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This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a Spy oSer iUn Its judgement, fulfillment of the order would Involve violation of the copyright law. A UTHOR: SPRIGG, JOSHUA TITLE: ANGLIA REDIVIVA; ENGLAND'S ... PLACE: OXFORD DATE: 1854 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative # BIBLIOGRAPHIC MTCRnFORM TARHFT Sp8 Restrictions on Use: Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record Sprigg, Joshua, 1G18-1684. ., i,. . Anglia rcdiviva; Eiiglancrs recovery : being the history of tlie motions, actions, and successes of the army under the immediate conduct of ... Sir Thomas Fairfax, kt. ... Comp. for the public good by Joshua Sprigg, m. a. ... London, m.dc.xlvii. A new ed. Oxford, University press, 1854. 1 p. 1., xvi, iii. 336 p. tab. 23"". ^ ^^ ,. r. , Clement Walker, in his History of independency, p. 32, states that Loi. Nathaniel Fiennes is the real author of this work, but "his assumption is not supported on any evidence. It is probably based on the fact that Anglia rediviva justifies the conduct of Fiennes in surrendering Bristol in 1643. cf. Diet. nat. biog. ^. ^, , . , ,,/xo-. 1. Gt. Brit.— Hist.— Civil war, 1642-1649. i. Fiennes, Nathaniel, 1608?- 1669, supposed author, ii. Fairfax, Thomas Fairfax, 3d baron. aywjjif Congress i. - 2—24281 DA410.S76 FILM SIZE; JS TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA REDUCTION RATIO: / (a IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA (^ IB UB DATE FILMED; ") /M gj|_ INITIALS ^<^ FILMED BY: J>d.fe^£Cii_P.-y.,rc.4,on:,^_Uc Association for information and Image iHanageme nt 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter ^ 23456789 lllllllllll I IT Inch U^ III I I I I J : \0 11 12 13 14 15 mm i|i)ii|i|ii[i^ii[il,ii|il^i|il|i|iL^ 2 3 4 12.8 12.5 ■•vy 1^ I.I ^ IM 12.2 I ^ IIIIIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 MRNUFflCTURED TO RUM STRNDPRDS BY RPPLIED IMAGE. INC. 'T^n*'*''»*'*^*>in^!r.--»:f::.- ,.t;r . -i*2v"^C4-jkikl^iir'»i**i^*''- * '- -' ^y* «■■# '%ii^^ ^m T^ c^ fj Columbia tHntberstttp in tttt dtp of ^eto |9orb r LIBRARY V. ? ANGLIA REDIVIVA; ENGLAND'S RECOVERY: BEING THE HISTORY OF THE MOTIONS, ACTIONS, AND SUCCESSES OF THE ARMY UNDER THE IMMEDIATE CONDUCT OF HIS EXCELLENCY SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX. KT. CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF ALF^ THE PARLIAMENT'S FORCES IN ENGLAND. COMPILED FOR THE PUBLIC GOOD BY JOSHUA SPRIGG, M.A. Koi TO. ^vXXa Tov ^\ov els Otpairtlap tS)v iOvm, LONDON, M.DC.XLVII. A NEW EDITION. OXFORD: AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. M.DCCC.LIV, ^^ "V' if"^ CO (T) ^ N Extract from Letter LVIII, of Bishop Warburton to Bishop HvRD, If you would know the facts of Fairfax and his independent anny till the reduction of Oxford and the King, you will find them in Sprigge's Anglia rediviva. But you must not expect to find in this Parliament-Historian the moderation, sense, and composition of May. But it is worth reading. And Walker tells us (History of Independency, p. 32) that it was not Fairfax's chaplain Sprigge, but Colonel Fiennes who com- posed it. \ CO 17709 D ^ \, J TO THE HONOURABLE WILLIAM LENTHAL, ESQ. TO THE HONOURABLE SPEAKER OF THE HONOURABLE HOUSE OF COMMONS. Sir, 1 F my own genius had not prompted me, the nature of this discourse would have led me to you ; being of the actions of that army, which (as it received the complete actuation of its form by the concurrence of the right honourable the house of peers, so it) received its first rise from that honourable house where you sit, and have sat as speaker (after an unparalleled instance) for six continued years together ; deriving in the mean time not so much wonder as benefit to the kingdom thereby : having all along, by the same public organ, asserted the English freedom, whereby once (since the beginning of this parliament) you answered his majesty, (who had then after an unusual manner entered your house,) *' that you had neither eyes to see, nor tongue to speak, but what that ho- nourable house gave you." In all the warm influences and motions whereby this army hath been cherished, you have been one in the constellation, yea, a chief and leading one. Sir, I mention not these things to lay a stumblingblock of pride before you, but to mind you of that which I know you acknowledge, that One greater than states gave you this faithfulness. Now as for this story, sir, what is wanting in it of elegancy of phrase hath been endeavoured to be supplied in the truth of the relation ; and next to that, a good propor- tion of my care hath been to carry it without such distasteful reflection as might render it unfit for your candour to patron- ise : I make no question but you will easily discern a thread of divinity running through the whole proceeding of this army, and that their actions have been nothing else but a copy of the wisdom, power, providence, and love of God put forth in men. a2 /I I. 1? Epistle dedicatory. My prayers for you and the honourable senate are, That God, who hath made all your enemies without appear but flesh, and that flesh grass, would save you from the power of flesh within, that you may act all things in the strength and excellency of that spirit that hath wrought these things for ye, that ye may be partakers of as much of God as of victory ; whereby ye shall be sure, not only to arrive yourselves laden with honour and aU the sweet fruits of your unwearied la- bours at the port of glory, but shall also direct the tossed bark of this commonwealth towards the haven of rest and righteousness. Sir, in your public merit many thousands are no less than I am, who am professedly, Sir, Your most humble servanij JOSHUA SPRIGG. TO HIS EXCELLENCY SIR THOMAS FAIRFAX, ETC. AN APOLOGY. SlE, It may be thought neither justice nor gratitude that this book is not dedicated to your name, for your great merit and interest in the subject of it. Sir, as your worth and name qualifies you for the patron- age of the best subject or discourse whatsoever, and your martial fame and prowess for the best story of that sort ; so your interest in and relation to the contents hereof, is, and without controversy must be acknowledged, so great, as ren- ders you altogether uncapable of receiving any accession of title thereto by a dedication. The truth is, this being but the picture of that wisdom and courage, and what more of God did appear in you, I dare not present it to you, being not drawn to tho life. But when, moreover, I consider of the kingdom's interest in these things done, and more particularly the parliament's, who set you on work, I am fully satisfied and resolved, that if the right of dedication be yours, yet the debt of patronage, (which is onm as well as honos, a care as well as a courtesy,) I am sure, is theirs ; for though you are the person by whom, yet it is the public, it is the parliament, for whom these things have been done ; and therefore the justice seems to be on that side, that they should take these services off your hands, and own and avouch them as having been done in their name and by their authority. And as your services have been of that consideration and VI An Apology. merit, as to engage kingdoms and parliaments, so the con- sideration of gratitude is not fit for the adventure of a private man, it is worthy the advice of a parliament. And as both houses have with much nobleness, and in high honour to you in that relation, acknowledged as much by a solemn congratu- latory visit, at your coming to London ; so they will, I am confident, proceed in all suitable expressions of real thankful- ness ; and least of all think their gratitude at an end, now that your services are come to so good an end. Though I may say, without dishonour to them, when they have done aU, they must die your debtors; and he is not an Englishman that doth not acknowledge, that as the honour of these ac- tions, under God, is yours, so all that they enjoy by these suc- cesses is also yours ; and that when this generation have exhausted themselves, and done their part, they must com- mend it to their posterity to pay the remainder to your name. Sir, I speak not these things to lift you up, for that were to ensnare you, and bring you down in that wherein you have as much exceeded the most of the sons of men as m any thing ; I mean, in the carrying of so much honour as God hath put upon you in greatest humility ; but to lift up God in you. My only prayer for you is, that as you have seen much of God in the action, so you may live to see propor- tionably of God in us, in the improvement of them ; and that you may taste as much of God in the kingdom's peace as you have done in the kingdom^s wars. Your excellency's most humble and most affectionately devoted servant, JOSHUA SPRIGG. TO ALL TRUE ENGLISHMEN. JMY dear countrymen (for to you I direct this story, for it is yours ; in your land were these battles fought ; these ac- tions done for your sakes, (the vindication and defence of your parliament, laws, and liberties,) and by your hands); you, that have with bleeding hearts and distilling eyes been spec- tators of and common sufferers under the insulting paces of arbitrary power and unlimited prerogative, and have felt the twinging convulsions and violent concussions of the same ; and at last (to accomplish your misery and your exactors^ sins) have had a cup of blood prepared for you, (by divine ordina^ tion indeed, (and so righteously,) but immediately put upon you by the lusts of those whom God, for your sins, had given up to these things,) and have been drinking thereof these three years and more, (I pray God it hath passed from you.) Only, at present, God hath taken it out of your hands, (though we see not, yet he hath made your enemies drink the dregs of it.) I cannot but hope and expect, that as those feet have been beautiful that brought you the retail tidings of your expiring warfare, so that hand that shall transmit the series of them to your view shall not want his due proportion of benevolous acceptance. You may not expect here an history beginning with our late unhappy wars ; but (that which is better) it ends with them, (for, better is the latter end of a thing, says Solomon, than the beginning,) And therefore this peace (though last acted, yet) being first intended in Providence, may well be first committed to history, as containing that point whereinto, as into its centre, all the former actions did thrust ; if any have a story of them to bring forth, this doth not at all prevent but prepare for it. It is pleasant discoursing of the wrecks of war in the harbour of peace ; as once iEneas to his men : Vos et Scyllaam rabiem, penitusque sonantes Accestis scopulos : vos et Cyclopia saxa viii To all true Englishmen, Experti, Revocate animos, mcestumque timorem Mittite, Forsan et fuee olim meminisse juvabit. Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum, Tendimus in Latium: sedes ubifata quiet as Ostendunt. Illicfas regna resurgere Trojce. Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis. ViRG. ^n. 1. 200. Into this harbour hath God now brought our English bark ; of this peace, and the immediate action that wrought it out, doth this History give you a prospect, wherein I hope God is drawn through all, and Providence is in the fairest colour and the greatest letter in the book. The olive branch I bring might discharge me from owing any excuse ; yet there are two things (whatever more may be) for which I shall tender a short apology, viz. that this olive branch is no fairer, that it is no fresher. For the first, I may say of the actions of this army, in a good proportion of truth, what was said in another case ; if they had been all largely expressed, such a volume could not have contained them ; for as in populous cities, especially if of great wealth and trading, houses are thwackt together without those liberties of gardens and orchards which country villages are accommodated with ; even so, in the story of this army, into which so many great and glorious actions and births of Providence have thronged, to make it rich and glo- rious by the mutual projections of their hghts ; you cannot expect to have such elbowroom of expression, and accommo- dation of words, as in more single stories. Or, as lesser lights shining in an orb by themselves seem fair and specious, and of greater magnitude than bigger stars in constellations; even so, how many of these actions, were each of them im- proved and extended by the art of speech, spread in their just breadth, the folds of their particular circumstances opened, would make so many competent stories by them- selves ! For the latter, should this story have'.been adorned with such artificial stuff of feigned speeches, prosopopeias and epistrophes, &c., it might find better access to some ears ; but whether it be not the glory of the stoiy not to need the \i To all true Englishmen, IX trappings of words, I make no question at all. Truth is that which is the commendation of history ; and the greatness of an action (which makes it great in wise men's eyes) is native, not adventitious. I should count myself unhappy, to detain the reader in the artifice of the style from the greatness of the matter ; lofty language is but to mount pigmy actions, and to please a lower sense. I dare not be too solicitous of arraying the works of God, lest, while I seek to honour them with a gorgeous habit, I hide the true glory and majesty of them ; besides that, the humbler the phrase is, the more suit- able to the persons by whom these things were done, and the manner of doing ; for, not by might nor by power, &o. And I write them not for men to pick phrases out of, but to gather matter of praises to God ; and if this be the fruit, I have my end. In relation thereto and furtherance thereof, I shall add but two or three words more ; and the first is concerning the action ; the second, concerning the instruments ; and, lastly, concerning the author, God. I. For the action; you that have travelled in all stories both ancient and modern, whose minds are so greatened as that you will look upon no small things, tell me, (I will be bold to put the question, and venture the shame of the worst answer that truth and ingenuity can make,) did you ever read such a story as this ? (I relate to the matter of it.) Did you ever read (setting IsraePs wars in Canaan aside) of so many actions, so considerable, done in so short a time? Such unanimity in councils, such concord in leaders, such success upon endeavours, such fear upon enemies? It was the admi- ration of a great man a and soldier in foreign parts upon the former services ; "What ! two battles in a summer !" I know not what he may say of these; perhaps nothing : Admirationes leves loquuntur, ingentes stupent. But as the height of mercy cannot well be taken but from the depth of the precedent misery, so neither can the transcendency of this army's merit be estimated but by the greatness and compass of their work. You shall find therefore in a table prefixed to the story, the state of the kingdom set in your view, as it stood when this * The prince of Orange. X To all true Englishmen. new-model was raised and sent forth. For as it usually falls out, that sicknesses and distempers in men's bodies appear- ing in the greatest height and threatening is the very crisis and forerunner of recovery, so fared it in this matter ; the enemy never had a fairer day for his purpose ; and, on the other hand, the parliament's affairs was never since these wars more low and declining, as by referring to the ensuing table may appear. 2. Concerning the instruments the goodness of God hath appeared to us in furnishing us with such instruments out of ourselves, in a parallel way to that success he hath given out by them, in making the English root again to bud with ho- nour, after the disadvantage of a long continued peace for eighty years, wherein rest had been conveyed in our blood from father to son. And now to make the gallantry, valour, and prowess of our forefathers to rise up in their children, in such a cause, and not only to bud, but to bear ripe almonds, is that which (abstracting from the seat of the wars within our own bowels) would have made a delectable story, although it had been without success. 3. But we would least of all be thought, by this history of things done, to fix unconquerableness and unvariable success upon this army ; that were to dare Providence to undo us ; we know we are as soon broken as made up ; as soon flying as conquering ; we desire therefore, friends, not to believe this army shall do more, because it hath done so much ; and that it cannot be conquered, because it hath conquered; but, that it shall be still victorious while God is in it, and no longer. Accept these mercies, and with them the instruments, in the undeniable demonstration of their love and loyalty to their country, in so free an expense of their blood, and so cheerful undergoing all hardships of war for your sakes. J. S. The state, of the kingdom when his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax marched forth. May 1645, exhibited in two tables; the one shewing into what counties, cities, towns, castles, and places of strength the king reached and garrisoned; as also the field-force his majesty had to maintain the same and to enlarge his quarters : the other showing all along what force, garrisons, or places of strength the parliament had to check or balance the enemy. In two divisions : the one containing the western counties ; the other, the mid- land parts. THE FIRST DIVISION. The king had. In Cornwall, The whole county entire to himself, with these places of strength therein well fortified and manned ; viz. the Mount, the strong castle of Penden- nis, Dennis-fort, and Helford-fort, which commanded the commodious harbour of Falmouth : the garrisons of Foy, Salt- Ash, Mount- Edgcombe, and Launceston : besides, his majesty kept some forces at Padstow and St. Ives. In Devonshire, All Devon entire to himself, (except Plymouth only,) and therein these considerable garrisons well fortified and manned, viz. Excester, Barnsta- ple, and Dartmouth, the fort at Ex- mouth, Pouldrum-castle, Fort-Charles at Salcombe, Ilfordcombe, Hopton's fort, and the other forts before Ply- mouth ; St. Budeax. the garrison at sir Francis Drake's-house, Peyraouth- houee. Barley-house, and Inch- gar- rison. The parliament had. Neither field-force, port- town, nor inland-garrison; and besides, the people were generally disaffected to the parliament. Plymouth only, and that be- sieged. \ ^* xa The 9tate of the kingdom when The king had. In Somersetshire, All in his power (except Taunton only, which was then straitly besieged by him). And in that county the strong garrisons of Bristol and Bridge- water, Bath, Lamport, Burrough, Nunney-castle, Portshead- point. II- chester, Chidiak-house, and Farley- castle. In Dorsetshire, Portland-castle and island, Corfe-cas- tle, and Sherbome-castle. In Wiltshire, The garrisons of the Devizes, Lai- cock -house, Langford - house, and Highworth. In Hants, The strong garrisons of Basing and Winchester. In Berkshire, Farringdon, Wallingford, Denning- ton, and Radcot. In Oxfordshire, The city of Oxford, (the king*s head garrison,) Banbury, Woodstock, Gaunt -house, Blechingdon-house, and Godstow. In Buckinghamshire Borstall-house garrison. The king' sfeld force for the west. The king's field forces for the secur- ing of these western counties and garrisons, even from Oxford to the Mount in Cornwall, under the com- mand of the lord Goring, the lord Hopton, sir Richard Grenville, and The parliament had, The garrison of Taunton (close besieged at that time.) The port towns of Poole, L)rme, and Weymouth. Malmesbury-garrison only. The garrisons of Ports- mouth, I Southampton, and Christ-Church, (port towns.) Abingdon, Reading, and Windsor. Henley-garrison. Aylesbury. The parliament's field-force for the west. The parliament (not think- ing it safe to spare the new raised army under his excel- lency sir Thomas Fairfax, to attend the great business { sir T.Fairfax marched forth , May 1645. ^^ The king's field forces for the west. major-general sir John Digby, bro- ther to the lord Digby, may mo- destly be computed to be, in all, fourteen thousand horse and foot, besides their several garrisons se- cured with horse and foot ; as may easily be credited, if it be considered, the great force they had before Taun- ton, during the two strait sieges thereof, and the many men they lost in both those services ; and yet with what a considerable army they were at Lamport, when they were beaten there, and at the same time also main- taining the siege before Plymouth, with a considerable force (besides those 14,000). His highness prince Charles was then in person in the west, raising new forces, whose pre- sence had such influence on those parts, especially on the clubmen, (who were thereby made bold in their meet- ings, and received commissions under his highness' hand and seal to form themselves into regiments,) that it was no little addition of reputation to that army. The parliament's field force in the west, of the west, and leave the parliament, city, and associa- tion without a guard, and the royal army about Oxford unattended) designed only the remaining regiments of the earl of Essex's and sir Wm. Waller's horse, which were not reduced into the new-model, to busy the ene- my in the west ; viz. of sir William Waller's, colonel Cook's, colonel Fitz-James, colonel Popham, and the Plymouth regiment. Of the earl of Essex's, the relicts of colonel Beer's, and colonel D'Albier's regiments under lieutenant-colonel Buller, as- signed over to major-gene- ral Massey ; which regi- ments were formed into a brigade, and designed under the command of major-gene- ral Massey for the western parts, but a little before the battle of Naseby. THE SECOND DIVISION. The king had, In the county of Hereford, That county entirely to himself, with the garrisons of Hereford, Gotheridge, and Cannon-Froom. In Worcestershire, The city of Worcester, Evesham- garrison, and Hartlebury-castle. The parliament had. No garrison, place of strength, nor field-force. Hawksworth castle only. Ji y ^' mv The state of the kingdom, when The king had. In Salop, The garrisons of Ludlow, Bridge- north, Dawly, Shrawarden-castle, Caes-castle, Morton- Corbet - house, Stockley-castle, Rowton-castle, Lin- sel-manor, Apley-house, High-Archal, Carew-castle, Embleden-castle. In Staffordshire, The strong garrisons of Lichfield and Dudley, and Burton upon Trent. In Chester, The city of Westchester, Beeston- castle, Hawarden-castle. In Leicestershire, The garrison of Ashby-de la-Zouch. In Lincolnshire, Belvoir-castle. The parliament had, Shrewsbury, Wem-garrison, and Oswestree. sir T,Fa%rfax marched forth, May 1645. XV The garrison of Stafford. Namptwich, Leicester town (shortly after lost). Lincoln-city, Crowland-gar- rison, Hougham garrison, Burleigh. In Nottinghamshire, On this side Trent, the strong gar- The town and castle of Not- rison of Newark, Shelford -house, and tingham. Wiverton. In Warwickshire and Northamptonshire, Entirely the parliament's. In Wales, All North- Wales and South- Wales, with all the strong garrisons of Rag- land, Monmouth, Chepstow, Flint- castle, Holt-castle, Denbigh, Aberist- with, Aberconway, Caermarthen, Caernarvon town and castle, Harlact- castle, &c. Pembroke town and cas- tle in South- Wales ;"■ and Montgoraery-cas. in North- Wales. Ii I The king's field-force for the midland counties. The field-forces which the king had for the securing of these midland counties and garrisons &c., was, i, the royal army, (countenanced by the king's own presence in it,) commanded by prince Rupert and prince Maurice, which was that army which fought his excellency sir Tho. Fairfax's army at Naseby. 2. Besides, the king had a very considerable force of horse and foot in Wales, under the command of the lord Gerard. 3. And also a good strength of horse under colonel Devillier, sir Wil- liam Vaughan and others. 4. And likewise had strong parties of horse attending the garrisons of Chester, Ludlow, Bridgenorth, Lich- field, Worcester, Dudley, Newark, and Hereford : which upon any design met together, and were a for- midable force. The parliament* s field force for the midland counties. The parliament had to balance this royal army in the midland parts, the new- model (far short of its intended number of 21,000) under the com- mand of his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, (part whereof were, as soon as they marched into the field, sent to Taunton, (the only inland garrison the parliament had in the west of Eng- land,) to raise the siege there, and re- lieve that place, that otherwise had been lost). Which was no sooner done, but Goring, Hopton, and Gren- vile join all their forces together, made a great army, and besiege the town again, and therein that brigade that had relieved it. The rest of the army was allotted to his excellency, to guard the parliament, city, and asso- ciation, and to attend the motions of the royal army withal ; and our be- sieged friends and brigade in Taunton must not be neglected neither. There were some other forces belonging to garrisons, which upon occasion might be assisting to the parliament, viz. those under major-general Laughome in South- Wales, sir Thomas Middle- ton in North-Wales; those under major-general Mitton in Shropshu-e, sir William Brereton in Cheshire; the Staffordshire, Warwickshire, and Northamptonshire horse ; and the horse of this army, under colonel Rossiter in Lincolnshire, sir John Gel in Derbyshire, and colonel Nor- ton in Hampshire. ir XVI The state qfthe kingdom, May 1645. Beyond Trent, The battle at Marston Moor decided those parts for the parlia- ment ; yet there remained of garrisons belonging to the king, mire- duced, Skipton-castle, Pontefract-castle, Scarborough- castle. Sandal and Bolton castles, in Yorkshire (before all which places some of the forces raised under the lord Fairfax were engaged). Besides La- tham-house, Greenhaugh- castle in Lancashire, besieged by the Lan- cashu-e forces ; and Carlisle in Cumberland, besieged by the Scottish forces : and in case the king had attempted a conjunction with Montrose, the Scottish army (being far north) was in a convenient post to interrupt that or any such like design. THE CONTENTS. PART I. CHAP. I. — Containing, by way of proeme and introduction, a gene- ral account of the miserable condition of this kingdom before this present parliament ; the occasion and instruments of calling it ; the snare laid for us in a former parliament. The quarrel between the royal party and the parliament, stated : and shewing how the command of the parliament's forces came to be devolved to sir Thomas Fairfax, their present general. page i. CHAP. II. — ^Wherein a brief character of the general and lieute- nant-general. The framing of the new-model. The beginning of their action at Islip-bridge, Blechington-house, Bampton-bush, &c.; and the effect these things had on his majesty at Ox- ford 8 CHAP. III. — ^The general with the army marching into the west ; upon after-advice recalled, and a party only sent to Taunton. Their good success in the relief of Taunton. Lieutenant-general Crom- ^ well defending his quarters against Goring 15 CHAP. IV. — The army employed to besiege Oxford ; how far they proceeded therein. Several garrisons thereabouts besieged, and some taken. The loss of Leicester, and the discontents and dis- couragements that ensued thereon. With a modest inquiry into the cause of our low condition at that time 21 CHAP, v.— The army commanded to rise from before Oxford. Their several marches till the battle at Naseby, with all the parti- culars thereof, fully related 3° CHAP. VI.— The victory at Naseby improved by pursuing the enemy, who fled into Wales. Leicester (not long before taken by the enemy) summoned, and after preparations for storm, sur- rendered upon articles. Some clamours of the enemy for breach of articles found to be unjust, and the charge retorted on them. An instance of the enemy's desperate profaneness, joined with barbarous and inhuman cruelty S^ Spbiqo. b m ■MHiaiMllte V CONTENTS. J PART II. CHAP. I. — His excellency with the army marching westward to relieve Taunton the second time : taking in Highworth garrison by the way : curbing the clubmen : the retaking of Ilchester, and the brave fight at Langport 59 CHAP. n. — The particulars of that gallant service, the storming of Bridgewater 74 CHAP, in.— The taking of Bath. The clubmen's reply, and his excellency's rejoinder, in two considerable actions defeating them. The impregnable castle of Sherborne taken by storm 83 CHAP. IV.— The siege of Bristol, the taking of it, with the actions that intervened, viz. the taking of Nunny-castle, &c 97 PART III. CHAP. I. — The Devizes and Laicock-house surrendered : Berkeley- castle, after in part stormed, surrendered : with an account of the counsels that did lead these actions , 132 CHAP. II. — The counsels whereby the army steered their course imparted. The reduction of Winchester 138 CHAP. III. — ^The several motions and actions of the army unto Tiverton. The storming and taking of Basing-house fully re- lated i^t CHAP. IV. — ^The cheap reduction of Tlverton-castle, by a strange providence. The surrender of Langford-house 154 CHAP. V. — Excester straitened in order to a siege ; with several debates and resolutions thereabouts 157 CHAP. VI.— "Several passages between the prince and his excel- lency, and between his excellency and Goring. Concerning Poul- drum. The enemy's preparations to reheve Excester, and ours to meet them, &c 16^ CH AP. VII. — ^The slackening of the siege of Excester, by the army's advance to meet the enemy, (leaving only a force to block up the city,) with their great success in those two actions. The defeat of the enemy at Bovey-Tracy, and the taking of Dartmouth with a particular account of their marches and lesser passages 176 CONTENTS. lU \ PART IV. CHAP. I. — ^The army returning to the siege at Excester, Pouldrum- castle surrendered. A French vessel struck into Dartmouth, wherein letters of consequence from the queen. How far the re- ducing of Excester was endeavoured before a second diversion. 186 CHAP. II. — Our army a second time diverted from the siege of Excester ; with a particular account of the reasons thereof; and the motions and actions of the army occasioned thereby. . . 1 90 CHAP. III. — His excellency with the army advancing into Corn- wall, driving the enemy before them, and possessing their quar. ters : a gallant piece of service performed by colonel Butler and his party near Stratton. Prince Charles giving all for lost by his excellency's pressing so hard upon them, betakes himself to Scilly. An advantage to the parliament's cause by a packet of letters from Ireland taken at Padstow 206 CHAP. IV.— His excellency with the army driving up the enemy into Cornwall : a summons sent to sir Ralph Hopton and his forces to come in, with the several transactions of that business, until the disbanding of all his forces, fully related, &c 214 CHAP. V. — ^The army returning to the siege of Excester, with all the particulars of the treaty, and surrender of the same 239 CHAP. VI. — ^The particulars of the treaty and surrender of Barn- staple : and the resolutions and motions of the army after the re- duction thereof till they came to Oxford a^o CHAP. VII. — ^The siege of Oxford, the particulars of the treaty, and surrender thereof; with the influence of the fate of Oxford upon the remaining garrisons 255 CHAP. VIII.— The siege and surrender of Worcester and Walling- ford '. » 390 CHAP. IX.— Of the reduction of Ragland-castle and Pendennis. 296 / y W' ANGLIA REDIVIVA, OR ENGLAND'S RECOVERY, I PART I. AN6LIA CHAPTER I. Containing, by way of proeme and introduction, a general account of tlie miserable condition of this kingdom before this present parliament; the occasion and instruments of calling it; the snare laid for us in a former parliament. The quarrel between the royal party and the par- liament, stated : and showing how the command of the parliament's forces came to be devolved to sir Thomas Fairfax, then: present general. Principles of misery and seeds of diseases in the body politic, strengthening themselves through a long tract of time, and at length discovering themselves more and more in outward symptoms, afforded an happy rise and advantage of seeking out the means of cure. Of which God has not left this kingdom desti- tute, in so sufficient a proportion, as that few states or commonwealths in the world enjoy the like : being of itself of a sound and healthy constitution and temper, able (if not obstructed) to conflict with auu expel all burdensome humours, and correct all vicious disposi- tions to tyranny ; there being no government better tempered in the world, if true to themselves, in a timely applidation of remedies at hand. Sprigg. b ■n" ANGLIA REDIVIVA, OE ENGLAND'S KECOVERY. PART I. ANGLIA CHAPTER I. Containing, by way of proeme and introduction, a general account of the miserable condition of this kingdom before this present parliament; the occasion and instruments of calling it; the snare laid for us in a former parliament. The quarrel between the royal party and the par- liament, stated : and showing how the command of the pariiament's forces came to be devolved to sir Thomas Fairfax, their present general. Principles of misery and seeds of diseases in the body politic, strengthening themselves through a long tract of time, and at length discovering themselves more and more in outward symptoms, afforded an happy rise and advantage of seeking out the means of cure. Of which God has not left this kingdom desti- tute, in so sufficient a proportion, as that few states or commonwealths in the world enjoy the like : being of itself of a sound and healthy constitution and temper, able (if not obstructed) to conflict with and expel all burdensome humours, and correct all vicious disposi- tions to tyranny; there being no government better tempered in the world, if true to themselves, in a timely applidation of remedies at hand. Sprigo. b ^"^ 2 Of the more laid in a fwrmer parliament. Accordingly therefore, so soon as the body, by the nobler senses, began to take notice of and be seriously affected with her sicknesses, and to be sensible of the means at hand ; recollecting their resolution, they urge the calling of this second parliament. There was a former pariiament called by the king (and never was the kingdom in greater danger; for never more danger than when good means are tampered with to bad ends, when Ahab calls a fast to accuse Naboth, and Satan transformeth himself into an angel of light). And this first act and putting forth of the politic nature, though not perfective of the cure, nor having any thing in it again so eminently remarkable as the national justice and affection expressed to the Scots, declining, upon ever so fair proffers and condi- tions, to assist the king in his engagements against them (an act that should ever make the English of precious remembrance with that nation). Yea, though this first essay of nature was seemingly overcome by the prevalency of the malignant matter, to the breaking up of that parliament, yet was it not in vain : for notwith- standing that for the present the disease took its turn, and did appear in a higher way of opposition and con- test to strengthen itself, and to overcome its antidote ; yet this did but put nature upon more vigorous and industrious actings to defend itself, (as was need,) and so was subservient unto the calling of this second par- liament. Wherein both interests conflicting, and the malignant party seeing itself so eminently threatened and en- dangered, and redacted to that extreme necessity, as to use the utmost means for its preservation ; and being no longer able to endure at so near a distance those strong motions and workings of the heart, betakes itself from the vital parts to some remoter members of ?ART1. CHAP. I. The parliamenfs arms defensive. 3 the body, gathers and settles there, causing an inflam- mation of those parts, and hopes to derive the same from part to part through the whole body ; at last choosing to sacrifice all, rather than to be corrected at all. Hereupon the heart of this kingdom, (I mean the parliament,) which had performed its own defence so well, endeavours its office for the body ; and being ne- cessitated to meet with the distemper in the way it had put itself, opposeth fire to fire, force to force, sword to sword ; hoping by this means, as by the opening of a vein, to breathe out the distemper, though with the loss of some blood. The king, with his unhappy counsellors and courtiers, who had promised themselves to be petty tyrants under him, had driven on far, and well near accomplished the great design of an absolute, arbitrary, and tyrannical government ; the popish and prelatical party fall in for their interest, hoping by this means to usher in the long wished for alteration of religion within this and the neighbour kingdoms. The troubles of Scotland and the parliaments of both kingdoms ensuing thereupon, the execution of Strafford, and prosecution of his com- panions and partisans, unexpectedly cross and interrupt this grand design. Many ways are attempted, many practices are set on foot, every stone is turned, the armies of both nations, English and Scottish, are tam- pered with, to overthrow the proceedings and power of the parliament*. And when all these ways proved suc- cessless, secret practices and bands are set on foot in * The king offered the Scots four counties to be annexed to the crown of Scotland, viz. Northumberland, Cumberland,Westmoreland, and the Bp. of Durham, to come up to London, and serve him against the parliament ; and moreover the ransacking of the city of London, which was reckoned to them at a greater value than the 300,000/. the parliament granted them. B 2 4 Of the cavaliers and roundheads. PART I. ^CHAP. I. Scotland, a rebellion is raised in Ireland ; and in the end the king attempts to seize the persons of some eminent members of both houses, and, by an example not to be paralleled in the story of any age, comes him- self in person, accompanied with a band of ruffians, to take five of the members of commons by force out of that house. As divers soldiers and other loose people flocked to court, so, many well-affected citizens and others tes- tified their afiection, in a voluntary way, to the parlia- ment, the preservation of their persons and privileges. These called the other cavaliers, and they termed these roundheads; whence arose those two names, whereby in common talk the two parties in this war were by way of nickname distinguished. The parliament, upon the attempt of violence on their members sitting in parliament, having for the present in an orderly way, by the assistance of the trained bands of the city of London, procured for the security of their members that they might sit and con- suit safely in parliament, considering the many practices of force that had been attempted against them and their authority, in order to the subversion of their religion, laws, and liberties, desire the king, that the militia might be in such hands as both houses of parliament should name and appoint. Hereupon the king with- draws himself, refuses to settle the militia according to the desire of his parliament, endeavours to seize upon Hull, and the magazine there, but is prevented ; sends into the Low Countries for cannon, arms, and ammuni- tion, which after arrived, and was landed not fer from Hull ; began the body of an army, under the name of a gtmrd for his person, at York ; protected by force offenders from the justice of parliament; sends forth commissions of array in opposition to the ordinance of \ / The parliamenfs cause, 5 the militia established by the parliament upon the king's refusal to join therein ; sets up his standard at Nottingham, and declared open war against his parlia- ment. Jam tetigit sanguis pollutos Casaris enses, Di melius f belli tulimus quod damna priores : Cceperit inde ne/as -Nee dicier arma senatus Bella superha decet, patria sed vindids tram. LucAN. Pharsal. ii, 536. Blood hath already dy'd The king's stain'd sword, and God did well provide That there the mischief should begin, and we First suffer wrong. Let no man call our arms Offensive wars ; but for received harms Our country's just revenging ire. The parliament, on the other side, arm in their own defence, and in defence of their privileges and au- thority, and therein of their religion, laws, and liber- ties ; and particularly, to cause obedience to the sum- mons of parliament, and to bring delinquents to justice, and to maintain their ordinance of the militia, and the fundamental right seated in them in the ordering the same for the preservation of religion, justice, and the laws and liberties of the kingdom, either with the king's concurrence, or without the same, in case he either can- not, or, being seduced by evil counsellors, will not join with his parliament therein. Nee prada hisce armisy nee regnum quaritur ipsis : Tantum afferre vires populo servire parato. fere Luc an. No spoil seek these arms, nor self-sovereignty : But t' help the land 'gainst imminent slavery. Forces being raised on both sides, those of the par- liament were at first put entirely under the command of the earl of Essex ; but after, they took several forms, and were divided into several bodies, by commissions 6 A brief account of the former armies, PiOlTi. CHAF. I. and the parliamenfs tenderness of them. (1645.) granted unto divers persons as major-generals; each diversity and alteration taking its rise from an inac- quiescency and dissatisfaction with the success of the present ; which moved to turn every stone, and try if by this or that means the desired end might be ob- tained. Yet several good services were performed by those forces, and very notable ones under the first and original conduct of the earl of Essex ; as, besides Edge- hill and divers others, that famous and never to be for- gotten relief of Gloucester, skirmishing the enemy a good part of the way both going and coming, and at last, upon their return, giving the enemy battle in a pitched field at Newbury ; whereof the story of these times, wherever they shall come, will ring deservedly. (In the mention of this particular, might I be secure from moving envy, or detracting from others, (who might also deserve extremely well in the action,) I should at least glance at the singular and extraordinary service of colonel Harvey with his horse, and the gallant foot of the city of London, who stood so stoutly to it that day.) These being not within the line of my story, and being recorded by other pens, I must thus pass over: as also all the considerable actions of the earl of Man- chester and sir William Waller, performed for this king- dom by them and their deserving oflScers and soldiers ; amounting at least to so much, as that thereby many a gap was stopped, the kingdom saved from being totally overrun, the success of the enemy's affairs still brought to a reasonable composition, the balance kept pretty even, and sometimes we were sent before God with songs in our mouths, and occasion was afforded for greater hopes and more blessed expectations. But whatever was the matter, two summers passed over, and we were not saved : our victories so gallantly got- ten, and (which was more pity) so graciously bestowed, ;/ were put into a bag with holes ; what we won one time we lost another ; the treasure was exhausted, the coun- tries wasted — a summer's victory proved but a winter's story ; the game, however set up at winter, was to be new played again the next spring, and men's hearts failed them with the observation of these things. The cause hereof the parliament was tender of ravelling into, only men could not be hindered from venting their opinions privately, and their fears, which were various, and variously expressed, whereof I determine nothing : but this I would only say, God's time to de- liver England was not yet come. And this was appa- rent, that the forces being under several great com- manders, want of good correspondency among the chief- tains oftentimes hindered the public service. The parliament, in prudence waving a strict inquiry into the cause of these things, applied themselves to seek out the remedy, which was most necessary : and there being not only no other comparable, but scarce any other means at all that presented itself to them, this new-model was propounded, a design that carried danger enough in the front of it, both in respect of disobliging those at home, and giving advantage to the enemy abroad, while we were without an army, or at least whilst our army was all to pieces. But if it were here seasonable to open the grounds thereof, it would appear to have been no less necessary than hazardous. And as desperate cures require desperate remedies, so do they often prove very successful, as this hath done beyond all expectation, God having in most fair and great characters written upon it, that it was his design, and thereby owned both the counsel and the coun- sellors. And now let all men, especially the parliament of England, trust God hereafter, and venture upon what- soever is just and necessary, b^ this experience; it being 8 Of the new-model. PAET I. CHAP. II. Character of air T, Fairfax, (1645.) 9 as much beyond the belief of man, as any thing can be, that such an enterprise as this should be effected so quietly amongst ourselves, and without any affront from our enemies. The new-model, thus resolved on, is gone in hand withal ; and now where to find a general puts them all to a stand : till by a strange providence, without any premeditation or design, sir Thomas Fairfax was nomi- nated. The motion took, was voted, and carried pre- sently ; andy to be brief, the old commissions being laid down, and those that were waved in this new-model being dismissed from the employment, the command of the rest, to be recruited to twenty one thousand, is devolved to sir Thomas Fairfax. Of whom, and whose success, since he served the parliament as general of their forces, is this story instituted: which I cannot better begin than vrith a brief account or description of him. CHAPTER 11. Wherein a brief character of the general and lieutenant-general. The framing of the new-model. The beginning of their action at Islip- bridge, Blechington-house, Bampton-bush, &c. ; and the effect these things had on his majesty at Oxford. Sir Thomas Fairfax, eldest son of the lord Fairfax, of Denton in the county of York, martially disposed from his youth, not finding action suitable to him in bis own country, (for through the great goodness and long suffering of God England hath been a quiet habitation these eighty years,) and there being employment in Holland, he went over thither to enable himself in military experience ; and upon his return into England he matched into a most noble and martial family, tak- ing to wife one of the daughters of that ever renowned general the lord Vere. And thus the reader may take i^ ^ r notice how not only his extraction, disposition, and education bespake him for a soldier, but his contract also portended nothing less. Albeit, so far was he from congratulating such a condition of his country, when he saw it like to need the exercise of his faculty, that he most sincerely offered the first attempts of his resolved mind at the altar of peace. When at the king's first endeavours to raise a guard for his own per- son at York, apprehended then by those parts, and found quickly after to be the beginning of an army, he was intrusted by his country to prefer a petition to his majesty ; the scope whereof was to beseech him to hearken to his parliament, and not to take that course of raising forces he was then engaging in : which peti- tion the king refusing, he pressed with that instance and intention, follovring the king so close therewith in the field, called Hey worth Moor, in the presence of eighty if not one hundred thousand people of the county, (the like appearance was hardly ever seen in Yorkshire,) so close, I say, till at last he tendered the same upon the pommel of his saddle. But finding no propitiatory here, and seeing a war could not be avoided, he early paid the vows of his martial dedication ; and so soon as these unhappy troubles brake forth, took a commission under his father, Ferdinando L. Fairfax, (whose timely appearance and gallant performances for his country in the north deserves a story by itself,) and served the parliament in lower commands than what Providence since hath adjudged his capacity and merit unto, mak- ing him now general of the parliament's forces : to which trust and honour he was preferred upon no other grounds than the observation of his valour, and all answerable abilities for the same, testified in many notable services done by him in the north, whilst he was yet in a lower sphere. And now how delightfully remarkable is it (as 10 Sir 71 Fairfax and SJdppon assist informing FART I. a most apt cadency of Providence) if God shall make him, who was by the king rejected in his mild endea- vours to prevent the troubles of the land by a petition, (than which he sought nothing more,) a most powerful instrument of restoring peace thereunto by the sword ! Sir Thomas Fairfax, having with much modesty ac- cepted this command, immediately applies himself to the discharge of it : it was the 1st of April ere his commission was granted ; and the 3rd of April he went from London to Windsor, to see, and personally to assist in the framing of a new army : he went in a pri- vate manner, purposely avoiding that pomp which usu- ally accompanies a general into the field. His excellency continued at Windsor from the 3rd to the last of April in that work : the difficulty where- of (to say nothing of the danger, through the discontents of them that were reduced under new commanders, and of those that went off the employment ; which rendered it a business requiring much wisdom and tenderness, as well as resolution) might well account for this' time, if it had been a longer space : considering, that besides the fitting the train for the field, and the attendance of the recruits from London, which with the old that con- tinued were to make up the designed number; an entire new form was to be introduced into the whole army, the forces that remained of the old army being not only to be recruited, but to be reduced into new companies and regiments, as if they had been new raised. In the mention of this particular, the great pains, care, and diligence of that valiant and discreet com- mander, major-general Skippon, whose prudent carriage added much life and expedition to the business, is not to be omitted : of whose singular and extraordinary service therein the house of commons taking notice, by letters that were sent to them, ordered and sent a let- CHAP. II. anew army, — Lieut. -general CromwelL (1645.) H ter, returning him the hearty thanks of the house, for this and all his former faithful services. Whilst the army lay about Windsor, thus forming and fitting for the field, prince Rupert with the king's main force for the midland lay about Worcester and the frontiers of Wales, preparing from thence to take the field ; but the king's person, with most part of the train, and some of their foot, intended for the field, being then in Oxford, a convoy of horse, reputed about two thousand, was ordered from Worcester to fetch them off from Oxford ; upon advertisement whereof, the committee of both kingdoms wrote to the general, to send some horse to march beyond Oxford, and lie on the further side thereof towards Worcester, to inter- cept that convoy, and keep the king and his train from passing out. The charge of this service they recom- mended particularly to lieutenant-general Cromwell ; who looking on himself now as discharged of military employment by the new ordinance, which was to take effect within few days, and to have no longer opportu- nity to serve his country in that way, was, the night before, come to Windsor from his service in the west, to kiss the general's hand, and to take his leave of him ; when in the morning, ere he was come forth his cham- ber, those commands, than which he thought of nothing less in all the world, came to him from the committee of both kingdoms. The general then immediately com- manded a party of horse and dragoons, then upon the field, to be mustered and recruited, as of the new-model, to march under his command into Oxfordshire forthwith, not staying at all either for pay or recruits. And here also, being the first mention of this worthy commander, I must crave leave to digress a little, to present the world with some more particular notion of him, whose name they will so often meet with throughout this story, 12 Of lieutenant-general Cromwell, PART I. ;hap. II. His success at Bampton-Bush, (1645.) 13 and whose actions will best represent him, as in other stories, so in the sequel of this. This gentleman, a member of the house of commons, long famous for godliness and zeal to his country, of great note for his service in the house, accepted of a commission at the very beginning of this war ; wherein he served his country faithfully ; and it was observed I God was with him, and he began to be renowned: insomuch that men found, that the narrow room where- unto his first employments had confined their thoughts, must be enlarged to an expectation of greater things and higher employments, whereunto Divine Providence had designed him for the good of this kingdom. When the time therefore drew near, that he, as the rest had done, should lay down his commission, upon a new . ordinance, the house, considering how God had blessed their affairs under his hand, thought fit to dispense with his absence from the house. And therefore, as they were in the first place happy in a general, they resolved, in the next place, to make themselves and their general further happy in a lieutenant-general. To return therefore from whence I digressed. Lieute- nant-general Cromwell having received the forespecified commands from the general, marched immediately, found the enemy, and engaged them near Islip-bridge the enemy's brigade consisted of the queen's, colonel Wilmot's, the earl of Northampton's, and colonel Pal- mer's regiments of horse — routed them, slew many, took about five hundred horse, two hundred prisonere, whereof many officers and gentlemen of quality ; and, as an ill omen of her majesty's designs against this army, the queen's standard. The lieutenant-general, not resting satisfied with this victory, pursued the enemy, lodged most of the remains of the rout in Blechingdon house, where colonel Winde- bank kept garrison for the king; he faced the house with horse and dragoons, summoned the governor with a sharp message, (our soldiers casting out words for the foot to fall on, as if there had been foot in readiness,) the answer was required to be instantly given, or else he must expect the greatest severity that the soldiers could use towards him. The governor having no intel- ligence of, or else doubting relief from Oxford, rendered the house, with all the arms and ammunition therein. Thus God was with our new-model, or rather a branch of it, and declared himself so to be, betimes : which was by the enemy esteemed of such evil consequence to their affairs, and so great an affront, (in regard it was done by the new-nodel, as they scornfully termed this army,) that they could not tell which way to redeem their honours but by calling the governor to a council of war, whom, for delivering the house, they condemned to be shot to death. Much means was used for the sparing his life ; but notwithstanding the great interest secretary Windebank his father had at court, for the great service he had done the church of Rome, they could not prevail for a pardon, (so high they accounted his offence,) only a reprieve for a few days ; and shortly after, the governor was shot to death ; and his brother, a lieutenant-colonel, laid down his commission there- upon. No sooner was the lieutenant-general possessed of /the house, but he sent away the arms and ammunition ^ to Aylesbury, and quit the house, as not advantageous to our affairs, nor indeed having foot with him to put into the house, only a few dragoons, which he could not spare from his other designs. The enemy, a few days after this, sent from Oxford about three hundred and fifty foot, under the command of sir William Vaughan, 14 Good service done by col Fiennes, PART I. vi towards Radcot-bridge ; the lieutenant-general march- / ing privately towards Witney, and having inteUigence thereof, pursued them, forced them into Bampton-bush; v/ where sir William Vaughan, lieutenant-colonel Littleton, divers officers, and about two hundred prisoners, with their arms and ammunition, were taken. Moreover, the lieutenant-general having in bis march notice of some of the enemy's horse, which had a few hours before crossed his way, he sent colonel John . Fiennes with a party after them, who fell upon them, and took about one hundred and fifty horse, three colours, forty prisoners, and fifty arms. The lieutenant-general in the mean time marched over the river towards Farring- don, having despatched his prisoners away with a convoy to Abingdon, consulting with the officers of what ad- vantage it would be to reduce that garrison of Farring- don ; wherein they did readily concur ; but having no foot to effect the same, he sent to Abingdon, to major- general Brown, for the assistance of some foot, who (according to his wonted readiness to promote the pub- lic service) very readily sent about five or six hundred, wherewith the place was attempted, but without suc- cess; and after the expense of about fourteen men upon it, the design was given over. The losses the king sustained, whilst these forces hovered thus up and down, and affronted them under their walls, so perplexed them at Oxford, that his majesty sent for prince Rupert and prince Maurice, with all the forces they had, to come to Oxford, the better to enable his majesty to march out into the field ; and, for more security, general Goring was also sent to for that purpose out of the west. III. Cromwell undertakes the western expedition, (1645.) 15 CHAPTER III. The general with the army marching into the west ; upon after-advice re- called, and a party only sent to Taunton. Their good success in the relief of Taunton. Lieutenant-general Cromwell defending his quarters against Goring. And row by this time the army was well nigh raised, whither they should first bend was taken into consider- ation. Oxford and the west are put into the scales of competition. Oxford, besides that it was the headquarter and garrison, and lodged all the king's ordnance and artillery, that he was to draw forth into the field, (which now to surprise, or at least to prevent the draw- ing of them forth, was held very counsellable, as that that was likeliest to hinder the king's taking the field,) represents itself also in other respects to be first consi- dered, as being a midland garrison in the heart of the kingdom, where to suffer an enemy is most mischievous: besides that, that county had longest suffered of any place in the kingdom, being the constant seat of the war from the beginning. But the consequence of the west, and the commiseration of Taunton in particular, then greatly distressed by a close siege, whereinto also most of the best affected in those parts had drawn themselves for safety, prevails, and sways to decline the design upon Oxford at that time, though otherwise needful enough : and so the first fruits of this army are devoted to the west. According to this result, the general, though under an indisposition of body, by reason of an ague that had exercised him for some time, yet undertakes this western expedition with a great deal of cheerfulness, though the whole fruit of that year's service was in great hazard to have been thereby blasted in the bud ; the king being then in a condition ready to take the field, having made several despatches for that purpose to embody all his 16 Fairfax marches to the relief of Taunton, PART I. CHAP. III. Cromwell is left to straiten Oaf or d, ( 1 645.) 