replaced communal ownership? 
 
 2 - Has functional ownership survived; that is, does the 
 
 tepee belong to the woman who makes it? 
 
 3 - Is there an ownership of functions as of rituals, songs 
 
 arts, etc. 
 
 4 - What evidences remain of primitive methods of distribu¬ 
 
 ting property in life or after death? 
 
 D. Ma rriage : If tribal customs governing marriage have not en¬ 
 
 tirely disappeared, what survives? 
 
 E. Religion, Mythology : 
 
 HOTE: The Washington office, in cooperation with the Offic; 
 of Indian Affairs, is compiling a list of Indian . 
 Pestivals and Ceremonies. This will be distributed 
 as rapidly as it is completed for each state. To 
 avoid duplication of effort the state offices 
 should wait for this list. 
 
7891 
 
 ' - 8 - 
 
 1 - Festivals, ceremonies, dances. This should "be a comr- 
 
 plete list of all the important occasions of this sort, 
 indicating when and where they occur, their duration, how 
 they may be visited, their significance in the tribal life, 
 etc. 
 
 2 - Music — Has the tribe a traditional music? When and 
 
 where may it be heard? If recordings have been made of 
 the music, where may records be obtained? 
 
 3 - If the tribe has a Creation Myth of its own, give it 
 
 briefly, 
 
 4 - Who are the principal tribal heroes? 
 
 5 - To what extent has the primitive religion survived: 
 
 a. In individual prayer fasting? 
 
 b. In the shaman or "medicine 11 man? 
 
 c. In religious societies, as "Rain-Maker" or "Doctor" 
 societies, or the Chippewayan Midewiwin Society. 
 
 d. In design, as applied to pottery, weaving, basketry, 
 etc., also in special art forms, as sand-painting. 
 
 6 - What Christian sect predominates and what percentage of 
 
 the tribe is affiliated with it? 
 
n 
 
 > 
 
 W0RK8 PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers' Projects 
 'I 5 OO Eye St. N. W. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Supplementary Instructions #5 
 
 To 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 Appendix A 
 
 Quest 1onnaire 
 On 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGY 
 
 And 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REGAINS 
 
 January 10 , 1936 
 
1354 
 
 7950 
 
 i. 
 
 I. PROCEDURE 
 
 The procedure for gathering archaeological material 
 will be the same generally as that outlined for Indian ma¬ 
 terial in Supplementary Instructions #5. This procedure is: 
 (l) consult published sources; (2) get information from 
 whatever archaeological societies, museums, university de¬ 
 partments of anthropology, etc., that may have been work¬ 
 ing in the field in recent years; (3) arrange for the ser¬ 
 vices of a trained archaeologist to serve as Volunteer Con¬ 
 sultant (a geologist will sometimes be competent). 
 
 In the list of field expeditions sent out during 
 the period 1930-34, the following states were not included: 
 Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming. It is possible that 
 field work in archaeology has been carried on in some of 
 these states and not reported to the Committee on State 
 Archaeological Surveys (National Research Council), and the 
 state directors for those states will want to consult state 
 universities, historical societies, and similar institutions 
 for further information. 
 
 The questionnaire which follows needs no further 
 explanation. 
 
 II. QUESTIONNAIRE 
 
 A. Prehistoric Indian Tribes 
 
 Which tribes or linguistic stocks are known to have oc¬ 
 cupied the area of the present state in prehistoric times? 
 
 If there were successive waves of inhabitants, has the 
 sequence of occupation been worked out in a chronological 
 order? 
 
 When did the earlier people give way to the historic tribes? 
 (By historic is meant those tribes occupying the territory 
 when first discovered by white men.). 
 
 In what respects did the earlier people differ from 
 members of the historic tribes? (In some cases the 
 differences have been physical, as in head shapes; in 
 others, cultural, etc.) 
 
What material influences (as in housing, agriculture, 
 pottery making) did the earlier people bequeath to those 
 who followed? 
 
 What remains of these earlier people can be seen today? 
 
 B. Archaeological Remains 
 
 For each important site (mound, village, burial ground, 
 ruin ~~ such as pueblo and cave dwelling) give the fol¬ 
 lowing data: 
 
 How to reach the site; if necessary to hire 
 transportation, where to inquire; if involving an 
 excursion of some length and time, where to find 
 accomodations or how to prepare for it. 
 
 Physical description of the remains, includ¬ 
 ing information as to when occupied, by what people, 
 of what cultural development, and when and why aban¬ 
 doned. 
 
 If the site has been explored or excavated, 
 include information as to the following: By whom 
 explored or excavated, when, what objects were re¬ 
 moved, and where they may be seen. 
 
77^1 
 
 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers 1 Projects 
 1500 Eve St. N.W. 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 Supplementary Instruct1ons #6 
 To 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 RAILROAD TRAN8PCRTATI ON 
 
 December 12 
 
 1935 
 
MAY 1 1 1954 
 
 7741 
 
 e 
 
 Attached hereto is a copy of a letter addressed to the 
 Chairman of several passenger associations by Mr. A. R. Cleveland, 
 Vice-President in Charge of Traffic, Association of American 
 Railroads. 
 
 As can be seen from this letter, it is the intention of the 
 railroads to designate some responsible authority in each state, 
 who will assist you, or your representative, in gathering railroad 
 and general information for the Guide. 
 
 To assure greatest cooperation and best results, we suggest 
 the following procedure: 
 
 a. Person to contact; 
 
 b. Request information on the part of the railroads 
 in the State’s development;■ and the importance of 
 railroads in your State from the standpoint of 
 commerical, as well as recreational travel. 
 
 c. Obtain the primary points of interest along their 
 respective lines in your State, from the viewpoint 
 of the traveler to historical places, sport carniv¬ 
 als, Indian reservations, Government stations, special 
 tours, etc. 
 
 d. It will not be necessary to obtain information as 
 to the physical property or financial results, 
 schedules, and other technical details of railroads 
 in your State, This information is on file with 
 the Interstate Commerce Commission or is published 
 elsewhere and, to the extent that it may be nec¬ 
 essary for the purpose of the Guide, can be ob¬ 
 tained more easily in Washington than in the field. 
 
 If you desire to obtain any other information, not indicated 
 above, consult our office first before approaching the railroad 
 representative. The Association of American Railroads has assigned 
 a representative to this office to act as a liason officer between 
 the railroads and those engaged in the preparation of the American 
 Guide, He will assist in the development of such other railroad 
 information which you may deem necessary for the Guide, and fre¬ 
 quently will be able to secure the desired information here with 
 less difficulty than to attempt to collect it in the field. 
 
7741 
 
 ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS 
 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 
 WASHINGTON, D.C. 
 
 - 2 - 
 
 November 25, 1935 
 1-197 
 
 Mr. D. T. Lawrence, Chairman, T.E.A.--E. Territory, 143 Liherty St., New York, N. Y. 
 Mr. C. R. Capps, Chairman, Exec. Board, Southeastern Pass’r Assn., Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Mr. E. B. Boyd, Chairman, W.T.E.C., Union Station, Chicago, Ill. 
 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 / 
 
 Re: The American Guide 
 
 Referring to previous correspondence in regard to the preparation of the 
 American Guide hy a division of the Works Progress Administration, would advise 
 that the Board of Directors yesterday authorized our progressing this subject in 
 harmony with the recommendation made hy the Traffic Advisory Committee at its last 
 meeting. Mr. Robert S. Henry, Assistant to the President in charge of public re¬ 
 lations, will secure a suitable representative who will, under his supervision, 
 operate in the general headquarters of the Federal Writers’ Projects, 1500 Eye 
 Street, N. W., Washington. In order to carry out the program in its entirety, 
 as has heretofore been outlined to you, it will be necessary for you through the 
 proper passenger associations in your respective territories to see that there is 
 appointed at once: 
 
 1. Some passenger representative for each state who will cooperate in an 
 advisory way with the State Directors, a list of whom, including their 
 locations, is attached hereto. This appointment should be made, wherever 
 practical, of a railroad representative located in the same city where the 
 state headquarters are maintained, and a list of the appointees should be 
 furnished Mr. Henry as early as possible. 
 
 2. Arrangements should be made through the appropriate passenger associ¬ 
 ations to have instructions issued to the passenger departments of each 
 railroad in their respective territories requesting cooperation with the 
 local representatives and committees as follows: 
 
 (a) Aspist in every way possible in response to any request that may 
 
 4 be made to any general passenger office or the advertising offices of the 
 
 I respective companies. 
 
 (b) Instruct division, city and local agents in each community to respond 
 in furnishing as promptly and completely as possible all information that may 
 be requested by representatives of The American Guide and the local committee 
 working with such representatives. It is my understanding that this will not 
 require any large amount of work on the part of the railroads’ local organiza¬ 
 tions for the reason that the nature of the information desired is generally 
 that which the local man has available. 
 
 Any correspondence that might result from these endeavors or any inquiries 
 on which further information is.desired should be addressed, to Mr. Robert S. Henry, 
 Assistant to the President, Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. 
 
 CC: Mr. Howard E. Greene 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 Original signed by A. F, Cleveland, 
 Vice-President in Charge of Traffic 
 
 Federal Writers' Projects 
 Mr. R. S. Henry 
 
 
VD 
 
 \ 0 $> 
 
 
 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers' Projects 
 1500 Eye St. N.W. 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 * v \ 
 
 k' 
 
 Supplementary Instructions #7 
 
 To 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 o 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS TO FIELD WRITERS 
 AND 
 
 EXAMPLES OF STATE EDITORIAL COPY 
 
 December 16 , 1935 
 
MAY 1 1 1954 
 
 
 1 
 
 £ 
 
 - i 
 
 7777 
 
 
 C OETEI 
 
 T S 
 
 I. 
 
 Instructions 
 
 to Field Writers 
 
 II. 
 
 Editorial Continuity 
 
 III. 
 
 Example #1 - 
 
 Field Continuity 
 
 IY. 
 
 Example #2 - 
 
 Field Continuity 
 
 V. 
 
