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INAUGURATION 
 
 OF THE NEW BUILDING OF THE 
 
 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 Sloane Maternity Hospital 
 
 AND THEi, 
 
 Vanderbilt Clinic 
 
 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS 
 
 437 WEST FIFTY NINTH STREET 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 
 IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK; 
 
 ^eDical 2)epartment of Columbia College. 
 
 ADDRESSES 
 
 AT THE INAUGURATION OF THE 
 
 NEW COLLEGE BUILDING 
 
 September 29TH, 1887 ; 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 SLOANE MATERNITY HOSPITAL 
 
 AND THE 
 
 VANDERBILT CLINIC 
 
 December 29TH, 1887. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COLLEGE 
 1888 
 
/FTF 
 
 The new building of the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, at 437 West 59th Street, was inaug- 
 urated September 29th, 1887. 
 
 THE EXERCISES CONSISTED OF 
 
 I. Prayer, from the Rev. SULLIVAN H. WESTON, D.D., 
 Trustee. 
 
 11. Historical Sketch of the College, by J. C. D ALTON, M.D., 
 President. 
 
 III. Inaugural Address, with Presentation of Busts and 
 Portrait, by William H. Draper, M.D., Trustee. 
 
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE COLLEGE 
 
 BY 
 
 J. C. DALTON, M.D. 
 
 Gentlemen, Alumni of the College of Physicians 
 AND Surgeons ; members of the Board of Trustees, 
 
 AND OF THE FaCULTY I 
 
 We are assembled today to inaugurate a new 
 epoch in the existence of the College. After being 
 sustained for so many years by the unremitting devo- 
 tion of its teachers, officers and alumni, it has now 
 received recognition and support from other sources 
 than the medical profession. It has felt the impulse 
 of a generous and enlightened commercial prosperity ; 
 and after many varied experiences and changes of lo- 
 cation, it is transferred at last to this ample domain 
 and to these new buildings. I am deputed to present, 
 as part of the exercises of the occasion, a brief sketch 
 of the history of the institution. In the discharge of 
 that duty, may I ask your indulgence while I recall 
 some of the main features in the story of its progress 
 and fortunes to the present time ? 
 
 The College of Physicians and Surgeons had its 
 origin in a spontaneous movement of the profession in 
 the city of New York for the cultivation and improve- 
 ment of medical science and art. In the year 1807 the 
 Medical Society of the county of New York adopted 
 
4 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 a memorial to the Legislature, setting forth the de- 
 sire of its members to " promote the progress of med- 
 ical knowledge," and to give "encouragement and 
 protection " to the pursuit of medical science ; and ex- 
 pressing the belief that they would be aided in that ob- 
 ject if they were incorporated as a college, under the 
 auspices of the State university. They also addressed 
 a petition to the Regents of the university, declaring 
 that " their efforts would be more successful if directed 
 under the patronage of the Regents," and praying the 
 Regents to "■ favor the views of the said Society." 
 
 This action met with a prompt response ; and 
 within a month thereafter the members of the Soci- 
 ety were duly incorporated as a college, with all the 
 rights and privileges of such an institution. 
 
 The Medical Society of the county of New York 
 was then in the second year of its existence ; and 
 numbered one hundred and thirty-nine members, em- 
 bracing all the legally qualified practitioners in the vi- 
 cinity. Its constituent meeting, July i, 1806, is called, 
 in the printed report, a "meeting of the Physicians 
 and Surgeons of the City and County of New York." 
 In the address of its presiding officer, on the follow- 
 ing day, it is spoken of by the same designation ; and 
 when, beside their organization as a Society, its mem- 
 bers were also incorporated as a college, the institution 
 so established was entided the College of Physicians 
 AND Surgeons in the city of New York. 
 
 The College was therefore, in its primary organi- 
 zation, a creation of the Medical Society of the county 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 5 
 
 of New York ; and the body of Its trustees or members 
 comprised all the members of that society. This forms 
 one of its most honorable claims to distinction. It repre- 
 sented the best endeavors of the profession for the im- 
 provement of medical knowledge and education. It em- 
 bodied their hopes for the immediate needs of the time, 
 and laid the foundation for further progress in the future. 
 
 But it seldom happens that an educational institu- 
 tion can be administered by so large a body of mana- 
 gers as the whole membership of the county Medical 
 Society. However sincere their intention, they could 
 not all possess the requisite knowledge, nor command 
 the necessary time for the regulation of its affairs ; and 
 at their first meeting, for the organization of the Col- 
 lege, only sixty-three members were present. Other 
 defects in the charter became apparent on trial; and in 
 the following year the College presented a request for 
 certain changes, which were thought " important to 
 the stability and usefulness of the institution." The 
 charter was consequently amended by an ordinance 
 passed March 3d, 1808. 
 
 The changes introduced by this amendment were 
 two-fold. First, the officers of the College, instead of 
 being elected annually by the corporation, were ap- 
 pointed by the Regents, thus giving greater stability 
 to the organization. Secondly, all members of the 
 Medical Society who wished to serve as trustees or 
 members of the College, were required to declare in 
 writing their acceptance of the trust, and that they 
 would, " to the best of their abiUties, promote the 
 
6 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 usefulness of the said College, and faithfully execute 
 the duties required of them." By this means the 
 institution was relieved of its doubtful or indifferent 
 members, and was entrusted to those who had faith 
 in its destiny and would give it the guaranty of their 
 favor and support. 
 
 In the mean time the College had elected its offi- 
 cers, and had been provided with professors and lect- 
 urers. A circular, addressed to the different medical 
 societies in the State, informed them that " under the 
 direction and patronage of the Regents, the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons have established a School 
 of Physic ;" and that they have procured, "in a cen- 
 tral part of the city," a commodious building, where 
 apartments will be fitted up for the lecturers and 
 students. The arrangements were completed in ac- 
 cordance with this plan, and the first course of lectures 
 was duly opened on Tuesday, November loth, 1807. 
 
 This " central part of the city," where the College 
 was inaugurated, was Robinson street. Few of my 
 hearers will be likely to recognize this location ; and 
 in fact its name has long ago disappeared from the 
 city maps. It was a short street running west from 
 Broadway to the grounds then occupied by Colum- 
 bia College, and formed a portion of what is now 
 Park Place. Even its present designation has long 
 been a misnomer, since the disappearance of the 
 Park from its eastern extremity, and its extension as 
 a street in the opposite direction to the North River. 
 Probably not a single feature of the locality, as it 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 7 
 
 then was, exists today. But for us it has a certain 
 mysterious interest, as the earHest domicile of the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
 
 At that time the population of New York was a 
 little more than one twentieth of what it is now. Most 
 of the city was below Chambers street. The wealth- 
 ier residences were at the lower end of Broadway, 
 about the Battery and Bowling Green, with the shops 
 in the upper part of the same street. Broadway was 
 paved only to the neighborhood of Canal street, be- 
 yond which it continued as a road. Canal street it- 
 self existed only on paper, and was represented by 
 a swamp and a sluggish stream, crossed by a bridge 
 at the intersection of Broadway. The New York 
 Hospital was in an open space of several acres on 
 the west side of Broadway, between the present 
 Duane and Worth streets. The water supply of the 
 city was from wells and pumps, usually situated in the 
 middle of the street. The ferries to Brooklyn and 
 the Jersey shore were served by row-boats and small 
 sailing craft. There were neither Croton water works 
 nor gas companies ; and none of the streets were or- 
 namented with telegraph poles or elevated railroads. 
 
 But notwithstanding this contrast with the appear- 
 ance of the city at present, it would be a mistake to 
 suppose that there was anything that could be called 
 primitive in its people or their mode of life. They 
 occupied a smaller area, and lived at the beginning of 
 the century. But in every other respect than space 
 and time, the city in 1807 was the New York of to- 
 
8 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 day ; busy, enterprising-, luxurious and progressive. 
 There was the same activity, the same liberaHty of 
 ideas, the same continuous movement of expansion. 
 The population had increased over thirty per cent 
 since 1800 ; and in certain localities the land was said 
 to have tripled in value within twenty years. There 
 were seven or eight daily newspapers, and a medical 
 quarterly, edited by two of the most prominent mem- 
 bers of the profession. 
 
 Such was the condition of the city and the times 
 when the College of Physicians and Surgeons came 
 into existence. Its first course was attended by fifty 
 three students. The Regents reported that it had 
 commenced its business in a manner " to answer all 
 the expectations entertained in its establishment ; " 
 and they recommended it to the Legislature as an 
 institution " important to the welfare of the people 
 of the State." At the second session its class num- 
 bered seventy six ; and at the third eighty two. 
 