17 N ■> forces, and we having no balancing force to attend his motion, lieutenant-general Cromwell being fer too weak to engage him, and the Scots at too remote a distance. And though it was urged to be most necessary to re- lieve our friends, yet the slight retrenching, and garri- soning of many towns of no great strength by nature and situation, though it may serve for the present secur- ing of particular counties and particular men's estates from plundering parties, yet are they prejudicial to the public and to the main of the wars : for such places are not able to hold out long; and then either there must be a loss of charge, arms, or of our friends, which would be a discouragement to our whole party, or else an army must be diverted from their principal designs, and besides the danger other places by its absence may be exposed to, expose itself also to the certain toil, inconveniences, and hazardous chances of a long march, which is likely also to end in a fight. And therefore it hath been held great wisdom, by ancient and well experienced soldiers, to have but few garrisons, and those very strong, which may hold out long without relief ; which is the more necessary, if they shall be in the comers of a country, and remote from relief. But to return. The 1st of May his excellency began his march with the whole army, (except the foremen- tioned party of horse and dragoons, which were with lieutenant-general Cromwell, and four regiments of foot besides, who were ordered, when their recruits were come up, to join with him to busy the enemy about Oxford,) and by the 7th of May they reached Blandford in Dorsetshire, marching the whole seven days, and some of them very long marches, without any inter- mission : so willing were the soldiers to come timely to the relief of distressed Taunton. To Salisbury were they come before the enemy was aware ; as was discovered j J by letters of sir Ralph Hopton to the governors of Win- chester and Basing, wherein he desired them to send him word when they thought Fairfax would be able to take the field. In this first march of this new-model, the general, to lay an early foundation of good success, in the punish- ment of former disorders and prevention of future mis- demeanours, caused a council of war to be called that morning that they marched from Andover, a mile from the town ; where the several regiments were drawn up, and stayed two or three hours; at which council several offenders were tried for their lives : a renegade, and four more authors of the mutiny in Kent, were cast, one of which (whose lot it was) with the renegade were executed upon a tree at Wallop, in the way of the army's march, in terrorem. And the next day was pro- clamation made through the army, that it should be death for any man to plunder. But little or no action or execution against the enemy happened in this march ; save that the same night that they quartered at Newbury, good scouts and parties of horse were sent out towards Hungerford and Marl- borough, whereabouts general Goring was, with a great body of horse and dragoons, coming out of the west : our parties met with some of the enemy's horse, and took lieutenant-colonel Hacket, and some other pri- soners : upon examination of whom, and by other in- telligence, which came in the nick of time, we under- stood Goring's design was, that night, or the next morning early, to beat up lieutenant-general Crom- well's quarters near Farringdon, and to relieve that place. The lieutenant-general being newly come to the general at Newbury, and present at this intelli- gence, immediately repaired to his charge, and was drawn into a body betimes. General Goring marched Sprigg. c 18 The king takes the field. PART I. with what speed he could, on the west of FarringdoD, and recovered Radcot-bridge. The lieutenant-general sent a party of horse over the river, to discover his motion ; where major Bethel engaging too far, in the dark, was taken prisoner, and about four men more lost, and two colours, several wounded. The enemy kept his advantage of the river, and quartered his horse as far back as Latcblade, whilst the lieutenant-general was making a passage over New-bridge, and having gained the same, general Goring either declining an engagement, or desiring to prevent the raising of the siege at Taunton, marched back with all speed after the army into the west. This is the total routing of Cromwell's forces, as the king, in his letter to the queen of this engagement near New-bridge, relates it to be. A poor cause, and a condition far from envy, that is pensioner to such royal mistakes to support its reputation ! The king, taking the opportunity of the army's marching westward, draws forth his artillery out of Oxford, to embody himself in the field. Lieutenant- general Cromwell and major-general Brown were or- dered to attend his motion ; and moreover, it waj3 held necessary to recall his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax from the service of the west, and to allot only a por- tion of his army for Taunton. Two expresses to this purpose were sent from the committee of both king- doms to his excellency, who was marched as far as Blandford. And now comes the trial of this new army, which God hath designed for some more than ordinary service ; who had scarce warmed their heads with glo- rious designments, nay, ere they could reflect upon the strength and content of their united march, were by this means to be divided three several ways, ere ever the army came to perfection or action. This, like a \ I CHAP. III. Fairfax orders a brigade to Taunton. (1645.) ^^ black cloud, for the time, intercepted those prospects of glorious achievements and success, which themselves and others saw before to this army, and, like a fierce storm, threatened to dash all. But the commands given with public and unfeigned ends were not disputed, but obeyed. Accordingly, a brigade is appointed for Taunton of four regiments of foot, viz. colonel Welden's, colonel Fortescue's, colonel Floyd's, and colonel Inglesby's, commanded by colonel Welden as eldest colonel ; unto whom six companies of foot, belonging to the garrison of Chichester, joined themselves about Dorchester, and as many colours from Lime after that ; in all, four or five thousand foot, be- sides a body of horse of eighteen hundred or two thou- sand, consisting of colonel Grave's regiment, colonel Cook's, colonel Popham's, colonel Fitz James', and the Plymouth regiment. All which horse and foot were well combined in mutual love to each other, and com- mon resolution against the enemy. They marched with- out any stop or stay till they came within a day's march of Taunton, near enough to raise the siege, as it proved, (by the good providence of God,) giving that brigade the repute of the whole army, as appeared after by a letter from colonel John Digby, wherein he much la- ments his unhappiness, in being informed that Fairfax with his whole army was advanced from Blandford to the relief of Taunton; when it proved but a part, there being double the strength before the town, sufficient, in his opinion, to fight our party, and make good the siege. Neither was this intelligence of his altogether without ground, or appearance at least ; for the general with his whole army did advance out of Blandford to- wards Dorchester, as if the whole had been for Taun- ton. But after some stay at the rendezvous, the general wheeled about eastward, and parted with that brigade, c 2 \^ 20 Remarkable passages of the relief of Taunton. who marched on towards Taunton. But whether this were a feigned excuse of Digby, or a real truth, this we are sure, the enemy drew off the siege, upon their advance so near, and that in great disorder, leaving many arms behind them, and cut down many trees to barricade the ways, lest we should fall upon their rear. And so colonel Welden had a fair passage to the town, which he entered May 14, to no less joy to the besieged than discomfort to the enemy. The main passages of and particulars relating to this expedition and action are briefly these. When the bri- gade came within ten miles of Taunton, having the ad- vantage of the hills, they gave them a peal of their artillery, ten pieces being discharged, to give them notice of their being advanced within that number of miles, having before by their spies prepared them with the meaning of that signal. Notwithstanding, they were frustrated in their end ; by reason that some few days before, the enemy divided themselves, one party of their horse and foot with some pieces of cannon skir- mishing with the other in sight of the town, but only with powder, to make the town believe (as they gave out) that the parliament's forces, who were coming to relieve them, were there encountered and beaten; hoping by this stratagem to have drawn a party out of the town to their friends' succour, and so to have cut them off by an ambuscade. But God turned this wis- dom of the enemy into foolishness ; the besieged kept close to their works ; the enemies returning from their mock chase fell to firing the town with their granados and mortar pieces, whereby two long streets of the town, of fair buildings, were burnt to the ground, and withal they stormed most furiously. But they met with a gallant commander-in-chief, colonel Blake, and aj9 valiant soldiers, that gave them such showers of lead PART I. CHAP. IV. Of the army employed to besiege Oaford/ (1645.) 21 as filled the trenches with their dead carcasses ; and, that which adds to the mercy, the town, in all, from the beginning to the raising of the siege, had not lost two hundred men. Towards evening, a party of horse were sent, who approached to the very works, (for the enemy had drawn off their guns, and their rear was upon their march,) and the town thereupon being con- firmed of the approach of their friends to their relief, sallied out and fell upon the rear of the enemy, killed some, and took others prisoners. The whole body marched to Pitminster, within two miles of the town, took up their quarters in the fields ; and on Monday morning, colonel Welden with the officers went to Taunton (where they found a sad spectacle of a flou- rishing town almost ruined by fire, and the people nigh famished for want of food). And gave order for the whole brigade to retreat back to Chard, where they quartered on Saturday ; and the 14th was the first day's rest they had from their first motion westward. Thus Taunton happily and seasonably relieved is a good earnest of the prosperous success of this army in after actions. CHAPTER IV, The army employed to besiege Oxford ; how far they proceeded therein. Several garrisons thereabouts besieged, and some taken. The loss of Leicester, and the discontents and discouragements that ensued thereon. With a modest inquiry into the cause of our low condition at that time. The general in the meanwhile was a good part of his way back, marching through enclosures, avoiding the champaign way, in regard he had not many horse, if he should meet with Goring's horse, who were upon their retreat from Oxford into the west. By the 14th of May they attained Newbury. In their march, besides ■"Stettai ■«iiiiiiUiiiiiS3Mlv> 22 Oxford is besieged. PART I. CHAP. IV. TTie troops are recalled, (1645.) 23 exemplary justice done upon a rude soldier, (as upon two before, in their march towards the west,) and other things of particular note, there was one passage of great wisdom and condescension in the general, very remarkable : viz. that when the duty became so hard to some of the regiments, as each other day to bring up the rear ; the general's own regiment claiming a privilege to march always in the van, which was con- venient now to be waved for the relief of the rest ; but they being unwilling thereunto, the general, instead of severe discipline, alighted himself, and marched on foot in the head of his regiment, about two miles, and so brought up the rear ; and to this day his own regiment takes the turn upon all duties ; a thing, if rightly con- sidered, nothing to their dishonour, (if it were to outvie others to do service,) and redounding much to the good and good success of an army ; there being not any one thing that more frequently and certainly breeds dis- tempers and causes mutinies in an army, than claim- ing of privileges, and insisting thereon in time of service. The army thus arrived at Newbury rested there a day or two, which was a great refreshment to the foot, sore galled with a hard and tedious march to and fro (having had but one day's rest in fourteen days' march). What was the design of calling them back, or which way they should now be employed, they were yet igno- rant, till the second day, when the general received an express from the committee of both kingdoms, to ad- vance to Oxford, to lay close siege to it; which was no more disputed than the former commands at Bland- ford ; but forthwith obeyed, how much soever it was against his own opinion. Lieutenant-general Cromwell and major-general Brown, who followed the king, and attended his motions with a party of horse and foot, were recalled, to join with the forces his excellency had brought back with him from the west ; wherein it was conceived that they might do better service, for that they alone were too weak by far to engage with the king's forces, (as by their letter they signified to the committee of both kingdoms, and as was obvious to every man,) the king's army being grown to that strength, as that they thought themselves enough (as indeed they were, especially for horse, wherein we fell short of them) to fight his excellency sir Thomas Fair- fax's whole army. Only a party of two thousand five hundred horse and dragoons (being part of the force with lieutenant-general Cromwell, and belonging to this army) were sent, under the command of colonel Vermuden, to join with the Scots, (lieutenant-general Cromwell being, for I know not what reason, not so acceptable to their army,) to enable them the better to attend the king's motions, and check his enterprises, to which they were designed. His excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, according to his orders, marches towards Oxford, and, in order to a siege, sends for so much of the train and ammunition as was left at Windsor at their first marching forth, and called a council of war, to consider what other pro- vision was necessary; which they sent to the parliament to speed down. Lieutenant-general Cromwell was come back to them, their quarters settled, a bridge made over the river : they lay fifteen days before the town, but the requisites to a close siege were not come up to them, nor near them, till June 3, the day before they received - orders to rise from before the town ; which orders were well received by the army, who did not conceive them- selves secure, nor sufiicient for such an undertaking, while that the king was unattended in the field, as was at large represented by the general to the committee of both kingdoms. And in that respect (because they — * ' 24 Bostol house is besieged. PART I. looked upon this design against Oxford as unlikely to prove successful) they thought not good to summon the town during their lying before it ; by which means they were secured that they might rise from before it with the indemnity of their reputation. Nor did any great action, in relation to that place, happen all the while they lay there ; save that at their first drawing near it from Nuneham, a party of horse were sent forth towards Oxford, under the command of adjutant-general Fleming, who met a party of the enemy's horse and foot, routed their horse, being com- manded by captain Gardiner, and took prisoners about two hundred foot : which served as a good means and provision for the release of a footguard, consisting of one hundred men; who afterwards, near their rising from before Oxford, (much through their own negli- gence timely to retreat to a place of security, as they might,) were by a sally of the enemy early in the morn- ing surprised, twelve of them slain, the rest taken, but the next day released upon exchange of the like num- ber of those whom we had taken (as before) and sent to Abingdon. Moreover, upon the general's viewing the works on the north-east side of Oxford, the enemy set a mill on fire, and also quit the garrison of Godstow near Wolvercot, and set it on fire: but some of colonel SheflSeld's horse came in seasonably, quenched the fire, and preserved the powder and ammunition in the house, and took the governor and some others, in their flight towards Oxford, prisoners. May 24. The general rode to view Bostol garrison, and some few days after sent a party to besiege it. Ad- jutant-general Fleming was there engaged in a single encounter, shot his enemy, yet received a wound him- self, conceived then to be mortal, but of which he after- wards recovered. CHAP. IV. Remarkable accident in Goring's army, (1645.) ^5 May 31. The general viewed the garrison of Gaunt- house, sent colonel Rainsborow, with a party of foot, and some horse, to besiege it, who battered it sore all that day ; but by reason of the moat, the access was ill to it. The governor was summoned to deliver it ; but he returned a positive denial, adding further, that he liked not Windebank's law, till the next day, June 1, when colonel Rainsborow being prepared, and ready to fall on to storm, having provided carts and all things necessary, the governor, perceiving the same, sounded a parley, waving the consideration he insisted on the day before; and surrendered the house, with all the arms and ammunition therein, upon quarter for him- self and his soldiers**. About this time came news of a remarkable passage in general Goring's army in the west ; which, as will afterwards appear, hath been their lot to happen among them more than once ; namely, a hot skirmish, which one party of his horse had with another party of his own horse, near Crookhorn, thinking they had been ours (for indeed a party of horse of colonel Welden's brigade were then within a mile of them, at Hinton St. George) ; in which skirmish many of the enemy were slain, both oflicers and soldiers, by one another ; and that party of their horse that was routed fled as far as Bath, giving a hot alarm as they went, which for the present put them in some distraction. Providence r had ordained this accident, as an advantage for that party of our horse, who otherwise might have been endangered (by the sudden advance of the enemies' forces) in their retreat from Pederton to Taunton. The inhabitants thereabouts confirmed the truth of this accident, when the army marched the second time to relieve Taunton, *» Here we received the news of the taking of Evesham by colonel Massey : a seasonable and good service. 26 A brief account of the PART I. CHAP. IV. loss of Leicester, ( 1 645 .) 27 and had a rendezvous on the same place where this skirmish was ; besides, many of the enemy have since confessed the same. And upon the heels of this good news, viz. May 29, came two parcels of less pleasing intelligence. The one, of the king's advance from the relieving of Chester, towards Leicester and the association ; and of the Scots army being gone towards Westmoreland, who we had thought had attended the motions of the king. The other, out of the west, viz. that general Goring, sir Ralph Hopton, and sir Richard Grenvile had joined all their forces together, and distressed colonel Welden's brigade, in a manner besieging them close in Taunton. And on the 1st of June, a third and more sad piece than either, viz. of the king's taking of Leicester by storm, and of the cruel usage of many of the inhabit- ants : the particulars whereof are too tedious here to mention ; only thus in brief. On Tuesday, at noon, a summons was sent by prince Rupert to the soldiers, townsmen, and countrymen, wherein quarter was offered to the whole town. Where- upon the committee called together all the commanders, and read the summons unto them ; and upon debate, it was resolved to take the next morning to give an answer. But the trumpeter was no sooner arrived at the king's army with this desire, but a drum was pre- sently despatched to demand a resolution of the sum- mons within a quarter of an hour ; which while they were debating at a common-hall, before any could express themselves, the king's cannon from the battery played, and all were commanded to repair to their charge, which was done with much courage and resolu- tion. And now both sides plied each other with can- non and musket shot, as fast as they could charge and discharge, and so continued all day and all night ; at I which time the enemy prepared to storm at six or seven places. At the Newark breach was the fiercest assault, the enemy there coming to push of pike : amongst the rest, colonel St. George in a bmvery came up to the cannon, and was by it shattered into small pieces, and with him many more; for, after the manner of the Turks, the horse forced on the foot to fight, who, being played upon by the musketeers, were many of them slaughtered. About three of the clock on Saturday was the town entered; the enemy put many to the sword at their first entrance, and dealt also extreme cruelly with the town, plundering all they had, and putting many to great ransoms, when they had taken away all their moneys and goods. There was buried of the enemy in Leicester seven hundred and nine, as hath been collected by the burials there, besides those that have died of hurts since : there was above one hundred of the town soldiers slain. Upon the loss of Leicester many discourses were raised, each one venting his discontent according as passion biassed his affections. Great was the dis- couragement of the parliament's friends, and as great v^ the confidence of the enemy ; insomuch, that soon after, viz. June 8, the king himself, in his letter to the queen, used this expression : " I may, without being too much sanguine, affirm, that since this rebellion my affairs were never in so hopeful a way." But what is the matter ? Was there no balm in Gilead ? Was there no physician there ? Had England no army then ? Nay, had they not two armies to the enemies' one? had they not an army of our brethren the Scots, that had wintered then in the kingdom, consisting of twenty one thousand? Had they not a new-model newly raised ? How fell we then into this low condition ? I shall endeavour to give 28 A brief account of the PABT I. ft brief account of that business in its relation to this army. As it often falls out that the sun at its first rising is clouded with some small mist, which after it hath once broken through, ensueth a most fair and glorious day. So this new army, at its first going out, seemed to be a little darkened by the sitting down and after rising from before Oxford ; the king's increasing his forces and strength in the field, and the loss of Leices- ter. And these vapours gathered into such a cloud, as that they did not a little obscure the first motions of that army, at least the counsels and counsellors whereby it was conducted ; and not so only, but portended to its enemies a joyful, to its friends and favourers a sad prognostic of a sore storm ready to pour down upon them, which they could not have avoided, but that, through the merciful disposition of the all-seeing God, (privy to the integrity of good men's hearts and actions,) the victorious beams of this rising sun brake forth so gloriously at Naseby-field ; and it hath run its course ever since with such a constant lustre and brightness, (not so much as one cloud passing over it,) that it hath dazzled the eyes of all the beholders, and turned the scorn of its enemies into bitter envy, and their choler into deep and inveterate hatred. But how and from whence this mist arose in the morning of this new army I now come to show. His excellency, with the greater part of his army, being recalled and returned out of the west, the question then was, whether he should pursue the first design of besieging Oxford, or whether he should follow the king, who seemed to bend northwards. On the one side it was considered that the parliament had in their pay a great army in the north, of twenty-one thousand CHAP. IV. loss of Leicester, (1645.) 29 horse and foot, of our brethren of Scotland ; that there were considerable forces in Lancashire and Cheshire under sir W. Brereton, which held Chester straitly besieged ; that in Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, and Lincolnshire, there were also very considerable forces, which might join with the Scottish army, if there were need ; and were commanded so to do, in case the king marched northwards: besides the party of two thousand five hundred horse and dra- goons under colonel Vermuden, which were appointed to join with the Scottish army, because they seemed only to want a due proportion of horse to engage with the king's army : and upon the appointment of them to that service, the commissioners of Scotland wrote to his excellency the earl of Leven to advance ; and the committee of both kingdoms ordered colonel Vermuden with his party to march into Derbyshire, to join with them, which accordingly he did, and came to the ren- dezvous at the time appointed. This provision was held suflScient, and more than suflicient, in case the king should move northward ; not only to check him in any enterprise upon the towns of the |)arliament, or relief of Chester, Pomfract, or Scarborough, which were then besieged, but also to fight with him to the best advantage, if need so required. On the other side, in case the king should have moved southward or west- ward, his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax lying before Oxford, was in the most convenient post to fight with him, and to hinder his designs ; whereby it may appear to him that considers it, that our forces were so dis- posed by Providence at this time, that the king had a suflScient array both before and behind him to fight with him ; and as great, if not greater than those that after beat and wholly overthrew his army at Naseby, so that a design could hardly have been laid to greater -r- 80 Cromwell marches to secure Ely, PART I. advantage : yet it took not effect, for that the army designed to attend the king's motions did not advance according to order, but instead of marching southward returned back into Westmoreland. Sir William Brere- ton, fearing the approach of the king's army, and seeing no army ready at hand to balance it, raised the siege of Westchester; whereupon the king, seeing the work done to his hand, marched to Leicester, and took it also, there being no army to check or control him. CHAPTER V. The army commanded to rise from before Oxford. Their several marches till the battle at Naseby, with all the particulars thereof, fully related. Upon the sad news of the loss of Leicester, and the danger thereupon of the king's breaking into the asso- ciated counties, lieutenant-general Cromwell was order- ed by the committee of both kingdoms to march only with three troops of horse to secure the Isle of Elyj ^ which commands, he, in greater tenderness of the pub- lic service than his own honour, in such a time of ex- tremity as that was, disputed not, but fulfilled. And his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax was commanded to rise from before Oxford, and to march to defend the association. Accordingly orders were immediately given for the forces on the other side the river to march to Islip, and major-general Brown was desired to put a garrison into Gaunt-house, being a place that was con- ceived would much conduce to the straitening of Oxford; which accordingly was done, and the bridge lately made pulled up : and the next day, being June 5, the army rose from before Oxford, and marched that day to Marsh-Gibeon, ten miles. The general in his march turned out of the way, to see the siege before Bostol- house, where major-general Skippon, according to order, CHAP. V. A fire happens at the generaVs quarters. (1645.) ^1 had that morning made some attempt, but the success was not according to our desires (the moat being much deeper than we expected). This night, at the head quarter, intelligence came that the king was marching from Leicester towards Daventry, with intention to raise the siege at Oxford as was conceived ; which was by order before done to his hand. Friday, June 6, the army marched to great Brickhill, twelve miles, where the head quarter was that night, which was once intended to be at Stony-Stratford, but that the intelligence which came that night to us of the king's horse facing Northampton that day, rendered it not safe so to adventure ; whilst the greatest body of our horse, sent into Derbyshire, were not as yet re- turned. This night a great fire happened at the general's quarters at Brickhill, which was so sudden and violent for the time, that a man and a boy and three or four horses were burnt in the barn where the fire began, before the guard could get to preserve them. It hap- pened most remarkably, in the house of one who ex- pressed no good affection to this army, and denied to furnish those conveniences for quarter, (aflSrming that he had them not,) which afterwards by occasion of the fire he was enforced to bring out. The next day, June 7, the army marched to Sherrington, a mile east of Newport-Pagnel, to the end the forces with colonel Vermuden (who upon the Scots retreat to Westmoreland were recalled, and upon their march back) might more conveniently join, but especially to be on that side the river, the better to secure the association, in case the king, who the day before had faced Northampton, and seemed to intend that way, should attempt to break into it ; wherein it appeared they did not consult their safety and quarter on the back of a garrison, as without ) 32 Colonel Vermudens resignation. PART I. incurring any great censure they might have done, but rather consulted their honour and the public service. Expresses were sent to lieutenant-general Cromwell into the association, to inform him whereabout our army was, that in case the association were in danger he might know how to join with us. Lord's day, June 8, the army resting in their quarters, several parties of horse were sent out as far as Tocester, to gain intelli- gence of the motions of the king's army, who brought in some prisoners of sir Marmaduke Langdale's brigade, from whom information was gathered that the king's army continued still about Daventry : whereupon the general called a council of war, to consider of the best way to engage the enemy. Where taking into considera- ation of what use lieutenant-general Cromwell would be to them in a time of so great action, the general propounded to the council of war, and it was by them unanimously consented unto, that a letter should be writ to the parliament, to desire that they would please for a time to dispense with lieutenant-general Cromwell's absence from the house; and to give way he might command their horse, there being like to be very speedily an engagement. Which letter was sent by colonel Hammond, who went post the same day to the parliament, and was instantly returned with an answer according as was desired, to the great content of the general and the whole army. This day colonel Vermuden, who the day before was with his party of horse returned and come near to the quarters of the army, himself came to the general, de- siring (in regard of some special occasions which he said he had to draw him beyond seas) that he might have leave to lay down his commission, which was yielded unto, and accordingly he received his discharge. At this day's debate, major-general Skippon was desired CHAP. V. 7%e general marches to Wotton. (1645.) 33 to draw the form of a battle : and at the same time the army was divided into several brigades of horse and foot, in order to their being better disposed for an en- gagement. The general, though not depending upon multitudes, yet serving Providence in the use of all good means, sent one post after another to sir John Gell, colonel Rossiter, to the governors of Coventry, Warwick, Northampton, and Nottingham, to march with all speed with their forces to the army, for that there was likely to be speedily an engagement with the enemy. In the mean, the army neglected no time, but on Wednesday, June 11, though a rainy day, marched from Stony-Stratford to Wotton, within three miles of Northampton, where intelligence still confirmed the king's continuance at Daventry, quartering all his foot and carriages upon Burrough-hill, a place of great ad- vantage, (having formerly been an ancient fortification,) and making show as if he had chosen that place to fight upon in case we durst advance to him. But after- wards it appeared, that his stay there was only till a party of twelve hundred horse were returned, which he had sent from his army to Oxford, as a convoy with the plundered cattle and sheep of Leicestershire, Northamp- tonshire, &c., the better to enable Oxford to endure a siege, in case it should be attempted again in his ab- sence, himself being intent upon a march for the relief of Pontefract and Scarborough ; which he then appre- hended to have small diflSculty in it, understanding the removal of the Scottish army. The army being come to Wotton, they found there none of the best accommodation for quarter; only, what was wanting that way was kindly and respectively en- deavoured to be supplied by the major and magistrates of Northampton, who the same night came to the general at the head quarter, upon the errand of a couf Sprigg. d 84 The parliament army marches to Gilsborou^h. gratulatory visit and present. The next day, the army marched to Gilsborough, (four miles on the west of Northampton, and within five miles of Burrough-hill, where the enemy still continued,) marching in very good order; for that they did advance directly upon the place where the enemy had pitched himself. A commanded party of horse gave the enemy an alarm, and took some prisoners, by whom they understood the king was a hunting, the soldiers in no order, and their horses all at grass, having not the least knowledge of our advance, and being in the greatest security that could be ; but the alarm was so quickly taken through all their quarters, that our foot being somewhat behind, and night approaching, it was not thought wisdom to make any further attempt. About twelve that night, the general took horse, and rode about both the horse and footguards, till four in the morning (expecting the enemy would have shown some gallantry that night, and fallen upon some of his quarters, as he had hindered them in their sport at hunting the day before). In the very entrance whereof this hard condition befell the general himself; that having forgot the word, he was stopped at the first guard ; and requiring the soldier that stood sentinel to give it him, he refused to do it, telling him, he was to demand the word from all that passed him, but to give it to none, and so made the general stand in the wet, till he sent for the captain of the guard to receive his commission to give the general the word, (in such subjection are the highest to those laws that erst derived their sanction and authority in great part from themselves,) and in the end the sol- dier was rewarded for his duty and carefulness (as it was interpreted). As the general was riding in the morning about three of the clock, within a mile and half of Flowre, where the enemy kept an horse guard. PART I. CHAF. V. The general calls a council of war. (1645.) ^^ Tie could discern the enemy riding fast over Burrough- hill, to make fires in abundance, as if they were firing their huts; which gave some cause to believe they were about to march, as indeed it proved afterwards. For, About five in the morning, June 13, the general being returned to the head-quarter, the scoutmaster general, Watson, (whose continued diligence in getting timely intelligence of the enemy's motion then and always redounded not a little to the enablement of the army,) brought him certain notice that the enemy was draw- ing off from Burrough-hill ; had stood in arms all night, and were all amazed that our army was so near, it being spread abroad in their array we were gone for security into the association ; and four or five more of the spies came one after another, confirming the same intelligence, adding further, that most of their carriages were drawn from Burrough-hill towards Harborough. And indeed the convoy of horse being returned from Oxford the night before, and this unexpected march of the army close up to them, being in a manner a surprise of them, caused them speedily to resolve upon their foremen- tioned march towards Pontefract ; either judging the army would not follow them, or if they did, they should be able to fight us at more advantage after they had drawn us further northward. About six of the clock in the morning a council of war was called, to consider what attempt to make upon the enemy. In the midst of the debate came in lieu- tenant-general Cromwell, out of the association, with six hundred horse and dragoons, who was with the greatest joy received by the general and the whole army. Instantly orders were given for drums to beat, trumpets to sound to horse, and all our army to draw to a rendezvous ; from whence a good party of horse D 2 36 The king holds a council of war. FART I. were sent towards Daventry, under the command of major Harrison, (of whose continued fidelity the public hath had sufficient testimony,) to bring further intelli- gence of the enemy's motion : and another strong party of horse was sent under the command of colonel Ireton, to fall upon the flank of the enemy, if he saw cause ; and the main body of our army marched to flank the enemy in the way to Harborough, and came that night to Gilling ; the country much rejoicing at our coming, having been miserably plundered by the enemy ; and some having had their children taken from them, and sold before their faces to the Irish of that army, whom the parents were enforced to redeem with the price of money. That evening we understood that the van of the enemy's army was at Harborough, the rear within two miles of Naseby : and no sooner was the general got to his quarters, but tidings was brought him of the good service done by colonel Ireton, in falling into the enemy's quarters, which they had newly taken up in Naseby town ; where he took many prisoners, some of the prince's lifeguard and Langdale's brigade, and gave a sound alarm throughout the enemy's army: (the con- fidence of the enemy in possessing these quarters, grounded upon their slight esteem of this army, and want of intelligence, was very remarkable.) Upon this alarm, the king, (not having notice of it till eleven at night, as he had little imagined the nearness of our army, or that they durst bear up to him,) much amazed, left his own quarters at that unseasonable time, and for security went to Harborough, where prince Rupert quartered ; and so soon as he came thither sent to call op his nephew, (resting himself in a chair, in a low room, in the mean time,) who presently arose : a council of war was called : the question was put, what was best to be done, seeing our army was so near, and, as they i i h , CHAP. V. The general advances towards Naseby, (1645.) ^^ then perceived, fully intended to engage them. It was considered by them, that should they march on to Lei- cester, if the rear were engaged, the whole army might be put in hazard ; and there was no marching with the van unless they could bring the rear clear off", which they discerned to be very difficult. Whereupon it was resolved to give battle, taking themselves (as indeed they were) for a more considerable force than we, espe- cially in horse, on which they chieffy depended ; being also as confident they might rely upon their infantry for valiant resolute men; and they resolved (as appeared) not to abide in that place till we marched up to them, but in a gallant bravery to seek us out. Herein the king's counsel prevailed against the mind of the most of his great oflicers, who were of opinion that it was best to avoid fighting. Saturday June 14. The general with the army ad- vanced by three of the clock in the morning from Gilling towards Naseby, with an intention to follow close upon the enemy, and (if possible) retard their march with our horse till our foot could draw up to them, in case they should have marched on to Leicester (the intelligence being, that they had drawn some of their carriages in the night through Harborough) that way. By five in the morning, the army was at a ren- dezvous near Naseby, where his excellency received intelligence by our spies that the enemy was at Har- borough ; with this further, that it was still doubtful whether he meant to march away or to stand us. But immediately the doubt was resolved : great bodies of the enemy's horse were discerned on the top of the hill on this side Harborough, which, increasing more and more in our view, begat a confidence in the gene- ral and the residue of the oflScers that he meant not to draw away, as some imagined, but that he was ^' *«•• ?:0 38 Movements preparatory to FART I; putting his army in order, either there to receive us, or to come to us, to engage us upon the ground we stood :- whilst the general was thus observing the countenance of the enemy, directions were given to put the army into such a posture, as that if the enemy came on, we might take the advantage of our ground, and be in readiness to receive him ; or if not, that we might ad- vance towards him. And whilst these things were in consultation and action, the enemy's army, which be- fore was the greatest part of it out of our view, by reason of the hill that interposed, we saw plainly ad- vancing in order towards us : and the wind blowing somewhat westwardly, by the enemy's advance so much on their right hand, it was evident that he designed to get the wind of us : which occasioned the general to draw down into a large fallow field on the northwest side of Naseby, flanked on the left hand with a hedge, which was a convenient place for us to fight the enemy in. And indeed seeing his resolution to advance upon us, we took the best advantage we could of the ground, possessing the ledge of a hill, running from east to west ; upon which our army being drawn up, fronted towards the enemy. But considering it might be of advantage to us to draw up our army out of sight of the enemy, who marched upon a plain ground towards us, we retreated about an hundred paces from the ledge of the hill, that so the enemy might not perceive in what form our battle was drawn, nor see any con- fusion therein, and yet we to see the form of their battle; to which we could conform ourselves for ad- vantages, and recover the advantage of the hill when we pleased ; which accordingly we did. The enemy perceiving this retreat, thought (as since they have confessed) we were drawing off to avoid fighting, (and just then it was brought to the king, that our army ■^ a V \ Ta face paor 119 ,0 Tlcui'o/ thr hnJ^l^ of J^ as dry \ > CHAP. V. the battle of Naseby . ( 1 645 .) 39 I ; • I lib.; 1'' was flying to Northampton,) which did occasion them the more to precipitate ; for they made so much haste, that they left many of their ordnance behind them. The general, together with the major-general, put the several brigades of foot into order; having com- mitted the ordering of the horse to lieutenant-general Cromwell, who did obtain from the general, that seeing the horse were near six thousand, and were to be fought in two wings, his excellency would please to make colo- nel Ireton commissary general of horse, and appoint him to command the left wing that day ; the command of the right wing being as much as the lieutenant-general could apply himself unto. Which being granted by the general, the lieutenant-general assigned him five regi- ments of horse, a division of two hundred horse of the association for that wing ; and the dragoons to line the forementioned hedge, to prevent the enemy from annoy- ing the left flank of the army. In the mean time the lieutenant-general having six regiments of horse with him for the right wing, disposed them according as the place gave leave. And the form of the whole battle you have here inserted. Upon the enemy's approach, the parliament's army marched up to the brow of the hill, having placed a forlorn of foot, (musketeers,) consisting of about three hundred, down the steep of the hill towards the enemy, somewhat more than carbine shot from the main battle, who were ordered to retreat to the battle, whensoever they should be hard pressed upon by the enemy. The enemy this while marched up in good order, a swift march, with a great deal of gallantry and resolution, according to the form here inserted. It is hard to say whether wing of our horse charged first : but the lieu- tenant-general not thinking it fit to stand and receive the enemy's charge, advanced forward with the right 4. «.H U 40 Battle o/Naseby, FA&Tl. CHAP. y. wing of the horse, in the same order wherein it was placed. Our word that day was, God our strength ; their word was. Queen Mary. Colonel Whaley being the left hand on the right wing, charged first two di- visions of Langdale's horse, who made a very gallant resistance, and firing at a very close charge, they came to the sword : wherein colonel Whaley's divisions routed those two divisions of Langdale's, driving them back to prince Rupert's regiment, being the reserve of the enemy's foot, whither indeed they fled for shelter, and rallied : the reserves to colonel Whaley were or- dered to second him, which they performed with a great deal of resolution. In the mean time, the rest of the divisions of the right wing, being straitened by furzes on the right hand, advanced with great diffi- culty, as also by reason of the unevenness of the ground, and a cony-warren over which they were to march, which put them somewhat out of their order in their advance. Notwithstanding which difficulty, they came up to the engaging the residue of the ene- my's horse on the left wing, whom they routed, and put into great confusion ; not one body of the enemy's horse which they charged but they routed, and forced to fly beyond all their foot, except some that were for a time sheltered by the brigade of foot before men- tioned. Colonel Rossiter, who with his regiment was just come into the field as the armies were ready to close, was edged in upon the right flank of the right wing of horse, time not permitting a more fitting and equal disposal of him : whose timely coming (according to his orders) gave him opportunity of such gallant perform- ance in the battle as deserves an honourable men- tioning. The horse of the enemy's left wing being thus beaten I Battle af Naseby. ( 1 645.) 41 from their foot, retreated back about a quarter of a mile beyond the place where the battle was fought. The success of our main battle was not answerably ; the right hand of the foot, being the general's regi- ment, stood, not being much pressed upon : almost all the rest of the main battle being overpressed, gave ground, and went off in some disorder, falling behind the reserves ; but the colonels and officers, doing the duty of very gallant men, in endeavouring to keep their men from disorder, and finding their attempt fruitless therein, fell into the reserves with their colours, choos- ing rather there to fight and die, than to quit the ground they stood on. The reserves advancing, com- manded by colonel Rainsborough, colonel Hammond, and lieutenant-colonel Pride, repelled the enemy, fore- ing them to a disorderly retreat. Thus much being said of the right wing and the main battle it comes next in order that an account be given of the left wing of our horse. Upon the approach of the enemy's right wing of horse, our left wing drawing down the brow of the hill to meet them, the enemy coming on fast, suddenly made a stand, as if they had not expected us in so ready a posture : ours seeing them stand, made a little stand also, partly by reason of some disadvantage of the ground, and until the rest of the divisions of horse might recover their stations. Upon that, the enemy advanced again, where- upon our left wing sounded a charge, and fell upon them : the three right-hand divisions of our left wing made the first onset, and those divisions of the enemy opposite to tliem received the charge; the two left- hand divisions of the left wing did not advance equally, but being more backward, the opposite divisions of the enemy advanced upon them. Of the three right-hand divisions (before mentioned) which advanced, the mid- M Battle ofNasebjf. l^ART I. diemost charged not home ; the other two coming to a close charge, routed the two opposite divisions of the enemy, (and the commissary general seeing one of the enemy's brigades of foot on his right hand pressing sore upon our foot, commanded the division that was with him to charge that body of foot, and, for their better encouragement, he himself with great resolution fell in amongst the musketeers, where his horse being shot under him, and himself run through the thigh with a pike, and into the face with an halbert, was taken pri- soner by the enemy, until afterwards, when the battle turning, and the enemy in great distraction, he had an happy opportunity to offer his keeper his liberty, if he would carry him off, which was performed on both parts accordingly.) That division of the enemy's which was between, which the other division of ours should have charged, was carried away in the disorder of the other two ; the one of those right-hand divisions of our left wing that did rout the front of the enemy charged the reserve too, and broke them ; the other reserves of the enemy came on, and broke those divisions of ours that charged them ; the divisions of the left hand of the right wing were likewise overborne, having much dis- advantage, by reason of pits of water, and other pieces of ditches that they expected not, which hindered them in their order to charge. Tlie enemy having thus worsted our left wing pur- sued their advantage, and prince Rupert himself having prosecuted his success upon the left wing almost to Naseby town, in his return summoned the train, offer- ing them quarter, which being well defended with the firelocks, and a rearguard left for that purpose, who fired with admirable courage on the prince's horse, re- fusing to hearken to his offer, and the prince probably perceiving by that time the success of our right wing I CHAP. V. Battle of Naseby. (1645.) 4^ 'J of horse, he retreated in great haste to the rescue of the king's army, which he found in such a general distress, that instead of attempting any thing in the rescue of them, (being close followed in the rear by some of com- missary general's, colonel Rich's, colonel Fleetwood's, major Huntington's, and colonel Butler's horse,) he made up further, until he came to the ground where the king was rallying the broken horse of his left wing, and there joined with them, and made a stand. To return again to our right wing, which, prosecuting their success, by this time had beaten all the enemy's horse quite behind their foot, which when they had ac- complished, the remaining business was with part to keep the enemy's horse from coming to the rescue of their foot, which were now all at mercy, except one tertia, which with the other part of the horse we en- deavoured to break, but could not, they standing with incredible courage and resolution, although we attempt- ed them in the flanks, front and rear, until such time as the general called up his own regiment of foot, (the lieutenant-general being likewise hastening of them,) which immediately fell in with them, with but-end of muskets, (the general charging them at the same time with horse,) and so broke them. The enemy had now nothing left in the field but his horse, (with whom was the king himself,) which they had put again into as good order as the shortness of their time and our near press- ing upon them would permit. The general (whom God preserved in many hazard- ous engagements of his person that day) seeing them in that order, and our whole army (saving some bodies of horse which faced the enemy) being busied in the execu- tion upon the foot, and taking and securing prisoners, endeavoured to put the army again into as good order as they could receive, to the perfecting of the work that 1 1 44, Battle ofNaseby. PART I. iwmained : our foot were somewbat more than a quarter of a mile behind the horse, and although there wanted no courage nor resolution in the horse themselves alone to have charged the enemy, yet, forasmuch as it was not judged fit to put any thing to hazard, the business being brought (through the goodness of God) to so hopeful an issue, it was ordered our horse should not charge the enemy until the foot were come up; for by this time our foot that were disordered upon the first charge, being in shorter time than is well imaginable rallied ftgain, were coming up upon a fast march to join with our horse, who were again put into two wings, within carbine shot of the enemy, leaving a wide space for the battle of foot to fistll in, whereby there was framed, as it were in a trice, a second good battalia at the latter end of the day ; which the enemy perceiving, and that if they stood they must expect a second charge from our horse, foot, and artillery, (they having lost all their foot and guns before,) and our dragoons having already begun to fire upon their horse, they, not willing to abide a second shock upon so great disadvantage as this was like to be, immediately ran away, both fronts and re- serves, without standing one stroke more : our horse had the chase of them from that place, within two miles of Leicester, (being the space of fourteen miles,) took many prisoners, and had the execution of them all that way : the number of the slain we had not a certain account of, by reason of the prosecution of our victory, and speedy advance to the reducing of Leicester : the prisoners taken in the field were about five thousand, whereof were six colonels, eight lieutenant-colonels, eighteen majors, seventy captains, eighty lieutenants, eighty ensigns, two hundred other inferior officers, be- sides the king's footmen and household servants, the rest common soldiers, four thousand five hundred. The CHAP. V. Battle ofNaseby. (1645.) 45 enemy lost very gallant men, and indeed their foot, commanded by the lord Astley, were not wanting in courage : the whole booty of the field fell to the soldier, which was very rich and considerable, there being amongst it, besides the riches of the court and officers, the rich plunder of Leicester. Their train of artillery was taken, all their ordnance, (being brass guns,) whereof two were demi-cannon, be- sides two mortar-pieces, (the enemy got away not' one carriage,) eight thousand arms and more, forty barrels of powder, two hundred horse, with their riders, the king's colours, the duke of York's standard, and six of his colours, four of the queen's white colours, with double crosses on each of them, and near one hundred other colours both of horse and foot ; the king's cabinet, the king's sumpter, many coaches, with store of wealth in them : it was not tlie least mercy in this victory, that the cabinet letters, which discover so much to satisfy all honest men of the intention of the adverse party, fell likewise into our hands, and have been since published by the authority of the parliament, to the view of the whole kingdom. The field was about a mile broad where the battle was fought, and, from the outmost flank of the right to the left wing, took up the whole ground. Thus you have a true and exact relation of the work of this happy day. I. The battle was fought much upon equal advantage, whether you respect the numbers on each side, there being in that not five hundred odds, or the ground it was fought upon being on both sides champaign, and in that respect equal, and the wind at length favouring neither side more than other. But in this the enemy had much the odds of us, that they had on their side not so few as fifteen hundred officers, that were old 46 Some remarks on the importance PART I. soldiers, of great experience through long experience in foreign parts ; when, on the other hand, we had not ten oflScers that could pretend to any such thing as the experience of a soldier, save what this war had given them, being for the most part such whose religion, valour, and present reason was their best conduct ; and herein God went beyond our enemies in their pride, and seeming friends, in their contempt of this army. a. Of how great consequence this victory was to the whole kingdom, that it may the better appear, let us take a view of it, and suppose we beheld it through the counter prospective of the contrary event, as if the enemy had had the victory, and we been beaten ; and then methinks I see, not only this army, the only guardian of the kingdom, lying on a heap, furnishing the enemy with insulting trophies, but also our party in the west ruined, and the enemy there, like a violent torrent, carrying all before him. Methinks I see the king and Goring united, making a formidable army, and marching up to the walls of London, encouraging their soldiers, as formerly, with the promise of the spoil of that famous city. And if this success had been in- dulged them, and London not denied, (as who should such an army have asked it of?) what could have ensued worse or more ! When once that city by such a fate had restored an emblem of undone Rome, when Caesar came against it, that — nee solum vulgns inani Perculsum ierrore pavet, sed curia, et ipsi Sedibus exiliere patres, invisaque belli, Consulibus fugiena mandat decreta senatus. Tunc qua tvta petant, et qu€e meiuenda relinquant Incertiy quo quemque fug you would believe, as you shall ever really find to proceed from integrity of heart, a sense of your sufferings, and a full purpose to answer any call of God to your assistance ; as become Your Christian Thomas Fairfax. Oliver Cromwell. Thomas Hammond. Henry Ireton. Edward Montague. Eichard Fortescue. Biohard Inglesby. John Pickering. Hardress Waller. William Herbert. Robert Hammond. James Gray. Thomas Pride. friends and servants in the Lord, Robert Pye. Thomas Rainsborough. Thomas Sheffield. Charles Fleetwood. Ralph Welden. John Raymond. Leon Wattson. Arthur Evelin. Richard Dean. Thomas Jackson. John Desborough. Christopher Bethel. 108 Letter of Fairfax PART II. CHAP. IV. to prince Rupert. (1645.) 109 The report concerning the storm being made unto the council of war, and fully agreed unto, the cannon baskets were ordered to be filled, seamen and boats sent for. Thursday, September 4, the weather that had been so extreme wet before, that many soldiers and horses died thereby (and with extreme hard duty) in that wet season, began to alter, to the great reviving of the drooping soldier. Our great guns played this day from off the new battery against Prior's fort. Summons was also prepared to be sent to prince Rupert; and being agreed unto, was sent in accordingly, which runs in these words: For his highness prince Rupert, Sir; — for the service of the parliament, I have brought their army before the city of Bristol, and do summon you in their names to render it, with all the forts belonging to the same, into my hands, for their use. Having used this plain language, as the business requires, I wish it may be as effectual unto you as it is satisfactory to myself, that I do a little expostulate with you about the surrender of the same, which I confess is a way not common, and which I should not have used, but in respect to such a person and to such a place. I take into consideration your royal birth and relation to the crown of England, your honour, courage, the virtues of your person, and the strength of that place which you may think yourself bound and able to maintain. Sir, the crown of England is and will be where it ought to be ; we fight to maintain it there. But the king, misled by evil councillors, or through a seduced heart, hath left his par- liament, under God the best assurance of his crown and family : the maintaining of this schism is the ground of this unhappy war on your part : and what sad effects it hath pro- duced in the three kingdoms is visible to all men. To maintain the rights of the crown and kingdom jointly, a principal part whereof is, that the king in supremo acts is not to be advised by men of whom the law takes no notice, but by his parlia- ment, the great council of the kingdom, in whom (as much as man is capable of) he hears all his people, as it wei^e, at once advising him, and in which multitude of councillors lies his safety and his people's interest, and to see him right in this, hath been the constant and faithful endeavour of the parliament ; and to bring these wicked instruments to justice that have misled him, is a principal ground of our fighting. Sir, if God makes this clear to you, as he hath to us, I doubt not but he will give you a heart to deliver this pfcice, not- withstanding all the other considerations of honour, courage, fidelity, &c., because of their constancy and use in the present business depends upon the right or wrongfulness of this that hath been said. And if upon such conviction you shall sur- render it, and save the loss of blood, or hazard the spoiling of such a city; it would be an occasion glorious in itself and joyful to us, for restoring of you to the endeared affection to the parliament and people of England, the truest friend to your family it hath in this world. But if this be hid from your eyes, and, through your wilful- ness, this so great, so famous, and ancient a city, and so full of people, be, by your putting us to force the same, exposed to ruin and the extremities of war, (which we yet shall in that case, as much as possible, endeavour to prevent,) then I appeal to the righteous God to be judge between you and us, and to re- quire [requite] the wrong. And let all England judge whether the burning of its towns, ruining its cities, and destroying its people, be a good requital from a person of your family, which hath had the prayers, tears, purses, and blood of its parlia- ment and people. And (if you look on either as now divided) hath ever had that same party, both in parliaments and amongst the people, most zealous for their assistance and restitution, which you now oppose and seek to destroy, and whose con- stant grief hath been, their desires to serve your family have been ever hindered or made fruitless by that same party about his majesty, whose counsel you act, and whose interest you pursue in this unnatural war. I expect your speedy answer to this summons, with the re- turn of the bearer this evening, and remain Your highness's humble servant, Thomas Fairfax. 