 Example #3 - 
 
 Editorial Copy 
 
- 2 - 
 
 7777 
 
 I. INSTRUCTION'S TO FIELD MITERS 
 
 (Mainly for Institutions) 
 
 Office Preparation : In each. District Office of the Writers* 
 
 Projects a list should, he compiled by the 
 District Supervisor of all topics to he 
 covered for the American Guide. Points of interest should, he 
 separated. A careful check should he made that all points of 
 interest are included. To each should he appended a partial list 
 of available sources and where available. 
 
 Assignments : Before assignments are made to a field writer, the 
 
 Supervisor in the District (and. the State Director 
 for State Guide material) should carefully select 
 such a person, as in his opinion, is best suited because of his 
 training and ability to treat the topics assigned to him. When 
 the assignment is made, the field writer should be asked to inform 
 himself, generally, on the topic by examining the source information 
 listed in the office. He should then proceed to gather the factual 
 material . 
 
 Although accuracy of factual material is of major im¬ 
 portance, the field writer, even in the gathering of the data, should 
 bear in mind that what will make the Guide material effective - will 
 be the freshness of approach and the full use of the colorful and 
 unique elements of the topic covered. 
 
 Order for Presentation of Field Data : 
 
 The following is the order in which the field data should 
 be presented. 
 
 A. Name : 
 
 a. Name of building, park, festival, etc. 
 
 b. Name of organization housed. 
 
 c. Origin or evolution of name. 
 
 If the point of interest covered is an Art Gallery, 
 s. Museum, a Church, an Educational Institution, a 
 Stadium or Recreation Center, etc., a clear dis¬ 
 tinction should be made between the name of the 
 building or group of buildings and the organization 
 housed. 
 
 First the name of the building or buildings should 
 be given. (Example: Buffalo Museum of Science) 
 
 Then the name of the organization should be given. 
 (Example: Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences) 
 
 Then the name of the parent organization should be given, 
 provided a change in name or organization has taken place. 
 (Example: Buffalo Natxiral History Society) 
 
7777 
 
 B. Control 
 
 Give ownership or control; whether it is a privately 
 owned institution such as a private art gallery; or 
 a State Institution; a Government building or organi¬ 
 zation; a privately endowed, hut now public, institu¬ 
 tion, etc. 
 
 C. Address : 
 
 Give present exact address. 
 
 D. A dmission : 
 
 Time and charge, if any. 
 
 E. Transportation : 
 
 Give accessibility to local transportation (street 
 cars, busses), taxi fare from center of city. 
 
 E. Approach : 
 
 In the instance where the approach to any given point 
 of interest is of moment, the suggestion should be 
 made in very clear instructions on how best to view 
 a given statue or building, on how to proceed, in going 
 through a given institution. The reasons for such 
 suggestions should be appended. 
 
 G. Building : 
 
 If the point of interest is a building, follow special 
 instructions on Buil d ings for the gathering of the 
 data. Give full reference source for this material. 
 
 H. History : 
 
 Give a brief history of the building and institution. 
 The founders, if any; the endowments, if any; the 
 membership, if any; the control and evolution of 
 policy and objective should be noted. The sources of 
 all these points of information should be given clear¬ 
 ly so that they can be readily checked for accuracy. 
 
 I. Functions : 
 
 The functions of the place should be fully described. 
 
 If it is a theatre, the type of drama presented; if it 
 is an auditorium, the events during the year should be 
 given; if an educational institution, the general char¬ 
 acter of studies, faculty, student body, etc. Sources 
 of information, for verification, should be stated. 
 
- 4 - 
 
 7777 
 
 J. Museums : 
 
 If the point of interest described is a museum, the 
 size of collections, the scope of exhibits, the Edu¬ 
 cational features, and the research work connected 
 with it should be fully described. The Curator of 
 the museum should be consulted. Available catalogs 
 and programs of the museum should be attached to the 
 report. No attempt should be made by the field work¬ 
 er to criticize the collections or exhibits, but 
 rather to give purely factual material. 
 
 K. Art Exhibits : 
 
 In the instance of art museums, or art galleries, the 
 worker should record the general size of collections, 
 whether the exhibits are permanent or changing, what 
 outstanding painters and sculptors, of any period, 
 are represented; whether any particular school of art 
 predominates in the exhibits, etc. The Curator should 
 be consulted and his report recorded. All available 
 catalogs should be attached to the report. The field 
 worker should restrict himself to factual material and 
 obviate controversial criticism. 
 
 L. Additional Data : 
 
 It is very important that at the end of the report the 
 field writer be urged to present fully all legendary, 
 unique, and colorful data attached to the point of in¬ 
 terest covered. This is particularly necessary where 
 the point of interest covered is important in local 
 lore. 
 
 M. Bibliography : 
 
 In addition to the references to sources given through¬ 
 out the report on parts of the report, selected Bibli¬ 
 ography on the topic, if such is available, should be 
 given at the end. This Bibliography, should give: 
 author, title, place of publication, publisher, date 
 of publication, number of pages. 
 
 H. EDITORIAL CONTINUITY 
 
 Eield Continuity ; 
 
 In converting the field note s in to Eield Continuity, the 
 writer should bear in mi^^j^^B^^^wing: 
 
- 5 - 
 
 7777 
 
 1. Accuracy : is of primary importance. An inaccurate 
 statement, however well presented, is useless in a Guide. 
 
 2. Simplicity of presentation : avoid complicated sentences 
 and many parenthetic elements; next to "being accurate, 
 
 a Guide must "be readable. 
 
 3. Technical and learn ed terminology : should "be avoided. 
 
 4. Academic specula.tions : should "be avoided. 
 
 5. Unification : the material should "be so presented 
 that all the various data are unified. 
 
 6. ' Quotations : in quoting from a "book or an authority, 
 
 "be certain to indicate the "beginning and end of the 
 quotation with quotation marks, followed, in parenthesis, 
 "by the source. 
 
 State Editorial Copy : 
 
 Three examples are given in the following pages. 
 
 Example #1, "Field Continuity - American University," shows 
 how Field Continuity ought to be assembled so that (a) all the import¬ 
 ant facts are covered, (b) the data are in such order that they can 
 readily be converted into Editorial Copy, and (c) the references for 
 each important fact so indicated that they can easily be checked for 
 accuracy. 
 
 Example #2, "Field Continuity - National Academy of Sciences," 
 presents only that part of the Field Continuity for the assignment that 
 concerns itself with the architecture of the Academy. The entire field 
 notes are treated in the manner of example #1. 
 
 Example #3, "National Academy of Sciences," shows the Editorial 
 Copy written from the Field Continuity. 
 
 m. EXAMPLE #1 - FIELD CONTINUITY 
 
 Field Continuity 
 
 (from which field editorial copy to be written) 
 
 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 A. MacCracken - American Universities and Colleges (2 ed.) 
 
 B. Dept, of Interior - Educational Directory (’34) 
 
 C. Hamilton - Lodestar and Compass (collection of addresses delivered 
 
 upon formal opening of A.U., May 27, 1914) 
 
7777 
 
 - 6 - 
 
 D. Patterson - College Year Book (’34) 
 
 E. Stenographic record of inauguration ceremonies for Chancellor 
 
 Joseph M. M» Gray, March 3, 1934 
 
 P. American Motorist, Jan. ’33 - "American University" hy Pauline 
 A. Frederick 
 
 G. Wash. Eve. Star - May 26, 1914 
 
 H. Wash. Eve. Star - May 28, 1914 
 
 I. Wash. Post - Nov. 12, 1935 
 
 J. Catalogs - College of Liberal Arts (1925-1935) 
 
 K. Catalogs - Graduate School (1920-1935) 
 
 L. Bulletins - School of Public Affairs (1934 & 1935) 
 
 M. Bulletin - American University (1935) 
 
 N. Consultant - George B. Woods, Bean, College of Liberal Arts 
 
 O. Consultant - Edward S. Griffith, Lean, Graduate School 
 
 P. Consultant - Arthur S. Elemming, Director, School of Fublic 
 
 Affairs 
 
 * * * * 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 American University, youngest institution of higher learn¬ 
 ing in L.C.: campus at Mass. & Nebr. Aves., six miles from Capitol, 
 reached by Wesley Heights bus (run every 15 minutes from heart of 
 city), with undergraduate school, College of Liberal Arts located 
 there; downtown center at 1901-3-5-7 E Street, N.W., where Graduate 
 School and the School of Public Affairs are located. Joseph M. M. 
 Gray, S.T.D. is Chancellor.- (M) 
 
 University is privately-controlled, privately-endowed 
 Protestant institution, non-sectarian in teaching and administra¬ 
 tion, co-educational, with self-perpetuating board of trustees of 
 between 40 and 50 members. Grounds, buildings and equipment valued 
 at over $5,000,000. _(A}_ Total enrollment (1935) 797. (N) 
 
 University as a whole concerned principally with develop¬ 
 ment of outstanding program in the field of the social sciences. 
 School of Public Affairs unique among schools in D.C. in that its 
 curricula are designed for Federal employes desirous of obtaining 
 special training to prepare themselves for more responsible positions 
 and for teanhers and students of the social sciences who wish to ob¬ 
 tain first-hand picture of the manner in which the Federal government 
 is dealing with current problems, and require in their administration 
 the active participation of outstanding authorities in and out of the 
 government service. Methods actually used by government bureaus are 
 described in its courses by outstanding authorities. 
 
-7- 
 
 7777 
 
 Field. Continuity.... 
 
 HISTORY MllIMIZl 
 
 Bishop John Fletcher Hurst, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 motivated by desire to found institution in the nation's capital offering 
 to graduates of the country's Methodist colleges place where research could 
 he done in social and physical sciences, literature and religion, 
 initiated movement in 1889. Thousands of dollars were-raised in nation¬ 
 wide campaign,- contributions made principally by Methodist churches. In 
 1890 he purchased 87 acres of land, now site of College of Liberal Arts. 
 Three years later Congress chartered the American University and in 1898 
 the first building, the Hurst Hall of History, named in his honor, was 
 erected. 
 
 For 16 years the campus was unoccupied. On May 27, 1914, 
 the university was formally opened by President Woodrow Wilson. Graduate 
 work was offered for short time the following year. School closed down 
 pending acquisition of more substantial endowment fund. However, a seeond 
 building, the McKinley Building, was erected in 1917. 
 
