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AUTHOR: WETMORE MONROE TITLE: PLAN AND SCOPE OF A VERGIL LEXICON PLACE: NEW HAVEN DA TE : 1904 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative // '-t BIDLIOCRAPHIC MICROFORM TARHFT Restrictions on Use: Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record BKS/PROO Books FUL/BIB NYCG91-B75945 Acaulsition* FIN PN WETMORE AND TW PLAN - Cluster 2 of 4 - Record adSed' toJaJ ID:NYCG91-B75945 CC:9624 BLTzam CPrnyu PC:r MMD: 010 040 RTYP:a ST OCF: CSC L:eng INT: GPC PD:1991/1904 REP DM: P d FRN MOO BIO CPI RR: MS SNR FIC FSI COL EL ATC CON ILC EML NYCG-PT AD:08-22-91 U0:08-22-91 MEI:0 11:0 GEN: BSE: OR: POL 0524234 NNCt:cNNC 100 10 Wetmore, Monroe Nichols, {:dl863- ''' ''ticles'''" '"' '"'' '' ' '^'^'' lexicon^h[inicroforin],^bwith specimen ar 260 New Haven, Conn. ,|:cl904. 128 p.|:c24 cm. Thesis--Yale University. 300 502 600 20 Vergilius Maro, Publius^xOictionaries, indexes, etc LOG QD RLIN 08-22-91 TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA REDUCTION RATIO: IJA^ FILM SIZE:_„35^j2]L IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA OTA^ IB IIB DATE FILMED: ^lSBj^ INITIALS ^^ HLMEDBY: RESEARCH /PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGe'^CT c Association for Information and Image {Management 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 <- ^^^. ^^ Centimeter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiliii 8 9 10 iliiiiliiiil 11 L lMM|mihm|MMJjiMl|my^^ 12 13 14 15 mm Inches TTT I I I I I 1 1.0 1^ 2.8 136 |3.2 »* u. 1.4 15 22 I.I 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.25 5 1 MONUFOCTURED TO PIIM STflNDORDS BY APPLIED IMAGE. INC. The Plan and Scope of a Vergil Lexicon 'tV WITH SPECIMEN ARTICLES BY MONROE NICHOLS WETMORE, Ph.D. A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF:,. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF YALE UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR NEW HAVEN, CONN. 1904 \ /" The Plan and Scope of a Vergil Lexicon WITH SPECIMEN ARTICLES BY MONROE NICHOLS WETMORE, Ph.D, A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF YALE UNIVERSITY IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR NEW HAVEN, CONN. 1904 Contents. Ryder's printing house, new haven, conn. T X J • ^ PAGES 1. Introduction. Causes which lead to the making of special lexicons, 7. 8 2. Tables and dates of publication of certain modern special lexicons in which various methods may be studied, . 8- 9 3. General consideration' of the method, . . . ,.- , 9-28 A. The ms. readings, g_ ,q B. Conjectures, and editions used, 10 C. Spelling, ' *. iQ. II D. Antiquarian and other references, .... n R Works of Vergil included, . \ . [ . .11 F. Nature of entry. Length of quotation, . . .11-12 G. Explanatory additions of the editor, .... 12 H. Proper names, j^ I. Articles on form, pp. 12-13 a. List of all inflectional forms with all references, p. Peculiarities in the way of omission of word-forms, of 'suppletivwesen,' etc. y. Metrical peculiarities, such as position in verse when noteworthy. J. Lists of adjectives and genitives used with nouns, and adverbs used with verbs, j, K. Method of arranging the article. Logical or formal arrangement ? a. Inconveniences of logical arrangement : i. Sub- jectivity; 2. Like pointing a Hebrew text it is a step in interpretation, . . . .13-14 0. Example of logical arrangement of the article ^«^'«^. 14-18 y. Remarks on this, 19-20 8. The formal arrangement of Merguet illustrated by fiuvius, 20-23 c. Remarks on this. Changes proposed in it for the i)resent lexicon, , 23-24 {. The method adopted for this lexicon illustrated by nuvius, 24- 2S 4 Contents PAGES 4. Reasons for selecting the words given in the specimen articles, 29 5 Summary of signs and abbreviations,' 30 6. Specimen articles, 30-128 I. a. A. or Ab, 30-4^ b. Comment on it, 48- 49 c. A logical arrangement of A or Ab S^" 58 d. Comment on it, 58- 63 II. Amnis, 63-70 III. Flumen, 70-80 IV. Rivus, 80-83 V. The Vergil ian use of the words for 'river* : a. Distribution over cases and numbers, ... 83 p. Metrical considerations, 83 VI. Gratnen, . . .84-87 VII. Herba, .87-94 VIII. Gratus, 94-97 IX. Scindere, including proscindere, .... 97- 99 X. Videre, pp. 99-125. Conspectus of distribution of forms, 99-100 XI. Comment on the verbs given, 126-128 Preface. This little book is intended to define the principles in accordance with which I shall work in preparing a complete Lexicon to the Works of Vergil and to illustrate these principles by a number of suitable articles. There are two ends which I shall constantly keep in view until the work is finished : to make the lexicon as nearly perfect as possible from my own resources, and to issue it in its completed form within five years. As time passes between now and the date of publication, I may on my own initiative modify in many respects the plan which is here adopted. I shall certainly welcome, and give the most careful consideration to, all criticisms and suggestions from scholars. Finally, it gives me great pleasure to express here my deep feeling of gratitude to Professor Edward P. Morris, L.H.D., and to Professor Hanns Oertel, Ph.D., for their assistance in per- fecting this plan and for their encouragement in regard to the work which yet remains to be done. M. N. w. Williams College, Williamstown, Mass., November, 1904. ""^ *i The Plan and Scope of a Vergil Lexicon. I. A Lexicon to the Works of Vergil belongs to a class of monographs which is of comparatively recent origin. It was on the 30th of April, 1864, that Ritschl (Wolfflin's Archiv, V., p. 584) wrote to Halm: "Ware ich ein reicher Mann, ich wurde Speziallexica drucken lassen." Soon after this we see that the idea had taken hold on the minds of several scholars. The reason why Ritschl and others about this time began to feel the need of special lexicons is not hard to see. On the one hand, it was then that the modern critical editions of the Latin writers were in progress. A first-rate lexicon to an author gives an editor or critic perfect control over the author's use of words and constructions. Therefore, even if a special lexicon is not an absolute necessity, it is certainly a great help in making an edition, critical or exegetical. Again, the desire for special lexicons was felt by those scholars who were interested in historical syntax, lexicography and semantics. In these lines of work, too, no perfect book can be written until all the Latin writers are provided with lexicons. The first edition of Draeger's great work on historical syntax t "i 'J ' >l I 8 The Plan and Scope I H 11 'I !( was published in 1874. Draeger took as much material as he could from his predecessors and he gathered a great number of examples from his own reading; but how much easier, fuller and more valuable his work would have been if he could have had the advantages of a special lexicon to every Latin author! Also in the case of monographs much work has been done in compiling statistics concerning the uses of words and the con- structions in various Latin authors. All this work would have been rendered more simple if special lexicons had been in existence. 2. Passing over the earlier indexes such as the one to Vergil, which is given in the Valpy reprint of the De'lphin edition, but which a test will show to be very incomplete, it will be useful to review some of the standard special lexicons of our own period. Work on special lexicons to Latin authors begins with H. Merguet^s Lexicon zu den Reden des Cicero, the first fascicle of which was published at Jena in 1873, and the work was com- pleted in 1884. The four volumes contain 3,500 quarto pages. Merguefs Lexicon zu den Schriften Caesar und seiner Fortsetzer was published at Jena in 1886. This was followed the next year by the first volume of the same editor's Lexicon zu den Philosophischen Schriften des Cicero, which was completed by the third volume in 1894. Gerber and Greef's Lexicon Taciteum began to appear in fascicles in 1877 at Leipzig. The last fascicle was issued in the summer of 1903. S. Preuss' Vollstandiges Lexikon zu den pseudocasarianischen Schriftwerken was published at Erlangen in 1884. H. MeuseFs Lexicon Caesarianum appeared at Berlin in 1884-1886. R. Menge and S. Preuss published a Csesar Lexicon at Leipzig in 1885-1886. One volume of a Lexicon Livianum by F. Fugner was issued at Leipzig in 1897, but the publishers now announce that the other volumes of this excellent work will not appear. Segebade and Lommatzsch's Lexicon Petronianum was pub- lished at Leipzig in 1898. ^ In the early eighties Mr. J. H. Onions tried to prepare a Plautus Lexicon, but before he had gone far with his work he found that the text was still in too bad a condition to warrant his continuing. OF A Vergil Lexicon. n The first fascicle of a Lexique de Plaute was published in 1900 under the direction of Prof. J. P. Waltzing of Liege. Since then a second fascicle has appeared. The first fascicle of a Lexicon Plautinum, by Prof. G. Lodge, was published at Leipzig in 1901, and since then two other fascicles have appeared. These special lexicons are referred to here in order to show what has already been done in this line and also for the following reason : It is proposed in this thesis to discuss the methods used in these various lexicons, considering the advantages and dis- advantages of each, and on the basis of such a study to lay down the plan of a special lexicon to Vergil. 3. Leaving aside minor points for which methods may vary according to diflFerent authors indexed, there are some general questions which afifect any lexicon of this kind. These I propose now to discuss. A. First, as to mss. Of the more important lexicons men- tioned above, those by Merguet and by Gerber and Greef rarely give variants, while those by Meusel and by Lodge Readings give practically all the ms. readings. This was a of mss. particularly hard task for Meusel, who complains in his preface of the lack of good critical editions of Caesar. The mss. of no author, either Greek or Latin, are superior to those of Vergil. There are three mss., practicallv complete, which were written not later than the sixth century. There is a wealth of other ms. material, and in general there is a remark- able agreement in the reading of these mss. It is, therefore, always easy to make a readable text of the acknowledged works of Vergil. To give all the ms. readings, therefore, would not be a very difficult task. The following consideration, however, leads me not to load the pages by recording all ms. variants! While Vergil is fortunate in his mss., he is also fortunate in havmg one of the best editions with a critical apparatus yet published for any Latin author. Every scholar who takes any especial interest in Vergil has a copy of Ribbeck's edition of Vergil, containing the critical apparatus, and to repeat in the lexicon all that Ribbeck gives in his footnotes appears a waste of space and time. Still, any one who uses a lexicon has a right to expect that, if there is any uncertainty in the text of the passage quoted, a warning to that eflPect will be given. The method followed will It ii 10 The Plan and Scope therefore be: Ribbeck's text-edition of Vergil (Leipzig, B. G. Teubner, 1895) is made the basis of this lexicon; but, Wherever the best'mss. fail to agree, the discrepancy will be marked with a dagger (obelisk)t. Occasionally, when one good ms. fails to agree with the others, it may possibly become advisable to note this reading in parenthesis < >. In such cases the mss. will, of course, be referred to as in Ribbeck. B. Second, in regard to conjectures. On the admission of conjectures the more important lexicons are divided just as they are on the question of mss. Merguet, and Gerber Conjectures and Greef rarely give conjectures, while Meusel and editions' and Lodge give all that have appeared in any of used. the great editions of their authors. Meusel takes conjectures even from periodical literature. The mass of literature, bearing upon Vergil's works from the days of Verrius Flaccus to our own, is enormous ; the con- jectures of Peerlkamp alone are counted by the hundred. It is clearly impossible to take most of these into consideration. On the other hand, it is much to be desired that a special lexicon should not be confined to a single text, but it should be so arranged that it can.be used with any one of the leading editions. I propose, therefore, to give the variants of the text as found in the latest edition of Ladewig (BerHn, 1891) and Conington (London, Bucolics and Georgics revised by Haverfield in 1898; Aeneid I.-VI. revised by Nettleship in 1884; Aeneid VII.-XIL, 1883) for the greater works of Vergil; Gossrau (Quedlinburg, 1876) for the Aeneid, and Benoist (Paris, 1876-1880) and Thilo (Leipzig, 1886) in addition to Ribbeck for the whole of Vergil, except the Lydia, the Dirae and one or two of the Catalepta, for • which I shall use Ribbeck alone. Most, if not all, other editors in making up their editions follow the text of one of these six great editions. The abbreviations will be as follows: Rb., Ribbeck; Con., Conington; Ld., Ladewig; Ben., Benoist; Th., Thilo; Cos., Gossrau. In such cases the passage will be entered both under the word which is found in the mss. and under the word substituted by the conjecture. C. Spelling, even in Vergil, is a difficult problem. No two of the great editions agree entirely in this matter, though the tendency to follow the mss. is growing. Spelling. The standard works on forms and spellings, Neue- Wagener, Brambach, and Lindsay, also the special works on the spelling of Vergil in the Heyne- Wagner edition of OF A Vergil Lexicon. II Antiquarian and other references. Vergil, vol. V., p. 381 ff., Orthographia Vergiliana, and Ribbeck's article in his prolegg., p. 23 iff., De scriptura codicum antiquissi- morum, are well known and easy of access, so that references to them under any particular word do not seem necessary. It seemed best, therefore, not to give any references on this subject but to adopt the spellings as found in Ribbeck's text-edition, since that is the basis of this lexicon. D. Meusel in his Caesar Lexicon under the word pons gives several references to articles on the bridge buih by Caesar across ' the Rhine. He has many other references of this sort, the result of a careful digest of books and pamphlets and much periodical literature. But after he had begun to publish his work, he became so impressed with the incompleteness of these references that he abandoned the idea in some of the later fasci- cles; although still later he returned to his original plan. It would not be difficult to give many such references on various matters in Vergil, but as hardly any one would think of going to a lexicon for such information as this, and as biblio- graphies and editions would furnish information of this kind with far greater completeness than could be here attained, I shall give no references to such matters. E. The lexicon must, of course, include the Bucolics, the Georgics, and the Aeneid. As to the shorter poems, it did not seem advisable to enter here upon the question Works of Ver- of their authenticity. With the exception of two gil included. or three ( such as the fine little parody of Catullus' fourth poem and the short poem in which he bids the muses a temporary farewell, when about to enter the school of Siron the Epicurean) scholars diflFer greatly. However, since they contain but little more than 1600 verses, the inclusion of them will not greatly increase the size of the lexicon. The ab- breviations are: E., Eclogues; G., Georgics; A., Aeneid; Cu., Culex; Ci., Ciris; Co., Copa; M., Moretum; Ca., Catalepton; D., Dirae; L., Lydia. F. In every instance enough of the context will be given to enable the reader to form a complete and correct idea of the use and meaning of the word. For example, in the case Length of of a verb its meaning and syntax will be shown by quotations, giving as much as is necessary of the clause on which it depends, as well as of the clause in which it stands. In the case of a relative it must be clearly seen to what it refers, \-i'i 12 The Plan and Scope Explanatory additions of the editor. and in the case of a conjunction it must be shown what two things are connected. So in all cases full, rather than meager, quota- tions will be given. But wherever any words in the text are not necessary in order to understand the use of the word under discussion, they will be omitted and such omissions will be indicated by dots. In this matter I shall follow the example of Merguet, Meusel and Lodge, rather than that of Gerber and Greef, whose brevity often compels the reader to refer to the original in order to discover the exact meaning and syntax of a word. G. Occasionally it may seem advisable for the editor to make a slight explanatory addition, in order that the meaning of the passage may be seen without looking up the refer- ence. For example, under ab in A. I. no. tris might not be understood, so I have given the quotation thus: [navis] tris Euriis ab alto in brevia et syrtis urgiiet. All additions of such a nature will be enclosed in square brackets. H. Meusel and Lodge give all proper names, though such articles in MeuseFs lexicon are often little more than indexes. The other editors do not give proper names at all, for Proper the reason that there are already lists of proper names names, for nearly all Latin authors. But a mere index is not sufficient. If the lexicon is to give a true and complete picture of Vergilian usage, it ought to include proper names, because they also play their syntactical part. Therefore, proper names will be treated here like other words. I. Articles on form to show at a glance just what forms of a word are used by the author are given occasionally and very briefly by Fiigner, but Lodge has such an article under Articles every word that occurs often enough to make a para- on form, graph in the lexicon of considerable length. If a word occurs no more than ten or twelve times, it would not be worth while to give an article on form, for one could get the information in a moment from the examples themselves. Such articles do not appear in the other lexicons, except in MeuseFs, where they are given under a few words, for example, ab. To be sure, all the information contained in these articles is to be found in the body of the article, yet the saving of time by these summaries seemed considerable enough to add an article on form to most words. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 13 In this same paragraph, wherever such a thing is necessary, will be a brief mention of any peculiarity, either in declension or otherwise, of a word. For example, "abs does not occur." Again, if it proves, for instance, that Vergil does not use the dative of a certain word, or if he uses one of two or three synonyms only in certain cases while using the others in the other cases, the usage being cleariy marked, this fact will be stated. Also, if it can be shown that in all instances but two or three the poet puts certain forms like gramina, Humine, or iiuniina, in the fifth foot, while amnem and herbas occur in the sixth foot, that fact will be stated. A certain amount of freedom as to what should be and what' should not be inserted here must be granted to the editor. J. Meusel and Lodge regulariy give at the end of the dis- cussion of a substantive of frequent occurrence a list of the ad- jectives and genitives used with this substantive, and Lists of ad- at the end of an article on a verb a list of the adverbs jcctives and modifying this verb. In none of the other important adverbs. lexicons do such articles appear. Although this information, too, could be obtained from the examples themselves, for the greater convenience of the reader this lexicon will give such articles in all instances where the number of examples is large enough to make it worth while. K. We come now to the most important question of all: Shall we arrange the examples according to the logical or the formal method? This is a question of vital im- Method of portance, in comparison with which all others, even arrangement in regard to mss. and conjectures, are secondary. A very suggestive criticism of the logical method is given in the American Journal of Philology, XXIII. (1902) 2, p. 213, by E. W. Fay, in regard to Lodge's Lexicon Plautinum : "It should be borne in mind that classification, how- ever delightful a mental exercise, is but a concession to the inherent mental shortcomings of the human being. Hardly any two will agree where it is necessary to stop in classification." Doubtless Professor Fay had read in Merguet's preface that " . . . die sonst iibliche Gruppirung nach den verschiedenen Bedeutungen eines Wortes nicht nur vielfach mehr oder minder von subjectiver AuflFassung abhangig ist." Similarly Meusel says : H The Plan and Scope *^Sed alia etiam multa in hoc lexico insunt, quae nee mihi probantur et aliis sine dubio displicebunt. Ex his non pauca ita comparata sunt, ut, quoniam in ipsius rei natura posita est dif- ficultas, a nullo ita possint tractari, uti omni vituperatione careant. Nam et dispositio saepe non nihil habet incommodi et multi loci tales sunt, ut iure liceat dubitare, utrum haec an ilia vis ac notio certse cuidam voci tribuenda sit. Haud raro uno duobusve locis adductus voces, quas iam absoluisse mihi videbar, retractavi planeque immutavi, nihilo minus autem mihi ipsi satis facere non potui." The great variety of purposes, also, for which a lexicon article may be consulted may make one scholar's arrangement along logical lines almost useless to another, because the logical method is necessarily subjective. The editor is often obliged to give his own interpretation to the passage and with this not all scholars can agree.^ Like pointing a Hebrew text, it is a step in the interpretation of the passage. In view of these general considerations and the fact that the use of the lexicon for historical grammar and textual criticism is of prime importance, it seemed best to adopt a formal plan of arrangement, so that, as is the case in Merguet's volumes, it may be seen instantly whether a certain word or combination of words or a certain form occur at all, and if so with what frequency. To show how difficult or impossible the logical method of division in Vergil would be, I give at this point the examples of one word arranged according to this method. Fluvius. I. Sing.: A. Propr,, a stream, a river, running water, a. In app,: explorant : haec fontis stagna Numici, hunc Thybrim fluvium, hie fortis habitare Latinos. A. Vn. 151. 'In some instances no scholar can say that he knows the mean- ing of a word. Instances can be cited in Vergil where scholars can- not be sure whether the word is dative or ablative, e.g., misero, A. II. 738, and toro, A. IV. 691. Again, who can tell what kind of an abl, is custode, A. III. 221 ? J. W. Mackail in his essay on Vergil in Eng- lish Verse says : "And alongside of this is the other fact, which must always be the despair of a translator, that Vergil has a greater power than any other poet ever has had of saturating his language with second meanings, as some precious stones are full of under lights." dico : OF A Vergil Lexicon. p, Ob jr. IS turn reges asperque immani corpore Thybris, a quo post Itali fluvium cognomine Thybrim diximus. mno: A. Vin. 331. pontem auderet quia vellere Codes et fluvium vinclis innaret Clcelia ruptis. A. Vin. 651. lenio : Thybris ea fluvium, quam longa est, nocte tumentem l«n"t. A. Vin. 86. peto : Tumus paulatim excedere pugnat et fluvium petere ac partem, quae cingitur undat. A. IX. 790. relinquo : progress! subeunt luco fluviumque relincunt. A. VIII. 125. do: y. Dat,: at Metabus ... dat sese fluvio atque hastam cum virgine victor gramineo donum Triviae de caespite vellitt. proicio: donee vi victus et ipso pondere defecit praedamque ex unguibus ales proiecit fluvio penitusque in nubila fugit. succedo : flectere iter sociis terraeque advertere proras imperat et laetus fluvio succedit opaco. A. XI. 565. A. XII. 256. A. VII. 36. h. Gen.: apparet Camerina procul campique Geloi immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta. A. III. 702. i6 The Plan and Scope c. AbL: huic deus ipse loci fluvio Tiberinus amceno populeas inter senior se attollere frondes visus ... turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis. tantum effata caput glauco contexit amictu multa gemens et se fluvio dea condidit alto. hunct procul errantem rabidse venantis luli commovere canes, fluvio cum forte secundo deflueret ripaque sestus viridante levarett. nulla religio vetuit ... balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri. miratur nemus insuetum fulgentia longe scuta virum fluvio pictasque innare carinas. hunc inter fluvio Tiberinus amceno verticibus rapidis et multa flavos harena in mare prorumpit. f. With prep,: tum demum praeceps saltu sese omnibus armis in fluvium dedit. B. The River God, a. Suhj.: condo : dixit, deinde lacu fluvius se condidit alto ima petens. dico: vid. condo, p. Noni.=voc., or pred. nom.: semper celebrabere donis, comiger hesperidum fluvius regnator aquarum. A. VIII. 31. A. XII. 886. A. VII. 494. G. I. 272. A. VIII. 93. A. VII. 30. A. IX. 816. A. VIII. 66. A. VIII. 77' C. A River in the Lower World. a. Dat,: ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexitt ab unda. ad: OF A Vergil Lexicon. p. With prep.: has omnis, ubi miUe rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeumt ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno. 17 trans : A. VI. 384. A. VI. 749. tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva. A. VI. 415. D. A Stream for Irrigation, ' a. Obj,: deinde satis fluvium inducit rivosque sequentist. G. I. 106. E. Water. a. In app.: [of Proteus] ille suae contra non immemor artis omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum, ignemque horribilemque feram fluviumque liquentem. G. IV. 442. 