110 Prince Ruperfs reply to Fairfax, VART II. H CHAP. rv. who toritcs a second letter to the prince, (1645.) ^^^ f I This day, about two thousand well-affected coun- trymen, who with many more, upon treaty with the lieutenant-general at the beginning of the siege, had engaged their assistance to make good the same, marched with some thirty-six colours in the face of Bristol, had quarters assigned them, and kept guards. Two pieces of ordnance also were sent unto them for their encouragement ; it not a little grieving the enemy within to see the forwardness of the country to come to our assistance; for which reason (and to lay an effectual caution against their revolt) it was held fit to make use of those forces from the country, rather than for any considerable service could be expected from them. The trumpeter that went in with the summons was detained all night, during which space no sally was made by the enemy, nor no alarm given by us. Only the seamen and their boats coming up the river to St. Vincent's rock, was all the motion this day produced. Neither upon Friday, September 5, was there any sally- ing out, but all was quiet on both sides ; and the trum- peter returned from prince Rupert with an answer to the general's summons, in these words : Sir, I received yours by your trumpeter. I desire to know whether you will give me leave to send a messenger to the king, to know his pleasure in it. I rest. Your servant, Rupert. Saturday, September 6, a trumpeter was sent in with a reply to prince Rupert's answer, in these words : Sir, your overture of sending to the king, to know his plea- sure, I cannot give way to, because of delay. I confess your answer doth intimate your intention not to surrender without his majesty^s consent : yet because it is but implicit, I send again to know a more positive answer from yourself, which I desire may be such as may render me capable of approving myself Your highness' humble servant, Tho. Fairfax. This day came twelve colours more of the well- affected countrymen, as an addition to the former forces. The trumpeter was detained all that day and night : every thing was prepared for a storm ; the general was in the field to that end ; the soldiers had their fagots on their backs, and leaped for joy they might go on ; yet about ten at night, for several reasons, it was held fit to give orders to put off the business till Monday morning two of the clock ; and only to alarm the enemy for that time, as we did often, to amuse them, and keep them waking. Lord's day, Septemb. 7, in the forenoon, the trumpet returned with these propositions from prince Rupert : Sir, whereas I received your letter for the delivery of the city, forts, and castle of Bristol; and being willing to join with you for the sparing of blood, and the preserving of his majesty's subjects, I have, upon those grounds, and none other, sent you these following propositions : First, that myself, all noblemen, commanders and soldiers of horse and foot, that have served either his majesty or par- liament in England or elsewhere; as likewise all persons what- soever, men or women, now resident in this city of Bristol, castle and forts thereof, shall have free liberty to march away out of the said city, castle, and forts, with their arms, flying colours, drums beating, trumpets sounding, pistols cocked, swords drawn, matches lighted at both ends, and as much powder and match as they can carry about them, with all their bag and baggage, horses, arms, and other furniture, ten pieces of cannon, fifty barrels of powder, match and bullet proportionable. 2, That neither mine own person, nor the person of any nobleman, commander, oflicer, gentleman, or soldier, or any wts^mm 112 Conditions on which prince Rupert PART II. CHAP. IV. proposes to surrender Bristol. (1645.) 118 other of mine or their retinues, be searched, molested, or troubled upon what pretence soever, but left to their liber- ties to depart or stay, as it shall be most convenient for them. 3. That none of your army whatsoever shall entice or per- suade any officer or soldier of mine from their regiments or colours, with any promise of preferment or reward. 4. That all such officers and soldiers that are hurt and sick, and cannot now march out of this city, castle, and fort, shall have liberty to stay till they be recovered, and then have safe conducts to go wheresoever they please, either to any of his majesty's armies or garrisons, or their own houses, where they may live quiet ; and that in the interim, those being sick and hurt, may be protected by you, and have civil usage. 5. All prisoners taken on both sides since the beginning of this siege be forthwith set at liberty. 6. That myself, and all those above mentioned, may not be required to march further in a day than what conveniently we may ; and that a day or two of rest be allowed upon our march, if we shall find it requisite ; and that we be accom- modated with free quarter during our march, and a sufficient convoy to any of the king's armies or garrisons which I shall name, to secure us in our march from all injury or incivility that shall any ways be offisred to us. And likewise that there be one hundred and fifty carriage-horses, and forty wains, with sufficient teams provided for carriages of all sorts. 7. That no person here in these articles mentioned shall be in their march, rendezvous, or quarters, searched or plun- dered upon any pretence whatsoever : and that two officers be appointed by you, the one for accommodation for free- quarters for officers, soldiers, and others, and the other for providing of horses and carriages for our baggage and train. 8. All noblemen, gentlemen, clergymen, citizens, resiants, or any other person within this city, suburbs, and libei-ties thereof, shall at any time, when they please, have free liberty to remove themselves, their goods and families, and to dispose of them at their pleasures, according to the known and enacted laws of the land, either to live at their own houses or elsewhere ; and to enjoy their houses, lands, goods, and estates, without any molestation, and to have protection for that pur- pose ; and this article to extend to all those whose estates are sequestered or not sequestered, and that they may rest quiet at their abodes, and travel freely and safely upon their occa- sions. And for their better removal, they may have letters of safe-conduct, with horses and carriages at reasonable rates, upon demand. 9. That all persons above mentioned may have free liberty to pass to any part beyond the seas, any time within three months, as their occasions shall require. 10. That the lines, forts, castle, and other fortifications about or in the city of Bristol, be forthwith slighted, and the city stated in the same condition it was before the beginning of this unnatural war: and that hereafter the parliament during this war place no garrison in it. 11. That no churches be defaced : that the several mem- bers of the foundation of this cathedral shall quietly enjoy their houses and revenues belonging to their places, and that the ministers of this city may likewise enjoy their benefices without trouble. 12. That no oaths be imposed upon any person now in this city, suburbs, and liberties, other than are required by the ancient and enacted laws of the land. 13. That the mayor, sheriffs, aldermen, and citizens within this corporation of the city of Bristol shall be free in their persons and estates, and enjoy all their privileges, liberties, and immunities in as full and ample manner as formerly at any time they did before the beginning of this war, and that they shall have freedom of trade both by land and sea, paying such duties and customs as formerly they have done to his majesty : and that no mulct of fine be imposed upon any person men- tioned in this article, upon any pretence whatsoever, or ques- tioned for any act or thing done or committed before the day of our marching forth. That no free-quarters shall be put upon them without their own consents. 14. That all other persons, whose dwellings are in this city, and now absent, may have the full benefit of these articles, as if they were present. 15. That all noblemen, gentlemen, and others, that have goods in this city, and are now present or absent, may have Sprioo. I I 114 Fairfoj^s answer to prince Ruperf 8 propositions, pabt ii. Kberty at any time within three months to dispose of their goods as they please. 1 6. That there be no plundering or taking away of any man'^s person, or any part of his estate, under what pretence soever ; and that justice, according to the known laws of the land, be administered to all persons within this city by the civil magistrate. And for the performance of these articles, I expect such hostages to be given as I shall accept of; and hereunto I de- sire your speedy answer. • Sir, by this you may evidently perceive my inclination to peace, and you may be assured that I shall never desire any thing more than the honour of the king and safety of the kingdom, and that I may become, sir, Your servant, Rupert. To which propositions the general returned this answer : Sir, I have perused your propositions, wherein some things are doubtfully expressed ; other things inconsistent with the duty I owe to them I serve. Notwithstanding, to the end I may give assurance that I earnestly desire to save effusion of blood, and the ruin of a city and people that may in time be so serviceable to the crown and kingdom ; if it please your highness that commissioners may treat between us, concern- ing the accommodating of things ; I hope to make it evident to the world, that what shall respect the honour of a soldier, due civility to all men, the good and welfare of the people of that city, both in passing by what is past, and restoring them to the privileges of all other subjects, and to the immunities of their city, will readily be condescended unto by me : and to the end no time may be lost, I have here enclosed sent you the names of commissioners, who, upon the return of hostages, of equal condition, unto me, shall attend your highness, sufficiently instructed to conclude on my part ; provided the said treaty be ended by nine of the clock this night. And to this I desire your answer within the space of an hour, and remain Your highness's humble servant, Tho. Fairfax. CHAP. IV. Further communications between them. (1645.) ^^^ This answer being returned presently after dinner by the same trumpeter, he was detained till eight at night ; and then he brought this answer from the prince, or to this effect, in writing : That he hoped his propositions had been such as needed no explanation ; yet because some doubts were made, he was willing to have the exceptions set down in writing, and his highness would return answer. Monday, September 8, the general returned a par- ticular answer to every article ; which as to the soldiery was very honourable, and could not but be very accept- able to the citizens ; for the offer was most fair to the citizens to oblige them to us, in case the conditions offered them were but known to them, as we hoped they would. However, we had used means by our spies to convey the same to them. In the interim all things were prepared for the storm, every commander viewing his posts : the trumpet was detained beyond the time appointed, yet afterwards re- turned with a denial, but not positive. That night was appointed for the army to fall on, but upon better con- sideration it was held fit to put it off to another day, and only to alarm the enemy. Tuesday, September 9, the trumpet was sent in again to let the prince know, that if he did not immediately accept what was offered, all that had passed should be as no treaty, requiring the trumpet to return by twelve of the clock, but, notwithstanding, he was detained till ten at night, and then returned with an unsatisfactory answer. Whereupon all things on our part were put in readiness for a storm. At twelve of the clock in the night the general went into the field to give order about the drawing out of our men, and managing the storm for the next morning. The enemy being left inexcusable for refusing such i2 116 Particulars of the FART II. honourable conditions as were offered, the whole army, horse and foot, being set in a posture round the city, to fall on about two in the morning, September 10, the signal was given to fall on at one instant round the city and works, which was by setting on fire a great heap of straw and fagots on the top of an hill, and the shooting off four great guns against Priors-fort, from the place where the general was to reside all the time of the storm, which being accordingly given, immedi- ately the storm began round the city, and was terrible to the beholders. Colonel Montague and colonel Pickering with their regiments at Lawford's-gate en- tered speedily, and recovered twenty-two great guns, and took many prisoners in the works, major Des- borough advancing with the horse after them, having the command of the general's regiment, and part of colonel Graves's. Sir Hardress Waller's and the gene- ral's regiments, commanded by lieutenant-colonel Jack- son, entered between Lawford's-gate and the river Froom ; colonel Rainsborough and colonel Hammond's regiments entered near Priors -fort; major-general Skippon's and colonel Birch's entered nearer to the river Froom ; and the regiment commanded by lieu- tenant-colonel Pride was divided ; part assigned to the service of Priors-fort, and the rest to alarm the great fort, and afterwards they took a little fort of Welch- men. The seamen, that were at first designed to storm by water, (the tide failing,) assisted in storming the line and works. The horse that entered here, (besides the forlorn hope,) so valiantly led on by captain Ireton, were in several parties commanded by major Bethel^ major Alford, and adjutant-general Flemming, being of colonel Whaley's, colonel Rich's, and part of colonel Graves's regiments. And after the line was broke down with the pioneers, and a gap made in the same, CHAP. IV. storming of Bristol, ( 1 645 .) 117 our horse with undaunted courage entered, and within the line met with a party of the enemy's horse, put them to a retreat, mortally wounded colonel Taylor, (formerly a member of the house of commons,) of which wounds he died, and took divers prisoners. This so disheartened their horse, (perceiving withal our foot to be master of the line, and their men beaten off,) that they never came on again to give one charge ; but re- treated, and stood in a body, under the favour of the great fort and Coulston's-fort. Tn the mean while Priors-hilKfort very obstinately held out, playing fiercely with great and small shot upon our men for two hours after the line was entered ; our men all that time in like manner plying them hard with musket- shot in at the portholes, until they brought up ladders to the fort ; but it being an high work, many of the ladders proved too short, through which fault some that got up were beaten down again. Notwithstand- ing, this disheartened them not, but up they went again upon greatest danger and disadvantage ; some at last creeping in at the portholes, and others got on the top of the works; captain Lagoe, of lieutenant- colonel Pride's regiment, being the first man that laid hold on the colours; and in the end we forced the enemy within to run below into the inner rooms of the work, hoping to receive quarter; but our soldiers were so little prepared for to show mercy, by the opposition that they met withal in the storm, and the refusal of quarter when it was offered, that they put to the sword the commander, (one major Price, a Welchman,) and almost all the ofiicers, soldiers, and others in the fort, except a very few, which, at the entreaty of some of our oflScers, had their lives spared. By that time the fort was gained the day began to break. And most happy it was that the storm began so timely, for otherwise 118 Particulars of the sttmning of Bristol. FART II. had the enemy had daylight when we first entered, we could not have stood upon any ground to have at- tempted Priors-hill-fort, in regard the great fort, and Coulston's-fort on the one side, and the castle on the other side, might have cut off our men as fast as they had been drawn up, but, being in the dark, they durst not shoot, for fear of killing their own men ; their horse (during the storm) being drawn in a body between the great fort and CoulstonVfort. But in the mean time the success on Somersetshire side was not answerable unto this on this side, our forces there being put to a retreat, though they went on with much courage. The works on that side were so high that the ladders could not near reach them, and the approach unto the line of great disadvantage. The horse designed to enter the line, in case it had pleased God to give us here also success, where lieutenant-general Cromweirs regiment, commanded by major Huntington, colonel sir Robert Pye's, and colonel Sheffield's, both which colonels in person attended the storm, being impatient, they had not fair opportunity of entering the line, such was their zeal to the service. And lest, during the storm, the prince (in case he see the town like to be lost) should endeavour to escape with his horse; to prevent the same, commissary-general Ireton's, colonel Butler's, and colonel Fleetwood's regiments of horse were appointed to be in a moving body upon Durdam Down; that place being the most open way, and most likely for the prince to escape by: besides part of those horse did alarm that side of the line and great fort towards Dur- dam Down and Clifton during the storm, as likewise to secure the foot. Colonel Okey's dragoons alarming Brandol-hill-fort and the line towards Clifton. About four hours after the taking Priors-hill-fort, a trumpeter came from the prince to desire a parley. ! CHAP. IV. Articles on which it was surrendered, (1645.) ^^9 which there was reason enough to refuse : but consi- dering the enemy had fired the city in several places, insomuch as it was probable the whole city would have been consumed if the fire had gone on, the general sent the prince word that he would embrace a parley, provided he caused the fire to be quenched immediately; which was done accordingly; and so the treaty proceeded on, and by seven at night it was concluded of according to these articles : That his highness prince Rupert, and all noblemen, officers, gentlemen, and soldiers, and all other persons whatsoever, now residing in the city of Bristol and castle and forts thereof, shall march out of the said city, castle, and forts thereof, with colours, pikes, and drums, bag and baggage. The prince his highness, all noblemen, gentlemen, and officers in commission, with their horse and arms, and their servants with their horses and swords, and common soldiers with their swords ; the prince's lifeguard of horse, with their horse and arms, and two hundred and fifty horse besides, to be disposed by the prince, and his lifeguard of firelocks with their arms, and each of them one pound of powder, and a proportion of bullet; and that none of the persons who are to march out on this article shall be plundered, searched^ or molested. That such officers and soldiers as shall be left sick or wounded in the city, castle, or forts, shall have liberty to stay till their recovery, and then have safe-conducts to go to his majesty, and in the interim to be protected. That the persons above mentioned, who are to march away, shall have a sufficient convoy provided for them to any such garrison of the king's as the prince shall name, not exceeding fifty miles from Bristol ; and shall have eight days allowed for their march thither, and shall have free quarter by the way, and shall have two officers to attend them for their accom- modation, and twenty wagons for their baggage, if they shall have occasion to use the same. That all the citizens of Bristol, and all noblemen, gentlemen, clergymen, and all other persons residing in the said city and / / 120 Articles on which Bristol was surrendered. pabt ii. suburbs of the same, shall be saved from all plunder and vio- lence, and be secured in their persons and estates from the violence of the soldier, and shall enjoy those rights and privi- leges which other subjects enjoy under protection and obe- dience to the parliament. That in consideration thereof, the city of Bristol, with the castle, and all other forts and fortifications thereof, and all the ordnance, arms, ammunition, and all other furniture and provisions of war, excepting what is before allowed, shall be delivered up to sir Thomas Fairfax to morrow, being Thurs- day the iith day of this instant September, by one of the clock in the afternoon, without any diminution or embezzle- ment. His highness prince Rupert then naming to what army or garrison of the king's he will march. That none of the persons who are to march out on this agreement shall plunder, hurt, or spoil the town, or any . person in it, or carry any thing but what is properly their own. That upon signing these articles, colonel Okey, and all per- sons now in prison in the city of Bristol, the castle or forts of the same, shall immediately be set at Hberty. That sufficient hostages be given to sir Thomas Fairfax, such as he shall approve, this night, who are to remain with him until the city be delivered. That neither the convoy nor officers sent with the prince shall receive any injury in their going or coming back, and shall have seven days' allowance for their return. That upon the delivering of the town, sufficient hostages be given for the performance of the articles on both parts. Signed by us the conunissioners on the behalf of his high- ness prince Rupert ; John Mynne. W. Tillyer. W. Valvasour. Signed by us the commissioners appointed on the behalf of his excellency sir Tho. Fairfax ; Edw. Montague. Tho. Rainsborough. John Pickering. That which moved the general to give such favour- able conditions was, merely the preservation of the city, which otherwise would have been consumed by i\ CHAP. IV. Prince Rupert marches out of the ffreat fort, (1645.) ^^^ fire, if the enemy had been driven to a desperate con- dition. God, to show the watchfulness of his providence over the general and lieutenant-general, brought them into some danger, and delivered them out of the same graciously, during the time of the parley. For while they were both sitting on the top of Priors-hill-fort, a piece of ordnance was shot thither from the castle, and the bullet grazed upon the fort within two hands' breadth of them, but did them no hurt at all. This day, the well-affected countrymen of Glouces- tershire, to the number of about three thousand, with some thirty colours, appeared, expressing great forward- ness to serve the parliament ; but the service being over, they returned to their own homes. In this storm we lost several officers, both of horse and foot, and had many wounded. Major Bethel was shot at entering the line, whom I have never occasion to mention but greatly to his honour : of this wound he shortly after died. Captain Ireton, who led on the forlorn hope at the storm, was shot with a brace of bullets in the arm, (and it broken thereby,) but after enduring great torture and pain for many months, he is, through God's blessing, happily recovered. Major Cromwell, a valiant and discreet gentleman, (major to colonel Inglesby,) was wounded in the storm, whereof he afterwards died. Lieutenant-colonel Purefoy, of colonel Fortescue's regiment, a very stout man, was slain upon the place. Captain Hill, of sir Hardress Waller's regiment, slain at the storm. Major Reade, colonel Inglesby's brother, and divers other officers, wounded. Thursday, September 11, the prince, according to the articles, marched out of the great fort, as also many ladies and persons of quality, who had convoys ap- k 122 Unpopularity of prince Rupert. 7ABT II, pointed them according to agreement. In the prince's marching out, the general himself attended him about two miles. The prince, after he was out of the fort, de- clared which way he intended to go, and propounded Oxford ; whither, accordingly, he and all his company were safely convoyed. And because he feared the rising of the clubmen upon him, and not being secure enough in his convoy as he conceived, he desired the general to let him have one thousand arms for his foot, engaging himself upon his honour they should injure no man therewith, only to make use of them, (if need were,) to keep themselves from the violence of the people, and to return them back again ; which accord- ingly was allowed him, and so many as kept their arms restored them again. But the greatest part of them in their march running away, many of the arms were lost. Divers persons of quality that were in the town desired liberty to stay a while longer, till they could provide themselves with horses and necessaries to march away ; which civility the general did not deny them. A great appearance there was of the country to see the marching away of the prince, and extremely cried they out against the prince. Give him no quarter, give him no quarter. The goodness of God to the army during this siege, in preserving them from the sickness, was very remark- able. For when the army was resolved to march from Sherborne to Bristol, one main objection there against it at that time was, lest the plague should be thereby brought into the army; but, every mans conscience and judgment being satisfied that the design was good, an4 most for the advantage of the public, and feasible in their opinion, they resolved to trust God what he would do vrith them, as to the sickness that was much spread in those parts. And whereas, when the army CHAP. IV. CromweWs account of the taking of Bristol. (1645.) ^^^ came before Bristol, as likewise for many weeks before, there died within the city above an hundred a week of the sickness, nor could we quarter our forces in any town or village but the sickness was in it ; yet during all this time not one officer or soldier in our army died of the plague, that we could hear of, but one. What ordnance, arms, ammunition, and provisions we found in the forts, city, and castle, I shall give you in the words of lieutenant-general Cromwell's letter to the speaker of the house of commons ; wherein also the reader may find, not only a confirmation, but an amplification of this story, by some other particulars not yet mentioned ; which letter folio weth : It hath pleased the general to give me in charge to repre- sent unto you a particular account of the taking of Bristol, the which I gladly undertake. After the finishing of that service at Sherborne, it was dis- puted at a council of war, whether we should march into the west or to Bristol. Amongst other arguments, the leaving so considerable an enemy at our backs, to march into the heart of the kingdom; the undoing of the country about Bristol, which was exceedingly harassed by the prince, his being but a fortnight thereabouts; the correspondency he might hold in Wales ; the possibility of uniting the enemy^s forces where they pleased ; and especially the drawing to an head the disaffected clubmen of Somerset, Wilts, and Dorset, when once our backs were towards them : These considerations, together with the taking of so im- portant a place, so advantageous for the opening of trade to London, did sway the balance, and beget that conclusion. When we came within four miles of the city, we had a new debate, whether we should endeavour to block it up, or make a regular siege. The latter being overruled, colonel Welden with his brigade inarched to Pile-hill, on the south side of the city, being within musket shot thereof, where in a few days they made a good quarter, overlooking the city. Upon our advance, the enemy fired Bedminster, Clifton, and some 124 CromwelVs account PART n. CHAP. lY. of the taking of Bristol, (i 645.) 125 other villages lying near to the cityd, and would have fired more, if our unexpected coming had not hindered. The gene- ral caused some horse and dragoons, under commissary-general Ireton, to advance over Avon, to keep in the enemy on the north side of the town, until the foot could come up. And after a day, the general, with colonel Montague's and colonel Rainsborough's brigades, marched over at Kensham to Sta- pleton, where he quartered that night. The next day, colonel Montague, (having his post assigned,) with his brigade, was to secure all between the rivers Froom and Avon : he came up to LawfordVgate within musket shot thereof. Colonel Eains- borough^s post was near to Durdam Down, where the dra- gooners and three regiments of horse made good a post upon the Down, between him and the river Avon, on his right hand, and from colonel Eainsborough's quarters to Froom river on his left. A part of colonel Birch and major-general Skippon's regiment were to maintain that post. These posts thus settled, our horse were forced to be upon exceeding great duty, to stand by the foot, lest the foot, being so weak in all their posts, might receive an affront. And truly herein we were very happy, that we should receive so little loss by sallies, considering the paucity of our men to make good the posts, and the strength of the enemy within. By sallies, (which were three or four,) I know not that we lost thirty men in all the time of our siege. Of officers of quality, only colonel Okey was taken, by mistake, going to the enemy, thinking they had been friends; and captain Guilliams slain in a charge. We took sir Bernard Astley, and killed sir Richard Crane (one very considerable with the prince). We had a council of war, concerning the storming of the town, about eight days before we took it; and in that there appeared great unwillingness to the work, through the unseasonable- nesB of the weather, and other apparent difficulties. Some inducements to bring us thither was the report of the good affection of the townsmen to us, but that did not answer ex- pectation. Upon a second consideration, it was overruled for a storm ; which no sooner concluded, but difficulties were re- ^ Which they did purposely to disaccommodate |he army in point of quarter. moved, and all things seemed to favour the design. And truly, there hath been seldom the like cheerfulness to any work like to this, after it was once resolved on. The day and hour of our storm was appointed to be Wednesday morning the 10th, about one of the clock. We chose to act it so early, because we hoped thereby to surprise the enemy ; with this resolution also, to avoid confusion, and falling foul one upon another, that when we had recovered the line and forts upon it, we could not advance further until day. The generals signal unto storm was, the firing of straw, and discharging four pieces of cannon at Priors-hill-fort : the signal was very well perceived of all, and truly the men went on with great resolution, and very presently recovered the line, making way for the horse to enter. Colonel Montague and colonel Pickering, who stormed at Lawford's-gate, where was a double work, well fiUed with men and cannon, presently entered, and with great resolution beat the enemy from their works, and possessed their cannon : their expedition was such, that they forced the enemy from their advantages without any consi- derable loss to themselves. They laid down the bridges for the horse to enter, major Desborough commanding the horse, who very gallantly seconded the foot : then, our foot advanced to the city walls, where they possessed the gate against the castle- street, whereinto were put an hundred men, who made it good. Sir Hardress Waller, with his and the generaPs re- giment, with no less resolution, entered on the other side of LawfordVgate, towards Avon river, and put themselves into an immediate conjunction with the rest of the brigade. During this, colonel Rainsborough and colonel Hammond attempted Priors- hill-fort, and the line downward towards Froom ; and the major-generaPs regiment being to storm towards Froom river, colonel Hammond possessed the line immediately, and beating the enemy from it, made way for the horse to enter. Colonel Rainsborough, who had the hardest task of all at Priors-hill-fort, attempted it, and fought near three hours for it, and indeed there was great despair of carrying the place, it being exceeding high, a ladder of thirty rounds scarce reaching the top thereof ; but his resolution was such, that notwithstanding the inaccessibleness and difficulty, he would not give it over. The enemy had four pieces of cannon n 126 CromwelPs account PART Ufm CHAP. IT. of the taking of Bristol. (1645.) 127 upon it, which they pKed with round and "case shot upon our men : his lieutenant-colonel Bowen and others were two hours at push of pike, standing upon the palisados, but could not enter. Colonel Hammond .being entered the line, and captain Ireton, with a forlorn of colonel Rich's regiment, in- terposing with his horse between the enemy's horse and colo- nel Hammond, received a shot with two pistol bullets, which broke his arm: by which means the entrance of colonel Hammond did storm the fort on that part which was inward ; by which means, colonel Rainsborough and colonel Hammond's men entered the fort, and immediately put almost all the men in it to the sword. And as this was the place of moat diffi- culty, so of most loss to us on that side, and of very great honour to the undertaker. The horse did second them with great resolution. Both these colonels do acknowledge, that their interposition between the enemy's horse and their foot was a great means of obtaining of this strong fort, without which all the rest of the line to Froom river would have done us little good. And indeed neither horse nor foot would have stood in all that way in any manner of security, had not the fort been taken. Major Bethelfs were the first horse that entered the line, who did behave himself gallantly, and was shot in the thigh, had one or two shot more, and had his horse shot under him. Colonel Birch with his men, and the major-generars regiment, entered with very good resolution where their post was ; possessing the enemy's guns, and turning them upon them. By this, all the line from Priors-hill-fort to Avon, (which was a full mile,) with all the forts, ordnance, and bulwarks, were possessed by us, but one, wherein there were about an hun- dred and twenty men of the enemy, which the general sum- moned, and all the men submitted. The success on colonel Welden's side did not answer with this. And although the colonels, and other the officers and floldiers, both horse and foot, testified much resolution as could be expected, colonel Welden, colonel Inglesby, colonel Herbert, and the rest of the colonels and officers, both of horse and foot, doing what could be well looked for from men of honour, yet, what by reason of the height of the works, which proved higher than report made them, and the shortness of the ladders, they were repulsed with the loss of about an hun- dred men. Colonel Fortescue's lieutenant-colonel was killed, major Cromwell dangerously shot, and two of colonel Inglesby's brothers hurt, with some officers. Being possessed of thus much as hath been related, the town was fired in three places by the enemy, which we could not put out ; which begat a great trouble in the general and us all, fearing to see so famous a city burnt to ashes before our faces. Whilst we were viewing so sad a spectacle, and consulting which way to make further advantage of our suc- cess, the prince sent a trumpet to the general, to desire a treaty for the surrender of the town ; to which the general agreed, and deputed colonel Montague, colonel Rainsborough, and colonel Pickering for that service, authorizing them with instructions to treat and conclude the articles, which are these enclosed ; for performance whereof, hostages were mu- tually given. On Thursday, about two of the clock in the afternoon, the prince marched out, having a convoy of two regiments of horse from us, and making election of Oxford for the place he would go to, which he had liberty to do by his articles. The cannon which we have taken are about one hundred and forty mounted, about one hundred barrels of powder already come to our hands, with a good quantity of shot, ammunition, and arms ; we have found already between two and three thousand muskets. The royal fort had victuals in it for one hundred and fifty men for three hundred and twenty days, the castle victualled for near half so long. The prince had foot of the garrison, as the mayor of the city in- formed me, two thousand five hundred, and about one thou- sand horse, besides the trained bands of the town, and auxi- liaries, one thousand, some say one thousand five hundred. I hear but of one man that hath died of the plague in all our army, although we have quartered amongst and in the midst of infected persons and places. We had not killed of ours in this storm, nor all this siege, two hundred men. Thus I have given you a true, but not a full account of this great business ; wherein he that runs may read, that all this is 128 CromweWa letter on the taking of Bristol. part ii. Done other than the work of God ; he must be a very atheist that doth not acknowledge it. It may be thought that some praises are due to these gal- lant men, of whose valour so much mention is made. Their humble suit to you, and all that have an interest in this blessing, is, that in the remembrance of God's praises they may be forgotten. It is their joy that they are instruments of God''s glory and their country'^s good ; it is their honour, that God vouchsafes to use them. Sir, they that have been employed in this service know that faith and prayer obtained this city for you : I do not say ours only, but of the people of God with you, and all England over, who have wrestled with God for a blessing in this very thing. Our desires are, that God may be glorified by the same spirit of faith by which we ask all our sufficiency, and have received it ; it is meet that He have all the praise. Presbyterians, Independents, all have here the same spirit of faith and prayer, the same presence and answer ; they agree here, have no names of difference ; pity it is it should be otherwise any where. All that believe have the real unity, which is most glorious, because inward iMid spiritual in the body, and to the head. For being united in forms, commonly called uniformity ^ every Christian will, for peace** sake, study and do as far as conscience will permit. And for brethren, in things of the mind, we look for no com- pulsion, but that of light and reason ; in other things God hath put the sword in the parliament's hands, for the terror of evil doers, and the praise of them that do well. If any plead exemption from it, he knows not the gospel. If any would wring it out of your hands, or steal it from you under what pretence soever, I hope they shall do it without effect. That God will maintain it in your hands, and direct you in the use thereof, is the prayer of Your humble servant, Bristol, Sept. 14, 1645. OlIVER CrOMWELL. This night the gUjeral removed firom his quarter at the farm-house, where he had been all the time of the siege extremely ill accommodated by reason of the lit- tleness of the house, which yet he contented himself * \ CHAP. IT. Colonel Nathaniel Hennes vindicated. {164^.) 129 withal, in regard it lay so conveniently upon any alarm. But this night he and the lieutenant-general removed, and went to Bristol ; which they found so unlike what it had been formerly in its flourishing condition, that it looked now more like a prison than a city, and the people more like prisoners than citizens ; being brought so low with taxations, so poor in habit, and so dejected in countenance ; the streets so noisome, and the houses so nasty, as that they were unfit to receive friends or freemen till they were cleansed. Besides the public mercy to the kingdom, in the re- covery of Bristol, the vindication of colonel Nathaniel Fiennes (once governor thereof) seems to have been also particularly designed by Providence. The general, with the lieutenant-general, (sitting upon Priors-hill- fort after the storm,) and most of the chief oflficers of the army, upon a view of the place, comparing the pre- sent strength of it with what it was when he delivered it, and other circumstances, freely expressed themselves, as men abundantly satisfied concerning the hard mis- fortune that befell that noble gentleman. And indeed, whosoever shall compare both the defences together, according to this ensuing parallel, must needs confess, that if prince Rupert deserved to be acquitted, (as he was by the king and a council of war at Newark,) the former defence deserves to be commended : For, prince Rupert, in this latter, had the advan- tage of the former, 1, in the line, which was so much stronger (than the former) by the addition of a fort- royal, and many other works; 2, in the numbers of men for defence, which were more than double % and twelve hundred of them horse, (which number of horse was a thing of great consideration in so large a line) ; • Prince Rupert bad between four and five thousand horse and foot ; colonel Fiennes but seventeen hundred of all sorts. Sprigo. k T" 130 Vindication of PART II. CHAP. IV. Colonel Nathaniel Fiennes, ( 1 645 .) 131 3, in a place of great strength for retreat^; and, lastly, (which is as considerable as any thing,) in a probability of relief, the king having promised it», and being re- solved to have performed it in his own person, with all the force he could have drawn together. Yet he, in the defence, slew not two hundred (in all) of our men; embraced a parley so soon as ever the line was entered ; and concluded the surrender upon no better articles than the former governor had. On the other hand, colonel Fiennes, (in the former,) though he had a line** (full as large) less strong and tenable, and in that part where the enemy entered his works not finished, nor half so many to defend them ; though the royal fort was not then built, nor any thing but a weak and rotten castle to retreat unto, which by the judgment of the officers* of this army could not hold out forty-eight hours against a strong battery, much less till relief could reach it, whereof there was no likelihood ; nay, the governor^ having sent several times, received no answer; but by intelligence which ' Viz. the fort-royal : which though it be twice reckoned in this parallel, yet it is in a different respect ; viz. here, as a place of re- treat ; but above, as it did flanker the line, and so strengthen it much. g This appeareth in prince Rupert's apology ; and that the design of his relief was laid very probably to have succeeded. h Prince Rupert, in his printed declaration and apology, allegeth, that the line he had to defend (being about four miles in compass) was generally but three foot thick, and five foot high ; the graft commonly but six foot broad, and where it was widest but seven. But four foot deep, and where it was deepest but five. And that in Ihe opinion of all his colonels and officers, it was not tenable upon a brisk ind vigorous assault. i The officers expressed themselves so. k Colonel Fiennes sending to the earl of Essex for relief, his ex- cellency wrote to the lord Say, that the army was not in case to re- lieve him, nor (he thought) ever would. he had, he understood he could expect no relief. Yet, (to the utmost improving the means he had,) 1, he slew twelve hundred of the enemy (among whom divers prime officers and commanders) ; % disputed the sub- urbs a long while after the line was entered ; 3, enter- tained no parley, till all endeavours that could be used (by promise of money or otherwise) were not able to get one hundred and twenty men together: and at length purchased as good conditions as the latter, and (in some substantial points^) better. However, all wise men would have saved me this pains; (the sense of the honourable house of com- mons, immediately upon the reduction of Bristol, call- ing colonel Fiennes to his former state of honour and employment, being beyond all that can be said.) Yet these considerations are not in vain; for that they serve as well to the commendation of the goodness of God, in the assisting and bearing forth this army through this undertaking, which, by how much the odds between the means and preparations for this lat- ter defence were beyond the former, carried so much the greater demonstration of the more immediate pre- sence of God and his power with our army, (in this re- duction of Bristol,) than the enemy could boast of when he took it. 1 As may appear by comparing the articles together. K 2 ,^ IBZ Preparatuma for the PART III. CHAP. I. PART III. CHAPTER I. The Devizes and Laicock-house surrendered : Berkeley-castle, after in part stormed, surrendered. With an account of the counsels that did lead these actions. J. HE face of God now shining again upon Bristol, and the general having, through the improvement of a short stay there, viewed the several forts about the city, and given order concerning the settling thereof in a safe condition ; on Saturday, September 13, a council of war was called, to advise what was fit next to be done, (so agreeable was action to this army,) whether to pursue the motion made after the taking of Sherborne, to march presently for the relief of Plymouth, and fur- ther parts of the west, or to clear those garrisons that did interpose between the west and London ; which latter was very necessary, for that if those garrisons were not reduced, they would hinder correspondency between London and the army, except at high rates, of very excessive trouble and charge to the army, by convoys upon every occasion. This was a business of great undertaking, yet (after all things weighed) it was resolved for the present to attempt the taking in of Berkeley and the Devizes, as those that were the near- est ; deferring further resolution, as to the rest, to the opportunities Providence should administer. Colonel Rainsborough, for that purpose, was commanded to march with a brigade (consisting of major general storming of Berkeley-castle. ( 1 645.) 133 Skippon's, colonel Herbert's, and lieutenant colonel Pride's regiments) for the taking in of Berkeley-castle, (already blocked up by horse,) the only garrison con- siderable left in the county of Gloucester, interrupt- ing the passage between Bristol and Gloucester. Lieu- tenant-general Cromwell was designed by the general with another brigade (consisting of colonel Montague's, colonel Pickering's, sir Hardress Waller's, and colonel Hammond's regiments) for the taking in of the Devizes and Laicock-house. On Tuesday following, the general having but the overnight newly finished the whole business for the settlement of Bristol, and dismissing of those of the enemy that were to be then gone, (except some few persons of quality, who had leave to stay a while in the town,) removed his quarters that night to a friend's house, whilst the army marched according to former orders. Wednesday, September 17, his excellency marched to Bath, and rested there some four or five days for the better recovery of his health, (as was need,) having been much wearied out, and spent with that great bu- siness of Bristol. During which time, lieutenant general Cromwell sat down before the castle of the Devizes, which com- manded the county of Wilts, and was placed in the road of traffick between the west and London : it was a place of great strength, having been an old fortifica- tion, raised on a huge mount of earth ; the governor, sir Charles Lloyd, a good engineer, had added to the strength of its natural situation what art could do, hav- ing cut out of the main earth several works command- ing one another, and so strong, that no cannon could pierce them ; besides, that being pallisadoed, and stock- adoed, in most places, it was a matter of extreme diflSi- 184 Conditions upon which PAET Jll. CHAP. I. cultj to storm it: notwithstanding, the lieutenant- general (not discouraged thereat) sat down close to it, and having conveniently planted his cannon and mor- tar-pieces, on Sunday, at one of the clock, he sent in to summon the castle. The governor sent forth word, that the king his master put him in trust, and he desired ten days' time to send to him : in the mean time he would keep it for the king. The lieutenant-general wished him not to let slip such an opportunity : or, if he were otherwise resolved, in much civility, he gave leave to send forth his lady and such other gentlewomen that were in the castle ; and further let him know, that none were more fitting to keep strong holds, forts, and castles than the parliament for the use of the king : whereupon the go- vernor returned, "Win it and wear it." Upon receipt of this answer, the lieutenant-general having put all things in readiness for a storm, gave command to the cannoneers presently to give fire, and also to play the mortar-pieces ; which was accordingly done ; and some of the granados breaking in the midst of the castle (being open above) killed several of their men, and much endangered the blowing up of the magazine ; which so startled the enemy, that on Monday about eight of the clock in the morning the governor sent forth for a parley, and sent out two of his captains, captain Challinor and captain Garroway. The lieute- nant-general sent two captains into them, and about eleven of the clock the lieutenant-general sent them in these propositions following ; viz. I. That all commanders and gentlemen should march to any garrison the king had within thirty miles, with their horse and arms ; and that all private soldiers should march away leaving their arms behind them, but not to go to the same garrisons the commanders marched to. Berkeley-castle was surrendered. (1645.) 135 2. That all gentlemen in the castle should have liberty to go to their own homes or beyond the seas. 3. That all soldiers that have been formerly in the parlia- ment service should be delivered up to the lieutenant-general, and all soldiers that would take up arms in the parliament service should be entertained. To these propositions the lieutenant-general desired his speedy answer, that so they might march away by four of the clock in the afternoon ; to which the gover- nor agreed, (saving in point of time,) and delivered up the castle on the morrow at ten of the clock, at which time they marched out. The governor and his officers with their arms, and his foot without arms, having the liberty of three carriages, and a safe convoy to Worces- ter. The number of soldiers that marched out were about four hundred. In the castle was found a very plentiful magazine of victuals, and good store of ammu- nition, and two piece of ordnance. The Devizes thus happily reduced, the general march- ed thither Tuesday 2S from Bath, and the enemy marched out the same day towards Worcester, accord- ing to the articles. And as the wheels of gracious Providence were now upon a nimble motion, so God was pleased to carry forth the army to a most full compliance with the same. No sooner was the De- vizes gained, but the same day colonel Pickering, with his own and two regiments more, was commanded to Laicock-house, a garrison of the enemy's, kept by co- lonel Bovile ; who, considering that neither Bristol nor the Devizes were able to hold out aganist our force, did easily resolve, that a poor house was much less able (though in truth there were good works about it). Accordingly therefore, upon the first summons, he came to conditions of surrender, and had honourable terms granted him : upon which he marched out the I V 136 Particulars respecting Berkeley-castle. next day towards Excester, viz. himself, his officers, and soldiers, with their arms and baggage ; the general himself adding to the solemnity by his own presence, who went from the Devizes on purpose to view the garrison, and see the enemy march forth. The same day colonel Rainsborough with his forces before Berkeley-castle stormed the outworks and the church, which were the main strength of the castle, with scaling-ladders, performing the service with so much resolution and gallantry, (both officers and sol- diers,) as quickly made them masters of the place; wherein were taken ninety prisoners, besides forty put to the sword, amongst whom were a major and a cap- tain. This was such a terror and discouragement unto the enemy within the castle, to see the resolution of our soldiers, and the execution done upon theirs in the church and outworks, that the governor, sir Charles Lucas, (who returned answer to the first summons, That he would eat horseflesh before he would yield, and man's flesh when that was done : and upon a second summons sent as peremptory an answer) ; yet now per- ceiving the planting of our ordnance against him upon his own works, (which we had newly gained,) whereby we had a great advantage to play into the castle ; and sensible what he was to expect if he came not to present terms, was glad to sound a parley, which was yielded to, and commissioners sent out to treat, and the castle was surrendered upon these articles : the soldiers to march out without arms ; the governor, sir Charles Lucas, with three horses and arms, and not above 50/. in money ; every field-officer with two horses, and but 51. in money ; foot-captains with swords, but no horse ; the soldiers with not above 5s. apiece. This castle Mas a place of great strength, well vic- tualled and manned ; the governor thereof, sir Charles PART III. CHAP. I. Rage of its defenders, ( 1 645 .) 187 Lucas, a soldier of reputation and valour, confident to hold it out against any force should appear before it that winter. There were taken in it eleven pieces of ordnance, provision of victuals for six months (afterwards sold for a good value for the use of the soldiery). In this ser- vice we lost only one captain, not many common sol- diers (though many wounded). Colonel Herbert, as he valiantly led on his men to storm, was shot through the hat (narrowly escaping a greater danger). There marched out of the castle above five hundred horse and foot ; the county of Gloucester not a little satisfied with the reducing of this castle, being a total clearing of their county. How this high hand of God, lifted up, and stretched forth against the enemy, wrought upon them, I shall give you in some instances. A lieutenant colonel of sir Charles Lucas's, when he saw the garrison was sur- rendered, could not hold, but brake forth and swore to colonel Rainsborough, he could be content to go to hell, and be a major there to plague the roundheads ; advancing in his hellish dialect in this latter speech, but proportionable to his essay in a former speech after the first summons, when he said, God damn him he would go quick into hell rather than yield the castle to the roundheads. Another of their officers in the same cas- tle said to a captain of horse in our army, he thought God was turned roundhead, the king's forces prospered so ill. These ought to be the greater engagements upon us to sanctify that name of God which he proclaims amongst us in these successes : from whom else shall God have his glory ? 138 Deliberations of the army. YART III. CHAPTER 11. The counsels whereby the army steered their course imparted. The reduction of Winchester. And now came into consideration, in what way for the advantage of the kingdom's service the army should be disposed of, as to the ensuing winter, (it being then the latter end of September,) the taking in of some of these garrisons of the enemy's, viz. Winchester, Basing, Bennington, Farringdon, and Wallingford, which, toge- ther with Oxford, like vipers in the bowels, infested the midland parts, seemed with much reason to invite the army (especially being so near them) to attempt them ; which if, by God's blessing, they should happily succeed in, they might (to the best advantage) make their win- ter quarters about Oxford, whereby that garrison being Straitened would probably fall into their hands by the spring, for want of provisions. On the other hand, many a sad look towards the west (where the most con- siderable visible strength of the enemy then was, which if let alone all winter might possibly prove very formid- able in the spring, and in the meanwhile overpowering major general Masay's forces then about Taunton, might advance their quarters into the midland parts, and make all our new conquests unserviceable to the king- dom) did strongly incline the army that way ; but that which most of all distracted them, was, that they were not able at once to grasp both the west and midland parts, (as was their great ambition,) yet resolving to as- say what they were able to both ; lieutenant-general Cromwell was sent with the forementioned brigade, and three regiments of horse, for the taking in of the garri- sons of Winchester and Basing, which was the rather attempted, because it conduced much to the absolute freeing of a passage from London into the west, whither CHAP. II. They march to Lyme. (1645.) 139 the general with the rest of the army, according to a re- solution then taken, was immediately marching. Colonel Rainsborough, his work at Berkeley-castle being done, was commanded to advance to the general, who resolved to halt with his forces about Warminster till he came up to him. Accordingly, Saturday 27, the general marched to Warminster with the army, and there continued till Tuesday the 30th, on which day the army marched towards Shaftesbury, and were mus- tered in their march ; the general continuing still at Warminster, choosing so to do, not only for the fore- mentioned reason, but also till he might hear that the treasure for the army was at least on the way from London, the soldiers being so out of money, that they were all enforced to take free quarter, which they had not done till then. During his excellency's abode at Warminster, the good news of the king's forces being routed at Routon-heath near West-Chester, by major- general Pointz, was brought to the army. Wednesday, October 1, the army marched to Middle- ton, and thence the next day to Dorchester, and thence, Saturday October 4, to Beauminster, where they rested the Lord's day, (only the train that was in the rear marched that day up to the van of the army,) and thence on Monday to Chard ; and on Wednesday the 8th, the general went to Lyme, where he was honourably enter- tained by the governor, colonel Ceeley, and stayed there that night. It was wonderful to think, considering the situation of the place, and the meanness of the works about it, that it should possibly hold out as it did^ against such a force as laid siege unto it. This day passed not without bringing forth some good tidings to the army ; for news came this morning to the general, that Winchester was agreed to be sur- rendered to lieutenant-general Cromwell : the terms (/' / 140 Particulars of the mrrender If ART III. whereupon, and other particulars concerning the same, I shall present you withal in the words of the lieute- nant-general's letter, and Mr. Peters' relation made to the house of commons. The letter follows: Sib, I came to Winchester on the Lord's day, heing the 28th of September, with colonel Pickering, commanding his own, colo- nel Montague's, and sir Hardress Waller's regiments. After some dispute with the governor we entered the town ; I sum- moned the castle, was denied, whereupon we fell to prepare our batteries, which we could not perfect (some of our guns being out of order) until Friday following. Our battery was six guns, which being finished, after once firing of them round, I sent him a second summons for a treaty, which they refused, whereupon we went on with our work, and made a breach in the wall near the black tower, which after about two hundred shot, we thought stormable, and purposed on Monday morning to attempt it. On Sunday night about ten of the clock the governor beat a parley, desiring to treat ; I agreed unto it, and sent colonel Hammond and major Harrison in to him, who agreed unto these enclosed articles. Sir, this is the addition of another mercy ; you see God is not weary in doing you good ; I confess, sir, his favour to you is as visible when he comes by his power upon the hearts of his enemies, making them quit places of strength to you, as when he gives courage to your soldiers to attempt hard things. His goodness is in this much to be acknowledged, for the castle was well manned with 680 horse and foot, there being near 300 gentlemen, officers, and their servants ; well victualled, with 1500 weight of cheese, very great store of wheat and beer, near twenty barrels of powder, seven pieces of cannon : the works were exceeding good and strong. It is very likely it would have cost much blood to have gained it by storm : we have not lost twelve men. This is repeated to you, that God may have all the praise, for it is all his due. Sir, I rest your most humble servant, Oliver Cbomwell. CHAP. II. of Winchester to Cromwell, (1645.) 