 The World War intervened to defer academic activities. The 
 government in 1917 took ever the property and used as a training camp for 
 the Gas and Flame Division of the U.S. Army. More than 100,000 men were 
 trained there and experiments carried on with gases and explosives, the 
 deadly Lewisite gas being discovered there. Caves and dug-outs where 
 explosives were stored are still visible. 
 
 At the end of the .war the government returned the property to the 
 University with $125,000 to cover damage done. It leased the McKinley 
 Building, which now houses the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory of U. S. 
 Dept, of Agriculture. 
 
 With this money the trustees expended $20,000 to complete a 
 partially-finished building which the government had started—now the 
 Women's Residence Hall—and $100,000 to purchase the properties on F Street. 
 There in 1920 two schools were opened: the Graduate School of Arts and 
 Sciences and the Graduate School of Diplomacy and Jurisprudence. Latter's 
 name changed four years later to the Graduate School of the Political 
 Sciences. This school was recently discontinued, and the school at 
 that location called the Graduate School. 
 
 In 1925 the College of Liberal Arts on the campus opened 
 with a. total enrollment of 81 undergraduate students. The Graduate 
 School offered postgraduate work supplementing the courses given on the 
 campus but in 1934 it was decided to restrict all graduate work to the •" 
 fields of economics, history, international affairs and political science. 
 
 In 1934 the School of Public Affairs was opened at the downtown center. 
 
 COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS (M) 
 
 The college campus is on one of the highest elevations in D.C. 
 and affords excellent view of surrounding country. There are eight build¬ 
 ings on campus as follows: 
 
7777 
 
 Field. Continuity. 
 
 Hurst Hall, a three-story structure containing assembly room, 
 reading rooms, recitation rooms, offices for Dean, Registrar and other 
 members of faculty, students’ supply store, college post office and laborat¬ 
 ories for science departments. 
 
 McKinley Building. 
 
 Women’s Residence Hall, completed in 1925, a three-story building 
 containing accommodations for 200 women. Dining hall for entire student 
 body on first floor; gymnasium for women on top floor. 
 
 Central heating plant, erected 1925. 
 
 Battelle Memorial, two-story structure erected in 1926, used as 
 college library, containing over 40,000 volumes. Offices of Chancellor, 
 business manager, bursar located here. 
 
 Gymnasium, erected in 1926, 60 feet wide, 150 feet long; contains 
 stage, 25 by 60 feet, for dramatics; seating capacity approximately 1,000. 
 
 Hamilton House, the first unit of dormitory for men, erected 1930. 
 Accommodations for 40, 
 
 Chancellor’s house, erected 1925. 
 
 Dean is George B. Woods, ph. D. Dean of women is Mary Louise 
 Brown, M.A. Faculty numbers 40. Three years after opening college duly 
 accredited and is recognized as a standard college of Class A. offers 
 scholarship to an outstanding student from each state. 
 
 College noted for debating teams which have engaged leading college 
 teams of country in over 150 debates, winning 70 of 90 decision debates. 
 
 Much emphasis placed on intra-mural activities. 
 
 GRADUATE SCHOOL jjO 
 
 Offers advanced work leading to graduate degree in economics, 
 history, international affairs and political science at Nineteenth and 
 F Streets, Dean is Edward S. Griffith, D. Phil, 
 
 Last degree for work outside of these fields to be given in 1936. 
 Total enrollment (1935) 170. 
 
 SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS (D 
 
 Does not grant degrees but plans being made for awarding of degrees 
 in public administration. Sole purpose is to act as service institution for 
 students desiring to do specialized work in field of government. All 
 courses conform with highest academic standards so that students may receive 
 academic credit at other institutions. Academic credit given only to 
 graduates of accredited colleges or to advanced students. Others may be 
 admitted as special students. 
 
 School has established an "In Service Training program" for men 
 and women making life work of government service who desire to prepare 
 themselves for positions of greater responsibility. This program made 
 possible by grant from Rockfeller Foundation, 
 

 Field Continuity. 
 
 School holds summer institutes. Indicative of school’s aim are 
 subjects of institutes: 1934 - ’’The Emergency Agencios of the Federal Govern¬ 
 ment”; 1935 - 11 The New Deal: -After Two Years’ 1 . In 1936 the subject will be 
 ”1936 Campaign Issues: An Objective Appraisal”. 
 
 Methods used by government agencies are described not only in these 
 institutes but during the regular academic year* Outstanding authorities 
 conduct round table discussions, free and open discussion assured by rule 
 that no publicity be given to what is said. These are held in addition to 
 formal lectures and seminar discussions. 
 
 School is developing program under which advanced undergraduate and 
 graduate students may come to Washington during regular academic year to 
 participate in an eight months 1 program based on same fundamental principles 
 as summer institutes. 
 
 Cooperating with School is National Institution of Public Affairs 
 which assists students attending summer institutes in obtaining part-time 
 internships in government service. 
 
 School, in cooperation with Graduate School of Department of 
 Agriculture, annually sponsors series of ten weekly lectures on current 
 problems open to public and given by outstanding authorities. 
 
 Arthur S, Flemming is director. Total enrollment (1935) 230, 
 most of them government employes. 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 George Washington as early as 1788 conceived idea of national 
 university for "federal city”. He left $25,000 in stock for this purpose, 
 bequest later proving worthless. His friend, Samuel Blodgett, equally 
 enthusiastic, raised $30,000 but what became of money is unknown. Congress 
 considered plan of establishing such a university as memorial to George 
 Washington and plans actually prepared. They were destroyed when British 
 burned capital in 1814. Instead the present Washington monument was erected 
 as memorial. 
 
 Letter written by Washington to Governor of Virginia in 1795 in 
 which he expressed hope of seeing such a university in Washington and voiced 
 ’’indescribable regret that I have seen the youth of the United States migrat¬ 
 ing to foreign countries in craer to acquire the higher branches of erudition 
 and to obtain a knowledge of the sciences” is in possession of University. 
 
 University officials, asked if Bishop Hurst and his colleagues 
 were motivated by a desire to carry out George Washington’s idea agreed that 
 although possibly influenced to some extent by Washington’s concept of a 
 university it would be incorrect to st'ate that such was their intent. Dean 
 Woods expressed the opinion, however, that the University hopes ultimately 
 to attain the status dreamed of by Washington. 
 
 This information was gotten from old newspaper articles IGl 
 "and _(E0 in which the writers implied directly that American Uni¬ 
 versity was founded in accordance with Washington’s ideas, A speech 
 
-10- 7777 
 
 Field Continuity. 
 
 given "by Franklin Hamilton, Chancellor of the University, at the formal 
 opening May 27, 1914 ( C~-pn. 1C4, 105 ) takes cognizance of Washington's 
 view and also states that "the first six presidents favored with a 
 greater or less degree of earnestness the foundation of a national uni¬ 
 versity". However, the speaker makes no direct statement which would sub¬ 
 stantiate any assertion that the University was founded with the first 
 president's concept in mind as the University's purpose. 
 
 IV. EXAMPLE #2 - FIELD CONTINUITY 
 
 Field Continuity 
 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 
 
 References 
 
 A. Annual report of the National Academy of Sciences, L923-24, pages 1-7. 
 
 B. "Architecture," issue of October, 1924, Article by W> K.- Harrison. 
 
 C. "American Architecture of Today," by E. H. Edgell, Scribner-1928, page 
 255. 
 
 D. Monograph; "Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, Architect." 
 
 E. "Washington, The National Capital." H. P. Caemmerer. Published 
 by U. S. Government Printing- Office, page 493. 
 
 LOCATION : Constitution Avenue and 21st Street, N. W., facing 
 southward toward Potomac Park and the Lincoln Memorial. Potomac Park 
 bus or car. Taxi; 1st zone. Admission free; open weekdays, 9-5. 
 
 Closed Thanksgiving day, Christmas and New Year's. 
 
 SITE : Through the closing of Upper Water Street, by Congress, and 
 the assistance of the Chief Engineer of the U. S. Army in securing 
 to the academy a triangular piece of ground belonging to the Govern¬ 
 ment at the southwest of the academy lot, the building site was squared 
 out to Constitution Avenue. It is 531' long x 422' deep. Cost of 
 original lot, $185,000. As the site was once an old stream bed, it 
 became necessary, in order to support the walls of the building, to 
 sink 74 concrete piers, 5 feet square, to bed-rock. Thirty-three 
 large steel tubes, driven to bed-rock and filled with concrete, serve to 
 support girders upon which the marble terrace rests. (A) 
 
 DATE OF ERECTION : Ground was broken in spring of 1922. Corner 
 stone laid, southwest corner, Oct. 30, 1922. Labor conditions and 
 difficulties in securing materials delayed completion till April, 1924. 
 Dedicated April 28, 1924. (Address by President Calvin Coolidge.) (A) 
 
 ARCHITECT : Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue; 1869-1924. Other works; 
 Public Library, Los Angeles; Capitol, Lincoln, Nebraska; St. Barthol¬ 
 omew* s Church, New York City. Former member of Cram, Goodhue and 
 Ferguson, Architects; West Point; St. Thomas' Church, New York City, 
 
 (B, C, D.) 
 
7777 
 
 -II- 
 
 DESCRIPTION : In an effort to avoid the cold, classic forms that 
 characterize so much of Washington architecture, Bertram Goodhue 
 designed the National Academy of Sciences as a modern structure with 
 a free treatment of Greek detail. The main facade of white Dover marble, 
 effectively accented by strong window motifs in green bronze, is 
 gracious and dignified. By treating the third story as an attic 
 above a delicate cornice, the composition is reduced to one of 
 unusual simplicity. This effect is further enhanced by large wall 
 surfaces and studied refinement of detail. A quotation by Aristotle 
 decorates the frieze. Translated it reads: 
 
 "The search for truth is in one way hard and in another 
 easy. 
 
 Dor it is evident that no one can master it fully or miss 
 it wholly. 
 
 But each adds a little to our Knowledge of Nature, 
 and from all the facts assembled there arises a certain 
 grandeur." 
 