2. Plur,: A. Propr,: o. Subj,: curro : in f reta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae lustrabunt ... semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. A. I. 607. sentio : tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas. G. I. 136. p, Obj.: amo: dum iuga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, . . . semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. E. V. 76. mno : exactis gravidae cum mensibus errant, non illas gravibus quisquam iuga ducere plaustris, non saltut superaret viam sit passus et acrit carpere prata fuga fluviosque innare rapacis. G. III. 142. il i I i i8 The Plan and Scope tempto: [pullus] primus et ire viam et fluvios temptaret minantist audet et ignoto sese committere pontit, nee vanos horret strepitus. G. III. n^ y, Dat: haec se carminibus promittitt solvere mentes . . . sistere aquam fluviis et vertere sidera retro. A. IV. 489. 8. Gen,: nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro, scis ut te cunctis unam . . . praetulerim. A. XII. 142. proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes cum stabulis armenta tulit. G. I. 482. €. Abl: dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistri perfundunt, udi§que aries in gurgite villis mersatur missusque secundo defluit amni. i. With prep.: G. III. 445- in: fraxinus in silvist pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, populus in fluviis. E. VII. 00. B. Water, a. Obj.: amo: hinc et amant fluvios magis, et magis ubera tendunt et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem. G. III. 396. ministro: [for the stallion] florentisque secant herbas fluviosque ministrant farraque, ne blando nequeatt superesse labori invalidique patrum referant ieiunia nati. prabeo: . post hinc digressus iubeo frondentia capris' arbuta sufficere et fluvios prgebere recentis. G. III. 126. G. III. 301. I OF A Vergil Lexicon. ,^ areT. "f "^''''f "? ^'"'* "^ ^ ^°""d- The meanings are, as a ru e, perfectly clear, for example, in G. I. 272 • nJla shall be said about G. I. io6: deinde satis Auvium inducit rivos- que seguennsff Does fluvius here mean 'a river, 'a rill." st"^ for .rngation,' or simply 'water'? Still more difficult th^ ST what was Vergil's idea of Huvius in the passage desTritoS Proteus' transformations? ille . . . ,ransfornu.t^seseT^r!- U IV. 442. Is It a 'nver,' 'running water,' or 'water'? Agam, m G. III. 396: hinc et amant fluvios magis, et maeis W?1rr 'm '^T%'""" '^"^ "^^^^•' 'the'st;eams,''^ water-? In G. III. 126: Aorentisque secant herbas Auviosaue ZZITJZ'T' :S^^™^^'"^ - -^^-^ that the grass and the Xr M '"' T*^ ?^ '"^ '^' ^'""'^ '" ^^ ^tall, but this does Z Zu^T^ '7^ '^"' '^ '^"*^^' '^ "'^^^'^^ t° ^ <^™d to the stall. The stalhon might equally well be led down to the doubtful m G. III. 301. : iuteo frondentia capris ar^a suMcere et mvtos praehere recentis. w.n ^'?r*- ^"^ "'''f ^""'^ ^•'"''^ ^"^ ^^^"^ this purpose as well. Fluvxus was chosen at random, but probably herha would have shown a greater number of doubtful cases. It is often .mposs.bIe to decide whether herba means 'grass' or 'com,' or weeds, or any kmd of growth' including bushes. So, too, in the case of vrdeor, there are several places where it seems im- possible to determine whether the meaning is 'to seem' or the real passive 'to be seen.' For example, nunc terras ordine longo aut capere aut captas iam respectare videntur. haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur. tum vero omne mihi visum considere in ignis Ilium. hie primum nova lux oculis offulsit et ingens visus ab Aurora caelum transcurrere nimbus Idaeique chori. Therefore, since we find a few cases with indefinite meanings in so many words in Vergil, the inconveniences of a logiil arrangement seem to outweigh its possible advantages, however much some may prefer this system of arrangement in the case of I' A. I. 396. A. I. 494. A. II. 624. A. IX. III. i It] ■ »:i ■ -''I •' 20 The Plan and Scope an author so clear and precise in the use of his words as Caesar, for example. i. r i Having reached this conclusion, namely, to adopt the formal method, for the various reasons given above, it was my intention to follow Merguet's system exactly. So I arranged the examples of nuvius as I thought Merguet would arrange them, as follows : Fluvius, a stream, a river, running water, water. A. Sing.: I. Subject: condo : dixit, deinde lacu fluvius se condidit alto, ima petens. A. VIII. 66. II. After verbs: i. Accus,: a. Ohj,: dico: turn reges asperque immani corpore Thybris, a quo post Itali fluvium cc^omine Thybrim diximus. A. VIII. 331. induco : deinde satis fluvium inducit rivosque sequentis. G. I. 106. mno: \\:' pontem auderet quia vellere Cocles et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis. A. VIII. 651. lenio : Thvbris ea fluvium, quam longa est, nocte tumentem 1 Jit. A. VIII. 86. peto: Tumus paulatim excedere pugna et fluvium petere ac partem, quae cingitur unda. A. IX. 790. relinquo: progressi subeimt luco fluviumque relincunt. A. VIII. 125. p. App.: explorant : haec fontis stagna Numici, hunc Thybrim fluvium, hie fortis habitare Latinos. A. VII. 151. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 21 do: 2. Dat.: at Metabus ... dat sese fluvio atque hastam cum virgine victor gramineo donum Triviae de caespite vellit. A. XL 565. proicio : donee vi victus et ipso pondere defecit praedamque ex unguibus ales proiecit fluvio penitusque in nubila fugit. A. XII. 256. propinquo : • ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant. navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda. succedo: A. VL 384. flectere iter sociis terraeque advertere proras imperat et laetus fluvio succedit opaco. A. VII. 36. ad: 3. With prep.: a. Simply: has omnis, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno. in: A. VI. 749. turn demum praeceps saltu sese omnibus armis in fluvium dedit. a. IX. 816. trans : tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva. A. VI. 415. p. In app.: ille suae contra non immemor artis omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum, ignemque horritilemque feram fluviumque liquentem. G. IV. 442. III. Nom.=voc., or pred. nom.: semper celebrabere dcMiis, comiger hesperidum fluvius regnator aquarum. A. VIIL 77. IV. After subst.: apparet Camerina procul campique Geloi immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta. A. III. 702. 22 The Plan and Scope 1 1 I ,; ir A. VIII. 31. A. XII. 886. A. VII. 494. A. VIII. 93. G. I. 272. A. VII. 30. V. Circumstance: huic deus ipse loci fluvio Tiberinus amoeno populeas inter senior se attollere f rondes visus ... ^ turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis. tantum'effata caput glauco contexit amictu multa gemens et se fluvio dea condidit alto, hunc procul errantem rabidae venantis luli commovere canes, fluvio cum forte secundo dcHueret ripaque sestus viridante levaret. miratur nemus insuetum fulgentia longe scuta virum fluvio pictasque innare carinas, nulla religio vetuit . . . balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri. hunc inter fluvio Tiberinus amceno verticibus rapidis et multa flavos harena in mare prorumpit B. Plur.: I. Subj\: curro : in freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae lustrabunt ... A. I. 607. sentio : tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas. G. I. 136. 11. After verbs: i. Accus.: amo: dum iuga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, . . . semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. E. V. 76. hinc et amant fluvios magis, et magis ubera tendunt et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem. G. III. 396. inno: exactis gravidae cum mensibus errant, non illas gravibus quisquam iuga ducere plaustris, non saltu superare viam sit passus et acri carpere prata fuga fluviosque innare rapacis. ministro : [ for the stallion ] florentisque secant herbas fluviosque ministrant farraque. praebeo : post hinc digressus iubeo f rondentia capris arbuta sufiicere et fluvios prsebere recentis. G. III. 142. G. III. 126. G. III. 301 OF A Vergil Lexicon. ^^^P^o: [pullus] primus et ire viam et fluvios temptare minantis audet et ignoto sese committere ponti, nee vanos horret strepitus. 2. Dat.: haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes . . sistere aquam fluviis et vertere sidera retro. III. After substantives: nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro, scis ut te cunctis unam . . . praetulerim. proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes cum stabulis armenta tulit. IV. Circumstance: i. Ablat: dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistri perfundunt, udisque aries in gurgite villis mersatur missusque secundo defluit amni. 23 G. III. 77. A. IV. 489. A. XII. 142. G. I. 482. G. III. 445. 2. With prep,: fraxinus in silvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, populus in fluviis. ^ yjj ^ This particular word Vergil does not happen to use in the accusative as the subject of an infinitive, but, if he had done so, these examples would have been intermingled with the nomi- native under the heading I. Subf. The heading II. After verbs, with its subheadings i. Accus., 2. Dat,, 3. With prep,, seems confusing and capable of improve- ment. For, if the accusatives of any word do occur both as subject and as object, it becomes necessary to put these accusa- tives under different headings. Again, in some examples the substantive may be used with a preposition modifying the verb, while in other examples the same preposition with the sub-' stantive may not modify the verb at all. Then we should be obliged to look for the examples of the prepositional phrase under different headings. One would hardly think of looking under IV. After subst for the genitives, until he had become accustomed to the system' Then, too, the genitive might be a pred. gen. In that case it 24 The Plan and Scope •'] \\ I- !l Ill would not come under this heading at all and the genitives of the word would be found under different headings. Moreover, some other case might be used after a substantive, for example, pastor ah Amphryso, G. III. 2. This would oblige us to class different cases together in one paragraph. Finally, under V. Umstand (circumstance) the editor is often obliged to class together examples of the simple ablative and also the ablative with a preposition. All these things are of minor importance, however. With a little practice one learns how to find what he wishes without much delay. But it seems probable that a scholar would not care to have the uses of a substantive as a subject, both nomi- native and accusative, intermingled. He would not wish to look under four different headings for the examples of a sanguine, finding them ''After verbs;' ''After subst./' ''After adj./' or "In phrases/' So I propose to arrange the cases of sub- stantives as they are given in the grammars. Then if one wishes to look up the uses of the accusative, for instance, he will find them all together. The examples of the subject accusa- tive, if any occur, will come first. After this the objects and finally the uses with a preposition will be given. Likewise all the ablatives will be together, though arranged under different subheadings. To show how my method of arranging the examples of a substantive differs from the logical method and that of Merguet, I give at this point the article on fluvius as it will appear in the lexicon. Fluvius, a stream, a river, water. (37). L Form: fluvius, A. VIII. 66, 77 ; fluvii, A. III. 702 ; fluvio, A. VI. 384, VII. 36, XI. 565, XII. 256; fluvium, G. I. 106, IV. 442, A. VI. 415, 749, VII. 151, VIII. 86, 125, 331, 651, IX. 790, 816; fluvio, G. I. 272, A. VII. 30, 494, VIII. 31, 93, XII. 886; fluvii, G. I. 136, A. I. 607; fluviorum, G. I. 482, A. XII. 142; floviis, A. IV. 489; fluvios, E. V. 76, G. III. 77^ 126, 142, 301, 396; fluviis, E. VII. 66, G. III. 445- Eel. Geo. Aen. Min. Total N. G. 2 Sing. D. Ac. V. Ab. 2 4 9 4 II I 5 Plu. N. G. D. Ac. V, Ab. I I II 5 « III OF A Vergil Lexicon. 25 II. Metric: Of the 37 examples of iiuviiis 16 form the last half of the third foot and the first half of the fourth, while 13 cases are similarly divided between the second and third feet. This leaves only eight cases, of which one has caused much discussion, viz. : the form Huviorum at the beginning of G. I. 482. III. Usage: A. Sing, I. Norn, a. Subj.: condo: dixit, deinde lacu fluvius se condidit alto. ima petens. dico: vid, condo. p. Nom.:=voc., or pred. nom.: semper celebrabere donis, comiger hesperidum fluvius regnator aquarum. 2. Gen. depend, on noun: apparet Camerina procul campique Geloi immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta. 3. Dot. after verbs: A. VIII. 66. A. VIII. 77. A. III. 702. do: A. XI. 565. A. XII. 256. at Metabus . . . dat sese fluvio atque hastam cum virgine victor gramineo donum Triviae de caespite vellitt. proicio : donee vi victus et ipso pondere defecit praedamque ex unguibus ales proiecit fluvio penitusque in nubila fugit. propinquo : ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant. navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexitt ab unda. , A. VI. 384. succedo: flectere iter sociis terraeque advertere proras imperat et laetus fluvio succedit opaco. A. VII. 36. 4. Ace. a. In app. with subj.: esse : explorant : haec fontis stagna Numici, hunc Thybrim fluvium, hie fortis habitare Latinos. A. vn. 151. n ;^ 1 \$ j^ 26 dico: The Plan and Scope p. Obj.: turn reges asperque immani corpore Thybris, a quo post Itali fluvium cognomine Thybrim diximus. A. VIII. 331. induco : deinde satis fluvium inducit rivosque sequentist. G. I. 106. inno : pontem auderet quia vellere Cocles et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis. A. VIII. 651. lenio : Thybris ea fluvium, quam longa est, nocte tumentem leniit. A. VIII. 86. peto : Tumus paulatim excedere pugnat et fluvium petere ac partem, quae cingitur undat. A. IX. 790. relinquo : progressi subeunt luco fluviumque relincunt. A. VIII. 125. ad: y. With prep,: has omnis, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, Lethaeumt ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno. A. VI. 749. m: tum demum prseceps saltu sese omnibus armis in fluvium dedit. A. IX. 816. trans : tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque informi limo glaucaque exponit in ulva. A. VI. 415. 8. In app.: ille suae contra non immemor artis omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum, ignemque horribilemque feram fluviumque liquentem. G. IV. 442. 5. Ahl: huic deus ipse loci fluvio Tiberinus amoeno populeas inter senior se attollere frondes visus . . . tum sic adfari et curas his demere dictis. A. VIII. 31. OF A Vergil Lexicon. tantum eflFata caput glauco contexit amictu multa gemens et se fluvio dea condidit alto, hunct procul errantem rabidae venantis luli commovere canes, fluvio cum forte secundo deflueret ripaque aestus viridante levarett. miratur nemus insuetum fulgentia longe scuta virum fluvio pictasque innare carinas, nulla religio vetuit . . . balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri. hunc inter fluvio Tiberinus amoeno verticibus rapidis et multa flavos harena in mare prorumpit. 27 A. XII. 886. A. VII. 494. A. VIII. 93. G. I. 272. A. VII. 30. B. Plu, I. Nom, suhj,: curro : in freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae lustrabunt ... semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. sentio : tunc alnos primum fluvii sensere cavatas. A. I. 607. G. I. 136. 2. Gen. depend, on noun: nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro, scis ut te cunctis unam . . . praeetulerim. A. XII. 142. proluit insano contorquens vertice silvas fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes cum stabulis armenta tulit. G. I. 482. 3. Dat: haec se carminibus promittitt solvere mentes . sistere aquam fluviis et vertere sidera retro. A. IV. 489. amo: 4. Ace, obj,: dum iuga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, . . . semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. E. V. 76. I 28 The Plan and Scope hinc et amant fluvios magis, et magis ubera tendunt et salis occultum referunt in lacte saporem. G. III. 396. inno : exactis eravidae cum mensibus errant, non illas gravibus quisquam iuga ducere plaustris, non saltut superaret viam sit passus et acrit carpere prata fuga fluviosque innare rapacis. G. III. 142. ministro : florentisque secant herbas fluviosque ministrant farraque, ne blando nequeatt superesse labori invalidique patrum referant ieiunia nati. praebeo : post hinc digressus iubeo frondentia capris arbuta sufficere et fluvios praebere recentis. tempto: '[pullus] primus et ire viam et fluvios temptaret minantist audet et ignoto sese committere pontit, nee vanos horret strepitus. G. III. ^y. 5. Ahl. a. With verb: dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistri perfundunt, udisque aries in gurgite villis mersatur missusque secundo defluit amni. G. III. 126. G. III. 301. G. III. 445. E. VII. 66. )9. With prep.: fraxinus in silvist pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, populus in fluviis. IV. Modifiers; a. Gen.: hesperidum, A. VIII. 77. p. Adj. (14): altus, A. XII. 886; amoenus, A. VII. 30, VIII. 31 ; comiger, A. VIII. 77; dulcis, G. III. 445; immanis, A. III. 702; Lethaeus, A. VI. 749; liquens, G. IV. 442; minans, G. III. 77; opacus, A. VII. 36; rapax, G. III. 142; recens, G. III. 301; salubris, G. I. 272 ; secundus, A. VII. 494 ; tumens, A. VIII. 86. \ . OF A Vergil Lexicon. 29 Reasons for selectinsr the words given in the specimen articles. 4. To illustrate the principles already laid down and to give an idea of how in other respects the examples will be classified, the following words are given. Under each word all the examples from the works of Vergil and those attributed to him are arranged. The reasons for selecting these words are as follows: All the more important parts of speech must be included among the specimen articles, and ab is believed to be the most difficult preposition from a syntactical point of view. If a satisfactory system of arrangement can be devised for ab, one would hardly expect any difficulty in arranging the examples of the other prepositions. Most of the space allowed for these specimen articles should, of course, be devoted to substantives and verbs, on account of the importance of these two parts of speech. Herba and gramen, amnis, Humen, Hwuius and riviis were chosen because these words form two gfroups of synonyms that probably have examples enough to bring up all the problems one may expect to meet in dealing with substantives, yet the number of examples is not great enough to make treatment here impossible. No difficult question can be raised about the arrangement of the examples of an adjective. An adjective should, however, be given, and gratus illustrates perfectly the method of treating the uses of an adjective, while at the same time it is a word of comparatively rare occurrence. Of the verbs, scindere was chosen not on account of its small number of examples, but because it is a good representative of a large class of verbs in Vergil that take simple constructions. Proscindere is given because it is a compound of the previous verb and also to illustrate the treatment of a word of very rare occurrence. Videre was chosen because it is probably as difficult in the constructions by which it is followed as any verb in Vergil, and also because it has a very large number of examples (296). Few verbs are more frequently used. It was my wish to give alf the synonyms of videre, but they proved to be too numerous and of too frequent occurrence to allow presentation here. I < , 30 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 31 i . I ! 5. F=scheda Vaticanae; G=sched3e Sangallensis rescriptae; M=codex Mediceus; P=codex Palatinus; R=codex Romanus; V=schedae Veronenses rescriptae; y=:codex Summary of signs ^"i™^.,, , ^ ^ .^ x . __ and abbreviations Rb..=:Ribbeck ; Con.=Conington ; Ld— given, or referred Ladewig ; Gos.=Gossrau ; Ben.=Benoist ; to, above. Th.=Thilo. E.=Eclogues; G.=Georgics (this cannot be confused with G.=schedae Sangallensis, because it is used in a different way); A.=:Aeneid; Cu.=:Culex; Ci.=Ciris; Co.= Copa; M.=Moretum; Ca.=Catalepton; D.=Dirae; L.=:Lydia. < > show variants in ms. readings. [ ] enclose explanatory additions of the editor. t shows that some ms. or edition used has a different reading. Other abbrevations, it is believed, will explain themselves. 6. SPECIMEN ARTICLES. A, Ab. Abs does not occur. I. Form: i. a before bS c^ fs, iS l^, m^o, ns, p", q«, s", t'S, 2. ab before a<^, es, h^ i^s, i(cons.)5, 1«, o^, I. A.orAb. r^, s^t3, u^. Eel. Geo. Aen. Min. Total A is found 6 22 60 6 94 Ab is found 20 21 133 II 185 Total 26 43 193 17 279 II. Usage: accessus : portus ab accessu ventorum immotus Let ingens ipse. J A. III. 570. adytum : Ldixerat haec, adytis cum lubricusj anguis ab imis . . . septena volumina traxit. A. V. 84/ Vid, also templum, Aeneas : [luno] vincort ab Aenea. A. VII. 310. aether: a. After verbs and particip.: harum unam celerem demisit ab aethere summo luppiter. A. XII. 853. Liamque rubescebat radiis mare etj aethere ab alto Aurora in roseis fulgebat lutea bigis. A. VII. 25. Ltum cruor ett volsaej labuntur ab aethere plumae. A. XI. 724. deus aethere missus ab alto festinare fugam Ltortosque incidere funis ecce iterum J stimulatt. a. IV. 574. hie pater omnipotens Lintonuit radiisque ardentem lucis et auro ipse manut quatiensj ostendit ab aethere nubem. A. VII. 143. namque inproviso vibratus ab aethere fulgor cum sonitu venit. A. VIII. 524. Lnihil ipsa nee auraej nee sonitus memor aut venientis ab aethere teli. A. XI. 802. p. After combin, af verb and reflex, Lsimul haec effatus J ab alto aethere se misit. A. IX. 644. agger: a. After verbs and particip.: Lcum Laomedontia pubesj gramineo ripae religavit ab aggere classem. vidit ab adverso venientis aggeret Tumus. p. After an adj,: LLyncea tendentemt contra sociosque vocantemj vibranti gladio conixus ab aggere dextert occupat. agmen: conclamat ab agminet Volcenst. altum: a. After verbs and particip,: Lardentes oculi atquej attractus ab alto spiritus. Lhaec ait, etJ Maiat genitum demittitt ab alto, hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto Dardanus Let nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.J namque urget abt alto arboribusque satisque notis Lpecorique sinister.J A. VII. 106. A. XII. 446. A. IX. 769. A. IX. 375. G. III. 505. A. I. 297. A. IV. 661. G. I. 443. ,'.^,tlU^St>fi*kju 32 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 33 I 1 it ; I' J i! ii iji'l ill ! i [navis] tris Eurus ab alto in brevia et syrtis urguet. A. I. no. p. After combin. of subst, and verb: Lcunctatur et amnis rauca sonansj revocatque pedem Tiberinus ab alto. A. IX. 125. y. After subst,: Linsula portum efficitt obiectu laterum, J quibus omnis ab alto frangitur Linque sinus scindit sesej unda Lreductos.J A. I. 160. amnis: ett quaet virgineo libata Acheloist ab amne liliat vimineist attulit in calathis. Co. 15. Amphrysus : Lte quoque, magna Pales, et te memorande canemusj pastor ab Amphryso, Lvos, silvae amnesque LycaeiJ ^ G. III. 2. annus : o. After adj. pronoun: alter ab undecimo tum me iam acceperatt annust. E. VIII. 39. p. After subst,: Ltu quoque nunc stares immanis truncus in armisj esset par aetas et idem si robur ab annis, Tume. A. XI. 174. y. In phrases: Ltu modo, quos in spem statues summittere gentisj praecipuum iam inde a teneris impende laborem. G. III. 74. pauper in arma pater primis hue misit ab annis. A. II. 87. tua cemere facta adsuescat primis et te miretur ab annis. A. VIII. 517. Laudite o mentibus acquis, Aeneadae,J neve haec nostris spectentur ab annis, quae ferimus. A.. IX. 235. ara: Lobvius J ambustum torrem Corynaeus ab ara corripit. A. XII. 298. Argos : LHerculis Antoren comitem, quij missus ab Argis Lhaeserat Euandro atque Itala consederatt urbe. J A. X. 779. A. VII. 286. A. X. 46. A. XII. 844. Lecce autem Inachiis J sese referebat ab Argis saeva lovis coniunx. arma: Lper eversae, genitor, fumantiat Troiae excidia obtestor,J liceat dimittere ab armis incolumem Ascanium. Lhis actis aliud genitor secum ipse volutatj lutumamque parat f ratris dimittere ab armis. Arpi : Latque iterum in Teucros AetolisJ surgitt ab Arpis Tydides. a ^ ^o arx : ^' ^' ^^' Laocoont ardens summa decurrit ab arce. A. II 41 ut belli signum Laurenti Tumus ab arce extulit. A \TjTj A . A. VIII. I. Ascanms : fecerat Ignipotenst, illic genus omne futurae stirpis ab Ascanio Lpugnataque in ordine bella.J astrum : ^' ^"^^ ^^9- Lcum levis aetheriisj delapsus Somnus ab astris Laera dimovit tenebrosum.J auris: ecce aliud summa telum librabat ab auret. Aurora : Let ingensj visus ab Aurora caelum transcurrere nimbus. ^^"^ • Lventosque secabat maternoj veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles. Belus : implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnis a Belo soliti. A I 7-? caelum: ' ' ^^^' LquamvisJ solus avem caelo deiecit ab alto. A. V. 542. Lhoct tuncj Ignipotens caelo descendit ab alto. A. VIII. 423 hie pater omnipotens ter caelo clarus ab alto intonuit. * tt-tt Limperio lovis hue venio, qui classibus ignem depulit etj caelo tandem miseratus ab alto est A V y^y caput : ^^' nam capite at summo regis (mirabile dictu) Candida caesariet frondebantt tempora laurot, Latt roseus medio surgebat vertice crinis.J ' Ci. 120. A. V. 838. A. IX. 417. A. IX. III. A. IV. 258. ;:t ,'^ M il'i'i i n 34 The Plan and Scope cardo: a tt O/-* Llimina pemimpitj postisque a cardine vellit. A. 11. 480. carina: . . iam sibi turn at curvis male temperat unda cannis. G. I. 360. cervix i marmorea caput a cervice revolsum . \ Hebrus volveret. G. IV. 523. Chaon: . . a ttt Chaoniamque omnem Troiano a Chaone dixit. A. 111. 