 But what was the daily course of college busi- 
 ness, as then carried on ? Would it not be an inter- 
 esting experience if we could go with the student of 
 those early sessions, sit with him on the benches at 
 No. 18 Robinson Street, and hear the professors dis- 
 course on the topics of the time ? How would a day 
 at the College in 1807 differ from one spent there 
 now, after eighty years have gone by ? The records 
 are rather scanty as to these details ; but they show 
 to some extent what the College undertook to do, 
 and how it was accomplished. 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 9 
 
 In the first place there was somewhat more formal- 
 ity in the proceedings than we have now. The main 
 business was approached with careful circumspection 
 and due regard for the importance of the subject. 
 The first day was devoted to an introductory address 
 by the president, which is still preserved in the college 
 archives. It was an elaborate and learned discourse, 
 touching on questions of history, ethnology, philology 
 and general education. Then followed the professors 
 in turn, on successive days, each with an introductory 
 in his own department ; so that on the whole an entire 
 week was occupied with preliminary medical literature. 
 But once started on their four months' course, the lect- 
 urers pursued their work with industry and zeal. It 
 appears from the programme for 1808 that five lect- 
 ures were given in the College every day. Some of 
 the professors lectured four times a week, and others 
 daily throughout the session. Certainly, neither teach- 
 ers nor pupils could have had much time to waste. 
 
 The Robinson street building was one hired for 
 immediate use, and at the end of the second year the 
 College was removed to Magazine street. This name 
 is also unfamiliar to our ears, and is no longer found 
 on the city map. It extended eastward from a point 
 in Broadway, opposite the grounds of the Hospital. 
 Some years later it was joined with the upper end of 
 Pearl street, and changed its name accordingly. The 
 house occupied by the College was on the south side 
 of the street, near Broadway, and corresponded with 
 the present number 553 Pearl street. 
 
lO HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 This was the history of the institution for the first 
 few years of its existence. During that time it num- 
 bered in its facuhy several members of marked char- 
 acter and ability. 
 
 Foremost among these was Nicholas Romayne, 
 the most active man in the organization of the College 
 and its first president. He obtained its charter from 
 the Regents of the university ; he pledged his per- 
 sonal credit to provide it with funds ; and he delivered 
 for three years the lectures on the Institutes of Medi- 
 cine. He was a man of large stature, but easy and 
 graceful motion ; of vigorous and cultivated mind, ac- 
 tive ambition and persistent energy ; and of a disposi- 
 tion always ready to accept the responsibilities of the 
 occasion. If the College of Physicians and Surgeons 
 can be said to have been established by the special 
 exertion and influence of any one man, its founder 
 was undoubtedly Nicholas Romayne. 
 
 Equally notable was Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill, 
 vice president of the College, senator of the United 
 States, professor of Chemistry and Natural History ; 
 a man of varied accomplishments, versatile talent and 
 wide reputation. According to his biographers. Dr. 
 Mitchill was a kind of human dictionary, who could 
 be consulted on any question of science, history or 
 politics. He could discourse in turn on a Babylonian 
 brick, meteoric stones, the theory of chemical combi- 
 nation, the construction of a windmill, the fishes of 
 North America, or the geology of Niagara Falls. 
 He obtained from Congress the appropriation for the 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. II 
 
 defences of New York harbor ; he aided DeWitt 
 Clinton in his project for the Erie canal, and was the 
 orator of the day at the ceremony of its inauguration ; 
 he believed in Robert Fulton's idea of steam naviga- 
 tion, and went on the trial trip of his first steamboat 
 to Albany. Disinterested, patriotic, engaging and 
 communicative, he was an influential character in the 
 creation and development of American science. 
 
 The next period of the college history opens in 
 1 8 14, when the medical faculty of Columbia College 
 became amalgamated with the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. It had been thought desirable for 
 some years that both sets of professors should be 
 united in a single body. It was already evident that 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons had in it the 
 elements of success ; and it received a new accession 
 of strength from the consolidation of the two faculties 
 under its sole direction. Nearly fifty years afterward 
 it was formally adopted as the Medical Department of 
 Columbia College. 
 
 By this time the College had again changed its 
 location to a more commodious building at Number 
 3 Barclay street. This was originally a brick store- 
 house, altered and repaired to serve as a medical col- 
 lege. It was three stories in height, with a terminal 
 balustrade and a cupola, surmounted by a statue of 
 Apollo, to indicate the scientific and medical charac- 
 ter of the institution. It was afterward enlarged and 
 remodelled, to provide for the increasing numbers in 
 attendance. 
 
12 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 The most prominent man at that time, in the af- 
 fairs of the College, was David Hosack. He had 
 been mainly instrumental in bringing into the faculty 
 the former professors of Columbia College. He was 
 in the prime of life and distinguished as a practitioner. 
 His ardent temperament and undoubting self-reliance 
 led him to the front in many controversial discussions ; 
 and his views were always maintained with force and 
 ability. He was especially popular as a teacher. His 
 lecture hour is said to have been awaited by all with 
 eager expectation. His sonorous voice and impres- 
 sive manner, and the changing expression of his face, 
 gestures and utterance, held the attention of his class, 
 and gave them a dramatic entertainment rather than 
 the didactic monotony of a lecture. He was extensive- 
 ly known beyond the limits of the profession, and was 
 a marked celebrity in the social and literary circles of 
 his day. 
 
 But notwithstanding this apparent prosperity, there 
 were already in the College causes of disturbance, 
 which were destined before long to threaten it with 
 disaster. The trouble began with complaints from 
 the Medical Society in regard to the policy and oper- 
 ation of the College. The complaints were met with 
 replies and counter charges. There were committees 
 of investigation, hearings before the Board of Regents, 
 and acrimonious articles in the daily press ; until the 
 dispute had involved, on one side or the other, nearly 
 every medical man in the city and not a few in other 
 parts of the State. At that time the element of per- 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 1 3 
 
 sonality entered largely Into all discussions of a public 
 nature ; and there Is evidence that It had Its share in 
 the college controversy. The members of the medi- 
 cal society, not connected with the College, were dis- 
 satisfied with Its management by the faculty. They 
 declared that this small body of men, whose talents 
 and capacity they freely acknowledged, had formed 
 among themselves a kind of *' learned aristocracy," 
 and disregarded too plainly the claims and opinions of 
 the profession ; and that they had repeatedly violated 
 the laws and ordinances of the Regents. The pro- 
 fessors maintained that they had always acted for the 
 interest of the College and according to law ; and that 
 the charges against them were only the expression 
 of disappointed rivalry. Some of the opponents of 
 the faculty were then Incorporated Into the Board of 
 Trustees ; and the divergence of opinion became more 
 irreconcilable than ever. It reached a crisis in 1826; 
 when the professors resigned In a body, and organized 
 a rival establishment under the name of the Rutgers 
 Medical College. The partisan spirit, created by these 
 events. Influenced all the adherents of the two institu- 
 tions ; and, like Rome and Carthage, each believed 
 that it could live only by the destruction of the other. 
 But professors who resign from a medical school, 
 in order to see It languish and die when deprived of 
 their superior talents, seldom find the experiment a 
 success. It is apt to turn out that there are others 
 who are able to fill the chairs they have left, and who 
 can still maintain the credit and prosperity of the insti- 
 
14 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 tution. That is what happened in the present case. 
 The Regents appointed for the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons a new corps of professors, whose names 
 are still honored at the present day ; and of whom 
 three became afterward presidents of the institution. 
 The rival college had an existence of only four annual 
 sessions. 
 
 For the next ten years the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons was beset with difficulties. It had ex- 
 perienced a revolution which restored its internal har- 
 mony, but at dangerous cost of time and means. Its 
 resources were at a low ebb. Its building was in bad 
 condition. It had but a scanty supply of apparatus 
 and material ; and it was subject to pecuniary claims, 
 urgently pressed by suits at law, which threatened the 
 compulsory sale of its land and building. 
 
 But the new professors were equal to the emer- 
 gency. They made every effort to restore the effi- 
 ciency of the College. They husbanded its resources 
 by a judicious economy ; and they demonstrated their 
 ability as teachers by persevering attention to the 
 duties of their chairs. By this means the institution 
 was gradually relieved of its embarrassments and freed 
 from the annoyance of professional opposition. Its 
 vitality was tested and strengthened by the trials it 
 endured, and it gained at last the permanent respect 
 of its opponents as well as its friends. 
 
 The next event of importance was in 1837, when 
 the College removed to Crosby street, about one mile 
 farther up town. The new building was on the east 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 1 5 
 
 side of the street, and was known as Number 6"]. It 
 was considered greatly superior to the former structure, 
 as, beside being more spacious, it was lighted with 
 gas and supplied with Croton water ; neither of which 
 conveniencies existed in the Barclay street building. 
 It was occupied for nearly twenty years. 
 
 The time during which the College remained in 
 Crosby street was one of substantial progress in repu- 
 tation and prosperity. As compared with the previous 
 ten years, its average attendance of students increased 
 nearly fifty per cent. The traces of antagonism in va- 
 rious quarters, the legacy of its earlier turmoils and 
 dissensions, disappeared before the growing popu- 
 larity of its teachers and the united support of its offi- 
 cers and trustees. This opened for the College a new 
 prospect, and placed it in a different position. Hitherto 
 its energies had been consumed in an unavoidable 
 conflict with difficulties. Now they were employed 
 to enlarge its resources and increase its usefulness. 
 