 (A> b, c, d, e) 
 
 The green bronze treatment of the windows is recalled in the 
 embossed plates of the entrance doors, recording eight episodes in 
 the history of science, from Aristotle to Pasteur, and in the cresting 
 of alternating owl and lynx, symbolizing wisdom and observation, above 
 the attic story. A procession of the great figures of science, from 
 Thales and Hippocrates, to Gibbs and Maxwell, is represented in bas- 
 relief in the bronze spandrils of the windows. The sculpture, both 
 exterior and interior, is by Lee Lawree. (A, B, C, D-, E) 
 
 The exterior, while not altogether felicitous in conception, is 
 more successful than the interior, possibly because the architect 
 despaired of achieving a satisfactory result ■■ He favored a site on 
 
 the summit of 16th Street, a mile from the White House, ". 
 
 since it was almost ideal for a building of irregular character in 
 
 which I believe . Irregular in this case means, of course, that 
 
 the plan can be made as practical and convenient as may be, without 
 
 regard to symmetry . Contrasting it with the 16th Street hill, 
 
 I feel distinctly discouraged, for I recognized that any building 
 here must needs be much duller and more formalistic in its character." 
 
 He faced the problem of harmonizing his structure with the Lincoln 
 Memorial opposite and with the "Washington scheme" in general. Thus 
 constrained to be polite among company he disavowed, he achieved, 
 nonetheless, a building of singular distinction and freedom of design. 
 
 (A, B, C, D, E.) 
 
7777 
 
 ■ - 12 - 
 
 The "building is 260' long and 140’ deep# A sum of $1,450,000 
 was set aside for its construction. The plan allows for future expansion 
 the present structure forming one side of an uncompleted square. To 
 the left, as you enter the "building, is the library, and beyond that 
 a reading room; to the right, a lecture hall and the board room of the 
 Academy# The library recalls once more the color scheme of the exterior# 
 At its farther end is a fireplace with an interesting overmantel depict¬ 
 ing in low-relief the history of the art of writing. The reading room 
 to the west, like the board room at the eastern end of the building, is 
 well proportioned and pleasingly decorated in American Walnut panneling. 
 The reading room has a painted frieze containing the arms of eight 
 historic universities - Bologna, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Heidelberg 
 Leiden, Harvard and Yale. The mural decoration over the fireplace 
 in the board-room depicts Abraham Lincoln surrounded by the other 
 founders of the Academy. The large central auditorium lies directly 
 beyond the entrance foyer, terminated at each end with interestingly 
 designed bronze and glass grilles representing the signs of the zodiac# 
 Seven exhibition rooms are grouped around the central hall or audit¬ 
 orium, which is cruciform in plan, the four piers supporting a penden-• 
 .tive dome. Its vaulting is of genuine construction, and its surface is 
 covered with acoustic tile, used also in the lecture hall, called 
 Akoustolith. At the farther end of the auditorium is a rostrum; the 
 remaining three sides have verdantique columns with cream Lens stone 
 capitals that support the balconies above. Their railings are of 
 pannelled American walnut. Behind the rostrum is a mural decoration 
 representing Prometheus lighting his torch a/t the chariot of the sun, 
 by Albert Herter. The noteworthy fealure of the auditorium is the 
 elaborately painted dome resting on decorated pendentives, representing 
 the four Greek elements; earth, air, fire, and water# The work is 
 by Miss Hildreth Miere. Unfortunately, the harmonious but sharp color¬ 
 ing of the dome and vaulting, in crisp blue, gold and sienna; is 
 marred by the harsh dead gray of the walls below with their obtrusive 
 quoins# The insignia of ancient Alexandria, together with the three 
 great academies of Europe - the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome, the 
 Academie des Sciences of Paris, and the Royal Society of London, are 
 painted in the soffits of the great arches. At the apex of the dome 
 is a symboliztion of the sun,,surrounded by the planets. In the 
 center is an opening from which depends the bronze weight used in 
 the famous Eaucault demonstration proving the revolution of the earth# 
 
 (A, B) 
 
 The second and third floors are devoted to the offices of the 
 National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council# 
 
7777 
 
 . - 13 - 
 
 V. EXAMPLE #3 - EDITORIAL COPY 
 
 N A T I 0 NAL ACADEMY 0 E SCIENCES 
 
 Constitution Ave. and 21st St., N.W. (Plate II, M3) 
 Potomac Park car or bus. Taxi; 1st zone. 
 
 Admission free. Open weekdays 9-5. Closed Thanks¬ 
 giving Lay, Christmas and New Year’s. 
 
 Important Exhibits ; 
 
 Eoucaultfs pendulum demonstrating the rotation of the earth. 
 !1 The Human Voice Made Visible.” 
 
 The National Academy of Sciences stands at the extreme end 
 of Constitution Avenue, facing Potomac Park and the Lincoln Memorial. 
 The academy is designed to serve two main functions; to advise the 
 government on scientific matters, and to stimulate research by pro¬ 
 viding a forum for the leading representatives of American science. 
 
 The academy also disposes of certain research funds, awards and medals. 
 
 In recent years the advisory function of the academy has 
 largely "been taken over hy a special affiliate, the National Research 
 Council, and since 1933 hy a special committee of the latter body, the 
 Science Advisory Board, The academy was, however, directly consulted 
 hy the National Planning Board in 1934 and prepared a 25-page memoran¬ 
 dum on ’’The Role of Science in National Planning. 11 Outside of this 
 occasional activity for government purposes, the academy meets and 
 reads papers twice a year, once in Washington and once elsewhere; 
 publishes memoirs and proceedings; and maintains an exhibition hall 
 with exhibits designed to illustrate modern scientific experimentation. 
 Thus it gave the lie to the charge of inactivity once made by a member 
 of the academy itself, who reported that a Congressman, on asking, ’’What 
 does the National Academy of Sciences do'?" received the reply, "The 
 members write obituaries of each other, and it is a pity they have so 
 little to do." 
 
 Regardless of such criticism of the intensity and value of 
 the academy 1 s work - criticism which is not unknown in the case of Old 
 World academies - it is a fact that thanks to the existence of the 
 National Academy, and of Carnegie philanthropy, the City of Washington 
 has been enriched with a beautiful and interesting building, and lay 
 tourists have been provided with an opportunity of examining some of 
 the mysteries of modern science in glass cases. 
 
 HISTORY ; In 1851, the year after the organization of the 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science, Pr. Alexander 
 Dallas Bache, the association’s first president, pointed out the need 
 
7777 
 
 m 
 
 - 14 
 
 for a separate institution to guide the government in scientific 
 matters. But it was not until 1863, under the stimulus of the 
 national crisis of the Civil War, that the National Academy of 
 Sciences was incorporated. Its purpose, as given in the act of 
 incorporation, was "to investigate, examine, experiment and re^- 
 port," at the request of the government, "upon any subject of 
 science or art;" the expenses of investigation being met by the 
 government but the members serving without pay. By subsequent 
 amendments to the law the academy was authorized to receive be¬ 
 quests and donations to further scientific investigation according 
 to the will of the donors. 
 
 Membership in the academy was at first limited to fifty, 
 with the original members named in the act of incorporation and the 
 body as a whole endowed with the power of choosing successors. This 
 limitation on number was subsequently removed, and as the size of the 
 academy was enlarged a greater opportunity was afforded for properly 
 representing all sections of science in the current membership. To¬ 
 day fifteen new members are chosen annually from nominations approved 
 by the respective sections. The present membership limit is 300, the 
 actual membership limit is 300, the actual membership being 276. 
 
 Whether because the academy had become an unweildy body, 
 or for other reasons, President Wilson in 1916 requested the academy 
 to appoint a special committee to organize the country 1 s scientific 
 resources. This committee developed into the National Research Council, 
 which was perpetuated after the armistice. Implemented with large funds 
 from the Carnegie and Rockefeller foundations, the National Research 
 Council has developed into a body that coordinates research in natural 
 sciences in much the same way as the Social Science Research Council 
 and the American Council of Learned Societies Devoted to the Humanis¬ 
 tic Sciences coordinate research in their respective fields. It awards 
 fellowships and research grants, prepares bibliographies, and publishes 
 or assists in the publication of special researches. But unlike the 
 other two councils, which are the organs of the constituent scientific 
 or learned societies included in the two fields, the National Research 
 Council is technically an organ of the National Academy of Sciences, 
 although it gives special representation to the American Association 
 for the Advancement of Science and to the societies embraced in that 
 association. 
 
 It is perhaps significant of a recurrent pattern in the 
 history of the National Academy that when the government for the third 
 time felt special need of a scientific advisory body, during the economic 
 crisis of 1933, it ordered the creation of a new committee, the Science 
 Advisory Board, as the child of the National Research Council and the 
 grandchild of the National Academy of Science, The Science Advisory 
 Board was created by the National Research Council following an execu¬ 
 tive order signed by President Roosevelt in July 1933. Serving under 
 a temporary grant of power, this body has been exceptionally active 
 during the first two years of its existence and has published reports 
 
7777 
 
 - 15 - 
 
 on a large range of subjects (chiefly in relation to the improvement 
 of the scientific services and bureaus of the government) on which 
 its advice was solicited by government agencies. 
 
 BUILDING : The National Academy of Sciences stands on the 
 site of a former stream bed. It was designed by Bertram Grosvenor 
 Goodhue, architect of the Public Library in Los Angeles and the State 
 Capitol at Lincoln, Nebraska. The corner stone was laid in the fall 
 of 1922, and the building dedicated by President Coolidge in April, 
 1924. The plan of the academy allows for future expansion, the 
 present structure, 260 ft. long and 140 ft. deep, forming one side 
 of an uncompleted square. The site cost $185,000, raised by private 
 subscription, and the building $1,450,000, defrayed from a fund of 
 $5,000,000 set aside by the Carnegie Corporation of New York for the 
 academy. 
 