335. Chaos : Clymene aquet Chao densos divom ntimerabat amores. G. IV. 347- crimen : Laccipe nunc Danaum insidias, etj crimine ab uno disce omnis. culmeh : ruit alto a culmine Troia. Ldivom inclementia, divom, has evertit opesj sternitque a culmine Troiam. cura : Alcestis ab omni inviolata vacatt cura, Lquodt saeva mariti in Chalcodoniist Admetit turat moratat est.J A. II. 65. A. II. 290. A. II. 603. Cu. 262. vitamque ab omni vindicabimust cura. Ca. V. (VII.) 10. ego: E. II. 43. G. I. 249. iam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat. aut redit a nobis Aurora diemque reducit. equus : dereotumque ab equot dextra complectitur hostem. A. XI. 743. LCamilla occurrit J portisque ab equo regina sub ipsis desiluit. A- ^^- 499- Euander : namque ut ab Euandro castris ingressus Etruscis regem adit. ^- ^- ^^S. femur: ocius ensem Aeneas, Lviso Tyrrheni sanguine laetus,J eripit a femine. -^- ^- 7°^* OF A Vergil Lexicon. 35 A. III. 533. fluctus : portus ab euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum. flumen : Lecce ruit magnisquej urbem terroribus implet, instructos acie Tiberino a flumine Teucros Tyrrhenamque manum totis descendere campis. I T-. I A. XI. 449. Liityre,J pascentes a flumine reice capellas. E. Ill q6 fons: . . y»-». Lhuc ager ille malusj dulcesque a fontibus undse ad plenum calcentur. n u ^a-, f rater: ^.11.243. ulta virum poenas inimico at fratre recepi. A IV 6«;6 frigus: ' • • Lhuct mihi, dum tenerasj defendo a frigore myrtos. E. VII. 6. gurges : aut ad terram gurgite ab alto quam multae glomerantur aves. a. VI. 310 Lnec quisquam aeratas acies ex agmine tanto • misceri putet, aeriam sedj gurgite ab alto urgueri volucrumt raucarum ad litorat nubem. hasta: A. VII. 704. turn summa ipsius ab hasta defringit ferrum. A. XI. 747. Hector: Lei mihi qualis erat,J quantum mutatus ab illo Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli. A. II 274 herba: • • z^- Lcolor est et pluribus unus, nee totus viridis, quia lacteat frustat repugnantt, nee de lacte nitens, quiaj tot variatur abt herbis! M. 106 Hister: coniurato descendens Dacus ab Histro. G II 407 hostis: '^y/' Lnumina nulla premunt, J mortali urgemur ab hoste mortales. a y ^^^ humus: • A.X.375. sequaevomtque ab humo miserans attollit amicum. A. V. 452. I 36 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 37 HI ! A. III. 24. A. V. 428. M. 27. A. XII. 412. A. V. 254. G. I. 234. E. IX. 15. E. I. 18. E. V. 49. access! viridemaue ab humo convellere silvam conatus. ictus : abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu. tunsat ceres silicum rapido decurritt ab ictu. Ida: hie Venus dictamiiumt genetrix Cretaea carpitt ab Ida. quern praepes ab Ida sublimem pedibus rapuit lovis armiger uncis. ignis : quinque tenent cselum zonae : quarum una corusco semper sole rubens et torrida semper ab igni. ilex: ante sinistra cava monuisset ab ilice cornix. (saepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice comix). [Ben. ; not in Rb. or any early ms.] ille: a. After adj. pfonoun: Lfortunate puer, J tu nunc eris alter ab illo. p. After verbs: monte sub aerio, qui nunc Misenus ab illo dicitur. Ltotus etj ille dies et qui nascenturt ab illo Lexactum ad mensemj pluvia ventisque carebunt. G. I. 434- et nati natorum et qui nascenturt ab illis. A. III. 98. imum: , . cuperemt cum vertere ab imo structa meis manibus periuraet moenia Troiae. A. V. 810. Indi : discurrit . . . usquet coloratis amnis devexus ab Indis. G. IV. 293. inguen : Lhic demum, hippomanes vero quod nomme dicunt pastoresj lentum destillat ab inguine virus. G. III. 281. integrum: ., ^ F TV c magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo. £-. i v . 5- ipse: . A VT « Lipsum obtestemurj veniamque oremus ab ipso. A. XI. 3S». Lipsat iugist namque Ida potenst feritatistj abt ipsa Idat faces altrix cupidist praebebat alumnist. Cu. 311. is: A. VI. 234. laurus erat . . . quam ... ipse ferebatur Phoebo sacrasse Latinus Laurentisque ab ea nomen posuisse colonis. lulus : lulius, a magno demissum nomen lulo. iugnlum : contra ille repugnans sustinet a iugulo dextram. A. VII. 63. A. I. 288. A. XL 750. luppiter: a. After par ticip,: stabunt et Parii lapides, spirantia signa, Assaraci proles demissaeque ab love gentis nomina LTrosque parens et Troiaet Cynthius auctor.J , . G. III. 35. Lnunc etiam J interpres divom love missus ab ipso . . . celeris mandata per auras ^letulit. A. IV. 356. Lnunc et J love missus ab ipso interpres divom fert horrida iussa per auras. A. IV. 377. p. After combin, of verb and subst.: quid memorem Alciden ? et mit genus ab love summo. A. VI. 123. ab love principium musae : Llovis omnia plena. J E. III. 60. ab love principium generis, Llove Dardana pubes gaudet avo.J a. VII. 219. y. After subst,: Italiam quaero patriamt et genus ab love summo. A. I. 380. lac : neque ego Alcippen nect Phyllida habebam, depulsos a lacte domi quae clauderet agnost. E. VII. 15. ^acrima: quis talia fando ... temperet a lacrimis? A II 8 limen: Lnec non etJ gemini custodes limine ab alto praeceduntt Lgressumque canes comitantur erilem. J A. VIII. 461. cum te restitui superis letit iam liminet ab ipso? Cu. 224, 38 The Plan and Scope E. I. S3- A. V. 43. A. III. 639. limes : hinc tibi, quae semper, vicino ab limite saepes . ssepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro. litus: a. After verbs and particip.: socios in coetum litore ab omni advocat Aeneas. Lgemino dimittuntt bracchia muro turriti scopulij refugitque abt litore templum. A. III. 536. labitur interea resolutat abt litore classis. Ci. 459. Vid, populus, A. VIII. 686. /8. After subst,: addam . . . Let duo rapta manu diverso ex hoste tropaeaj bisque triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes. G. III. 33. y. After combin. of subst, and verb: Lfugite atquej abt litore funem rumpite. lumen : hie iuvenem in latebris aversum at lumine nympha collocat. G. IV. 423. Lycia: • et Clarus et Thaemont Lycia comitantur ab altat. A. X. 126. malus: nodos et vincula linea rupit, quis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto. A. V. 511. columbam, Lquo tendant ferrumj malo suspendit ab alto. A. V. 489. [manus :] Ltum lateri atque umeris Tegeaeumt subligat ensem, J demissa ab laeva pantheraet terga retorquens. A. VIII. 460. mater : Lmulti etiamt excretost J prohibent a matribus haedos. G. III. 398. mensis : terrae pingue solum primis extemplo a mensibus anni fortes invortant tauri. G. I. 64. mentum : Loptuma torvae forma bovis, cui turpe caput, cui plurima cervix, etj crurum tenus a mento palearia pendent. G. III. 53. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 39 A. IX. 35. Ci. 517. A. IV. 375. A. V. 476. A. II. 375. A. I. 525. Cu. 302. A. II. 613. moenia : cum sese a moenibus heros LPriamides multisj Helenus LcomitantibusJ adfert. A. III. 345. moles : primus ab adversa conclamat mole Caicus. mors: infelix virgo nequiquam at morte recepta Lincultum solis in rupibus exigit aevum. J socios a morte reduxi. cognoscite, Teucri, . . . et qua servetis revocatum a morte Dareta. navis : vos celsis nunc primum a navibus itis ? Loramus :J prohibe infandos a navibus ignis. referens a navibus ignis Argolicis Phrygios torva feritatet repulsost. sociumque furens a navibus agmen ferro accincta vocat. nomen : (mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine Memmi). A. V. 117. occasus : * quantus ab occasu veniens pluvialibus haedist verberat imber humum. A. IX. 668. Oeta: et piger auratat procedit Vesper ab Oetat. Cu. 203. et gelidat venientemt ignemt quatiebat abt Oetat. Ci. 350. Olympus : primus ab aetherio venit Satumus Olympo. A. VIII. 319. ora: generos externis adfore ab oris, ' hoc Latio restare canunt. A. VII. 270. Lille etiamj patriis agmen ciet Ocnust ab oris. A. X. 198. quae manus interea Tuscis comitetur ab oris A^^f^^- A. X. 164. qualis hyperboreis aquilo cum densus ab oris incubuit. • G. III. 196. primus init bellum Tyrrhenis asper ab oris contemptort divom Mezentius. , A. VII. 647. 40 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon, 41 A. VII. 152. arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris Lltaliam fato profugus LaviniatqueJ venit litorat. A. I. J. Lsed vos qui tandemj quibus autt venistis ab oris, Lquove tenetis iterpj A. I. 369. quibus Hector ab oris expectate venis? A. II. 282. ordo: ilia manent immota locis neque ab ordine cedunt. A. III. 447. turn satus Anchisa delectos ordine ab omni centum oratores angusta ad mcenia regis ire iubet. origo : a. After verbs and particip,: Lmox tanien ardentis accingar dicere pugnas Cxsaris et nomen f ama tot ferre per annos, J Tithoni prima quott abest ab origine Caesar. series longissima rerum per tot ducta viros antiquat ab origine gentis. Lo dea,J si prima repetens ab origine pergam. p. After substr. vestibulo astabant, aliique ab origine reges LMartiaquet ob patriam pugnando volnerat passi.J A. VII. 181. y. In phrases: , nee singula morbi corpora corripiunt, sed Ltota aestiva repente, spemque gregemque simulj cunctamque ab origine gentem. G. III. 473- Limmo age, etj a prima, die, hospes, origine nobis insidias' inquit *Danaum casusque tuorum.' A. I. 753. altius omnem expediam prima repetens ab origine famam. G. IV. 286. OS G. III. 48. A. I. 642. A. I. 372. totoque ardentis ab ore scintillae absistuntt, Loculis micat acribus ignis.J A. XII. loi. Lea vox audita laborum prima tulit finem,J primamque loquentis ab ore eripuit pater. • A. VII. 118. Llliacosque iterum demens audire labores exposcitj pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore. A. IV. 79. E. I. 8. ovile : illius aram saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus. Pachynus : lovis coniunx . . . classemque ex athere longe Dardaniam Siculo prospexit ab usque Pachyno. A. VII 280 Pallas : * ^^* Arcades hist oris, genus at Pallante profectum, ... delegere locum Let posuere in montibus urbem.J A VIII ::i patria : . ' ^ ' tu procul a patria L(nec sitt mihi credere tantum) Alpinas a ! dura nives et J frigora Rheni me sine sola vides. E X ii6 pauper: interdum locuples a paupere plurat petebatt. M 6«; pectus : * "^^ Ltum vero ingentem J gemitum dat pectore ab imo. A. I. 485. funditque preces rex pectore ab imo. Lquaerenti talibus ille suspiransj imoque trahens a pectore vocem. pestis : Lrestinctust donee vapor omnis et omnesj quattuor amissis servatae a peste carinae. populus : Lhinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis,J victor ab Auroraet populis et litore rubro, Aegyptum Lviresque Orientis et ultima secum BactraJ vehit. portus: Lquare agite et primo laeti cum lumine solis quae loca, quive habeant homines, ubi moenia gentis, vestigemus etJ a portu diversa petamus. A. VII. 132 praesaepe: ignavom fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent. G. IV. 168. ignavom fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent. A I 4^«; proavus : * * quoit genus a proavis ingens clarumque patemae nomen erat virtutis. a. XII. 225. pulvis : ceu pulvere ab alto quomt venit et sicco terram spuit ore viator ^"^"^- G. IV. 96. A. VI. 55. A. I. 371. A. V. 699. A. VIII. 686. 'U* 42 The Plan and Scope puppis : ^ ;r 4. segnemque MenoetenT . . . in mare prsecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta. A. V. 175. ipse gubernator puppi Palinunis ab alta Lheu ! quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi?* J A. V. 12. tumt pater Aeneas puppi sic faturt ab alta. A. VIII. 115. prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis. A. III. 130. prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis. A. V. ^^^, qui : a. A^ter verbs: turn reges asperque immani corpore Thybris, a quo post Itali fluvium cognomine Thybrim diximus. A. VIII. 331. Lagmen agens Clausus magnique ipse agminis instar J Claudia nunc at quo diffunditur et tribus et genst per Latium. A. VII. 708. p. After combin, of subst and verb: hinc Dardanus ortus lasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum. A. III. 168. Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen, LCentauro invehitur magna. J A. V. 1 21. radix : quse gravidam late segetem ab radicibus imis sublimem expulsamt eruerent. G. I. 319- teneram ab radice ferens . . . cupressum. G. I. 20. pullulat ab radice aliis densissima silva, ut cerasis ulmisque. G. II. 17 ' LaccessitJ telumque alta ab radice revellit. A. XII. 787. rex ; Lalia arma Latinis quaerenda autj pacem Troiano abt rege petendumt. A. XI. 230. rupes : Lvitam . . . inter deserta ferarum lustra domosque traho, J vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas prospicio. ^' ^^^* "47' sacellum : ut herbae aspert autt rubust a meo sintt remota sacello. Ca. III.* 8. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 43 sanguis: «. After verbs: sic genus amborum scindit se sanguine ab uno. A. VIII. 142. progeniem sed enim Troiano a sanguine duci ^^^^^^^- A. I. 19. p. After subst.: Lsed fore qui gravidam imperiis belloque frementem Italiam regeret J genus alto at sanguine Teucri Dardanidae magni, genus alto at sanguine divom*. A. V. 45. Dfeiphobet armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucri. A. VI. 500. y. After combin, of verb and subst,: Lcerte hinc Romanos olim volventibus annisj hinc fore duc^ores revocato a sanguine Teucri, Lqui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent,J pollicitu'st. Lsunt et Siculis regionibus urbes armatque,J Troianoque a sanguine clarus Acestes. A. I. 550. S. After adj. pron.: Lquorum alter Acaman,J alter ab Arcadiot Tegeseaet sanguine gentis. saxum : quam facile accipiter saxo sacer ales ab alto consequitur pinnis sublimem in nube columbam. A. I. 235. A. V. 299. A. XL 721. ^^^^^ • a. After verbs and particip.: luctificam Allecto dirarum ab sede dearumt infemisque ciet tenebris. a. VII. 324 ecce autem Boreas angustat ab sede Pelori missus adest a. III. 687. Lrespice ad haec : J adsum dirarum ab sede sororum, Lbella manu letumque gero. J - A Yll aca Lhinc illum,J Corythi Tyrrhena ab sede profectum* Laurea nunc solio stellantis regia caeli r^^V . . A. VIL 209. hunc ilium fatis externa ab sede profectum portendi generum Lparibusque in regna vocari auspiciis.J * ittt A. VII. 255. 44 The Plan and Scope transferet. p. After combin, of verb and subst,: regnumque ab sede Lavini A. I. 270. y. After combin, of verbs and adj,: Neptunus . . . Lfundamenta quatitj totamque at sedibus urbem emit. A. II. 611. Lincubuere mari,J totumque a sedibus imis una Eurusque Notusque ruunt Lcreberque procellis Africus.J semen : absenti Aeneae currum geminosque iugalis semine ab atherio, spirantist naribus ignem. socius : pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque confixi a scKiis. A. I. 84. A. VII. 281. A. II. 429. A. XI. 301. solium : a. After verbs: Lpraefatus divosj solio rex infit ab alto. Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla petivit ipsius a solio regis, traxitque trementem. A. VI. 396. p. After combin, of verb and reflex,: Lhsec ubi dicta dedit,J solio se tollit ab alto. A. VIII. 541. ' specula: a. After subst.: utque leo, specula cum vidit ab alta stare procul campis meditantem in proelia taurum, advolat. A. X. 454. p. After combin, of verb and subst.: dat signum specula Misenus ab alta Laere cavo.J stabulum : absint et picti squalentia terga lacerti pinguibus a stabulis. quattuor a stabulis prsestanti corpore tauros V avertit. Laut matrit multis balatibusj agnum Martius a stabulis rapuit lupus, nee vero a stabulis pluvia inpendente recedunt longius. G. IV. 191. A. III. 239. G. IV. 14. A. VIII. 207. A. IX. 566. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 45 s^^^ps • a. After verb and particip, : nee non et sterilis quae stirpibus exit ab imis, hoc faciatt. q h 53 seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum at stirpe volebat. A. I. 626, p. After subst,: Lqui sanguine nostrum nomen in astra ferantj quorumque at stirpe nepotes omnia sub pedibus . . . videbunt. A. VII. 99. y. After adj,: durum at stirpe genus natos ad flumina primum deferimus. 8. In phrases: huic at stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo, binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso. hoc ubi, non a stirpe valent caesaeque reverti possunt. 'Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum prima tulit tellus, eadem vos ubere laeto accipiet reduces.' quodque at stirpe fores geminis coniunctus Atridis. , , A. VIII. 130. templum : ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervse. A. II. 404. Tenedos: a. After subst,: ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta . . . angues incumbunt pelago. p. After verb: et iam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat a Tenedo. tergum : stivatque, quae currust a tergo torqueat imos. saepe etiam Stellas . . . videbis praecipites caelo labi, noctisque per umbram flammarum longos a tergo albescere tractus. numquam . . . inpacatost a tergo horrebis Hiberos. G. III. 408. A. IX. 603. G. I. 171. G. II. 312. A. III. 94. A. II. 203. A. II. 255. G. I. 174. G. I. 367. K ' i86. A. IX. 455- 697. 322. A. XII. 292. 46 The Plan and Scope hos tota armenta secuntur a tergo, Let longum per vallis pascitur agmen. J A. I. limen erat caecaeque fores . . . postesque relicti a tergo. A. II. Lregina in mediis patriot vocat agrtiina sistroj necdum etiam geminos a tergo respicit anguis. A. VIII. tu, ne qua manus se attollere nobis a tergo possit, custodi et consule longe. ruit ille recedenst et misert oppositis a tergo involvitur aris Lin caput inque umeros.J terra: a. After combin, of verb and subst,: non ilia quisquam me nocte per altum ire neque at moveat . convellere funem. G. I. 457. p. Modifying substantive to be supplied: iam fragilis poteram abt terrat contingeret ramos. E. VIII. 40. torus : inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto. A. II. 2. trabs : et nodum informis leti trabe nectit ab alta. A. XII. 603. Troia: Phrygiique penates, quos mecum abt Troiat Lmediisque ex ignibus urbisj extuleram. A. III. I49- quos simul abt Troia ventosa per sequora vectos obruit auster. A. VI. 335. tu: a te principium, tibi desinam

. E. VIII. 11. tumulus : sistit et Arruntem tumulo speculatur ab alto. A. XI. 853. turbo : fulminibust veluti fragor est at turbinet niset tegminibust telisquet supert . . . Cu. 318. uber: atque haec iam primo depulsus ab ubere matris audeatt. G. III. 187. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 47 infantumque animae flentes, in limine primo quos dulcis vitaet exsortist et ab ubere raptos abstulit atra dies Let funere mersit acerbo.J A. VI. 428. cervos erat ... Tyrrhidaet pueri quern matris ab ubere raptum ""^"b^t. A. VII. 484. ulmus : nee gemere aeria cessabit turtur ab ulmo. E. I. 58. umbra: tum pater omnipotens, aliquem indignatus ab umbris * mortalem infemis ad limina surgere vitae, Lipse repertorem medicinae ... J . . . Stygias detrusit ad undast. A. VII. 770. unda: a. After particip.: Lcoram, quem quaeritisj adsum Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. p. After subst, to be supplied: vix lumine quarto prospexi Italiam summa sublimis ab unda. A. I. 596. A. VI. 357. y. After subst.: navita quos iam inde utt Stygia prospexitt ab unda Lper taciturn nemus ire.J A. VI. 385. 8. After combin. of verb and subst,: Nereist ab undat • signat dabatt. Cu. 345. €. After combin, of verb and reflex,: quo fessus ab undis se recipit. g. IV. 403. urbs: a. After verbs and particip,: ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. E. VIII, 68, 72, y6, 79, 84, 90, 94, 100, 104. via prima salutis, Lquod minime reris J Graia pandetur ab urbe. A. VI. 97. quisve ruit tantus diversa clamor ab urbe? A. XII. 621. Lparcite,J ab urbe venit, Liam parcite, carmina,J Daphnist. E. VIII. 109. ^8 The Plan and Scope p. After cambin, of verb and subst. Lecce super maesti magnaj Diomedis ab urbe legati responsa ferunt. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 49 A. XL 226. y. After adj.: nee tarn aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe. A. I. 568. ventus: iubeo . . . et stabula a ventis hibemo opponere soli ad medium conversa diem. G. IIL 302. Lhunc angustique imbrice tecti parietibusque premunt artis et quattuorj addunt, quattuor a ventis obliqua luce fenestras. G. IV. 298. vertex : Lceu duo nubigenae cum J vertice montis ab alto . descenduntt centauri. unam . . . [navem] ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus in puppim ferit. praesertim si tempestas a vertice silvis incubuit. tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice pendent. ille ictum venientem a vertice velox praevidit. vesper : et vespere ab atrot consurgunt venti. volnus : inter quas Phoenissa recens a volnere Dido errabat. A. VIL 674. A. I. 114. G. IL 310. A. XL 577- A. V. 444. A. V. 19. A. VL 540. The article on the form of a, or ab, is given very briefly, the number of times the preposition occurs before words beginning with the various letters of the alphabet being expressed by a superior figure. The only dis- advantage in this is that I cannot show here those places where the form of the preposition is doubt- ful, or where it is uncertain whether Vergil used any preposition or not. It will be seen that I differ from Merguet's plan in some particulars. The most important deviation is the arrangement b. Comment on the formal arrangement. here of the prepositional combinations according to the 'dependent* word rather than according to the verb by which the preposition is 'governed.' The examples are in the alphabetical order of the principal words in the phrases. In case there is but one example, or in case all the examples are used in the same way, whether after verbs and participles, after substantives, or in phrases, I have not thought it necessary to give any heading ; but wherever the phrases are used in different ways, I have arranged the examples under their proper headings. There is a great advantage, it seems to me, in having all instances of a certain phrase together, and if one cared for such information as that emphasized by Merguet's method of arrangement, he can get it without much diffculty. This combines fairly well the advantages of both systems and avoids the logical arrangement of Raum, Zeit, Grenze, I fear that in the printed lexicon the length of the quotation will have to be cut down, and I have indicated in this specimen article by heavy L-brackets (L J) the parts which may be omitted in the lexicon. In A. VII. 310, vincor ab Aenea, I can see no reason for a longer quotation. The sense is complete and the meaning of ab is clear. It is not necessary in the lexicon to show that Juno is speaking. On the other hand, if G. I. 234 were given in this way : torrida semper ab igni, it would be necessary to look up the quotation in the original to discover the meaning of the passage and the use of ab. So I shall give two verses here, making the sense complete. But this does not mean that the whole of these two verses must be given for every other word in them. For example, the quotation for quinque would be simply quinque tenent caeli^m zonae. The same four words would illustrate caelum, and the second semper requires only una [zona] torrida semper ab ignu Finally, if the examples are short, they will be printed as prose and placed together in a solid paragraph. However, the attempt will be made in case the quotations are long, as they must often be for substantives and verbs, to give each word its metrical position in the verse even in the printed lexicon, as far as it can be done without great waste. But it is obvious that this is impossible in the case of many words, such as prepositions. 50 The Plan and Scope I. Living beings: A. Proper names of persons: A logical arrangement of A or Ab. a. After verbs and particip. of real motion: amnis devexus ab Indis.— G. IV. 293. ab Euandro castris ingressus Etruscis regem adit. A. X. 148. visus ab Aurora cselum transcurrere nimbus. — A. IX. iii. p. After verbs and particip, of metaphorical motion: aque Chao densos divom numerabat amores. — G. IV. 347. demissseque ab love gentis nomina.— G. III. 35- a magno demis- sum nomen lulo.— A. I. 288. mutatus ab illo Hectore.— A. II. 274. genus a Pallante profectum.— A. VIII. 51. y. After verb and subst. of beginning: ab love principium [est] mus?e.— E. III. 60. ab love princi- pium generis [est].— A. VII. 219. 8. After verb of naming: Chaoniamque omnem Trioano a Chaone dixit. — A. III. 325. €. After verb and subst. of origin: mi genus [est] ab love. — A. VI. 123. f. After subst. denoting origin: quaero patriam et genus ab love. — A. I. 380. genus omne futurae stirpis ab Ascanio. — A. VIII. 629. Yj. With passive verb or particip., denoting agent: love missus ab ipso.— A. IV. 356. love missus ab ipso.— A. IV. 377. vincor ab Aenea. — A. VII. 310. 6. After adj. denoting a series: omnes a Belo soliti. — A. I. 730. B. Pronouns referring to persons : a. With verbs of real motion — active: a me illos abducere.— E. II. 43. redit a nobis Aurora.— G. I. 249. p. After verbs of origin: a. Idea of origin being perfectly clear: Claudia nunc a quo diffunditur et tribus et gens per Latium. —A. VII. 708. qui nascentur ab illo.— G. I. 434. qui nascentur ab illis.— A. III. 98. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 51 b. Idea of origin in verb not so clear: veniam . . . oremus ab ipso.— A. XI. 358. ab ipsa Ida faces . . . praebebat alumnis. — Cu. 311. y. After verb and subst. of beginning: genus [est] a quo principe nostrum.— A. III. 168. a te prin- cipium [est].— E. VIII. II. 8. After expression of naming: monte ... qui nunc Misenus ab illo dicitur.— A. VI. 234. a quo post Itali fluvium cognomine Thybrim diximus.— A. VIII. 331. ab ea nomen posuisse colonis. — A. VII. 63. domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen. — A. V. 121. c. After adj. denoting series: ens alter ab illo. — E. V. 49. C. Common nouns signifying living beings: a. After verbs and particip. of real motion — active: veniens ab avo. — A. IV. 258. ^. After verbs of implied motion — active: pacem Troiano ab rege petendum.— A. XI. 230. a paupere plura petebat.— M. 65. poenas inimico a fratre recepi.— A. IV. 656. victor ab Aurorae populis . . . Aegyptum viresque Orien- tis et ultima secum Bactra vehit. — A. VIII. 686. y. After verb of protection: prohibent a matribus haedos. — G. III. 398. h. After verb and subst. of origin: quoi genus a proavis . . . erat.— A. XII. 225 . €. After passive verb, denoting agent: confixi a sociis.— A. II. 429. urgemur ab hoste.