 This period was marked by two important im- 
 provements in the methods of teaching. The first 
 was the adoption and use of material illustration. 
 The announcement for 1837 lays especial stress on 
 the facilities for practical anatomy, and on the means 
 of illustration in all departments by specimens, draw- 
 ings, models, wax preparations and plaster casts. 
 The collection in the anatomical museum was largely 
 increased and was made the property of the College ; 
 and professor John B. Beck contributed his cabinet of 
 materia medica, containing nearly six hundred speci- 
 
1 6 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 mens. On all sides a desire was manifested to en- 
 large the means of instruction beyond those of a 
 strictly didactic course. The circular for 1850 an- 
 nounces the purpose of the faculty to make the in- 
 struction "as demonstrative and practical as possible," 
 and declares that in this object they are "■ warmly sus- 
 tained by the Trustees of the College." 
 
 The second feature of improvement was the col- 
 lege clinic, established in 1841 by the sagacity and 
 enterprise of Dr. Willard Parker. Dr. Parker was 
 then recently appointed professor of surgery. He 
 had taken some of his private pupils to the Northern 
 Dispensary, to witness there the methods of diagno- 
 sis and treatment. This kind of instruction was found 
 so useful that he determined to transfer it to the Col- 
 lege, where all might share in its benefits. Out door 
 patients were accordingly brought, from the Dispen- 
 sary and elsewhere, to the college building, to be 
 examined and treated in the presence of the class. 
 This was the beginning of the entire system of col- 
 lege clinics, which have since grown into such mag- 
 nitude. At first they were held once a week, after- 
 ward more frequently. A medical clinic and a clinic 
 for women were added to the list. The number of 
 patients multiplied; and in 1850, according to the 
 circular for that year, the clinic had " assumed a de- 
 gree of importance that could hardly have been an- 
 ticipated at its origin." There were, after that, three 
 clinics each week throughout the session. 
 
 The next move of the College was in 1856, when it 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 1 7 
 
 occupied the building so familiar to all of us, at Twen- 
 ty-third street and Fourth avenue. There it remained 
 for a little over thirty years ; and it was during this 
 time that it exhibited, in several respects, the most re- 
 markable signs of expansion and development. Those 
 who can look back to the beginning of that period, 
 and can compare the responsibilities and requirements 
 of the College then and now, will be at no loss to 
 understand why the accommodations and equipment, 
 which were ample thirty years ago, became at last so 
 dwarfed and insufficient. 
 
 The first of these changes, which took place in 
 Twenty-third street, was a great increase in the col- 
 lege clinics, from the growing importance of medical 
 specialities. Beside an additional surgical clinic, there 
 were successively established a venereal clinic, a clinic 
 for the eye and ear, one for the skin, one for children, 
 one for the nervous system, and one for diseases of 
 the throat ; until the regular weekly list included ten 
 separate clinics in the college building. Each of these 
 needed room for the reception and examination of pa- 
 tients, and for the illustrations and apparatus of the 
 clinical professor. The space available for such pur- 
 poses became occupied to its utmost; and notwith- 
 standing every effort to provide for their necessities, 
 the college clinics grew like a family of children, and 
 filled to distention the hospitable mansion of their 
 birth. 
 
 Another set of requirements came with the in- 
 creased use of material illustration. What had al- 
 
1 8 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 ready been done in that way showed the immense su- 
 periority of demonstration and experiment, as a means 
 of instruction, over that by mere verbal statements. It 
 demands from the teacher increased expenditure of 
 time, labor and material ; but when once tried it can 
 never be abandoned, because it conveys information in 
 the most intelligible form, and fixes it at once upon the 
 understanding and the memory. In the scientific de- 
 partments it is like the clinic in practical medicine. It 
 will be safe to say that in chemistry, in anatomy and 
 in physiology, the necessities for experimental and 
 demonstrative illustration have become five fold what 
 they were in 1856. They involve not only more time 
 and care on the part of the teacher; they call for 
 greater space, multiplied apparatus and numerous fa- 
 cilities, which were neither needed nor anticipated a 
 quarter of a century ago. 
 
 Thirdly the college course was extended over a 
 longer time and embraced additional topics. Origin- 
 ally, the lecture term was four months long. In 1841 
 it was supplemented by Spring and Fall courses, of 
 several weeks each, devoted to special subjects. A 
 few years later it was announced that in the opinion 
 of the faculty the session of four months, required by 
 law, was '' too short even for the regular course, and 
 much too short to allow them to enter into speciali- 
 ties." Lectures were accordingly given in the Fall 
 course by all the professors, and the regular term was 
 extended to four months and a half. After the re- 
 moval to Twenty-third street it was again lengthened 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 1 9 
 
 to five months ; and in 1880 it absorbed the whole of 
 the subsidiary courses and was extended to seven 
 months. Moreover the graduating examinations were 
 deferred until after the close of the lectures, bringing 
 the date of Commencement a fortnight later. Thus 
 the time spent in the necessary work of an annual col- 
 lege course was finally not less than seven and a half 
 months, or nearly double its former length. 
 
 These are among the important changes which 
 occurred while the College was in its Twenty-third 
 street habitation. They developed so rapidly and to 
 such an extent as to overshadow the more modest 
 growth of earlier years. But they were, nevertheless, 
 its legitimate offshoots ; and in every instance thus 
 far mentioned it is plain that they sprang from innova- 
 tions and improvements originated in the Crosby 
 street building. 
 
 But in one respect a change was accomplished 
 which may fairly be considered a recent growth ; that 
 is the establishment of laboratories of instruction 
 under the auspices of the Alumni Association. This 
 scheme embodies the most distinctive feature of mod- 
 ern medical teaching. It is a logical sequence of the 
 admitted superiority of the method by demonstration. 
 If it be better to show a student how a thing is done 
 than to tell him about it, surely it must be better still 
 to make him do it himself. The man who, under 
 proper direction, has separated and examined the con- 
 stituents of the blood, or prepared for the microscope 
 the wonderful spectacle of the capillary circulation, or 
 
20 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 tested the electric reaction of nerve and muscle, has 
 advanced beyond the condition of simple pupilage. He 
 can then appreciate the value of his instruction, and he 
 has gained the capacity for future progress by himself. 
 These are the objects, and others like them, aimed 
 at by the Physiological and Pathological Laboratory 
 of the Alumni Association. Nine years ago the As- 
 sociation appropriated a fund for the equipment and 
 partial support of a laboratory of instruction, on a 
 plan proposed by the present professor of Pathology 
 and Practical Medicine. He gave to the enterprise 
 his personal care and his financial aid ; and in his 
 three-fold capacity, as director and patron of the 
 laboratory, member of the faculty, and member of the 
 alumni association, he was unremitting in his en- 
 deavors for its success. During the last few years 
 the laboratory has been carried on at an annual ex- 
 penditure of rather more than Five Thousand dollars ; 
 and the number of students resorting to it has in- 
 creased from thirty or forty to over a hundred. In 
 1885 the director announced that its resources in the 
 way of space were exhausted, more students being in 
 attendance than could fairly be accommodated. In 
 the following year additional courses were established 
 for May and June ; and it appeared that the number 
 of students attending them was "limited only by the 
 seating capacity of the laboratory." The Laboratory 
 Department, like the college clinics, outgrew its ac- 
 commodations, and felt the restraint of its narrow 
 quarters in the Twenty-third street building. 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 21 
 
 This was the condition of the College and its re- 
 sources, when it received the generous aid of a large- 
 minded benefactor. Mr. William H. Vanderbilt had 
 long been known as a man of business capacity, con- 
 servative ideas and liberal disposition. His inherited 
 wealth he had increased by his own energy and judg- 
 ment in affairs. With no taste for publicity or osten- 
 tation, he found recreation and enjoyment in the best 
 products of the farm, the training stable, and the 
 studio. He had felt the sustaining care of the heal- 
 ing art, as beneficent in the alleviation of disease as 
 in its cure ; and he had the far-seeing desire to assist 
 in its development. He knew that better facilities for 
 medical education must hereafter add to the comfort 
 and diminish the suffering of rich and poor alike. 
 He appreciated the aims and methods of the College 
 of Physicians and Surgeons ; and he believed in the 
 value of its traditions and experience, the priceless ac- 
 cumulation of more than three quarters of a century. 
 He therefore entrusted to this institution the means of 
 further enlargement, to make it a more effective in- 
 strument for the final benefit of all. On the seven- 
 teenth of October, 1884, he conveyed to the College 
 a deed of gift for this land, and a fund for the erection 
 upon it of suitable buildings. 
 
 It had long been evident that the College could 
 not carry out the needed improvements in its old lo- 
 cation. It required, above all, more space for its 
 various departments. Furthermore, experience had 
 shown that it would not be enough to provide for the 
 
22 HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 immediate wants of the present. The future will 
 surely bring with it additional demands, which cannot 
 even be guessed at now ; and it would be only ordi- 
 nary prudence to leave room for the unknown require- 
 ments of the years to come. For that reason the 
 present locality was selected for the college grounds, 
 embracing rather more than an acre and a half; and 
 the building in which we are assembled contains 
 offices, lecture rooms, study and recitation rooms, mu- 
 seums and laboratories, far more complete and ample 
 than the College has ever heretofore possessed. 
 