 In an effort to avoid the academic classicism characteris¬ 
 tic of so much of Washington architecture, Goodhue designed a modern 
 structure with a. free treatment of Greek detail. The facade of white 
 Dover marble, effectively accented by strong window motifs in green 
 bronze, is gracious and dignified. By treating the third story as 
 an attic above a delicate cornice, he achieved a composition of un¬ 
 usual simplicity. Large wall surfaces, and refinement of detail, 
 enhance this effect. The striking use of bronze is repeated in the 
 embossed entrance doors, depicting eight episodes in the history of 
 science, and in the cresting of alternating owl and lynx, symboliz¬ 
 ing wisdom and observation, above the attic story. The bas-reliefs 
 above the first story windows, by Lee Lawrie, represent a procession 
 of the great figures of science, from Thales and'Hippocrates to Gibbs 
 and Maxwell, A quotation from Aristotle in Greek letters embellishes 
 the frieze. Translated, it reads: 
 
 The search for truth is in one way hard and in 
 another easy. Por it is evident that no one can master 
 it fully or miss it wholly. But each adds a little to 
 our knowledge of nature, and from all the facts assembled 
 there arises a certain grandeur. 
 
 The exterior of the building, though more successful than 
 the interior, is not entirely felicitous in conception. The architect 
 favored a site on the summit of 16th Street, a mile from the White 
 House, in the hope of avoiding the arbitrary and symmetrical plan 
 imposed by the present location. Here he was faced with the problem 
 of harmonizing his structure with the Lincoln Memorial opposite and 
 the formality of the "Washington scheme" in general. Thus constrained 
 to be polite among company he disavowed he nevertheless achieved a 
 building of singular distinction and freedom of design. 
 
 To the left as one enters the building is the library, and 
 beyond that a reading room; to the right a lecture hall and the board- 
 room of the academy. The library recalls the color scheme of the ex- 
 
7777 
 
 - 16 - 
 
 terior. At its farther end is a fireplace with an interesting over¬ 
 mantel depicting in low-relief the history of the craft of writing. 
 Beyond the entrance foyer, terminated at each end with bronze and 
 glass grilles representing the signs of the zodiac, lies the central 
 auditorium. Seven exhibition rooms are grouped around this auditorium, 
 which is cruciform in plan, the four piers supporting a pendentive dome. 
 A mural by Albert Herter, behind the rostrum at the farther end, depicts 
 Prometheus lighting his torch at the chariot of the sun. The noteworthy 
 feature of the auditorium is the elaborately decorated dome by Miss 
 Hildreth Miere. At the apex is a symbolization of the sun surrounded 
 by the planets. The figures in the pendentives represent the four 
 Greek elements of earth, fire, water, and air. The insignia of ancient 
 Alexandria and of the three great academies of Europe, — the Accademia 
 dei Lincei of Rome, the Aeademie des Sciences of Paris and the Royal 
 Society of London, are painted in the soffits of the arches. The effect 
 of the sharp coloring of the dome and vaulting in crisp blue, gold and 
 sienna, is unfortunately marred by the lifeless gray of the walls with 
 their obtrusive corner piers in cream colored stone. 
 
 The second and third floors are devoted to the of¬ 
 fices of the Rational Academy of Sciences and the Rational Re¬ 
 search Council. • 
 
 EXHIBITS : In the auditorium are two permanent exhibits 
 demonstrating fundamental facts in nature. The first of these is 
 Foucault*s pendulum. Suspended on a 55-foot wire from the center of 
 the dome, a bronze ball filled with bird-shot swings slowly back and 
 forth over a pedestal capped with a brass plate. The plate is marked 
 with the degrees of the circle, and after a few moments' watching one 
 may distinctly notice a shift in the plane of the pendulum; this shift 
 both proves and measures the rotation of the earth on its axis. 
 
 On the same pedestal is a round metal disc which at first 
 sight looks like an old-fashioned mirror with a clouded square in the 
 center. To scientists this clouded square is known as a plane grating. 
 On sunny days a shutter is opened in the dome, and a beam of light 
 focussed through a powerful lens is cast down on this grating, which 
 breaks the beam up and throws the spectrum of sunlight on a white 
 screen. Or the grating may be moved aside and the beam of light ad¬ 
 mitted through a narrow slit into the pedestal, where the visitor, 
 looking through a telescope, can see the Fraunhover absorption lines, 
 which give the scientist information as to the composition and state 
 of the elements in the sun. 
 
 In the seven smaller rooms around the auditorium the 
 exhibits are for the most part photographs and models illustrating 
 modern scientific experiments. These exhibits are changed from time 
 to time so that the following examples merely indicate the general 
 nature and scope of what the visitor may expect to find. By throwing 
 an electric switch he may light a bulb in a model of the Michelson 
 interferometer, then observe the ray of light split and, after several 
 
7777 
 
 - 17 - 
 
 reflections from, mirrors, at last reunite with concentric "fringes 11 
 caused by optical interference plainly visible - a device used for 
 measuring minute linear distances. Similarly he may find practical 
 demonstrations of why soap bubbles are colored, how electrons are 
 counted by flashes of light, or how airplane propellers are tested 
 in wind tunnels. Interesting photographs of bullets in flight show 
 the sound waves produced and in some cases the dissiptation of the 
 bullet. And at the end of his tour the visitor confronts a large 
 black box labelled "The Human Voice Made Visible," Here, by speak¬ 
 ing into a telephone, he may watch his voice transformed into waves 
 of light flashing across a black screen - an achievement of applied 
 science which is at the basis of talking pictures. 
 
8077 
 
 JAN 25 1936 
 
 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 
 Federal Writers' Projects 
 
 I'^SPeye S t r e e: t , N.W. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Supplementary Instructions #£> 
 
 To 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 PREPARATION OF 
 STATE GUIDE BOOK 
 
 COPY 
 
 January |8>, I93& 
 
8077 
 
 - 1 - 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 I. - The State Guide Book Dummy of 
 
 the Pre-final Manuscript 
 
 II. Table of Contents 
 
 III. Division of Task 
 
 IV. Transportation and Accommodations 
 
 V. Sectional Descriptions and Tours 
 
 VI. Example of Sectional Description 
 
 VII. Illustrative Material 
 
 VIII. Maps, and How to Render Then 
 
 IX. Historical Chronology 
 
 X. Population 
 
 XI. Hanes 
 
 XII. Bibliography 
 
 XIII. Style 
 
 XIV. 
 
 Time Schedule 
 
- 2 - 
 
 8077 
 
 I. THE STATE GUIDE BOOK DUMMY AND THE 
 PRE -FINAL MANUSCRIPT . 
 
 By this time, it is assumed, all the local and district 
 assignments have Been made, and the material is Beginning to come 
 in to the state office for the State Guide Book. The proBlem 
 Before each State Director now is to edit the local material into 
 state copy. 
 
 It is ou.r suggestion that each State Director Begin to work 
 on the rough draft of the Book. Tentatively, a dummy of the manu¬ 
 script should Be set up, in duplicate, and all the materials to Be 
 included marked in their respective places, however incomplete they 
 may Be in the files. The general order of the State Guide Book 
 should follow, in essence, the arrangement as given in Supplementary 
 Instructions #2, page 13. 
 
 The proportion of pages and word quotas suggested in those 
 Instructions should Be maintained, But a larger or a smaller Book in 
 numBer of pages and words can Be planned as the material dictates. 
 
 The chief advantages of working with a dummy of a rough 
 draft manuscript would Be: (a) it would assist to gauge the assign¬ 
 ment of space for the various topics, their proper placement, and the 
 placement of illustrative material in the Book; (B) it would create 
 enthusiasm among the workers and the volunteers when they know that 
 they are definitely working toward a completed volume. 
 
 II. TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 The first step in the organization of the pre-final manu¬ 
 script will Be to work out very carefully a '’table of contents. 1 ' 
 
 The order and arrangement of the material is given in Sup¬ 
 plementary Instructions #2. The following changes will Be effected: 
 the Bibliography must come Before the Index; the maps, illustrations, 
 tables, etc., should Be distributed throughout the volume in the places 
 where they properly Belong. The historical chronology selected will 
 precede the Bibliography. Also the table of contents should contain 
 (a) a List of Illustrations, (b) an Acknowledgement, and (c) perhaps 
 an Alphabetical Index of Names (see $XI - Names.) In the Classification 
 of Topics, particularly in points of interest, the arrangement would 
 have to Be worked out By the State Director similar so far as practicable 
 with the arrangement as given in the..District of Columbia.Guide. 
 
8077 
 
 In checking the material on Points of Interest as organized 
 by the Research Editor, inclusiveness of all topics should he assured. 
 
 The proportion of space to be devoted to each topic should 
 then be determined, with sufficient flexibility to allow for such color- 
 ful material as may be discovered by research workers. After all the 
 topics have been checked, a word quota should be assigned to each be¬ 
 fore being rewritten. The rewritten, abbreviated, edited copy should 
 then be inserted in its proper place in the dummy. (For a suggested 
 word quota assignment, see the word quota for the District of Columbia 
 Guide.) 
 
 III. DIYlSIOh OF TA SK 
 
 After all the material has been divided, it would be advis¬ 
 able to organise the state editorial staff in such a manner as to make 
 one person responsible for a given part of the task in the organization 
 of the material. 
 
 Each State Director would have to keep in touch with the 
 editorical staff to determine who among them has a specialized training 
 in some specific field so that he can be entrusted with special sections 
 of the work. Thus, for instance, if one of the workers has had special 
 training in sociology or anthropology, he may be assigned to check on 
 the material of sociological interests, and racial groups and their cul¬ 
 tural contributions. In some instances, it may be necessary to train a 
 few workers to become experts in a given field. 
 
 Particular attention should be paid to the Introductory Es¬ 
 says, for these must be accurate and as complete as possible, and at 
 the same time interesting in spite of the limitation of space that is 
 necessarily imposed upon them. There is a likelihood that these essays 
 will ultimately have to be written by volunteer consultants. This prob¬ 
 lem will be solved after an attempt has been made by the editorial staff 
 to write them and the merit of the results judged. 
 
 It might be best if the editorial copy is prepared after the 
 manner of newspaper copy where the material gathered from the field goes 
 to an editorial rewrite group and is finally edited by an editorial group. 
 
 Care should be taken that each manuscript of the pre-final 
 copy be read and checked again by a volunteer consultant. 
 