— A. X. 375. 2. Personifications: With passive verbs, particip, or adj., denoting agent: portus ab euroo fluctu curvatus.— A. III. 533. libata Achelois abamnelilia. — Co. 15. zonae : quarum una . . . torrida semper ab igni. — G. I. 234. variatur ab herbis. — M. 106. 52 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 53 ti' 3. Place nouns : A. Geographical proper names : a. After verbs and particip. of real motion: descendens Dacus ab Histro.--G. II. 497- Argiva phalanx . . navibus ibat a Tenedo.— A. 11. 255. procedit Vesper ab Oeta — Cu. 203. surgit ab Arpis Tydides.— A. X. 28. ab aetherio venit Satumus Olympc— A. VIII. 319. venientem ignem quatiebat ab Oeta.— Ci. 350. p. After verbs of implied motion — active: dictamnum . . . carpit ab Ida.— A. XII. 412. Lycia comi- tantur ab alta.— A. X. 126. quos mecum ab Troia . . . ex- tuleram.— A. III. 149- q^em . . . ab Ida . . . rapuit lovis armiger.— A. V. 254. sese ref erebat ab Argis.- A . VII . 286 . y. After verbs of implied motion — passive: missus ab Argis.— A. X. 779. quos . . . ab Troia . . . per sequora vectos. — A. VI. 335. • 8. After siibst.: a Tenedo . . . angties incumbunt pelago.— A. II. 203. pastor ab Amphryso. — G. III. 2. €. Adnominal quaMer of subst. expressed: lovis coniunx . . . prospexit ab usque Pachyno.— A. VII. 289. B. Common nouns: a. After verbs of real motion — active: sese a moenibus heros . . . adfert.— A. III. 345- vespere ab atro consurgunt venti.— A. V. 19. decurrit ab arce.— A, II. 41. vertice montis ab alto descendunt.— A. VII. 674. caelo descendit ab alto.— A. VIII. 423. a flumine . . . descendere. A. XL 449. ab equo regina . . . desiluit— A. XI. 499. destillat ab inguine virus.— G. III. 281 . ducite ab urbe domum. — E. VIII. 68&C. a navibus itis?— A. II. 375- i«i^ bellum . . . ab oris . . . Mezentius.— A. VII. 647. labuntur ab aethere pluma.— A. XI. 724. custodes limine ab alto praecedunt. —A. VIII. 461. Tyrrhena ab sede profectum.— A. VII. 209. ab sede profectum.— A. VII. 255. a stabulis . . . recedunt. — G. IV. 191. ab undis se recipit.— G. IV. 403. refugit . . ab litore templum— A. III. 536. surgens a puppi ventus.— A. III. 130. .surgens a puppi ventus.— A. V. yyy. ab umbris mortalem infernis ad lumina surgere vitae. — A. VII. 770. urget ab alto arboribus . . . notus. — G. I. 443. gurgite ab alto urgueri volucrum ... ad litora nubem.— A. VII. 704. [navis] tris Eurus ab alto in brevia . . . urguet.— A. I. no. ab urbe venit.— E. VIII. 109. Troiae . . ab oris Italiam . . . venit. — A. I. I. quibus . . . venistis ab oris? — A. I. 369. quibus Hector ab oris . . . venis?— A. II. 282. ictum venientem a vertice velox praevidit.— A. V. 444 . ab aethere f ulgor cum sonitu venit. — A. VIII. 524. ab occasu veniens . . . verberat imber humum. — A. IX. 668. nee sonitus memor aut venientis ab aethere teli. — A. XI. 802. vidit ab adverso venientis aggere — A XII. 446. fi. After verbs and particip. of real motion, passive-— result of motion: delapsus Somnus ab astris.— A. V. 838. dereptum . . ab equo.— A. XI. 743. depulsus ab ubere matris.— G. III. 187. ab ubere raptos.— A. VI. 428. matris ab ubere raptum.— A. VII. 484. a navibus ignis . . . repulsos. — Cu. 302. y. After verbs of implied motion — active: quattuor a stabulis praestanti corpore tauros avertit. — ^A. VIII. 207. socios . . . litore ab omni advocat Aeneas. — A. V. 43. ab humo . . . attollit amicum. — A. V. 452. Allecto dirarum ab sede dearum . . . ciet.— A. VII. 324. agmen ciet Ocnus ab oris. — A. X. 198. manus . . . comitetur ab oris Aenean. — A. X. 164. a terra moveat convellere funem. — G. I. 457. ab humo convellere silvam.— A. III. 24. torrem . . . ab ara cor- ripit. — A. XII.. 298. avem caelo deiecit ab alto. — A. V. 542. genitum demittit ab alto.— A. I. 297. demisit ab aethere . . . luppiter.— A. XII. 853. Menoeten ... in mare . . . puppi deturbat ab alta. — A. V. 175. ea vox . . . primamque loquentis aboreeripuitpater.—A. VII. 118. ensem . . . eripit a femine. — A. X. 788. totam ... a sedibus urbem eruit. — A. II. 611. a vertice pontus in puppim ferit. — A. I. 114. ab urbe legati re- sponsa ferunt.— A. XL 226. gurgite ab alto . . . glomerantur aves.— A. VI, 310. tempestas a vertice silvis incubuit.— G. II. 310. aquilo . . . ab oris incubuit.— G. III. 196. ab alto aethere se misit.— A. IX. 644. custodem in vincla petivit ipsius a solio regis, traxitque trementem.— A. VI. 396. a portu diversa $4 The Plan and Scope Br petamus.— A. VII. 132. agnum Martius a stabulis rapuit lupus. —A. IX. 566. a flumine reice.— E. III. 96. te restitui . . . leti iam lumine ab ipso.— Cu. 224. telumque alta ab radice revellit.— A. XII. 787. revocat . . pedem Tiberinus ab alto. —A. IX. 125. ab litore funem rumpite.— A. III. 639. totum . . a sedibus imis . . . ruunt.— A. I. 84. ruit alto a culmine Troia. — A. II. 290. ruit . . . diversa clamor ab urbe.— A. XII. 621. sternit ... a culmine Troiam.— A. II. 603. solio se tollit ab alto.— A. VIII. 541. imo . . . trahens a pectore vocem.— A. I. 371. trahebatur ... a templo Cassandra ady- tisque Minervse.- A. II. 404. adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis . . . volumina traxit.— A. V. 84. a solio regis traxit. —A. VI. 396. regnum . . . ab sede Lavini transferet — A. I. 270. postis ... a cardine vellit.— A. II. 480. vertere ab imo . . . moenia Troise.— A. V. 810. a navibus agmen . . . vocat. — A. II. 613. 8. After verbs of implied motion — passive: attractus ab alto spiritus.— G. III. 505 • demissa ab Iseva pantherse terga.— A. VIII. 460. ereptus ab undis.— A. I. 596. segetem ab radicibus imis sublimem expulsam eruerent. — G. I. 319. Boreas . . . ab sede Pelori missus adest. — A. III. 687. deus sethere missus ab alto.— A. IV. 574 . caput a cervice revol- sum. — G. IV. 523. €. After verbs of tnetaphorical motion: ab ore scintillse absistunt.— A. XII. loi . ab . . conclamat mole Caicus.— A. IX. 35. conclamat ab agmine.— A. IX. 375. puppi Palinurus ab alta [dixit].— A. V. 12. gemitum dat pectore ab imo.— A. I. 485. dat signum specula Misenus ab alta.— A. III. 239. Nereis ab unda signa dabat.— Cu. 345. belli signum . . . Turnus ab arce extulit.— A. VIII. i. Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.— A. VIII. 115. capite a summo regis . . . fron- debant tempora. — Ci. 120. aethere ab alto Aurora . . . fulge- bat. — A. VII. 25. fundit . . preces rex pectore ab imo. — A. VI. 55. gemere . . . ab ulmo.— E. I. 58. hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto. — A. IV. 661 . solio rex infit ab alto. — A. XL 301 . pater omnipotens ter cselo clarus ab alto intonuit. — A. VII. 141. monuisset ab ilice cornix. — E. IX. 15. toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto — A. II. 2. pater omnipotens . . osten- dit ab aethere nubem. — A. VII. 143. (praedixit ab ilice comix. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 55 — E. 1. 18). pullulat ab radice . . . silva, ut cerasis ulmisque. — G. II. 17. f. After verbs containing compound idea of rest and motion: absint ... a stabulis. — G. IV. 14. generos . . . adfore ab oris. — A. VII. 270. adsum dirarum ab sede sororum. — A. VII. 454. teneram ab radice ferens . . . cupressum.— G. I. 20. telum librabat ab aure.— A. IX. 417. nodum . . . leti trabenectitabalta.— A. XII. 603. via prima salutis . . . Graia pandetur ab urbe.— A. VI. 97. a mento palearia pendent.— G. III. 53. pendetque . . . narrantis ab ore.— A, IV. 79. malo pendebat ab alto.— A. V. 511. tigridis exuviae per dorsum a vertice pendent.— A. XL 577. religavit ab aggere classem.— A. VII. 106. asper aut rubus a meo sint remota sacello. — Ca. IIL* 8. malo suspendit ab alto. — ^A. V. 489. 17. After particip. denoting release: resoluta ab litore classis. — Ci. 459. 0. After verbs denoting protection: fucos ... a praesepibus arcent. — G. IV. 168. fucos . . . a praesepibus arcent.— A. 1. 435 . prohibe ... a navibus ignis. — A. 1. 525. sustinet a iugulo dextram. — ^A. XL 750. t. Adnominal qualifier of subst. : a. expressed: ab ovilibus imbuet agnus. — E. 1. 8. saxo sacer ales ab alto consequitur pinnis sublimem in nube columbam. — A. XL 721. hie dea se . . . sistit et Arruntem tumulo speculatur ab alto. —A. XL 853. utque leo, specula cum vidit ab alta.— A. X. 454. addam . . . triumphatas utroque ab litore gentes.— G. III. 33. navita quos . . . Stygia prospexit ab unda— A. VI. 385 . hinc tibi, quae semper, vicino ab limite saepes . . . saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro.— E. I. 53. a fontibus undae . . . cal- centur.— G. 11. 243 . quibus omnis ab alto frangitur . . . unda. — A. 1. 160. b. not expressed: caelo . . . miseratus ab alto est.— A. V. y2y, ab rupe Cyclopas prospicio.— A. III. 647. poteram ab terra contingere ramos.— E. VIII. 40. prospexi Italiam summa sublimis ab unda. -A. VI. 357. 56 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 57 f.' I' K. After adj. of place: aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe. — A. I. 568 conixus ab aggere dexter occupat. — A. IX. 769. gladio X. After adverb of place: procul a patria . . . frigora Rheni . . . vides. — E. X. 46. 4. Time nouns: a, Ab=' starting with' : pater primis hue misit ab annis. — A. II. 87. primis et te mire- tur ab annis. — A. VIII. 517. neve hsec nostris spectentur ab annis, quae ferimus.— A. IX. 235. primis extemplo a mensibus anni . . . invortant tauri. — G. I. 64. p. AdnominaJ qualifier: esset par setas et idem si robur ab annis. — A. XI. 174. 5. Other common nouns: a. After verbs and particip. of real motion: abduxere . . . capita ardua ab ictu. — A. V. 428. neque ab ordine cedunt. — A. III. 447. tunsa ceres silicum rapido decurrit ab ictu — M. 2y. ab hasta defringit ferrum. — A. XI. 747. stirpi- bus exit ab imis. — G. II. 53. socios a morte reduxi. — A. IV. 375. pulvere ab alto quom venit . . . viator. — G. IV. 96. fi. After verbs and particip. denoting residt of motion — passive motion: aversum a lumine. — G. IV. 423. stabula a ventis ... ad medium conversa diem. — G. III. 302. satus Anchisa delectos ordine ab omni . . . oratores ... ire iubet. — ^A. VII. 152. depulsos a lacte . . . agnos. — E. VII. 15. virgo . . . a morte recepta. — Ci. 517. y. After verbs of implied motion : liceat dimittere ab armis . . Ascanium. — A. X. 46. lutur- nam . . . parat fratris dimittere ab armis. — A. XII. 844. fragor est a turbine. — Cu. 318. revocatum a morte Dareta. — A. V. 476. genus amborum scindit se sanguine ab uno. — A. VIII. 142. 8. After verbs and particip. of metaphorical motion: a prima, die, hospes, origine nobis insidias . . . Danaum. — A. I. 753. crimine ab uno disce omnis. — A. II. 65. progeniem . . . Troiano a sanguine duci. — A. I. 19. series . . . rerum per tot ducta viros antiqua ab origine gentis. — A. I. 642. genus a quo nomine Memmi [est].— A. V. 117. hinc fore ductores revocato a sanguine Teucri. — A. I. 235. Troiano . . [est] a sanguine clarus Acestes. — A. I. 550. seque ortum . . . Teucro- rum a stirpe volebat. — A. I. 626. genus alto a sanguine Teucri proderet.— A. IV. 2.^0. repetens ab origine famam.— G. IV. 286. repetens ab origine pergam. — A. I. 372. €. After verbs containing compound idea of rest and motion: Tithoni prima quot abest ab origine Caesar. — G. III. 48. f. After verbs signifying 'refrain from': a curvis male temperat unda carinis. — G. I. 360. temperet a lacrimis? — A. II. 8. rj. After verbs denoting protection: defendo a frigore myrtos. — E. VII. 6. 6. After verbs and particip. signifying 'protected': portus ab accessu ventorum immotus. — A. III. 570. servatae a peste carinae.— A. V. 699. Alcestis ab omni inviolata vacat cura. — Cu. 262. vitam . . . ab omni vindicabimus cura. — Ca. V. (VII.) 10. I. After verb of origin: ab integro saeculorum nascitur ordo. — E. IV. 5. K. After subst. denoting origin: genus alto a sanguine divom.— A. V. 45. genus alto a san- guine Teucri. — A. VI. 500. X. After subst.: iugalis semine ab aetherio [iubet duci].— A. VII. 281. a stirpe nepotes.— A. VII. 99 . vestibulo astabant, aliique ab origine reges —A. VII. 181. 58 The Plan and Scope 1 :t I W: i^;i fl. After adj. denoting series: alter ab Arcadio . . . sanguine. — A. V. 299. alter ab un- decimo turn me iam acceperat annus. — E. VIII. 39. durum a stirpe genus natos ad flumina . . . deferimus. — A. IX. 603. recens a volnere Dido errabat. — A. VI. 450. 6. In phrases: Corripiunt . . . cunctamque ab origine gentem. — G. III. 473. iam inde a teneris impende laborem. — G. III. 74. currus a tergo torqueat— G. I. 174. a tergo albescere tractus. — G. I. 367. a tergo horrebis Hiberos. — G. III. 408. armenta secuntur a tergo. —A. I. 186. postes . . . relicti a tergo.— A. II. 455. a tergo respicit anguis. — A. VIII. 697. manus se attollere nobis a tergo possit. — A. IX. 322. oppositis a tergo involvitur aris. — A. XII. 292. huic a stirpe pedes temo protentus in octo. — G. I. 171- ^ stirpe valent. — G. II. 312. a stirpe parentum prima tulit tellus. — A. III. 94. a stirpe fores geminis coniunctus Atridis. — A. VIII. 130. addunt, quattuor a ventis obliqua luce fenestras. — G. IV. 298. This article and the accompanying chart attempt not simply to g^ve a logical arrangement of a or ab, but more than that, to show just what there is in the sentence which leads Comment on ^"^ *^ assign this or that meaning to the word. I the logical intended to bring out here more strongly than is arrangement, usually done the importance which attaches to the noun of the phrase in the determination of the semantic force of the preposition. To discover how important the noun in the phrase is, let us look, for example, at all the examples of mittere in the passive in this article. love missus ab ipso, A. IV. 356 ; love missus ah ipso, A. IV. 377; missus ab Argis, A. X. 779; Boreas . . , ab sede Pelori missus adest, A. III. 687 ; deus aethere missus ab alto, A. IV. 574. A glance at these shows us that, if the substantive in the phrase is the name of a person, ab denotes the agent; but if it is a place noun, ab means "from," "away from," or "down from" in the case of aethere, because this means "the sky." A little change in this last example might have substituted love for aethere, and this would have changed the meaning of ab from "down from" to "by." Again, in urgemur ab hoste, A. X. 375, haste refers to persons, so ab denotes agent ; but in gurgite ab alto urgueri volucrum . . . OF A Vergil Lexicon. 59 ad litora nubem, A. VII. 704, the same verb is used and in the passive, but gurgite shows that ab means "from." Add to this the great number of time phrases, like ab annis and of phrases like a stirpe and a tergo where the verb has nothing to do with the meaning, and we see clearly that the substantive ought to be considered in our arrangement. Therefore, I first divided the examples according to the substantives in the phrases, and then within these divisions I arranged the examples according to the verbs, substantives, or adjectives upon which the phrases depend. In regard to most of the subdivisions given above it is un- necessary to speak at length. The heading "After verbs of real motion" is found in all the logical lexicons in the form "suspensiim ex verbis movendi." It may be remarked in passing that in Vergil's mind refugit, in refugit ab litore templum, A. III. 536, was probably just as much a verb of motion as if some other word were its subject. It really seemed to Aeneas and his men that the temple receded, moved back, from the shore as they approached. The heading "Time nouns" corresponds to that in the logical lexicons ''de tempore," while the heading "In phrases" corresponds to ''absolute positum, in formidis quibusdam quae locum quo significant/' Here, of course, they must regard the noun of the phrase, for there is no verb that affects the con- struction. Also, the heading "After verbs denoting protection" calls for no extended comment. For example, a word of defending is naturally followed by a or ab meaning "from," as in E. VII. 6, defendo a frigore myrtos. As we have a great class of verbs denoting active motion, so there is another smaller class of verbs of real motion which express passive motion, that is, the result of motion. Cf . Delbriick on perfektische Aktionsart in his Vergleich. Syntax, II., p. 177. In depulsus ab ubere matris, G. III. 187, depulsus shows clearly that the colt has been separated from its dam. Again, in delapsus Somnus ab astris, A. V. 838, the god of sleep has just reached the side of Palinurus, "having glided down from the stars." The motion is over and the end of the journey reached, i.e,, the result of motion is clearlv expressed. A few examples will justify the heading "After verbs of implied motion." In A. V. 43, socios litore ab omni advocat » .Hi 6o The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 6i Bit U., I' •;. Aeneas, advocat could hardly be called a verb of motion, but in meaning it really differs little from *'he leads*' his men to the place of assembly. This impHes that "he goes" followed by his men, so advocat may be said to imply motion. Much the same meaning is expressed by ciet in agmen ciet Ocnus ah oris, A. X. 198. "Ocnus rouses a band from his native shores" means, of course, that "he leads" them to the war, and implies motion. Demittere, for example, is not a motion verb of itself, but it clearly implies motion. Vid, A. I. 297, genitum demittit ah alto. Much like this is reicere in a Hiimine reice, E. III. 96. Moreover, "to draw one's voice deep from his breast" implies motion on the part of the voice or the air which produces the sound. Vid, imo trahens a pectore vocem, A. I. 371. Est is cer- tainly not often a verb of motion, but in the sentence frag or est a turhine, Cu. 318, being reinforced by fragor, "there is a crash, a noise," est seems not to differ much from venit. Vid. A. VIII. 524, ah aetfvere fulgor cum sonitu venit. So est may here be said to imply motion. In A. IV. 656, poenas inimico a fratre recepi, of course the Latin point of view is not the same as the English, but Dido speaks of "taking punishment from her brother." "To take" implies motion. With this cf. restitui in Cu. 224, restitui leti limine ah ipso, "I restored them," "I took them back," which is much the same as "I led them back." This in turn suggests a comparison with A. IV. 375, socios a morte reduxi, and we see that, so far as the idea of motion is concerned, recepi, restitui and reduxi differ little. Therefore, recepi belongs to this class. This class is also well illustrated by the two following ex- amples : Lycia comitantur ah alt a, A. X. 126, and manus comi- tctur ah oris Aenean, A. X. 164, for "to accompany" means "to go along with." Two other good examples are : pacem Troiano ah rege petendum, A. XI. 230, and custodem in vincla petivit ipsius a solio regis, traxitque trementem, A. VI. 396. Clearly in Vergil's mind petere was at least a verb of implied motion, for it is here followed not only by a solio but by in vincla. Any verb that can be followed by in vincla, the ace, must denote motion, or miply motion. Then, too, traxit is followed by a solio just as clearly as petivit is and traxit undoubtedly implies motion. More- over, "to seek" is equivalent "to go in search of." In the examples given under the heading "After verbs of metaphorical motion," we can hardly say that there is any real motion. Many of the examples are like this : ah conclamat mole Caicus, A. IX. 35, "he shouts down from," where the only motion takes place in the sound waves, but this is certainly a kind of motion. Other similar examples are the following: Nereis ah unda sigm dahat, Cu. 345, and Aeneas pup pi sic fatur ab alta, A. VIII. 115. So, too, "going back to the beginning and telHng the story from that point" expresses some sort of motion: repetens ah origine per gam, A. I. 372. Finally, in A. I. 235, hinc fore ductores revocato a sanguine, ''fore ductores/' "there would he leaders" means that "leaders would come/' but "to come" followed by a sanguine can denote motion only in a figurative sense. Therefore, "metaphorical motion" seems to apply very well to these examples, though all of them might have been classed in some other way. The classification "After verbs containing a compound idea of rest and motion" is well illustrated by absint terga lacerti pinguihiis a stahiilis, G. IV. 14, "let all lizards be far away from the bee-hives." The lizards are to be driven to a distance (mo- tion) and then kept there (rest). The ordinary logical classi- fication is simpler than this, making a special paragraph for **esse" and another for ''ahesse" A second example in which the idea is very similar to the one above is Ca. III.* 8, asper aut rtibus a meo sint remota sacello. In teneram ah radice ferens cupressum, G. I. 20, ferre with ah radice seems also to express both ideas of rest and motion. That ah radice can be used after a verb implying motion is seen in G. I. 319, segetem ah radicihus expulsam. Finally, in a mento palearia pendent, G. III. 53, "the dewlaps hang down from the chin," there seems to be some idea of motion in pendere, "to hang down," "to drop down," and also an idea of rest is certainly prominent. That pendere does contain an idea of motion we can see by comparing A. VIII. 460, demissa ah laeva pantherae terga. Pendet a is practically equivalent to demissa est a. Under slightly different names all the lexicons have the classi- fications "Adnominal qualifier of a substantive," "After adjectives" and "After adverbs." In the adnominal qualifiers of a substan- tive, I have distinguished between those cases in which the sub- stantive is expressed and those in which it is not. In case the ^vi m :t-lJ%^t 62 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 63 I'i m ''• ■ ■'•! II' '■' substantive is expressed, the Latin construction resembles the Greek 6 c/cct dvrjp. For instance, in ab ovilihus imbuet agnus, E. L 8, the verb has, of course, no power to produce an a, but the meaning is ''a lamb from my folds/' So, too, a fottibus imdae calcentur means "water from the springs," G. IL 243. The "Adnominal qualifier of a substantive understood" re- sembles the Greek expression 6 «€?• [avrjp]. In ab rupe Cyclopas prospicio, A. IIL 647, the meaning is '7 fro7n a cliff," "from my position on the cliff." That is, ab rupe modifies the unexpressed subject of prospicio. Achemenides is hiding behind the rocks while the Cyclopes are tending their flocks in the plain below. A different modification is shown by de in E. L 76, pendere procul de rape videbo, where Meliboeus speaks of himself as lying in a green cave and watching his goats as they hang from a bushy crag. Another good example of this class is poteram ab terra contingere ramos, E. VIIL 40, *7 from the ground was hardly able to reach the boughs." Ab terra cannot go with any verb or noun expressed, but it must modify the subject of posse. A very good short essay on ab in Vergil is given by Wagner in the fourth volume of the Heyne-Wagner edition, page 387. I quote the first twelve lines: ''Ab ante consonas apud VirgiUum non legitur, nisi quum ea Praepositio locum et originem indicat idemque valet, quod Grsecum airo, Numquam autem Passivis ab lungitur ita, ut sit oiro. Quare erret, qui Aen. II, 429. ex Burm. Exc. edendum statuat : "Confixi ab sociis." Sed ne tum quidem, quum ilia Praepositio Graecse aTro vim sustinet, semper abs scribitur ; requirit enim ea non solum certas quasdam consonas, sed etiam vocabula. Itaque non solet ab ante alias consonas apud Virgilium scribi, quam ante I, L, R, S et T, neque ante alia vocabula, quam hsec, quae appositurus sum: love Eel. Ill, 60. G. Ill, 35. Aen. I, 380. VI, 123; litore G. Ill, 33. Aen. Ill, 536, hoc quidem loco Medic, a. m. sec, ibid. 639. XII, 787." In conclusion I would say that in this article I have ex- perienced all the difficulty described by Meusel in his preface, which is quoted above on page 14. After working for several days on the classification and arrangement of the examples, I seemed to have them arranged in a fairly satisfactory way. After putting them aside for one day, I returned to them and I found it necessary, as I saw the matter then, to make many changes. I was now pretty well satisfied that the verbs were properly classified. Then for nearly four weeks I was unable to look at the cards or to think about them. At the end of that time I took up the cards again, and again I was compelled to change the positions of many examples. Finally, after writing out the article I felt obliged to make a few more changes. The arrangement given above represents my opinion as to the classification at present ; but, if I ever have occasion to revise the article, I am confident that I shall feel obliged to change a good many examples from "real motion" to "implied motion," or from "metaphorical motion" to "adnominal qualifier of a sub- stantive expressed." Two quotations from Delbruck on classification are pertinent here. On p. 151 of his Vergleich. Syntax, II., he says: "Die erste lasst sich dahin zusammenfassen, dass man oft nicht sagen kann, ob eine Praposition in der Zusammensetzung noch etwas von ihrer ursprunglichen raumlichen Bedeutung bewahrt, oder ob sie bereits vollig zu einem Zeichen der Perfektivierung der Hand- lung geworden ist." Again, in the discussion of Mourek's classi- fication of the Gothic verbal compounds with ga- on p. 159 he says : "Natiirlich kann man an dieser Eintheilung, wie an alien Eintheilungen, etwas aussetzen, namentlich auch die Frage auf- werfen, ob nicht unter den angefiihrten Belegen manche sind, die besser schon als perfektivisch bezeichnet werden. Ich gehe in- dessen darauf nicht ein, weil nach dem was oben S. I47ff. bei lat. com bemerkt worden ist eine Entscheidung nach objektiven Kri- tcrien nicht moglich ist." The chart, with the principal words in the prepositional phrases arranged on the left and the words on which the phrases depend classified at the top, is intended to show at a glance just where the substantives in the phrases and the verbs, substantives, ad- jectives, or adverbs on which the phrases depend cross. There- fore, it will show at a glance the meaning of ab in each particular phrase. A figure on the chart indicates how many times the two words cross. Amnis, a stream, a river, the current, {62), I. Form: amnis, G. I. 115, III. 522, IV. 293, 373, A. IL 496, VI. 550, 659, VII. 465, 516, 701, VIII. 64, 240, IX. 124, XL 405; amnis, G. IV. 319, A. VII. 728!, X. 199, 806; amni, A. IL Amnis. XL 316; amnem, E. V. 25, G. I. 141, IIL Z7y IV. 362, A. IIL 694, VI. 318, 374, 705, VII. 792, VIIL 58, 204, 236, 597, IX. 245, XL 562, XII. 417; amni, G. I. 203, IIL 447, A. i'< %. 64 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 6s 'I qi'l B I'j if '■ ir- VIII. 473, 549, IX. 4^f, 79ot, XI. 457 (amne), Cu. 240!, Co. 15 (amne) ; amnes, G. I. 479, H. 187, 485, HI. 428, 554, A. IV. 164, V 807 XII 524, Cu. 278t, 28it, D. 69; amnibus, A. VIII. 71; amnis, G. IV. 233, A. V. 634t, VI. 671, XI. 298; amnes, G. III. 2; amnibus, A. IX. 30. N. G. Eel. Geo. Aen. Min. Total 4 10 14 I 3 Sing. D. Ac. I 3 I 12 V. Ab. N. • Plu. G. D. Ac. V. Ab. I 3 16 2 5 5 3 I 2 3 9 II I 4 I I II. Metric: In 24 instances amnis is found in various parts of the verse, while it forms the sixth foot 38 times. In every place where amnis stands in the sixth foot, metrical considerations would prevent the use of £umen or rivus. III. Usage: A. Sing, I. Norn. a. Subj.: ambio: respicit Aeneas : subito et sub rupe sinistra moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro, quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, Tartareus Phlegethon. audio : audiit et Triviae longe lacus, audiitt amnis sulpurea Nar albus aqua fontesque Velini. cunctor : obstipuere animist Rutulit, conterritus ipse turbatist Messapus equis, cunctatur et amnis rauca sonans revocatque pedem Tiberinus ab alto. A. VI. 550. A. VII. 516. A. IX. 124. discurro : quaque pharetratae vicinia Persidis urguet, et viridem Aegyptum nigra f ecundat harena, et diversa mens septem discurrit in orat usquet coloratis amnis devexus ab Indis, omnis in hact certamt regio iacitt arte salutem. effluo : spectabat et gemina auratus taurino comua voltu Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta in mare purpureum violentior effluit amnis. G. IV. 293. G. IV. 373. G. I. 115. exeo : praesertim incertis si mensibus amnis abundans exit. non sic, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis exit oppositasque evicit gurgite moles. A. II. 496. exubero : furit intus aquait fumidus atque alte spumis exuberat amnis, nee iam se capit unda, volat vapor ater ad auras. f -^ u A. VII. 465. luro : via, extibero. f ugio : nunc et Myrmidonum proceres Phyrgia arma tremescunt, . . . amnis et Hadriacas retro fugit Aufidus undas. A. XI. 405. peto: nont umbrae altorum nemorum, non mollia possunt prata movere animum, non qui per saxa volutus purior electro campum petit amnis. G. III. 522. refluo : inde repente impulit, impulsu quo maximus intonatt aether, dissultant ripae refluitque exterritus amnis. A. VIII. 240. sono: ceu quondam nivei liquida inter flumina