 But the friendly donor of this new edifice was not 
 destined to witness its completion. On the eighth of 
 December, 1885, little more than a year from the date 
 of his benefaction, while in the apparent enjoyment of 
 health and vigor, he was stricken down by an over- 
 whelming cerebral attack, and in a few moments was 
 no longer among the living. For the family and 
 friends of the deceased, so sudden a demise must al- 
 ways be premature. But for the man himself, it may 
 be considered as the happy and painless termination 
 of a prosperous and useful career. It puts an end to 
 all unfounded misconceptions, and obliterates forever 
 the antagonisms of business rivalry. In this instance 
 it made a remarkable impression. It left in strong 
 relief the many-sided character of the man, who could 
 control with success the largest financial interests, 
 and could feel for the misfortunes of our honored and 
 departed General ; whose wide sympathies embraced 
 the most varied objects of private enterprise or public 
 
OF THE COLLEGE. 23 
 
 utility ; and who was equally ready to transport from 
 Egypt the sculptured monument of an antique civili- 
 zation, or to endow at home a modern school of 
 scientific and practical medicine. 
 
 The spirit of his work lived after him. The mem- 
 bers of his family saw the far-reaching benevolence of 
 his plan, and extended it in additional directions. In 
 January, 1886, his son-in-law and his daughter, Mr. 
 and Mrs. Sloane, made proposals for the erection and 
 endowment, on the college grounds, of a lying-in asy- 
 lum, to be known as the "Sloane Maternity Hospital 
 of the College of Physicians and Surgeons ; " and in 
 April of the same year, the four sons of Mr. Vander- 
 bilt created a fund for the erection and maintenance, 
 also on the college grounds, of a great dispensary, as 
 a special memorial to their father, under the name of 
 the "Vanderbilt Clinic of the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons." Both these establishments are nearly 
 completed, and will soon be in operation. They pro- 
 vide relief for the needy and suffering, and clinical in- 
 struction for students of medicine ; one of them in 
 the whole field of general and special diseases and 
 injuries, the other in a department which appeals to 
 the most sensitive element of human nature, and which 
 requires in the practitioner the most intelligent and 
 self-relying skill. 
 
 It is impossible to overestimate the value of these 
 institutions, either for the immediate relief of suffering 
 humanity, or for the instruction of future medical prac- 
 titioners. Everything which conduces to the com- 
 
24 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE COLLEGE. 
 
 pleteness of their education will inevitably have its ef- 
 fect in the more intelligent and successful treatment of 
 their patients ; and the practical benefits of the Sloane 
 Maternity and the Vanderbilt Clinic will thus be ex- 
 tended in the future to many who never visited them, 
 and who perhaps will never know to whom their in- 
 debtedness belongs. 
 
 The present position of the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons is one of honor and responsibility. Its 
 eightieth birthday finds it more vigorous and flourish- 
 ing than ever. Since 1807 it has survived five other 
 medical colleges in the city and State of New York ; 
 and throughout the country it has witnessed, during 
 that time, the birth, maturity and decease of forty-one 
 similar institutions. It has passed successfully through 
 the perils of infancy, the ailments of childhood, and 
 the struggles and contentions of its youth. It may 
 now be considered as fairly equipped with the strength 
 and capacity of early manhood. Perhaps its experi- 
 ence and endeavors thus far have been only a prepa- 
 ration for its real work in the time to come. At all 
 events, the opportunities which it now enjoys are in 
 the nature of a trust, and impose upon it obligations 
 proportionate to themselves. May it use its enlarged 
 resources with the same judgment and fidelity that it 
 has shown heretofore, and be ready still to merit and 
 achieve success. Considering what the College has 
 already done, we may surely say that if its future his- 
 tory be worthy of the past, its friends will have no 
 cause to complain of the result. 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM H. DRAPER, M.D. 
 
 Mr. President, Trustees, Faculty and Alumni of 
 THE College of Physicians and Surgeons : 
 
 This new building with its complete equipment 
 can suggest nothing to the Alumni, and to those who 
 have been the officiating priests in the ancient taber- 
 nacles of this College, so much as a resurrection, and 
 it seems proper at this time to set forth what the spirit 
 is, that animated the coils that have been shuffled off, 
 and what it may be expected to accomplish for the 
 profession and the good of mankind through this new 
 and glorious body with which it has been endowed. 
 
 It is a melancholy but indubitable fact, that the 
 standard of medical education in this country is far 
 below that of England and the continent of Europe. 
 The great wave of enthusiasm for popular instruction 
 seems to have blinded the public sense to the neces- 
 sity of higher education, so that in all the learned pro- 
 fessions, and especially in that of medicine, which 
 above all others should combine general culture with 
 technical knowledge, there has been, and is, in the 
 country at large, a degree of mediocrity and a shal- 
 lowness of spirit which it is impossible to deny or 
 conceal. 
 
26 DR. WILLIAM H. DRAPERS 
 
 In England, and on the European continent rich 
 endowments and government subsidies, have always 
 secured a class of highly educated men who have led 
 the van, who have received universal recognition as 
 leaders, and who have so leavened the mass of the 
 profession by lifting those below them to a higher 
 plane, that the general average of scientific attain- 
 ment, in the medical profession especially, is con- 
 stantly and inevitably advancing. The same thing of 
 course is occurring in this country in the larger cities, 
 but more slowly, and mainly because of the absence 
 of the conditions to which I have alluded. Our gov- 
 ernment takes no hand in the education of doctors, 
 though good reasons might be assigned why it should 
 do so : " Salus populi suprema lex" is a sound maxim, 
 and ought to justify the protection of the community 
 against incompetent doctors by helping to supply 
 good ones, as much as it justifies compulsory vaccina- 
 tion. It is true that Congress has founded and main- 
 tains with liberal support a medical museum and 
 library, and if it may do this, why should it not estab- 
 lish laboratories for the encouragement of the highest 
 cultivation of physiology and pathology : and if it is 
 right for the state governments to lavish money in 
 large sums to give free collegiate education to young 
 men and women, why, we might ask, should not pub- 
 lic money be spent in contributing to the public weal 
 by the establishment and support of technical schools. 
 
 Happily, however, for the cause of education in 
 this country the signs of an awakening of the public 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 27 
 
 intelligence to its present defects are beginning to 
 show themselves. The golden stream of private 
 bounty has long flowed into every channel of relief for 
 the mitigation of human misery, now it is more 
 often turned towards the enlargement and perfection 
 of human knowledge. Whereas, formerly, sympathy 
 for the sufferings of mankind has never failed to yield 
 a quick response to the needs of hospitals and asy- 
 lums, now a broader and deeper comprehension of 
 the sources of disease has begun to turn the current 
 of accumulated wealth towards the encouragement 
 and dissemination of learning that increases the sum 
 of health and controls the consequences of inevitable 
 ills. 
 
 The truth of this statement in its application to 
 medical education, is illustrated by the fact that in sev- 
 eral of the larger cities the medical schools are no 
 longer solely dependent for their maintenance, as they 
 were formerly, upon the scanty fees of their pupils; 
 the student of medicine of to-day, whether he be ani- 
 mated by a thirst for knowledge, or by a desire to ac- 
 quire the art of healing as a means of livelihood, has 
 no longer to content himself with the meagre facilities 
 which are afforded by the private enterprise of self-con- 
 stituted professors. The public ear, so long deaf to 
 any other appeals of doctors than those which related 
 to hospitals and dispensaries, seems now to be open- 
 ing to the earnest entreaties of the doctors themselves 
 for more light to guide them in their work of mercy. 
 
 This is not the time nor the occasion to discuss the 
 
28 DR. WILLIAM H. DEAFER' S 
 
 question whether the problem of elevating the stand- 
 ard of medical education in this country is likely to be 
 best and most quickly solved by government patron- 
 age, or by the bounty of private wealth, but there is 
 one conspicuous benefit which I think experience al- 
 ready shows to be the result of dependence on private 
 benefactions, and it is this : it undoubtedly stimulates 
 in the profession itself an unselfish devotion to its work, 
 an earnest and insatiable desire to advance its stand- 
 ards, and an aspiration towards higher achievements. 
 
 It is, moreover, safe to say, that, in this country at 
 least, there is scarcely anything which a government 
 undertakes, outside of its essential duties, as the con- 
 servator of law and order, that has not been proved 
 to be more efficiently accomplished by private enter- 
 prise, and it remains to be seen, through the experi- 
 ments which are being made in higher education in 
 this country, whether in the next fifty years the results 
 of individual contributions to the encouragement of 
 science and art will not equal those of countries in 
 which all the people pay tribute to their maintenance. 
 In the present state of public intelligence in these 
 United States in matters relating to higher education it 
 would certainly seem safer, for the present, to rely upon 
 the support of intelligent private beneficence, than to 
 run the risk of squandering public money upon the 
 innumerable schemes that would surely be devised for 
 securing government bounty. 
 