8077 
 
 -4- 
 
 IV. transportation and accommodations 
 
 The topics of Transportation and Accommodations will un¬ 
 doubtedly present a number of difficulties. Under Transportation it 
 will "be difficult to determine the inclusiveness of all facilities, 
 side trips, etc. Under Accommodations, it may be difficult to deter¬ 
 mine inclusiveness of hotels, etc., as well as the method of recommend¬ 
 ing certain institutions in preference to others. These difficulties 
 will have to he solved later. In the pre-final manuscript the list of 
 Accommodations and all other information as to prices, etc., can he 
 given and changed later in the revision. 
 
 The method of treating cities, towns, and villages has been 
 indicated in previous instructions. They will all appear alphabetical¬ 
 ly, with thorough cross references. Each city or town should hear, in 
 parenthesis, a symbol or a number to indicate where it belongs in the 
 Sectional Description (see Sectional Description and Tours), Eor in¬ 
 stance, if a given city is in the area described in Tour C and it car¬ 
 ries the placement number 17, in parenthesis following the city should 
 be: (C-17). 
 
 V. SECTIONAL DESCRIPTION AND TOURS 
 
 Purpose of Sectional Descriptions and Tours : In our Manual it was 
 
 stated that "The Ameri¬ 
 can Guide, **** is de¬ 
 signed to meet the need of a comprehensive guide to the United States, 
 ****. Its purpose is to provide **** tourists with a convenient and 
 compact series of reference books, for tours, sight-seeing, investiga¬ 
 tion of notable landmarks, objects of interest, fictional association, 
 or other data of value to citizens throughout the country." 
 
 Eor the State Guide Book to fulfill this purpose, a section 
 of the Guide will be devoted to sectional descriptions or tours. In 
 Supplementary Instructions #2 (page 13), it was suggested that fifty 
 pages be devoted to these descriptions. Some states may wish to devote 
 considerably more space than that to this particular section of the 
 Guide.. This will be left to the discretion of the State Director. 
 
 These sectional descriptions, carefully designed and well in¬ 
 tegrated with the tour maps, and well cross-indexed, should fulfill the 
 traveler's need of being directed to points of interest within a given 
 region at a glance. Such landmarks of great historical or folk interest 
 as he may wish to acquaint himself with further, he can then read more 
 about in the body of the Guide. 
 
8077 
 
 Arrangement of Material ! The basis for the sectional descriptions 
 and tours will he found in the district 
 maps of points of interest• now gathered 
 in all the states following Supplementary Instructions #2 (page 3, 
 
 Maps and Numbers). 
 
 At present the states are divided into WPA districts and 
 the data gathered by the Research Editors is posted on county maps. 
 
 When the district maps reach the State Research Editor, the State 
 Director will have them assembled, and then divide the state into 
 logical regional divisions, showing mountain streams, rivers, valleys, 
 or areas of cultural distinction. In no instance should any state be 
 divided into more than a dozen sections. These sections will be 
 assembled from the county maps. 
 
 The tour will provide a continuous description of a given 
 section of the state and present all the points of interest along the 
 given road as they are placed, regardless of their difference of classi¬ 
 fication. Such points of Interest along any tour as are purely local 
 or relatively unimportant should be presented briefly in the Sectional 
 Description. Points of Interest ef major importance should only be 
 mentioned and a cross-reference made to the fuller information elsewhere 
 in the Guide. Since the objective of these tour descriptions is pri¬ 
 marily to give the traveler a better understanding of what he may want 
 to see, toward a better understanding of regional or sectional differ¬ 
 ences, historical, scenic, folklore, language, customs, etc., special 
 attention should be paid to the depiction of characteristic color and 
 feeling, both of country and people portrayed in the particular tour. 
 Vigilant attention should be paid to the local color and folklore ele¬ 
 ments in these Sectional Descriptions. Special instructions on folklore 
 and local color will follow in Supplementary Instructions #9. 
 
 As can be seen from our example (see Example of Sectional Tours) 
 the tour is concerned with describing in detail those points of interest 
 that are not treated more fully in other parts of the Guide. Wherever, 
 in the course of the tour, a city, town, state or national park or other 
 object or place of notable importance is reached, requiring considerable 
 amplification of treatment, there should be only a brief mention in the 
 tour and a cross-reference made to the alphabetical list of cities or 
 other sections where the topic is fully covered. Each tour should be 
 supplemented with its own reference material and a selected bibliography. 
 In the tour also should be given all important side trips that may be 
 taken either by car, train or foot, and descriptions given of hikes over 
 mountain trails. Seasonal recreation, trails open only during certain 
 seasons, sights or festivals that are seasonal in character, should all 
 be noted in these tours. 
 
 The materials for all tour descriptions will be obtained from 
 the files of the material gathered for the Guide, and assembled with the 
 aid of county or district maps of points of interest. (For the use of 
 the Tour Maps and how to render them see: Maps, and How to Render Them, 
 pages 9-10-11.) 
 
- 6 - 
 
 8077 
 
 VI. EXAMPLE OF SECTIONAL DESCRIPTION 
 
 NOTE: The following example is purely for purposes 
 
 of illustration. The California material 
 has not yet reached us and we, therefore, can 
 not vouch for either the completeness or the 
 authenticity of the elements of this descrip¬ 
 tion. It is intended exclusively as an indi¬ 
 cation of approach and not as a completed Sec¬ 
 tional Description. 
 
 District Three Includes the Sierr as and E octhill s 
 
 TOUR C (DISTRICT III) 
 
 Mother Lode Region via Bret Harte Trail 
 
 Lo'cation : The Mother Lode region embraces the most picturesque gold 
 
 mining country in California, made famous by the Gold 
 Rush (see pp. 12-25), the stories of Bret Harte (see p.87), 
 and Mark Twain’s Roughing It (see p. 88). It comprises 
 the central portions of the counties of Tuolumne, Calaveras, Amador, 
 Eldorado, Placer, Nevada, and Sierra, lying in the foothills of the Sierras 
 and following the Mother Lode, the richest vein of gold-bearing ore dis¬ 
 covered in North America. 
 
 History : With the discovery in 1848 of gold in the sluiceway of 
 
 Sutter’s Mill (see p. 234) gold seekers began to pour into 
 the foothills working the streams and rivers that descend from 
 the Sierras to feed the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Their jerry- 
 built camps filled the narrow valleys of the Tuolumne, Stanislaus, .Ameri¬ 
 can Cosumnes, Bear, Yuba, and Feather rivers, and overflowed onto the 
 adjacent uplands, which were soon pockmarked with dry diggings and shallow 
 surface shafts. In exploring these vestiges of the turbulent life of the 
 ’Fifties, it is still necessary to exercise care lest the unwary traveler 
 step into the gopher holes of the Gold Seekers. After the first year of 
 relatively peaceful, if frantic digging, an influx of more hardy adven¬ 
 turers, especially of "Sidney men" (Australian convicts), changed the 
 atmosphere of the gold camps to one of violence and. unrest. The first 
 lynching occurred at Hangtown (Placerville; see p. 178) and many other acts 
 of crime and crude justice followed, until, in 1856, the first formal 
 government was established throughout the district. The early courts of 
 justice, presided over by Alcaldes, furnish amusing and illuminating pic¬ 
 tures of life in the gold, camps (see Winter: 1 DEC IS IONS OF THE CALIFORNIA 
 ALCALDES ). Between 1850 and 1860 the yellow metal poured from the Mother 
 Lode to the amount of $360,000,000. It was this huge gold reserve that 
 enabled the Federal Government to maintain its credit unimpaired during the 
 Civil War. Following the partial exhaustion of the surface leads, 
 
- 7 - 
 
 8077 
 
 individual gold raining lie came unprofitable and was replaced by the 
 operations of companies which engaged, in the wasteful process of 
 sluicing, now replaced by more scientific methods. The abandonment 
 of the gold standard in 1934 revived the value of gold and has to 
 some extent restored the activities of the somnolent gold towns. 
 
 Accessibility : Since the Mother Lode region follows the foothills 
 
 of the Sierras, it is crossed by two transconti¬ 
 nental highways over the summits and is also reached 
 by state highways that serve the recreation grounds among the mountains. 
 From Sacramento (see p. 98) the approach to the gold camps is by U.S. 
 
 40 (northward or U.S. 50 (central)) and may be combined with TOUR D 
 (Lake Tahoe, Carson City, Reno). From Marysville the northern towns 
 may be reached by State Highway 49. The central and southern section 
 of the Mother Lode are, in succession, by way of State Highways 3, 
 
 4, 108, 120, and 140. All of these highways cross the Bret Harte 
 Trail at some point. A feasible approach to the Bret Harte Trail 
 is by combining a trip through the mining district with TOUR E 
 (Yoseinite Rational Park; see p. 117). Leaving the Park by State High¬ 
 way 120, a long steady down-grade drops to Buck Grove, six miles 
 south of which lies Bower Cave, known as the refuge of the famous out¬ 
 law, Garcias Mondo, who was captured and shot here in 1853. With the 
 arrival at Big Oak Flat, nine miles west of Buck Meadows, the real 
 diggings begin. 
 
 BRET HARTE TRAIL (northward) 
 
 (Follow in succession) 
 
 Chinese Camp, Sonora, Tuttle Town, Angels (see Bret Harte*s story); 
 
 Side tri p from Angels Camp by California 4 to Calaveras Big Trees 
 (see p. 65). San Andreas, Mokulumne Hill, Jackass Hill (Mark Twain 
 State Memorial; short account of his experiences here); Jackson. 
 
 Side trip from Jackson to Silver Lake and Stockton Municipal Camp 
 Cross cut to Eldorado and Placerville (Hangtown; local history not 
 covered in alphabetized description); American River, Middle Fork and 
 North Fork; on cross cut to Auburn; 
 
 Auburn side trie to Emigrant Gap and Donner Lake (story of the Donner 
 Party), unless TOUR D is followed from Auburn; 
 
 Grass Valley, Nevada City, Rough and Ready, Downieville, etc. 
 
 Yuba River, South Fork, Middle Fork. 
 
 Downieville, return to Marysville or take TOUR F (Lake Almanor, Mt. 
 Lassen). 
 