141 Mr. Peters' report made to the house of commons containing some other particulars concerning Win- chester : My commands (from the lieutenant-general) are to give this honourable house a further narrative of the castle of Win- chester, being upon the place, and a spectator of God*s good hand in the whole work ; as also to present his humble re- quest to the house in some particulars. And before I speak to either of them, if gratitude itself were not sometimes unsea- sonable, I would, in my own name, and in the name of many thousands, return this honourable house most humble thanks for our lieutenant-general, in that you suffer with patience the vacancy of his place in this house : my wish is, that his spirit, and that public English spirit of Hampden, Pym, and Strowd, may be doubled upon your new elected members. For our lieutenant-general, this I may say, that judgment and affections are in him striving for the mastery ; I have rarely seen such heights and depths concent in one man; that when I look upon the two chiefs of our army, I remember Gustavus Adolphus and Oxenstern, and I wish that our hopes in these may not be so shortlived as the Germans' hopes in them were. More I might say concerning him that sent me, who is so far above the world, and lives so little upon the state's pay, and minds himself so little ; but that he hath en- joined silence to all his friends in any thing that might turn to his own praise. For the castle of Winchester, we begun our batteries upon Saturday morning, which wrought so effectually, that a breach, wherein thirty men might go abreast, was made ; the enemy sallied out, and beat our men from our guns, which were soon recovered again ; we played then with our granadoes from our mortarpieces, with the best effect that I have seen, which brake down the mansion house in many places, cut off a commissioner of theirs by the thighs, the most austere and wretched instrument in that country, and at last blew up their flag of defiance into the air, and tore the pinnacle in pieces upon which it stood. Summons being sent as we entered upon this work, was re- fused by the lord Ogle their governor : and another summons God sent them, in the middle of their battery ; his lady, to r-. /f 142 Particular 9 of the PABT III. whom our lieutenant-general had given leave to come forth, and had gone some miles out of the town, died, by whom the governor had, during her life, icxx>?. a year, now lost by her death. The chiefest street of the town the enemy played upon, whereby divers passengers were wounded, and some killed, in which street my quarters were : I have that cause to bless God for my preservation. The Lord'^s day we spent in preaching and prayer, whilst our gunners were battering, and at eight o'clock at night we received a letter from the governor for a treaty, which I have brought with me. Colonel Hammond and major Harrison were sent into the castle on our party. Sir Edward Ford and a major of theirs was sent to us. The whole night was spent about it, our men standing upon some special terms with them, and very desirous were we to accept sir Edward Ford and sir Humphrey Bennet to be our hostages. By eight of the clock on Monday morning, it was agreed they should depart out of the castle at five of the clock, according to these articles : Articles agreed upon, the ^th of October 1645, between the right honourable William viscount Ogle, governor of the garrison of the castle of Winton, of the one party and colonel Robert Hammond and major Thomas Harrison on the behalf of lieutenant-general Oliver Cromwell, of the other party, for the surrender of the said castle, 1 . That the lord Ogle shall deliver up the castle of Win- chester, with ail the arms, ordnance, ammunition, provision, and all function of war whatsoever, without any embezzlement, waste, or spoil, unto that ofl&cer or officers as shall be there- unto appointed by the said lieutenant-general to morrow, being Monday the 6th of October, by three of the dock afternoon. 2. That the said lord Ogle shall have his own colours, and one hundred fixed arms for his guard, and one hundred men to carry them. 3. That the lord Ogle, and all the officers in commission, shall march out of the said castle with their own horse and arms, and their own proper goods, unto Woodstock, whither they shall be safely conveyed. 4. That there shall be allowed to the lord Ogle and his offi- cers six carriages for the transporting of their goods aforesaid. I CHAP. II. surrender of Winchester, (1645.) 143 5. That all officers, gentlemen, clergymen, and inhabitants of the city of Winchester, and all officers within the guards, (desiring it,) may be at their own time, free from all violence and injury of the parliament's forces. 6. That the lord Ogle shall give sufficient hostages for the performance of the articles here constituted on their part to be performed, also for the safe return of the convoy. These articles being concluded on, I was forthwith sent into the castle, to take a view of it before my departure, where I found a piece of ground improved to the best advantage ; for when we were entered by battery we had six distinct works and a drawbridge to pass through, so that it was doubtless a very strong piece, and well appointed, as may appear by this ensuing note of the ammunition and provisions we found there ; viz. 7 pieces of ordnance ; 17 barrels of powder; 2000 weight of musket bullet ; 800 weight of match; 38 hogsheads of beef and pork; 15,000 weight of cheese; 800 pound of butter; 140 quarters of wheat and meal ; 3 hogsheads of French wine ; 10 quarters of salt ; 20 bushel of oatmeal ; 70 dozen of candles ; 30 load of wood ; 40 quarters of charcoal ; 30 bushels of sea- coal ; 14 sheep ; 4 quarters of fresh beef ; 7000 weight of biscuits; 112 hogsheads of strong beer. The castle was manned with 700 men, divers of them refor- madoes. The chief men I saw there were, viscount Ogle, their governor ; sir John Pawlet, an old soldier ; sir William Courtney and colonel Bennet ; also doctor Curie, the bishop of Winchester, who came forth to our quarters in the morning, with whom I spent an hour or two ; who with tears and much importunity desired the lieutenant-general's favour to excuse his not accepting the offer that he made unto him in his first entering the town. He desired of me a guard to his lodging, lest the soldiers should use violence to him and his chaplain, who were in their long gowns and cassocks ; and he was accord- ingly safely conveyed home. I do verily believe that they will hardly bring to Woodstock 200 men. It did much affect us to see what an enemy we had to deal with, who, themselves being judges, could not choose but say, that our God is not as their God. And this is the nineteenth garrison hath been taken this summer, through God's goodness ; and he that will (-\ ■ V^ ,;"iil' .ill ^fjK:..! ti^i ■ ■ , __ 144 Exemplary act of justice FART III. not take his share in this common joy is either stupid or en- vious. The fruits of what is already done are great ; amongst the rest, what I saw upon the way, all sorts travelling upon their occasions freely to their own homes, with carriages and wains, many inns filled with guests, the former face of things re- turning upon us in several kinds ; yea, now we may ride with safetv from Dover to the middle of Devonshire. Lieutenant-general Cromwell stayed but one day after sir William Ogle the governor of Winchester and the rest of the garrison were marched out to Oxford, to settle that place ; but immediately took his march towards Basing, for the re- ducing thereof. Thus far Mr. Peters. But before I leave Winches- ter, I cannot but observe a remarkable piece of justice done in satisfaction to the enemy, for some injury they had sustained at their marching forth of Winchester, by plunder, contrary to the articles, which was done by some troopers; who being apprehended, were after- wards tried by a council of war, and condemned to die ; and after lots cast for their lives, (being six of them,) he whose lot it was to die was brought to the place of ex- ecution, where, with a demonstration of great penitence, (so far as the beholders did judge,) he suffered death for his offence ; which exemplary justice made a good impression upon the soldiery. The other five were sent with a convoy to Oxford, (together with a full account of this proceeding, to the governor there, sir Thomas Glemham,) to be delivered over as prisoners, and to be put to death, or otherwise punished as he should think fit ; which was so well received by the enemy, (to see so much right was done them,) that sir Thomas Glemham returned the prisoners back again, with an acknowledgment of the lieutenant-general's nobleness, in being so tender in breach of articles. CHAP. III. duly appreciated by sir T. Glemham. (1645.) 145 CHAPTER III. The several motions and actions of the army unto Tiverton . The storming and taking of Basing^house fully related. But now to return to his excellency, who on Thurs- day the 9th came back from Lyme to Chard, where he received intelligence that Goring intended to break through with his horse : whereupon a letter was sent to the committees of the county of Somerset, to have the country in a readiness to rise (if occasion should be) for the making good of the passes. The general rested at Chard, till the treasure (so long expected) was come up thither, which was on Saturday the 11th, and the army was paid that night, having been ever since the taking of Bristol without pay. On Monday 13th, the army being paid, part of it ad- vanced to Axminster, on which day a captain of the lord Goring's came in to us with a troop of horse, as also one colonel Connocke, late governor of Tiverton. But for this latter, the general understanding of his cruel carriage to the country (whilst he was governor of that place) in torturing people, by burning them with matches, and otherwise cruelly using both men and women, (in such manner as is not fit to be men- tioned,) he was required to depart the quarters of the parliament, or to be proceeded against as a spy. This day his excellency had further intelligence by his spies that the lord Goring intended to break through with the horse, or beat up our quarters that night ; and that he had advanced most of them on this side the river Ex, for that end (being himself at Poltimore with about 1500 horse) ; whereupon commissary-general Ire- ton gave strict orders for the keeping of the guards, and also that all the horsemen that were in quarters should have their horses ready saddled^ in case there should be 8priog. l 14() Tlie general marches from Hunniton PART III. an alarm : and our caution in this point was no more than needed; for this night, the lord Goring, lord Wentworth, lord Miller, and most of their bravest ca- valry, came from their quarters near Exeester, and passed through Hunniton about twelve at night, and so came on to Black-down, and knowing the country well, by an obscure and unusual way passed our out- guards, (the extreme darkness of the night favouring them,) and got between the main guard and our quarters, and falling into some of the dragoon and foot quarters, took about forty foot and twenty dragoons, and returned immediately, fearing lest the army should have taken the alarm ; but so nimble were they in that action, that they were gone before the alarm was re- ceived. Tuesday the 14th, the general and the army marched from Chard to Hunniton, by the way of Axminster ; and that night our horse and much of the foot lay in the field about Hunniton, lest the enemy should break through (we pressing so hard upon them) to join with the king, which was (in the opinion of the general, and all understanding men) the best game they had to play, and most disadvantageous to our proceedings ; as that, that would have enabled the king to make incursions into the eastern association, and divert a great part of this army, who desired to complete the service of re- ducing the west before they returned. But the enemy attempted it not that night ; and had they not (upon advertisement that our forces were come to Hunniton) removed their quarters from St. Mary Autree, Poul- timour, (and those parts,) beyond the river Ex, (as they did,) they had certainly been beaten up (parties being sent out for that purpose). Wednesday the 15th, the general and the army marched from Hunniton to Collumpton, where the lord / CHAP. 111. to Collumpton, (1645.) 147 Miller was with 300 dragoons and some horse, who upon our approach quit their barricadoes, and the town, left their turnpikes standing. Strong parties pursued them, and took some prisoners, who confessed their party were gone towards Tiverton. Whereupon a council of war was that night called, and major-general Massey was desired to go with his horse, and the brigade of foot under the command of colonel Welden, to possess the town of Tiverton, and besiege the castle ; which accord- ingly he did. Thursday, October 16"", there came in some officers from the enemy, a lieutenant-colonel and two captains, who declared their unhappiness to be engaged on that side, desiring a pass to go to the lord Inchequin, to serve in Ireland against the rebels. The general went this day to Broadnix, where the enemy kept a guard with a commanded party of foot and some horse ; but upon the approach of our forces they quit the town, and the general returned back to Collumpton, where information was given by the in- habitants of good repute, that the enemy had boasted, the day before our coming into the town, that Goring had cut Fairfax in pieces near Chard, and routed his whole army ; took drink upon it, and wished it might be their poison, if it were not true. This course the enemy took, to make their party believe they were great conquerors ; whereas indeed what they did was very inconsiderable, and, as to the reducing their affairs into any tolerable condition, scarce worth the mention- ing. And on this occasion may be noted, (though it might be mentioned in a more fit place afterward,) that •» About this time, prince Rupert and Maurice, as they were going from Banbury and those parts (with a convoy of Banbury horse) to the king at Newark, (in that mood,) to take their leave of him, were set upon bv colonel Rossiter, and sore put to it. l2 148 The general marches towards Tiverton : CromweWs part hi. this small business near Cliard was the only affront the enemy put upon us during the army's being in the west of England ; but with what iterated affronts our forces have recompensed them in their quarters, the action at Bovy-Tracy, and divers other places hereafter men- tioned, will manifest. Friday, October 17, a council of war was called for advice, whether to march towards Excester, and so to- wards Plymouth, or to take in Tiverton, in regard it lay upon a pass, and might much annoy the army to leave it behind them unreduced, or at least unblocked up ; and if once taken, might be a magazine, and place of strength and conveniency, either to secure any thing in, or to retreat unto upon occasion: whereupon it was resolved to make it their work to take in that place, and the rather, to enforce Goring's horse to keep to the other side of Ex ; for the army, being once possessed of that pass, would be the better able to keep the enemy before them from breaking through. Whereupon this day, towards noon, the general marched towards Tiverton with a great part of the army, leaving some horse and foot at Broadnix, Silverton, and Co- lumb-John, within four miles of Excester, and accord- ingly, as was desired, it succeeded, in that the enemy was enforced to draw all over Ex. But before I proceed in this story, I must give you a relation of the taking of Basing, a place of great con- cernment, and which had been a great annoyance unto the country and the city of London, in hindering trade. This business, as it was managed by lieutenant-ge- neral Cromwell, who in person commanded in the re- ducing of that place, and Winchester, and managed the same with much prudence and resolution ; so I shall give you the particulars of the action in the words of his own letter, and Mr. Peters' relation. CHAP. III. account of the taking of Basing, (1645.) ^^^ Lieutenant-general CromweWs letter to the honourable WiU Ham Lenthal, Esq,, speaker to the honourable house of commons. Sir, I thank God I can give you a good account of Basing. After our batteries placed, we settled the several posts for the storm : colonel Dalbier was to be on the north side of the house next the Grange, colonel Pickering on his left hand, and sir Hardress Waller's and colonel Montague's regiments next him. We stormed this morning, after six of the clock ; the signal for falling on, was, the firing four of our cannon, which being done, our men fell on with great resolution and cheerfulness ; we took the two houses without any consider- able loss to ourselves ; colonel Pickering stormed the new house, passed through, and got the gate of the old house ; whereupon they summoned a parley, which our men would not hear. In the mean time, colonel Montague's and sir Hardress Waller'^s regiments assaulted the strongest works, where the enemy kept his court of guard, which with great resolution they recovered, beating the enemy from a whole culverin, and from that work ; which having done, they drew their ladders after them, and got over another work, and the house- wall, before they could enter: in this, sir Hardress Waller performing his duty with honour and diligence, was shot on the arm, but not dangerous. We have had little loss ; many of the enemy our men put to the sword, and some offi- cers of quality ; most of the rest we have prisoners, among which the marquis and sir Robert Peak, with divers other officers, whom I have ordered to be sent to you : we have taken about ten piece of ordnance, much ammunition, and our soldiers a good encouragement. I humbly offer to have this place slighted, for these reasons : it will ask 800 men to man it ; it is no frontier ; the country is poor about it; the place exceedingly ruined by our bat- teries and mortar-pieces, and a fire which fell upon the place since our taking it. If you please to take the garrison of Farnham, some out of Chichester, and a good part of the foot which were here under D'Albier, and make a strong quarter at Newbury, with three or four troops of horse, I dare be con- y 150 Mr, Peters* relation of FART III. CHAP. III. the taking of Basing- hoitse. ( 1 645 . ) 151 fident it would not only be a curb to Bennington, but a se- curity and frontier to aU these parts, and by lying there wiU make the trade most secure between Bristol and London for all carriages : and I believe the gentlemen of Sussex and Hampshire will with more cheerfulness contribute to maintain a garrison on the frontier than in their bowels, which will have less safety in it. Sir, I hope not to delay, but march to- wards the west to-morrow, and to be as diligent as I may in my expedition thither. I must speak my judgment to you, that if you intend to have your work carried on, recruits of foot must be had, and a course taken to pay your army ; else believe me, sir, it may not be able to answer the work you have for it to do. I entreated colonel Hammond to wait upon you, who was taken by a mistake, whilst we lay before this garrison ; whom God safely delivered to us, to our great joy, but to his loss of almost aU he had, which the enemy took from him. The Lord grant that these mercies may be acknowledged with aU thankfulness. God exceedingly abounds in his good- ness to us, and will not be weary, until righteousness and peace meet, and that he hath brought forth a glorious work for the happiness of this poor kingdom. Wherein desires to serve God and you with a faithful heart, Your most humble servant, Oliver Cromwell. Basingstoke, October 14, 1645. Mr. Peters' relation to the house of commons was as folio weth : That he came into Basing-house some time after the storm, on Tuesday the 14th of October 1645, ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^®^ ^^®^ of the works, which were many, the circumvallation being above a mile compass ; the old house had stood (as it is re- ported) 2 or 300 years, a nest of idolatry, the new house sur- passing that in beauty and stateliness, and either of them fit to make an emperor's court. The rooms before the storm, (it seems,) in both houses, were all completely furnished, provisions for some years rather than months ; 400 quarters of wheat, bacon divers rooms full, (containing hundreds of flitches,) cheese proportionable, with oatmeal, beef, pork, beer, divers cellars full, and that very good. A bed in one room, furnished, that cost 1300/., popish books many, with copes, and such utensils, that in truth the house stood in its full pride, and the enemy was persuaded that it would be the last piece of ground that would be taken by the parliament, because they had so often foiled our forces that had formerly appeared before it. In the several rooms, and about the house, there were slain seventy-four, and only one woman, the daughter of doctor Griffith, who by her railing provoked our soldiers (then in heat) into a further passion. There lay dead upon the ground, major Cuffle, (a man of great account amongst them, and a notorious papist,) slain by the hands of major Harrison, (that godly and gallant gentleman,) and Eobinson the player, who, a little before the storm, was known to be mocking and scorning the parliament and our army. Eight or nine gentlewomen of rank, running forth to- gether, were entertained by the common soldiers somewhat coarsely, yet not uncivilly, considering the action in hand. The plunder of the soldier continued till Tuesday night. One soldier had 120 pieces in gold for his share, others plate, others jewels ; amongst the rest, one got three bags of silver, which (he being not able to keep his own counsel) grew to be common pillage amongst the rest, and the fellow had but one half crown left for himself at last. Also the soldiers sold the wheat to country people, which they held up at good rates a while, but afterwards the market fell, and there was some abatements for haste. After that they sold the householdstuff, whereof there was good store ; and the country loaded away many carts, and continued a great while fetching out all manner of householdstuff, till they had fetched out all the stools, chairs, and other lumber, all which they sold to the country' people by piecemeal. In these great houses there was not one iron bar left in all the windows (save only what was in the fire) before night. And the last work of all was the lead, and by Thursday morning they had hardly left one gutter about the house. And what the soldiers left, the fire took hold on ; which made more than A !« 152 Mr, Peters^ account of the taking of Basiny-home. part iil ordinary haste ; leaving nothing but bare walls and chimneys in less than twenty hours, being occasioned by the neglect of the enemy, in quenching a fireball of ours at first. We know not how to give a just account of the number of persons that were within ; for we have not three hundred pri- soners, and it may be an hundred slain, whose bodies (some being covered with rubbish) came not to our view; only riding to the house on Tuesday night, we heard divers crying in vaults for quarter, but our men could neither come to them nor they to us. But amongst those that we saw slain, one of their officers lying on the ground, seeming so exceeding tall, was measured, and from his great toe to his crown was nine foot in length. The marquis being pressed by Mr. Peters arguing with him, broke out, and said, that if the king had no more ground in England but Basing-house, he would adventure as he did, and 8o maintain it to his uttermost, meaning with these papists : comforting himself in this disaster, that Basing-house was called loyalty. But he was soon silenced in the question con- cerning the king and parliament, only hoping that the king might have a day again. And thus the Lord was pleased iu a few hours to show us what mortal seed all earthly glory grows upon, and how just and righteous the ways of God are, who takes sinners in their own snares, and lifteth up the heads of his despised people. This is now the twentieth garrison that hath been taken in this summer by this army ; and I believe most of them, the answer of the prayers and trophies of the faith of some of God''s servants, the commander of this brigade having spent much time with God in prayer the night before the ■torm, and seldom fighting without some text of scripture to support him. This time he rested upon that blessed word of God written in the 1 15th Psalm, ver. 8, They that make them are like unto them, so is every one that trmteth in them; which, with some verses going before, was now accompHshed. Whereas the house had ordered that the country people should carry away those buildings, God Almighty had decreed touching that beforehand, nothing remained but a blast of wind to blow down the tottering walls and chimneys : doubt- less this providence of God hath a double voice, the one unto CHAP. III. Death of major Bethel, (1645.) 153 r- the enemy, and the other unto us ; the Lord help us with skill to improve it. I hope by this time the state hath a penny- worth for a penny, and I hope they will have full measure and running over. I wish that the payment and recruiting of this army may not be slighted : it is an easy matter to grieve God in our neglects towards him ; and not hard to weary one another. What if the poor soldier had some remembrance, though small, to leave as the acceptance of this service, which is already begun by a worthy member of this house", who hath appointed some medals to be made of gold to be bestowed upon those that ventured on the greatest difficulties. Mr, Peters presented the marquis's own colours, which he brought from Basing, the motto of which was, Donee pax reddit teri^is ; the very same king Charles gave upon his coronation money when he came to the crown. But our only God doth usually temper such pleasant cups unto us ; for in the close of this glorious victory the death of major Bethel was brought unto us, shot at Bristol ; and, tired through want of sleep, he is gone into the bosom of the Lord Jesus, whom he loved so dearly whilst he lived. I wish he may not go unla- mented to his grave, who was so full of God, and the fairest flower of the city amongst us; lived without pride and died full of faith. The army'^s tears over major Bethel, Thou gallant charger, dost thou wheel about To sable shades ? or dost thou rather post To Bethel, (Bethel,) there to make a shout Of the great triumphs of a" scorned host ? Or (blessed soul) was it unworthy we That made thee wearv with such dust to be ? Or, tired with our new reforming pace. Tasting some sips of heav'n, dost therefore haste n Mr. Mavnard. 154 Tlverion^astle To fuller draughts of that eternal grace. Fearing thy spirit might be here embraced ? Farewell, dear soul ; thy great deserved arrears We'll pay in others' blood or our own tears. Only let all ages, when they tell The unexampled tale of '45 Yea, when these records to their glory swell. And be completed by the saints alive ; When Naseby, Langport, Bristol nam'd they hear. Let them all say. Sweet Bethel, he was there. B ear a part in these laments, E very soul that longs for peace ; T rulv, who with God indents H ere to have thereof a lease, E nters with himself a war : L ean on things that truly are. '^ FART III. CHAP. IV. is taken by storm. (1645.) 155 CHAPTER IV. The cheap reduction of Tiverton-castle, by a strange providence. The surrender of Langford-house. But to return to my story. Saturday, October 18, much of the time was spent in raising of batteries against Tiverton church and castle : the general, with major-general Massey, oftentimes that day viewed the works, castle, and church, for the ordering of the bat- teries and approaches. A spy was this day from the castle let down in a rope ; and being taken by our guards, threw his letter by the water side ; but being threatened, discovered where the letter was ; which being found (where he had thrown it) was read : it was directed to sir John Berkeley, governor of Ex- cester; it discovered the resolution of sir Gilbert Tal- bot to hold out, but yet he desired relief of sir John Berkeley. Lord's day, October 19, the general went early to see to the batteries, and the ordnance being ready /J planted, a council of war was called, wherein it was agreed to storm the church, castle, and works; and being in debate of the manner of the storm, (which was that afternoon to be put in execution,) our ord- nance playing hard against the works and castle, the chain of the drawbridge with a round shot was broken in two, whereupon the bridge fell down, and our men immediately, without staying for orders, possessed them- selves of the bridge, and entered the works, and pos- sessed the churchyard, which so terrified the enemy, that it made them quit their ordnance, and some of their posts and line, and instantly fled into the church and castle ; our men got over the rest of the bulwarks and line, and pursued the enemy into the church and castle, where they cried out in a lamentable manner for quarter; our soldiers crept in at the church windows, (they having made fast the doors,) and made all within prisoners, plundered them, and stripped most of them to their shirts, yet gave them their lives. The governor, who had formerly received a summons, but peremp- torily refused to hearken to any treaty of surrender, (though he despaired of any relief,) shut himself up into his chamber in the castle, and hung out a white flag for a parley ; but being now too late, it would not be hearkened to, (such was the fury of the soldier,) yet when they got into the castle, and came to the place where he was, they gave him fair quarter. There was much plunder found in the castle (besides provisions). There was taken one major Sadler, who formerly served the parliament, and ran to the enemy, and had privately sent and made overtures what ser- vice he would do if he might be pardoned : but his offers were rejected, and he falling into our hands was called to a council of war, and condemned to sufier death for his former treachery ; who, to save his life. 156 Major Sadler is executed. PART III. broke prison, (after he wa8 condemned,) and escaped to Excester, where he was (by his own side) called to a council of war, for endeavouring to betray their cause after he had undertaken it; and was therefore ad- judged to die, and suffered death accordingly : it being alleged against him, that he treacherously quit his posts in the late service of Tiverton. Besides him, who escaped us, (but not justice, an Irish rebel was taken and executed,) there was taken prisoners in this place, sir Gilbert Talbot (the governor), four majors, and about two hundred more officers and soldiers. This day intelligence came, that after lieutenant- general Cromwell had taken Basing, he immediately marched towards Langford-house, (near Salisbury,) faced the same with part of his brigade, sent in a summons ; and that the governor, upon the experience that Basing and Winchester were not able to resist the force that was come against that place, (conceiving his condition desperate,) hearkened to a treaty, and surrendered the place upon these ensuing articles : I. The commanders-in-chief of the said garrison to sur- render the said house and garrison to the said lieutenant- general Cromwell, on the morrow, by twelve of the clock, being the 1 8 th of October then instant. a. All arms and ammunition in the said garrison to be delivered to the use of the parliament, without any embezzling of them. 3. The commanders-in-chief to march away with horse and arms, and the private soldiers without arms to Oxford, within ten days, and to have a troop of horse for their guard the first day, and a trumpet with a pass the rest of the way. 5. The rest of the gentlemen, not exceeding fourteen more, to march with their swords and pistols and horses, if they should lawfully procure them. 6. The commanders-in-chief to have a cart or wagon al- lowed them, to carry their goods to Oxford. 7. If any gentleman of the said garrison had a desire to go CHAP. V. It is determined to straiten Excester, (1645.) ^^^ to any other garrison or army of the king's, to have passes to that purpose. 8. The goods remaining in the said garrison to be delivered to the several owners thereof upon demand, within two days next following the date hereof. 9. Lieutenant-colonel Bowles and major Fry to be left host- ages, until these articles should be performed. CHAPTER V. Excester straitened in order to a siege ; with several debates and resolutions thereabouts. These six garrisons, of the Devizes, Laicock-house, Basing, Winchester, Langford, and Tiverton, (besides Berkeley-castle,) being reduced since the taking of Bristol, there was no garrison in the way between Ex- cester and London, to interrupt the passage, so that a single man might travel without any fear of the enemy, (all the obstructing garrisons being cleared,) except Corf-castle near the sea coasts (which yet was securely blocked up by the governor of Poole, and colonel Pickering's regiment, sent thither for that purpose). Monday, October 20, the general and the whole army marched to Silverton and the parts thereabouts, (within five or six miles of Excester,) where a council of war was called, to consult what was fit next to be done, whether to advance further west, (before Exces- ter was reduced,) or to march up to the enemy, and re- lieve Plymouth. After a long and serious debate, it was held fit, in regard of the season of the year, (winter being coming on,) and the soldier already very sickly, and much wearied out by their continual marches and hard duties ; rather to make it their work to straiten Ex- cester, than to march further west for the present, and 158 The general marches to Newton Siera : PART III. CHAP. y. his army rests at Crediton, (1645.) 159 to leave so considerable a garrison upon their backs, wherein were 1000 horse at that instant, besides 4000 foot, that might annoy the eastern parts of the country, as well as the army in the rear, if they advanced fur- ther. This resolution was not so acceptable to the gentlemen of those parts, (who would feign have had the army advance further into the west,) and desirous enough was the general to comply with them ; but his judgment did not lead him to it at this time, for the reasons before mentioned. Wherefore, Tuesday, 21st of October, the general went in person with a small party to Stoke, and so on towards Excester, till he came within less than a mile of the town, viewed that part of the city, and returned back that night to Silverton. A council of war was again called, wherein it was con- cluded, that one part of the army should march over Ex, by the way of Tharverton, and the other to Stoke- bridge, and parts thereabouts. Wednesday, October 22, the general with a great part of the army marched to Newton Siers, with an in- tention to have gone that night to Affington ; but the ways being narrow, and the days short, was enforced to take up their quarter that night at Newton Siers, where his excellency received intelligence that Goring went the night before from Excester towards Oke- hampton, with the greatest part of the 1000 horse be- fore mentioned. Thursday, October 23, the army marched early from Newton Siers to a rendezvous, at the Beacon, within three miles of Excester, with intention to go to Affing- ton that night. But such was the extremity of wet and unseasonable weather, (which it pleased God to send,) that in a few hours' rain the ways proved un- passable for our carriages ; besides that, the narrowness of the ways (however represented by some gentlemen of the country with the army) was found, upon con- ferring with others, to be such, as was altogether in- compliant with the army's march, and would necessi- tate them to go many miles about ; whereby it was not possible in any seasonable time to get to Affing- ton that night. Whereupon unexpectedly the head- quarters were appointed that night to be at Crediton, some six miles from Excester, where several of the enemy's horse came in to his excellency; informing him that Goring was gone from Okehampton towards Tavistock. Friday, October 24, the army rested at Crediton (horse and man being much wearied out with the ex- treme wet weather, and their carriages broken) ; a coun- cil of war was called, whether it was fit to pursue the former resolution of straitening Excester on both sides. Whilst the business was in debate, lieutenant-general Cromwell happily came in ; and the forces that were sent under his command to Basing and Winchester were by that time come to Hunniton. This night the army received the good news of the lord Digby's and Langdale's being routed at Sher- borne. The sum whereof was, that the lord Digby and sir Marmaduke Langdale, marching from Newark, by the king's appointment, with some I6OO horse, to join with Montrose in Yorkshire, as they passed by Doncaster, and so onwards, they beat up our quarters in several places, and near Sherborne took 800 of our men, (that drew out there to oppose them,) laying their arms on a great heap in the street of Sherborne, till they could get carriages to carry them away : but be- fore they were so provided, colonel Copley, colonel Lilborne, and other commanders of Yorkshire, march- ing with all speed, came upon them, and routed them ; recovered all our arms and men, took 400 of their men, 160 The general determines to possess Topsham : PART III. CHAP. V. he calls a council of war. (1645.) 161 600 horse, many commanders and persons of quality ; slew forty, amongst whom were sir Francis Carnaby and sir Richard Hutton ; took Digby's coach, (and therein many letters and papers of great consequence,) divers colours, with much rich pillage. Saturday, October 25, the business that was in de- bate the day before at a council of war was reassumed, and, after much dispute, it was resolved to march back with all our forces on the east of Ex, to possess Top- sham, and settle strong quarters on that side, before they advanced any further west to relieve Plymouth, Not but that the general and his officers had that place much in their thoughts, but conceived it not fit to attempt it at this season. The reasons inducing to this resolution were chiefly these, that nothing could be of that concernment, nor so conducing to the advantage of the kingdom, as the preserving of this army in an entire and healthful state for the future service thereof. And such was the sickly state of the army at this time, as called rather for some relaxation, than such extreme hard duty as the relief of Plymouth would have put them upon, espe- cially if they should have stayed by it to make it good when they had done. Only to march thither and re- lieve the town (which the enemy had blocked up by divers regular and strong forts, well manned and fur- nished) was such an enterprise, as certainly required a more strong and healthy state of the army. And when the army had done this, should they have come back again for winter quarters, the enemy, so easily raised, might as quickly have sat down again, and so the relief of Plymouth would not have been one jot advanced. Or should the army have taken up their winter quarters in an enemy's country, (surrounded with strong garri- sons both before and behind them, besides a potent enemy in the field, judged (upon the best intelligence) to be equal, if not superior to them in number of horse,) it is equally evident to what an imminent hazard the army must have been exposed thereby. And what need was there to put that toil upon the army, when his excellency and the council of war well understood (though much was suggested to the contrary) that such was the condition of Plymouth, that they wanted not either men, ammunition, or victuals, (having received plentiful provisions sent them by sea,) only were impa- tient to be set at liberty for trade. This day a party of horse was sent out towards Oak- hampton, to discover where the enemy was gone, who returned with intelligence that Tavistock was their headquarters. Lord's day, October 26, the general, in pursuance of the resolution for Topsham, (after the forenoon sermon at Crediton,) marched with the army back to Silverton ; two regiments went to Stoke, and those two regi- ments that were at Stoke advanced that day to Top- sham, and three regiments of horse with them. This day intelligence came of the taking of Carmarthen by major-general Langhorn; the gaining of which town proved the reducing of that county ; and that major- general Langhorn had treaty concerning the associating of three counties more, and had brought the same to good perfection. Monday, October 27, the general and army reached Topsham ; and that night the enemy fired the houses in the suburbs of Excester, to the number of about eighty, which sent many out of the city, complaining of the cruelty of the enemy: guards were kept that night within two miles of the city. Tuesday, October 28, a council of war was called, to advise whether to put over forces (on the other side Sprigg. m 162 Debates in counctl. Monmouth PAET III. CHAP. V. the river Ex) to Affington, and to make a bridge over at Topsham, the better to hold a mutual correspond- ency between both sides, and what forces should be sent thither : great dispute was about the same, but at last it was resolved (though much against the mind of those gentlemen whose sufferings made them earnestly desire a siege on both sides) to wave the putting over of forces to the other side, and the making of a bridge (as which appeared) would be extremely difficult; and first to secure all on the east of Ex, before such time as they possessed any quarters on the other side ; for to divide the army at that season of the year (to lie near so great a garrison upon duty, when already a sick- ness was amongst our soldiers) was, in the opinion of the general and the rest of the commanders, appre- hended likely to ruin the army ; and therefore it was resolved to make several garrisons, first on the east side of Ex, (along the Clysses river within three miles of Excester,) which being once finished, a few men might keep them, and hinder provisions from going into the city, and the whole army might thereby be at liberty to go on the other side to do the like after- wards : neither could the bridge have been defended, had it been made, with less than 2000 men, that must have quartered at Topsham, and gone near a mile to do duty at both ends of the bridge, (besides those other little bridges that must have been made upon the watery places beyond the river,) would have been such a duty in the winter time (especially where the enemy could not be hindered of his choice, with a great force to fall upon the one side or the other, which he pleased) as might have hazarded our forces. Ac- cordingly, Bishop's-cliss, Poultimore, and Stoke were pitched upon to be made garrisons. Sir John Bamp- field, a worthy member of the house of commons, first is taken by the parliament forces, (1645.) 1^ giving his consent that his house in Poultimore might be made a garrison, in regard it was so much for the service in hand in the reducing of Excester. An engineer was sent to Bishop's-cliss to draw a line for fortifications about Bedford-house. The Lyme-regiment had the charge of these two garrisons, and colonel Ham- mond's regiment was to secure and fortify Stoke. Wednesday 29. It was debated where the head- quarter should be this winter, whilst the army stayed on the east side, whether at Topsham or not; and upon debate, it was held fit to wave making Topsham a quarter at all, and that upon the same reason that moved the general to decline the making a bridge, and putting over forces on the other side : therefore upon this resolution, (waving Topsham,) the general having viewed the fort at Exmouth, (which stands upon the sands, and commands the passage at the mouth of the river,) sends away the train of artillery towards St. Mary Autree, and follows after himself, resolving to refresh his army, who never stood in more need of it, by laying them in the best and most convenient quarters he could. This day his excellency heard from captain Moulton of the taking of Monmouth, (a considerable garrison,) and towards evening received intelligence by our spies, that Goring's horse, being near 5000, were come into the South-Hams, quartering at Totness, Newton-bushel, and as near as Chidley (the Hams being the only plen- tiful and unharassed part of Devonshire). As also, that Greenville was come with some fresh foot out of Cornwall to Okehampton. At Autree, a trumpeter came to his excellency from his highness prince Charles, with a letter, desiring a pass for the lord Hopton and lord Culpepper to go to the king, upon a design of a mediation of peace between m2 164 Lord Diffhy is again defeated. PART III. CHAP. VI. the king and both houses of parliament ; which being a matter of great concernment, the consideration thereof was put off to tlie next day, when the trumpeter was returned with a letter from the general to the prince, intimating, that it was no ways proper for the general to intermeddle with any propositions touching an ac- commodation between his majesty and the parliament, and therefore had sent his letter to the parliament, from whom his highness must expect an answer. In the interim, a fair jewel, set with rich diamonds of very great value, was presented unto the general, by Mr. Ash, and some other members of parliament, in the name of both houses, as a signal of that great honour which God had done him, in the great service which, by God's assistance, he performed for this kingdom at Naseby battle ; and, according to the commands of the parliament, they tied it in a blue riband, and put it about his neck. About this time arrived at the army certain intelli- gence of a second defeat given the lord Digby and sir Marmaduke Langdale ; who, by killing of 100 men, and the taking of 200 horse and many prisoners, among whom divers commanders, by sir John Brown, were re* duced to so much lesser number ; and were yet further extenuated, as they fled towards Beeston-castle, by colonel Brigs, who took 200 more of them ; and yet further, for the ease of the ferryboat that carried Digby to the Isle of Man, reduced to the number of twenty, (besides some few great ones that escaped with him,) by major-general Vandrusk, who took 180 of them fly- ing through Westmoreland. And here is the end of 1600 of the king's prime horse. And with this came another piece, of the enemy's being routed, November 1, by lieutenant-colonel Jones and adjutant Louthian, where were above 100 slain. s\ Goring^s letter to the general (1645.) 165 and about 400 taken prisoners, among whom divers persons of quality; few of ours wounded, scarce any slain. CHAPTER VI. Several passages between the prince and his excellency, and between his excellency and Goring. Concerning Pouldrum. The enemy's prepara- tions to relieve Excester, and ours to meet them, &c. Moreover, during the army's stay at Autree, the general was acquainted, by a person of credit, with a desire of the lord Goring, sir John Berkeley, and others, to give his excellency a meeting; which was taken into consideration; and after consultation with the members of parliament then present, and divers offi- cers, the general the next day thus expressed himself to the gentlemen that had signified the former desire ; That if any thing came in writing from the lord Goring or sir John Berkeley to the aforesaid purpose, he would aflford a meeting. Upon this intimation, the next day came a trumpeter from the lord Goring, with a letter to the general in these words : Sir, I have understood, by a person of honoiu* and quality, of your readiness to have a meeting with some of the general officers of both armies, and some others ; wherein there will be a necessity of settling some circumstances, for the avoiding of all mistakes. I have instructed colonel Scroop and colonel Philips in the particulars thereof ; and therefore shall desire that you will be pleased to grant them a safeconduct for themselves and two servants, to go to your quarters, and return. Your humble servant, ExcESTBR, November 12, 1645. Geo. GorING. This did put both the oflScers and members of par- / 166 Fairfcux^s reply to the general. FART III iS&AP. VI. Great mortality in the parliament army, (1645.) 167 liament there upon serious deliberation afresh ; and in issue this answer was returned by the general : My Lord^ According to your lordship^s desire, I have sent you here- with a safeconduct for colonel Scroop and colonel Philips to come to my headquarter, %vhere I shall be ready to receive them to morrow. I am Your lordship'*s humble servant, Tho. Fairfax. One main and principal reason inducing his excel- lency (and approved by those he consulted with) to grant the safeconduct, was, for that it might likely increase the discontent (or jealousy at least) between Greenville and the lord Goring's faction, if it were noised that Goring came out to treat without the pri- vity of Greenville— for any better effect of the treaty was not expected — his excellency understanding pri- vately, that which they intended to offer was in such a nature as was not proper for the army to meddle with. Colonel Scroop and colonel Philips, upon this safe- conduct, the next day came to the headquarter at Autree, but coming somewhat late, had not access that night to the general, but were entertained by some of the colonels of the army until the next day, when they were presented to the general, who (before such time as they began to say any thing of their errand to him) declared himself to them in this effect : That if they had any thing to say concerning the sur- render of Excester, on the disbanding of armies, or any thing else which was belonging to the general, as a sol- dier, to take notice of, he would hear them, otherwise he could not. And this was no more than was inti- mated unto them before they came by commissary- general Ireton, colonel Pickering, and the judge-advo- ' cate : whereupon they answered, that the instructions that they had were in order to a general peace: to which was replied. That that was proper to the cog- nizance of the parliament ; therefore the general, as a soldier, (and the parliament's servant,) without their leave, would not say any thing to it. Whereupon the next day they returned back unto Excester, much un- satisfied. The general easily perceiving the drift of their intentions was, to have had both armies engage themselves to force both king and parliament to con- ditions. And no sooner did the general satisfy himself in the scope of these overtures from the prince and the lord Goring, but, by an express sent up to the parliament and the committee of both kingdoms, he was most careful to give them an account thereof, and how he had entertained the same ; which, it seems, was but needful, this army not wanting enemies every where, to give an ill representation of their actions. But to return from whence I have digressed. From Saturday, November 15, to Tuesday, December 2, the general continued at Autree, riding about sometimes, to see the finishing of the works at Broad-cliss and Poultimore, and disposing of the quarters for the foot, who were sick in most places, there dying of soldiers and inhabitants in the town of Autree, seven, eight, and nine a day, for several weeks together, insomuch that it was not held safe for the headquarter to be con- tinued there any longer. Colonel Pickering, that pious, active gentleman, that lived so much to God and his country, and divers other oflScers, died of the new disease in that place ; six of the general's own family were sick of it at one time, and throughout the foot regiments half the soldiers : yet notwithstanding, at this very time, did the army undergo very hard cen- BeaBSlBMII£..^:JJ3t 168 Lines on the death of Col Pickering, PART III. sures by some, for not being in action. But so long as conscience and judgment was satisfied, that if the sea- son of the year and the abilities of men's bodies would have admitted a march, it should have been most will- ingly embraced, and that it was only the Divine pro- vidence that had awarded otherwise, the army had the less cause to take notice of other men's opinions, especially when the parliament had (by vote) left the general at liberty to dispose of his army as he should see cause. But whosoever would have me proceed in my story, must give me leave first to weep a while this sorrowful verse over dear colonel Pickering's hearse : Anagr. rJOHANNES PICKERING. L In God I reckon happiness. Vain all our proffer'd ransoms are, There's no discharge in the grave's war : Well" they may show, yet they cannot. What a brave captive death hath got. Only famuse our discontent, (For passion kills, that has no vent :) Might thy wishM presence find excuse, (Of whom we made too little use,) We'ld ask, (swift poster,) whose** great haste Was ne'^er before the kingdom's waste. Why posts thou from's? Because weP rest. Which suited not thy active breast! Did that antiperistasis Fire thy fine spirits to thy bliss ? Must thou be scaling heaven alone. For want of other action ? Would thou hadst took that leisure time To visit some responsal clime. » Proffered ransoms. •* He had done the kingdom great service, by riding between Eng- land and Scotland before these troubles. P The army rested then some time a| Astree. r CHAP, VI. Prince Charles raises forces in Cornwall, (1645.) ^^^ Or, must hard^l censures, (void of love,) Be expiate by thy remove ? Or, covetous, couldst thou not stay For wages, till the end o' th** day ? Or could no vantage mend thy stature J*, (To see our triumphs) under nature «? But ^tis in vain to ravel more, We've nothing but thy name t' adore : That oracle gives the best guess. Wherein we hear thee thus profess. In God I reckon happiness. The enemy was much encouraged by the sickness of our army, and was confident (as by their letters, which afterwards were intercepted, did appear) it had in a great measure weakened, and would consume the army to nothing : whereupon they were much animated to raise new forces under the command of his highness prince Charles, (the lord Goring having some few days before taken shipping at Dartmouth for France, to fetch over some fresh forces against the spring, leaving the command of his horse, in his absence, to the lord Wentworth,) and to that purpose sent out proclama- tions for the counties of Cornwall and Devon to rise in arms, and to go in person with the prince, for that his highness was resolved to march in person upon the head of them, making no question (as by their letters we did understand) to make our forces rise from the east side Excester, and enforce our retreat. And in- deed his excellency had certain intelligence that the enemy had an army very considerable, having drawn several foot and horse from their quarters before Ply- ^ The army was unworthily censured at that time, as is observed before in the story. ' He was a little man, but of a great courage. ■ nature, i. e. the heavens. 170 SirHardress Waller is sent to Crediton. PART III. CHAP. VI. Pouldrum-house is taken, (1645.) 171 mouth, whereunto they received some addition in foot from Dartmouth and Barnstable, which with the consi- derable recruits of foot that Greenville, with most ex- treme and industrious cruelty, had raised and brought out of Cornwall, did make a body of 9 or 10,000 horse and foot, then quartering about Tavistock, and upon the edge of Cornwall, and also at Okehampton, where were 2000 of their foot, (besides horse,) commanded by sir Richard Greenville. Yet a few days the general continued at Autree, but resolved forthwith to remove (in regard the disease increased so fast) to Tiverton, which place was agreed on to be an headquarter, which resolution was actuated on Saturday, the general having first received intelli- gence from captain Farmer, of a bark, laden with com- modities of good value, going for France, from Excester, taken by him between Topshara and the fort. Lord's day, December 7, a council of war was called, where it was propounded, that in regard the garrisons of Nutwell, Broad-Cliss, Poultimore, and Stoke, were now made tenable against any sudden assault of the enemy, and possessed by the forces of Lyme, some foot of major-general Massy's, and some new raised regiments of the county, whereby Excester was per- fectly straitened upon the east side, (being by those gar- risons made incapable either to annoy the country or relieve themselves on this side,) and in regard that now it would be convenient to remove our foot beyond the river, in order both to the straitening of Excester on that side, and to the hindering the enemy's recruit- ing of his forces, which at this instant he was strongly endeavouring ; that some regiments should be sent to Crediton, a place that stood in a good air, which likely would much conduce to the health of our soldiers, and lay conveniently for a strong quarter upon the west I i i side of the river: which force was sent under the command of sir Hardress Waller, a gentleman faithful, and well able and ready to undergo that charge ; but lest the enemy, upon the advance of our foot thither, should fire the town, (as they had often threatened,) a party of horse and dragoons were sent all night to get possession of the town till the foot could get up to them. The next morning, being Monday December 8, the dragoons were there by daybreak, but by reason of the extremity of the weather the foot could not get to Crediton till Tuesday December 9, on which day the horse and dragoons gave them possession of the town ; which within two or three days after became the more useful to us, by the general's going thither to order a design in hand against Pouldrum-house, by water and land, which, being on Friday December 12, was immediately put in execution, only one day inter- vening ; which brought intelligence of the taking of Latham-house, in Lancashire, with eight pieces of ord- nance, six murdering pieces, 500 arms, and proportion- able ammunition : as also of the king's propositions to the parliament for peace, and of his letter at the same time to prince Rupert against peace. The design against Pouldrum-house was this, and thus carried : Lord's day, December 14, nine of the clock at night, captain Deane (the comptroller of the ordnance) was commanded over Ex with 200 foot and dragoons, to possess Pouldrum-castle, but the enemy had some few hours before got 150 men into it, unto those that were there before, which our men not dis- covering before they had landed, would not return without attempting something. The church at Poul- drum being not far distant from the castle, they re- solved to possess and make the best of it, and accord- ingly did so, and the next morning they got provisions 179, Gallant cortdud of the troops under captain Farmer, part iii. I chap. vi. Lord Chichester^ s house is assaulted, (1645.) 