cycni, cum sese e pastu referunt et longa canoros dant per colla modos, sonat amnis et Asia longe pulsa palus. a. VII. 701. volvo : conspicit ecce alios . inter odoratum lauri nemus, unde superne plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis. A. VI. 659. fi. In app.: ego sum, pleno quem flumine cemis . . . caeruleus Thybris, caelo gratissimus amnis. A. VIII. 64. 2. Gen. a. Depend, on noun: pastor Aristaeus fugiens Peneia Tempe amissis, ut fama, apibus morboque fameque tristis ad extremi sacrumt caput adstitit amnis multa querens atque hac adfatus voce parentem. G. IV. 319. 66 The Plan and Scope i"f rU it[^ h'!: 11 i Itii'i III p ill ille etiam patriis agmen ciet Ocnus ab oris, fatidicse Mantus et Tusci filius amnis. ac velut effusa siquando grandine nimbi prsecipitant . . . tuta latet arcet viator, aut amnis ripis, aut alti fomice saxi, dum pluvit in terns. A. X. 199. A. X. 806. p. In app.: quos de coUibus altis Auninci misere patrest, Sidicinaque iuxta aequora quique Cales lincunt, amnistque vadosi accola Volturni, pariterque Saticulus asper Oscorumque manus. ^- ^^^- 7^ • 3. Dai.: est anticus ager Tusco mihi proximus amni, longus in occasum. 4. Ace. a. In app.: Alpheumt fama est hue Elidis amnem occultas egisse vias supter mare. A. III. 694. A. XI. 316. p, Ohj. of verbs and particip.: aspicio : tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnemque severum A. VI. 374. A. IX. 245. Eumenidum aspicies ripamve iniussus adibis? cognosco : vidimus obscuris primam sub vallibus urbem venatu adsiduo et totum cognovimus amnem. fundo: ... a et custos virginis Argus, caelataque amnem fundens pater Inachus uma. A. VII. 792. inficio: , ., . hoc fusum labris splendentibust amnem inficitt occulte medicans. libo: nulla nequet amnem libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbamt. tL, V. 25. metuo : Invidia infelix furias amnemque severum Cocyti metuens

A. XII. 417. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 67 tortosque Ixionis anguist immanemque rotam et non exsuperabile saxum. G. III. 37. praenato : interea videt Aeneas . Lethaeumque domos placidas qui praenatat amnem. A. VI. 705. supersum : ipse ego te ripis et rectot flumine ducam, adversum remis superes subvectus ut amnem. A. VIII. 58. teneo : Alcides aderat taurosque hac victor agebat ingentis, vallemque boves amnemque tenebant. A. VIII. 204. verbero : atque alius latum funda iam verberat amnem, alta petens. q. I. 141. y. With prep.: ad: 'die' ait, 'o virgo, quid volt concursus ad amnem? quidve petunt animae? A. VI 318. in: banc, ut prona iugo laevom incumbebat in amnem, dexter in adversum nitens concussit et imis avolsam solvit radicibus. A. VIII. 236. prope : est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem, religione patrum late sacer. A, VIII. 597. sub: att ilium curvata in montis faciemt circumstetitt unda accepitque sinu vasto misitque sub amnem. G. IV. 362. super: sonuere undae, rapidum super amnem infelix fugit in iaculo stridente Camilla. A. XL 562. 5. AbL a. After verbs: cingo : Aeneadae duri murorum int parte sinistra opposuere aciem (nam dextera cingitur amnit). A. IX. 469. Tumus paulatim excedere pugna et fluvium petere ac partem, quae cingitur unda A. IX. 790. . Hi 68 The Plan and Scope 69 r>>' 1 ^\i,i ■'■1 ll 'I * ciaudo: hinc Tusco claudimur amni, hinc Rutulus premit et murum circumsonatt armist. A. VIII. 473. uefluo: . . dulcibus idcirco fluviis pecus omne magistn perfundunt, udisque aries in gurgite villis mersatur missusque secundo defluit amni. pars cetera prona fertur aqua segnisque secundo defluit amni, nuntia ventura Ascanio rerumque patrisque. do sonitum: haut secus atque alto in luco cum forte catervse consedere avium piscosove amne Padusae dant sonitum rauci per stagna loquacia cycni. cxsto: ad Stygias revocatus aquas vix ultimus amnit extatt nectareas divom qui prodidit escas. rapio : atque illumt prseceps prono rapit alveus amm. G. III. 447- A. VIII. 549. A. XI. 457. Cu. 240. G. I. 203. j3. With prep.: ett quset virgineo libata Achelois ab amne liliat vimineist attulit in calathis. Co. 15. B. Plu. I. Nom. siibj,: curro : aut ubi decursu rapido de montibus altis dant sonitum spumosi amnes et in sequora currunt. A. XII. 524. do: vid. curro, m gemo : milia multa darett leto, gemerentque repleti amnes, nee reperire viam atque evolvere posset in mare se Xanthus. A- ^' ^7- incurro: ^ ^ incurrant amnes passim rimantibust undis. -D. 09. liquor: et fertilis ubere campus (qualem saepe cava montis convalle solemus dispiceret ; hoct summis liquuntur rupibus amnes felicemque trahunt limum). G. II. 187. G. II. 485. G. III. 428. OF A Vergil Lexicon. placeo : rura mihi et riguit placeant in vallibus amnes, flumina amem silvasque inglorius. rumpo: estt etiam ille malus Calabris in saltibus anguis, qui, dum amnes ulli rumpuntur fontibus et dum vere madent udo terrae act pluvialibus austris, stagna colit. ruo: tecta metu petiere; ruunt de montibus amnes. A. IV. 164. sisto : pecudesque locutae, (infandum !) sistunt amnes terraeque dehiscunt. G. I. 479. sono: balatu pecorum et crebris mugitibus amnes arentestque sonant ripae collesque supinit. G. III. 554. sto: iam rapidi steterant amnest et turba ferarum blandat voce sequax regionem insederatt Orphei. Cu. 278. iamque imam viridit radicemt moverat alte quercus humo steterantt amnest silvaeque sonoraet sponte sua cantus rapiebantt cortice avara. Cu. 281. 2. Dat: nymphae, Laurentes nymphae, genus amnibus undestt, tuque, o Thybri tuo genitor cum flumine sancto, accipite Aenean. a. VIII. 71. 3. Ace. ohj.: moror : ceu saxa morantur cum rapidost amnis, fit clauso gurgite murmur vicinaeque fremunt ripae crepitantibus undis. A. XI. 298. repello : bis gravidos cogunt fetust, duo tempora messis : Taugete simul os terris ostendit honestum Pleas et Oceani spretos pede reppulit amnis. G. IV. 233. transno : illius ergo venimus et magnos erebi transnavimust amnis. A. VI. 671. video : nusquamt Hectoreos amnist Xanthum et Simoenta videbo? A. V. 634. 70 The Plan and Scope 4. Voc: Te quoque, magna Pales, et te memorande canemus pastor ab Amphryso, vos, silvae amnesque Lycaei. G. III. 2. 5. Abl: ceu septem surgens sedatis amnibus altus per taciturn Ganges aut pingui flumine Nilus cum refluit campis et iam se condidit alveo. A. IX. 30. IV. Modifiers; a. Gen. (8) : aquait, A. VII. 465 ; Caeritis, A. VIII. 597 ; Cocyti, G. III. 37; Elidis, A. III. 694; erebi, A. VI. 671 ; Eridani, A. VI. 659; Eumenidum, A. VI. 374; Padusae, A. XI. 457. P' Adj. (33) : abundans, G. I. 115; adversus, A. VIII. 58; Alpheust, A. III. 694; Aufidus, A. XI. 405; extremus, G. IV. 319; fumidus, A. VII. 465; gelidus, A. VIII. 597; gratus, A. VIII. 64; Hectoreus, A. V. 634; laevus, A. VIII. 236; latus, G. I. 141; Lethaeus, A. VI. 705; Lycaeus, G. III. 2; magnus, A. VI. 671; multus, A. VI. 659; piscosus, A. XI. 457; pronus, G. I. 203; purus, G. III. 522; rapidus, A. VI. 550, XI. 298!, 562, Cu. 278; repletus, A. V. 807; riguust, G. II. 485; secundus, G. III. 447, A. VIII. 549; sedatus, A. IX. 30; severus, G. III. 37, A. VI. 374; spretus, G. IV. 233; spumeus, A. II. 496; spumosus, A. XII. 524; totus, A. IX. 245; Tuscus, A. VIII. 473, X. 199, XI. 316; ullus, G. III. 428; vadosus, A. VII. 728; violens, G. IV. 373; virgineus, Co. 15. Flu MEN, a river, a stream, water, current, tears, (92). I. Form: fluminis, G. I. 245, IV. 333, A. III. 389, VI. 714, VII. 33, 201, X. 833; flumen, A. VII. 714, IX. 414, 814; flumine, E. III. 96, G. I. 201, II. 147, 199, ni. 360, IV. 288, III. Flumen. 5^7, A. I. 465, II. 305, 719, V. 38, VII. 430, 663, VIII. 57, 62, 69, 72, 610, IX. 31, XI. 449, 49S, XII. 749; flumina, E. V. 21, 84, VII. 52, VIII. 4, G. I. 310, 326, III. 254, 310, 530, A. IV. 250, V. 684, VI. 711, Ci. 233, D. 65; fluminibus, A. XII. 139, D. 64; flumina, E. I. 51, V. 25, VI. 64, VII. 56, IX. 40, X. 18, G. II. II, 157, 486, III. 18, 144, 180, 213, 270, 543, IV. 54, 278, 360, 366, 383, 427, 457, A. VI. 8, 298, 369, 388, VII. 138, 699t, VIII. 713, IX. 104, 58s, 603, 679, OF A Vergil Lexicon. 71 X. 113, XI. 659, XII. 331, S18, Ci. 113, 326t, Ca. IX. (XI) 52, D. 13; flumina, D. 67; fluminibus, G. II. no, A. XL 273. Eel. Geo. Aen. Min. Total Sing. N. G. 2 5 D. Ac. V. Ab. I 6 IS 22 Plural. N. G. D. Ac. V. Ab. 4 5 3 2 14 I I 2 6 16 15 4 41 z I I I 11. Metric: Only once does a form of this word occur in the sixth foot. Cf. amnis and rivus. Thirteen times it is found as the first word in the verse, while it stands in the fifth foot sixty-seven times. Ten times the word occurs in the fourth foot and the remaining example is in the second and third feet. Cf. Huvius, amnis, and rivus. Of course the four examples of fluminibus could hardly stand in the fifth foot. III. Usage: A. Sing. I. Gen. depend, on nouns: alveus : variae circumque supraque adsuetae ripis volucres et fluminis alveo aethera mulcebant cantu lucoque volabant. mos: maxumus hie flexu sinuoso elabitur anguis circum perque duas in morem fluminis aretos. ripa: sive errore viae seu tempestatibus acti . . fluminis intrastis ripas portuque sedetis, ne fugite hospitium nevet ignorate Latinos Satumi gentem. thalamus : at mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis alti sensit. unda : cum tibi sollicito secreti ad fluminis undam litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus triginta capitum fetus enixa iacebitt. tum pater Anehises *animae, quibus altera fato corpora debentur, Lethaei ad fluminis undam seeuros latices et longa oblivia potant. A. VII. 33. G. I. 245. A. VII. 201. G. IV. 333. A. III. 389. A. VI. 714. ^i Ti ago: The Plan and Scope interea genitor Tiberini ad fluminis undam volnera siccabat lymphis corpusque levabat arboris adclinis trunco. 2. Ace. obj\ of verbs and partieip,: turn toto corpore sudor liquitur et piceum (nee respirare potestas) flumen agit. A. X. 833. A. IX. 814. colo: Casperiamque colunt Forulosque et flumen Himellse, qui Tiberim Fabarimque bibunt. A. VII. 714. vomo : volvitur ille vomens calidum de pectore flumen frigidus et longis singultibus ilia pulsatt. A. IX. 414. 3. Abl a. After ad}.: inclusus : inclusum veluti siquando flumine nanctus cervom aut puniceae saeptum formidine pinnae venator cursu canis et latratibus instat. rapidus : rapidust montano flumine torrens stemit agros. secretus : natumque in valle reducta ut procul egelidot secretum flumine vidit. stagnans : nam qua Pellaei gens fortunata Canopi accolit efluso stagnantem flumine Nilum et circum pictis vehitur sua rura phaselis . . omnis in hac certam regio iacit arte salutem. A. XII. 749. A. II. 305. A. VIII. 610. G. IV. 288. p. After verbs and particip,: abluo : tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque penatis; me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti, attrectare nefas, donee met flumine vivo abluero. A. II. 719. concipio : occur rit Aces*tes, . . . Troia Criniso conceptum flumine mater quem genuit. A. V. 38. OF A Vergil Lexicon. consido : quare age et armari pubem portisque moveri laetus in arva iubet, et Phrygios qui flumine pulchro 73 A. VII. 430. A. VIII. 57. G. II. 199. G. II. 147. A. XI. 495. consedere duces pictasque exure carinas, duco : ipse ego te ripis et rectot flumine ducam, adversum remis superes subvectus ut amnem. pasco : sin armenta magis studium vitulosque tueri . petito longinqua Tarenti, et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campum pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos. perfundo: [Italy] hinc albi, Clitumnet, greges et maxima taurus victima, saepe tuo perfusi flumine sacro, Romanos ad templa deum duxere triumphos. liber ecus .... aut adsuetus aauae perfundi flumine noto, emicat arrectisque fremit cervicibus. ref ero : tumt quoque marmorea caput a cervice revolsum gurgite cum mediot portans Oeagrius Hebrus volveret, Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua a ! miseram Eurydicen anima fugiente vocabat, Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripae. refluo : ceu septem surgen^ sedatis amnibus altus per tacitum Ganges aut pingui flumine Nilus cum refluit campis et iam se condidit alveo. stringo : ego sum, pleno quem flumine cernis stringentem ripas et pinguiat culta secantem, caeruleus Thybris, caelo gratissimus amnis. A. VIII. 62. subigo : non aliter quam qui adverso vix flumine lembum remigiis subieit. q j ^^^ umecto : sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit inani multa gemens, largoque umectat flumine voltum. A. I. 465. G. IV. 527. A. IX. 31. 74 a: The Plan and Scope y. With prep,: nuntius . . . magnisque urbem terroribus implet, instructos acie Tiberino a flumine Teucros Tyrrhenamque manum totis descendere campis. A. XI. 449. Tityre, pascentes a flumine reice capellas. E. III. 96. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 75 cum: de: nymphae, Laurentes nymphae, genus amnibus undetst, tuque, o Thybri tuo genitor cum flumine sancto, accipite Aenean. A. VIII. 72. A. VIII. 69. surgit et setherii spectans orientia solis lumina rite cavis undam de flumine palmis sustinet. in : [in the far north] concrescunt subitse currenti in flumine crustae, undaque iam tergo ferratos sustinet orbis, puppibus ilia prius, patulis nunc hospita plaustris. G. III. 360. Geryone extincto Tirynthius attigit arva Tyrrhenoque boves in flumine lavit Hiberas. A. VII. 663. B. Plu, I. Norn, subj,: cresco : diluit; implentur fossae et cava flumina crescunt ctun sonitu. G. I. 326. euro: hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora, quantum aut numerum lupus aut torrentia flumina ripast. E. VII. 52. decurro : nam neque me tantum venientis sibilus austri nee percussa iuvant fluctu tam litora, nee quae saxosas inter decurrimt flumina valles. E. V. 84. mano: hinct largi copia lactis ; quamt magis exhausto spumaverit uberet mulctra, laeta magis pressis manabunt fluminat mammis. G. III. 310. praecipito : nix umeros infusa tegit, tum flumina mento praecipitant senis [of Atlas]. A. IV. 250. prosum : udo sub robore vivit stuppa vomens tardum fumum, lentusque carinas est vapor, et toto descendit corpore pestis, nee vires heroum infusaque flumina prosunt. A. V. 684. E. V. 21. G. III. 530. A. VI. 711. D. 65. requiesco: tempore quo rapidos etiam requiescunt flumina cursus? Ci. 233. et mutata suos requierunt flumina cursust. E. VIII. 4. retardo : ac neque eos iam frena virum neque verbera saeva, non scopuli rupesque cavae atque obiecta retardant flumina correptosque unda torquentia montis. G. III. 254. sum: extinctum nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim flebant (vos corylit testes et flumina nymphis). frondibus et victu pascuntur simplicis herbae, pocula sunt fontes liquidi atque exercita cursu flumina, nee somnos abrumpit cura salubris. horrescit visu subito causasque requirit inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro, quive viri tanto comolerint agmine ripas. nam tibi sunt fontes, tibi semper flumina amica. trudo : cum nix alta iacet, glaciem quomt flumina trudunt. G. I. 310. 2. Dat after verbs: praesideo : extemplo Tumi sic est adfata sororem diva deam, stagnis quae fluminibusque sonoris praesidet. , a. XII. 139. trado : si minus haec, Neptune, tuast infundimus aurist, Battare, fluminibus tu nostros trade dolores. D. 64. 3- Ace. a. Suhj.: discedo : [Gyrene] simul alta iubet discedere late flumina, qua iuvenis gressus inferret. G. IV. 360. ^. Ohj. of verbs and particip,: addo : adde tot egregias urbes operumque laborem, tot congesta manu praeruptis oppida saxis fluminaque antiquos supter labentia muros. ^^^^- [Messala is on his campaigns] nam quid ego inmensi memorem studia istat laboris ? . nunc celeres Afros, periuraet milia gentis, aurea nunc rapidi flumina adire Tagi? Ca. IX. (XI.) 5a G. II. 157. :-£;5aSfci 76 The Plan and Scope G. II. 486. Ci. 113. G. IV. 54. A. VI. 8. amo: rura mihi et riguit placeant in vallibus amnes, flumina amem silvasque inglorius. coquo : arebant herbae, et cava flumina siccis faucibus ad limum radii tepe facta coquebant. G. IV. 427. f ugio : banc urbem .... fecerat infestam populatort remige Minos, hospito quodt set Nisit Polyidost avitot Carpathium fugiens et flumina Caerateat texerat. inno : neque enim, credo, sine numine divom flumina tanta paras Stygiamque innare paludem. A. VI. 369. libo: [the bees] purpureosque metunt flores et flumina libant summa leves. monstro : pars densa ferarum tecta rapit silvas inventaque flumina monstrat. parturio : nee fecunda .... semina parturiantt segetes, non pascua colles . ipsae non silvae frondes, non flumina montes. praelabor : sin ad bella magis studium turmasque ferocis, aut Alphea rotis praelabi flumina Pisae . . . primus equit labor est animos atque arma videre bellantum lituosque pati tractuque gementem ferre rotam et stabulo frenos audire sonantis. G. III. 180. precor : Tellurem nymphasque et adhuc ignota precatur flumina, tum Noctem Noctistque orientia signa . . . invocat. A. VII. 138. pulso : quales Thraeiciae cum flumina Thermodontis pulsant et pictis bellantur Amazones armis. A. XI. 659. servo: simul ipsa precatur Oceanumque oatrem rerum nymphasque sorores, centum quae silvast, centum quae flumina servant. G. IV. 383. D. 13. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 77 portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat terribili squalore Charon. A. VI. 298. specto : et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum omnia sub magna labentia flumina terra spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque Lycumque et caput, unde altus primumt se erumpitt Enipeus, unde pater Tiberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta saxosusque sonans Hypanis Mysusque Caicus, et gemina auratus taurino comua voltut Eridanus, quo non aHus per pinguia culta in mare purpureum violentior effluit amnis. teneo : namque aHae nullis hominum cogentibus ipsae sponte sua veniunt camposque et flumina late curva tenent. trano : illas ducit amor trans Gargara transque sonantem Ascanium ; superant montis et flumina tranant. G. III. 270. video: at si formonsus Alexis montibus his abeatt, videas et flumina sicca. E. VII. z,6 4 G. IV. 366. G. II. II. ad: y. With prep,: primus Idumaeas referam tibi, Mantua, palmas, et viridi in campo templum de marmore ponam propter aquam, tardis ingens ubi flexibus errat Mincius .... in medio mihi Caesar erit templumque tenebit: illit victor ego et Tyrio conspectus in ostro centum quadriiugos agitabo ad flumina currus. G. III. 18. non ulli pastos illis egere diebus frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina. durum at stirpe genus natos ad flumina primum deferimus. a. IX. 603. tum canit, errantem Permessi ad flumina Galium Aonast in montis ut duxeritt una sororum. E. VI. 64. et formonsus ovis ad flumina pavit Adonis. E. X. 18. quisque es, armatus qui nostra ad flumina tendis, fare age, quid venias. A. VI. 388. E. V. 25. 78 The Plan and Scope A. XII. 331. A. IX. 585. E. IX. 40. A. XII. 518. apud: qualis aput gelidi cum flumina concitus Hebri sanguineus Mavors clupeo increpatt. circum : quales aeriae liquentia flumina circum, sive Padi ripis Athesim seu propter amoenum, consurgunt geminae quercus. A. IX. 679. stabat in egregiis Arcentis filius armis, . . . genitor quem miserat Arcens, eductum Martis luco Symsethiat circum flumina. hie ver purpureum, varios hie flumina circum fundit humus flores. piseosae cui circum flumina Lernae ars fuerat. in: iam maris immensi prolem et genus omne natantumt Htore in extremo ceu naufraga corpora fluctus proluit ; insolitse fugiunt in flumina phocae. G. III. 543- illam inter caedes pallentem morte futura fecerat Ignipotens undis et iapyge ferri, contra autem magno maerentem corpore Nilum pandentemque sinus et tota veste vocantem caeruleum in gremium latebrosaque flumina victos. A. VIII. 713- inter: ibant aequati numero regemque canebant, ceu quondam nivei liquida inter flumina