 I have been led into this train of thought because 
 the history of this institution shows clearly what may 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 29 
 
 be regarded as the legitimate and inevitable result of 
 that spirit of devotion to a high purpose which sinks 
 the selfish in the common weal, and which the love of 
 knowledge especially inspires. The spirit is sure to 
 secure the only reward it asks for, encouragement and 
 support. It certainly was not for the gifts of fortune 
 that the men who have been teachers in this school for 
 the last eighty years have spent their energies. Many 
 of them labored simply for the love of teaching, and 
 the majority of them for meagre remuneration, when 
 compared with the time and training devoted to their 
 work. They lived and died, laying up few treas- 
 ures beyond the blessings of their fellow men, and 
 no investments save those which add to the sum of 
 human knowledge and experience. As each genera- 
 tion of teachers handed over its work to younger and 
 stronger men it infused an enthusiasm which stimulated 
 its successors to better achievements, and so this col- 
 lege has grown in professional esteem and public con- 
 fidence until now, without any pecuniary aid, other 
 than that furnished by its own professors and its 
 Alumni. But during all these years it has never fal- 
 tered in its good work, and never lost faith in its destiny. 
 Inadequate as its resources have been, it has never, to 
 its honor be it spoken, imperilled its fair fame by seek- 
 ing to increase its revenue through depreciating the 
 value of its diploma. Its policy has always been to 
 narrow the gate by which its graduates have passed 
 from its halls, and lately, as you have heard, it has de- 
 termined to narrow considerably its portal of entrance. 
 
so DR. WILLIAM H. DRAPERS 
 
 And now what is the reward of this abiding de- 
 termination on the part of the Faculty, Trustees 
 and Alumni to make this College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons keep abreast with the advancing demands 
 of medical science, and more and more worthy of the 
 confidence of the profession and the public ? Is its 
 reward Mr. Vanderbilt's money, which has founded 
 these spacious halls and well equipped laboratories ? 
 It is more than this — it is that the work which has 
 been done all over the world in the service of human- 
 ity by scientific medicine enlightened the mind and 
 moved the spirit of a masterful citizen of this metropo- 
 lis to set an example in the disposition of private 
 wealth so conspicuous as to command universal atten- 
 tion. Had Mr. Vanderbilt built a church to perpetu- 
 ate his memory or propitiate the deity, had he en- 
 dowed a hospital to commemorate his name, and se- 
 cure for it, for all time, the blessings of the sick and 
 suffering, he would simply have done what thousands 
 have done before him. Such dispositions of wealth 
 as these spring from the emotional side of man's nat- 
 ure. They are creditable to our humanity, but they 
 are not the product of the highest development of our 
 intelligence. They will always be needful to antago- 
 nize the ills and misfortunes to which flesh is heir, but 
 they are powerless to dry up the springs from which 
 many of them flow. That Mr. Vanderbilt in choosing 
 an object for his bounty touched the true pole of 
 human benevolence, is evident from a pregnant sen- 
 tence in his letter to the President of the College an- 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 3 1 
 
 nouncing his intention. He said: — "The health, 
 comfort and lives of the whole community are so de- 
 pendent upon skilled physicians that no profession re- 
 quires more care in the preparation of its practition- 
 ers." 
 
 This betrays the essential merit of our benefactor's 
 gift. His eyes were opened, partly, in all probability 
 by the personal benefit of scientific guidance in the 
 care of his own health, and partly by an intelligent 
 observation and reflection upon the amelioration of 
 human suffering, through the arts of medicine. This 
 is the reward which not alone this College but all 
 schools of medicine throughout the world have reaped 
 from his bounty. It is for this that this College and 
 all mankind should be grateful, not so much for what 
 has been given, as for the spirit which dictated the 
 gift. 
 
 Measured by the needs of the general object Mr. 
 Vanderbilt sought to benefit, his benefaction is but 
 a drop in the bucket; estimated by the force of its 
 example it is the tapping of a spring of human benev- 
 olence that will help to refresh for all time many 
 waste places of ignorance and superstition. 
 
 In taking this broader view of the significance ot 
 Mr. Vanderbilt's gift to this College, as being the one 
 which does highest honor to his memory, and which 
 is being already verified, since his death, by the 
 generous contributions of his family towards the en- 
 largement and completion of his purpose, I am not 
 unmindful of our special obligations to him for making 
 
32 DR. WILLIAM H. DRAPERS 
 
 this College the object of his wise intention, and we 
 who have lived to see this day of jubilee in the history 
 of the College, may well be excused for the exuber- 
 ance of our joy at this sudden and unexpected fruition 
 of our fondest hopes. 
 
 To those of us who remember the shabby tene- 
 ment in Crosby street, the removal to what seemed, 
 by contrast, the palatial building in 23d street, was 
 the occasion of great rejoicing. But what shall we 
 say of the change we make to-day. It is not so much 
 a removal," as a translation, and the setting up of a 
 new kingdom. To say that we rejoice is but a feeble 
 expression of the emotion that must fill the souls of 
 those who have lived to know and suffer the res an- 
 gustce of our former habitations. 
 
 Would that I could summon to these halls the 
 spirits of that goodly company of distinguished pro- 
 fessors whose labors conspired to bring forth this off- 
 spring of their heart's desire. Would that the shades 
 of Hosack, Mitchill, Romayne, Beck, Torrey, Smith, 
 Bartlett, Watts, Oilman, Parker, Clark and all the 
 honored line of illustrious teachers, whose names de- 
 serve to be echoed in these halls to-day, hovered 
 about us at this moment, and shared the exultation of 
 this hour. Would that they could go with us as we 
 leave 'this hall and vie:w, as they might in this build- 
 ing, the workshop of scientific medicine. Would that 
 they could realize how rapidly the old methods of line 
 upon line, and precept upon precept, are being laid 
 aside for the teaching by observation and experiment. 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. ZZ 
 
 How in the department of anatomy the very bones 
 have become eloquent, and the student no longer 
 pursues his dissections in a charnel house, stifled by 
 foul odors and horrified by unseemly sights, but finds 
 himself cheered in his work by pure air and the 
 blaze of day. How art and ingenuity in demonstra- 
 tion have taken the place of text books, and the fabric 
 of the human body in its minutest and most delicate 
 structures has been unfolded to the eye. How in the 
 teaching of physiology, description of the functions of 
 living bodies are no longer preached like sermons 
 from texts, to dull and sleepy congregations, but are 
 made to manifest themselves to the understanding by 
 the aid of ingenious mechanism and merciful vivisec- 
 tions : how in the department of chemistry the stu- 
 dent no longer listens to what he can read in books, 
 or witnesses experiments which only interest without 
 instructing him, but works himself in a well furnished 
 laboratory and grasps where before he only groped. 
 We would then love to show the spirits of these re- 
 vered teachers of former days, how in the practical 
 branches the substitution of demonstrative for didactic 
 instruction has revolutionized the methods of their 
 time. How through an allied current of the same in- 
 telligent good will which erected this building, a Ma- 
 ternity Hospital has been provided on these grounds 
 where nature manifests her perfect work and where 
 every student may learn for himself, before he re- 
 ceives the diploma of this college, what experience 
 only can teach. And finally we would lead this 
 
 3 
 
34 DR' WILLIAM H. DRAPERS 
 
 ghostly procession into the laboratory of pathology ; 
 here we can imagine their speechless surprise as 
 they behold the strange and elaborate devices for 
 teaching the science of disease. We can fancy them 
 endorsing with hearty admiration all they have seen 
 before. But how would the jargon of bacteriology- 
 sound in their ears ? How many of them would 
 shake their heads over the germ theory and reproach 
 us for abandoning the humours and phlogostics of 
 their day ? We should pardon them if they failed to 
 dilate with the correct emotion when they came to the 
 department of pathology, but we should none the less 
 point to it with pride, as the crowning glory of this 
 new college, for here shines the light that is to illu- 
 mine the mysterious recesses of disease and by its 
 revelations lay the foundation of rational medicine. 
 The art of to-day struggles mainly, as it always has, 
 and with more or less success, with the effects of 
 causes, of the nature of which we are still ignorant, 
 the art of the future, the dawning of which is even now 
 visible will contend more and more with the influences 
 that determine disease. 
 
 As we part with the spirits of those whom we 
 would have share the happiness of this hour we turn 
 to greet their successors, the living exponents of the 
 lofty mission to which this building is to-day conse- 
 crated. That they are fit to assume and worthy to 
 bear the responsibilities, which these larger and bet- 
 ter facilities for their work, now devolve upon them, 
 no one can doubt. 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 35 
 
 It is fair to say that had it not been for their con- 
 spicuous fitness to receive it, this noble gift would 
 never have been conferred upon them. May they ad- 
 minister their trust wisely and with the unselfish and 
 reverent spirit which becomes the ministers of truth ; 
 so shall they worthily honor the memory of their ben- 
 efactor and merit the benediction of generations to 
 come. 
 
 The grateful duty, Mr. President, has been as- 
 signed to me to recall on this auspicious occasion the 
 memory of two of the founders of this College by pre- 
 senting to the Board of Trustees on behalf of the do- 
 nors, two portrait busts, one of Dr. David Hosack and 
 the other of Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill. The bust of Dr. 
 Hosack is the gift of his surviving daughter Miss 
 Eliza B. Hosack ; that of Dr. Mitchill is presented by 
 the President of the College. From the long roll of 
 distinguished teachers who have been connected with 
 this institution it is not likely that two could have 
 been chosen whose fame and influence as citizens ot 
 this metropolis and as professors in this College are 
 more worthy of being perpetuated. 
 