173 from Nutwell-house unto them into the church, and began to fortify the same. The enemy at Excester, much startled hereat, fearing the castle would be lost, as well as the river blocked up by the fortifying of this church, sent therefore, on Monday the 15th, a party of 500 foot, who joining with 200 from the castle assaulted our men about seven at night, threw in many hand granadoes amongst them, and so continued storm- ing till ten, but were beaten off with much loss, leaving their dead on the place, and carrying with them many wounded, as appeared by the snow, that was |much stained with their blood as they retreated. In this service captain Farmer (captain of dragoons) commanded our men, who as they were beyond expec- tation happy in their success, (not one man being lost in the storm,) so they were resolved to continue in their duty ; and notwithstanding the extremity of the cold, by reason of the great frost and snow, and want of all means to resist or qualify the same in the church, having no firing there, they would not quit the same till they received orders so to do : which hard service (hard in every respect) although they were not imme- diately discharged of, yet the next day sir Hardress Waller marched from Crediton with a strong party to Exminster to alarm the enemy, that he might not make a second attempt upon them, till they had forti- fied the place, or were recalled : which action of sir Hardress Waller took that effect as was desired ; the enemy being so amazed, that they durst not march out that day, as they had purposed, to attempt the church again, lest our men should get between them and home ; and God having blessed the means to their pre- servation hitherto, the general, considering further the bitter coldness of the weather, and the hardness of the duty they would necessarily be put unto, if they should \ make good the church, sent orders to them to draw off, which that they might do with the more safety, two regiments were appointed to draw down and alarm the enemy on that side Excester, while they made good their retreat over the river ; by means whereof, on Wednesday December 17, the comptroller and cap- tain Farmer brought off the men very safe, with their arms and ammunition, the enemy making no sally out of the castle upon them, though otherwise they had a fair opportunity to have fallen on them. And these soldiers thus happily delivered, and thus honourably come off, were rewarded with proportions out of the prize taken by captain Farmer below Apsham at the general's command. But the enemy drawing more force to Okehampton, two regiments more were sent to Crediton, December 18, to assist those that were placed there before. The same day colonel Okey with a party of dragoons fell upon the enemy at the lord Chichester's house, took a captain, twelve prisoners, nineteen horses, and returned back to his new formed garrison at Fulford-house without the loss of a man. Also information being given that the house of one Mr. Davis at Cannonteen, (being within four miles of Excester,) stood conve- nient for a garrison, and might bear an useful pro- portion towards the blocking up of Excester, and hindering of provision from the Southams, some more of colonel Okey's dragoons were ordered thither to possess the same, who accordingly went and fulfilled their orders, December 21, and were no longer in the house, but Monday, December 22, in the morning, the enemy sent a force against it, who stormed the house, burnt the outhouses ; yet captain Woggan, who commanded the dragoons, behaved himself so gal- lantly, that he beat the enemy off, killed four, despe* 174 Preparationi to obstruct the king's forces VABT III. CHAP. VI. in their attempt to relieve Excester, (1645.) ^^^ rately wounded a lieutenant-colonel, and took divers prisoners. Tuesday, December 23, his excellency had intelli- gence of the enemy's intention to march with their army to relieve Excester, and of their preparation of provisions to that end. December 25th, or thereabouts, his excellency had animadversion from the committee of both kingdoms, of incursions made by the king's horse from Oxford into the adjacent parts, doing much mischief thereby ; whereupon the regiment of colonel Rainsborough (then before Corfe-castle) was commanded to march from thence to Abingdon, and colonel Fleetwood with the general's, his own, and colonel Whaley's regiments, and six troops of dragoons, was sent also to lie about Islip, to attend the motion of the king's horse, and guard the associated counties, as also in relation to the straitening of Oxford. Friday, December 26, the general had advertisement from Plymouth, of the enemy's actuating their inten- tions, advancing in a great body towards the relief of Excester, (as they conceived,) which intelligence was also confirmed by several of our spies : whereupon a council of war was called, wherein it was adjudged expedient to be in a fighting posture, to receive them if they advanced ; and accordingly such resolution was taken up ; to which they saw the more cause to ad- here, by another spy which came to them the next day with tidings to the same effect ; particularizing more- over, that the prince was to be in person in the head of the army, to countenance the Cornish, and that they would put all upon his cast of relieving Excester. Most of the enemy's horse were sent the next (being the Lord's) day, to Okehampton, which quickened the army unto a resolution of a rendezvous between that •1 ^ and Crediton on the Monday, which was made good accordingly ; the horse and some foot being drawn up at Cadbury-hill, some four miles from Crediton : but upon assurance there that the enemy did not stir from Okehampton, and for that the weather was bitter cold, and the ground so slippery that horses could not well march, (and for other causes,) it was held fit to take up quarters thereabouts. Yet it was observed that this readiness and motion of the army checked the enemy's further advance ; the army took time to make provi- sions for a continued march, by carriages on horseback, these parts admitting no other. Tuesday passed with the good news of the surrender of Skipton-castle in Yorkshire; the same day the enemy appointed a rendezvous again ; but the extreme hard weather rendering it impossible for our horse to march, (unless they were all frosted in an extraordinary man- ner,) kept us still in our quarters. The next day was delivered into our hands a mes- senger of the prince's, going to Excester for arms for the prince his person, who was come to Dartmouth, when also his excellency had intelligence that some forces for his majesty's service were to be sent over by the lord Goring out of France, and to land at Dart- mouth. Saturday, January 3, the blocking up of Excester was so much further endeavoured by the addition of sir George Chidley's house at Ashton to the garrisons which were possessed by our forces, the better to stop provisions from going into Excester. The next, being Lord's day, brought good news from Plymouth, viz. that they had taken two works, and a church from the enemy, at St. Budeaux, and therein 105 prisoners, besides twenty oflScers, but withal, that the enemy intended to demand satisfaction for the same 176 The army advances towards the enemy FA&T in. CHAP. VII. of us, and were for that end advancing with a consider- able strength to relieve Excester. CHAPTER VII. The slackening of the siege of Excester, hy the army's advance to meet the enemy, (leaving only a force to block up the city,) with their great success in those two actions. The defeat of the enemy at Bovey-Tracy, and the taking of Dartmouth; with a particular account of their marches and lesser passages. Upon this certain and renewed intelligence, on the morrow, (viz. Monday January 5,) a private consulta- tion was had, and divers officers of the army sought counsel of Heaven that day, (keeping it as a private day of humiliation,) in answer whereto God inclined their hearts to resolve of an advance. The next day, a public council of war was called, and (that the former resolution might appear to be the answer of God) it was in this public council resolved, nemine contradi- cente, to advance into the South-Hams, where the greatest part of the enemy lay. The dragoons from Cannon teen were beforehand with this resolution, who this day fell into the enemy's quarters, took a captain, nine men, and twenty horse. And that this purpose to advance might find the less interruption, the same day, the stockings and shoes (which the poor foot had so great need of, and had so long expected) came to Tiverton most seasonably, to fit them for a march; wherewith they were so well satisfied, as that they showed much forwardness to march, without staying for clothes, which they had great need of also, being many of them all to tatters, and the weather was ex- treme cold to boot. While the army was preparing to march, some of our dragoons from petty garrisons, on Wednesday, snatched at the enemy at Huick, took « He attacks the enemy at Bovey-TVacy, (1645.) 1'77 a lieutenant, ten prisoners, twenty-two horses, and one of their colours, with this motto, Patientia victria;, Thursday, January 8, all things being prepared in readiness for a march, the horse and foot (with their ammunition on horseback) advanced to Crediton ; and at the same time sir Hardress Waller with two regi-j ments marched from Crediton to Bow*, as if the army had bent towards Okehampton, (where the enemy had both horse and foot,) when as indeed it was only to amuse them. For at the same instant, a brigade of horse and foot marched that night to Crediton, and the next day (though very cold, and much snow upon the ground) the same brigade marched to Bovey-Tracy, (then the enemy's quarters,) lieutenant-general Crom- well going in person with them, who about six at night fell into their quarters at Bovey, (where part of the lord Wentworth's brigade then lay,) took about 400 horse, seven colours, one of them the kind's colours, with a crown, and C. R. upon it. The enemy in Bovey were put to their shifts; yet through the darkness of the night, most of the men escaped, ex- cept a major and some few officers more, and about fifty prisoners. It was almost supper time with them when our men entered the town, most of them at that instant were playing at cards, but our soldiers took up the stakes for many of their principal officers, who, being together in one room, threw their stakes of money out at the window, which whilst our soldiers were scrambling for they escaped out at a back door * At this place sir Hardress Waller was engaged with a party of the enemy's horse and dragoons, where he slew many of them, took sixty prisoners, forty horse, and gave an alarm to the enemy on aU that side the country, whilst the army in the mean time did the fol- lowing action at Bovey-Tracy. Sprigg. n 178 Further successes of the army. FART III. CHAP. VII. over the river, and saved their best stakes. In the mean time his excellency with another part of the army was advanced from Tiverton to Morton, within three miles of Bovey ; but part of the carriage-horses with the ammunition, by reason of the frost, could get no nearer than Fulford. The next day, (the weather still extreme bitter cold,) the forces at Morton and at Bovey-Tracy had a ren- dezvous near Bovey, whereat intelligence was brought by the country that about 120 of those that escaped in the night were got into Ellington church : where- upon a party of horse and foot were commanded after them, which the enemy in the church understanding, fled away. The army marched that night towards Ashburton, the enemy's headquarter the night before. A party of horse was sent to see if the enemy had quit the town, (as his excellency had intelligence they had done,) who finding the enemy at the town's end, were engaged with them, beat the enemy's rearguard through the town, took nine men and twenty horse, and en- forced the rest of their horse to fly several ways, being two regiments of the lord Wentworth's brigade, (that were left of five,) two of them being taken at Bovey- Tracy. Lord's day, January 11, the general, after that by spies he had sent intelligence to Plymouth of the re- treat of the enemy, marched with the army to Totness, (where the enemy had a foot quarter, but upon our ad- vance quitted it,) leaving one regiment at Ashburton. This Totness seems to be one of the finest of an inland town in Devonshire, and many of the inhabitants rich. A party was sent from hence towards Dartmouth, to discover what scattered forces of the enemy's might be gone that way. This party brought in some officers pri- soners, who seemed to be well apaid with their lot, say- Dartmouth is summoned, ( 1 645 .) 179 1 1 1 ing, it was well they were taken, for they had nowhere to go to, but the sea. Monday, January 12, the general, taking special care to uphold the courage of Plymouth, having sent (for more surety, lest the former messengers should fail) another messenger, to give them notice of the enemy's retreat, gave orders for two regiments to be drawn before Dart-f 1/ mouth". And at the same time strong parties of horse were sent towards Tavistock after the enemy, which v the enemy apprehending to be the van of our army, supposing our army following after them, with great distraction and fear, quit the siege before Plymouth, leaving their forts undemolished, with seven pieces of ordnance and four barrels of powder, making great haste over the river Tamar into Cornwall. In the meanwhile a summons was sent in to Dart- mouth, honourable conditions, offered in the same, but rejected by the governor; forces were commanded upon the guard within half a mile of the town all night, who encountered with extreme bitter cold wea- ther and snow, yet were most cheerful upon duty, as they went readily unto it. The next day the general and the officers went to take a more particular view of the town ; it was the joint opinion. of them all, that they might carry the same by storm. The enemy, according to their wonted manner, not sparing to take or destroy any thing, whereby they might advantage 'I About this time those regiments of foot under colonel Ham- mond, that were assigned to quarter at the town, which was scarce able to afford them victuals, (having caught little fish of six weeks before,) was by a wonderful, and indeed no less than miraculous pro- vidence supplied, and furnished to them by such great draughts of mullets, which God was pleased to send in, in that abundance at that time, as the like had not been known before, whereby both town and army was plentifully provided for. 180 Account of the storming 7AET 111. CHAP.VII. \ themselves, and disadvantage us, burnt Mr. Plumlej's house, and therein 400 bushels of corn threshed, and as much unthreshed. In order to a storm, more forces were ordered to march to assist those before Dart- mouth. By lying three or four cold days before it, we lost nothing but a little time ; for by that stay captain Batten (being desired by the general) was come before the haven with a squadron of ships to assist by sea, and to keep any of their ships from going out of the har- bour while we stormed by land. Thursday the 15th, the country (upon orders) brought in ladders : the comptroller was sent aboard captain Batten for some seamen, received 200, and allotted them a post to do duty. Friday the l6th, the general himself took an account in what readiness things were for a storm. More particular intelligence (to that which came be- fore) was given out of the town, what condition they were in there; good guides were sent for from Ply- mouth, that were captain Roope's men, and had been formerly inhabitants of Dartmouth, to direct our men the best way into the town upon the storm. Saturday the 17th, the general went again to view the town : all things were concluded on for a storm, and lots cast for every man, who should fall on first, and who to come on as reserves : the officers of all the regiments viewed their several posts, and every man provided his guides. Lord's day, the 18th, Mr. Del in the morning and Mr. Peters in the evening exhorted the soldiers to their duty ; (for Mr. Bowles, who had formerly at- tended the service of the army, being called to his charge at York, had taken his leave of his excellency, Mr. Del succeeding in his room.) The soldiers were all drawn out; about seven at night forlorn hopes were set; the evening very mild, as at midsummer. of Dartmouth. ( 1 645.) 181 the frost being newly gone : the word was given, God with us ; the signal of the soldiers was, their shirts out before and behind. About eleven o'clock at night the storm begun; and after the enemy had discharged once, our men got under their cannon, and quickly possessed them, and turned them against the enemy ; for the army had no pieces at all of their own, the way and weather not admitting any to be drawn against that place, where there were 100 pieces ready mounted against them (a strange and unparal- leled undertaking). The commanders of every party possessed those places they were designed unto : lieu- tenant-colonel Pride, who led on colonel Harlowe's regiment, possessed Mount-Boon, wherein were twenty- two pieces of ordnance. Colonel Hammond possessed the west-gate, wherein were four pieces of ordnance, and two in the flanker ; colonel Fortescue gained Tunstal church, with twelve pieces of ordnance ; and so we became masters of the whole town, and the old castle, in which were five great iron guns which com- manded the river. In all, our men possessed them- selves of about sixty pieces of ordnance in the storm, among which one brass demi-cannon. And such was even the miraculous goodness of God in this storm, that we lost but one man, and had very few wounded, notwithstanding they plied most fiercely both great and small shot upon our men from the forts. The storm succeeding so well, the comptroller of the ord- nance was sent to summon two men of war which lay in the river, which no sooner received the summons, but they yielded immediately. There were two great forts, wherein were about thirty-four pieces of ord- nance, which stood a mile from the town, not taken with the rest, that beat a parley three hours together before they were heard ; but in issue, sir Henry Gary, 182 Fairfaxes letter to the house of peers FART III. who was in one of them, had conditions to march away, he and his officers with arms, the governor, and lord Newport, &c., being in the other fort, were re- fused the like conditions, and submitted themselves to mercv. I should have enlarged the more upon the action of this storm, but that I find a letter of the general's to the house of peers concerning the same, which is more worthy to be heard itself, as followeth : My Lords, After my coming to Totness, the enemy rising in great dis- order from their siege at Plymouth, leaving their guns and some ammunition behind them, I considered with those about me, of attempting upon Dartmouth ; and it being concluded affirmatively, I caused two regiments of foot to march to Ditsam, and two to Stoke-Flemming, being on the west side of Dart river. I having summoned the place before, resolved upon Sunday night to attempt it by storm, which was agreed to be done in three places ; the first post was on the west- gate, by colonel Hammond ; on the north end of the town, by lieutenant-colonel Pride ; and on Tunstal church and works, by colonel Fortescue. The time resolved upon was in the evening: our men fell on with great resolution, to whom colonel Lambert's regiment was a reserve, and to alarm the enemy elsewhere. Colonel Hammond entered the west-gate, where four guns were planted, and two upon the mill pool, upon his flank (the enemy firing his great guns but once). His men that had the forlorn hope did very gallantly, (as in- deed they did all,) and went freely on, and beat off* the enemy, and possessed one fort after another, viz. Mount-Flaggon the west gate, Paradise-fort, and beat off the mainguard, where were taken four lieutenant-colonels; and so possessed the town from the west-gate to Little-Dartmouth. In the in- terim, lieutenant-colonel Pride attempted the north part of the town, called Harness ; where beating off the enemy, he entered, and took about eighty prisoners in it, and by it pos- sessed all the north part of the town unto the drawbridge, which divided the north part from the rest of the town; '•. A '.If I f CHAP. VII. concerning the storming of Dartmouth. (1646.) 183 where colonel Hammond''s men and his met. Colonel For- tescue with his men attempted Tunstal church, which was very well manned, with above 100 men, and having in it ten guns : his men, after some dispute, with good resolution entered the place, and possessed it. So that by this time the enemy was beaten out of all, except the great fort on the east side of the river, called Kings worth-fort, and the castle, with the fort that lay over the castle at the mouth of the harbour, called Gallant'*s-bower ; to which last the governor and the earl of Newport, and as many as escaped us, fled. After they were forced from their strengths out of the town, the go- vernor coming back from the castle, to see in what posture the town was, had a remarkable shot as he was in the boat ; a musket shot was made at the boat, which pierced the boat, and both the thighs of one that sat next to him, and about three inches into his own thigh ; whereupon he retreated to the castle. Our dragoons, with two companies of our fire- locks, and some seamen, were only to alarm Kingsworth-fort, wherein was sir Henry Cary with his regiment, having in it twelve guns and twelve barrels of powder, and convenient proportion of ammunition. This was a very strong fort, with about four good bulwarks, strong enough to make a troublesome resistance : but the enemy came willingly to terms ; and to save time, I willingly condescended to let sir Henry Cary march away with the rest, leaving the arms, ordnance, am- munition, with all provisions in the fort to me, and all en- gaging themselves never to take up arms more against the parliament ; which was accordingly performed. Next morn- ing, being thus master of all but the castle and Gallant's- bower, I summoned that : the governor was willing to listen unto me ; but I held him to those terms upon which after some dispute he yielded ; which was, to deliver himself and all officers and soldiers upon quarter. He sent me out colonel Seymour and master Denham for hostages, with whom came out the earl of Newport, and all was this day performed ac- cordingly. In this fort and castle were eleven guns, with proportion of ammunition and provisions : we have taken in the harbour two men of war ; one belonging to the governor of Barnstable, with twelve guns, burden 200 tons ; the other 4 184 Prisoners taken at Dartmouth. PART III. belonging io Newcastle, fonnerly captain Johnson's, of ten guns. In the town, 103 pieces of ordnance, and about 600 pri- soners, and J 00 horse, with good proportion of arms and am- munition, an exact particular whereof I am not able to give your lordships at present. There being many of the town, soldiers in Plymouth, and some officers, and understanding that that town hath 2500 in garrison, besides townsmen, I have sent thither for 500 foot for this place, who quickly will increase to more ; and to this I desire your approbation ; for having found more work to do, I held it not lit to weaken my army, especially con- sidering the recruits designed by you, I doubt, will be too long before they come. I have given your lordships a brief account of this service, which I desire may be accounted a sweet mercy of God, in a fitting season, and only ascribed to Him, who (truly) did direct and act it, and made all the preparation to it, both in the ordering our hearts, and giving health to the army, who la- boured two months ago extremely of sickness, but is now in good disposition generally to health. I can say I find it to be in the hearts of all here in all integrity to serve you ; and that it is so, is still the mercy of God : for surely the success of your affairs only depends upon the ordering of a gracious Providence ; which is no less visible in your counsels (which we congratulate) than amongst us ; that being the common root and spring of all, and which can and will carry you through the greatest difficulties, and us in serving you, until God hath finished his own work. Wherein to profess the obligation and readiness of myself and the army, by the same good hand of God, is all the undertaking of, Your lordships' most humble servant, Dartmouth, Jan. 20, 1645. Tho. FaiRFAX. Prisoners taken at Dartmouth : sir Hugh Pollard, governor ; earl of Newport ; colonel Seymour ; lieu- tenant-colonels, four; majors, two; captains, fifteen; lieutenants, fourteen ; ensigns, nine ; and one comet ; besides many country-gentlemen, ministers, and infe- t I II ;>f r , f 111 1 / ( / CHAP. VII. Liberal treatment of Cornish prisoners, (1646.) 185 nor officers. All the common soldiers, being betwixt 800 and 1000, were set at liberty to repair to their dwellings. Ordnance, about 120, mounted ; and two men of war in the harbour. After our men were entered the town, they had ex- treme wet weather, which continued so the next day that it much hindered the settling of the town. Mon- day the 19th, sir Henry Gary marched out of the fort with all his officers and soldiers, leaving the ordnance, arms, and ammunition therein to us. Some time was spent this day in the disposing of the prisoners. The engineer, being a papist, (as the implements that he had about him did declare, viz. the mass-book, cope, hood, and surplice, which were found in his chamber,) was in danger to have been torn in pieces by the women of the town, for his cruelty in burning of houses, and other villainous acts. Tuesday, the 20th, the guns were cleared. The general went aboard cap- tain Batten's ship, where he was nobly entertained. All the Cornishmen that were prisoners were set at liberty, and had two shillings a man, to carry them home ; that the Cornish might see we had forgot for- mer injuries, and respected them as much as any other county. Commissioners were appointed to dispose of the prize goods taken in the town, towards the repara- tion of the well-aifected of the town, that suffered at the storm, who had the greatest part of the goods dis- tributed amongst them. And now the general, having reaped so great and happy an advantage by his digression from the siege of Excester, (though he left sufficient force also to block it up,) the next day, without any more delay, returned to Totness ; issued out warrants to 400, to appear there on Saturday at nine of the clock, in order to the service of the kingdom, and particularly for the good of those parts. 186 Exeter is again besieged. PART IV. CHAP. I. Surrender of Pouldram-castle, (1646.) 187 PART IV. CHAPTER I. The army returning to the siege at Excester, Pouldram-castle surrendered. A French vessel struck into Dartmouth, wherein letters of consequence from the queen. How far the reducing of Excester was endeavoured before a second diversion. His excellency and the conduct of this army, (in all their motion attending Providence,) having answered the call of God in rising from Excester, and meeting the enemy, (wherein they found that great assistance and success that hath been related,) now discerning no further advantage offering itself against the field-enemy at present, his excellency, with the advice of his offi- cers, resolves with all speed possible to return with the army to the siege of Excester, and to improve the ad- vantage of that further reputation their late successes had given them, in vigorous endeavours against that place ; and in the mean time, till the other forces could follow, some regiments marched toward Excester, a summons was sent to sir Edmund Fortescue, governor of Charles'-fort at Salcomb ; from whence a refusal of surrender was returned, and consultation was had about Barnstaple. Saturday, January 24, the country, according to ap- pointment of his excellency, appeared at Totness, in number about 3000, out of whom, upon consultation vrith the committees, a regiment was to be raised of such as were willing under colonel Fowell : which done, the general marched to the lady Reynolds her house, n! I whence on the Lord's day, after forenoon's sermon, his excellency marched to Chidley, endeavouring first to take a view of Pouldram ; before which place colonel Hammond was set down with some force. But night coming on (whilst he had yet two miles thither) he was forced to return to Chidley without viewing the castle, which ere the next day was happily put out of a capacity of being viewed by him (but in a new rela- tion); for about twelve at night, the news came to him of the surrender thereof, and therein five barrels of powder, match and bullet proportionable, and four pieces of ordnance. Monday, the 26th, tidings were brought the general of a French vessel that came from France with a packet from the queen, which was struck into Dartmouth, pre- suming it to have still been in the hands of the king's forces : and indeed little likelihood was there that it should be in any other, especially so suddenly, and at a time of year so unseasonable for action or storm, but that God encouraged the army to undertake it, and his strong arm prospered them in their attempt. The vessel being thus delivered by immediate providence into our hands, the packet of letters was yet more strangely pre- served and recovered out of the sea, wherein to it was thrown, when they knew their mistake, (according to the queen's directions,) but God provided a wave to bring it to the boat that was sent out to seek it, and so it was brought unto his excellency ; wherein was found letters from the queen, lord Goring, lord Jermyn, Dave- nant, and others, intercepted: some of the contents were these : The queen by her letters in answer to some former letters she had received, touching the king's intentions of transporting the prince to Denmark, utterly dislikes it, and neither approves of Holland or Flanders ; ad- 188 Letters written by the queen and others. PART IV. viseth the bringing of him into France. And as touch- ing his marriage with the duke of Orleans' daughter, which seemed to be an objection against it, she replied, that they knew she was engaged elsewhere ; and what if he should marry her? the duchess of Orleans so far exceeding them in riches and potent alliances might be of great assistance to the king. But desires, that he may be disposed of any whither, rather than to come into the hands of the rebels : touching the Scots' affairs, she had this expression ; that she had sent Will. Murray fully instructed with her mind about it. The lord Goring in his letter to the lord Wentworth and sir John Berkeley gave them assurance, that now the negotiation with France was happily concluded by the industry of the lord Jermyn. In his letter to sir Hugh Pollard, the governor of Dartmouth, he doth assure him, that by the first of March he should have five well appointed men of war, of the second rank, the least bearing above thirty pieces of ordnance, to be solely under his command, so that he might grow rich upon the spoil of the rebels, or else put them to the charge of keeping a whole navy before him. The lord Widdrington, not so well satisfied with the preparations of France, useth this expression in one of his letters ; that he gave all hopes for lost, for ever re- turning to his own country again, except the business of the Scots took effect. But as to the siege of Excester, our forces being drawn near unto this side of the city, a summons was prepared, wherein honourable conditions were offered them; which summons was sent in the next day, being January the 17th. Whereunto on the morrow an answer was returned very fair to this purpose, that ! / ) > U The siege of Exeter is again postponed. ( 1 646.) 1 89 in honour they could not surrender upon the terms offered, while they were in no worse condition, and had such probable hopes of relief from the prince. Thursday, the 29th, a reply was returned, the condi- tions reinforced, and further urged, by undertaking in the behalf of the parliament and general, that what they promised in the summons should be made good : and this is as far as they proceeded at this time ; being a second time diverted by other action ; for news came this day to the army, that the enemy's horse from Ox- ford were come near Corfe-castle, and the lord Goring's forces were advanced up near Barnstaple, portending a design to join together ; to prevent which, the general went from Chidley to Tiverton, to give order about that point, sent colonel Cook from thence with three regiments of horse of major-general Massey's brigade, to attend the enemy's motion, and the next day some regiments of horse and dragoons marched from these parts to a rendezvous, toward the north of Devon, though upon second advice they were recalled to quarters. The fear of another diversion from the siege of Ex- cester had almost driven the army to a resolution of storming it, insomuch that warrants were issued out to all the hundreds round about Excester for ladders, and also a despatch to Plymouth to send their scaling-lad- ders for that purpose : which disposition of the army, what influence it might have upon the enemy, I know not : but the Lord's day, February 1, a lieutenant and ten horse well armed, came in to sir Hardress Waller from the enemy, and that night the Plymouth regiment took a major and twenty horse near Barnstaple ; and, Tuesday following, a lieutenant-colonel and fifteen men more, with their arms, came in from the enemy ; the general in the mean time being returned to Chidley. / 190 News is received that the enemy Thureday, the 5tli, upon intelligence of the enemy's horse being gone towards Dunster, colonel Cook, who had orders to march somewhat further eastward, in order to the checking of the Oxford horse, that by in- formation from the east, were to be in Dorsetshire, had orders to return. Friday, the 6th, came news that a party of horse of the enemy (computed by the country's information 1500) had put some small relief into Dunster, taking that opportunity when those forces that attended there- about were drawn toward Corfe-castle : in their retreat the country, with the assistance of colonel Blake's forces, that were not able to oppose so great a body, and therefore during relief secured themselves in a strong house, fell upon their rear, slew some, took others prisoners, and disarmed more. The same day the army received the good news of Belvoyr surren- dered. And now follows to discourse how the hand of Providence led us first into the north of Devon, and then into Cornwall : only first celebrate that good news of the surrender of Westchester, after a long siege, by that faithful and indefatigable commander sir William Brereton, which news came to the general on the Lord's day, February 8. CHAPTER 11. Our anny a second time diverted from the siege of Excester; with a par- ticular account of the reasons thereof; and the motion and actions of the army occasioned thereby. Lord's day, February 8, a council of war was called to consider of marching with part of the army into the north of Devonshire, towards Torrington and Barn- CHAF. II. in full force is marching to Torrington. (1646.) 191 staple, for the straitening thereof, and for the better conveniency of quarter, the army being much strain ened for provisions where they were, as also to possess those parts, and thereby dispossess the enemy, who had some parties of horse there, which miserably oppressed the country : whilst they were in this consultation, cer- tain intelligence was brought by spies^^ that the enemy, who had been labouring, as for life, to raise the Cornish, and had brought a considerable number to Launceston, to reinforce their army, (being in all about 4000 foot, besides their horse,) were once more with all their strength marching over the river Tamar towards Tor- rington, and, as the spies informed, would be there on Tuesday night: likewise letters from the lord Went- worth to sir John Berkeley, governor of Excester, being at the same time intercepted, encouraging him to ex- pect relief shortly. Upon this, orders were given for the drawing of most of the horse and foot to a rendez- vous tbe next day. Monday, February 9, a council of war was called, to advise what to do, and in issue it was resolved to ad- vance towards the enemy with part of the army, having already with the residue perfectly blocked up Excester on the west side also, by settling guards and quarters at AfRngton, Barley-house, and Peymouth-house, with- in a mile of the city, and a garrison kept at Powdram ; besides that some of the foot under the command of colonel Shapcoat, blocked up the fort at Exmouth ; by which means Excester was now completely straitened and blocked up on both sides. Accordingly, orders were immediately sent to the horse and foot to prepare for a march, and the forces designed on both sides of Exces- ter to straiten that place were commanded to receive orders from sir Hardress Waller, to whose care and judgment the management of that business was recom- 192 The army marches towards the enemy. PART IV. C»AP. II. Some of Goring' s lifeguard taken. {1646,) 19S mended, whilst the rest of the army advanced to the enemy. Tuesday, February 10, the general and the army begun their march, and that day marched from Chid- ley to Crediton, the headquarter, where the army rested a day, till the treasure (that was at Dartmouth) was come up, and other forces that were to march from other quarters were drawn up to them : the while, fresh intelligence was brought to his excellency, that the enemy, with 5000 horse and 4000 foot, were come to Torrington, expecting 1000 horse and foot from Barnstaple to join with them, all under the com- mand of the lord Hopton, who by a new commission was made commander-in-chief (the lord Goring being in France) ; who had used much expedition in his march, having marched in one day from Stratton to Torrington, being eighteen large miles : they brought along with them much cattle and sheep, which with salt and other provisions that were to come from Barnstaple, were for the relief of Excester. This in- telligence fully resolving the army in the motions and intentions of the enemy, engaged them yet deeper in their resolutions to make speed towards them, and not passing one or two days intervened their march. In this interim tidings were brought the army, that Warham and the committees there, being surprised by a party of horse from Oxford, was by colonel Cook re- gained, he being with 1500 horse then about Shaftes- bury, and that colonel Cromwell, who commanded the king's party, was by him taken prisoner, that the horse were escaped and fled into Corfe-castle, not appre- hended by our guards through the darkness of the night : moreover, that Mr. Murrey and sir David Con- ningham were taken coming out of France. Saturday, February 14, the army marched from Cre- f 1 diton to Chimleigh being ten miles, the weather wet, and the way dirty ; the enemy, but a little before our forces came, were in the town, and were beaten out by the Plymouth regiment, lieutenant-colonel Wicks and others taken prisoners. Here his excellency received intelligence that the enemy continued at Torrington, and were a considerable army : upon which, Sunday February 15, the army marched early from Chimleigh, and had a rendezvous two miles off in the way to Torrington. Our horse brought in divers prisoners to the rendezvous, who confessed that the lord Hopton was in Torrington, and that he had sent out parties by three of the clock that morning to discover our mo- tion ; also one of our spies came thither out of Tor- rington that morning, assuring his excellency, that the enemy's whole army was in and about Torrington, not expecting our being so near. The army was drawn to the rendezvous, with inten- tion to march to Torrington, but the weather proving so bad, and the bridges being broken down by the enemy, and, besides, the day being far spent, put the general upon resolution to order his own regiment of foot, and a party of 200 horse, under the command of captain Berry, to advance three or four mile in the way to Torrington to amuse the enemy, and himself with the rest of the army to return to Chimleigh. A party of colonel Butler's men that were upon the guard, took fourteen men, and seven and twenty horse, (part of the enemy's guard,) and brought them to Chimleigh, being most of them of Goring's lifeguard ; who, being brought before the general, confessed they heard of our advance. Captain Berry, who was sent (as before) toward the enemy, returned with his party of 200 horse, informing the general that they had met with a party of the enemy about the same number, Sprigg. o 194 Severe engagement PABT lY. CHAP II. near Torringion, (1646.) 195 that the enemy charged him, but he had, by the as- sistance of God, routed them, and sore wounded lieu- tenant-colonel Dundass, who led on the party, and brought him and others away prisoners ; but Dundass was so sore wounded, that he was forced to be left at a country village, upon his parole, to render himself a prisoner if he recovered ; which accordingly he very punctually performed ; and the general, in commisera- tion of his condition, being disabled for service by reason of his wounds, upon his tender to engage him- self never to bear arms against the parliament, granted him his liberty. Monday, February 16^^, the drums beat by four of the clock in the morning ; the general rendezvous of the army was appointed to be at Ring's-Ash, about three miles from Chimleigh ; where accordingly, by seven of the clock in the morning, the whole army was drawn up in battalia, horse and foot, on the moor, five miles short of Torrington, and so marched in order ready for a present engagement, in case the enemy should attempt any thing in our march through the narrow lanes ; the forlorn hope of horse, commanded by major Stephens and captain Moleneux, being ad- vanced towards Stephenston, (master Rolls' house near Torrington,) his excellency understood, that the enemy had 200 dragoons in the house ; whereupon a commanded party of horse and foot were sent to fall on them ; but upon the advance of our forces towards them, the enemy quit the place ; yet our horse march- ing fast, engaged their rear, took several of their dra- » It should be remembered here, that upon the army's advance to Torrington, colonel Cook, who always readily received and punctu- ally observed his orders, was sent with major-general Massey's horse to lie before Barnstaple, and upon that part of Devonshire, to be in a posture to interrupt the enemy's horse, in case, upon the army's advance into Cornwall, they should attempt to break through. goons prisoners, and afterwards the forlorn hope of horse on both sides were much engaged in the narrow and dirty lanes; at last, we beat them from master Rolls' house all along the lane almost to Torrington. About five of the clock in the evening the van of the army was drawn up in the park, the forlorn hope of foot was drawn out near the forlorn hope of horse in the midway, between master Rolls' house and Torring- ton, and there lined the hedges to make good the retreat of the horse, the enemy likewise drew out of the town four or five closes off, and lined the hedges with musketeers within a close of ours, and flanked their foot with horse ; whereupon good reserves were sent to second our forlorn hope of foot, lest the enemy, knowing the ground, and we being strangers unto it, might suddenly encompass us (it being by this time dark night, and the whole army being then come up, having marched ten miles that day) : about eight at night the enemy drew off from some of the closes they formerly possessed; whereupon we gained the ground they quitted ; and a council of war being called, whether it was advisable, being night, to engage the enemy's body, then in the town, who were ready with the best advantages of ground and barricadoes to re- ceive us ; it was the general sense of the council to make good our ground and double our guards till the next morning, that we might the better take view of the places where we were like to engage ; whereupon the general and lieutenant-general went from master Rolls' house to see the guards accordingly set, but hearing a noise in the town, as if the enemy were re- treating, and being loath they should go away without an affront, to that purpose, and that we might get cer- tain knowledge whether they were going off or not, a small party of dragoons were sent to fire on the enemy o 2 196 Account of the severe engagement PAET IT. CHAP. II. near Torrington. (1646.) J 97 near the barricadoes and hedges ; the enemy answered us with a round volley of shot ; thereupon the forlorn hope of foot went and engaged themselves to bring off the dragoons, and the reserve fell on to bring off the forlorn hope : and being thus far engaged, the general being on the field, and seeing the general resolution of the soldiery, held fit that the whole regiments in order after them should fall on, and so both sides were ac- cordingly engaged in the dark, for some two hours, till we beat them from the hedges, and within their barri- cadoes, which were very strong, and where some of their men disputed the entrance of our forces with push of pike and but-^end of musket for a long time ; at last it pleased God to give us the victory, our foot first entering the town, and afterwards the horse, who chased the enemy through the town, the lord Hopton bringing up the rear had his horse shot dead under him in the middle of the town ; their horse once facing about in the street, caused our foot to retreat, but more of our horse coming up pursued them to the bridges, and through the other barricadoes at the further end of the town, where we had no sooner placed guards at the several avenues, and had drawn our whole army of foot and most of our horse into the town, but the ma- gazine of near eighty barrels of powder, which the lord Hopton had in the church, was fired by a desperate villain, one Watts, whom the enemy had hired with thirty pounds for that purpose, as he himself confessed the next day, when he was pulled out from under the rubbish and timber ; and the lead, stones, timber, and iron work of the church were blown up into the air, and scattered all over the town and fields about it, where our forces were ; yet it pleased God miraculously to preserve the army, that few were slain besides the enemy's, (that were prisoners in the church where the magazine was blown up,) and most of our men that guarded them, who w^ere killed and buried in the ruins : and here was God's great mercy unto us, that the general being there in the streets, escaped with his life so narrowly, there falling a web of lead with all its force, which killed the horse of one master Rhoads of the lifeguard, who was thereon next to the general in the street, but doing neither him nor the general any hurt. There were taken in the town about 600 pri- soners besides officers, great store of arms, (the lanes and fields being bestrewed with them,) all their foot were scattered, their horse fled that night towards Cornwall in great confusion ; the prisoners we took confessed they had about 4000 foot and 4000 horse at least; the service was very hot, we had many wounded, it was stoutly maintained on both sides for the time. If any particular be omitted in this relation, let the general's letter to the speaker of the house of commons supply the same, which here foUoweth, with a list of the slain and taken in this fight. To the honourable William Lenthal, esquire, speaker of the honourable house of commons. Master Speaker, Plymouth being set free, and Dartmouth taken, I sent colonel Hammond with part of the foot to possess part of the houses near Excester, for the blocking of it up on the west side of the river, as formerly I had done on the east, and lay with the rest of the army so as to countenance both that work, and the raising of some forces in the Southams to lie about Totness for the securing of that country, and to keep the enemy from coming of that side of Devonshire again, when the army should remove to the other : these two things, with the continual foul weather at that time, and the absence of colonel Cook, with so many of the horse, occasioned my 198 Letter of Fairfax concerning PART IT. CHAP. IJ. the fight at Torrington. (1646.) 199 stay thereabouts above a fortnight; in which time, the houses being competently fortified, and the forces raising in the Southams in good forwardness, I drew the army up towards Crediton, with purpose to advance into the north of Devon- shire also, either by the taking of Barnstaple, or by blocking of it up, and raising a force in that well affected comer to keep it in, so as, having all clear, or made fast behind me, I might the better follow the remaining field-forces of the enemy into Cornwall. And to continue the blocking up of Excester on the west side, I left sir Hardress Waller, with three regiments of foot and one of horse of this army, and ad- vanced with five regiments of horse and seven regiments of foot, and five troops of dragoons, the rest of the horse and dragoons being absent with colonel Cook in Dorsetshire, but then sent for to come up, when I was resolved upon my ad- vance this way. The enemy at the same time advanced out of Cornwall with all the foot to Torrington, about which their horse did lie before, and began to fortify the town: their intentions therein, as we conceived, and do since further find, were, by the advantage of this place and their garrison of Barnstaple so near it, to make this part of Devonshire more surely theirs, and more difficult for us to come into, and lying so much the nearer to Excester, (against which they supposed this army wholly engaged,) to take their best advan- tages from hence and from Chimleigh, which they meant also to have possessed, to relieve Excester on the north side, or disturb us in the siege ; and it is probable they might have a further purpose in their posture here, to secure the landing of Irish or Welch supplies so much the forwarder towards the east. On Saturday last I advanced from Crediton to Chimleigh, where by many prisoners I was informed, that the lord Hop- ton had hereabouts 4000 horse and 3000 foot ; we believed them to be about 2000 foot or upwards, and 3000 horse ; the extreme foulness of weather that day and the next occasioned me not to advance from about Chimleigh for the next night, save only one foot quarter and an horse-guard advanced to Eing-Ash, three miles towards the enemy, to secure a rendez- vous so much the nearer to them ; for the day following I imderstood by the best i^ti|li|r||||||e, that the enemy was re- i \ solved to make good their station, and set their rest upon it to fight us there if we would come up to them ; and truly men in their condition could not hope (all things considered) to have more for it, their horse for number superior to what I brought up with me, their foot, as I find since, not much infe- rior ; and if they could with all their force make good this town, and put us to lie in the field, there being no villages near it that could shelter the army, the wet weather con- tinuing, which was then most likely, would have forced us to draw back and make our firearms little useful, either for as- sault or defence ; and besides, we were like, for matter of provisions, to be forced to draw off first, they having both by their posture, with the plentiful country of Cornwall behind them, and a river at their backs, securing also a good part of Devonshire unto them, and by their strength of horse, much advantage for longer subsistence than we ; and we by the barrenness of the place where we must have lain before them, especially for horsemeat, their garrison of Barnstaple lying partly behind us, their horse more numerous than ours, which might with stronger parties cut off our supplies, had little possibility to subsist long before them. These con- siderations we had in our eye to discourage us from going on, as 1 believe they had to encourage them to stand ; yet, on the other side, finding that by reason of the barrenness and long exhausting of our quarters behind us, we could neither keep our horse so close together as to lie safe so near the enemy, nor indeed find subsistence for the army, either where we were, or in any other quarters more backward, where we could lie, so as to secure the siege of Excester from relief, and upon all considerations conceiving the affairs of the kingdom did require us, and God by all did call us, to make a present attempt upon the enemy, we resolved to go on, to try what God would do for us, and trust h*m for weather, subsistence, and all things. Accordingly, on Monday morning, I drew out the army to an early rendezvous at Ring-Ash, within six miles of the enemy : the weather still continued very wet, and so by all signs was like to hold, till we were advanced from the rendez- vous ; but suddenly, when we were upon march, it, beyond all expectation, began to be fair and dry, and so continued, 200 Letter of Fairfax concerning FART IV. whereas we had scarce seen one fair blast for many days be- fore. The enemy (as we understood by the way) had all their horse drawn together about Torrington, and with their foot prepared to defend the town^ which they had fortified with good barricadoes of earth cast up at every avenue, and a competent line patched up round about it, their horse stand- ing by to flank the same, and some within to scour the streets. Our forlorn hope had order to advance to Stephen- son-park, about a mile from the town, and there to stay for the drawing up of the army, there being no other place fit for that purpose nearer to the town on that side we came on. But when we came near, we understood that the enemy had with 200 dragoons possessed the house in the park, and were fortifying it, being of itself very strong ; but upon our nearer approach, their dragoons quitted the house, and our forlorn hope falling on them, took many prisoners, and pursuing them near the town, were engaged so far as they could not well draw back to the park, which occasioned the sending up of stronger parties to make them good where they were, or bring them off; and at last, there being some fear that the enemy would draw about them and hem them in, colonel Hammond was sent up with three regiments of foot, being his own, colonel Harlow's, and mine, and some more horse, to lie for reserves unto them; by which time the night was grown on, so that it was not thought fit, unless the enemy ap- peared to be drawing away, to attempt any thing further upon the town till morning, in regard none of us knew the ground, nor the advantages or disadvantages of it ; but about nine of the clock, there being some apprehension of the enemy's drawing away, by reason of their drawing back some out- guards, small parties were sent out towards the town's end to make a certain discovery, which going very near their works before the enemy made any firing, but being at last entertained with a great volley of shot, and thereupon sup- posed to be engaged, stronger parties were sent up to relieve them, and after them the three regiments went up for re- serves, till at last they fell on in earnest ; after very hot firings, our men coming up to the barricadoes and line, the dispute continued long at push of pike and with but-ends of muskets, till at last it pleased God to make the enemy fly from CHAP. II. the fight at Torrington, (1646.) 201 their works, and give our men the entrance ; after which, our men were twice repulsed by their horse, and almost all driven out again ; but colonel Hammond, with some other officers and a few soldiers, made a stop at the barricadoes, and so making good their reentrance, rallied their men, and went on again, major Stephens with their forlorn hope of horse coming sea- sonably up to second them ; the enemy's foot ran several ways, most of them leaving their arms, but most of their officers, with the assistance of horse, made good their own retreat out of the town towards the bridge, and taking the advantage of strait passages, to make often stands against our men, gave time for many of their foot to get over the bridge ; their horse without the town, after some attempts at other avenues to have broken in again upon us, being repulsed, at last went all away over another bridge, and at several other passes of the river, and all fell westward ; the ground where their horse had stood and the bridge they went over lying so beyond the town, as our horse could not come at them but through the town, which, by reason of strait passages through several barricadoes, was very tedious, by means whereof, and by reason of continued strait lanes the enemy had to retreat by, after they were over the river, as also by the advantage of the night, and by their perfect knowledge of the country and our ignorance therein, our horse could do little execution upon the pursuit, but parties being sent out several ways to follow them, as those disadvantages would admit, did the best they could, and brought back many prisoners and horses. We took many prisoners in the town, who being put into the church where the enemy's magazine lay, of above fourscore barrels of powder, as is reported, besides other ammunition, either purposely by some desperate prisoner, or casually by some soldier, the powder was fired, whereby the church was quite blown up, the prisoners and most of our men that guarded them were killed and overwhelmed in the ruins ; the houses of the town shaken and shattered, and our men all the town over much endangered by the stones, timber, and lead, which with the blast were carried up very high, and scattered in great abundance all the town over and beyond ; yet it pleased God that few of our men were slain or hurt thereby, save those in the church only, our loss of men otherwise m this 202 Letter of Fairfax concerning PART IV. service was small, though many wounded, it being a hotter flervice than any storm this army hath before been upon, wherein God gave our men great resolution; and colonel Hammond especially, and other officers engaged with him, be- haved themselves with much resolution, courage, and diligence, recovering the ground after their men were twice repulsed : of prisoners taken in this service about 200 were blown up, 200 have taken up arms with us, and about 200 more com- mon soldiers remain prisoners ; besides many officers, gentle- men, and servants, not many slain, but their foot so dispersed, as that of about 3000, which the most credible persons do affirm they had there, and we find, hy a list taken among the lord Hopbon's papers, themselves did account them more, we cannot hear of above 400 that they carried off with them into Cornwall, whither their horse also are gone, being much broken and dispersed as well as their foot. By the consi- derations and circumstances in this business which I have here touched upon, you will perceive whose hand it was that led us to it, and gave such success in it ; and truly there were many more evident appearances of the good hand of God therein than I can set forth ; let all the honour be to Him alone for ever. Being desirous, as God shall see it good and further enable me, to improve the advantage of this success to the uttermost, the next day, having sent some regiments of horse and foot to advance unto quarters up towards Hols- worthy, to set the enemy more home into Cornwall, and with more terror upon them, I sent also one regiment of foot, with some horse, back towards Barnstaple, to possess the earl of Bath's house at North-Tavistock, about a mile from Barn- staple on this side the river, whereby that garrison will be easily kept in on this side, and I shall try what will be done upon it otherways, whilst the army takes a little rest here- abouts, which the unseasonable marches, miserable quarters, and hard duty, both horse and foot, for many days, have been put unto, do necessarily require. But I conceive that, so soon as the army can be fitted for the purpose, it would be best to follow the enemy home and throughly into Cornwall; the breaking of that body of horse that is left there being the likeliest means to prevent or discourage the landing of any foreign forces in these parts, or the raising of any more out CHAP. II. the fight at Torrington. (1646.) 203 w ll of Cornwall : in order to which, I must earnestly recommend to your care two things especially; the one, to provide, by the disposal of your forces in the midland parts, that by excur- sions from Oxford hitherward I may not be diverted from prosecution of the work in Cornwall, to send again that way, nor the sieges of Excester and Barnstaple disturbed when I am engaged further west ; the other, that money may be speeded, if any ways possible, but for a month or six weeks, to enable the horse as well as foot to pay quarters in Cornwall, whereby the oppositions that people might make would in all likelihood be taken off, and their affections or good opinions gained, to make them helpful to us against their present op- pressors. There came unto me this day a young man from Truro, who certifieth me, that sir Walter Dudley came very lately from France, to let those about the prince know, that if there were an absolute necessity they could bring over their men with a fair wind from France to be here by the middle of the next month; expressing, that they had near 8000 foot and 1 000 horse in readiness, and three months' pay provided for them, besides 10,000/. in bullion daily expected, a mint being ready to coin the same, but yet intimated a conveniency in the giving a little more time for their coming over ; where- upon sir John Culpepper was to go in all haste to France upon Friday last, as is supposed, on purpose either to hasten all or a good part of those forces over. I think it will be very good that as much shipping as may be obtained be hastened into those parts. I shall upon this information, and the good success God hath been pleased to give us, so dispose of the army, as may most effectually conduce to a speedy and thorough settlement of these western parts of the kingdom ; therefore I desire you again to have a special care, that the forces about Oxford be not permitted to range into these parts, when the army is like to be engaged so far west, lest it occasion the division of our forces, and hinder the accomplish- ment of that we desire to effect. I remain Your most humble servant. Great Torrington, Tho. FAIRFAX. Feb. 19, 1645. More particularly there was taken here lieutenant- 204 Prisoners taken at Torrington, PAET IV. colonel Wood, eight captains, commissary Boney, six lieutenants, one cornet, three ensigns, one chirurgeon, four sergeants, two and fifty troopers, 127 gentlemen, and about 200 common soldiers, in all 433, whereof 200 have taken up arms, being, as they said, forced in by the enemy ; near 3000 arms (broken and whole) ; most of their ammunition blown up in the church, eight colours brought in, whereof one the lord Hop- ton's own, with this motto, / will strive to serve my sovereign king. Slain, major Threave, captain Fry, and divers ofiicers, 200 soldiers, besides those 200 blown up in the church; the lord Hopton and lord Caple wounded, besides divers others of quality ; the lord Hopton's commission to be general under the prince, sir John Digby's to be, commander of the forces before Plymouth, and other papers of consequence, taken, and about 400 or 500/. in money taken at the lord Hopton's quarters, with much plunder, left in portmanteaus there and in other places, behind them. Tuesday, February 17, the general rested at Torring- ton, that day being spent in securing the prisoners and taking lists of the names, and sending some forces to- wards Barnstaple ; and that the enemy might be kept in a continual alarm and fear by our pursuing of them, a party were sent towards Holsworthy, to fall upon their quarters; whereupon they quit that place, and the country informed that their horse were all fled into Cornwall, and that a great terror was upon them ; and those few scattered foot that escaped in the dark at Torrington, all of them, both horse and foot, (as his ex- cellency understood the next day,) drew into a body in Cornwall, to whom were now joined the prince's regi- ment of about 800 horse, which with some other Cor- nish horse, not before joined to them, made up a body CHAP. II. Many come over to the parliament army. (1646.) 