cycni, cum sese e pastu referunt. hie inter flumina nota et fontis sacros frigus captabis opacum. per : dixerat idque ratum Stygii per flumina fratris, per pice torrentis atraque voragine ripas adnuit et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. Stygii per flumina fratris, per pice torrentis atraque voragine ripas adnuit et totum nutu tremefecit Olympum. A. VII. 699. E. I. 51. A. IX. 104. A. X. 113. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 79 ilia quidem, dumt te fugeret per flumina praeceps, immanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella servantem ripas aha non vidit in herba. G. IV. 457. saeva precor per lumina tet Ilithyiaet, net tantumt facinus tam nullat mente sequarist. Ci. 326. Prope: [the amellusj tonsis in vallibus ilium pastores et curva legunt propet flumina Mellaet. G. IV. 278. secundum: [the mares] saltibus in vacuis pascunt et plena secundum flumina, muscus ubi et viridissima graminet ripa, speluncaeque tegant et saxea procubett umbra. G. III. 144. trans : atque ideo tauros procul atque in sola relegant pascua post montem oppositum et trans flumina latat, aut intus clausos satura ad praesaepia servant. G. III. 213. 4. Voc, : flectite currentis lymphast, vaga flumina, retro flectite. 5. AbL with verbs: nee vero terrae ferre omnes omnia possunt. fluminibus salices crassisque paludibus alni nascuntur, steriles saxosis montibus omi. et socii amissit petierunt aethera pinnis fluminibusque vagantur aves. D. 67. G. II. no. A. XI. 273. IV. Modifiers; a. Gen. (8) : Hebri, A. XII. 331; Himellae, A. VII. 714; Lernae, A. XIL 518; Mellae, G. IV. 278; Permessi, E. VI. 64; Pisae, G. III. 180; Stygii fratris, A. IX. 104, X. 113; Thermodontis, A. XI. 659. p. Adj. (48) : adversum, G. I. 201; Alpheum, G. III. 180; altum, G. IV. 333, 359; amicum, D. 65; Caerateum, Ci. 113; calidum, A. IX. 414; cavum, G. I. 326, IV. 427; centum, G. IV. 383; currens, G. III. 360; curvum, G. II. 12, IV. 2yS; egeHdumt, A. VIII. 610; frigidum, E. V. 25 ; gelidumt, A. VIIL 610; herbosum, G. II. 199; id, A. VL 711; ignotum, A. VIL 137; inventum. A. VL 8; laetum, G. III. 310; largum, A. I. 8o The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 8i p I ii ■iff. \l Si* VI ■ t' 1}''-. 111; 465; latebrosum, A. VIII. 713; latum, G. III. 213; Lethaeum, A. VI. 714; liquens, A. IX. 679: liquidum, A. VII. 699; mon- tanum, A. II. 305; nostrum, A. VI. 388; notum, E. I. 51, A. XI. 495; omne, G. IV. 366; piceum, A. IX. 813; pingue, A. IX. 31; plenum, G. III. 143, A. VIII. 62; pulchrum, A. VII. 430; rectumt, A. VIII. 57; sacrum, G. II. I47» Ci. 326!; saevumt, Ci. 326; sanctum, A. VIII. 72; secretum, A. III. 389; siccum, E. VII. 56; sonorum, A. XII. 139; summum, G. IV. 55; Symsethium, A. IX. 584; tantum, A. VI. 369; Tiberinum, A. X. 833, XI. 449 ; torrens, E. VII. 52 ; totum, G. IV. 527 ; Tyrrhenum, A. VII. 663; vivum, A. II. 719; vagum, D. 67. Rivus, a brook ^ a stream, a rivulet, water. (24). I. Form: rivus, G. IV. 19, Co. 12; rivi, Cu. 57t; rivo, E. VIII. loi; rivum, E. VIII. 87, A. III. 350, Cu. 390; rivo, E. V. 47; rivi, L. 18; rivos, E. III. in, G. I. IV. Rivus. 106, 260, II. 165, A. IX. 456, XI. 668, M. 71; rivis, E. X. 29, G. I. 132, IV. 120, A. V. 200, VI. 674t, VII. 683, VIII. 445, Cu. 149. Sing. N. G. Eel. Geo. Aen. Min. Total I 2 I I D. Ac. I I I I I 3 Plural. V. Ab. N. G. D. Ac. V, Ab, I II 3 2 2 4 I II II 78 II. Metric: Ten of the twenty-four examples are found in the sixth foot. Of the remaining 14, ^vt cases are in the last half of the second and in the first half of the third feet, while five others are similarly divided between the third and fourth feet. This leaves only four forms that are found in other parts of the verse. III. Usage: A. Sing, I. Nom. subj.: adsum: [for the bees] at liquidi fontes et stagna virentia musco adsint et tenuis fugiens per gramina rivos. sum: estt crepitanst rauco murmure rivus aquae. G. IV. 19. Co. 12. 2. Gen. depend, on noun: imminet int rivit, praestantist imaginist undamt. Cu. 57. 3. Dat. : fer cineres, Amarylli, foras rivoque fluenti transque caput iace. E. VIII. loi 4. Ace, a. Ob jr. adgnosco : Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rivom adgnosco. a. III. 350. p. With prep.: cum fessa iuvencum per nemora atque altos quaerendo bocula lucos propter aquae rivom viridi procumbitt in ulvat. E. VIII. 87. rivum proptert aquae viridi sub frondet latentem conformare locum capit impiger. Cu. 390. 5. Abl: tale tuum nobis carmen, divine poeta, .... quale per aestum dulcis aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo. E. V. 47. B. Plu, I. Nom. subj,: tardo : gaudebunt silvae, gaudebunt mollia prata, tardabunt rivi labentes curreret lymphaet et gelidi fontes. 2, Ace. a. Obj. of verbs and particip,: claudo : claudite iam rivos, pueri : sat prata biberunt. deduco : quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus fas et iura sinunt : rivos deduceret nulla religio vetuit, segeti praetendere saepem. induco : deinde satis fluvium inducit rivosque sequentist. ostendo: [Italy] haec eadem argenti rivos aerisque metalla ostendit venis atque auro plurima fluxit. L. 18. E. III. III. G. I. 269. G. I. 106. G. II. 165. II h:t! 82 The Plan and Scope M. 71. summitto : norat et occultae committere semina terrae vicinosque aptet curvanst summittere rivos. vomo: sanguinis ille vomens rivos cadit atque cruentam mandit humum moriensque suo se in volnere versat. A. XI. 668. p. With prep,: ingens concursus ad ipsa corpord seminecisque viros tepidatque recentemt caede locum et plenost spumantit sanguine rivos. A. IX. 456. fluo: 3. AbL a. After verbs and particip.: turn creber anhelitus artus aridaque ora quatit, sudor fluit undique rivis. A. V. 200. fluit 3es rivis aurique metallum, volnificusque chalypst vasta fomace liquescit. A. VIII. 445. gaudeo: canerem . . . quoque modo potis gauderent intiba rivis et virides apio ripae, tortusque per herbam cresceret in ventrem cucumis. G. IV. 120. reprimo: [Jupiter] et passim rivis currentia vina repressit. G. I. 132. saturo : Amor non talia curat : nee lacrimis crudelis Amor nee gramina rivist nee cytiso saturantur apes. , E. X. 29. sono: his suberatt gelidis manans e fontibus unda, quae levibus placidum rivis sonat actat liquorumt. Cu. 149. p. After adj.: lucis habitamus opacis riparumque toros et prata recentia rivist incolimus. A. VI. 674. quique altum Praeneste viri quique arva Gabinae lunonis gelidumque Anienem et roscida rivis Hemica saxa colunt, quos dives Anagnia pascit, quos, Amasene pater. A. VII. 683. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 33 IV. Modifiers; a. Gen. (5) : aquae, E. V. 47, VIII. 87, Cu. 390, Co. 12; argenti, G. II. 165; lymphae, L. 18; sanguinis, A. XI. 668; Xanthi, A. III. 350. p. Adj. (II): arens, A. III. 350; crepitans, Co. 12; fluens, E. VIII. loi ; labens, L. 18; levis, Cu. 149; plenus, A. IX. 456; potus, G. IV. 120; saliens, E. V. 47; sequens, G. I. 106; tenuis, G. IV. 19; vicinus, M. 71. The Vergilian use of the words for 'river.' V. Conspectus. a. Distribution over cases and numbers. Flumen: amnis: fluvius: rivus: Total Norn o 14 2 2 18 S!^ 7 4 I I 13 Y^* o I 4 I 6 v^ 3 16 II 3 33 ^^ o o o o o ^^^ 22 9 6 I 38 ^- ^^^^^ 32 44 24 8 108 ^^^ 14 II 2 I 28 ^^n o o 2 o 2 Dat 2 I I o 4 {^,^^ 41 4 6 7 58 V^ I I o o 2 Abl 2 I 2 8 13 Total 60 18 13 16 107 Total of both numbers ... 92 62 37 24 21^ The favorite word for the fifth foot is naturally B. Metrical ^^'^n (cf. gramen), while that for the sixth considerations. ^^^* ^^ amnis, with rivus second. In the middle of the verse fluvius is much more common than any other word. A conspectus like the one just given may be interest- ing, because it shows at a glance how Vergil uses the various cases of a , group of synonyms. It seems of some importance to discover that the poet uses the abl. sing, of flumen much oftener than the abl. sing, of all the other words, while in the abl. plu. rivus is oftener used. Nearly half of the examples of flumen are in the ace. pi. Flumen and rivus are 84 The Plan and Scope w L^J hi '■■ |:f II > I I. I used about twice as often in the pi. as in the sing., while amnis and Huzntis are used about twice as often in the sing. Other comparisons may be made. Again, this conspectus shows one use that may be made of other articles in the lexicon. I believe that a long and valuable article for a periodical could be made by drawing up a similar conspectus for videre and its many synonyms and then making the observations that suggest themselves. But in our lexicon there is no place for such a conspectus, Rivus is placed out of alphabetical order for the purpose of bringing together all four of the words meaning 'river,' 'brook/ 'stream.' Gram EN, grass, an herb, a plain (as covered with grass), (25). I. Form: graminis, E. V. 26; gramen, G. IV. 63!, A. IX. 353; gramine, E. V. 46, G. II. 219, 525, III. i44i", A. III. 537» XII. 664, Cu. 69, M. 96t; gramina, E. X. 29, VI. Gramen. G. I. 56, II. 200, III. 325, A. XII. 4I5» Cu. 471 gramina, G. III. 174, IV. 19, A. II. 47i» VI. 684, VII. 655, 809, Cu. 50, Ci. 300. Plural. N. G. D. Ac. V. Ab, Eel. I II Geo. 133 ^ Aen. 121 4 Min. 2 I a Total 1286 8 II. Metric: Of the 25 examples of gramen only two are not dactyls. Of the 23 dactylic forms, 17 are in the fifth foot. Graminis, the only example of the gen., forms the fourth foot in E. V. 26. Of the other dactylic forms not in the fifth foot, three occupy the first foot, while two are in the fourth foot in Ci. 300, and E. V. 46. III. Usage: A. Sing, I. Gen. depend, on subst,: nulla nequet amnem libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbamt. E. V. 26. Sing. N. G. D. Ac. V. Ab. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 85 A. IX. 353. Cu. 69. 2. Ace. obj.: aspergo : hue tu tusos asperge sapores, trita melisphylla et cerinthae ignobile grament, tinnitusque cie et Matris quate cymbala circum. G. IV. 63. carpo : ibi ignem deficere extremum et religatost rite videbat earpere gramen equos. 3. Abl. a. With verbs and particip.: prosterno : att pectore puro ssepe super tenero prosternit gramine corpus, florida cumt tellus, gemmantis picta per herbas, vere notatt dulcit distincta coloribust arva. servo: servatum in gramine bulbum ting^it aqua lapidisque eavum dimittit in orbem. vestio: [the soil] quaeque suo semper viridit se gramine vestit, nee scabie ett salsa laedit robigine f errum : ilia tibi laetis intexett vitibus ulmos. G. II. 219. p. With adj.: [the mares] saltibus in vacuis pascunt et plena secundum flumina, muscus ubi et viridissima graminet ripat, speluncaeque tegant et saxea procubett umbra. G. III. 144. y. With prep.: tu currum deserto in gramine versas. pinguesque in gramine laeto inter se adversis luctantur cornibus haedi. tale tuum nobis carmen, divine poeta, quale sopor fessis in gramine. quattuor hie, primum omen, equos in gramine vidi tondentes campum late. A. III. 537. M. 96. m A. XII. 664. G. II. 525. E. V. 46. caneo: B. Plu. 1. Nom. subj.: luciferit primo cum sidere frigida rura earpamus, dum mane novom, dum gramina canent, et ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. G. III. 325. :t\- H^ 86 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 87 E. X. 29. A. XII. 415- desum : sin armenta magis studium vitulosque tueri . . . petito longinqua Tarenti, et qualem infelix amisit Mantua campum pascentem niveos herboso flumine cycnos : non liquid! gregibus fontes, non gramina deruntt. G. II. 200. saturo : nee lacrimis crudelis Amor nee gramina rivist nee eytiso saturantur apes nee fronde eapellse. [sunt] hie Venus, indigno nati eoneussa dolore, dictamnumt genet rix Cretaeat carpitt ab Ida, puberibus eaulem foliis et flore eomantem purpureo (non ilia feris ineognita eapris gramina, eum tergo volueres haesere sagittae) : hoe Venus . . . detulit. velo: propulit et stabulis ad pabulat notat eapellas pastor et exeelsi montis iuga summa petivit, lueidat qua patulos velabant gramina eoUes. vireseo : hiet segetes, illiet veniunt felieius uvae, arborei fetus alibi, atque iniussa vireseunt gramina. 2. Ace, a. Ohj,: carpo : interea pubi indomitae non gramina tantum nee veseas salieum f rondes ulvamtque palustrem, sed f rumenta manu earpes sata. paseor : qualis ubi in lueem coluber mala gramina pastus, . . . lubriea eonvolvitt sublato peetore terga. A. II. 471. tondeo : vagantes tondebantt tenero viridantia gramina morsu. Cu. 50. Cu. 47. G. I. 56. G. III. 174. p. With prep, : ad: Dietaeas ageres ad gramina nota eapellas. per: at liquidi fontes et stagna virentia museo adsint et tenuis fugiens per gramina rivos. Ci. 300. G. IV. 19. post hos insignem palmat per gramina eurrum vietoresque ostentat equos satus Hereule pulehro pulcher Aventinus. A. VII. 655. isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina vidit Aenean, alaeris palmas utrasque tetendit. A. VI. 684. ilia vel intaetae segetis per summa volaret gramina nee teneras eursu laesisset aristas. A. VII. 809. IV. Modifiers; a. Gen,: eerinthae, G. IV. 63. p, Adj, (II): desertum, A. XII. 664; ignobile, G. IV. 63 ; laetum, G. II. 525; lueidumt, Cu. 47; malum, A. II. 471 ; notum, Ci. 300 ; roridumt, Cu. 47 ; summum, A. VII. 808 ; tenerum, Cu. 69; viridans, Cu. 50; viridet, G. II. 219. Herba, grass, weeds, an herb, herbage, hay, a blade, (78). I. Form: herba, E. IV. 24, VII. 57, G. IV. 272, Cu. 404; herbae, G. III. 216, 498, 528, A. V. 388!; herbam, E. V. 26t, G. I. 134, i55t, II. 527, ni. 295, IV. 121, A. I. 214, VII. Herba. HI. 236, V. 102, VI. 656, VII. 109, IX. 164, 3i6t; herba, E. VII. 45 ; herba, E. III. 93, VI. 59!, VIII. IS, G. I. 112, III. 326, IV. 459, Cu. 115, L. 66; herb«, .G I. 69!, 180, II. 411, III. 353, IV. 402, 427, A. III. 142, 650, IV. 514, VII. 758, Cu. 88t, i68t, Ca. III.* 7!; herbarum, E. VIII. 2, A. XII. 396; herbas, E. II. 11, VI. 54, VIII. 95, G. I. 90, II. 129, 251, III. 126, 162, 283, 395, 436, 465, IV. 12, A. III. 221, IV. 404, V. 330, Cu. 70, Ci. 370, M. 99; herbis E. II. 49, VII. 41, IX. i9t, G. I. 107, 339t, II. 185, III. 494, IV. 200, A. VII. 19, 769, XII. 402t, Cu. 159, M. 63, io6t. Sing. N. G. Eel. Geo. Aen. Min. Total 2 I I 4 3 I D. Ac. I 5 7 o 13 V. Ab. I 3 2 8 Plural. N. G. D. Ac. V. Ab. 6 4 3 13 3 10 3 3 19 II. Metric: the sixth foot. 3 5 3 3 14 Of the 78 examples of herba, 55 are found in Of the other 23 forms, two {herbarum) could not stand in the sixth foot. The remaining forms occur in various places, but only once as a part of the fifth foot. Cf. gramen. 88 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 89 ?y k'ri ¥: >■ 3^li % t s • Every example of per herham or per herbas stands at the end of the verse, and there are 14 of them. In addition to these cases after per, there are also 13 examples in which this word occurs after other prepositions, and in each of these, too, the noun, herbOj herbas, or herbis, stands in the sixth foot. In only three instances the preposition does not stand directly before its noun, two of these being a nearly repeated verse, E. VIII. 15 and G. III. 326. III. Usage: A. Sing, I. Nom, o. Subj,: est : hie est et Sparticat myrtus atque hyacinthos et hie Cilici crocust editus arvot, laurus item Phcebi surgens decus, hie rhododaphne liliaque et rorist non avia cura marini herbaque turis opes priscis imitata Sabinat chrysanthustque hederaeque nitor pallente corymbo et bocchust Libyae regis memor. occido : occidet et serpens, et fallax herba veneni occidet. sitio : aret ager; vitio moriens sitit aeris herba. p. In app,: est etiam flos in pratis, cui nomen amellot fecere agricolse, facilis quaerentibus herba. 2. Gen, a. Depend, on verb: carpit enim viris paulatim uritque videndo femina, nee nemorum patitur meminisse nequet herbae. G. III. 216. p. Depend, on subst,: hie gravis Entellum dictis castigat Acestes, proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbaet. frondibus et victu pascuntur simplicis herbae, pocula sunt fontes liquidi. y. Depend, on adj.: labitur infelix studiorum atque immemor herbae victor equos fontisque avertitur et pede terram crebra ferit. G. III. 498. Cu. 404. E. IV. 24. E. VII. 57. G. IV. 272. A. V. 388. G. III. 528. 3. Ace. a. Obj,: attingo : nulla nequet amnem libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam . E. V. 26. carpo: incipiens stabulis edico in mollibus herbam carpere ovis, dum mox f rondosa reducitur aestas. G. III. 295. insector : infelix lolium et stiriles dominantur avenae. ' quod nisi et adsiduis herbam insectabere rastris, et sonitu terrebis aves heu magnum alterius frustra spectabis acervom. G. I. 155. quaero : ut . . . . sulcis frumenti quaereret herbam. G. I. 134. per: p. With prep, and after verbs and particip.: A. VI. 656. conspicit ecce alios dextra laevaque per herbam vescentis laetumque choro paeana canentist inter odoratum lauri nemus. canerem quoque modo potis gauderent intiba rivis et virides apio ripaet, tortusque per herbam cresceret in ventrem cucumis. haut secus ac iussi faciunt, tectosque per herbam disponunt enses et scuta latentia condunt. ipse dies agitat festos fususque per herbam . . te libanst, Lenaee, vocatt. tum victu revocant vires fusique per herbam implentur veteris bacchi pinquisque ferinae. ordine aena locant alii fusique per herbam subiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent, discurrunt variantque vices fusique per herbam indulgent vino et vertunt crateras aenos. passim somno vinoque per herbamt corpora fusa vident. instituuntque dapes et adorea liba per herbam subiciunt epulis. 4. Voc: Muscosi fontes et somno mollior herba, . . . solstitium pecori defendite. E. VII. 45. G. IV. 121. A. III. 236. G. II. 527. A. I. 214. A. V. 102. A. IX. 164. A. IX. 316. A. VII. 109. 90 The Plan and Scope 5. Abl, a. With verbs and particip,: forsitan ilium aut herbat captum viridi aut armenta secutum perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia vaccse. p. With prep.: OF A Vergil Lexicon. 91 E. VI. 59. m ilia quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina prseceps, immanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella servantem ripas alta non vidit in herba. G. IV. 459. cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. E. VIII. 15. luciferit primo cum sidere frigida rura carpamus, dum mane novom, dum gramina canent, et ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. G. III. 326. luxuriem segetum tenera depascit in herba. et mecumt tenerat gavisat est laederet in herba purpureos flores, quost insuper accumbebat, bracchiat f ormosot supponens Cypriat coUo ? hie etiam viridi ludentes panes in herba et satyrit dryadesque chorost egere puellaet naiadum coetu. G. I. 112. L.66. Cu. 115. frigidus, o pueri, fugite hinc, latet anguis in herba. E. III. 93. B. Plu, I. Nom, subj,: adsum : ille colit lucos, illi Panchaia tura floribus agrestes herbset variantibus adsuntt. appareo: [in the far north] illic clausa tenent stabulis armenta, nequet ullse aut herbae campo apparent aut arbore frondes. areo: arebant herbse, et cava flumina siccis faucibus ad limum radii tepefacta coquebant. tum steriles exurere Sirius agros, arebant herbae et victum segest aegra negabat. iuvo: neque eum iuvere int volnerat cantus somniferi et Marsis quaesitaet montibus herbae. mollio : mollibantt herbae venientist adt omniat nisust. Cu. 168. Cu. 87. G. III. 353. G. IV. 427. A. III. 142. A. VII. 758. G. II. 411. G. I. 69. A. III. 650. A. IV. 514. obduco : bis vitibus ingruit umbra, bis segetem densis obducuntt sentibus herbae; durus uterque labor: laudato ingentia rura, exiguum colito. officio : officiant laetist ne frugibus herbaet. posco : victum infelicem, bacas lapidosaque corna, dant rami, et volsis pascunt radicibus herbae. quaero : ialcibus et messae ad lunam quaerunturt aenist pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni. removeo : alter assiduat colenst diligentia ut herbaet aspert autt rubust a meo sintt remota sacello, alter parva manut ferens sempert munera larga. Ca. III.* 7. sitio : medios cum sol accenderitt aestus, cum sitiunt herbae et pecori iam gratior umbrast. G. IV. 402. subeo: [to injure the threshing floor] ne subeant herbae. G. I. 180. 2. Gen. a. Depend, on subst.: ille ut depositi prof er ret fata parentis, scire potestates herbarum usumque medendi maluit. p. Depend, on adj.: immemor herbarumt quos est mirata iuvenca certantis. A. XII. 396. E. VIII. 2. 3. Ace, a. Obj. of verbs and particip.: alo: [tellus] umida maioris herbas alit, ipsaque iusto laetior. attero : errans bocula campot decutiat rorem et surgentis atterat herbas. carpo: [of sheep] quam procul autt mollit succedere saepius umbrae videris autt summas carpentemt ignaviust herbas extremamque sequi aut medio procumberet campo G. II. 251. G. IV. 12. 92 The Plan and Scope G. III. 465. E. II. II. E. VIII. 95- G. III. 395. Ci. 370. pascentem et seraet solarn decedere nocti, continue culpam ferro compesce. contundo : Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus aestu alia serpullumque herbas contundit olentis. do: has herbas atque haec Ponto mihi lectat venena ipse dedit Moerist. fero: jat cui lactis amor, cytisum lotosque frequentis ipset manu salsasque ferat praesepibus herbas. incendo : narcissum casiamque herbas incenditt olentes. ingero : hist salis inspargitt micas, sale dunas adesot caseus adiciturt, dictas super ingeritt herbas, - et laeva vestemt saetosa sub inguinat fulcit. madefacio : levi cum sanguine Nisus labitur infelix, caesis ut forte iuvencis fusus humum viridisque super madefecerat herbas. A. V. 330. misceo : saevae novercae miscueruntque herbas et non innoxia verba. hippomanes, quod saepe malae legere novercae miscueruntque herbas et non innoxia verba, rumino : ille latust niveum molli fultus hyacintho ilice sub nigra pallentis ruminat herbas . seco: [for the stallion] florentisque secant herbas fluviosque ministrant farraque, ne blando nequeatt superesse labori invalidique patrum referant ieiuniat nati. M. 98. G. II. 129. G. III. 283. E. VI. 54. G. III. 126. m p. With prep.: saepe etiam steriles incendere profuit agros . seu plures calor ille vias et caeca relaxat spiramenta, novas veniat qua sucus in herbas. G. I. 90. per: it nigrum campis agmen praedamque per herbas convectant calle angusto. A. IV. 404. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 93 G. III. 436. G. III. 162. net mihi tumt mollis sub divot carpere somnos neu dorso nemoris libeat iacuisse per herbas, cum positis novus exuviis nitidusque iuventa volvitur. cetera pascuntur viridis armenta per herbas. att pectore puro saepe super tenero prostemit gramine corpus, florida cumt tellus, gemmantis picta per herbas, vere notatt dulcit distincta color ibust arva. laeta boum passim campis armenta videmus caprigenumque pecus nullo custode per herbas. A. III. 221. Cu. 70. 4. Abl. a. With verbs and particip,: cum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis, ecce supercilio clivosi tramitis undam elicitt? G. I. 107. formae magnorum ululare luporum, quos hominum ex facie dea saeva potentibus herbis induerat Circe in voltus ac terga ferarum. tum casia atque aliis intexens suavibus herbis mollia luteola pingit vaccinia calta. Hippolytum .... ad sidera rursus aetheria et superas caeli venisse sub auras, Paeoniist revocatum herbis et amore Dianae. quis humum florentibus herbist spargeret aut viridi fontes induceret umbra? ille retortot Paeoniumt in morem senior succinctus amictu multa manu medica Phcebique potentibus herbist nequiquam trepidat. fi. With adj.: immo ego Sardoniis videar tibi amarior herbis, horridior rusco. 1 hortus erat iunctus casulae, exiguus spatio, variis sed fertilis herbis. at quae pinguis humus dulcique uligine laeta, quique frequens herbis et. fertilis ubere campus hie tibi praevalidas olim multotque fluentis sufficiet baccho vitis. A. VII. 19. E. II. 49. A .VII. 769. E. IX. 19. A. XII. 402. E. VII. 41. M. 63. G. II. 185. 94 ab: The Plan and Scope y. With prep,: OF A Vergil Lexicon. 95 e: color est et pluribus unus, nee de lacte nitens, quia tot variatur abt herbist. M. io6. [the bees] verum ipsaet e foliis natos, e Ksed R> suavibus herbis in ore legunt. pastor anxius insidiis nullis, sed lentus in herbis securo pressust somno mandaveratt artus. 'hinc laetis vituH volgo moriuntur in herbis et dulcis animas plena ad prsesepia reddunt. in primis venerare deos, atque annua magnae sacra refer Cereri laetis operatus in herbist extremae sub casum hiemis, iam vere sereno. G. IV. 200. Cu. 159. G. III. 494. G. I- 339- IV. Modifiers; o. Gen,: frumenti, G. I. 134; graminis, E. V. 26; Phoebi, A. XII. 402. fi. Adj. (23) : agrestis, Cu. 88; alta, G. IV. 459; facilis, G. IV. 272; fallax, E. IV. 24; florens, E. IX. 19, G. III. 126; gemmans, Cu. 70; laeta, G. I. 339, III. 494; magna, G. II. 251; molHs, E. VII. 45; olens, E. II. 11, Ci. 370; Paeonia, A. VII. 769; pallens, E. VI. 54; potens, A. VII. 19, XII. 402; Sabinat, Cu. 404; salsa, G. III. 395; Sardonia, E. VII. 41; simplex, G. III. 528; suavis, E. II. 49, G. IV. 200; supera, G. III. 465; tenera, E. VIII. 15, G. I. 1X2, III. 326, L. 66; ulla, G. III. 352; varia, M. 63; viridis, E. VI. 59, G. III. 162, A. V. 300, Cu. 115. Gratus^ pleasing, acceptable, dear, delightful, (27), 1, Form: Gratus, A. X. 392 ; grata, M. 55, 76, Ci. 297, Cu. 41, 230; gratumt, Cu. 66; grati, A. XI. 217; gratae, Cu. 76; grata, A. VIII. 283; gratior (masc), G. III. 211 ; gratior . VIII. Gratus. (fern.), E. VI. 11, G. IV. 402, A. V. 28, 344; gratis- simus, E. VIII. 15, G. III. 326, A. VIII. 64, IX. 327; gratissima (fem.), A. II. 269, III. 73, V. 128, X. 158, 607, XII. I42t, Ci. 473; gratissima (neut.), Cu. 94. II. Metric: Every example of the superlative of gratus is the last word but one in the verse. The superlative is used twelve times. A. XI. 127. Cu. 76. M. 55- III. Usage: A, Positive, i. With pronoutP: nos vero haec patriam grati referemus ad urbem et te, siqua viam dederit fortuna. Latino iimgemus regi. 2. With nouns: capellae : illi sunt gratae rorantes lacte capellae et nemus et fecunda Pales et vallibus intust semper opaca novis manantia fontibus antra. Ceres : verum aliam sibi quaeritt opem, neu sola palato sit nont grata ceres, quas iungat comparat escas. dona : instaurant epulas et mensae grata secundae dona ferunt cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras. A. VIII. 283. error : vos etiam, gemini, Rutulis cecidistis in agrist, Daucia, Laride Thymberque, simillima proles, indiscreta suis gratusque parentibus error. A. X. 392. requies : hie sisert et nomen capiti debentiat porrat, ... grataque nobilium requies lactuca ciborum, crescit. toreuma: nect fulgor in ulla cognitus utilitate manett nee pocula gratumt Alconist referentt Boethitque toreuma. virgo : atque utinam celerit net tantum grata Dianae Gnosia neut Parthot contendens spicula cornu venatus esses virgo sectata virorum ! Dictaeas ageres ad gramina nota capellast. vita : et tibi sede pia maneat locus, et tibi sospes debita felicis memoreturt vita per annos, grata bonis lucens. voluntas : poena sitt exitium, modo sitt dumt grata voluntas, existat par officium. M. 76. Cu. 66. Ci. 297. Cu. 41. 'I ■ 1 i4 Cxi, 230. _>i'S'VV^' nostro. A. XII. 142. quies : tempus erat, qu6 prima quies mortalibus aegris incipit et dono divom gratissima serpit. A. II. 269. ros: cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. E. VIII. 15. OF A Vergil Lexicon. luciferit primo cum sidere frigida rura carpamus, dum mane novom, dum gramina canent, 97 et ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba. statio : tranquillo silet immotaque attolitur unda campus et apricis statio gratissima mergis. tellus : sacra mari colitur medio gratissima tellus Nereidum matri et Neptuno Aegaeo. Tempe : ♦ o pecudes, o panes et o gratissima tempe fontist hamadryadumt. Gratus is out of its alphabetical order, so that gramen and herba may be given side by side in this specimen of the lexicon. G. III. 326. A. V. 128. A. III. 73. Cu. 94. SciNDO, to cut, tear, split, cleave, divide, separate, rend, break up, plough. (20). I. Form: Scindit, G. IV. 420, A. I. 161, 587, VIII. 142, XII. 870; scindimus, G. I. 50; scindebat, A. VII. 510; scinde- bant, G. I. 144; scindere, G. III. 160, A. IX. IX. Scindere, ^4^, XI. 137; scindens, A. X. 765; scinditur, A. including II. 39, VI. 182; scissa (fem.), A. IX. 478; scissa, Proscindere. A. VIII. 702, XII. 609; scissumt, Ca. XIII. (V.) 39; scissa (neut.), M. 36; scindendum, G. II. 399. G. I. 50. II. Usage: A. With simple object: aequor : att prius ignotum ferro quam scindimus aequor. cedrum : ferro sonat alta bipenni fraxinus, evertunt actas ad sidera pinus, robora nee cuneis et olentem scindere cedrum nee plaustris cessant vectare gementibus omos. A. XI. 137. crinis : att procul ut Dirae stridorem adgnovit et alas, infelix crinis scindit luturna solutos, unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis. A. XII. 870. lignum : nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum. G. I. 144. 