 The name of David Hosack is indissolubly associ- 
 ated with the early history of New York, as one of 
 its most noted and public spirited citizens, and as a 
 most eminent physician ; honored at home and abroad 
 for his learning and above all for his earnest devotion 
 to the cause of medical education. 
 
 Dr. Mitchill, no less than Dr. Hosack, was identi- 
 
o 
 
 6 DR. WILLIAM H. DRAPERS 
 
 fied with the foundation of this College and the com- 
 bined energy and eminent abilities of these two men 
 are largely responsible for the high character with 
 which it entered upon its career. Could these two 
 worthy representatives of its ancestral fame behold 
 the present proportions and possibilities of the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons, they would realize 
 that they builded better than they knew when with 
 humble means, but lofty purpose they laid the founda- 
 tion of an institution which has never ceased to feel 
 the force of their inspiration and is to-day one of the 
 foremost medical colleges of the land. 
 
 I have also the pleasure to present a portrait by 
 Eastman Johnson of our honored President, Dr. John 
 C. Dalton. This portrait hangs in the amphitheatre 
 together with the portraits of those Nestors in the 
 service of the College, Parker and Clark. It is the 
 gift of one hundred of Dr. Dalton's friends and former 
 pupils. This portrait is a precious possession, not 
 only for its intrinsic excellence as a work of art, but 
 as a life-like presentment of one whose fame as a 
 physiologist and whose success as a teacher, have 
 contributed in large measure to the present distinc- 
 tion and prosperity of this school. 
 
 Finally, Mr. President, I have the honor to pre- 
 sent to the Trustees, Faculty and Alumni of this Col- 
 lege a portrait bust in bronze of William H. Van- 
 DERBiLT. This bust is the work of the distinguished 
 sculptor J. Q. A. Ward, and the gift of a number ot 
 members of the Board of Trustees. 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 7,7 
 
 One of the last acts in the life of Mr. Vanderbilt 
 was a sitting for this portrait on the morning of the 
 day he died ; and it adds to the significance and value 
 of the possession that it reflects, so to speak, as one 
 of the last thoughts of our lamented benefactor, the 
 deep and earnest interest with which he regarded the 
 future career of this college. That his family were 
 deeply impressed by the feeling which the incident 
 typified they have abundantly testified in their gener- 
 ous development of what they felt to be their father's 
 final wish and purpose. 
 
 This bust occupies a position in the main hall 
 where it will command for many long years the grate- 
 ful recognition of succeeding generations of students 
 who will enjoy the privileges provided for them by 
 the wise bounty of the man it commemorates. 
 
The Sloane Maternity Hospital, at 59th street and 
 Tenth Avenue, and the Vanderbilt Clinic, at Tenth 
 Avenue and 60th street, were inaugurated December 
 29th 1887, with an address delivered by Professor T. 
 Gaillard Thomas, M.D., in the lecture hall of the col- 
 lege building. 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 AT THE INAUGURATION OF THE 
 
 SLOANE MATERNITY HOSPITAL 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 VANDERBILT CLINIC 
 
 BY 
 
 T. GAILLARD THOMAS, M.D. 
 
 " Vita brevis ; ars longa." Man's life is but a 
 span ; the life of Art is long and endures forever ! 
 Generation after generation is cut down and disap- 
 pears like the herb of the field ; but Art with grand 
 and measured tread marches onward through the 
 ages ! 
 
 As we meet here to-day to foster the interests of 
 the noblest of the arts, so met the men and women 
 of ancient Greece and Rome. Since then, they and 
 thousands who have succeeded them, have vanished 
 like a tale that is told ; but the art which they fos- 
 tered lives now, as it lived then, coming down to us 
 in lusty strength, in youthful vigor, in enduring glory ! 
 
 What is life for us to-day more than it was for 
 those a thousand years preceding us ? Have we 
 found an antidote for its cares ; a safeguard against 
 its sorrows ; a preventive of its brevity, its hollowness, 
 or its weird and sad termination ? What is art to-day 
 
40 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS' 
 
 contrasted with art as long ago ? From an atom it 
 has grown into a mountain. The story of its growth 
 oversteps the limits even of imagination ! He, who a 
 century ago would have given credence to the fairy- 
 tale of the princess whose lover was aided in his 
 search for her by three mysterious men, the first ca- 
 pable of travelling five hundred leagues in a day, the 
 second of seeing thousands of miles, and the third of 
 whispering through that distance into the ear of the 
 person seen, would have been regarded as a madman. 
 And yet to-day every one of these apparently vain 
 imaginings has been verified ! Within a few seconds 
 the news from far off lands is written or whispered to 
 us ; within a day hundreds of miles are traversed 
 with ease and certainty ; and the patient student from 
 hour to hour, watches the heaping up upon the face 
 of the moon of piles of scoriae by volcanic action, and 
 measures the depths of the valleys which they create ! 
 A century ago steam and electricity were unknown ; 
 now they are man's willing slaves, destined to do his 
 bidding, as the ancients foreshadowed when they rep- 
 resented the thunderbolt in the hand of Jupiter ! 
 What imagination so vivid as to foreshadow the dis- 
 coveries of the next century ! What prophet so 
 gifted or so bold, as to foretell the triumphs of art as 
 yet undreamed of, and lying dormant in the womb of 
 time ! 
 
 Among the arts none has more essentially changed 
 with time than has that whose votaries are assembled 
 in this beautiful hall to-day ; none is more rapidly 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 4 1 
 
 changing now ; and In the advance and perfection of 
 none is society more deeply interested ; for truly has 
 it been said : 
 
 " A good physician skilled our wounds to heal 
 Is more than armies to the public weal ! " 
 
 Medicine as an art has existed since the days of 
 Hippocrates, who lived 400 years before Christ. Dur- 
 ing the 2,200 years which have since elapsed little was 
 done for its material and decided advancement until 
 the beginning of the 17th century. For these more 
 than 2,000 years the art lived ; but lived in intimate 
 communion with superstition and the most unqualified 
 charlatanism ; lived in the musty tomes of priests and 
 shavelings ; lived in the brains of dreamers and theo- 
 rists ; lived in the hands of the herbalist and the bar- 
 ber ! But still it lived, and in the early part of the 
 17th century it was stirred into renewed vigor by three 
 influences which proved potent for good. Since that 
 time amends have been made for prolonged torpor by 
 a rapidity of progress which must meet the demands 
 of the most exacting critic ; and during the last half 
 century it may with justice and without boastfulness be 
 claimed that no other science or art has left it behind 
 in the race for advancement ! 
 
 I just now pointed out the influence which those 
 two gigantic factors, steam and electricity, had exerted 
 upon the arts in general. Early in the 17th century 
 medicine felt a propulsive influence, no less decided, 
 from the establishment of inductive philosophy by Fran- 
 
42 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS' 
 
 cis Bacon ; of the perfection and utilization of the mi- 
 croscope ; and of the discovery of the circulation of the 
 blood by the great Englishman, William Harvey. 
 Archimedes once declared that if he were only given a 
 standpoint for his lever he could move the world. 
 These three contributions furnished a tripod for the 
 support of a lever which at once moved medicine up- 
 wards and onwards. 
 
 And here before I proceed further, let me meet the 
 criticism which I feel sure that some of my non-profes- 
 sional hearers will launch at me, that the claim, which 
 I have ventured to make for medicine, savors of boast- 
 fulness. I here boldly and without hesitation declare 
 the belief that vaccination and the discovery of anaes- 
 thesia surpass in the beneficence of their results even 
 steam and electricity. And as this is true as to 
 these major factors, so do I claim that it is so 
 as to many minor ones. Let me in all sincerity 
 and truth ask you to-day these questions : Which 
 would you prefer to give up, steam with all its 
 manifold advantages, all its blessings, all its in- 
 fluences upon civilization ; or to return to the times 
 when that loathsome disease, small-pox, would strike 
 a community and pass over it like a simoon, killing 
 hundreds by a terrible death and deforming thousands 
 for life ; to the time when a household would be 
 stricken down, demoralized and desolated ; and when 
 beauty was transformed into hideousness within a few 
 days ? Would you rather give up the charming re- 
 sults of that magical power, electricity, with its grand 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 43 
 
 achievements and its luxurious outcome ; or return to 
 the dark days when your loved ones, exposed of ne- 
 cessity to the surgeon's knife, would have to suffer 
 mortal agony for hour piled on hour ; when she who 
 is dearer to you than life itself had to bear the agonies 
 of the primal curse in the same degree as our mother 
 Eve ; and when you yourself, when dying a slow death 
 of suffering would be deprived of the sweet boon of 
 euthanasia ? I do not pause for a reply ! I know 
 that every one of you, every man in all his selfish- 
 ness, every woman in all her disinterestedness of love, 
 will say with me, " Perish steam, perish electricity, 
 rather than that we should go back to those dark and 
 gloomy days of human woe and human helpless- 
 ness ! " 
 