205 of 5000 horse, much superior in number to ours : with this body of horse, and about 1000 foot, (most Cor- nish,) they kept guards on the other side of the river Tamar, and this day there came by twenty and forty at a time of their foot, (being most Devonshire men,) that were scattered the night before out of the woods, some with their arms, and others without them, and listed themselves in the army; expressing, that they only waited for an opportunity to get to us; so that this defeat was in a manner the very ruining of all their foot. Thursday, February 19, commissary-general Ireton was sent with a party to view the garrison of Barn- staple, and what places were fit to make quarters and to keep guards about the same, whereupon one regi- ment was sent to the earl of Bath's at Tavistock to possess it for quarters: that day there were three ships in Biddiford which struck in thither, thinking it had been in the enemy's power; their burden was small : the vessels were afterwards, upon petition, re- leased, the owners being persons that had not volun- tarily contributed against the parliament. This night the general returned back to master Rolls' house at Stephenson, in regard the quarter at Torrington was inconvenient, the windows shaken in pieces, and the houses so shattered with the great blast, that they could not perform a convenient shelter from the rain, it being a time of extreme wet weather. 206 The general marches into Cornwall. part iv. CHAPTER III. His excellency with the army advancing into Cornwall, driving the enemy before them, and possessing their quarters : a gallant piece of service performed by colonel Butler and his party near Stratton. Prince Charles, giving all for lost by his excellency's pressing so hard upon them, be- takes himself to SciUy. An advantage to the parliament's cause by a packet of letters from Ii eland taken at Padstow. Friday tlie 20th, it was taken into consideration, how far forth it was expedient to move towards Cornwall with the main forces, to improve the advantage we had upon the enemy ; which business was also further ad- vised on the next day. At a council of war, where it was resolved (nemine contradicente) to march into Cornwall : the reasons in- ducing them to that vote, were, first, to prevent the landing of any forces out of France, of which the let- ters taken at Dartmouth gave an intimation ; secondly, to destroy the field enemy, and by consequence settle the west ; thirdly, Excester and Barnstaple would not probably hold out if the field force were once subdued ; whilst that stood, they could not in honour yield, and therefore it was thought fit rather to follow the enemy into Cornwall to subdue them, than to stay to reduce Excester and Barnstaple, and then to pursue them, for that those garrisons would be dying for want of provi- sions, whilst the army should be in pursuit of the fore- said intentions. Lord's day, February 22, orders were given to bring up some small quantity of money that was at Tiverton to the army, that upon their march into Cornwall there might be supply. Monday, February 23, part of the army marched from Torrington to Holsworthy, being twelve long miles, dirty way, and the rest from Biddiford, Tavistock, &c. to Tofrington, being fifteen miles, and the ways deep : CHAP. III. Success of colonel Butler. ( 1 646.) 207 before the van of the army got into Holsworthy, co- lonel Butler was commanded before, with a party of horse and 400 dragoons, to force his passage over the river Tamar, and, if conveniently he could, to fall into the enemy's quarters ; and captain Woggan, who was before sent with a small party of dragoons, took five and twenty horse and some prisoners, and brought them to Holsworthy. Wednesday, the 25th, the army had a rendezvous near Tamerton, where intelligence came that colonel Butler had fallen upon the enemy, and taken between 3 and 400 horse, and eighty prisoners, and put major-general Web, with the forces under his command, to flight, (this service was performed near Stratton,) and there- upon our forces entered Stratton, where the people were much taken with their civility. This day the army marched to Launceston, ten long miles, being twelve at night before the rear came up within two miles of the town : three scouts were taken, who in- formed of colonel Basset's being in the town with 500 foot of colonel Treniayne's, and some horse : a forlorn hope was sent before, to demand the town ; the gates were shut upon them, the enemy resisted, two of them were slain, about 100 taken ; at last the enemy was put to flight in great disorder, but by the darkness of the night, narrowness and steepness of the ways, most of them escaped ; and our men possessed the town, which had been garrisoned by them. Thursday the 26th, the headquarter continued at Launceston, the foot being much weaned out with the two days' march before : the general viewed the ancient castle of Launceston, situated upon a mount, raised very high, but not fortified : the works and mounts on the top of the hill the enemy left standing unde- molished. Many Cornish were taken prisoners in the 208 The horse quarter near the river Tamar, PART IV. ^ CHAP. in. The army advances towards Bodmin. (1546.) 209 ! jl I town the night before, who being brought before the general this day, had twelve pence apiece given them, and passes to go to their homes : the townspeople in Launceston were much affected with such merciful usage. The army, in their march into Cornwall thus far, had much cause to observe the people's frights, quit- ting their habitations in fear of the army ; the enemy having insinuated such an ill opinion of it into them, endeavouring to make them believe, by oaths and im- precations, that no Cornish was to have quarter at our hands ; of which prejudice and misprision, after the people were undeceived, they frequented the markets again as in former time. This day a letter was sent to Plymouth for the Cor- nish gentlemen there to hasten to the general to Laun- ceston ; the rear guard of our horse were appointed to quarter along the river Tamar, the better to prevent the breaking through of the enemy's horse, an evil which his excellency had ever a watchful eye upon to prevent ; messengers were sent to colonel Cook, who was left before Barnstaple with major-general Massey's horse, (all except the Plymouth regiment,) to keep good scouts out, to fall on the flanks of the enemy, in case they attempted to pass by ; captain Farmer was sent with a company of dragoons to possess a house near Camelford, to gain intelligence, and the more to amuse the enemy touching our advance after them, and thereupon to enforce them to keep their horse in a body, that they might not take quarters, and so to weaken and discourage them from breaking through. Friday the 27th, the headquarters continuing still at Launceston, the Plymouth regiments of foot were sent unto, to come from Tavistock thither, and the re- sidue to lie on the passes upon the river, the more effectually to interrupt the enemy, if he attempted to break through. Saturday the 28th, his excellency had intelligence, that Salt-Ash was quitted by the enemy, and their works left undemolished ; that the governor of Mount-Edg- comb was resolved to conclude upon a treaty negoti- ated by master Peters : the army was ordered this day to quarters, and advanced four or five miles towards Bodmin, that the rear of our horse might quarter with more conveniency, and closer together ; and to the end, the next day all the army, both horse and foot, might march close in a body, in regard of the continued ex- pectation that was of the enemy's horse breaking through, upon the advantage of a very open way (much of it being downs) ; other messengers were sent also to colonel Cook, for more surety and caution, to be in rea- diness in case the enemy should attempt to break through : for to prevent that still was the greatest care of the general, knowing that if the horse got east, and joined with the king's force, it might prolong the war, and much disturb the peace of the midland counties. Likewise a post was sent to colonel Whaley to draw from Oxfordshire towards Wiltshire with some regi- ments of his horse that he had before Oxford, the bet- ter to encounter with the enemy's horse, that would be to purpose harassed out with their march, (in case they did break through,) by a hard pursuit of them, which his excellency intended. Lord's day, March 1, it happened to be a bitter cold frost ; the rendezvous of the army was that day about six miles from Launceston, upon the moors ; a party of horse being sent out, discovered the enemy's scouts, and not far from Saint Blisland took eight of them be- longing to a guard of 300 horse, which they kept but Spriog. p 210 Some of the enemy* s scouts are taken. PART IV. a little before our army. The scouts confessed they knew nothing of our approach that day, but expected us the next ; that the 300 horse they had upon the guard (they thought) were drawn off. We had no sooner advanced a little further, but the van of our army dis- covered their said guard, who faced about : our army made an halt, till our rear was come up : the evening drawing on, and having four miles yet to Bodmin, it was held fit to quarter the body of the army in the field, about Saint Blisland, which was the headquarter, (a very poor village,) and this was done both for secu- rity, to lie close together, being so near an enemy, and for expedition, to be the readier for a march the next morning. Besides, it was held much advantage for the army to lie close this night, whereby they might keep good horse-guards, the better to discover and check the enemy if he should seek to break through. A little before they took the enemy's scouts, intelli- gence came that our dragoons, under captain Farmer and captain Woggan, were engaged with the enemy as they were marching from the house they possessed to join with the army ; whereupon a party of 2000 horse were commanded, under the lieutenant-general, to fetch oflF our dragoons, but before the horse came up, they had acquitted themselves well, the enemy was retired^ and they were coming on to the army. That party of the enemy was commanded by sir James Smith, and had they not taken the nick of time, and gone away when they did, they had been all taken in their retreat by our horse, which came so instantly after them, that they had like to have gained the pass. This night his excellency had intelligence that the enemy had quitted Bodmin about ten at night, horse and foot retreating yet further west, and that the lord Hopton (otherwise sir CHAP. III. Tuoo actions little less than miraculous. (1646.) 211 Ralph Hopton) brought up the rear, most of the men (poor creatures) being drunk when they went away, to mend their hard fortune. Monday, early in the morning, the army following them, marched towards Bodmin, and had a rendezvous on the downs on this side Bodmin ; from thence part of the horse and foot were commanded to Ware-bridge, being a passage that was suspected very convenient for the enemy, in case they intended to break eastward ; likewise guards were commanded to Padstow, for cau- tion, lest there the enemy should get over the river ; and also the better to countenance the townsmen that stood upon their guard against the enemy. This day four troopers pursued a party of two and forty musket- eers of the enemy beyond Bodmin, with their muskets laden and matches lighted, and after the rate of a mira- cle brought them away prisoners, such fear was upon them (from Heaven certainly) ; likewise six troopers pursued the enemy on the left hand as far as Lestwi- thiel, made them quit their guards there, and hearing that ammunition was going to Foy in wain loads, pursued the convoy thither, forced them to leave the ammunition, and so brought back four wain loads of match, powder, bullet, and barrels of muskets, and safely convoyed the same to the headquarter in Bod- min. The troopers that did this action were rewarded ; but who is able to acknowledge the goodness and power of that God by whom they did these exploits ! Moreover, a party of our horse this day took sir John Greenville's lieutenant-colonel and others. Tuesday, March 3, the army rested at Bodmin. Consultation was had what course was to be taken to keep the enemy still before the army, their headquar- ters then being at Truro, their nearest quarters about Saint Columb, Grampond, and Tregny, between which p 21 212 Prince Charles embarks for ScUly. PART IV. ■! CHAP. III. A shtp from Ireland 18 taken at Padstow. (1646.) 213 towns and Truro they lay then quartered, keeping their main guard of horse at Castle-o-Denisse : all the passes from the north sea to the south sea were taken into consideration, and guards of horse and foot disposed unto them, and the country were enjoined to barricadoe up the lanes, and keep men upon the fords. Wednesday, March 4, his excellency had certain in- telligence that the prince was embarked and set sail for Scilly with his lords and gentlemen, giving all for lost, and so evidently irrecoverable did their condition appear to all, that their refuge of lies failed them, and they did not stick to say in desperation at their depar- ture, that all was lost. The prince's flying much dis- heartened the enemy, and what a work should it have upon us ! It might become us here to stay and pause a while: I cannot but run upon that scripture in my mind, Isaiah li. 12, 13, 14, Who art thou^ that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man which shall be made as grass ; and for- gettest the Lm^d thy maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth ; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy f and where is the fury of the oppressor? The captive ea^ile hasteneth that he may be loosed, and that he should not die in the pit, nor that his bread should fail. The poor Cornish, like the captive exile, hastened to be delivered, lest they should die in the pit, and therefore took up arms on any side to make an end of the war, and restore a peace of any fashion, for the fury of the oppressor ; and where is the fury of the oppressor? a ship hath em- barked them, a strong wind hath carried them away, Scilly hath opened her arms and received them, &c. But I must remember my story. The conditions for the surrender of Mount-Edg- comb, a place of great strength and consideration, were this day presented to the general by master Coritou, master Lower, master Glanvile, and master Trevisa, gentlemen of the country, who were glad of the oppor- tunity to present themselves to the general for his fa- vour ; the propositions were ratified by his excellency, and letters of recommendation were agreed unto, to be drawn and sent on their behalf to the parliament : their seasonable coming in was a good service, and master Peters' industry in this negotiation was great, and worthy all acceptation and acknowledgment. A summons was this day sent unto some few hun- dreds of the country, to appear on Friday following upon the downs at Bodmin, and strong parties were sent out to see if they could meet with the enemy ; who meeting with some of their guards forced them to retreat beyond Saint Columb. This night the general had intelligence that a ship was come into Padstow from Ireland, that the townspeople seized on it, and stood on their guard against the enemy, and sent to our dragoons, who quartered near them, for their as- sistance. Thursday the 5th, the dragoons coming to their as- sistance boarded the vessel ; some of the men were put to the sword, others sore wounded ; captain Allen of Waterford, an Irish rebel, had his life spared, to the in- tent to make use of his confession ; the townspeople were violent against them; the packet letters they brought were thrown overboard, yet, by the diligence of the officers of dragoons, were found floating upon the water ; which being brought to the general, there was found amongst them letters from the earl of Gla- morgan, that 6000 Irish were ready to be transported, and 4000 more should be ready by the 1st of May ; that 300 special Irish were appointed for the prince's 214 The summons which his excellency PART IV, CHAP. IV. sent to lord Hopton. (1646.) 215 lifeguard, but Allen confessed, that 100 of them were to be put into the Mount, 100 into Pendennis, and the other 100 to be about the prince, in case he should ap- prove of this disposal. There were letters also of the lord Digby's taken in that packet, being a narrative of his proceedings against the earl of Glamorgan, express- ing how swimmingly he had carried his body in that business ; also letters from the earl of Ormond. The lettera from Glamorgan to the king were not found. Master Coriton and the rest of the gentlemen who came from Mount-Edgcomb, being so opportunely here when the packet came, had the original letters showed unto them, which gave them such satisfaction as that they freely expressed themselves, that what force they could raise in the country should be as- sisting to the parliament for the opposing of all Irish or any foreigners whatsoever, that should be brought over. CHAPTER IV, His exceUency with the army driving up the enemy into Cornwall: a summons sent to sir Ralph Hopton and his forces to come in, with the several transactions of that business, until the disbanding of all his forces, fully related, &c. It was intended that the army should advance on the morrow, but upon consultation it was held fit to stay that march, and to consider of a summons to be sent unto the lord Hopton, which was accordingly pre- pared, and sent away by the general's trumpet ; which summons foUoweth in these words : Sir, Through the goodness of God to his people, and his just hand against their enemies, your forces being reduced to such condition, as, (to my sense,) the good hand of God continuing with us, wherein alone we trust they are not like either to have subsistence or shelter long where they are, or to escape thence, nor, if they could, have they whither to go to have better : I have thought good, for prevention of more bloodshed, or of further hardship or extremity to any but such whose hearts God shall harden to their own destruction, to send you this summons, for yourself and them to lay down arms, and withal a tender of such conditions (upon a present surrender and engagement never to bear arms against the parliament) as may be better than any thing they can rationally expect by further standing out. First therefore, to the soldiery in general, English and fo- reigners, I shall grant liberty either to go beyond sea or to their homes in England, as they please ; and to such English as shall choose to live at home, my protection for the liberty of their persons, and for the immunity of their estates from all plunder or violence of soldiers, and all to go their ways with what they have, saving horses and arms ; but for oflBcers in commission and gentlemen of quality, I shall allow them to go with horses for themselves and one servant or more, suitable to their quality, and with arms befitting gentlemen in a con- dition of peace ; and such officers as would go beyond sea for other service, to take with them their arms and full number of horses answerable to their offices. To all troopers and inferior sort of horse-officers bringing in and delivering up of their horses and arms, twenty shillings a man, in lieu of their horses, to carry them home : to English gentlemen of considerable estates, my pass, and recommenda- tion to the parliament for their moderate composition. Lastly, for yourself, (besides what is before implied to you in common with others,) you may be assured of such media- tion to the parliament on your behalf, both from myself and others, as for one whom (for personal worth and many virtues, but especially for your care of and moderation toward the country) we honour and esteem above any other of your party, whose error (supposing you more swayed with prin- ciples of honour and conscience than others) we most pity, and whose happiness (so far as consistent with the public welfare) we should delight in more than in your least suf- fering. These things (not from any need or other ends than hu- 216 Preparations are made to resist PART IV. mane and Christian) having offered, I leave to your consider- ation and theirs whom they concern, desiring your and their speedy resolution, which 1 wish may be such as shall be most for the honour of God, the peace and welfare of this poor kingdom, and for your and their good, so far as may stand therewith. And having herein discharged (as I conceive) the duty of an honest man, a soldier, and a Christian, if God shall see it good to let your hearts be hardened against your own peace, I shall (though with some regret for that ill that shall ensue to any, yet with cheerfulness and rejoicing at the righteous judgment of God) pursue my charge and trust for the public in another way, not doubting of the same presence and blessing which God hath hitherto vouchsafed in the same cause to the weak endeavours of T. F. March 5, 1645. Instructions were likewise prepared for those that were to offer something to the country that should ap- pear the next morning. Friday, March the 6th, his excellency had intelligence the enemy's horse began to draw together, as if they were resolved to break through ; for now was the time for them to do it, or never ; for one day's advance more would drive them into so narrow a compass, that it was in vain to think of it afterwards. This was made known to the country people at their meeting upon the downs, whereupon there were above 1000 of them expressed much willingness to assist in the block- ing up of all passages and ways, that might prevent the enemy's breaking through ; and the Irish letters, being showed and read unto them by master Peters, did much heighten their resolution to aid and assist the parliament against the foreigners ; and not only so, but the forwardness they expressed to assist against the present enemy in their country, with the great joy and content they showed at the army's being come thither CHAP. IV. the enemy in his attempt to break through. (1646.) 217 for their relief, (saying they had not seen such a day this three years,) was beyond expectation : and cer- tainly there was the great hand and good providence of God in the opportune bringing in of this packet of letters thither, whereby the country was so much won unto us. The happy event of this day had a further accession by the news of the taking of Corfe-castle by a stratagem, managed by the discretion of that worthy and prudent gentleman, colonel Bingham, governor of Poole. Strict orders were given to all our forces upon the guards to be very vigilant this night, and on the mor- row a march was intended for the whole army. Accordingly, March 7, the army marched early to a rendezvous, some four miles from Bodmin, towards St. Columb, but the weather proving extreme wet, and the place they desired to reach that night being a long march, it was held tit to take up quarter in the villages thereabouts for as many as the places could receive, and the general, with the rest of the army, re- turned back to Bodmin. But to keep the enemy waking, that they might not refresh their horse by any rest in their quarters, colonel Rich was sent vrith 1000 horse and dragoons to fall on the enemy's guards and quarters, and to bring in what prisoners he could light upon ; which accordingly he did near St. Columb, beat the enemy's outguards to their mainguard, their mainguard being about 600, (most of them the prince's lifeguard and gentlemen,) then commanded by major-general Pert, who, seeing no hopes of retreat, drew out to give a charge, and gave a good home-charge to our first division ; major- general Pert himself charged through, but being shot, was taken prisoner; instantly the enemy was put to the rout before the rest of our division could come ms Proceedings of the army. PART IV. up : that division of ours that was commanded by quar- termaster-general Fincher, who first charged them, had the pursuit and execution of the enemy for three or four miles, wherein many were wounded and slain, about 100 taken prisoners, and about 300 horse. But by reason the general and part of the army re- treated back this day to Bodmin, the malignants began to rejoice upon presumption that the army was af- fronted, and hereof they were so confident, that they conveyed it up with much expedition to Oxford, where it is certain they had public rejoicing for the great vic- tory obtained against Fairfax' forces in Cornwall. Lord's day, March 8, though the day were very rainy, the army marched to other quarters, within six or seven miles of Truro, to St. Stephen's, St. Blase, and other parts : major-general Pert was brought to the headquarters, sore wounded ; he was a proper, stout, gallant man ; all means were used for his recovery, if it might have been. He satisfied divers there, that those men that were so routed were the prince's regiment (most of them gentlemen and reformadoes) ; that the summons sent from the general to the lord Hopton was not published : the copy of the summons being read unto him, he said that the conditions therein mentioned would be readily accepted by the soldiery, and if it were once published in the army and refused by the officers it would break them to pieces. In major-ge- neral Port's pocket there was found a letter, intended to be sent to the lords that were about the prince, to this purpose : " that the king's condition is so low, is not our fault : we are not able to break through the enemy, nor strong enough to fight them, therefore are resolved to compound for ourselves, and leave you to do what you please." This day the lord Hopton returned back the ge- CHAP. IV. ffoptorCs answer to his excellenqfs summons, (1646.) 219 neral's trumpet without answer to the summons, only with this apology ; " that by reason of the interruption the last night, he could not send a particular answer to the general, but would send one very shortly :" which that he might vindicate from a dilatory excuse, he made haste ; and this day, towards the evening, an an- swer came from the lord Hopton, wherein he seemed willing to fancy the king and parliament into a treaty and cessation, and desired to know if it were not so ; as the answer itself will show, the copy whereof fol- loweth : Sir, I received yours, bearing date the fifth of this month ; wherein I must acknowledge much kindness from you, and a very Christian consideration of sparing blood : but one thing there is, I am confident, you have too much honour to expect from me ; which is, that to avoid any danger, or to enjoy any worldly advantage, I will renounce my master's house, to whom I am both a sworn subject and a sworn sei'vant ; that I must profess I am resolved to undergo all fortunes with him, and, if there shall be cause, to suffer any thing, rather than in the least point to taint my honour in that particular ; and I hope there is not a man of any consideration in this army under my command that is not so resolved : yet in all honest and honourable ways to procure the peace of this kingdom, and the sparing of Christian blood, I take God to witness, I am, and still have been most desirous : and I hear, from good hands, that our gracious sovereign is at present so far advanc- ed in a treaty with the parliament, as that he hath promised to pass four of the principal of their bills proposed, whereof the intrusting of the militia for seven years, in hands agreed between them, is one. I desire you to deal freely with me in that particular ; for if that be so, it will spare the labour of further treaty, being for my part ready to obey whatsoever his majesty shall agree to. God hath indeed of late humbled us with many ill successes, which I acknowledge as a very certain evidence of his just judgment against us for our per- sonal crimes; yet, give me leave to say, your present pro^ 220 7%c general s reply to PART IV. sperity cannot be so certain an evidence of his being altogether pleased with you. It is true, we are reduced to a lower con- dition than we have been in, yet have we a gallant body of horse, that, being preserved to a general accord, may be for good use against our common enemies ; and being otherwise pressed, I may say it without vanity, want not a resolution, at least, to sell ourselves at a dear rate against any odds. Your propositions, though they be not wholly consented to, yet if a general accord, much more desirable, be not in a Ukely for- wardness to prevent them, I shall be willing that eight com- manders of ours, with three country gentlemen, give a meeting as soon as you please, to any equal number of yours, at any indiiferent place, to consult of this great business, and to con- clude of some propositions that may be reasonable and ho- nourable for both parts ; wherein I hope God will so bless our clear intentions, as may produce a probable inducement to a general peace, according to the unfeigned desire of Your servant, March 8, 1645. RaLPH HoPTON. But this art would not do, my lord Hopton's magic is not strong enough to condense the mere air of his own fency into a cessation before our armies, as by the general's reply to this answer the reader may satisfy himself ; which here follows : My Lord, I should most truly and freely inform your lordship the best I could, in any thing that might lead you to a right under- standing of things, in order to the peace of the kingdom, or the real good of yourself and those with you, so far as may stand with my trust and duty to the public, to what I con- ceive your more certain knowledge of that your desire to be informed in concerning the king's oflFers to the parliament, would not be prejudicial : but, the truth is, I can give you no other satisfaction or assurance therein than this : that the king hath made some ofiTers to the parliament, and amongst them, one concerning the miHtia ; something to the purpose as you say you have heard ; but the just certainty what his last overtures are, or how far they are advanced to a general CHAP. nr. lord Hopton*s answer to the summons, (1646.) 221 accord, I cannot at present certify. I do not hear they have proceeded so far as to a treaty ; and 1 believe, that as the parliament may be discouraged from the way of treaty by for- mer experiences of the fruitlessness thereof, and the ill use the same hath been designed or driven unto, viz. only to gain advantages for war, without real intentions for peace ; so the late overtures that way are the less like to be successful, by reason of the clear and certain discoveries the parhament have had, that his majesty at the same time was and is la- bouring by agents in all parts to draw in foreign forces, and especially that the earl of Glamorgan, by commission from his majesty, had concluded a peace with the Irish rebels, on terms extremely dishonourable and prejudicial, upon the only condi- tion of sending over force under the command of that lord to invade England; whereof, I presume, you cannot but have heard. And though his majesty did in a letter to the par- liament disavow any such agreement, and pretended he had given order to the lord Digby for the attainting and impeach- ing the earl of Glamorgan of high treason, for what he had done therein ; yet, by late discoveries to the parliament, and especially by letters intercepted the other day at Padstow, from the lord Digby, the earl of Glamorgan, and others, to secretary Nicholas, yourself, sir Edward Hyde, the lord Cul- pepper, and others, it is most clear and evident, that the ar- resting of the earl of Glamorgan was only for a present colour, to salve reputation with the people, and continue their delu- sion, till designs were ripe for execution ; for the same peace is fully concluded with the rebels, the king to have the aid conditioned upon the same agreement, and the earl of Gla- morgan at liberty again, and to command that force in chief. Now for the overture of a meeting, to treat further about the propositions I sent, though I know nothing material that I can add or alter, except in circumstances, yet I shall not refuse or decline such a meeting, or ought else that probably tends to the saving of blood, or further misery to any, pro- vided the meeting be speedily, and number of persons not to exceed four or five. But, my lord, when you consider what I have before related concerning foreign supplies, which I have reason to think you know and believe, you see what cause I have to be jealous of advantages sought by delays, and not 2M The army advances to Tregny and to Probus, vab^ iv to intermit any time, or omit any opportunity, to prosecute the service I have in hand : and that there may be no colour of your expecting that forbearance on my part which you offer on yours, I do the more hasten back my resolution to you : in pursuance whereof, I do not despise nor shall insult upon your present condition. I question not, nor yet shall, I hope, be much moved with the resolution of your men ; I presiune not on former successes nor present advantage in jBeshly power, but desire to trust in God alone, whose favour and blessing to this army, above others, I do not account in what is past, or expect in future, to be for any precedence in merit or goodness of ours, whereby we should be more pleas- ing to him than others, but from his own free grace and goodness towards his people, whose welfare, with the common good of the kingdom, we seek and desire with all faithfulness and integrity to pursue. And so, committing the issue of all to his good pleasure, I remain Your humble servant, March 9. 1645- ThO. FaIRPAX. Moreover, besides the proportion this answer might bear to the better information of the lord Hopton, his excellency (to satisfy him more fully) commanded some of the regiments to advance this day to Tregny, (an ill sign of a cessation,) and the next day the army ad- vanced two several ways, part of it following to Tregny, (the headquarter that night,) another part of it to Pro- bus, and those parts. But such was the force of the lord Hopton's imagination upon his own soldiers, that they, instead of asking, acted a cessation ; when our forlorn of horse coming near theirs, not far from Pro- bus, they did not endeavour to put themselves in order to receive us, nor did they make any resistance, but stood still, our men much wondering thereat. And what was the cause, but a cessation between the armies (as they believed, or would seem to believe) ; for so soon as our men came near, they cried, "A cessation ! a cessation!" ours cried, *^No, no, there was none:" and CHAP. IV. The lord Hopton sends for a treaty, (1646.) 223 much ado had commissary-general Ireton, and other officers, to persuade them there was none ; notwith- standing, since they were so possessed and deluded, we wished them to be gone, and we would take no advantage of them. The enemy, expressing much sorrow, (that there was not a cessation as they were informed,) retired, seeming also to be somewhat af- fected, that they had so noble and ingenuous an enemy, that took not this advantage to do them any hurt, as we might have done, there being no cessation. The lord Hopton seeing his stratagem would not take, but he must beg a cessation if he would have it, and that his men were so startled at the advance of our army, sent this night, about twelve of the clock, for a treaty, naming the place, Tresillian-bridge, if his excel- lency approved of it : the trumpet was returned about three in the morning, that the general did hearken to a treaty, and would appoint commissioners to meet at the place proposed by the lord Hopton. Hereupon commissioners on both sides were nominated to meet at nine the next day, being Tuesday morning (March 10). But the general, being unwilling to lose time, gave orders for a march: accordingly the army that Tuesday advanced by break of day, and marched to a rendezvous within two miles of Truro by ten of the clock, where the lord Hopton's trumpeter brought a safeconduct for our commissioners, and they having received the like from us, a cessation was agreed to ; but withal, a message was sent to the lord Hopton from the general, that he intended to quarter his army at Truro and St. Allen that night, which he thought fit to give him notice of, that none of his forces might be left in the town when our soldiers entered. This much disrelished with the lord Hopton, and his commission- ers that he sent had much reluctancy against it. The S24 St, Mawe^s castle surrenders. PART IV. CHAP. TV. Good effects of the cessation, (1646.) 225 general, upon conference with the commissioners, was content to let them have St. Allen for their quarter ; his excellency reserving still Truro (the prime quarter) to himself. And here we had the enemy in a pound, so that he had but six miles' breadth to break through, if he attempted it. And now we having the pass at Truro, the lord Hopton drew his forces to quarter more westward, and the treaty was adjourned till next morn- ing, and a cessation observed on both sides. Wednesday the 11th, the commissioners on both sides met again, but could not make any great pro- gress into the treaty : the cessation was continued for a day longer : about 120 musketeers came in this day with their arms, and colours flying, being of colonel Trevanian's regiment : also divers colonels, knights, and gentlemen of quality, sent to the general, making known their desires to be received into the protection of the parliament ; which so disheartened colonel Tre- vanian, then with his regiment at Perin, that late that evening he sent unto his excellency, desiring he might be included in the treaty with the lord Hopton, and have the same conditions that other officers were to have. These things so operated with the governor of St. Mawe's castle, a principal fort that had a great command of the haven at Falmouth, that he sent to the general to be received into favour : and although Arundel, the governor of Pendennis, sent to command him to come into the castle of Pendennis, he fearing some evil intended against him, refused, and persisted in his former desire : whereupon the general sent him conditions, with a summons ; which were accepted, and he agreed to surrender. By reason of the cessation, our troopers mixed with the enemy's; and upon this bruit abroad, (though without ground,) that the enemy's troopers should lose their horses, they, to make some advantage of them, coursed good store of their best horses to our men. By twelve of the clock this night, all the material points of the treaty were concluded, matters of circum- stance only remained, which yet were so necessary to be concluded, in order to the perfecting of the treaty, that the next day was allowed (and the cessation con- tinued) for the finishing thereof. When the treaty was fully ended, and hostages appointed, the same day Saint Mawe's castle was surrendered, and thirteen pieces of ordnance in it, (whereof two great brass pieces of about 4000 weight apiece,) and our foot were sent to possess it. The treaty being thus ended, with great joy did the enemy's oflScers receive our conditions, and wished they had sooner known our intentions towards them. Those that seemed most discontented were the common troopers, that were to be dismounted, who therefore, to mend their conditions, had changed away their best horses, for advantage, before the disbanding. And it is not to be credited how much our army did get into the enemy's esteem during the cessation, and what sor- rowful expressions many of them did make, that they had been so deluded concerning our carriage ; ingenu- ously confessing, that the civility of our army had been ever till now concealed from them. Officers and sol- diers unanimously desired employment for Ireland; being willing to take the sacrament oath, (for that they proposed,) or to enter into what other obligation should be thought fit, that as they would never bear arms against the parliament in England, so that they would not, if they were employed in Ireland by the parlia- ment, desist from pursuing of their commands against the Irish rebels, upon any countermand or other invita- Sprigg. Q 226 The particulars of hrd Hopton's surrender PART IV. CHAP. IV. tion of the king's : affirming, that they had sufficiently smarted already for being enticed by him. Saturday was appointed to be the day of disbanding, which yet of very necessity was put off till the next day; in the meantime 120 more of the enemy's foot, with colours, came in ; and now, all things being agreed, the commissioners of both sides supped this night with the general. The next day, which was appointed for the disband- ing, was the Lord's day, in which the army would have been glad to have rested, but in regard time was pre- cious, and the country suffered so much by the enemy's forces that lay upon them, they by good warrant pre- ferred mercy and necessity before sacrifice, and the French regiment, under the command of monsieur Lap- lane, which was to be the first disbanded, was that day brought to the place appointed for disbanding. Their horses were very poor, they having before, by private contracts, put off the best of them. There were about 300 dismounted ; but they having made their markets before, most of their horses (as was but just) were turned back upon their own hands, as not worth the twenty shillings an horse, which they were to receive according to the agreement. In the space of five days more was the work finished, and the whole field-force of the enemy in the west of England disbanded ; viz. on Monday two brigades of horse ; Tuesday the I7th, the two brigades of the lord Cleveland's and major- general Web's; Wednesday the 18th, part of the lord Wentworth's, colonel Bovile's brigade, lord Hopton's lifeguard, and sir Richard Greenville's lifeguard ; Thurs- day two brigades more, of which the lord Goring's was one, and the prince's lifeguard ; Friday the 20th, the two last troops of all the Cornish horse were disbanded. The number of brigades in all that were disbanded sent by Fairfax to the speaker Lenthal (1646.) 227 were nine ; viz. the French brigade, consisting of three regiments ; the lord Wentworth's brigade, consisting of four regiments ; sir James Smith's brigade, consisting of three regiments ; the lord Cleveland's brigade, consist- ing of four regiments; major-general Web's, of three regiments ; the lord Hopton's brigade, commanded by colonel Bovile ; the lord Goring's brigade, of five regi- ments ; the prince's lifeguard, consisting of nine troops, being 700 men, armed ; sir Richard Greenville's refor- madoes. The men that were dismounted are proper and lusty men. To the honourable William Lenthal, esquire^ speaker of the ho- nourable house of commons. Sir, Whilst I lay at Bodmin for the necessary refreshment of the army, and to block up the passages from Bodmin to the north and south sea, I sent a summons, with propositions, to sir Ralph Hop ton, and the army under his command, (a true copy whereof I have here enclosed,) being encouraged there- unto by some of the enemy's officers and soldiers, who came in to me, and informed of their inclinableness to conditions ; and hoping thereby either to bring them to such terms as should be to your advantage, or would distract and weaken them ; and withal understanding, by the intercepted letters I sent you, that an Irish infantry was ready to be shipped for England, I thought fit to try all means which in probability might break their body of cavalry upon the place. When I had despatched these propositions to the enemy, I advanced upon Monday with all the army from Bodmin towards Truro, being then the enemy's headquarters, and to Tregny, where I quartered that night. Sir Ralph Hopton sent a trumpeter to me with a letter, desiring to have commissioners appointed on both sides, to meet at Tresilian-bridge the next day, with power to treat and conclude, which I assented to : the treaty accordingly began, the commissioners meeting about four o''clock in the afternoon, and 1 in the meantime advancing Q 2 228 Articles of agreement between PART IV. CHAP. IV. the quarters of the army to Truro and Saint Allen : after some time spent between the commissioners, this agreement was made, a copy whereof I have here also enclosed ; and in execution thereof, this day we began to disband the French brigade under colonel Lapland : to morrow we proceed with three other brigades, they having nine in all ; and shall en- deavour to shorten this work as much as may be. Truly, sir, this must needs be acknowledged for an admirable mercy from the same gracious hand of Providence that hath hitherto gone along with you, that so considerable a force as this should be so baffled, first at Torrington, and afterwards should put themselves, as it were, into a net ; whereby they were necessitated to take terms, to the utter niin of so great a body of cavalry ; which, according to all our information, and the confession of our enemies, was not less at the time of the treaty than 4 or 5000 horse. The articles of agreement will speak the mercy, and needs no comment ; yet I hope I may make this observation upon them, that thereby not only so great a body of cavalry is broken, but so many both offi- cers and soldiers disobliged from taking arms against you, and this at such a season when a foreign aid so ready, as the earl of Glamorgan's letters sent up formerly (and now sent you) speak at large, the timely freeing of us for other services that remain, with discouragement put upon the enemy's gar- risons in these parts, which we hope will cause them the more speedily to come in, we trust will be good consequences of this work : it is the desire of us all, the praise of all may be returned to God, to whom it is only due. The reputation of this hath already produced a surrender of Saint Mawe's cas- tle, wherein we found about thirteen guns, and good propor- tion of ammunition ; which place gives you a better interest in Falmouth-harbour than the enemy hath : for by the advan- tage hereof you may bring in shipping without hazard, which they cannot. It hath also occasioned the coming in of be- tween 300 and 400 foot of the enemy's, with their arms, to me ; and given the countries such heart against them, that in Peryn (a town formerly not very well affected) and in Saint Ive they stand upon their guards against the enemy. For further particulars concerning this business, I refer you to Fairfax and the lord Hopton, {1646.) 229 master Peters, who since he came into this county (where he was bom) hath very much furthered the service, in the bring- ing of the country in so freely to the protection of the parlia- ment. I remain Your most humble servant, Tho. Fairfax. Truro, March 14, 1645. Articles of agreement concluded betwixt commissary -general Ireton, colonel John Lambert, colonel John St, Aubin^ com- missary-general Stane, captain Edward Herle, and Richard Deane, comptroller of the ordnance, commissioners appointed on the behalf of his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, knight, general of the parliaments army, on the one part ; and colonel Charles Goring, colonel Marcus Trevor, colonel Thomas P anion, colonel Jordan Bovill, sir Richard Prideaux, knight, and major Goteer, commissioners appointed on the behalf of the right honourable the lord Hopton, general of his majesty's army, on the other part; as followeth : L It is concluded and agreed, that no person in the lord Hopton's army, not formerly by name excepted by the par- liament from pardon, shall be excluded from the privilege of this treaty, either as being a foreigner, or for having formerly served the parliament ; but shall equally have the benefit of what shall upon this treaty be granted to other persons of that quality that they are of in the army : and for any per- sons by name excepted by the parliament, they shall have pre- sent liberty (if they desire it) to go beyond seas, with like recommendation and equipage as others of like quality ; or if they desire to live at home in England, to make their ad- dresses to the parliament for that or other purpose, they shall have leave and reasonable time so to do, and the gene- ral's protection to live quietly and at liberty in any place they shall nominate and choose within the parliament's quarters, until they have received the parliament's resolution ; and if the parliament shall not think fit to grant such their desires, they shall then have leave and passes to go beyond sea, as be- fore, or to any of the king's armies or garrisons, as they shall think fit. 230 Articles of agreement between PART IV, CHAP. IV. Fairfax and the lord Hopton. (1646.) 231 II. That the army and forces under the command of the lord Hopton shall, within six days after the date hereof, be wholly disbanded and discharged by the lord Hopton, and the general officers, colonels, and other officers under his command, according to the several charges in manner hereaf- ter expressed. III. That all common troopers, corporals of horse, farriers, and saddlers, that are mounted, being of or belonging to the forces under the command of the right honourable the lord Hopton, shall bring in and deliver up their horses, with their bridles and saddles, and all their arms, unto his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, or unto whom he shall appoint to receive them, in manner, time, and place as is hereafter expressed ; provided, that all corporals, and such common troopers as shall appear gentlemen of worth, and such other troopers as shall go beyond sea, shall be allowed to keep and carry away with them their swords. IV. That upon performance hereof, they shall receive twenty shillings a man, or keep their horses, and shall have their passes to go to their homes in England, or beyond sea, with their bag and baggage, which they shall have leave to carry with them, or dispose of them as they please; and those to whom swords are allowed, as before, to pass with their swords. V. That the commission officers of horse under the lord Hopton, for their several troops respectively, shall cause the said horses and arms to be duly delivered in without changes, spoiling, or embezzlement among themselves, according to the effect of the first article beforegoing. VI. That this being performed, all the said commission officers of horse in present command, and all trumpeters be- longing to them, shall have liberty to go away, either to their homes in England, or beyond the seas, with their bag and baggage : and also, they shall have such number of horses and equipage as is hereafter allowed, according to their several qualities : that is to say. First, for those that shall choose to go beyond the seas, the full number of horses and firearms, if they have so many of their own. To trumpeters, one horse apiece, and their trumpets. To quartermasters, two horses and one case of pistols. To cornets, three horses and two case of pistols. To lieutenants, four horses and three case of pistols. To captains, majors, and lieutenant-colonels, six horses and four case of pistols. To colonels, eight horses and six case of pistols. • To the adjutant-general, six horses and four case of pistols. To the other adjutants of brigades, three horses apiece and one case of pistols. To the scoutmaster-general, six horses and two case of pistols. To the quartermastor-general, six horses and two case of pistols. To the marshal-general, four horses and one case of pistols. To the deputy quartermaster-general, two horses. To the deputy scoutmaster, one horse. To the major-general, twelve horses and six case of pistols. To the commissary-general of horse provisions, three horses and a case of pistols. To the commissary-general of victuals, three horses and one case of pistols. To the chirurgeon-general, three horses. To quartermasters of brigades, three horses and one case of pistols. To chirurgeons of regiments, two horses. To all these, except chirurgeons, their defensive arms, and swords for themselves and their servants ; and to every field-officer one carbine, and chirurgeons their swords. Secondly, those that shall choose to abide in England, with the general sir Thomas Fairfax's protection, and to five at home, shall have their proportions as foUoweth : The trumpeters, one horse apiece and their trumpets. To quartermasters, one horse apiece. To cornets and lieutenants, two horses apiece and one case of pistols. To captains, three horses apiece and one case of pistols. To majors, four horses apiece and one case of pistols. To lieutenant-colonels, fisQ horses apiece and one case of pistols. To colonels, six horses apiece and two case of pistols. 882 Articles of agreement between PART IV. CHAP. IV. Fairfax and the lord Hopton, (1646.) 233 To the major-general, ten horses, three case of pistols. To the adjutant-general, six horses, one case of pistols. To the adjutants of brigades, one horse apiece and one case of pistols. To the quartermaster-general, six horses, one case of pistols. To the marshal-general, three horses, one case of pistols. To the deputy quartermaster-general, two horses. To the scoutmaster-general, four horses, one caae of pistols. All these to have swords for themselves and their servants. To the commissary of horse-provision, two horses and a case of pistols. To the commissary of victuals, two horses, a case of pistols. To the deputy-scoutmaster, one horse. To the quartermasters of brigades, two horses. To the chirurgeon-general, two horses. To chirurgeons of regiments, one horse. To chaplains, two horses. AH these, except chaplains, to have swords for themselves and their servants. VJI. That the precedent articles concerning the surrender of troopers^ horses, &c. being performed, if any officer in com- mand that chooseth to live at home shall appear to have more horses of his own than what he is before allowed by the last precedent article, the commissioners of sir Thomas Fair- fax's part will recommend it to his excellency's favour that they may enjoy the benefit of such horses of their own, to the flame number as officers of like quality that are to go beyond the seas. VIII. That of the reformado officers that choose to live at home in England, reformado quartermasters shall have the same conditions as corporals in command ; cornets and Heu- tenants shall go away with one horse apiece; captains, majors, and lieutenant-colonels, with two horses apiece, and colonels with three horses apiece, if they have so many of their own, and one case of pistols : those reformadoes that desire to go beyond seas, to have half the proportion of horses and arms allowed in that case to officers of the like quality in pre- sent command, if they have them of their own ; and all of them to go with swords, bag and baggage, or dispose thereof at pleasure. IX. That all gentlemen of quality in arms or not in arms, but living under the protection of the said army, shall have liberty either to go to their own houses, or beyond the seas, with bag and baggage, and equipage according to their seve- ral qualities, as foUoweth ; that is to say, A knight, with four horses, three servants, one case of pistols, and their swords. An esquire, with three horses, two servants, one case of pistols, and their swords. A gentleman, with two horses, one servant, one case of pistols, and their swords. A gentleman, of lowest rank, with one horse for himself, and a sword. Scholars and clergymen to have one horse at the least, or more, according to their different degrees, at the gene- raPs discretion. X. That to all those who according to the effect of these articles shall choose to go beyond the sea passes shall be granted from the general, sir Thomas Fairfax, accordingly ; and to those who, being English, shall choose to live at home, passes for that purpose, and protections for the liberty of their persons, and also for the freedom of their estates from all plunder and violence of soldiers ; and that such gentlemen or others, that have considerable estates, may have the gene- ral's letters of recommendation to the parliament (if desired) for their moderate composition. XI. That after the performance of these articles, so far to disbanding and delivering up of what is to be delivered, all officers and soldiers that shall, according to these articles, choose to go beyond the seas, shall have sufficient quarters assigned them by sir Thomas Fairfax, near convenient ports for their transportation; and that they shall have twenty- eight days allowed to stay in England, from the day of their several disbanding, and that the charge of quartering their horses be discharged by themselves after the first fourteen days for the time of their further stay ; that the general will appoint men to take care that shipping shall be provided for transporting their persons, arms, bag and baggage, they pay- ing the accustomed rates. XII. That a certain number of officers of the lord Hopton's SS4 Articles of agreement between PART IV. CHAP. IV. Fairfax and the lord Hopton. (1646.) 235 army, not exceeding forty, upon the lord Hopton's commis- sioners' request, shall be permitted to have passes for them- selves and their servants, horses, and necessaries, to ga to Oxford ; provided, that their servants exceed not the number of two, their horses three, to every one respectively. XIII. That the lord Hopton shall be allowed for his own use all his horses, provided they exceed not the number of forty, and arms for himself and twelve men ; and that the lord Wentworth shall have all his horses, provided they exceed not five and twenty, and arms for himself and eight men, and places assigned them for conveniency of quarters. XIV. That such Englishmen as shall choose to abide in England at their homes, and all foreigners of the said army, shall engage themselves by promise, in such form as is here- with agreed on, not to bear arms any more against the par- liament of England, nor to act any thing wilfully prejudicial to the parliament's affairs, without first rendering themselves prisoners to the parliament : and likewise all such English as shall choose to go beyond sea shall engage themselves in the like promise for three years next ensuing the date hereof, or otherwise shall lose the benefit of these articles, excepting the lord Hopton and lord Wentworth, and the number of officers allowed to go to Oxford in the twelfth article beforegoing, who are by the intention of these articles left free from such engagement. XV. That all horses, arms, and furniture of war belonging to or in the hands of any person in the said army, not allowed, in the precedent or subsequent articles, to be carried away, shall be delivered up to such persons and at such places near Truro, or sir Thomas Fairfax's headquarters, as his excellency shall appoint, within six days after the date hereof, without spoil or embezzlement, at the care as well of the generaPs officers of the said army, and all commanders in their several charges, as by the persons themselves to whom such arms or furniture of war do belong, or in whose custody they were. XVI. That whosoever shall, after the conclusion of this treaty, purposely break, spoil, or embezzle any of the arms, horses, or furniture, agreed and concluded to be delivered up in this treaty. shaU forfeit the benefit due unto him by any article in the treaty. And if any of the said army, after the conclusion of this treaty, shall plunder, or wilfully do any vio- lence unto any inhabitants of the country, he shall give satis- faction unto the persons so wronged, or lose the benefit of the treaty; and that the commissioners of both parties, or any three of them, whereof one or more to be of sir Thomas Fairfax's party, and one or more to be of the lord Hopton's, shall have power to hear and determine all such cases accordingly. XVII. That the said army and forces under the command of the lord Hopton, from the time of the conclusion of this treaty, until the time of their drawing out to be disbanded, as in the ensuing articles, shall be quartered in such places west- ward from Truro as sir Thomas Fairfax shall appoint, which shall be large enough for their accommodation, and that the cessation of arms, and of all acts of hostility betwixt the two armies, shall continue unto the time of the complete disbanding of the lord Hopton's army. XVIII. That for the disbanding of the said forces, and delivering up of horses, arms, &c. In performance of the precedent articles, every brigade and regiment under the lord Hopton's command, shall by their respective commanders be drawn out into such places of rendezvous, within two miles of Truro, or sir Thomas Fairfax's headquarters, and upon such days as sir Thomas Fairfax shall for them jointly or severally appoint, notice of the same being given to his excellency in writing sixteen hours beforehand, under the commissioners of the lord Hopton's part, or any of them, two or more of whom shall for that and other purposes continue at sir Thomas Fairfax's headquarters until the disbanding be finished, and that the quartermaster-general, or adjutant of the lord Hop- ton's, with one horseman from every brigade, shall also be there with them, and that none of the said brigades or regi- ments shall be drawn out of their quarters (which shall be assigned to them as before) otherwise than upon and accord- ing to such notice from sir Thomas Fairfax as before, except to and for their ordinary guards. XIX. That to or before the drawing out of the several brigades or regiments to such rendezvous as before, the chief commanders of them respectively shall deliver, unto whom sir Thomas Fairfax shall appoint, a true and perfect list of the 236 Advantages resulting Jrom PART IV. CHAP. TV. lord HoptovCs surrender, ( 1 646.) 