98 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 99 A. VII. 510. G. III. 160. [vallum quercum: vocat agmina Tyrrhus, quadrifidam quercufn cuneis ut forte coactis scindebatt, rapta spirans immane securi. terrain : post partum cura in vitulos traducitur omnis, continuoque notas et nomina gentis inurunt, et quos aut pecori malint summittere habendo aut aris servare sacros aut scindere terrain et campum horrentem fractis invertere glsebis. vallum : *sic vos, o lecti, ferro quit scindere apparat et mecum invadit trepidantia castra'.. A. XI. 146. viam: quam magnus Orion, cum pedes incedit medii per maxima Nerei stagna viam scindens, umero supereminet undas. A. X. 765. B. With reHex,: est specus ingens exesi latere in montis, quo plurima vento cogitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos, deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis. quibus omnis ab alto frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum. sic genus amborum scindit se sanguine ab uno. A. VIII. 142. robur* ^* ^^^'^- '^^^ sttbj. nom.: sonat icta securibus ilex fraxineaeque trabes cuneis et fissile robur scinditur. solum : namque omne quotannis terque quaterque solum scindendum glaebaque versis aeternum frangenda bidentibus. G. II. 399. trabes: znd, robur, volgus : scinditur incertum studia in contraria volgus. A. II. 39. D. Particip,: scissa : evolat infelix et femineo ululatu, G. IV. 420. A. I. 161. A. I. 587. A. VI. 182. A. VIII. 702. A. XII. 609. M. 36. 1st Jd 5d zst ad 3d scissa comam, muros amens atque agmina cursu . P^i"^a petit. A. IX. 478. scissum : videbo habentemt praetert ignavos nihil fratres et iratum lovem scissumtque ventremt et hemiosit patrui ^ ^ pedes inediat turgidos. Ca. XIII. (V.) 39. saevit medio in certamine Mavors caelatus ferro tristesque ex aethere Diraet, et scissa gaudens vadit Discordia palla. it scissa veste Latinus, coniugis attonitus fatis urbisque ruina. scissa : continuis rimis calcanea scissa rigebant. II. Modifiers; a. Adz\: repente, A. I. 586 ; terque quaterque, G. II. 399. 13. Instru, ahl: cuneis, G. I. 144, A. VI. 181, VII. 509, XL 137; ferro, G. I. 50, A. IX. 146. Proscindo, to plough, to break up, sin in sua posse negabunt ire loca et scrobibus superabit terra repletis, spissus ager : glaebist cunctantis crassaque terga expectat et validis terram proscinde iuvencis. iuvat arva et qui, proscisso quae suscitat aequore terga, rursus in obliquom verso perrumpit aratro. Eel. Geo. Aen. Min. Total. Video, 25 33 214 24 296 Active Indicative Subjunctive Pres. Imp. Fut. Perf. Plu. Fut. Pf. Pres. Imp. Perf. Plu. 5 6 a6 I 21 82 2 26 27 4 4 38 I 3 3 31 7 8 4 I 15 {-ere). 7214 (-erunt). i (—203) G. 11. 237. G. I. 97. X. Videre. i lOO The Plan and Scope In/iniHve : Participles : Pres. 8 Pres. Future Perf. 6 Sing PI. Sing. PI. Nom. 3 I Nom. I I Dat. I Gerund : Gen. I Abl. I Ace 2 (- Supine : Abl. 9 Total, 34) 237. Indicative Passive Subjunctive Pres. Imp. Put. Perf. Plu. Put. Pf. Pres. Imp. Perf. Plu. 1st 3 3 I I 2d 3d 2 I I 6 13 (masc.) (fern.) 1st I 5 (neut.) 2d I (masc.) # 3d 4 I 4 (fem.) (neut.) (- 47) Infinitive : Participles : Pres. 8 Mas. Fejn. Neut. Gerundive : Nom. I Fern, ace . I Ace Abl. I I (- Total, 12) 59. ViDEO^ to see; to be seen, to appear, to seem, to seem best, to seem good, I. Form: Video, A. III. 26, IX. 20, X. 674, XII. 149, Cu. 2i6t; vides, E. X. 48, G. I. 56, III. 103, 250, A. I. 338, 583, II. 609, III. 316, IV. 416, VI. 323, 760, 779, VIII. 117, 356, IX. 210, 739, XI. 179, XII. 33, Ci. 268, Ca. II.* 3, XII. (IV.) 4; videt, E. V. 57, VII. 8, G. I. 243, A. I. 128, 3o8t, 456, 510, III. 518, IV. 83, 469, V. 612, VI. 454, 549, 703, VII. 89, 290, 37d, IX. 396, 555, X. 652, XII. 2, 861, 918, Cu. 174, Ci. 182, 471, L. 4; videmus, G. I. 451, II. 32, A. III. 220, 522, 584, 655, XI. 349; videtis, A. II. 350, III. 497, XI. 309, Ca. X. (VIII.) i ; vident, A. II. 485, VI. 163, VIII. 99, 529, IX. 317, 780, XII. 408; videbat, A.I. 466, VI. 860, IX. 352, 639; videbant, A. II. 125, VIII. 360; videbo, E. I. 76, A. V. 634, X. 671, XII. 63, Ca. XIII. (V.) 22t, 37; videbis, G. I. 365, 455, A. IV. 490, 566, VI. 873, XI. 53, XII. 679, 839; videbit, E. IV. 15, A. II. 579, XI. 394, XII. 645t; videbunt, A. VII. loi ; vidi, E. I. 42, II. 25, OF A Vergil Lexicon. lOI III. 17, VIII. 38, 41, 99, G. I. 193, 197, 318, A. II. s, 347, 499, SOI, 561, 746, III. 537, 623, 626, IV. 358, 655, VI. 582, 585, XII. 638, Cu. 227t, Ci. 430, 534; vidisti, E. III. 14, A. IX. 269; vidit, G. II. 502, IV. 459, 502, A. II. 507, 519, III. 307, 596, IV. 453, 587, VI. 495t, 684, VIII. 610, IX. 549, X. 365, 441, 454, 721, 790, 821, XI. 40, 263, 854, 909, XII. 222, 324, 446, Cu. 201, Ci. 80; vidimus, E. X. 26, G. I. 472, A. I. 584, II. 643, III. 567, IX. 244, XI. 243, 367; vidistis, A. I. 322; videre, E. VI. 14, IX. 54, G. I. 490, A. VI. 490, VIII. 107, 222, IX. 683, X. 573, XI. 892, XII. 447, 937, Cu. 305 (bis), 3C9t, Ci. 510; viderunt, A. IX. 144, X. 139, XI. 147, XII. 542; videris, G. III. 465, IV. 414; viderit, A. I. 265; videas, E. VII. 56, G. I. 387; videat, G. III. 476, A.I. 182, IV. 617; viderem, A. XI. 270; videres, E. VI. 27t, A. IV. 410, VIII. 676, XI. 43, XII. 636, 810; videret, A. III. 52, XI. 417, 797; viderent, G. I. 391 ; viderit, A. IX. 729, X. 744, Ci. sot; vidisset, A. V. 411 ; videre, G. II. 438, III. 23, 182, A. II. 28, VI. 134, 818, Ca. I. I, IV. (XIII.) 2t; vidisse, G. IV. 127, A. III. 431, VI. 454, 487, VIII. 3S3, Ci. 4SS; videns, E. I. 69, A. VI. 419, VIII. 19; videnti, E. VI. 21; videntem, A. II. SSS, IX. 34s ; videntes, G. I. 3S4; visurus, A. VIII. S7^'> visuri, A. V. 108; videndi, A. II. 137; videndo, G. III. 215; visu, A. I. Ill, III. 621, VI. 277, VII. 78, VIII. 234, IX. 46s, 521, X. 637, XII. 2S2t; videor, E. IX. 3s, X. 58, A. IX. 19s; videtur, G. I. 39s, A. IV. 467 ; videmur, A. XII. 910; videntuf, G. III. 108, A. I. 396, 494, V. 231 ; videbar, A. II. 279, 730, III. I74t; videbatur, A. VIII. 707; videbitur, E. IV. 16; visus (est), G. IV. 89, A. II. 271, 682, 732, VIII. 33, IX. Ill ; visa est, A. IV. 287, S57, XII. 147; visa (est), G. III. S 10, A. I. 326, II. 773, III. 206, V. 637, 722, 768, VI. 871, VII. 73, 406; visum est, G. IV. 394, A. IX. 37s; visum (est), A. II. 428, 624, III. 2; visi (sunt), A. III. iso; visa (sunt), A. VI. 257; visa (sunt), G. I. 478, A. III. 90, IV. 461, VIII. S2S; videar, E. VII. 41 ; viderer, A. IV. 330; videri, E. III. 6$, VI. 24, A. II. 461, S9I, VI. 49, VIII. 604, X. 267, XII. 216; visa (nom.), A. V. 610; visum, A. VI. 409; viso, A. X. 787; viden- dam, A. II. S89. II. Usage: I. Active: A. Absolute i. saepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala . . . vidi cum matre legentem. . . . ut vidi ut perii, ut me malus abstulit error. E. VIII. 41. I02 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 103 nee minim, vultu decepta puella ut vidi ut perii, ut me malus abstulit error. Ci. 430- G. III. 103. A. III. 623. 2. Parenthetical: ille, vides, pura iuvenis qui nititur hasta, proxima sorte tenet lucis loca. A. VI. 760. ille (vides), nostris quit moenibus adsidett hostis, quern pater ipse deum sceptri donavit honore. Ci. 268. 3. With ohj, implied: nonne vides, cum praecipiti certamine campum corripuere ruuntque effusi carcere currus, cum spes arrectae iuvenum, exultantiaque haurit corda pavor pulsans? vidi egomet duo de numero cum corpora nostro prensa manu magna ... frangeret ad saxum sanieque expersat natarent limina. vidi atro cum membra fluentia tabo manderet et tepidit tremerent sub dentibus artus. A. III. 626. [Aenean] nee vidisse semel satis est ; iuvat usque morari. A. VI. 487. ingemuit cari graviter genitoris amore, ut vidit, Lausus. A. X. 790. Deliat saepe tibi venit. mihit, Tucca, videre non licet. Ca. I. i. B. With complement : i. De: 'nunc morere. ast de me divom pater atque hominum rex viderit.' A. X. 744. 2. Ind, quest,: nonne vides, utt tota tremor pertemptett equorum corpora, si tantum notas odor attulit auras? G. III. 250. namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum hac fugerent Grai, premeret Troiana inventus; hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles. A. I. 466. si vobis audentemt extrema cupido ' certa sequit, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis. A. II. 350. nee quae sonitum det causa videmus. A. III. 584. spes sibi quisque, sed haec quam angusta videtis. A. XI. 309. ex illo qui me casust, quae, Turne, sequantur bella, vides, quantos primus patiaret labores. A. XII. 33. 3. Vt with indie.: nonne vides croeeos ut Tmolust odores, India mittitt ebur, molles sua tura Sabaei, at Chalybes nudi ferrum, virosatquet Pontus castorea, Eliadum palmas Epiros equarum? viden ut geminae stant vehice eristae et pater ipse suo superum iam signatt honore ? videot utt flagrantia taedis liminat conlucentt infestist omniat templis. G. I. 56. A. VI. 779. Cu. 216. 4. Rel, pron, with indie: vidisti quo Tumus equo, quibust ibat in armis aureus. A. IX. 269. 5. Ace. and inf.: a. Pres. act.: cum subito Aeneas eoncursu accedere magno Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum Teucrorumque alios. ut celsas videre ratest atque inter opacum adlahi nemus et tacitist incumbere remis, terrentur visu subito. saepe etiam Stellas vento inpendente videbis praecipites caelo labi, noctisque per umbram flammarum longos a tergo albescere traetus ; saepe levem paleam et frondes volitare caducas, aut summa nantis in aqua eolludere plumas. regina e spyeculis ut primamt albescere lucem vidit et aequatis classem procedere velis. te quoque magnanimaet viderunt, Ismare, gentes volnera derigeret et calamos armare veneno. quo subi confertos auderef in proelia vidi, incipio super his. ibi ignem defieere extremum et religatost rite videbat car per e gramen equos. A. I. 510. A. VIII. 107. G. I. 365. A. IV. 587. A. X. 139. A. II. 347. A. IX. 352. Ml 1 r. I04 The Plan and Scope ne noctuma quidem carpentes pensa puellae nescivere hiemem, testa cum ardente viderent scintillare oleum et putris concrescere fungos. saepe ego, cum flavis messorem induceret arvis agricola et fragfili iam stringeret hordea culmo, omnia ventorum conctirrercf prcelia vidi. ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi. nunc iuvenem inparibus video concurrere fatis, Parcarumque dies et vis inimica propinquat. condere; vid. c. infra, conlucere; vid. c. infra, conludere; vid. albescere, att non viderunt mcenia Troiae Neptuni fabricata manu considerc in ignis ? postquam cuncta videt caelo constare sereno, dat clarum e puppi signum. tu quoque Laurentes viderunt, Aeole, campit oppetere et late terram constemere tergo. quem simul ac lutuma soror crebrescere vidit sermonem et volgi variare labantiat corda, in medias dat sese acies. iam variaet pelagi volucres ett quaet Asia circum dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri, certatim largos umeris infundere rores : nunc caput ot)iectare fretis, nunc ciirrere in undast et studio incassum videas gestire lavandi. G. I. 387. Arcadas insuetos acies inferre pedestris ut vidit Pallas Latio dare terga sequaci . . . nunc prece, nunc dictis virtutem accendit amaris. A. X. 365. quod vitam moror invisam Pallante perempto, dextera causa tuast, Tumum gnatoque patrique quamt deb ere vides. deiicere; vid. car per e, vidi lecta diu et multot spectata labore degenerare tamen. derigere; znd. arniare, mugire videbis sub pedibus terram et descendere montibus omos. A. IV. 490. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 105 G. I. 391. G. I. 318. G. I. 490. A. XII. 149. E. VIII. 99. A. IV. 566. G. I. 365. A. IX. 144. A. III. 518. A. XII. 542. A. XII. 222. A. XI. 179. A. IX. 352. G. I. 197. A. X. 139. in medio classis aeratas, Actia bella, cemere erat totumque instruct© Marte videres fervere Leucaten auroque efftdgere fluctus. A. VIII. 676. hoc etiam, emenso cum iam decedit Olympo, prof uerit meminisse magis ; nam saepe videmus ipsius in voltu varios errare colores. non ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprum excipere insidiis ? excire; vid. c. infra, et saepe alterius ramos impune videmus vertere in alterius mutatamque insita mala ferre pirum, et prunis lapidosa rubescere corna. talia vociferans sequitur strictumque coruscat mucronem nee ferre videt sua gaudia ventos. sint maculae incipientt rutilo inmiscerier igni, omnia tum pariter vento nimbisque videbis fervere. fervere; vid. c. infra, fervere; vid effulgere, Mere; vid. e. infra, gestire; vid. currere, habere; vid. c. infra, incumbere; vid. adlabi. G. I. 451. E. III. 17. A. VIII. 99. G. II. 32. A. X. 652. G. I. 455. A. IV. 566. A. VIII. 676. A. VII. 290. G. I. 387. Ca. XII. (IV.) 4. A. VIII. 107. atque hie Aeneas (una namque ire videbat egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, sed fronst laeta parum et deiecto luminat voltu. A. VI. 860. hinc genus Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget, supra homines, supra ire deos pietate videbis. A. XII. 839. labi; vid. albescere, q j -,5- tabidulamque videt labi per viscera mortem. Ci. 182. simul incipit ipse, tum vero in numerum faunosque ferasque viderest ludere, tum rigidast motare cacumina quercus. E. VI. 2y. semina vidi equidem multos medicare serentis G. I. 193. A. VII. 290. E. VI. 27. et nitro prius et nigra perfundere amurca. moliri; vid. e. infra, motare; vid. ludere, deint tet movere lumbulost in caltulat prensis videbot altaribus flavumquet propter Thybrimt olentes nauticum vocare. Ca. XIII. (V.) 22 io6 The Plan and Scope A. IV. 453. G. I. 387- A. XII. 542. E. I. y6, G. I. 193. A. IV. 587. A. IV. 416. Cu. 174. G. II. 32. mugire; fid. descendere, A. IV. 490. ' passimque armenta videbant Romanoque foro et lautist mugire Carinis. A. VIII. 360. quo magis inceptum peragat lucemque relinquat, vidit, turicremis cum dona imponeret aris (horrendum dictu), latices nigrescere sacros fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem. ohiectare; vid. currere, op pet ere; vid, const ernere, non ego vos posthac viridi proiectus in antro dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo. perfundere; vid, medicare, procedere; vid. albescere, *Anna, vides toto properari litore : circum undique convenere.' metabatt seset circum loca; cum videt ingenst adversum recubare ducem gregis, acrior instat lumina diffundens intendere. rubescere; vid. ferre, arma inter nubem caeli regione serena per suidumt rutilare vident et pulsa tonaret. A. VIII. 529. scintillare; znd. concrescere, horribilis circum vidit set sistere formas piscibus ettcanibusque malist vallatat repentest. his ubi nequiquam dictis experta Latinum contra stare videt .... tum vero infelix, ingentibus excita monstris, immensumt sine more furit lymphata per urbem. A. VII. 374. iam pulvere caelum stare vident. A. XII. 408. agmina. quae postquam matres succedere tectis viderunt, maestam incendunt clamoribus urbem. A. XI. 147. qualem primo qui surgere mense autt videt autt vidisse putat per nubila lunam. [bis]. A. VI. 454. vicisti, et victum tendere palmas Ausonii videre. tonare; znd. rutilare, traducere; vid. c. infra, variare; ind. crebrescere, G. I. 391. Ci. 80. A. XII. 937. A. VIII. 529. E. VIII. 99. A. XII. 222. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 107 vertere; vid. ferre, G. II. 32, also nigrescere, A. IV. 453. volitare; vid. albescere, G. I. 365. b. Pres. pass,: hunc Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno infelix Priamus furtim mandarat alendum Threicio regi, cum iamt diffideret armis Dardaniae antique urbem obsidione videret. A. III. 52. dari; vid. c. infra, Ca. XII. (IV.) 4. E. VIII. 99. A. IV. 410. A. XII. 810. aeri; vid. c. infra, quosve dabas gemitus, cum litora fervere late prospiceres arce ect summa totumque videres misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus aequor! nee tu me aeria solam nunc sede videres digna indigna pati. qui sanguine nostrum nomen in astra ferant quorumque at stirpe nepotes omnia sub pedibus, qua Sol utrumque recurrens aspicitt Oceanum, vertique r^^tque videbunt. A. VII. loi. titrbari; vid. c. infra, A. IV. 566. verti; vid. regi, A. VII. loi. c. Pres. act. and pres. pass.: his ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere silvis Mcerim, saepe animas imis excire sepulchris atque satas alio vidi traducere messis. iam mare turbarif trabibus saevasque videbis conlucere faces, iam fervere litora flammis, si te his attigerit terris Aurora morantem. sed, ot superbe Noctuinet, nont vides duas habere filias Atilium, duast, et banc et alteram, tibi dari. E. VIII. 99. A. IV. 566. Ca. XII. (IV.) 4. d. Pf. act.: lumina tot cecidisse ducum totamque videmus consedisse urbem luctu, dum Troia temptat castra. consedisse; vid. cecidisse, deseruisse; vid. e. infra, » e. Pres. and pf. act.: moliri iam tecta videt, iam Mere terrae, deseruisse rates. A. XI. 349. A. XL 349. A. VII. 290. A. VII. 290. A. II. 561. A. XI. 854. A. X. 573. 108 The Plan and Scope 6. Ace. and particip,: a. Pres. particip,: cedens; vid. c. infra, A. XII. 324. vidi et crudelis duntem Salmonea poenas. A. VI. 585. ac prior *heus,' inquit, 'iuvenes, monstrate, mearum vidistis siquam hie errantem forte sororum. A. I. 322. subiit cari genitoris imago, ut regem aequaevom crudeli volnere vidi vitam exhalantem. atquet illi longe gradientem et dira frementem ut videre, metu versi retroque ruentes effunduntque ducem rapiuntque ad litora currust. A. X. 573. terga dabo et Tumum fugientem haec terra videbitt? A. XII. 645. fulgens; znd. laetans, infra, gradiens; vid, fremens, videbo habentemf praetert ignavos nihil f rat res et iratum lovem scissumtque ventremt et herniosit patrui pedes inediat turgidos. Ca. XIII. (V.) 37. ast alios secum includit recipitque mentis, demens, qui Rutulum in medio non ag^ine regem viderit inrumpentem. A. IX. 729. instantia vidit alterius, sine respectu mea fatat relinquens ad pariles agor eventus. ipse deum manifesto in lumine vidi intrantem muros. Chromis et Mnasyllos in antro Silenum pueri somno videre iacentem. ut vidit laetantem animis ac vana tumentem, *cur' inquit *diversus abis?* A. XI. 854. saepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala (dux ego vester eram) vidi cum matre legentem, E. VIII. 38. hunc ubi miscentem longe media agmina vidit, . . . sic ruit in densos alacer Mezentius hostis. stemitur infelix Acront. vix ea fatus erat, summo cumt monte videmus ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole mm'entem pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem. Cu. 227. A. IV. 358. E. VI. 14. A. X. 721. OF A Vergil Lexicon. palans; vid, c. infra, et nunc palantisf video gemitumque cadentum accipio ! inrumpunt aditus Rutuli ut videre patentisf, petens; znd. tnovens, dixit, et ex oculis subito ceu fumus in auras commixtus tenuis fugitt diversa, neque ilium prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentemt 109 A. IX. 780. A. X. 674. A. IX. 683. A. III. 655. G. IV. 502. A. I. 265. Ci. 510. A. III. 567. E. X. 26. dicere praeterea vidit bellum ingens geret Italia populpsque feroces contundett moresque viris et moenia ponet, tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas. numquam illamtpost haect oculi videre suorum purpureas flavot retinentemf vertice vittas. rorans; vid, c. infra^ Pan deus Arcadiae venit, quem vidimus ipsi sanguineis ebuli bacis minioque ruhentem, ilia quidem, dumt te fugeret per flumina praeceps, immanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella servantem ripas alta non vidit in herba. G. IV. 459. armatosque vident stantis in limine primo. A. II. 485. isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina vidit Aenean, alacrist palmas utrasque tetendit. A. VI. 684. quattuor hie, primum omen, equos in gramine vidi tondentes campum late. A. III. 537. tumens; vid. laetans, A. XI. 854. undans; vid, c. infra, A. II. 609. vidit ab adverso venientis aggeret Turnus, videre Ausonii. [bis]. A. XII. 446. volens; vid. prensans, G. IV. 502. multa modis simulacra videt volitantia miris. A. VII. 89. A. III. 655. b. Pf. particip.: avolstis; vid. e. infra, desertosque videt portus classemque relictam. disiectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, fluetibus oppressos Troas eaelique ruinat. disiectus; znd. c. infra, [arcem et ealamos] quae tu, perverse Menalca, et cum vidisti puero donata, dolebas. A. II. 609. A. V. 612. A. I. 128. A. II. 609. E. III. 14. no The Plan and Scope elisns; vid. c. infra, atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore toto Deiphobumt viditt, lacerum crudeliter ora. oppressus; vid, disiectus, Teucria cum magnot manaret sanguine tellus et Simois Xanthique liquor, Sigeaque praetert litora cum Troas saevi ducist Hectoris ira funderet in classes inimicat mentet vulnera tela necest ignist inferre paratosf? atque illi Misenum in litore sicco, ut venere, vident indigna morte peremptum, ille deum vitam accipiet divisque videbit permixtos heroas, et ipse videbitur illis. recepHis; vid, c. infra, relict us; vid, deserhis, unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi submersum, turbatus; vid. c. infra, A, III. 567. A. VI. 495. A. I. 128. Pelasgas Cu. 309. A. VI. 163. E. IV. 15. A. IX. 780. A. V. 612. A. I. 584. A. XII. 324. A. II. 609. A. IX. 780. A. III. 567. c. Pres, act. and pf. pass, particip,: Turnus ut Aenean cedentem ex agmine vidit turbatos(\nt duces, subita spe fervidus ardet. A. XII. 324. hie, ubi disiectas moles avolsaquc saxis saxa vides mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum, Neptunus muros. . . . quatit. tandemt ductores audita csede suorum eonveniunt Teueri, Mnestheus acerque Serestus, palantis'fque vident socios hostemque receptum, ter spumam elisam ett rorantia vidimus astra. 7. With simple obj. : a. Names of persons and peoples: videt Iliaeas ex ordine pugnas bellaque iam fama totum volgata per orbem, Atridas Priamumque et saevom ambobus Achillem, A. I. 456. hie et Aloidas'f geminos immania vidi corpora. A. VI. 582. Atridas; vid. Achillem, A. I. 456. monstrat amor verust patriae, ut videre Camillamf. A. XI. 892. militia ex ilia diversum ad litus abactit Atrides Protei Menelaus ad usque columnas exulatt, Aetnaeos vidit Cyclopas Vlixes. A. XI. 263. OF A Vergil Lexicon. Ill vidimus, o cives, Diomedef Argivaque eastra. A. XL 243. cum clamor ad auris pervenit ac videt Euryalum, A. IX. 396. Arcades ipsum credunt set vidisse lovem. A. VIII. 353. vox quoquet Moerimt iam fugit ipsa ; lupi Moerim videre priores. E. IX. 54. ipsum autem sumptis Priamnm iuvenalibus armis ut vidit, *quae mens tam dira, miserrime coniunx, impulit his cingi telis ?' inquit. A, II. 519. Priamum; vid. Achillem, * A! I. 456. *Troiugenas ac tela vides inimica Latinis.* A. VIII. 117. Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbemt. A. I. 338. b. Names of places: invidisse deos, patriis ut redditus aris coniugium optatum et pulchram Calydona viderem? A. XL 270. iam procul et fluctut Salaminiat suspicitt arva florentesque videt iam Cycladas, Ci. 471. iamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis, cum procul obseuros collis humilemque videmus Italiam. A, III. 522. si tanta cupidot bis Stygios innare lacust, bis nigra videre Tartara .... accipe quae peragenda prius. effigiemt Xanthi Troiamque videtis, quam vestrae fecere manus melioribus, opto, auspiciis. c. Per so nal pronou ns : nee sum adeo informis : nuper me in litore vidi. E. 11. 25. ego Daphnim auspicio, ille ubi me contra videt, 'ocius* inquit *huc ades, o Meliboee.' E. VII. 8. A. VI. 134. A. III. 497. d. Common nouns, demonstratives, adjectives, and pronouns referring to things: aetheria tum forte plaga 'crinitus Apollo desuper Ausonias acies urbemque videbat. nube sedens. A. IX. 639. A. XI. 909. A. XII. 86i. A. V. 634. A. VI. 818. G. III. 182. 112 The Plan and Scope postquam acics videt Iliacas atque agmina Tumi, . . . fertque refertque sonans clupeumque everberat alis. A. XII. 861. act simult Aeneas fumantis pulvere campos prospexit longe Laurentiaque agmina vidit, et s3evom Aenean adgnovitt Turnus in armis. agmina; vid. a<:ies, nusquamt Hectoreos amnis Xanthum et Simoenta videbo ? interea videt Aeneas in valle reducta seclusumt nemus et virgulta sonantia silvaet Lethaeumque domos placidas qui praenatat amnem. A. VI. 703. vis et Tarquinios reges animamquG superbam ultoris Bruti fascesque videre receptos? primus equit labor est animos atque arma videre bellantum lituosque pati tractuque gementem ferre rotam et stabulo frenos audire sonantis. sol medium caeli conscenderat igneus orbem, cum muros arcemque procul act rara domorum tecta vident. arma; vid. animos, isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit ' anna procul .... sese ad litora praeceps cum fletu precibusque tulit. *quid, siquis caestus ipsius et Herculis arma vidisset tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam?' at Danaum proceres Agamemnoniaetque phalanges ut videre virum fulgentiaque aryna per umbras, ingenti trepidare metu. laeta boum passim campis armenta videmus caprigenumque pecus nullo custode per herbas. et iuvat undantem buxo spectare Cytorum Naryciaeque picis lucos, iuvat arva videre non rastris, hominum non ulli obnoxia curae. bella; znd. Achillem, caestus; vid. arma, iuvat ire et Dorica castra desertosque videre locos litusque relictum. castra inimica vides ; nulla hinc exire potestas. A. VIII. 99. G. III. 182. A. III. 596. A. V. 411. A. VI. 490. A. III. 220. G. II. 438. A. I. 456. A. V. 411. OF A Vergil Lexicon. "3 A. X. 671. A. XI. 243. A. II. 28. A. IX. 739. Laurentisne iterum muros aut castra videbo? castra; znd. Diomede, accipe dona meo multum vigilata labore . . . impia prodigiis ut quondam exterritat amorist Scylla novos avium sublimis in aere coetus viserit et tenui conscendens siderat pinnat caeruleis sua tecta supert volitaverit alis. Ci. 50. collis; vid. Italiam, A. III. 522. coniitgiumque domumque patres natosque videbit, Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris? A. II. 579. coniugitim; znd. Calydona, nee currus usquam videt aurigamvet sororem. domum; znd. coniugium, eMgiem; vid. Troiam, satis una superque vidimus excidia et captae superavimus urbi. fasces; vid. animam, quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura sponte tulere sua, carpsitt, nee ferrea iura insanumquet forum aut populi tabularia vidit. tu procul a patria (nee sit mihi credere tantum) Alpinas a ! dura nives et frigora Rheni me sine sola vides. finibus extorris,.complexu avolsus luli auxilium imploret videatque indigna suorum funera^ vel quae, Tiberine, videbis ftinera, cum tumulum, praeterlaberet recentem! sat funeral fusit vidimus ingentis et desolavimust agros. infelix, nati funus crudele videbis ? habitus; vid. arma, quocumquet iret feruntt variae nos tempora vitae, tangeret quas terras quosquet videret homines, dispeream, si te fuerit mihi carior alter. Ca. IV. (XIII.) 2. hie vertex nobis semper sublimist ; at ilium sub pedibus Styx atra videt manesque profundi. G. I. 243. (ilium absens absentem auditque videtque). A. IV. 83. A. XI. 270. A. XII. 918. A. II. 579. A. III. 497. A. II. 643. A. VI. 818. G. II. 502. £. X. 48- A. IV. 617. A. VI. 873. A. XI. 367. A. XI. 53. A. III. 596. ii ■A m I i ■M 1-1! 