 If a dividing line can anywhere be drawn between 
 modern and ancient medicine, between medicine as a 
 pure art, and medicine as an art guided by the benef- 
 icent light of science it would fall about the middle or 
 latter part of the i6th century; and there can be no 
 doubt as to the influence of the three great discoveries 
 which I have mentioned in bringing about the grand 
 result. From this time rapidly appeared upon the 
 stage of medical labor, those great students of the 
 past who left upon its literature an impress as pro- 
 found as that which was left upon general literature 
 by Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton ; I allude to 
 Vesalius, Pare and Sydenham ; and later to Boer- 
 haave. Von Haller, Morgagni, Jenner and the Hunt- 
 ers. These men labored at much greater advantage 
 
44 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS' 
 
 than did their predecessors ; for their minds were 
 prepared for proper methods of study by the es- 
 tabHshment of inductive philosophy ; their scope was 
 greatly increased by the understanding of the cir- 
 culation of the blood ; and their eyes were given 
 miraculous powers by the perfection of the micro- 
 scope. Nevertheless during the 17th and i8th 
 centuries the art and science of medicine stumbled 
 painfully and slowly onwards, hampered by man's 
 vain tendency to theorising, constructing formulse, 
 and establishing artificial systems ! Every great man 
 felt that he must prove his right to being so con- 
 sidered by propounding and sustaining some dogma. 
 What an investigator thought out in his closet, that 
 he saw at the bedside, and that he strove to maintain, 
 not by demonstration to the senses, but by words, by 
 sonorous phrases, by eloquent sentences, and by 
 astute and long drawn argument. Read to-day the 
 writings of one of the most charming of medical 
 writers, the Thomas Watson of the olden time, Syden- 
 ham. You will find them teeming with seductive 
 argument, eloquent appeal, and powerful rhetoric ; 
 but equally will you be struck by want of evidence, 
 absence of appeal to the senses, and failure of physical 
 demonstration. Abundant and pithy calls upon the 
 intellect you will find, but none upon the sight, the 
 touch, the hearing, and the smell ! Does he advance 
 the theory that carbuncle is a low grade of inflamma- 
 tion excited by the introduction into the blood of 
 some external malign influence ? If so it is merely 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 45 
 
 his own opinion; nothing more. He does not show 
 you with the microscope the anthrax bacillus. Does 
 he claim an altered renal action in general dropsy? 
 If so he fails to coagulate albumen in the test tube, or 
 show you tube casts and epithelium. Does he main- 
 tain that the air vesicles of the lungs are filled with 
 plastic material during the first stage of pneumonia? 
 If he does so, he lacks the power of making you hear 
 the crepitant rale as a conclusive proof of his correct- 
 ness. 
 
 As the pestilence which they sought to circumvent 
 was said to walk "by darkness," so walked their 
 finely drawn and carefully woven theories ; and alas 
 too often walked they hand-in-hand with the evil 
 against which they were launched ! During that 
 period of mysticism, of doubt, and of theory our call- 
 ing should in all honesty have pleaded guilty to the 
 scathing definition of a physician as " a man who 
 poured drugs of which he knew little into bodies of 
 which he knew less." 
 
 And so things went on with medicine not from 
 bad to worse, for it would have been hard to find the 
 latter ; but from bad to a very little better, and thus 
 they continued to go until the propitious dawn of the 
 19th century which was heralded by the discovery of 
 vaccination by the immortal Jenner ? As the century 
 advanced into its latter half, our art had done enough 
 to warrant it in laying claim to the title of " Demon- 
 strative Medicine " in contradistinction to that of the 
 olden time which might have been called " Theoreti- 
 
46 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS' 
 
 cal Medicine." Men educated by the influences which 
 I have cited and by others of a similar nature now 
 began to make all supposition, all belief, all theory 
 subordinate to physical proof; to demonstration to the 
 senses. They began to study, not isolated in their 
 closets; but banded together in hospitals, in labora- 
 tories, and in clinical rooms. There, no man ventured 
 to advance a view the truth of which he could not 
 maintain by evidence. Diseases of the lungs and 
 heart were listened to, not talked about ; those of the 
 deep structures of the eye were looked at with the 
 opthalmoscope ; the darkness of the larynx was dissi- 
 pated by the laryngoscope ; all canals were tunnelled 
 for the admission of light by specula ; and medical 
 chemistry or the microscope would pronounce dog- 
 matically as to the nature of fluids and solids removed 
 from any part of the system. 
 
 All the nations of the earth soon began to vie 
 with each other in the advancement of medicine, freed 
 from mysticism and theory, and capable of proof and 
 of demonstration. In Germany, in France, in Eng- 
 land, in Russia and in Italy, laboratories, hospitals 
 and cliniques soon teemed with students eager to 
 learn what the new era could teach, and with devoted 
 investigators equally eager to make discoveries and 
 to impart them. And what is so far the out-come ? 
 It is so immense, so grand, so vast that the time al- 
 lotted to this address is insufficient for even a rapid 
 presentation of it ! Let me cite a few facts only. 
 The discovery of that blood poisoning called septi- 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 47 
 
 caemia, and of the methods of avoiding it by Lister of 
 Scotland, have robbed hospital operations of nine- 
 tenths of their terrors, have already saved thousands 
 of lives and are destined in the future to give to man 
 incalculable results. 
 
 Should the noble efforts of the great Pasteur suc- 
 ceed in accompHshing the prevention of hydrophobia, 
 that success would be entirely due to it ; should they 
 fail, what of it? He has "struck a lead," as miners 
 express it in mining, which whether he live or die, 
 whether he survive or perish, whether he succeed or 
 fail, will be followed up by others to grand results ! 
 
 A few years, a very few years ago, the Lying-in 
 or Maternity hospitals of the world were transformed 
 into charnel houses by that terror of all lands. Puer- 
 peral Fever. Now, in the most insalubrious parts of 
 Paris, of Vienna and St. Petersburgh there is scarcely 
 a mortality of 3 in 100 from this cause, where proper 
 precautions are observed. 
 
 To the non-professional members of my audience 
 all this, so wonderful is it, may appear as the tale of a 
 romancer, or the exaggeration of an enthusiast. But 
 it is neither. I have merely touched upon the theme ; 
 by no means have I done it justice ! 
 
 And it requires no prophet's power to declare 
 that scientific medicine is in our day in its early, pu- 
 ling infancy. What has been done is as nothing to 
 what will be done ! What we know, falls into insig- 
 nificance when compared with what we shall, what 
 we must know, within the next century. 
 
48 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS' 
 
 And what has accomplished all that has thus far 
 been effected in the way of advancement ? The great, 
 the leading factor has been a change in our methods 
 of study ; an improvement in our plans of investiga- 
 tion ; a more philosophical style of collating our facts, 
 and drawing our deductions. The laboratory work, 
 clinical study, and the use of instruments of precision 
 to wKich special reference has been made, have all 
 been merely means for developing the experimental 
 and demonstrative methods of study which have re- 
 sulted in the new era which is now fully dawning upon 
 us in all its abundance of results ! 
 
 If in this great work the monarchical countries of 
 Europe have outstripped our own land, it is because 
 of the endowment of institutions of learning, the aid 
 given to struggling science, the fostering hand 
 stretched out to art by such forms of government on 
 the one hand ; and the well known neglect of these 
 things by republics, on the other. Ever since the 
 foundation of our country, our medical colleges have 
 struggled onwards as private enterprises dependent 
 for existence upon the fees of those to whom their di- 
 plomas were granted ; unaided by government ; un- 
 thought of by society ; unendowed by men of wealth, 
 whose millions at their death went to the support of 
 some distant enterprise, the erection of some monu- 
 ment or statue, or some similar work, of great, though 
 far less importance. 
 
 All honor to the house of Vanderbilt, which has 
 created a new era ; set an example which is even now 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 49 
 
 being nobly followed ; and engraved its memory upon 
 the heart of every true physician of our country ! 
 
 We are engaged to-day in inaugurating a Clinic 
 and a Lying-in Hospital, both put at the disposal of 
 our art by Vanderbilt's immediate connections, desir- 
 ous to emulate his glorious example, and eager to lay 
 Medicine under a greater debt than the great one 
 which it already owed to its head. 
 
 " The Vanderbilt Clinic ! " Did the origin of the 
 word " Clinic " ever strike you ? It is derived from 
 the Greek " ^xkivYiy' a *' couch," and its full signifi- 
 cance is this ; "in these halls the art of medicine is to 
 be studied at the bedside. The mind of the student 
 is not to be filled with the thoughts, the dicta, the 
 suppositions and the deductions of other men ; but 
 here he is to study disease in its ghastly truth for 
 himself, by the aid of sight, touch, hearing, and smell, 
 and to draw conclusions for himself. Here he is to 
 seek the truth and to learn from his teachers how to 
 find it ; not to accept as truth what those teachers be- 
 lieve to be such ; not to strive to learn from their ex- 
 perience, but to collate facts and acquire experience 
 for himself." 
 
 This is to be one great out-come of this clinic. 
 But equally important results remain to be told, even 
 without alluding to the self-evident one of the great 
 blessing which will accrue to the poor of New York, 
 who will profit by the immediate effect of the medical 
 service now placed at their disposal. 
 