237 regiments and troops in the several brigades, and of all offi- cers and soldiers in their several troops, expressing by name which of them do choose to go beyond sea, and which do go to live at home ; as also who are reformadoes, and in what degree of command they have served : and that at the same times and places, the horses, arms, and furniture, by virtue of the precedent articles to be delivered up, shall be delivered up accordingly; and all the officers and soldiers disbanded and discharged, and there shall receive their passes, with war- rants for quarters by the way for one night in a place, and be conveyed towards their several homes, as far as Chard, if they go so far, or unto quarters assigned them for their transporta- tion, according to the precedent articles. That for the further performance of these articles, two colonels of each army shall be mutually delivered and kept as hostages. H. Ireton. Jo. Lambert. Jo. St. Aubin. William Stane. Edward Herle. Bichard Deane. Charles Goring. Marcus Trevor. Thomas Pan ton. Jordan Bovill. Bichard Prideaux. Jean Goteer. Tliere came in to the general during the treaty many lieutenant-colonels, sergeant-majors, and captains ; many gentlemen of quality; ninety and six common soldiers from Peryn with arms : twelve more followed them : one hundred more with their arms and colours, of colonel Trevanian's regiment : one hundred oflScers and soldiers of colonel Champernoon's regiment. Fal- mouth by this means, and the surrender of St. Mawes, was ours on one side the harbour. Now having given you the narrative, give me leave to make some few observations on this successful pro- gress, even to the land's end, which may well be the subject of greatest admiration and thankfulness: the hard task the army had in forcing up so great a body as 5000 of the enemy's horse into such a narrow neck of land, through a country so cragged, in such a season of the year, the ground all covered over with snow, the ways so slippery, and the weather so bitter cold, by a hard frost of that continuance as had not been known for many years before, may well be compared with Hannibal's forcing his passage into Italy through the frozen Alps with fire and vinegar. That 5000 horse and more should be forced to capitulate and yield themselves to an army coming short of that number in horse, is that which history can hardly parallel, and posterity will scarce believe. And the benefit is as great as the wonder: for bad this body of horse escaped into the midland parts, they might in proba- bility have much protracted the war : and if they, the lord Ashley's foot, and the king's other forces about Oxford, had joined together, they would have been very considerable in the field, and so would necessarily have occasioned the diversion of the army from the work they had in hand, viz. the reduction of the west, which was of that vast importance to the kingdom, consider- ing the negotiations that were in France and Ireland for the present bringing over forces thither, (as by the intercepted letters from those parts severally did ap- pear,) that nothing could be greater : but by this good hand of God upon us, this body of the enemy is secured, their joining prevented, and all the mischief that would have ensued thereupon, and Cornwall reduced : which last particular, that you may see what a considerable sum (alone and by itself) it amounts unto, cast it up and consider it, as it was a country having convenient ports and harbours both for France and Ireland, whose natural situation was very strong and apt for defence, being all very mountainous, and enwrapt with the sea on all sides, except toward Devonshire, and there bounded by the river Tamar, which in a right line 238 Advantages resulting from PART IV. CHAP. V. lord Hopton's surrender. ( 1 646.) 239 runs almost from sea to sea. From which advantages, it hath been in ancient times one of the last places of retreat in the kingdom, and hath ever made saving conditions for itself in those overflowing inundations both of Saxons and Normans. Since the beginning of our late wars, it and its forces have been more than once fatally disastrous to our former armies, and had ever been from the beginning of the wars in the pos- session of the enemy, the people more generally dis- affected to the parliament than any other part of the kingdom, from whence the king, as from a never failing spring, was constantly supplied with a choice and able infantry. All which particulars whosoever doth consider, will acknowledge, that the reducing of this county was as difficult as desirable : and this is another happy fruit of the disbanding those horse, and not only the reduction of that county of Cornwall, but the absolute conquest of the west of England ; most of the enemy's garrisons there only waiting to see what would become of these horse, upon whom they depended for relief. All which considered and put together, this service may well live a lasting monument to the glory of God and the honour of the instruments. Moreover, during this space, while the enemy's forces were disbanding, as an additional to the occur- rences of these five days, Monday the l6th, another packet of the lord Glamorgan's taken at Peryn was brought to the general, being a duplicate of those let- ters taken at Padstow, (another vessel being newly landed there out of Ireland, not knowing but that it was still in the king's hand,) and that evening was Peryn possessed by our foot, who were received with much joy by the townspeople. Tuesday the 17th, lieutenant-colonel Ingoldsby, (a stout and valiant man,) going to view Pendennis-castle, received a shot from some of the enemy's musketeers behind the mud walls, of which he died within three hours. 9 Wednesday, the general went to view Pendennis, and possessed Pennycome - Quick ; also Dennis fort, with twenty-six pieces of ordnance and thirty barrels of powder, was the same day surrendered to the gene- ral ; and Penzance and St. Ives stood upon their guards against Goring's forces. Thursday, above 100 men came with their arms from Michael's Mount, and tendered themselves to serve in the army. CHAPTER V. The army returning to the siege of Excester, with all the particulars of the treaty, and surrender of the same. The whole field-force of the enemy being thus hap- pily reduced, orders were given out immediately for the army to march back eastward : Saturday, the 21st, the general accordingly marched from Truro to Bod- min, and the rest of the army to other quarters, where they rested the Lord's day. Monday, the 213rd, consul- tation was had with the gentlemen for the settlement of those parts. The lord Mohune and others came to his excellency that day. Tuesday, the 214th, further debate was had concerning the ordering of the disbanded horse, who plundered the country as they went, and they were all called over by the list at the bridges they were to pass over, to see that none had more horse with them than were allowed them at the disbanding place. Wednesday, the 2t5tli, the general and lieutenant- general, and some of the general officers, went to Ply- ] 240 77ie army advances towards Exeter, PART IV. mouth, and viewed the forts and works, whilst the army marched another way, by Launceston : the governor and the town entertaining the general very honourably, 300 pieces of ordnance discharged to welcome him thither. Thursday, the 26th, the parliament-men and other gentlemen of the country met the general at Ply- mouth ; conference was had concerning the defensive posture of that county, and the speedy sending over of the French that were disbanded ; and accordingly ships were provided. Friday, the 27th, the general marched from Plymouth to Okehampton, four and twenty miles, by Tavistock, and the army marched from Launceston that day within five miles of Okehampton. Saturday, the 28th, his excellency had news of sir Jacob Ashley's being taken, and of the routing of his army by the forces under the command of colonel Morgan, sir William Brereton, and colonel Birch, and of sir Charles Lucas being taken by colonel Fleetwood, who with his horse hindered the conjunction of all the Oxford horse with the lord Ashley. The general rested this day at Okehampton till the rest of the army came up. Lord's day, March 29, they marched from Okehamp- ton to Crediton, fourteen miles ; some part of the army went that night to Newton Siers, being eighteen miles : orders were given to possess Heavytree, a village lying within half a mile of Excester, lest the enemy should sally out, and burn those villages upon the approach of the army. Monday, March 30, the general resting at Crediton, some more foot advanced close to Excester; a sum- mons was prepared to be sent in. Tuesday, March 31, the general drew all his army I i CHAP* V. which is summoned to surrender, (1646.) 241 round the city within musket shot; and as he passed by them, at every post, our men that lay there gave a volley of shot and a great shout ; and so on the other side the river, there being bridges made over ; and pre- sently after his excellency sent in a summons, and came to quarter that night at Columb John, the rest of the army to Silverton and other parts. The summons being prepared was sent in, and ran thus : Sir, Being returned with my army from the west, where God in his wisdom saw it good to bestow a dry and bloodless victory upon me, to the great peace and quiet of those parts, and conceiving it my duty likewise to endeavour the good of this county, which by the occasion of your garrison is necessarily obstructed, I thought fit once more to send you a summons to deUver up to me the city of Excester, with the castle, forts, arms, ammunition, and magazine belonging to the same ; be- lieving that by this time you are satisfied of the relief from the prince's army, and may equally be of all relief to come from any other place, if your intelligence and knowledge were the same with ours : there is nothing more induceth me here- unto than an unfeigned zeal toward any bloodshed, and, as much as in me lies, to preserve that city, which hath already suffered deeply in these unnatural distractions, from further or greater misery : though I shall not boast of my numbers or strength, yet I must needs tell you that I doubt not but the same power which hath formerly made difficult things easy, will answer this, and will acquit me from being ac- counted the occasion of those inconveniences and miseries which necessarily will ensue upon your refusal. Sir, I shall expect your speedy and positive answer herein, and rest, Your servant, March 31, 1646. Tho. FaIRFAX. Wednesday, April 1, sir John Berkeley returned this answer to the summons : Sir, Upon your summons, I called a council of war, where, after Sprigg. r A treaty is commenced PART IV. CHAP. V. some debate, it was determined to treat with you, or with whom you should appoint, and to conclude upon just and honourable terms : and to that purpose, I desire a safecon- duct for these persons to repair to your headquarters, with their servants, on Friday morning, and to return at their pleasure : I remain. April 1, 1646. Your servant, John Berkeley. Those first named by sir John Berkeley were. Sir Henry Berkeley. Mr.Wil. Ashburnham. Sir George Gary. Mr. Jo. Weare. Colonel Godolphine. Capt. Fitz. Garret. Mr. Robert Walker. Mr. Thomas Knight. Mr. Thomas Kendal. Mr. Thomas Foard. Whereupon, Thursday, April 2, his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax returned this answer : Sir, I have received yours, whereby I understand, that in pur- suance of my demand in my summons, you have detennined to treat with me by commissioners; and in order to that have sent a list of ten gentlemen, which you desire for com- missioners on your behalf, of which there is none in particular that I take exceptions unto ; yet because I desire to carry on the business with clearness and expedition, which by so great a number cannot be so well effected, I thought fit to pro- pound unto you the number of six, that being as many as conveniently can be used in a business of this nature : upon your consent hereunto and answer, I shall, according to your desire, send you a safeconduct for a proportionable number of commissioners ; and in the mean time shall rest, April 1, 1646. Your servant, Tho. Fairfax. I agree the time to begin on Friday next, according I for the surrender of Exeter, (1646.) 243 to your desire ; the place Poultimore-house ; I have sent a list of the commissioners on my part : Lieut, gen. Hammond. Col. sir Hardress Waller, Col. Lambert. Col. Harley. Col. Fry. Commissary Stane* Thursday April the 2nd, commissioners were ap» pointed, and a safeconduct granted: Friday the 3rd, the treaty began at Poultimore, S. Jo. Bamfield's house. This day his excellency had the news of the surrender of Deniston : Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, the treaty continued, sitting close at it every day and the most part of the night, till they had concluded it. That which most retarded the pro- ceeding was, some high demands and fruitless queries in behalf of the clergy, viz. the bishops, deans, prebends, and other cathedral men there, wherein our commis- sioners held them up to what was reasonable; and after much time consumed therein, they were willing to accept of what we were willing to grant, and so on Thursday, April the 9th, the articles were signed by sir John Berkeley, in the presence of our commissioners, and by the general in the presence of their commis- sioners ; which articles were as followeth. Only, first, let it be remembered, that after there was an entrance upon the treaty at Excester, and that it was probable to come to a good conclusion, his excel- lency losing no time, sent commissary-general Ireton, with his own regiment, and colonel Riche's, and some other regiments of horse, to Oxford, to hinder provi- sions from going in thither, and to take all advantages against the enemy : his excellency intending to make all speed himself, after the work done at Excester, to lay siege thereto. R 2 244 Articles agreed upon PART IV. CHAP. V. for ike surrender of Exeter, ( 1 646.) 245 Articles of agreement concluded on by Thomas Hammond, lieu- tenant-general of the ordnance, colonel sir Hardress Waller, colonel Edward Harley, colonel Lambert, commissary -gene- ral Stane, and major Watson, scoutmaster-general, commis- sioners on the behalf of the right honourable his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, general of the parliament's forces, on the one party ; and sir Henry Berkeley, sir George Gary, colonel Ashbumham^ colonel Godolphin, captain F^tz- Gerald, master Jo, Weare, master Robert Walker, and master Thomas Knight, commissioners on the behalf of sir John Berkeley knight, governor of the city of Excester, on the other party, touching and concerning the rendition of the said city and garrison, as followeth : I. That the city and garrison of Excester, together with the castle, and all forts and mounts, places of defence, of or be- longing to the same, with all ordnance, arms, and ammuni- tion, provisions and furniture of war belonging to the garrison, (excepting what shall be excepted in the ensuing articles,) shall be delivered unto sir Thomas Fairfax, general of the parliament's forces, or to any whom he shall appoint to re- ceive them, for the use of the parliament, on Monday next after the date hereof, being the thirteenth of this instant April, by twelve of the clock at noon. II. That if any officer, soldier, or any person included in these articles, wrong or plunder in person or goods (in their march away or before) any citizen or countryman, or any person whatsoever, he shall, as far as he is able, give satisfaction to the persons so injured at the judgment of his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax. III. That if any officer, soldier, or any person (included in these articles) shall, after the date hereof, wilfully break, deface, spoil, or embezzle any arms, or other provisions of war whatsoever, by the precedent articles to be surrendered as aforesaid, he shall lose the benefit of the ensuing articles. IV. That the princess Henrietta and her governess, with her household, shall have full liberty to pass with their plate, moneys, and goods, within twenty days after the conclusion of this treaty, (when she shall desire,) to any place within the continent of England or dominion of Wales, at the elec- tion of the governess, and there to remain until his majesty's pleasure be further known touching her settling; and that the governess shaU have liberty to send to the king, to know his pleasure herein, accordingly to dispose of her highness within the aforesaid limitation of places, and that fit and convenient carriages be provided for their passage, at reason- able rates. V. That the cathedral church, nor any other church within the city shall be defaced, or any thing belonging thereunto spoiled or taken away by any soldier or person of either side whatsoever. VI. That the governor, together with all lords, clergymen, gentlemen, captains, officers, troopers, and common soldiers, shall march out of the city on Monday next, the 13th of April, by twelve of the clock at noon, with their horses, full arms, bag and baggage, and their goods, colours flying, drums beating, matches lighted, bullets, full bandaliers, with sufficient convoys unto Oxford, or unto Helston in Cornwall, at their seve- ral elections, and in case the governor of Oxford shall refuse to receive the common soldiers that shall march thither, they are there to deliver up their arms to the convoy, and have passes to repair to their several homes, and those that march unto Helston are there to be disbanded, and to have passes to their several homes. That all troopers and common sol- diers which march not as aforesaid shall deliver up their arms, except their swords, and have liberty to go to their own homes with bag and baggage, and shall not be compelled to take up arms against the king ; provided also that all offi- cers and gentlemen that shall choose to go to Oxford, and not taking up arms, shall repair into the parliament's quarters within forty days after the date hereof, and shall enjoy the benefit of these articles. VII. That all those which shall march to the garrisons aforesaid shall have free quarter in their march, and not be obliged to march above ten miles a day, and that such other soldiers as are inhabitants in the city shall receive free liberty to march out or remain therein, without being compelled to take up arms against the king : and if any soldiers fall sick upon their march, that convenient carriages and accommoda- tions shall be provided for them. 246 Articles agreed upon FAET IV. CHAP. V. for the surrender of Exeter, {1646.) 247 VIII. That all lords, gentlemen, clergymen, chaplains, and officers, that shall choose to go beyond the seas, shall march away with their full arms for their own use ; and that all common soldiers shall march away with their full arms, with a sufficient convoy unto the port which they shall choose for their transportation : which arms they shall there lay down and deliver unto the governor of the next garrison belonging to the parHament; the said governor providing for their safety during the time of their abode there, where they shall be assisted for the procuring vessels and shipping for their transportation at the accustomed rates, and shall have free quarter for one and twenty days allowed to provide for their passage. After which time shall be expired, the same officers and soldiers paying for their quarters, shall have liberty to stay until shipping be provided, and weather seasonable ; and that during their stay, or before, it shall be permitted, that any two of them may go to London, to treat with any foreign ambassador or agent, for a commission to be entertained be- yond the seas. IX. That neither the officers, soldiers, nor any person whatsoever, in their going out of the city, shall be re- proached, or have any disgraceful speeches or affront offered to them, or any of their persons wronged, rifled, searched, or their goods seized, or taken away from them by any person whatsoever. X. That the governor, lords, gentlemen, clergymen, chap- lains, commanders, officers and soldiers, comprised in these articles, shall be allowed and assisted in providing of suffi- cient carriages at reasonable rates to carry away their bag, baggage, and goods ; and that care be taken, by the future governor of the said city, for the curing of such sick or wounded officers and soldiers as shall be left in the city, and that upon recovery they shall have passes to repair to their own houses respectively. XI. That the parliament forces come not into the city until the king^s forces be marched out, except 150 foot, and one troop of horse, with their officers, XII. That no lords, knights, gentlemen, clergymen, chap- lains, (excepting those who are by name excepted by parlia- ment from pardon and composition,) officers, citizens, and soldiers, and all other persons comprised within these articles, shall be questioned or accountable for any act past by them done, (or by any other by their procurement,) relating unto the unhappy differences betwixt his majesty and parliament, they submitting themselves to reasonable and moderate com- position for their estates, which the general, sir Thomas Fair- fax, shall really endeavour with the parliament, that it shall not exceed two years' value of any man's real estate respect- ively, and for personal, according to the ordinary rule, not exceeding the proportion aforesaid ; which composition being made, they shall have indemnity for their persons, and enjoy their estates and all other immunities, without payment of any fifth or twentieth part, or any other taxes or impositions, ex- cept what shall be hereafter charged upon them in common with other subjects of this kingdom, by authority of parlia- ment. XIII. That all lords, knights, gentlemen, clergy, and chap- lains, (excepted in the precedent articles,) shall have liberty to go unto any of the king's garrisons, and to have a safe- conduct for themselves and servants, to go unto the par- liament to obtain their composition for their estates, and indemnity for their persons ; which (though it prove ineffec- tual) yet nevertheless they shall have four months' time next after the date of these articles, to endeavour their peace, or to go beyond the seas, and shall have passes for that purpose. XIV. That all horses, arms, money, and other goods what- soever, taken as lawful prizes of war, before or during the siege, now in the city, be continued in the possession of the present possessors. XV. That all officers, gentlemen, citizens, inhabitants, clergymen, chaplains, soldiers, and all other persons within the city, during the time of their making their composition, shall have free liberty either to inhabit within the same city, or shall have free liberty at any time to depart with their families, goods, and estates, unto any part of this kingdom in the parliament's quarters ; and before composition made, the merchants and tradesmen to enjoy their merchandising and trades; and after composition made, all others (now pro- hibited by ordinances of parliament) to enjoy and exercise 248 Articles agreed upon PART IV. f CHAP. V. their professions, or go beyond the seas ; and they, and every of them, shall have power to dispose and seU to their own uses, either by themselves or others, whatsoever part of their goods or estates they shall not carry or convey away with them ; and all inhabitants, which did inhabit within the city, within seven months past, having made their compositions as abovesaid, shall enjoy the benefit of this and the twelfth and the two and twentieth articles. XVI. That all charters, customs, privileges, franchises, liberties, lands, estates, goods, and debts, of the mayor, alder- men, bailiif, commonalty, as a corporation, and all other cor- porations of the said city, shall be enjoyed by them, and that the ancient government thereof remain as formerly. XVII. That if any persons or inhabitants which are com- prised within these articles shall break any of them, that such breach shall only touch and concern such persons, and they to make such satisfaction for the same as the cause doth require. XVIII. That all persons comprised within these articles shall have a certificate under the hand of his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, or the future governor of the city, that such persons were in the city at that time of the surrendering thereof, and are to have the benefit of these articles. XIX. That his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax give assur- ance, that all officers and soldiers in the parliament's army, and all others under his command, shall duly and exactly observe all articles aforesaid : and that if they or any of them shall directly or indirectly violate or infringe the same, upon complaint thereof, justice may be done, and reparation made. XX. That the inhabitants of the city shall be .eased and freed from all free quarter or billet of soldiers, except in cases of urgent necessity, other than for lodging, and that to be ordered and disposed by the advice of the mayor or his de- puty. XXI. That no oath, covenant, protestation, or subscription (relating thereunto) shall be imposed upon any person what- soever comprised within these articles, but only such as shall bind all persons aforesaid not to bear arms against the par- liament of England now sitting at Westminster, nor wilfully for the surrender of Exeter, (1646.) 249 do any act prejudicial unto their affairs, whilst they remain in their quarters ; except the persons aforesaid shall first render themselves unto the parliament, who shall cause them to be secured if they think fit. XXII. That for the further and clearer understanding of the precedent articles, it is hereby declared, that the true meaning of them is, that all persons comprised within these articles shall quietly and peaceably enjoy all their goods, debts, and movables during the space of four months next ensuing, and be free from all oaths, covenants, and protesta- tions, and have liberty within the time of the said four months, in case they shall not make their composition with the par- liament, (and shall be resolved to go beyond seas,) to dispose of their said goods, debts, and movables allowed by these articles, and to depart the kingdom if they shall think fit, and to have passes for that purpose, or otherwise to stay in the kingdom. XXIII. That Mount Eadford, and the ward in St. Thomas parish, with the provisions of war thereunto belonging, be de- livered unto his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, or whom he shall appoint to receive them, in assurance of the performance of the precedent articles, to morrow by six of the clock in the afternoon, being the 7th of April ; and that four such gentle- men or officers as his excellency shall approve of shall be de- livered at the same time as hostages for the performance of the foregoing articles on the one part, and two hostages, such as sir John Berkeley, knight, governor of the city of Excester shall approve of, and appoint to be received for performance on the other part. XXIV. Lastly, that these articles be ratified and confirmed mutually by his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax on the one part, and sir John Berkeley, knight, governor of the city, on the other part. I do hereby ratify and confirm the articles abovesaid, agreed on by the commissioners on my part. Tho. Fairfax. April 9, 1646. The conditions, it is confessed, are honourable for the enemy's acceptance, yet no way dishonourable for sol- 250 Particulars of the treaty PART IV. dlers to grant, considering the consequence of the timely surrender of that place. The time for the surrender of the town was not till Monday, they desiring that time to put up their bag- gage, and prepare themselves to march forth : the general thinking it not fit to lose so much time as to stay till Monday, (though the weather was unseason- able,) marched away that night, after the articles were signed, to Tiverton, designing his march for Barn- staple. CHAPTER VI. Tbe particulars of the treaty and surrender of Barnstaple ; and the resolu- tions and motions of the army after the reduction thereof till they came to Oxford. ("il ip*"'' ' Friday the 10th, the general came before Barn- staple, summoned the town, and received a civil an- swer from the governor, inclining to a treaty ; which began the next day, and held all that day and part of the day following, which was the Lord's day, (when it was concluded, much upon the same articles in effect with those of Excester,) and the castle and the town was delivered into our hands, as a security for surrender of the fort at eight days' end ; colonel Sheffield being appointed by the general to stay till the surrender, and see the articles performed. This treaty was carried on and concluded by commis- sary-general Stane, who was sole commissioner for his excellency, a gentleman of great fidelity, who, for this and sundry other actions of advantage to this army, well deserves an honourable mentioning. Upon the concluding of Barnstaple articles, two re- giments of foot were commanded from before Barn- Btaple to march to Dunster, and to face the castle, CHAP. VI. and surrender of Barnstaple, ( 1 646.) 251 « whilst the general's summons was sent in to the go- vernor, who embraced a treaty, and after some time spent in capitulations surrendered the castle to colonel Blake. Monday the 13th, the general set his face toward Excester, desirous to have been there to have seen their marching forth, that the articles might not be violated ; but the weather proved so unreasonable wet, that he came short : but such was the vigilancy of the lieutenant-general and the officers, and indeed such was the temper of the army, that there was not the least violation of the articles. I shall conclude this narration of Excester with the commemoration of the great diligence, faithfulness, and industry of sir Hardress Waller, who being left in trust by the general (when he marched into Cornwall) with the command of the forces on both sides of Excester, to straiten the enemy, and hinder them of provisions, and keep the enemy from making incursions into the country, performed therein the part of a gallant gentle- man and an experienced soldier. Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th of April, the general stayed in Excester, settled things in order, to the safety of that place ; and for the ease of the country, and, that he might keep his own army entire for more public ser- vice, reduced three country regiments of foot into one, viz. the regiment of colonel Shapcoat, who had done good service at Tiverton and the fort at Exmouth; and the regiment which colonel Fry had very readily raised for the then present service of the west ; and the regiment of colonel Weare, which had been like- wise employed in the same service. These three regi- ments formed into one was ordered for the defence of the garrison of Excester, under the command of colonel 252 Fairfax proceeds towards Oxford. PART IV. Hammond, whom the general appointed governor of the garrison. Saturday, April 18, the general began his march to- ward Oxford, and quartered that night at Chard (being eighteen miles from Excester) ; the foot and train hav- ing had orders two days before to advance forward. Several informations came from our forces before Ox- ford, that it was common talk in Oxford that the king would escape thence ; others said, that he would come into this army ; and others conjectured (that which since hath fallen out) that he would go another way : all care was taken by our forces thereabouts, (as you may well think it concerned them,) that this prize, at last, might not escape them. Sunday the 19th, the general marched to Dorches- ter, where most of the army quartered that night. Monday the 20th, the general marched from Dorches- ter to Salisbury, the train and foot to Blandford : the general stayed at Salisbury Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday, the while the army and train of artillery were come up, and till all that were behind were come up from their several quarters. Sundry complaints were brought thither unto his excellency of the viola- tion of Excester and Cornwall articles by the com- mittees' troops of several counties taking from divers their horses and arms, and other necessaries, which by the articles they were to carry away with them : an act of so much incivility to the general, as well as injustice to the sufferers, as deserves to be noted nigro carbone^ but that I know his excellency desires not such re- venge : but so many barbarisms of this kind were there, as, were they particularly related, would make such a volume as would scarce be imagined. Friday the 24th, part of the army marched to An- dover, whither the general also purposed to have gone CHAP. VI. The Jang is received by the Scots. (1646.) 253 that night ; but Providence ordered it otherwise, de- taining him at Salisbury till next morning, and then he went to Andover, where the headquarter was that night: lieutenant-general Cromwell was two or three days before gone for London, at the general's desire, to give the parliament an account of the state of the west of England, which God had now so happily reduced to their obedience. Sunday the 26th, the general rested at Andover, where he received the news that Woodstock was sur- rendered upon treaty unto colonel Rainsborow, who had gallantly attempted it by storm some few days before, wherein he received some loss. Monday the 27th, the general marched to Newbury, where the next day he received intelligence of the king's being escaped out of Oxford in a disguised man- ner, with his lock cut off, or tied up at lesst, his beard shaved, and in the habit of a servingman *, with a cloakbag behind him, waiting upon master John Ash- burnham : great doubting and questioning there was, whither his majesty was gone, but within few days after, it was resolved, by certain intelligence, that he was received into the Scots' army, being first enter- tained at the quarters of the French agent, who not long before had been in Oxford. It is much to the honour of his excellency's army to ft Positisque insignihns aula Egreditur, famuli raptos indutus amictus. In dubiis tuium est inopem simulare tyranno. Quanta igitur mundi dominis securius cevum Verus pauper agit! Lucan, Pharsalia, VIII. 239. In a distressed time 'Tis safe for kings like poorest men to seem : Therefore how much lives he that's truly poor Safer than kings ? 254 Iniegrity of officers in the parliament army, part iv. be mentioned, and to the honour of those officers in particular, to whom, being then about Woodstock, pri- vate overtures were made by some from court, (pre- tending the king's privity and consent thereto,) for receiving his majesty, who was minded to cast himself upon them : but to their great honour be it known and published, such was their tenderness and faith- fulness in that point, that, conceiving it derogatory to the honour and power of the parliament, (for his ma- jesty to wave that highest court, and address himself to any others in such a nature,) and therefore incon- sistent with their trust and duty, being the servants of the state, to own or entertain any such thing, they certified the parliament thereof, and understanding this to be their sense also, they absolutely refused to be tampered with concerning that matter. The king, on the other hand, was as little to be wrought upon to address himself to his parliament, the issue whereof was that precipitate resolution and disposal of him- self as is related before. And now, O England, take up a lamentation over your king, that, to all his errors, he should contract such obstinacy and irreconcilable prejudice against his parliament, and that he should be so far mistaken, as, while he seeks to avoid the sur- mised prejudice and dishonour of referring himself to his parliament, to run himself on a real dishonour in seeking a shadow under their servants ! Unhappy great- ness, that privileges kings from hearing of their faults plainly as meaner men, and splits them on the shelf of self-willed obstinacy, rather than it will suffer them to amend or acknowledge them ! But it is not my work to comment, but to relate ; only to set a character on the integrity of this army, I have said thus much : it may be thought too much niceness and scrupulosity in them to refuse such a proffer, but whosoever shall CHAP. VII. Fairfax comes before Oxford, (1646.) 255 consider what is hinted before, must approve of their doing ; if others had done the like, they had done but their duty. Thursday the 30th, his excellency marched to East- Hondred : this day the duke of Lenox, earl of Lindsay, and others came from Oxford to Woodstock, and ren- dered themselves to our forces there : also sir William Vaughan, sir George Strowd, sir Philip Mountaine, sir John Cansfield, and divers others, came in to com- missary-general Ireton, with about 300 horse, after the king had given them the slip, much about the same time. CHAPTER VIL The siege of Oxford, the particulars of the treaty, and surrender thereof; with the influence of the fate of Oxford upon the remaining garrisons. Oxford, the king's royal garrison, the place of the king's ordinary residence and retreat, hath, like a par- enthesis, included all the action of this army between the two sieges of it, being first in intention and at- tempt, though last in execution and reduction. May the 1st, being that day twelvemonth that this army first marched into the field, the general with his army came before Oxford, (wherein was prince Rupert, prince Maurice, and a great part of the nobility and gentry of England,) with intention to sit down before it, and lay siege to it. The army was drawn to a rendezvous between Abingdon and Garsington; the headquarter was that night at Garsington : at the ren- dezvous major-general Skippon, who ever since the battle at Naseby had lain under the cure of his wounds, and had suffered divers incisions, by reason of a piece of armour which was lodged in the wound, being now (by the blessing of God) well recovered, came to the army, 256 The general takes a survey of Oaf or d. PART IV. CHAP. VII. and was received with much joy and many acclamations of the soldiers. May the 2nd, there was a general rendezvous of the army, horse and foot, upon BuUington-Green, and thence the forces were distributed to several quarters, at Headington, Marston, and the towns thereabouts. The 3rd of May, the general with the officers of the army took a survey of Oxford, which they found to have received many material alterations and additions of advantage since their last being before it; and though it was always justly accounted a place of great strength, yet now it was made incomparably more strong than ever; [which is very easy to be believed, if you do but consider, it had been from the beginning of the wars the king's headquarter and garrison, his chief place of residence and retreat, where his council, and most of the nobility that had left the parliament, attended him : its place, being almost in the centre of the kingdom, gave it no small advantage for the send- ing out of parties upon any design. Besides that, it was surrounded about with many small garrisons of the king's, as Radcoat, Farringdon, Wallingford, Sherborne- house. Borstal, which were as so many outworks unto it;] the situation of it, in reference to the ground it stood upon, rendered it very apt for defence, being placed betwixt the two rivers Isis and Cherwell ; upon the west side of it ran several branches of the river Isis, some of which running close by the town walls was a great defence to it ; upon the east side ran the river Cherwell, which by making locks at Clement's bridge, they had caused to overflow the meadows, so that round the city, to the extent of three parts of it, (all except the north side, that was somewhat higher ground,) was surrounded with water, and absolutely unapproachable : to this the line about the city (newly finished) they The general holds a council of war, (1646.) 257 found to be very high, having many strong bulwarks so regularly flanking one another, that nothing could be more exactly done : round about the line, both upon the bulwarks and the curtain, was strongly set with storm-poles ; upon the outside of the ditch, round the line, it was strongly pallisadoed, and without that again were digged several pits in the ground, that a single footman could not without difficulty approach the brink of the ditch : within the town there was 5000 good foot, most of them of the king's old infantry, which served him from the beginning of the wars, and withal they were well stored with a plentiful magazine of victuals, ammunition, and provisions for war ; in a word, whatever art or industry could do to make a place impregnable was very liberally bestowed here. All which strength being apprehended and considered by the general, he concluded that this was no place to be taken at a running pull, but likely rather to prove a business of time, hazard, and industry : whereupon, at a council of war at Headington, it was resolved to fix our quarters : our first quarter to be upon Headington- hill, where was ordered to be made a very large and great work, or intrenchment, of capacity to receive and lodge 3000 men : as also, that a bridge should be laid over the river Cherwell close by Marston, that another quarter might be gone in hand withal between the rivers, wherein it was intended most of our foot should be lodged, that being all the ground we had to ap- proach on : warrants were sent out unto the country round about for spades, pickaxes, &c., for that purpose ; as also, a letter to the committee for the army to hasten more ammunition, with all requisites for the siege, as tents for soldiers, &c., from London ; which were no sooner come from thence, but the great work upon Headington-hill was instantly fallen in hand Sprigo. 8 S58 Preparations for lesieging Oxford. PABT IV. withal, and finished in three or four days' time, to ad- miration ; the soldiers being paid so much by the rod for working thereat: this work was committed to major-general Skippon. In the meantime, the bridge intended was made over the river Cherwell, near Mar- ston, where another quarter was possessed, and a line drawn from Isis to Cherwell, and a great work made on that side the water: colonel Rainsborough com- manded this work. There was a third, under the com- mand of colonel Lambert ; the fourth, of colonel Her- bert ; and a line was begun to be drawn from the great fort on Headington-hill over against St. Clement's. The management and carrying on of these works, lines, and approaches, was recommended to the care and skill of major-general Skippon, who went through the same with much dexterity. By the intelligence of divers that came out of the city, his excellency was further satisfied and confirmed concerning the enemy's great strength within, and pro- vision for to hold out. So soon as the several posts were assigned to the army before Oxford, several forces were taken forth and designed for the blocking up of other garrisons, viz. some for Farringdon, under the command of colonel sir Robert Pye ; others for Radcot, under the command of colonel Cook ; and others for Wallingford, under the command of colonel Paine and colonel Barkestend on Berkshire side, and colonel Temple on Oxfordshire side ; others for Borstal-house ; and as many horse as could be spared were sent towards Worcester, for the straitening of that garrison, till such time as the army were at liberty to advance thither : an account of all which severally shall be given in due place. But before I proceed any further, an account of the surrender of Baubury-castle comes next to be given in. CHAP. VJI. Of the surrender of Banbury-castle. ( 1 646 .) 259 Banbury, once a great and fair market-town before the late troubles, (but now having scarce the one half standing to gaze on the ruins of the other,) was ever till now unfortunate in all means and endeavours used for its recovery, having lain under the possession and tyranny of the enemy from the beginning, without al- most any intermission, which happened to it partly through the commodiousness of its situation for the enemy, as lying but eighteen miles north from Oxford, and in such a convenient place as gave it a command into divers other counties, viz. Northamptonshire, War- wickshire, &c., from out of which it gathered large con- tributions for Oxford ; the sweetness that the enemy tasted in the fruits and effects they reaped by this gar- rison, made them, that upon all our attempts to reduce it they still were ready with great forces to relieve it. But yet I cannot but also look upon and observe therein a special hand and intimation of God against that pro- fessing place, where in a manner judgment began, as at the house of God, and was removed with one of the last — I pray God sanctify it to them. The strange sights that were seen over that town sixteen years ago, in the night-time, when as the ap- pearance of fighting, pikes pushing one against adother, was discerned in the air, &c., whereof I was an eyewit- ness, with many others, might portend the portion which Providence hath since prepared for them. The forces employed in the reducing of that place were about 1000 foot, and some four troops of horse, all under the command of that approved gentleman colonel Whaley: they lay eleven weeks before the castle ; so soon as they came before it, they entrenched themselves by a line drawn round the town, for their better security from any force without: which done, they sapt up towards the castle, ran over several gal- s S 260 Articles upon which Banhury-castle surrendered, part nr. leries, over the outmost moat, and so wrought into the enemy's works ; the enemy countermining them, sprang one mine upon them, but, through God's mercy, did no great hurt ; and also flinging down stones upon them, and hand-granadoes amongst them, rendered their duty very hard and hazardous ; yet, through the goodness of God and the courage of the soldiers, we wrought so far into the enemy's works, as put them out of all hopes of keeping the castle, which constrained them to a parley and surrender of the castle, arms, ordnance, ammunition, and victuals, upon these ensuing articles : viz. I. The governor sir William Compton, and sir Charles Oompton his brother, to march forth with one horse and arms apiece, two servants attending them, and to have two months* liberty to go beyond sea. II. All captains to march forth with one horse apiece, and their swords. III. All the rest to march forth without arms, to be dis- banded a mile from the town, to have passes to march to their several homes or to go beyond sea, and to have free quarter, marching ten miles a day. IV. All, both officers and soldiers, to leave half their moneys behind them. There were found in the castle eleven pieces of ord- nance, eleven barrels of powder, and 400 arms. This castle, though old and decayed through time, yet was recovered and revived by art and industry, unto an incredible strength, much beyond many places of greater name and reputation, and often had our forces been defeated before it ; and but that now was God's time and season for the rendition of it, no other success could have been expected by these forces, the castle standing in its fiill pride and strength, being well recovered of all its wounds and batteries re- eeived in former assaults; and having impregnable works about it, and great variety of invention be- CHAF. VII. [ The city of Oxford is summoned, ( 1 646.) 261 Stowed upon it. But to return from whence I di^ gressed. The four quarters being settled under their cannon shot, and a line begun to be drawn from the great fort on Headington-hill round St. Clement's, (lying without Magdalen bridge,) his excellency sent in a summons to sir Thomas Glemham, governor of Oxford, requiring the surrender of that garrison : the copy whereof fol- loweth : Sir, I do by these summon you to deliver up the city of Oxford into my hands, for the use of the parliament ; I very much desire the preservation of that place (so famous for learning) from ruin, which inevitably is like to fall upon it, except you concur : you may have honourable terms for yourself, and all within the garrison, if you seasonably accept thereof. I desire your answer this day, and remain Your servant, M»y 1 1, 1 646. Tho. Fairfax. The same day also his excellency sent a summons to the governor of Borstal-house, to the same effect for the substance ; the copy whereof foUoweth : Sir, I do by these summon you to deliver up the garrison of Borstal-house into my hands, for the use of the parliament ; you may have honourable terms for yourself and all within your garrison, if you seasonably accept thereof. I desire your answer this day. May I., .646. Tho. Fairfax. As also the like to Radcoat. And the same to Wallingford. These four summons were sent to the several garri- sons May the 11th. Commissioners are anointed i<^ 262 Sir Thomas Glemham, governor of Oxford, returned answer to the summons the same day, as foUoweth : Sir, I have received your letter, summoning me to surrender the city, which was given me in trust for his majesty's use ; hut in respect there are many persons of eminency, I must desire you to receive for answer a request, that you will be pleased to send a safeconduct for sir John Mounson and master Philip Warwick, to repair unto you at such a time and place as you shall appoint, by whom you shall understand what for the pre- sent is desired. I remain Your humble servant, May II, 1645. ThO. GlEMHAM. According as was desired, passes were granted for sir John Mounson and master Philip Warwick, to come out of Oxford that day, and meet our commissioners, colonel Rainsborough, colonel Harlow, and colonel Lam- bert, who were ready to receive them at the time and place appointed : that which they had in commission was a desire from the governor, sir Thomas Glemham, of liberty to send to the king to know his pleasure, upon signification whereof from his majesty they would return a positive answer to his excellency immedi- ately. Our commissioners endeavoured to persuade them the vanity of any such desire, and the general's impa- tiency of any such delay, advising them rather to take the present opportunity, lest they afterwards fell short of these terms they might now have by present com- pliance. But sir John Mounson and master Warwick (it seems) were so bound up and limited in their com- missions, that at present they could not undertake any thing in answer hereto, but returning to Oxford, took time till the morrow, promising more then. One PABT IV; CHAP. VII. treat respecting^ the surrender of Oxford. (1646.) 263 of the general's trumpeters was appointed to go with them into Oxford, to bring their answer the next morning. On Tuesday, May 12, the trumpeter returned with a desire from sir Thomas Glemham, that in regard there were, besides the duke of York and the two princes, many other persons of eminency, lords, knights, and parliament men, (otherwise juncto men,) and other gentry and clergy, besides the inhabitants, all con- cerned in the business, (to whom things could not pos- sibly be represented fully in so short a time,) that further time might be granted by his excellency. Whereupon, that what time would be lost that way might be saved the other, all things went on for the siege, the despatch of the line was hastened, and order was given for the drawing up of the batteries. The same day prince Rupert, and with him near 100 horse, went forth of Oxford on colonel Rainsborough's side, to take the air; (prince Rupert riding without boots, only in his shoes and stockings ;) a party of our men marched up towards them, and fired upon them ; in which skirmish prince Rupert had a shot in the right shoulder, (but pierced no bone,) whereupon they retreated to Oxford, where all sorts were very busy that day and the two following days, consulting and advising. But in issue, Thursday 14, the governor of Oxford sent to make known his desire to treat by commis- sioners, which was accepted of; and a council of war being called, it was concluded of master Crook's house at Marston should be the place, and on Monday follow- ing the treaty to begin. May the 15th, the enemy made another sally out of Oxford, and a party of ours skirmished with them ; we lost two men. ^wnnp ^mm 264 Names of commissioners appointed PART IV. Lord's day, May 17, the governor of Oxford sent forth the names of the commissioners for treaty on his behalf, desiring his excellency to return the like number. The names of both were, On sir Tho. Glemham's part. Sir John Mounson. Sir John Heyden. Sir Thomas Gardner. Sir George Bynion. Sir Richard Willis. Sir Stephen Hawkins. Colonel Gosnold. Colonel TyUier. Doctor Zouch. Thomas Chisley, esq. M. John Dutton. M. Jeffrey Palmer. M. Philip Warwick. Capt. Robert Mead. On his excellency sir Tho, Fairfax's part, Lieut. -gen. Hammond. Colonel Ireton. Colonel Lambert. Colonel Rich. Colonel Harley. Scoutmaster-gen. Watson. Major Desborough. Major Harrison. M. Herbert. M. WaUer. Four more to be named afterwards. Upon the receipt of the names of the Oxford com- missioners, sir George Bynion was excepted, as being exempted from pardon by the parliament's proposi- tions. Much about this time also was brought to the army the news of the surrender of Newark ; it had been long besieged on the one side by major-general Poyntz, and on the other side by the Scottish forces. It was yielded to the English forces, commanded by major- general Poyntz, who had given abundant demonstm- tion of no less faithfulness and diligence than expert soldiery in his attendance on that service. The Scottish forces presently upon the king's coming to them re- treated back in great haste from Newark northward, before the town was delivered, or the articles signed. CHAP. VII. to treat of the surrender of Oaford, (i 646.) 265 pretending the cause of sir Thomas Fairfax's army ad- vancing toward them ; whereof there was little likeli- hood, they being engaged before Oxford, nor did so much as a horse stir that way. But to return to the siege of Oxford. A treaty being resolved and accepted on both sides, and to begin Monday the 18th, sir Thomas Glemham sent to the general, desiring, that in regard it was usual at all treaties to have a secretary on each part, that master H. Davison, his secretary, might have a pass to come forth with their commissioners ; which was as- sented unto ; and master William Clark was appointed to assist the commissioners on our part. The commis- sioners on the behalf of the governor and garrison of Oxford made their demands, which his excellency sent up to the parliament by colonel Rich and scoutmaster- general Watson, two of the commissioners for the treaty, on his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax's part, putting off the treaty till the pleasure of the parliament were known concerning them. The heads of some of the principal of them were these ; viz. I. To have liberty to send to the king, to know his ma- jesty's pleasure, whether they shall surrender or not. a. That prince Eupert and prince Maurice have protection to remain in any part of this kingdom, to have no oath im- posed on them, to be at liberty to do as shall seem good unto them at any time hereafter. 3. The governor and all officers and soldiers to march out in AS full equipage as any since these wars ; with six guns, ten barrels of powder, and to have thirty days' time to know the king's pleasure how he will dispose of them. 4. The privy-seal and great seal to go to the king. And such as these. The house of commons, upon reading of them, con- ceived them so high, that they thought not fit so much as to debate them, but referred it to the general in 266 Radcot'house surrenders. \\\ PART IV. CHAP. VII. what way he thought fit to prosecute the reducing of that place. May 24, or within a day sooner or later, was Radcoat- house surrendered, after it had endured great extremity by our granadoes, one whereof falling on the top of a tower, made fearful work, tearing it into a thousand pieces, and sending it several ways, and at last falling into the cellar let out all their beer. There were 100 men in it, who were to go to their several homes, leav- ing their arms behind them. His excellency, upon the forementioned return from the parliament, prepared propositions to offer to the garrison, and sent them into Oxford on Saturday, May SO. Whereupon, at the desire of the enemy, the treaty (which upon their flying so high in their demands, had been discontinued, if not broken off) was renewed again, they being willing to treat upon his excel- lency's propositions, submitting therein (as themselves said) to the fate of the kingdom, rather than any way distrusting their own strength, or the garrison's tena- bleness. During this treaty, a captain of the garrison of Ox- ford was taken (in a fisherman's habit) carrying letters to the king from sir Thomas Glemham and secretary Nicholas, relating the condition of the garrison, and how long probably they could hold out. A few days before the treaty ended, when the enemy perceived it was like to succeed, they played with their cannon day and night into our leaguers and quarters, discharging sometimes near 200 shots in a day, at ran- dom, as was conceived, rather to spend their powder than to do any great execution, though they showed good skill, in that they levelled their pieces so as they shot into the leaguer on Headington-hill, (and on that side Uggtenant-colonel Cotsworth was slain with a great Articles on which Oxford surrenders. (1645.) 267 shot,) and likewise into the leaguer on colonel Rains- borough's side, where they killed with their shot a sutler and others in their tents: our cannon in re- compense played fiercely upon the enemy, and much annoyed them in their works and colleges till at last a cessation of great shot was agreed to on both sides. Upon Saturday, June the 20th, the treaty for the surrender of Oxford was finished between the commis- sioners, and concluded upon the ensuing articles. The same morning that the treaty for Oxford was concluded, Farringdon garrison sent also to capitulate, the governor thereof, sir George Lisle, being then in Oxford, and, to be brief, surrendered upon condition to have the benefit of Oxford articles ; and so they were included in the same agreement. Articles of agreement concluded and agreed June the 20th, by the right honourable sir Richard Lane, knight, lord keeper of the great seal of England, Francis lord Cottington, lord high treasurer of England, William marquis of Hertford, Edward earl of Dorset, lord chamberlain of his majesty^ s honourable household, Thomas earl of Southampton, Francis earl of Chi- chester, Francis lord Seymour, sir Edward Nicholas knight, one of his majesty^ s principal secretaries of state, all of them being of his majesty'' s most honourable privy council, and sir Thomas Glemham, knight, and governor of Oxford, on the one party ; and his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, knight, general of the forces raised for the parliament, on the other party ^ for and concerning the rendering of the garrison of Oxford^ as followeth : . That the garrison of Oxford, with the castle, forts, mounts, and places of defence whatsoever, with all the ordnance, arms, ammunition, and provisions of war, with all magazines and stores thereunto belonging, excepting what is allowed in the ensuing articles, shall be delivered to the general sir Thomas Fairfax, or whom he shall appoint, without wilful spoil or embezzlement, upon Wednesday the 24th of this instant June 1646, at ten of the clock in the morning, or thereabouts 268 Articles on which PART IV. CHAP. VII. the city of Oxford mrrenders. (1646.) 