8077 
 
 Instructions on treatment 
 
 Tie in all camps and towns with early incidents and history; Bret 
 Harte stories; 
 
 Mark Twain: The Jumpi ng Frog of Calaveras, etc .; 
 
 List tourist camps and other accommodations; 
 
 Note hunting and fishing sites; 
 
 Note architectural peculiarities: huge iron doors and wrought-iron 
 grill work Brought around the Horn in 1850; wooden arcaded streets; 
 Local characters and their reminiscences; 
 
 Remains of mining activities, deserted mines, shafts, etc; 
 
 Sources of information; records and interviews; 
 
 Bibliography. 
 
 VII. ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL 
 
 Types of Material : Five types of illustrative material will he 
 
 used in the State Guide Book: 1) early maps; 
 
 3) new maps; 3) old photographs; 4) new 
 photographs; 5) wash drawings, pen and ink sketches, etc. Each State 
 Director should gather a file of the best obtainable material in each 
 of these categories. The sources are numerous. The state historical 
 societies, museums, photographic leagues, etc., should be consulted. 
 
 Drawings . Etchings : With regard to drawings, we suggest that material 
 
 for illustrative purposes be found in old pictures 
 and early maps. Where such pictures are too vague 
 to be properly reproduced or photographed, it is possible that pen and 
 ink drawings can he made from them for this purpose. For the artists 
 required to do these illustrations, arrangements should be made with the 
 Supervisor of the Art Projects, whose cooperation has been arranged for 
 in the Washington office. 
 
 Photographs : Photographs should be dramatic as well as illustra¬ 
 
 tive. A sense of the architectural building and 
 the essence of the landscape can be caught in some 
 significant detail rather than in a picture of wider scope with a conse¬ 
 quent loss of definition and character. This does not apply to a strip 
 panorama or a sky line photograph. 
 
- 9 - 
 
 8077 
 
 After all sources of photographic material have been searched 
 and a selection has been made, it may still he found that a series of 
 photographs for the State Guide Book will have to he made. In many 
 instances, this will present the difficulty of obtaining the services 
 of an artist photographer as well as the cost of supplies and equipment. 
 This difficulty may he solved by employing as a non-relief worker an 
 excellent photographer with the understanding that his compensation is 
 to include the use of his study and equipment as well as the materials. 
 (The problem of photography as well as the necessity for the illustra¬ 
 tive material should be discussed in full detail with the field super¬ 
 visors during their inspection tours.) 
 
 The number of photographs and other illustrated material to be 
 used in the State Guide Book will be left to the discretion of the State 
 Director, provided the illustrative material does not exceed 10 fo of the 
 volume in numbers of pages. In taking photographs for the Book, the 
 proportion of 5x8 is to be used, and the conventional method of leaving 
 a margin may be abandoned in favor of the "bleeding 11 method. 
 
 VIII. MAPS, ADD HOW TO PENDER THEM 
 
 Several kinds of maps will be needed for each State Guide Book. 
 They will consist of (a) the county maps; (b) the city and vicinity maps; 
 (c) the city maps; (d) the tour maps, and (e) the state map. 
 
 County Maps : County maps will be sent out from the Washington office to 
 
 all the states. These are to be used for "spotting" and 
 locating points of interest within the county. On these 
 maps number s will be used, and references transferred to cards, as ex¬ 
 plained in Supplementary Instructions #2, (pp. 2 and 3). These county 
 maps do not have to be rendered in any colors. 
 
 On these maps the most important factor to consider is accuracy. 
 When a point of interest is "spotted," it should be placed exactly where 
 it appears and not approximately where it appears. If a given historic 
 house or museum or shop or whatever the point of interest may be is a 
 mile or two miles out of the village, the distance and direction should 
 be clearly indicated and specifically noted on the reference card. Give 
 exact location, on which side of highway, or the distance from the highway 
 that the point of interest is located. 
 
 The City and Vicinity Map : The city and vicinity map will represent con¬ 
 
 gested areas within a radius of approximately 
 fifteen miles. A city and vicinity map should 
 be made for each large village in the state. An example of a city and 
 vicinity map and the manner of rendering it will be sent to you shortly . 
 
- 10 - 
 
 8077 
 
 The city and vicinity map will contain the same symbolized 
 material as the state map, hut with greater detail. The symbols to be 
 used for n spotting" are those given on the sample map of Washington 
 and vicinity. 
 
 The cities appearing on this map will not be rendered in full 
 detail. Only arteries and main roads leading in and out of the city 
 should be indicated, but for all points of interest not on the main high¬ 
 ways, the connecting road should be given. 
 
 The city and vicinity map should be prepared to cover a two- 
 page spread in the State Guide Book, the scale being approximately four 
 miles to the inch. 
 
 The colors to be used in the city and vicinity map will be 
 determined by local facilities. 
 
 City Map ; No example of the city map will be sent to the states from 
 
 the Washington office. City maps to be used should be based 
 on maps obtained from the city government. Single line, 
 street lay-out should be followed. Points of interest and names of 
 buildings should be given on the map. A marginal reference index should 
 be used. On the city map only those streets containing points of in¬ 
 terest should be given. In the instance of a very big city, such as 
 Chicago or Detroit, the city may be divided into sections of a two-page 
 spread each, or a fold-over map may be used. 
 
 Tour Map : An example of the tour map will be sent to you. The tour map 
 
 will show a selected section presenting each sectional 
 description and covering that area. 
 
 The tour map will be only one page in size with numbers re¬ 
 ferring to points of interest listed on the opposite page, and fully 
 described in the subsequent page. 
 
 State Map : An example of a state map will be sent to you. These state 
 
 maps will be standardized and specifically designed for 
 guide purposes. 
 
 On the example map sent to you only two colors are used for 
 e.7?pediency. The final maps are expected to be rendered in several colors, 
 the number to be determined later. 
 
 You will note from the example sent to you that the congested 
 areas are indicated and are treated separately on the city and vicinity 
 maps. 
 
8077 
 
 The symbols are self-explanatory. If in any state the 
 Director finds it difficult to obtain a draftsman or some one capable 
 of rendering these symbols, he can copy the symbols on the map sent 
 to him and use them for the map of his state. 
 
 The symbols used on this example map are not the ones that 
 will be used on the final state map. Graphic symbols are now being 
 prepared and these will be sent to each state later, with explanations 
 of their use. 
 
 IX. HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY 
 
 In every State Guide Book, a chronology of important events 
 of the state’s history, from the beginning to the present day, should 
 be presented within the space of not more than five pages. 
 
 This chronology should be discussed with the state historian. 
 Other chronologies of this character should be studied as examples, 
 Field supervisors should be consulted after a given type of chronology 
 is decided upon. 
 
 X. POPULATION 
 
 In giving the population of any city or town, the 1930 
 census should be used unless later and more reliable figures are 
 available, in which instance they should be used and an indication 
 given as to source. 
 
 The material covered by S-260, Racial Elements , in Supple¬ 
 mentary Instructions #2, should be given very careful attention. 
 
 Sources forstudy of racial minorities, their economic status and 
 their cultural contributions, should be obtained from the local foreign 
 language newspapers and from Reed Lewis, Foreign Language Information 
 Service, 222 Fourth Avenue, Hew York City. 
 
8077 
 
 - 12 - 
 
 XI. NAMES 
 
 In Supplementary Instructions #4, page 3, you will note the 
 manner in which names of towns and places and their origin are to he 
 given, A very valuable, service can he performed for each state if 
 these names, their pronunciation and meaning, and all circumstances 
 surrounding them are very accurately gathered and assembled into an 
 alphabetical arrangement. Whether these are to be included in the 
 Guide or not has not yet been decided upon but the State Director can 
 have them prepared separately on a card index. 
 
 XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 If the Manual and its Supplementary Instructions have been 
 followed, each state office has undoubtedly gathered a vast biblio¬ 
 graphy on the various topics treated. The State Guide Book would gain 
 greatly in value if a selected bibliography, competently arranged, 
 were to be placed toward the end of the book. 
 
 You will note that in the suggestion for the contents of 
 the State Guide Book, as given on page 13 of Supplementary Instruc¬ 
 tions #2, fully twenty-five pages were allowed for a selected biblio¬ 
 graphy. 
 
 As early as possible the bibliographical material in each 
 state should be carefully checked, arranged topically, following the 
 the scheme of the classification of topics, and then the topics presented 
 alphabetically by authors. It would be highly desirable if a "running 
 line" could be given fo-r each book to indicate its value and its limi¬ 
 tations. Such brief critical notations would necessarily involve ac¬ 
 quaintance with the book. This may be obtained through the cooperar- 
 tion of state, university, and public librarians as well as through 
 the consultants. 
 
 XIII. STYLE 
 
 Style, as it is customarily discussed, relative to writing 
 will be covered in the Instructions on folk lore, local color, and 
 manner of presentation of material. We refer here to the typographi¬ 
 cal style to be used in the set up of the copy. In order that all the 
 State Guide Books are uniform in their use of abbreviations, etc., 
 we suggest that each State Director obtain a copy of the St yle Manual 
 of the U.S. Government Printing Offi ce. (1933 edition). These can be 
 obtained either from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., 
 ($2.50), or may be borrowed from the state or other libraries. One 
 person in the office should acquaint himself with the contents of this 
 book and check copy for the State Guide Book in accord with the abbre¬ 
 viations and forms, as given in the Style Boo k. 
 
8077 
 
 - 13 - 
 
 XIV. TIME SCHEDULE 
 
 We have already asked for a time schedule. Undoubtedly, 
 each State Director has worked out a very general schedule for the 
 flow of material. By now it is imperative that a very rigid time 
 schedule he worked out in each state office and the amount of work 
 to "be accomplished within that period indicated. It will then he 
 up to each State Director to check the accomplishments of work with¬ 
 in the period given. 
 