 And now I come to tell you of a singular coinci- 
 4 
 
50 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS' 
 
 dence in this exhibition of generosity and charity, 
 which is not generally known, and of which I would 
 make history did the power lie within me. Before 
 the thought of the great gift made by Vanderbilt had 
 entered into his charitable mind, one of the members 
 of the Faculty of the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons, under the authority of a son-in-law of Mr. 
 Vanderbilt, was searching for a location for a Mater- 
 nity Hospital to be erected and equipped entirely at 
 his personal expense. To-day the Sloane Maternity 
 Hospital is in full working order, and with the Van- 
 derbilt Clinic is put at the disposal of the College so 
 richly endowed by the head of the house. 
 
 Even this is not all. The wife of this generous 
 man, a true daughter of her house, apparently unwill- 
 ing to be outdone in good works even by her own 
 husband, has assumed the entire expenditure attend- 
 ant upon the working of this magnificent charity. 
 
 What grand rivalry ; what princely extravagance ; 
 what God-given inspiration ! 
 
 Yet great as is this munificent offering to human- 
 ity and to science, greater, far greater is the reward, 
 which even in their lifetime, must be meted out to 
 these generous donors. This house of refuge and of 
 mercy, built with all the cunning of the architecture of 
 our day, will stand for centuries ! What monarch's 
 wealth could purchase a sweeter thought, a more sub- 
 lime reflection than that throughout that time the 
 prayers of thousands of weary, sad-faced women ; of 
 thousands of grimy sons of toil, will constantly ascend 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 5 1 
 
 for their benefactors, in gentle murmurs, to the judg- 
 ment seat of God ? 
 
 " The prayer of the righteous man availeth 
 much," but rather give to me the suppHcations in my 
 behalf of the suffering, the friendless, and the poor, to 
 whom it has been vouchsafed me to have offered aid 
 and comfort. 
 
 A favorite dictum of theologians of the olden time 
 was this, " the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the 
 Church." So deeds, such as those of which I have 
 just made grateful mention, are the seed of science. 
 From the seed thus sown will spring up results 
 throughout our broad land, from Maine to Texas, 
 which will multiply an hundred fold the generous acts 
 which we here acknowledge. He is short-sighted in- 
 deed who sees in the gifts which we receive to-day a 
 benefit to one institution or to one city. A noble ex- 
 ample has been set, a fruitful hint been given which 
 will redound to the advantage of science and human- 
 ity throughout our wide borders from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific shores. 
 
 Trustees and Faculty of the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons who are to-day made custodians of 
 these princely gifts, a weighty responsibility rests 
 upon us so to administer them as to develop to its 
 fullest extent the intentions of the givers. It is clear 
 that their desire has been to elevate the standard of 
 Medical Education in our country, to advance the 
 science of Medicine, and thus to benefit science and 
 humanity. Let no narrow policy, no views bounded 
 
52 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS 
 
 by local interests, no ambitions less lofty than those 
 to which allusion has just been made, enter our minds. 
 But with a high and firm resolve let us strive in the 
 general cause of science and humanity so to acquit 
 ourselves of our stewardship, that those who sit in 
 judgment upon us after our mortal frames shall have 
 become dust, may pronounce upon our memories that 
 verdict, so much to be desired, " Well done, good 
 and faithful servants." 
 
 The thought which entered the minds of the crea- 
 tors of these noble charities, that in endowing the 
 quiet, unobtrusive and unobserved science of medi- 
 cine they could benefit humanity, elevate art, rear to 
 their names an unostentatious yet pleasant memorial 
 in these halls " where charity and science so no- 
 bly meet " was an original, a happy, a noble one. 
 Whence came it ? Not from a desire for fame. Half 
 the gift elsewhere bestowed would have brought them 
 more. Not from a wish to advance worldly interests. 
 What worldling craves the affectionate admiration of 
 a guild like ours ? It had its birth in some nobler, 
 loftier, purer sphere. 
 
 History gives abundant evidence of man's desire 
 to live in the memory of those whom he leaves in this 
 life, after he has crossed the dark and silent river ; of 
 his aversion to the chilling thought of being com- 
 pletely obliterated and fading from the minds of men 
 like the baseless fabric of a vision, leaving not a rack 
 behind. And history has taught us that it is not the 
 column of brass or the statue of stone which best 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 53 
 
 preserves the name entrusted to it. To live after 
 death our monument must be erected in the grate- 
 ful hearts of those who succeed us. When the arch 
 of Severus shall have made dust for the streets of 
 Rome ; the simple prayer of the good Chrysostom, 
 contained in ten short lines, will cause his memory to 
 live for ages in the minds of men. Lorenzo de Medi- 
 cis left his memory to the keeping of art ; of art 
 honored, elevated and purified by him ; his name 
 shines more brightly to-day than it did even in his 
 own time. Ars longa ! Vita brevis ! 
 
 In whatsoever garb it may appear there is a 
 charm, a beauty about the God-like virtue Charity, 
 which commands for it admiration, sympathy and re- 
 spect. How various are its manifestations ! Here 
 we behold the miser indulging in it as a posthumous 
 duty, because he cannot carry his riches with him into 
 the hereafter ; bequeathing his cherished millions to 
 the poor, because "there is no pocket to a shroud ; " 
 here the ambitious demagogue hoarding wealth dur- 
 ing a lifetime to endow an institution or erect a statue 
 to preserve his name from oblivion ; and here the 
 truly pious and virtuous leaving their goods for the 
 advancement of religion and the spread of the Gos- 
 pel. In all these forms Charity is ever the most 
 God-like and radiant of the virtues. But how much 
 more noble and more admirable does it appear when 
 coming as a gift during the lifetime of the donor, who 
 then shares his possessions, with his needy brother, 
 and watches with tender solicitude the resulting bene- 
 
54 DR. T. GAILLARD THOMAS' 
 
 fit ! To give with posthumous generosity to the 
 heathen of distant lands, and beyond far off seas, is 
 noble indeed : but more noble, more beautiful is it far, 
 to see wealth shared during a lifetime with the beggar 
 at one's door-step. 
 
 How beautifully is this idea illustrated in the 
 charming poem of the "Vision of Sir Launfal," a 
 knight of old, who leaving untended the poor at his 
 gate sought to recover, for the love of God, and at 
 the point of his lance, the Holy Grail from far distant 
 Palestine. Returning disappointed and dejected, the 
 christian soldier sees at his castle gate a leper, miser- 
 able, wretched, outcast. Suddenly he feels "that one 
 touch of nature which makes all mankind kin," and he 
 is inspired with the impulse to pity, and to aid him as 
 he pleads for alms. 
 
 "And Sir Launfal said — ' I behold in thee 
 An image of Him who died on the tree ; 
 Thou also hast had thy crown of thorns, — 
 Thou also hast had the world's buffets and scorns. — 
 And to thy life were not denied 
 The wounds in the hands, and feet and side : 
 Mild Mary's son acknowledge me ; 
 Behold through him I give to thee ! ' 
 
 " As Sir Launfal mused with a downcast face, 
 A light shone round about the place ; 
 The leper no longer crouched at his side, 
 But stood before him glorified, 
 Shining and tall and fair and straight 
 As the pillar that stood by the Beautiful Gate. 
 
INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 55 
 
 " His words were shed softer than leaves from the pine 
 And they fell on Sir Launfal like snows on the brine, 
 Which mingle their softness and quiet in one 
 With the shaggy unrest they float down upon ; 
 And the voice that was calmer than silence said 
 Lo ! it is I, be not afraid ! 
 In many climes without avail 
 Thou hast spent thy life for the Holy Grail ; 
 Behold it is here, — this cup which thou 
 Didst fill at the streamlet for me but now ; 
 This crust is my body broken for thee, 
 This water his blood that died on the tree ; 
 The Holy Supper is kept indeed, 
 In whatso we share with another's need ; 
 Not what we give, but what we share. — 
 For the gift without the giver is bare ; 
 Who gives himself with his alms feeds three, 
 Himself, his hungering neighbor and Me." 
 
 Generous donors of these most noble charities. 
 Sons and daughters of one whose name will never 
 fade from the annals of American Medicine ; com- 
 missioned by my colleagues I come to you the bearer 
 of three-fold thanks ! In the name of Science for 
 which you have shown so much solicitude ; in the 
 name of Medicine for which you have so nobly 
 pledged your appreciation ; in the name of Human- 
 ity, which for cycle upon cycle will profit by your lib- 
 erality, from the deepest depths of our hearts, we 
 thank you ! 
 
 ''Tout lasse, tout casse, tout passe," says a quaint 
 old French proverb. The only exception to the truth 
 embodied in its simple alliteration is to be found, in 
 
56 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 
 
 this world, in the enduring pleasure which is born of 
 good deeds done to our fellow men. God grant that 
 that enduring pleasure may be yours and that it may 
 abide with you to the end of life's pilgrimage ! 
 
 May the wisdom, the resources, and the skill 
 which centuries of labor have bestowed upon medi- 
 cine be ever in their best and brightest estate when 
 called for by you in the hour of your sorest need ! 
 May the bread which you have so lavishly cast upon 
 the waters, be returned to you in prosperity in this 
 world, and in life in that which is to come ! 
 
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
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