269 II. That his Wghness the duke of York shaU have an honourable convoy to London, where other of his majesty's children are/attended by his of&cers and servants, and fitting accommodation for the removal of his household and goods thither ; and shall have an honourable provision befittmg his dignity, appointed for him by the parliament, and to remain there until his majesty's pleasure be known, touching his settUng there or elsewhere ; and then to be disposed accord- ingly to any place within fourscore miles of London, and shall have such officers and servants to continue about him as the parliament shall approve. III. That their highnesses prince Rupert and pnnce Mau- rice shaU have liberty and passes for themselves, with their servants, horses, arms, and goods, (the number of their horses for them and their train not exceeding seventy,) to repair to any place within fifty miles of London, so it be not within twenty mUes of London without leave from the parliament, nor in any garrison, and there to abide for the space of six months after the rendering, free from any molestetion by im- position of oaths or otherwise ; and shall have passes to go beyond the seas at any time within the said six months, with their said servants, horses, arms, and goods, they engaging themselves upon their honours not to use the liberty hereby granted in the mean time to any hostUity against the parlia- ment of England sitting at Westminster, or any way wilfuUy to the prejudice of their affairs. And they are to have the benefit of such the ensuing articles as may concern them. IV That the seals, caUed the great seal, pnvy seal, signet, and the seals of the king's bench, exchequer, court of wards, duchy, admiralty, and prerogative, as also the sword of state, shall at such time, and in the presence of two such persons as the general sir Thoma* Fairfax shall appoint, be locked up m a chest, and left in the pubHo Ubrary : and if any of the afore- named particulars shaU not be then accordingly produced, the default thereof shaU not be charged upon any other person than such as hath the custody thereof, and shaJl wilfully detain or embezzle the same. V That sir Thomas Glemham, knight, &c., governor of Ox- ford, with his servants, and all that to him belongs, and all officers and soldiers of horse and foot, and of the tram of i. i artillery, (as well reformed officers and soldiers as others,) with their servants, and all that pertains unto them, shall march out of the city of Oxon with their horses and complete arms that properly belong unto them, proportionable to their pre- sent or past commands, flying colours, trumpets sounding, drums beating, matches lighted at both ends, bullet in their mouths, and every soldier to have twelve charges of powder, match and bullet proportionable, and with bag and baggage, to any place within fifteen miles of Oxford, which the governor shall choose, where such of the common soldiers as desire to go to their own homes or friends shall lay down their arms, which shall be delivered up to such as the general sir Thomas Fairfax shall appoint to receive them. And all officers and soldiers, as well reformed as others, that shall desire to go to their homes or friends shall have the generaFs pass and pro- tection for their peaceable repair to and abode at the several places they shall desire to go unto, and shall have free quarter allowed them in all their march from Oxon to those several places ; the officers, as well reformed as others, to pass with equipage of horses and complete arms, answerable to their present or past commands, and common troopers with their horses and swords only; and all to pass with bag and baggage as aforesaid. And that all other officers and soldiers (in case there be any such) that shall desire to take entertainment from any foreign kingdom or state, shall have free quarter allowed them for twenty-eight days from their march out of Oxon, and shall have passes for their officers, not exceeding ten, with their horses and two servants apiece to go to Lon- don to treat with any foreign ambassador or agent for enter- tainment. And all of them shall have liberty and passes to march (the officers with their complete arms and horses pro- portionable to their present or past commands, and the com- mon soldiers with their arms, and aU with bag and baggage) to the quarters near to Harwich or Portsmouth, or to any port between them, to be transported : which arms (except officers' complete arms and horses, and swords for the common soldiers, which they may transport) they shall there lay down and deliver to such as the general shall appoint, or unto the governor of the next garrison belonging unto the parliament, who shall take care for their safety during their abode there. 270 Articles on t^hich IPATLT TV, CHAP. VII. the city of Oxford surrenders, (1646.) 271 It and until shipping can be provided, and weather seasonable, they paying for their quarter after the said twenty-eight days expired, and shall assist them for procuring vessels and ship- ping for their transportation at the usual rates accustomed for freight ; the ofi&cers and soldiers and others, before trans- portation, engaging themselves by promise not to return into this kingdom in hostility against the parliament in bodies as they go, or in conjunction with other forces, or in command of any forces invading this kingdom : and no oath or any other engagements of this or the like nature to be, during their said stay, or at their transportation, imposed upon them, saving an engagement by promise not to do any act of hostility or of wilful prejudice against the parliament during their said stay in England. And it is declared, that those of the three auxiliary regiments, consisting of gentlemen and their servants, scholars, citizens, and inhabitants, who are not properly of the garrison in pay, and such reformed officers and soMiers who shall not be willing to march forth, shall not be forced to march out upon this article, but shall have the benefit of the following articles, to remove or re- main in Oxford, and in all things else which may concern them ; and those also who shall march forth shall have the benefit of the ensuing articles in all things, except for remaiit- ing in Oxford. VI. That the governor shall be allowed and assisted in the procuring a sufficient number of carts, teams, and boats, and other necessaries, for the carrying away all goods allowed in these articles, belonging to any officers or persons of qua- lity now residing in the garrison, they paying the accustomed rates : and that such persons as cannot presently, through want of carriages or otherwise, convey them away, shall be assisted with carriages at any time within three months for the disposing thereof. VII. That no officer or soldier, nor any person whatsoever comprised in this capitulation, shall be. reproached, or have any disgraceful speeches or affi*onts offered to them, or be stopped, plundered, or injured in their march, rendezvous, or quarters, journeys, or places of abode : and if any such thing shall fall out, satisfaction shall be given at the judgment of any two or more of the commissioners^ they being equal in number of each party ; nor shall the persons aforesaid, nor any of them, be enticed or compelled to take up arms against the king; nor be imprisoned, restrained, sued, or molested for any matter or cause whatsoever before the rendering of the garrison, be it of public or private interest, during six months after the rendering thereof. And if any officer, sol- dier, or person be sick or wounded, that they cannot at present enjoy the benefit of these articles, that such persons shall have liberty to stay until they be recovered, and fit accommodation and subsistence shall be provided for them during their stay, and then to enjoy the benefit of these articles. VIII. That all horses, arms, money, and other goods what- soever, taken as lawful prize of war, before or during the siege, and now remaining in the city, be continued in the possession of the present possessors. IX. That these articles shall extend to the use and benefit of all strangers of any foreign kingdom or state residing within this garrison, together with their wives, children, servants, horses, arms, goods, money, and debts. X. That all persons included within these articles, without exception of any, (other than the soldiers that are to march out upon the fifth article,) shall have liberty, during the space of three months after the rendering of the garrison, either to remain in Oxford or to remove themselves, with their families, goods, horses, and aU things that properly belong to them or to their disposition : and all noblemen, gentlemen, and per- sons of qualities, with their arms and other equipage, to their houses or friends, without any prejudice to their friends for receiving them. XI. That all lords, gentlemen, clergymen, officers, soldiers, and all other persons in Oxon, or comprised within this ca- pitulation, who have estates real or personal under or liable to sequestrations according to ordinance of parliament, and shall desire to compound for them, (except persons by name ex- cepted by ordinance of parliament from pardon,) shall at any time within six months after rendering the garrison of Oxford be admitted to compound for their estates ; which composition shall not exceed two years' revenue for estates of inheritance ; and for estates for lives, years, and other real and personal 272 Articles on which PART IV. estates, shall not exceed the proportion aforesaid for inherit- ances, according to the value of them. And that all persons aforesaid, whose dwellinghouses are sequestrated, (except be- fore excepted,) may, after the rendering of the garrison, repair to them, and there abide, convenient time being allowed to such as are placed there under the sequestrations for their re- moval: and it is agreed, that all the profits and revenues arising out of their estates (after the day of entering their names as compounders) shall remain in the hands of the te- nants or occupiers, to be answered to the compounders, when they have perfected their agreements for their compositions, and that they shall have liberty and the general's pass and protection for their peaceable repair to and abode at their se- veral houses or friends, and to go to London to attend their compositions, or elsewhere upon their necessary occasions, with freedom of their persons from oaths, engagements, and moles- tations, during the space of six months, and after, so long as they prosecute their compositions, without wilful default or neglect on their part, except an engagement by promise not to bear arms against the parliament, nor wilfully do any act prejudicial to their affairs, so long as they remain in their quarters : and it is further agreed, that from and after their compositions made they shall be forthwith restored to and enjoy their estates, and all other immunities, as other subjects, together with their rents and profits, from the time of enter- ing their names, discharged of sequestration, and from fifth and twentieth parts, and other payments and impositions, except such as shall be general and common to them with others. XII. That no lords, gentlemen, clergymen, scholars, oflBcers, soldiers, citizens, nor any other persons, included in this ca- pitulation, (except the persons mentioned before to be excepted from pardon,) shall be molested or questioned for any ihing said or done in pr concerning this war, or relating to the unhappy differences between his majesty and the parliament, they submitting to composition, as in the preceding article ; and that the persons before mentioned to be excepted from pardon shall have the benefit of this article during the space of six months from the rendering of the garrison, and after, if they be admitted to and agree for their compositions. CHAP.VII. the city of Oxford surrendered. (1646.) 273 XIII. That the persons mentioned before to be excepted from pardon shall have liberty, and the general's pass and protection for themselves, families, horses, goods, and all things that properly belong unto them now in Oxford, to go unto and abide at their own houses or their friends, for the space of six months after the rendering of the garrison, and within that time to repair unto London, to endeavour compo- sition for their estates, and indemnity of their persons, and to make their peace ; and if they cannot obtain it, shall have passes to go beyond the seas at any time within the said six months ; and that no other engagement shall be put upon them, save by promise, not to bear arms against the parlia- ment, nor wilfully do any act prejudicial to their affairs, so long as they remain in their quarters. XIV. That the chancellor, masters, and scholars of the university of Oxon, and the governors and students of Christ'^s Church of king Henry the Eight his foundation, and all other heads and governors, masters, fellows, and scholars of the col- leges, halls, and bodies corporate, and societies of the same university, and the public professors and readers, and the orator thereof, and all other persons belonging to the said university, or to any colleges or halls therein, shall and may, according to their statutes, charters, and customs, enjoy their ancient form of government, subordinate to the immediate au- thority and power of parliament : and that all the rights, pri- vileges, franchises, lands, tenements, houses, possessions, rents, revenues, hereditaments, libraries, debts, goods and chattels belonging to the said university, or to Christ Church, or to any colleges or halls in the said university, (except such rents and revenues as have been already taken and received by ordinance of parliament,) shall be enjoyed by them respectively as afore- said, free from sequestrations, fines, taxes, and all other molestations whatsoever, for or under colour of any thing whatsoever relating to this present war, or to the unhappy differences between his majesty and the parliament : and that all churches, chapels, colleges, halls, libraries, schools, and pub- lic buildings, within or belonging to the city or university, or to Christ's Church, or the several colleges or halls thereof, shall be preserved from defacing and spoil : and if any removal Sprigo. T 274 Articles on which FART IV. shall be made by the parliament of any head or other mem- bers of the university, Christ's Church, colleges, or halls, that those so removed shall enjoy their profits during the space of six months after the rendering of Oxon, and shall have conve- nient time allowed them for removal of themselves and their goods from their lodgings : provided, that this shall not ex- tend to retard any reformation there intended by the par- liament, or give them any liberty to intermeddle in the government. XV. That the mayor, bailiff, and commonalty, and all cor- porations within the city, shall enjoy their ancient govern- ment and their charters, customs, franchises, liberties, lands? goods, and debts, and all things else whatsoever which belong to them as corporations, subordinate to the immediate author- ity and power of parliament, and shall not be molested or questioned by colour of any thing before the rendering of this garrison, done, or ordered by them in the capacity of corpora- tions, relating to the differences between his majesty and the parliament. XV I. That the citizens and inhabitants of the city shall not be charged with free quarter, or billet of soldiers, other than for lodging, (except in urgent time of necessity,) and that to be ordered and disposed by the advice of the mayor or his deputy; and that in all public taxes they shall be charged proportionably with the county : and that no scholar, citizen, or inhabitant in the university and city of Oxford shall be troubled or questioned for taking up arms in the garrison, by express command during the time it was a garrison, for the defence thereof : and that the scholars, citizens, and inhabit- ants shall have the benefit of this capitulation, in all things that may concern them. XVI I. That no officer, soldier, or other person, who by the articles are to march out of the city or suburbs, or to march in, shall plunder, spoil, or injure any scholar, citizen, or inha- bitant, or other person in Oxford, in their persons, goods, or estates, or carry away any thing that is properly belonging to any of them. XVIII. That all ladies, gentlewomen, and other women now in Oxon, whose husbands or friends are absent from CHAP. VII. the city of Oxford surrendered, (i 64(S.) 275 thence, may have passes and protections for themselves, serv- ants, and goods, to go to and remain at the houses of their husbands or at their friends, as they shall desire, and to go or send to London, or elsewhere, to obtain the allowances out of their husbands' or parents' estates, allotted them by ordinance of parliament. XIX. That such of his majesty's household servants who shall desire to go to his majesty may have free liberty and passes to go accordingly, at any time within one month next after the rendering of the garrison : and that his majesty's householdstuff, and other his peculiar goods which are now in Oxford, may be carried to his majesty's house at Hampton- court ; and his servants, under whose charge or custody any of them are, shall be allowed and assisted in the procuring of carts, boats, and carriages for the removal of them thither, and there to remain till his majesty shall otherwise dispose of them, and then to be sent or disposed accordingly. And that such of his majesty's servants who are not able for the present to go to him shall have liberty, passes, and protections, to go to and remain at his majesty's said house at Hampton-court, and have liberty to attend the committee for his majesty's re- venue, to procure a competent allowance out of his majesty's revenues for their subsistence, until his majesty shall other- wise provide for or dispose of them. XX. That all clergymen now in Oxford, who shall not upon composition or otherwise be restored to their church-livings, shall have liberty to go to London, to obtain some fitting al- lowance for the livelihood of themselves and their families. XXI. That it is intended, declared, and agreed, that all persons comprised within these articles shall peaceably and quietly enjoy all their goods, debts, and movables, allowed by these articles, during the space of six months after render- ing the garrison : and that they shall be free from all oaths, engagements, and molestations, except an engagement by promise not to bear arms against the parliament, nor wilfully do any act prejudicial to their affairs, so long^as they remain in their quarters. And that they shall have liberty within the space of six months (in case they shall be resolved to go be- yond seas) to dispose of their goods, debts, and movables al- T 2 276 Oxford is quitted PART IV. lowed by these articles, and depart the kingdom, if they think fit ; and to have passes for their transportation, or otherwise to stay in the kingdom. XXII. That if any of these articles shall in any point be broken or violated by any person or persons in Oidbrd, or comprised within this capitulation, the fault and punishment shall be upon him or them only who made the breach or vio- lation, and shall not be imputed to or charged upon any other not assenting thereunto, or not an actor in it. XXIII. That the duke of Richmond, the earl of Lindsey, and their servants that came forth with them, shall enjoy the benefit of these articles in whatsoever may concern them. XXIV. That the garrisons of Farringdon shall be rendered to his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, and the governor, gentle- men, soldiers, and all other of what quality soever within those garrisons, shall enjoy the benefit of these articles in every par- ticular which may concern them, they rendering the garrison accordingly as Oxford. XXY. That all persons comprised in these articles shall (upon request) have a certificate under the hand of his excel- lency sir Thomas Fairfax, or the future governor of the city, that such persons were in the city at the time of the surrender thereof, and are to have the benefit of these articles. XXVI. That the general sir Thomas Fairfax shall give a pass to one or two messengers, with their servants, to go unto the king, to give him an account of the proceedings upon this treaty, and conclusion thereof, aod to return and receive the benefit of these articles. On Wednesday the 24th of June, the day ap- pointed, the town was accordingly surrendered. The enemy marched out about twelve of the clock ; a guard of our foot was appointed for them to march through, which extended in length from St. Clement's near Maudlin-bridge to Shotover-hill : our horse were * drawn up into several bodies in several places in the rear of the foot: there marched out in a body well armed, with colours flying and drums beating, about CHAP. VII. hy the king's forces, (1646.) 277 ii I 3000, who had not the least injury or affront offered them in their march through our men, which the go- vernor sir Thomas Glemham hath since acknowledged, much to the honour of the army : besides that body, there went forth that day, before and after them, about 500, most of them horsemen and private persons en- gaged in the siege. There likewise marched forth this day at the north gate all those that went to Yorkshire and Gloucestershire and those parts, who had a convoy for that purpose, being a considerable number : those that marched forth when prince Rupert and prince Maurice went forth on Monday, and those that followed them on Tuesday, (when other gentlemen of quality left the city,) were in all about 300 persons, most of them men of quality, and their attendants. After his excel- lency had possession of the town, it was the continual employment of some to make passes for those that were yet left behind, and not marched out of the town with the body ; there were above 2000 passes made after the forementioned forces were gone, as by a par- ticular list of every man's name was reckoned, whereof many were noblemen, knights, and gentlemen of qua- lity, the rest officers and reformadoes, and some scho- lars. Likewise, after his excellency had the garrison* the three regiments of auxiliaries, consisting of 2000 men, were disbanded, and their arms brought in : those that marched out upon Wednesday, about 900 of them laid down their arms when they came to Thame, and received passes to go to their several houses, and their arms were brought into Oxford; 1100 of them listed themselves for foreign service. There were found in the magazine seventy barrels of powder ; besides, they had two mills which supplied them daily with powder. There were in the town thirty-eight pieces of ordnance, wheireof twenty-six were brass : for provisions of vie- 278 Vindication of the articles {\ PART IV. tuals, by what was found in the stores, and by what was informed they had in the stores before they sold it to the townsmen, during the treaty, to raise moneys to pay their soldiers, there was not less than six months* provi- sions. The soldiers were much discontented, and much ado there was to keep them from doing violence to the lords, for no other cause but for being the occasion, as they said, of delivering up the town ; a fault which, alas ! they could not help ; the strength of the works about the town was found to be such, as resolved it in the minds of all understanding men, to be much for the parliament's service that the town was taken by condi- tions, especially considering what unseasonable weather followed ; that if the siege had continued but to the day of surrender, we must have been forced to have quit some of our leaguers, the fields being overflown with water. The citizens were provided till Christmas with provisions, and did make no question but of corn, beef, bacon, salt, butter, and cheese, there was plenty for the said time : fresh meat for the great ones being the only thing complained of as a want, and yet was found some store of that at the surrender. Somewhat in vindication of the articles of Oxford : Such is the delicacy of the spirit of man, that when mercies flow richly and fully in, we grow curious to please, and God must come in to us then as we would have him, or we shall scarce thank him for any thing he gives, like some that return full from feasting, with whom an ordinary dish finds no acceptance : thus it was in the business of this surrender, because the conquest came not up to every point of expectation or humour ; therefore it must not be acknowledged by some, as if men would give laws to Providence, and armies must conquer just as we appoint, and we must draw lines for ilfcess to move in, and unless God save us by our own CHAP. VII. ' granted to Oxford on its surrender. (1646.) 279 card and compass, we scarce allow such a business a place in our calendar. The house of commons, in much honour and justice, upon receiving and reading the agreement for Oxford, which his excellency by an express sent up to them, did by vote approve and ratify the same ; but others, whe- ther from ignorance or prejudice, or what other cause I say not, seemed not to be so well satisfied therewith, exclaiming against the army, and questioning their ho- nour and integrity in this proceeding. I would gladly demand of such, how delinquency and offences, so garrisoned and fortified against law, as those in Oxford were, could well have been brought to an higher degree of suffering and expiation, without stak- ing a treble value of men, and of success, and running an hazard of bringing all the glory of so much conquest back again, and with danger of reversing all the success we had ; and for my part, I think those victories most glorious that are cleanest from blood, and that war most Christian, that (the common safety, which is the end of war, provided and secured) is as little stained or purpled as may be ; and there is more of God and of Israel where cities fall at the breath of trumpets, (as of rams' horns,) and the summons overcome more than the slaughter ; and thus hath this army prevailed, by taking in the inhabitants before the cities, and men's hearts before their persons. And I would demand one thing more of any that have either love or learning, how Oxford, a place of books and colleges, could have been reduced into its gown and peace, but by a motion as calm as peaceable, as little destructive, and as suitable to the ingeny of such a place of arts : but this is the least in the balance with the other considerations. And because men are rational, and would be rather 280 Vindication of the articles PABT IV. CHAP. VII. » E H [•f If* i; argued than persuaded to believe, I shall hold out the whole business in the entireness and transaction of it, that all may be rather convinced and engaged by argument and truth, that things were fair and just, and highly advantageous, than merely desired or entreated to be- lieve so. His excellency appearing with the army from the west before this city (leaving behind him no remem- brance of an enemy, but days of praises for victories) was not without its advantage to the surrender. Tlie 1st day of May he appeared before Oxford, being that day twelvemonth he marched into the field, which perhaps might be safely observed (without superstition) to be of Providence, as if the same day which was for beginning must be for finishing of the work ; a Christ- ian may soberly observe those conjunctures which the superstitious adore. The headquarter was at Garsington, three miles from Oxford ; it was the 6th of May before the quarters about the city and the several posts were appointed, and the leaguer designed in order to a close siege, the sol- diers casting up their trenches, (to secure their leaguers,) lines, works, and approaches, with the great work upon Headington-hill. These things I mention, because they are in some order to the procuring of the treaty; for the appearance of the army in this way of digestion and approach did ripen the enemy to treat ; and this close and orderly management of things without, was not without its in- fluence upon those within. May the 11th, his excellency summoned the garrison, and as the leaves of some trees move easily at a gentle wind, so some in the garrison at the air of this summons were in motion to answer it by a treaty : so as by this the pulse of the enemy were observed at that distance granted to Oxford on its surrender, (1646.) 281 to beat towards a surrender, which could not but a little engage his excellency to a further pursuit of this means, being so providentially corresponded with in the first design of it. And now, after the summons for surrender the treaty begins, the commissioners on both sides meeting at master Crook's at Marston ; but the Oxford commis- sioners were so high in some demands, (one of which was to be free from all sequestration,) that his excel- lency thought it not fit to proceed with them, but ac- quainted the house of commons therewith, (as still desir- ous to move as much as might be in the wisdom and sense of that council that first intrusted him,) and making them, by such a pause and refusal, to know themselves a beleaguered enemy: these were advan- tages not to be forgotten in this work : but before the treaty brake off^, a spy was taken with letters to his ma- jesty from sir Edward Nicholas and sir Thomas Glem- ham; which spy was a captain in the garrison that freely cashiered himself into a fisherman's habit for a time to do that work ; the fisherman was caught him- self with his letters, after he was got on his way as far as Banbury ; which letters opened one mystery of the garrison, which was, divided counsels and designs of the lords and soldiery, and how able they were to defend the place, and how the lords had overpowered them into a treaty, because of his majesty's power committed to them at his departure ; so as here were some more advantages gained; a knowledge how nmch a treaty did divide and unclasp them who else had been at unity for their own preservation, and a discovery of their strength and resolutions, which were so consider- able, as it appeared, that a treaty was the best and safest argument to obtain the place, and to disperse the enemy into more faction by offering conditions, who 282 Review of the advantages that PART IV. CHAP. VII. were at as much distance as could be within the same walls, by this way of proceeding against them, and made enemies to one another, who else had been all as one enemy against us ; and now they were already dis- banded in counsels, a good preamble to the disbanding of their garrison. The treaty being thus broke off, upon occasion of the enemy's high demands, and their propositions being wholly laid aside, other propositions were prepared and digested by his excellency and the commissioners on our part, which were not framed without much debate, and taking the affairs of the kingdom according to their then present posture, into prospect and consideration, as they stood in relation to this business. These propositions were sent into the garrison, and the treaty was reinforced on both sides ; yet now his excellency treated as one who rather gave laws than took any reciprocally from them; having sent them such propositions, as by advice with his officers were just and honourable, and as from which he could not vary, (save in point of circumstance or explana- tion). In this renewed treaty, there appeared yet much dif- ficulty and averseness on the enemy's part, I mean in their commissioners. Whereupon a council of war was held by his excellency, to consider yet of reducing the garrison by force, if the enemy should fly off in the treaty: this was the fullest counsel since this army marched, consisting of the general, major-general, lieu- tenant-general of horse, commissary-general, lieutenant- general of the ordnance, the general officers of horse and foot, besides the colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and majors of the army. I observe this, to take off all as- persions of dark and private proceedings by parties and factions, and to strengthen the reputation of such intel- 1 followed the surrender of Oxford. ( 1 646.) 283 ligence, such counsels, and grounds, as were received and proceeded on. At a council of war held at Marston, at the leaguer before Oxford, June 9, 1646, present, The general. Judge advocate, Major-gen. Skippon, Colonel Bulstrod, Lieuten.-gen. Cromwell, Adjutant-gen. Evelyn, Lieut.-gen. Hammond, Commiss.-gen. Ireton, Colonel Sheffield, Col. sir Hardress Waller, Colonel Graves, Colonel Lambert, Colonel Ingoldesby, Colonel Herbert, Colonel Rainsborough, Colonel Harley, Colonel Okey, Comptroller of the ordn. Colonel Pindar, Adjutant-gen. Gray, Scou tmaster-general, Qu. mast.-gen. Fincher, Qu. mast.-gen. Gravenor, Lieut.-col. Bowen, Lieut.-col Ewers, Lieut.-col. Hewson, Lieut.-col Ashfield, Th. Herbert, esq., commis sioner of parliament, Major Desborough, Major Alford, Major Horton, the resolves of the council were, first, that there were 4000 foot and 300 horse, by their best intelligence, in that garrison for defence. * The second was, that they might hold out six months before they wanted provisions of victual and ammu- nition. The third was, that it was not advisable to storm Oxford. The fourth was, that the most probable way was re- ducing it by approaches, in case they could not close by treaty. The city now appearing in this reputation of consi- derableness, we shall look over into particulars of its strength, soldiery, ammunition, and victuals. For its strength, it was surrounded on all sides but the north with rivers and meadows overflown, so as it 284 Review of the advantages PART IV. \t was only approachable on the north side ; and this way was only approved on by the council of war ; and yet this way there were two lines and works, which in rea- sons of war would have stood in no little cost and blood ; for against every port of the second line were colleges (which however once places of books and peace, yet now served as petty castles of defence) ; which thing was worthy to be considered, not so much out of tenderness to them, or indulgency to the blood of this army, but out of providence to the kingdom, whose guard it was : as for them, it is well known they were never such husbands of their blood, when the state stood in need of it. For ammunition and victual, it was well stored, there being ammunition which, well husbanded, might have served them six months, and victual for as long (so as themselves and their artillery would have both lived and determined together). For the soldiery, there wanted no numbers for that business, 4000, according to the best intelligence, (and as afterwards by passes did appear,) above 3000, beside reformadoes, scholars, townsmen, who, though a mis- cellany, yet would all have been men of war, and of one profession in a time of defence. And beside all this, we had the name and reputation of the governor, sir Thomas Glemham, to take in, who hath been known into places that had been otherwise of a dejected fortune to put life and spirit ; witness his performance at York, which (after the total routing of the king's army before the walls of that city) being be- leaguered by the three generals, with greatest advantage possible, stepping immediately from the victory to the leaguer, he yet defended till he obtained honourable conditions. And after that despaired of no less at Carlisle, where ) CHAP. VII that followed the surrender of Oxford, (1646.) 285 he endured ten months' siege, submitting to eat dogs' and horseflesh, before he would yield without honour- able conditions. So as according to this account, consider what ex- pense of time and blood would have issued in carrying on the approaches for the reducement by force; De- cember being a month they might very well have reached unto, which must necessarily have engaged the army into so much winter, water, cold, and difficulty> as that the issue might (in reason of war) have proved as sad for the besiegers, all things considered, as for those in the city ; three months' time would have been the least ; and when all things had been ripe for enforc- ing, the hazard of how many honest, gallant men against earth and walls, against lines and colleges. But surely we flow not so with good men in the kingdom, that we should be so indifferently prodigal of those we have, if victories may be purchased cheaper and at an easier rate, beside the spoil and firing of col- leges, and, it may be, of that famous library, which how it would have stood with the reputation of this state, to destroy places of arts so freely, let others judge. A treaty therefore being judged the best and most counsellable way, his excellency and the commissioners resolved to enforce it, and that not only in respect to the army upon the forementioned considerations of the difficulty, danger, and tediousness of other ways, but also with reference to the state of the kingdom, and divers other considerations. As, First, in relation to the many other garrisons of the enemy yet unreduced, as Worcester, Wallingford, Rag- land, Farringdon, Borstall, with divers others, which did all bear up in the existence and being of this, and were linked to this, as to the head and garrison-royal of all the enemy's, that, like members of one body, they could f- --- 886 Review of the advantagei FART IT. CHAP. VII. not but live and die together, so as this city's surrender would shake all the other into a treaty, and the taking in of this would take in the rest, being all threaded upon one string of dependency. Secondly, the negotiations of the king in foreign parts for assistance, particularly in France, as is clear by the French agent, who received his majesty first in his quar- ters, and negotiated with him at Newcastle, and by Ashbumham's despatch into France, (notwithstanding the parliament's demand of him,) all which put together, (though we would rather quench than cherish any sus- picion of such a neighbour state,) yet it cannot but be judged well beseeming his excellency and his council, wisely to provide, and put cases of things to come and occur, and prevent (if it may be) dangers possible, being well assured we deal with an enemy who hath lost neither wit, friends, activity, nor resolution, to play his game once more over, if he knew at what card to begin. Thirdly, the suspicions and jealousies that were kind- ling towards some in our brethren's army, upon the sudden alarm of his majesty's reception there, and some other passages from the north ; not that the army did conclude a doubt or suspicion of them, but rather hasten to be upon such a free and strong interest and disen- gagement as might sooner put all things into better correspondency, while both armies are fairly at liberty in their own interests and upon equal bottoms, whereby a third designing party (I mean the king's) might not work upon the inequality of the other two, temptation and opportunity being the worst enemies that honest men have. Fourthly, the treaty in Ireland for a peace with those there, and to make that peace a way of waftage over for some new supplies into England ; which though that followed the surrender of Oaford, (1646.) 287 then was but by dim intelligence discerned, yet now things are clearer and more certain. Fifthly, the arming the parliament with a free and unengaged army, (as came to pass by the surrender of this city,) so as now they might treat or capitulate, as a kingdom upon its own interest and bottom, with the more honour, and with no more condescension than love and justice would persuade them. Surely they that know the difference betwixt a state attended on by a free and entire army in times of design and distraction and beginnings of settlement, and betwixt a state served by broken regiments and an engaged force or army, cannot judge the freeing and disengaging this army so soon from the attendance of Oxford to a mere attend- ance upon the state in a time of such high concernments, to be less than a counsel both of necessity and of ad- vancement to the kingdom. And now I shall fairly remove some objections, which may be motes in the eyes of some, and hinder their dis- cerning the fairness of this proceeding. First, that of permitting excepted persons to go un- punished : but I cannot grant this objection so far, that they did go unpunished, unless all justice and righteous- ness run down only in the blood of the offender : indeed the state of Israel fought by such laws against the na- tions, as in the case of Agag ; but how far such laws are rules to the state of Christians, who are not under that judicial policy and special precepts, I leave to be dis- puted : but surely those six excepted persons went not unpunished, they received loss of all, (one of them an estate worth 100,000/.,) and if yet nothing but life be justice, they lost that too ; I mean, their life in this kingdom, being never more to live in this state, so as in a manner they are dead to us, though not unto themselves; nor could their life be so eaily come at, 288 Review of the advantages without the loss of many, it may be, more dear and pre- cious ; and had the approaches and storm gone on, who can undertake those few, those six excepted persons, might not have escaped ? And then how had this assay of justice succeeded ? Surely justice is not all of one colour, all purple ; there is punisliraent by banishment and confiscation, as well as death ; and suppose, after the loss of many an honourable spirit to purchase six men, they had been taken and delivered up, there are ways of escape from states as well as armies. For that other objection, of the exemption from the oath or covenant for six months ; why should it be a crime to his excellency now which was none to the lieutenant-general of the Scots army, who at Carlisle granted that article to be excepted from any oath whatsoever, (as by referring to the said articles may ap- pear,) and our general grants but an exemption for six months ; how is it that offences are more fairly inter- preted in Scotch than English ? and it is not amiss to consider Reading, once a garrison of the enemy's, yet surrendered upon honourable conditions, to the earl of Essex, his excellency, then general; Oxford and Read- ing differing but in three things : first, Oxford was more considerable, and Reading less; secondly, the delin- quents of Reading marched out of the town, and those of Oxford out of the kingdom ; thirdly, Reading had but four barrels of powder when they capitulated, Oxford a plentiful magazine. After all these things, I wonder how any can find fault with this army or soldiery, for despatch of their work so soon ; and never till now (and now by what law I know not) was it an offence to have war soon ended. Let me ask, what hath this army done ill in this business? Hath it not done justice upon offenders? It may be not justice of our very fashion, according to PAET IV. fl CBAP. vn. that followed the surrender of Oxford. (1646.) 289 such a very pattern of some, because they could not conquer just by a rule, but as necessity of state and war would suffer them. Hath this army by this surrender failed of that plunder and rich spoil they might have had in the storm ? This was a fault wherein the sol* diery were more conscionable than covetous : and me- thinks we should easily pardon them in this, that they had rather end the war to the kingdom's than their own advantage. Hath this army, by this surrender, been more free, entire, and at liberty, to guard both state and parlia- ment ? Methinks this should be only the grief of our enemies, not of our friends. Hath this army, by this surrender, brought in so many other garrisons as follow in this story, &c. ? Surely such ways of fighting as leave the enemy scarce an interest in the kingdom is a new kind of failing, and an offence not heard of till our times, wherein ingratitude and re- proaches are by too many thought good pay for greatest services. Hath this army, by this surrender and disengagement, awed and affrighted the gatherings of new parties to in- crease the old? This is indeed a mischief; but to whom ? Even to everv one that is not a lover of the kingdom's safety. Hath this army, by a spirit more almighty than their own, brought home an olive to this state, after such overflowings of war and blood, and shall not the dove be taken into the ark ? Shall there be no preservation for them that preserve others ? Sprigo. 1; 290 Of the siege and surrender iX CHAPTER VIIL PART IV. I CHAP. VIII. of Worcester, and also of Wallingford, (1646.) ^91 the whole power of the army to come upon them, they came to conditions, as followeth: The siege and surrender of Worcester and Wallingford. After the surrender of Banbury-castle, colonel Wha- ley was sent with some few troops of horse to Worces- ter, for the better keeping in of the enemy ; colonel Morgan, who was before such time attending that ser- vice with the Gloucestershire forces, was ordered by the general to Ragland, to command in chief those forces that should be employed for the reducing of that place, if upon the summons sent in to Worcester the enemy stood off, and would not treat ; which accordingly falling out, the enemy in Worcester returning a very high and peremptory answer upon the summons that was sent in to them, and making higher demands than were granted to Oxford, colonel Morgan, according to his orders, marched to Ragland, leaving colonel Whaley (to attend the service before Worcester), who with the forces of the counties of Worcester and Shropshire, to- gether with some forces of Newport-Pagnel, Warwick, and Northampton, lay before it, so as to keep off relief and hinder the enemy from getting in provisions from the country : but there was a great want of foot for a regular and close siege, which when the service of Ox- ford was over, and that garrison surrendered, was in- stantly supplied, colonel Rainsborough being sent with a brigade thither, w^ho no sooner came before the town, but he laid his foot quarters close to the enemy's works, and in two or three nights (according to much judg- ment and resolution) raised a work which much annoyed the enemy's great fort : whereupon they came to a ca- pitulation, and being much distracted with the surrender of Oxford, and fearing, if they neglected their opportu- Bity, they should have no conditions at all, expecting Articles of agreement for the surrender of the city of Worcester^ and the forts belonging thereunto, concluded July 1 9, 1 646, between colonel Thomas Rainsborough, on the behalf of his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax^ general of the forces raised by the parliament, and colonel Henry Washington, governor of Worcester. I. That the city of Worcester with all forts, ordnance, arms, ammunition, stores, and provision of war thereunto belonging, shall be delivered, without wilful spoil and embezzlement, unto his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax, or to such as he shall ap- point to receive them, upon the 22nd of this instant July, at ten of the clock in the morning, in such manner and with such exceptions as are contained in the ensuing articles. II. That on the 23rd of July, the governor and all officers and soldiers of the garrison, with all other persons therein that will, shall march out of Worcester with their horses, arms, and baggage belonging to them, to any place within one mile of Worcester, which the governor shall choose, where all their horses and arms, except what are allowed in the ensuing articles, shall be delivered up to such as his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax shall appoint. All the soldiers shall be dis- banded, and all such, both officers and soldiers, and others, as shall engage themselves by promise never to bear arms any more against the parliament of England, nor do any thing wil- fully to the prejudice of their affairs, shall have the benefit of these ensuing articles. III. That all such as shall desire to go to their own homes or private friends shall have the general's passes and protec- tion for their peaceable repair to and abode at their several places they shall desire to go unto ; the governor to pass with all horses, arms, and baggage properly belonging to him ; and each colonel to pass with three horses ; and each lieutenant- colonel and sergeant-major with two horses ; each captain, lieu- tenant, and cornet with one horse ; and every person not under lAst of the chief officers Major Watson, scoutmaster-general to the army. Quartermaster-general Spencer, quartermaster-general of foot, (now quartermaster-general Gravesnor). Quartermaster-general Fincher, quartermaster-general of horse. Captain Flemminff, 1 aj* ^ x i 1.1 Captain Evelyn, JAdjulants-general of horse. Lieutenant-colonel Gray, adjutant-general of the foot. Captain Deane, comptroller of the ordnance. John Rushworth, esquire, secretary to the general, and com. of war. Master Boles, chaplain to the army. Colonel Pindar, Harcourt Laighton, Commissioners Thomas Herbert, of parliament Captain Potter, slain at r residing in the Naseby, (now captain army. Vincent Potter,) esq. ^ John Mills, esquire, judge advocate. Commissary Orpin, commissary-general of victuals, (now eommissary Cowling. Captain Cook, commissary-general of horse provisions, slain at Naseby, (now commissary Jones). Master Richardson, wagon-master general. Doctor Payne, 1 Physicians to the Dr. Stranhil, (since Dr. French.) J army. Master Web, apothecary to the army. .Master Winter, chirurgeon-general to the army. Captain Wykes, marshal-general of foot. Captain Richard Lawrence, marshal-general of horse. Mr. Fran. Child, markmaster-general of the horse. Master Robert Wolsey, assistant to the quartermaster- general of foot, (wounded at Naseby). Mr James Stan dish, 1 Deputies to the commissary- Mr. Richard Gerard, J general of musters. Mr. Thomas Wragge, '\ Mr. William Clarke, J ^^®^^^ *^ *^® secretary. Mr. Richard ChadweU, "I Mr. Constantino Heath, J Messengers to the army. in the army 329 For the foot. Sir Thomas Fairfax, colonel : his own company commanded by captain Fortescue, since captain Aidley : lieutenant-colo- nel Jackson : major Cook, died before Bristol : captain Gooday, now major : captain Boyce : captain Musket : cap- tain Maneste (dead) : captain Wolfe : captain Highfield : cap- tain White : captain Bland, since captain Leigh. Major-general Skippon: lieutenant-colonel Frances, slain at Naseby : major Ashfield, now lieutenant-colonel : captain Samuel Clark, now major : captain Streater : captain Harri- son : captain John Clark : captain Bowen : captain Gibbon : captain Cobbet : captain Symonds. Sir Hardress Waller, colonel : lieutenant-colonel Cottes- worth, slain before Oxford, now lieutenant- colonel Salmon : major Smith : captain Howard : captain Waade : captain Hill, slain before Bristol, now captain Aske : captain Gorges : captain Clark : captain Thomas : captain Hodden. Colonel Hammond : lieutenant-colonel Ewre : major San- ders : captain Disney : captain Chara : captain Smith : cap- tain John Boyce : captain John Puckle : captain Stratton : captain Rolfe. Colonel Harley : lieutenant-colonel Pride : major Cowell : captain Golf: captain Gregson, wounded at Berkeley : captain Sampson, wounded at Bridgewater : captain Hinder, wounded at Bristol : captain Forgison : captain Mason : captain Lago. Colonel Mountague, since colonel Lambert's : lieutenant-colo- nel Grimes : major Kelsey, since major Rogers : captain Ble- then : captain Nunney : captain Biscoe : captain Rogers : captain Wilks, slain at Basing, now captain Cadwell : captain Thomas Disney : captain Sanders. I Colonel Lloyd, slain at Taunton, since colonel Herbert: lieutenant-colonel Gray : major Read, (now lieutenant-colonel,) wounded at Taunton, now major Waade : captain Wilks, slain at Taunton : captain Gettins, died in Gloucestershire, now captain Lundy, wounded at Berkeley : captain Wigfal, slain at Berkeley-castle : captain Melvin, wounded at Bristol : captain Spooner : captain Short. Colonel Pickering, (died at Autre,) now colonel Hewson's : lieutenant-colonel Hewson, (now colonel) : major Jubbs, (now I \ ; 930 List of the chief officers lieutenant-colonel) : captain Axtel, (now major) ; captain Hus- bands, (now captain Grimes) : captain Jenkins, slain at Far- ringdon, after captain Tomkins, slain at Naseby, now captain Toppington : captain Carter : captain Silverwood : captain Gayle, slain at Bristol : captain Price. Colonel Fortescue: lieutenant-colonel Eichbell, slain at Taunton : lieu tenant- colonel Dursey, slain at Bristol, lieute- nant colonel Ingoldesby, slain at Pendennis, now lieutenant- colonel Cobbet : major Jennings : captain Gettins, now cap- tain Farley: captain Fownes, slain at Tiverton: captain Young : captain GoUidge, slain at Taunton : captain Whit- ton : captain Bushell. Colonel Ingoldesby : lieutenant- colonel Farringdon, (now Heutenant-colonel Kelsey) : major Cromwell, slain at Bristol, since major Ducket: captain Henry Ingoldesby: captain Gibson, now captain Stephens : captain Allen : captain Ward, slain at Bristol, since captain Williams, since captain Thomas Ingoldesby : captain Mills : captain Bamfield, now captain Wagshaft : captain Grimes. For the train. Lieutenant-general Hammond, lieutenant-general of the ordnance : captain Deane, comptroller of the ordnance : mas- ter Hugh Peter, chaplain to the train : Peter Manteau van Dalem, engineer-general : captain Hooper, engineer extraordi- nary: Eval Tercene, chief engineer : master Lyon, Mr. Tom- linson, engineers : master Francis Furin, master-gunner of the field : master Matthew Martin, paymaster to the train. Colonel Rainsborough : lieutenant colonel Bowen : major Done, slain at Sherborne, major Crosse, slain there, major Edwards : captain Crosse, slain at Sherborne : captain Ed- wards : captain Drury : captain Dancer: captain Creamer, wounded at Sherborne : captain Sterne, slain at Bristol. Colonel Welden, now colonel Lilburne : lieutenant-colonel Kempson : major Masters : captain Peckham : captain Fen- ton : captain Franklin, slain at Exeter, now captain Holmes : captain Dorman : captain Tolhust : captain Munday, dead in the west, now captain Welden: captain Kaine : master Phips, commissary of ammunition : Mr. Thomas Robinson, commissary of the draught-horse. \\ in the army. 3ai Firelocks, Captain-lieutenant Desborough ; captain -lieutenant Brent. Captain of pioneers. Captain Cheese. For the horse. Sir Thomas Fairfax, general: his troop commanded by captain Gladman : major Desborough : captain Lawrence : captain Browne : captain Packet : captain Berry. Colonel Butler : major Horton : captain Foley : captain Gardner : captain Pennyfether : captain Perry, dead, now captain Bethel. Colonel Thomas Sheffeild : major Fincher : captain Ro- botham: captain Rainsborough: captain Martin: captain Evelyn. Colonel Fleetwood : major Harrison : captain Coleman : captain Selby, slain at Naseby, now captain Laughton : cap- tain Zanchy : captain Howard. Colonel Rossiter : major Twisleton : captain Anthony Markham : captain Jo. Nelthrop : captain Peart : captain Henry Markham. Lieutenant-general Cromwell : major Huntington : captain Jenkins : captain Middleton : captain John Reynolds : cap- tain Bush, slain at Naseby, since captain Blackwell. Colonel Rich : major Alford : captain Nevil : captain Ire- ton : captain Dendy, now captain Husbands : captain Bough, now captain Hawys. Colonel sir Robert Pye : major Tomlinson : captain Mar- gery : captain Knight : captain Barry : captain Rawlins. Colonel Whaley : major Bethel, slain before Bristol : cap- tain Swallow, now major : captain Groves : captain Cannon : captain Evanson. Colonel Graves: major Scroop : captainjFlemming, (adjutant general) : captain lord Calfield : captain Bragge : captain Bar- ton. Colonel Ireton, commissary- general: major Sedascue : cap- tain Guilliams, slain at Bristol, since captain Pretty : captain Gibbons : captain Hoskins, slain at Naseby, since captain Ce- cil : captain Bury, now captain Morgan. \ I I 882 Journal of the marches His excellenqfs lifeguard. Captain Doyley, now captain Hall. Dragoons, Colonel Okey : major Moore : captain Farmer : captain Mercer : captain Abbots : captain Farre : captain Bridge : captain Woggan : captain Skirmager ; captain Turpin, since captain Neale. A journal of every day's march of the army under the command of his excellency sir Thomas Fairfax ; unth the names of the toums and villages where the headquarters have been ;jj the distance of miles ; and how many nights the quarters continued in each town or village. 1645. Berkshire. April 30. From Windsor to Beading, 12 miles, i night. May I. To Theale, 4 miles, i night. May a. To Newbury, 11 miles. 2 nights. Wiltshire. May 4. To Andover, 12 miles, i night. May 5. To Salisbury, 15 miles, i night. Dorsetshire. May 6. To Sixpenny Hauley, 10 miles. 1 night. May 7. To Blandford, 7 miles, i night. May 8. To Wichampton, 7 miles, i night. The same day a party marched westward to relieve Taunton. Hampshire. May 9. To Ringwood, 10 miles, i night. May 10. To Rumsey, 14 miles. 2 nights. May 12. To Alresford, 14 miles, i night. May 13. To Whitchurch, 10 miles. 1 night. Berkshire. May 14. To Newbury, 10 miles. 3 nights. May 17. To BlewberrV; 10 miles. 2 nights. Oxon. May 19. To Nuneham, 9 miles, i night. May 20. To Garsington, 2 miles. 2 nights. May 22. To Marston and the siege of Oxford, 4 miles. 14 nights. Buckinghamshire. June 5. To Marsh-Gibbon, 9 miles, i night. June 6. To Great Brickhill, 12 miles, i night. ^ of the army. 888 1645. June 7. To Sherrington, 8 miles. 2 nights. June 9. To Stony Stratford, 4 miles. 2 nights. Northamptonshire, June II. To Wotton, 8 miles, i night. June 12. To Killingbury, 4 miles, i night. June 13. To Guilesbury, 6 miles, i night. June 14. To the battle at Naseby, and from thence to Har- borough, 6 miles, i night Leicestershire. June 15. To Kib worth, to great Glin, 7 miles. 1 night. June 16. To Knighton, and Leicester siege, 6 miles. 2 nights. June 18. To Leicester ij miles. 2 nights. June 20. To Lutterworth, 10 miles, i night. Warwickshire. June 21. To Lillington, 10 J miles, i night. June 22. To Warwick, 2 miles, i night. Gloucestershire. June 23. To Clifford, 7 miles. 1 night. June 24. To Campden, 6 miles, i night. June 25. To Norledge, 14 miles, i night. June 26. To Lechlade, 8 miles, i night. Wiltshire. June 27. To Wambro, 7 miles, i night. June 28. To Marlingbury, 7 miles. 2 nights. June 30. To Ambersbury, 14 miles, i night. July I. To Burchalk, 11 miles, i night. Dorsetshire. July 2. To Blandford, 12 miles, i night. July 3. To Dorchester, 12 miles, i night. July 4. To Beamister, 12 miles, i night. Somersetshire. July 5. To Crookhome, 4 miles. 2 nights. July 7. To Evill, 8 miles, i night. July 8. To Ivolchester, 3 miles. 1 night. July 9. To Long-Sutton, 4 miles, i night. July 10. To the battle at Langport, and to Midlesey, 9 miles. I night. asi Journal of the marches 1645. ^^/ July 1 1. To Weston and Bridgewater siege, 2 miles. 15 nights. July 21. Bridgewater stormed, part taken. July 22. Bridgewater yielded. July 26. To Mareock, 13 miles. 2 nights. July 28. To Wells, 15 miles. 4 nights. ' ' July 30. Bath surrendered. August I. To Queen-Camel, 12 miles, i night. Dorsetshire, August 2. To Sherborne, 4 miles. 1 7 nights. August 15. Sherborne-castle taken. Somersetshire, August 18. To Castle Carey, 8 miles, i night. August 1 9. To Shepton-Mallet, 6 miles, i night. August 20. To Bishop'^s-Chew, 12 miles. 2 nights. August 22. To Canesham, 5 miles. 3 nights. Gloucestershire. August 25. To Stapleton, 4 miles. 1 7 nights. September 10. Bristol stormed^ some of the works and line taken. September 1 1 . To Bristol surrendered, 2 miles. 5 nights. Somersetshire, September 15. Farley-castle surrendered. September 16. To Bath, 10 miles, i night. Wiltshire, September 17. To Trubridge, 7 miles, i night. September 18. To Devizes, 7 miles. 8 nights. September 23. Laicook-house surrendered. Vize-castle surrendered. Gloucestershire, September 26. Berkeley, the castle taken. September 26. To East-Lavington, 4 miles, i night. A party marched towards Winchester and BasiAg-house. September 27. To Warmister, 8 miles. 3 nights. Dorsetshire, September 30. To Shaftesbury, 1 2 miles. 2 nights. October 2. To Middleton, 15 miles, i night. of the army, 335 1645. October 3 To Dorchester, 8 miles, i night. October 4 To Beamister, 1 2 miles. 2 nights. Somersetshire, October 6, To Chard, 8 miles 8 nights. Devonshire. October 14. To Hunniton, 12 miles, i night. October 15. To CoUumpton, 7 miles. 2 nights. October 17. To Tiverton 4^ miles. 3 nights. October 19. The castle of Tiverton taken. October 20. To Silverton, 5 miles. 2 nights. October 22. To Newton-Syer, 5 miles, i night. October 23. To Crediton, 3 miles. 3 nights. October 26. To Silverton, 8 miles, i night. October 27. To Topsham, 8 miles. 5 nights. November i . To Poultimore and Broad Clisse, ^miles. i night. November 2. To Wimple, 3 miles. 2 nights. November 4. To Mary Autre, 3 miles. 32 nights. December 6. To Tiverton, 12 miles, 33 nights. 1646. January 8. To Morton, 20 miles, i night. January 9. To Bovey-Tracy, took 3 or 400 horse, 6 miles, i night. January 10. To Ashburton, 6 miles, i night. January 1 1 . To Totness, 5 miles. 8 nights. January 19. To Dartmouth stormed and taken, 7 miles. 2 nights. January 21. To Totness, 7 miles. 3 nights. January 24. To Newton-Bushel, 7 miles, i night. January 25. To Chidlay, 5 miles. 16 nights. That day Poulderham-castle taken. February 10. To Crediton, 12 miles. 4 nights. February 14. To Chimleigh, 9 miles. 2 nights. February 16. To Stephenston, master Rolls's house, that night faced Torrington, and entered, 8 miles. 8 nights. February 24. To Houls worthy, 10 miles. 1 night. / ■ !■■■ ^ J f I Sd6 Journal of the army* 8 marches y 1646. Cornwall. February 25. To Launceston, 10 miles. 4 nights. March i. To Blisland, 16 miles, i night. March 2. To Bodmin, 4 miles. 5 nights. March 7. To a rendezvous at Lanevet, and back to Bodmin, 6 miles. 2 nights. March 9. To Tregny, 15 miles, i night. March 10. To Truro, 6 miles. 1 1 nights. Goring's army of horse surrendered and disbanded. March 21. To Bodmin, 20 miles. 5 nights. March 26. To Launceston (the general to Plymouth) 20 miles. 2 nights. Devonshire, March 28. To Okeharapton, 15 miles, i night. March 29. To Crediton 14 miles. 2 nights. March 31. To view the siege at Excester, and to Columb- John, 13 miles. 13 nights. April 13. To Excester surrendered, 4 miles. 5 nights. Somersetshire, 'April 18. To Chard, 24 miles. 1 night. Dorsetshire. April 19. To Dorchester, 22 miles, i night. Wiltshire. April 20. To Salisbury, 32 miles. 4 nights. April 25. To Andover, 15 miles. 2 nights, Berkshire. April 27. To Newbury, 13 miles. 3 nights. April 30. To East Hendred, 1 2 miles, i night. Oxon. May I. To Grarsington, 9 miles, i night. May 2. To Heddendon, 3 miles. 53 nights. June 24. To Oxford surrendered, i mile. \i \: -► 'M^IA U^7?^^TTnsTTY "% t T' 1 ^m n COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 0032145284 / c o t O O 4- X i. r* ;■ y ?" «^\ ^?^?t?^ii