8946 
 
 MAY 7 m 
 
 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 
 Federal Writers’ Projects 
 1500 Eye St. N. W. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 \ 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONS #11 
 
 to 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUIDE MANUAL 
 
 1 / 
 
 APPENDIX A 
 
 General Information 
 and 
 
 Miscellaneous Notes 
 
 MAY 5, 1936 
 
MAY II ibi>4 
 
 8946 
 
 GENERAL INFORMATION AND MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 
 
 POINTS OE INTEREST . In writing up a point of interest do not let any 
 consideration of its length interfere with the 
 completeness of the write-up. If you then decide 
 that the point of interest description must he condensed to he included 
 on a tour, this should he done. However, the original point of interest 
 description should he submitted to Washington at the same time as the 
 abridged version, regardless of whether the condensation is to appear as 
 part of the tour or as a separate point of interest write-up. This will 
 permit the Editors in Washington to determine whether an over-condensation 
 has been made. If so, we will suggest either the need .of a slight expan¬ 
 sion if it is to remain a part of the tour, or, if its importance warrants 
 the use of the original write-up, its inclusion in the Points of Interest 
 Section with a cross-reference at the point where it appears on the tour. 
 
 CITIES, TOWNS AND TILLAGES . In writing up cities, towns, or villages it 
 
 is not necessary to restrict the manuscript 
 to the sequence given in our file numbers. 
 
 It is preferable that the opening paragraph be a characterization of the 
 community. Descriptions are to be primarily visual. Older communities 
 like Newbury ort are to be described in the light of their historic back¬ 
 ground and traditional culture, - (in this case Federalist-Shipping) - as 
 well as their contemporary culture and modern appearance. The juxtaposi¬ 
 tion of the old and the new in many of our cities gives them a unique at¬ 
 traction for the tourist. 
 
 TOUR MANUSCRIPTS . Paragraph all points of interest on tours carefully to 
 enable easy reading in the reverse direction. Indent 
 all side-tours that are included on a main tour. Mile¬ 
 age, both direct and reverse, should be noted in the margin. Count mile¬ 
 age on main tours from the State Line if the tour goes through the state. 
 If the main tour begins within the state couht the mileage from the junc¬ 
 tion with the through tour. Mileage, on side-tours is, of course, measur¬ 
 ed from the junction with the main tour, 
 
 CITY TOURS IN STATS BOOKS . The city as it appears in the State Guide 
 
 book will be an abridged form of a complete 
 city guide, following the same sequence as 
 though it had a table of contents. As such, it should have as many tours 
 as may be practicable to cover most of the points of interest. Where 
 points of interest do not naturally fall on city tours they may be treat¬ 
 ed in sections of the city with corresponding sectional maps indicating 
 these points of interest. In addition to points of interest as such, the 
 tourist should be directed to vantage points from which a birdseye view 
 of the city or a panorama of the surrounding country can be obtained. 
 
89 46 
 
 2 - 
 
 SMALL CITIES . Many small cities are characterized by a leading or domi¬ 
 nant industry. When this is the case the sociological 
 and economic effect upon the character of the city should 
 he noted. A visit to interesting industrial plants such as the Corning 
 Glass Works or the Corn Goh Pipe Factory should he suggested, giving the 
 hours when these places may he visited. 
 
 ESSAYS . When as essay is submitted, indications should he made whether 
 it has been writtea by the Voluntary Consultant, the fact sup¬ 
 plied by the Voluntary Consultant, or, if written by a staff mem¬ 
 ber, whether it has been checked by the Voluntary Consultant. 
 
 CONTEMPORARY CULTURE . Under the heading Contemporary Culture several 
 
 states have already sent in essays on the develop¬ 
 ment of literature, music, art, and the growth of 
 science. This is only one part of contemporary culture, though it is im¬ 
 portant and should be covered. Such an essay, dealing not only with the 
 arts but with the sciences as well, should be submitted from every state. 
 
 Another essay, however, should also be prepared, giving a more 
 general picture of the mental "climate,” or way of looking at life, in the 
 state. This essay should try to reveal the forces that have produced the 
 present culture, such as the effect of plantations and slaves on life in 
 Louisiana, or the concentration of industrial life in mining centers; it 
 should indicate current attitudes toward economic or social ideas; and 
 trace the values that predominate in the state. 
 
 This will be the most difficult essay in the book to write well, 
 for it will require .an inclusive point of view, the broadest human sympathy, 
 and mature judgment. 
 
 Some State Directors will wish to write this article themselves; 
 others may know of some professor or author who would be both able and 
 willing to do it. 
 
 TRANSPQRTAT10N . Under this heading an introductory essay should describe 
 the history of transportation in the state, from the 
 early days when rivers, canals, and trails supplied the 
 only routes to the introduction of the railroad, automobile, and airplane. 
 The methods of transportation used, and the lines followed, have usually 
 determined the flow of population and exerted an influence upon the devel¬ 
 opment of agriculture and industry. The history of transportation in a 
 state is thus linked with practically every other aspect of life. 
 
 This introductory essay should not contain the information about 
 transportation today for the use of the traveler. This should be removed 
 
8946 
 
 - 3 - 
 
 to a section of GENERAL INFORMATION EOR TRAVELERS at the beginning of the 
 book. Here one would find a birdseye view of transportation facilities 
 in the state, which would include railroad, bus, and airplane lines but 
 would not give schedules. Highways should be treated only sufficiently to 
 indicate the general pattern. 
 
 This section would include general information about accommoda¬ 
 tions, including seasonal variations in rates, as when all the hotels in 
 a certain town raise their prices during fair week. Also a miscellany of 
 information for travelers, such as clothing necessary in the state, changes 
 of temperature, warnings as to poisonous snakes, poison ivy, poison oak:, 
 or insects, with advice on how to recognize these and what first aid treat¬ 
 ment to apply, etc. Only specific accommodations provided by public agen¬ 
 cies should be given. 
 
 INDUSTRY . Under the heading, Industry, there should appear a general essay 
 covering the industrial development of the state in both its 
 economic and social aspects. This essay should relate the growth 
 of industry to the agricultural or business activities in the state, labor 
 immigration, relations between labor and capital, etc. 
 
 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY . Articles should carry a list of sources and a 
 
 bibliography. Wherever material is drawn from 
 books, or sources mentioned at the end of the 
 article, there should be a reference by paragraph to the source or book 
 in order that our editors in Washington may check the accruacy of state¬ 
 ments. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY ESSAY ON EOLKLORS AND FO LKWAYS. This essay should trace the 
 
 habits of thought and speech 
 as well as the behavior pat¬ 
 terns .which characterize the several states and geographic sections of the 
 country. It should, of course, include the more formal approach to the 
 subject but the emphasis should be upon those things with which the tourist 
 may come in contact. 
 
 Characteristic legends, traditions, folk customs, terms of speech 
 and the like, should always, if possible, be localized by cross-references 
 to tours, sections of state, or communities where they may be treated in 
 greater length. Legends that are literally transplanted European material 
 without local adaption need not be discussed although the fact might be 
 mentioned. Complete sources, verbal and otherwise, should be maintained in 
 the state file for possible inclusion in a later comprehensive volume on 
 the subject. 
 
 CORRECTI ON S OE SUPPLEMENTARY INSTRUCTIONS #11 . 
 
 Page 2, line 1, under TOURS: Cut words "on front end-papers". 
 
 Page 11, line 22, after "or, if...." insert words "isolated and 
 
8934 
 
 WORKS PROGRESS ALMIHISIR ATION 
 Eederal Writers 1 projects 
 1500 Eye Street, N.W. 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Supplementary Instructions # 12 
 
 Do 
 
 THE AMERICAN GUI PE MANUAL 
 
 MUSEUMS 
 
 May 5, 1936 
 
8934 
 
 MUSEUMS 
 
 The material for museums should he compiled in collaboration 
 with the Director or other responsible museum official. It is requested 
 that wherever possible museum catalogues of collections, as well as floor 
 plans of the museum, be submitted to the Washington office with the final 
 State Copy. 
 
 The following information must be given; 
 
 I a. DAME OE INSTITUTION 
 
 Name of building also, if different e.g.; Buffalo Society of 
 National Sciences - Buffalo Museum of Science. 
 
 I b. LOCATION; ADMISSION: ETC . 
 
 Street address. Indicate transportation on lines to museum. 
 Admission; hours, days, paid-admission-days, holidays. Admis¬ 
 sion by request or invitation. Admission fees, etc. Note 
 guide service, lectures, library and other facilities. 
 
 I c. IMPORTANT EXHIBITS 
 
 Indicate outstanding exhibits or collections for which museum 
 is noted. Individual works to be mentioned only if exception¬ 
 ally noteworthy. 
 
 II INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH 
 
 Orientation of Museum Building relative to neighboring landmarks. 
 HISTORY OE INSTITUTIO N 
 
 Brief notation on origin, purpose and development of museum. 
 Indicate growth of collections, and changes, if any, in scope 
 and policies of the museum. Nature of endowment; present admin¬ 
 istrative control, etc. Describe briefly general field of 
 institution at present time, indicating social function of 
 mu^ .urn in the life of the community. 
 
 BUILDING 
 
 Architectural description of building, if merited, 
 mentary Instructions #3 on Architecture.) 
 
 (See Supple- 
 
 COLLECTIONS AND EXHIBITS 
 
 Under this heading the various departments and collections of 
 the museum should be described under their appropriate captions, 
 arranged according to an orderly sequence based upon the plan 
 of the building or the disposition of the galleries, as advised 
 by the museum director, 
 
 The general scope and character of the exhibits should be indi¬ 
 cated, mentioning the particular "period" or "school", etc., 
 represented. Care should be taken to avoid the effect of a 
 dry, card-index to the entire contents of a collection. In 
 almost all cases, museum catalogues are available which cover 
 
- 2 - 
 
 8934 
 
 this necessary information* For art museums, give only the 
 names of the outstanding artists and then more important work, 
 
 In giving a summary description of a collection, or gallery, 
 emphasis should he placed upon interpretive rather than con¬ 
 troversial statements. Critical estimates and comments should 
 he limited to quotations from recognized authorities. In special 
 instances the expression of divergent opinions may he called 
 for. The treatment, in general, should he factual, informative 
 and descriptive. Wherever possible, such phrases as M ascri'bed 
 to_”, etc., must he used. Such questions should he re¬ 
 
 ferred in all cases to the curator of the collection. 
 
 Be sure to mention any collections which exemplify local culture. 
 This is often the chief value of small local museums. 
 
 It may he useful, in the compilation of this section, to compare 
 the methods adopted hy such reference works as the Handbook of 
 American Museums and the American Art Manual. The recently 
 issued guide hooks of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 
 City, are especially recommended.