114 il A. I. 308. G. II. 502. E. I. 42. A. XII. 636. A. II. 28. A. II. 28. A. IV. 655. A. VI. 549. The Plan and Scope Aeneas exire locosque explorare novos. quas vento accesserit oras, qui teneajit (nam inculta vidett), hominesne feraene, quserere constituit. iura; vid. forum, hie ilium vidi iuvenem, Meliboee, quotannis bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. sed quis Olympo demissam tantos voluit tet ferre labores? an fratris miseri letiim ut crudele videres? litus; vid, castra, locos; vid. castra, urbem prseclaram statui, mea moenia vidi. respicit Aeneas : subito et sub rupe sinistra moenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro. hsec duo praeterea disiectis oppida muris, reliquias veterumque vides monimenta virorum. A. VIII. 356. accessi viridemque ab humo convellere silvam conatus horrendum et dictut video mirabile monstrum, sed siquis, quae mtdta vides discrimine talit, siquis in adversum rapiat casusve deusve, te superesse velim. muros; vid. arcem, A. VIII. 99, also castra, natiimc\\it in valle reducta ut procul egelidot secretum flumine vidit, talibus adfata est dictis. natos; vid. coniugium, nemiis; vid. amnem, • nives; vid. frigora, candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis. oppida; vid. monimenta, at vero ut voltum vidit morientis et ora, ora modis Anchisiades pallentia miris, ingemuit miserans graviter. Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque pahidem, patres; vid. coniugium, pecus; vid. armenta, OF A Vergil Lexicon. "5 A. III. 26. A. IX. 210. A. X. 671. A. VIII. 610. A. II. 579. A. VI. 703. E. X. 48. E. V. 57. A. VIII. 356. A. X. 821 A. VI. 323 A. II. 579 A. III. 220 G. IV. 414. A. II. 5. Ca. II.* 3. Ca. X. (VIII.) I. •A. II. 746. pugnam; vid. arma, A. V. 411 ; pugnas; vid. Achillem, A. I. 456. sed quanto ille magis formas set vertett in omnis, tamt tut, nate, magis contende tenacia vinclat, donee talis erit mutato eorpore, qualem videris, ineepto tegeret eum lumina somno. iubes renovare dolorem, Troianas ut opes et lamentabile regnum eruerintt Danai, quaeque ipse miserrima vidi et quorum pars magna fui. o quis nont referat talist divortia bellit, quaef Troiaet videre viri videreque Grai. [bis]. Cu. 305. agellulumt hune, sinistrat ett antet quem vides, erique villulamt hortulumque pauperis tuort malatque furist areeo manut. Sabinus ille, quemf videtis, hospites, ait fuisse mulio eelerrimus. aut quid in eversa vidi erudelius urbe? ille mihi ante alios fortunatusque laborum egregiusque animi, qui, ne quid tale videret, proeubuit moriens et humum semelt ore memordit. A. XL 417. reges; vid. animam, \ yj gjg regna; vid. Tyrios, a. I. 338. 'tent' inquit, 'miserande puer, eum laeta veniret, invidit Fortuna mihi, ne regna videres nostra neque ad sedes vietor veherere patemas ?' A. XL 43. reliquias; vid. monimenta, A. VIII. 356. namque sub Oebaliae memini me turribus areist, qua niger umeetat flaventia eulta Galsesus, Coryeium vidisse senem, eui pauea relicti iugera rurist erant. sidera; vid. nubes, ut vidit socios, 'tempus desistere pugnaet : . . . . ' haee ait. sororem; vid. currtis, stagna; vid. paludem, tabularia; znd. forum, sit satis hoc, tantum Seyllamt vidisse malorum. G. IV. 127. E. V. 57. tecta; vid. arcem, tela; vid. Troiugenas, A. X. 441. A. XII. 918. A. VI. 323. G. II. 502. Ci. 455. A. VIII. 99. A. VIIL 117. ii6 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. "7 urbem; vid, acies, A. IX. 639 ; also vid, Tyrios, vidimus obscuris primam sub vallibust urbem venatu adsiduo et totum cognovimus amnem. et mihi iam multi crudele canebant artificis scelus et taciti z/entura videbant. ne dubita, nam vera vides. virgulta; znd. amnem, virum; znd. anna, voltum; znd, ora, invideo vobis, agri formosaque prata, . . . vos nunc ilia videt, vobist meat Lydiat luditt. 8. With tzvo ace: ' simul hsec invisa relinquam lumina nee generum Aenean captiva videbo. [Arruns] reducem ut patria alta videret, non dedit. omnia nunc rident: at si formonsus Alexis montibus his abeatt, videas ut Hximina sicca. neque m£ indecorem, germana, videbis amplius. namquet utt int setherio signorum muneret praestans, unum quem duplici stellatumt sideret vidi, scorpios alternist clarum fugatt Orionat. haut aliter iuvenis medios moriturus in hostis inruit et, quat tela videt densissima, tendit. 9. TzAJO ohj. and tzvo pred.: tumt sciat, aerias Alpis et Norica siquis castella in tumulis et lapydist arva Timavi nunc quoque post tanto videat desertaque regnal pastorum et longe saltiis lateque vacantist. A. I. 338. A. IX. 244. A. II. 125. A. III. 316. A. VI. 703. A. VI. 490. A. X. 821. L. 4. A. XII. 63. A. XI. 797. E. VII. 56. A. XII. 679. Ci. 534- A. IX. 555. G. III. 476. A. I. 583. 10. Ohj. and pred. and ace. and inf.: omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. isque ubi se Turni media inter milia vidit, hinc acies atque hinc acies adstare Latinas : .... moriturus in hostis inruit. II. Two ohj. and ace. and inf.: Eumenidum veluti demenst videt agmina Pentheus et solem geminum et duplicis se ostendere Thebas. A. IV. 469. A. IX. 549. 12. Ohj. ace. and tzvo ind. quest,: iam nunc sollemnist ducere pompas ad delubra iuvat caesosque videre iuvencos, vel scaena ut versis discedat frontibus utque purpurea intexti tollantt aulaea Britanni. G. III. 23. 13. Simple ohj., also ohj. and particip,: a. One simp, ohj.: , vidi ipse furentem caede Neoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas. A. II. 499. praestat Trinacrii mentas lustrare Pachyni ... quam semel informem vasto vidisse sub antro Scyllam et caeruleis canibus resonantia saxa. A. III. 431. ut me conspexit venientem et Troia circum arma amens vidit . . . deriguit. A. III. 307. b. Tzvo simple ohj.: vidi Hecubam centumque nurus Priamumque per aras sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacraverat ignis. A. II. 501. ipse caput nivei fultiim Pallantis et ora ut vidit levique patens in pectore volnus cuspidis Ausoniae, lacrimis ita fatur obortis. A. XI. 40. c. Three simple ohj.: Aeneas .... prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea siquem iactatum vento videat Phryiasque biremis aut Capyn aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici. 14. Ace. and inf. and ace. and particip. : and one particip.: medium video discederet caelum palantisque polo Stellas. A. I. 182. a. One inf. A. IX. 20. b. Tzvo inf. and one particip.: pulsus ego? aut quisquam merito, fcedissime, pulsum arguett, Iliaco tumidum qui crescere Thybrim sanguine et Euandri totam cum stirpe videbit procubuisse domum atque exutos Arcadas armis ? A. XI. 394. quotiens Cyclopum effervere in agros vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus Aetnam, flammarumque globos liquefactaque volvere saxa ! G. I. 472. ii8 The Plan and Scope c. One inf. and two particip.: passim somno vinoque per herbamt corpora fusa vident, arrectos litore currus, inter lora rotasque viros, simul arma iacere, vina simul. A. IX. 317. A. XII. 2. 15. Obj\ and four inf. and two particip.: [ovem] quam procul autt molli succedere ssepius umbrae videris autt summas carpentemt ignaviust herbas extremamque sequi aut medio procumberet campo pascentem et seraet solam decedere nocti, continuo culpam ferro compesce. G. III. 465. 16. Acc. and particip. and pred. adj.: tum primum nostri Cacum videre timentem turbatumque oculist. A. VIII. 222. 17. Acc. and particip. and inf., also acc. and two inf.: Turnus ut infractos adverso Marte Latinos defecisse videt, sua nunc promissa reposci, se signari oculist, ultro inplacabilis ardet attollitque animos. 18. Acc. and inf. and particip.: [serpentem] quem postquam vidit caesum languescere, seditt. Cu. 201. vidi oculos ante ipse meos me voce vocantem Murranum .... op peter e ingentem atque ingenti volnere victum. A. XII. 638. utque leo, specula cum vidit ab alta stare procul campis meditantem int proelia taurum, advolat. A. X. 454. 19. Ohj., ohj. and particip., ohj. and pred.: urbis uti captae casum convolsaque vidit limina tectorum et mediumt in penetralibus hostem, arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo circumdat. A. II. 507. C. Particip.: a. Pres.\ i. Nom. sing, with acc. and inf.: cui vates, horrere videns iam colla colubris, melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus oflFam obicit. A. VI. 419. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 2. Nom. sing, with simple obj.: quae Laomedontius heros cuncta videns magno curarum fluctuat aestu. 119 A. VIII. 19. 3. Nom. sing. %mth ohj. and appos.: post aliquot mea regna videns mirabor aristas? E. I. 69. 4. Dat.: addit se sociamt timidisque supervenit Aegle, Aegle, naiadum pulcherrima, iamtque videnti sangnineis frontem moris et temjiora pingit. E. VI. 21. 5. Acc. a. Simple ohj.: incensus et ipse perfurit ac multamt in medio sine nomine plebem, .... Rhcetumt vigilantem et cuncta videntem. A. IX. 345. p. Acc. and two particip.: haec finis Priami, fatorum hie exitust ilium sorte tulit, Troiam incensam et prolapsa videntem Pergama. 6. Nom. plu. with simple obj.: ipse pater statuit, quid menstrua luna moneret, quo signo caderent austri, quid saepe videntes agricolae propius stabulis armenta tenerent. A. II. 555. G. I. 354. b. Put.: I. Nom. masc. sing, with simple obj.: si numina vestra incolumem Pallanta mihi, si fata reservant, SI visurus eum vivot et venturus in unum: vitam oro. A. VIII. 576. 2. Nom. masc. pi. with simple obj.: laeto complerant litora coetu visuri Aeneadas, pars et certare parati. - A. V. 108. D. Substant.: a. Absolute: i. Gerund: carpit enim viris paulatim uritque videndo femina, nee nemorum patitur meminisse nequet herbaet dulcibus ilia quidem inlecebris. G. III. 215. I20 The Plan and Scope OF A Vergil Lexicon. 121 2. Supine: stabat acuta silex, praecisis undique saxis speluncae dorso insurgens, alfissima visu. [Polyphemus] nee visu facilis nee dictu aflFabilist ulli. parte alia horrendus visu quassabat Etruscam pinum et fumiferos infert Mezentius ignis, id vero horrendum ac visu mirabile ferri. turn dea nube cava tenuem sine viribus umbram in faciem Aeneae (visu mirabile monstrum) Dardaniis ornat telis. cunctaeque volucres convertunt clamore fugam (mirabile visut) aetheraque obscurant pinnis. [navis] tris Eurus ab alto in brevia et syrtis urguet (miserabile visu). quin ipsa arrectis (visu miserabile'f) in hastis prsefigunt capita. et Metus et malesuada Fames ac turpis Egestas, terribilesi visu formae. A. VIII. 234. A. III. 621. A. IX. 521. A. VII. 78. A. X. 637. A. XII. 252. A. I. III. A. IX. 465. A. VI. 277, b. With obj.: Gen. of gerund with three simple obj.: nee mihi iam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi nee duplicis natos exoptatumque parentem. A. II. 137. II. Passive: A. Impersonal: a. Absolute: et galea Euryalum sublustri noctis in umbra prodidit immemorem radiisque adversa refulsit. haut temeret est visum. A. XI. 375. b. With dat.: cadit et Ripheus, iustissimus unus qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi {dis aliter visum). quippe ita Neptuno visum est, immania cuius armenta et turpis pascit sub gurgite phocas. c. With infinitive: postquam res Asiae Priamique ez'erteref gentem inmeritam visum superis ... A. II. 428. G. IV. 394. diversa exilia et desertas quaerere terras auguriis agimur divom. solvite me, pueri : satis est potuisse videri. B. Personal: a. Absolute: turrim .... eductam tectis, unde omnis Troia videri et Danaum solitae naves et Achaicat castra, .... convellimus altis sedibus. cum mihi se, non ante oculist tam clara, videndam obtulit et pura per noctem in luce refulsit alma parens, confessa deam qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet. maiorque videri nee mortale sonans, adflata est numine quando iam propiore dei. b. With subj. nom,: infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae visa mihi ante oculos et nota maior imago, ille deum vitam accipiet divisque videbit permixtos heroas, et ipse videbitur illis. 'mdla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum.' et simulacra modis pallentia miris visa sub obscurum noctis, pecudesque locutae. A. III. 2. E. VI. 24. A. II. 461. A. II. 591. A. VI. 49. A. II. 773. E. IV. 16. A. I. 326. G. I. 478. E. III. 65. c. With subj, ace.: malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella, et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri. d. With comp.: i. De: haut procul hinc Tarchot et Tyrrheni tuta tenebant castra locis, celsoque omnis de colle videri iam poterat legio. A. VIII. 604. 2. With pres. act, inf,: (nee sopor illud erat, sed coram adgnoscere voltus velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbart). A. III. 174. nunc terras ordine longo aut cap ere aut captast iam respectaret videntur. A. I. 396. et iuxta genitorem adstat Lavinia virgo, visa (nefas) longis comprendere crinibus ignem. A. VII. 73. "I I 122 The Plan and Scope iam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantis ire, possunt, quia posse videntur. *si tibi quae posco promittunt (nam mihi facti fama sat est), tumulo videor reperire sub illo posse viam ad muros et moenia Pallantea.' respectare; vid. capere, ac velut in somnis, oculos ubit languida pressit nocte quies, nequiquam avidos extendere cursus velle videmur et in mediis conatibus segri succidimus. E. X. s8. A. V. 231. A. IX. 195. A. I. 396. A. XII. 910. 3. With pf. act. inf, : postquam visa satis primos acuisse furores consiliumque omnemque domum vertisse Latini, protinus hinc fuscis tristis dea tollitur alis. A. VII. 406. iamque propinquabam portis omnemque videhar evasisse viam, subito cum creber ad auris visus adesse pedum sonitus. A. II. 730. vertisse; vid, acuisse, A. VII. 406. A. II. 271. 4. Nom, and inf, : a. Pres, act,: in somnis ecce ante oculos maestissimus Hector visus adesse mihi largosque efftmdere fletus. iamque propinquabam portis omnemque videbar evasisse viam, subito cum creber ad auris visus adesse pedum sonitus. adsurgere; vid, c. infroi, quarto terra diet primum se attollere tandemt visa, aperire procul montis ac volvere fumum. cUtollere; vid, aperire, huic deus ipse loci fluvio Tiberinus amoeno populeas inter senior se attollere frondes visus. effigies sacrae divom Phr3^giique penates, quos mecum abt Troiat mediisque ex ignibus urbis extuleram, visi ante oculos astare iacentis in somnis. A. III. 150. ultro flens ipse videbar compellare virum et maestas expromere voces. A. II. 279. A. II. 732. G. III. 108. A. III. 206. A. III. 206. A. VIII. 33. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 123 consider e; vid, c. infra, A. II. 624. nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago ardentis dare visa faces. A. V. 637. ipsa videbatur ventis regina vocatis vela dare et laxos iam iamque inmittere funis. A. VIII. 707. nam neque adhuc Variot videor nee dicer e Cinna E. IX. 35. A. II. 271. A. V. 722. A. II. 279. A. II. 682. A. VIII. 707. . A. IV. 467. A. IV. 557. digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores. efftmdere; znd. adesse, visa dehinc caelo facies delapsa parentis Anchisae subito talis effufidere voces. expromere ; vid, compellare, ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli fundere lument apex. inmitere; vid, dare, ire; vid, c. infra, huic se forma dei voltu redeuntis eodem obtulit in somnis rursusque itat visa monerest, ab aethere fulgor cum sonitu venit, et ruere omnia visa repente Tyrrhenusque tubae mugire per aethera clangor. A. VIII. 525. qua visa est Fortuna pati Parcaeque sinebant cedere res Latio. quaerere; vid, c. infra, ruere; vid, mugire, strepere; vid, dicere, hie primum nova lux oculis oflFulsit et ingens visus ab Aurora caelum transcurrere nimbus Idaeique chori. vix ea fatus eramt : tremere omnia visa repente, liminaque laurusque dei. iuga ccepta moveri silvarum visaeque canes ululare per umbram adventante dea. voh^ere; vid, aperire, b. Pres, pass,: hinc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret. c. Pres, act, and pres, pass, : iamque humiles, iamque elati sublime videntur aera per vacuum ferri atque adsurgere in auras. A. XII. 147. A. IV. 467. A. VIII. 525. E. IX. 35. A. IX. III. A. III. 90. A. VI. 257. A. III. 206. A. IV. 461. G. III. 108. 124 The Plan and Scope turn vero omne mihi visum consider e in ignis Ilium et e^ imo verti Neptunia Troia. semperque relinqui sola sibi, semper longamt incomitata videtur ire viam et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra. A. II. 624. A. IV. 467. 5. With pred, nom.: immo ego Sardoniis videart tibi amarior herbis, , horridior rusco, proiecta vilior alga, si mihi non haec lux toto iam longior annotst. *siquis mihi parvolus aula luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, non equidem omnino capta ac deserta viderer.' desertiis; vid. captus, verum ubi ductores acie revocaveris ambot, deterior qui visus, eum, ne prodigus obsit, dede neci; melior vacua sine regnet in aula. horridus; vid. amartis, haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miratida videntur, . regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido, incessit. vilis; vid. amaricSj E. VII. 41. A. IV. 330. A. IV. 330. G. IV. 89. E. VII. 41. A. I. 494. E. VII. 41. G. III. 510. 6. Subj. nom. and pred. nom.: profuit insertot latices infundere comu Lenaeos : ea visa salust morientibus una. fugiuntque notos clamore secundo. at Rutulo regi ducibusque ea^ mira videri Ausoniis, donee versas ad litorat puppes respiciunt totumque adlabi classibus aequor. A. X. 267. ipsae iam matres, ipsi, quibus aspera quondam visa maris fades et non tolerabile noment, ire volunt. A. V. 768. nimium vobis Romana propago visa potens, superi, propria haec si dona fuissent. A. VI. 871. at vero Rutulis inpar ea pugna videri iandudum et vario misceri pectora motu. A. XII. 216. haec altemanti potior sententia visa est. A. IV. 287. 7. Nom. and pred. nom. and tivo inf.: nam neque tum stellis acies obtunsa videtur, nee fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna, tenuiat nee lanae per caelum vellera ferri. G. I. 395. OF A Vergil Lexicon. 125 C. Particip: a. Perf.: visa: Irim de caelo misit Satumia luno . . . nulH visa cito decurrit tramite virgo. visum: ille admirans venerabile donum fatalis virgae, longo post tempore visum, caeruleam advertit puppimt. viso : ocius ensem Aeneas, viso Tyrrheni sanguine -laetus, eripit a femine. A. V. 610. A. VI. 409. A. X. 787. b. Gerundive: cum mihi se, non ante oculist tam clara, videndam obtulit et pura per noctem in luce refulsit alma parens. A. II. 589. III. Modifiers; Adverbs (40) : adhuc, E. IX. 35; aliter, A. II. 428; amplius, A. XII. 680; ante, E. III. 65 ; bis, A. VI. 134; circum, Ci. 80; contra, E. VII. 8; dehinc, A. V. 722; desuper, A. IX. 639; equidem, G. I. 193, A. IV. 330; forte, A. IX. 638; hie, E. I. 42, A. III. 537, VI. 494, 582 ; interea, A. VI. 703 ; ita, G. IV. 394, A. IV. 557 ; iterum, G. I. 490, A. X. 671; iam, E. X. 58, A. XII. 407; iandudum, A. XII. 217; non, E. III. 17; G. I. 56, III. 103, 250, A. IX. 144, Ca. XII. (IV.) 4; nimium, A. VI. 870; numquam, Ci. 510; nunc, G. III. 476, A. I. 395, X. 674, XII. 149, 810, L. 4; nuper, E. II. 25; nusquam, A. V. 633; passim, A. III. 220, VIII. 360; post, E. I. 69 ; primum, A. III. 205, VIII. 222 ; procul, E. I. 76, A. III. 522, 597, VIII. 98, 610; quippe, G. IV. 394; quondam, A. V. 767, Ci. 48; quotiens, G. I. 471; repente, A. III. 90, VIII. 525 ; s«pe, E. VIII. 97, 98, G. I. 354, 365, 3^8, 45i» H. 32; semper, A. IV. 467; semel, A. III. 431, VI. 487; subito, A. VL 548; tandem, A. III. 205 ; temere, A. IX. 375 ; tum, E. VI. 27, 28, G. I. 395, A. II. 624, VIII. 222, IX. 638; ultro, A. II. 279; usquam, A. XII. 918. 126 The Plan and Scope XI. Remarks on the verbs given above. ON THE VERBS GIVEN ABOVE. The arrangement of the examples of scindere given above is beheved to be simple and easy to follow. The forms of the active voice are given first. All of these are followed by a simple object or by a reflexive pronoun. Next come the examples of the passive voice, all three of which have subject nominatives. Finally, the participles are given. This arrangement will be followed in the case of all similar verbs, since from it one can readily find whether Vergil has, or does not have, any usage for which he is looking. Proscindere is given in this specimen out of its alphabetical order, to bring it into connection with the simple verb. In the lexicon, of course, it will come in its proper place; but all com- pounds will be enumerated under the simple verbs. Some of the facts brought out by the table with which the videre article begins may be interesting. For instance, the present and perfect active indicative together are used 155 times, which is more than half of the whole number of occurrences of this word. Also the perf. 3d. pi. in -ere, is used fifteen times, while the tndmg-erunt occurs only four times. The imperfect of the verb is rare and the examples of the subjunctive of this tense slightly outnumber those of the indicative. The future perfect occurs but three times, while the pluperfect occurs but once and this example is in the subjunctive. In the arrangement of the examples diflFering from Merguet, I have put the verbal uses first and the substantive uses at the end. The most interesting fact about Vergil's use of videre is the great variety of constructions which he allows after it. The abso- lute uses, either in parenthesis or with object implied, are not remarkable. The number of examples is small. This is also true of the first four subdivisions "with complement,*' though we may wonder why the poet in G. III. 250 has nonne vides followed by the subjunctive, while in G. I. 56 the same expression takes the indicative. However, in this latter passage the reading mittit is uncertain and in the Medicean has been corrected to mittat. With 5. we begin to see the great variety of constructions after videre. We find it followed by one infinitive in the present active, also by two, three, or four infinitives in the same tense. It is followed by the present passive infinitive, sometimes by one OF A Vergil Lexicon. 127 and sometimes by more, by the perfect infinitive and by various combinations of most of these. The participle constructions are almost as varied as those of the infinitive. So, too, of the simple objects. Videre is followed by one object, by two objects, or by a greater number. It is followed at the same time by proper nouns and common nouns. Then come various combinations of two objects, objects and predicates, object and predicate and accusative and infinitive, object and indirect questions, simple object and object and par- ticiple, accusative and infinitive and accusative and participle, object and four infinitives and two • participles, accusative and participle and predicate adjective, accusative and participle and infinitive, also accusative and two infinitives, and finally an object with object and participle and object and predicate. In what other author can we find so great a variety of constructions ? At first I thought of making a separate class for videre, fol- lowed by one present active infinitive, by two present active in- finitives, and so for the others. This would have required a great many subdivisions; but, more than this, it makes no difference with the meaning of zidere, which it is our purpose to discover, whether it is followed by one infinitive or by four, by one simple object or by several objects. However, the construction, for instance, with an active infinitive differs slightly from that with a passive infinitive or with a perfect, so these subdivisions are retained. Under the infinitives and participles, as well as under the substantives used as objects, in case the verb is followed by more than one I have given the quotation under the infinitive, participle, or object in alphabetical order, and then I have referred to the quotation in the proper place or places below. To this I must make the following exceptions. In case the quotation contains a proper noun and also one or more common nouns, I have given the quotation under the proper noun and referred to it under the common noun, without considering whether the proper noun is first alphabetically or not. Also in the participles used after videre, having mad^ ;a .separate cl^^ of, those examples in which we find a combinatioti/of^tK^/prfe^^p and the perfect and having put this class at the end of that section of the article dealing with participles, I have gwnitW'iiartlcipflieji m their proper places and I have referred 'for t\it quotaftioft to* the subdivision below. Thus "unda4is, vid, Cf tn/ray .A. •11. 6oQ.*t. • ' » U • % I n »-' , • • ••••.•• • • • •" • « • • 4 • ••• •••* ••• •«• 128 The Plan and Scope The same statement applies to a similar combination of infinitives. That is, I have made a separate subdivision for zndere followed by the "present active and the present passive," but above in their proper places these infinitives are all given with a reference for the quotation to a subdivision below. Thus, "tradiicere, znd. c. infra, E. VIII. 99." With these exceptions, the references are always to quotations previously given. After these uses of zndere, I have given its participles, as was done in the case of scindere. The participles are few in number and the constructions after them are simple. Then follow the substantive uses, as stated above, all of which are gerunds and supines. These are also simple in construction. The passive of zndere is comparatively rare. There are only 59 examples, while there are 237 of the active. Here also, as in the active, most of the forms are in the present and perfect. These two tenses have forty of the fifty-nine passive forms. No plu- perfect or future perfect occurs and there are only two sub- junctives. 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