^a.'rn. J.nrs'lrer: OTorlb ^|eace Jfouniiation $ampl)letg Vol. VII 1924 No, 1 AMERICAN COOPERATION WITH THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS By MANLEY O.JTODSON Bemis Professor of International Law, Harvard Law School Published by WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston Price, 5 cents per copy '!> I World Prarr J^oundatton Safiton. ’FOUNDED IN 1910 BY EDWIN GINN TTie corporation is constituted for the purpose of educating the people of all nations to a full knowledge of the waste euid destructiveness of war, its evil effects on present social conditions and on the well-being of future generations, cind to promote international justice and the brotherhood of man; iind, generally, by every practical means to promote peace and good will among all mankind. — By-laws of the Corporation. It is to this patient and thorough work of education, through the school, the college, the church, the press, the pamphlet emd the book, that the World Peace Foundation addresses itself. — Edwin Ginn. The idea of force can not at once be eradicated. It is useless to believe that the nations can be persuaded to disband their present armies and dismantle their present navies, trusting in each other or in the Hague Tribunal to settle any possible differences between them, unless, first, some substitute for the existing forces is provided and demonstrated by experience to be adequate to protect the rights, dignity and territory of the respective nations. My own belief is that the idea which underlies the movement for the Hague Court can be developed so that the nations can be persuaded each to contribute a small percentage of their military forces at sea and on land to form an International Guard or Police Force . — Edwin Ginn. ■* Incorpora led under the laws of Massachusetts, July 12, 1910, as the International School of Peace. Name changed to World Peace Foundation, December 22, 1910. LEAGUE OF NATIONS Published Bimonthly by WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 40 MT. VERNON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. The subscription price is 25c. per year in advance. Prices in quantities on application. General Secretary, Edward Cummings. Corresponding Secretary, and Librarian, Denys P. Myers. CONTENTS PAGE List of Americans Mentioned 4 American Cooperation with the League of Nations 7 1. Organization of the League 8 2. International Court 8 3. Secretariat of the League 9 4. International Labor Conference 11 5. International Labor Office 11 6. Aaland Islands Dispute 12 7. Upper Silesia 12 8. Memel Dispute 12 9. Brussels Financial Conference 12 10. Financial Reconstruction of Austria 13 11. Financial Reconstruction of Hungary 13 12. Financial Committee 13 13. Economic Committee 13 14. Registration of Treaties 14 15. International Hydrographic Bureau 14 16. Traffic in Arms 14 17. Chemical Warfare 14 18. Transit and Communications 15 19. Calendar Reform 15 20. Customs Formalities 15 21. Obscene Publications 15 22. Intellectual Cooperation 16 23. Conference on Legal Aid 16 24. Traffic in Opium and Dangerous Drugs 17 25. Traffic in Women 18 26. Deportation of Women and Children in the Near East 19 27. Russian Refugees 19 28. Greek Refugees 19 29. Emigration 20 30. Health 20 31. Conference on Sera and Serological Tests 22 32. Conference on Standardization of Biological Remedies 23 33. Anthrax Committee 23 34. Industrial Hygiene 23 35. Mandates 23 36. Expenses of the League and the International Court 24 37. Publications of the League, the International Court and the Inter- national Labor Office 25 LIST OF AMERICANS IVIENTIONED PAGE Abbott, Grace 11, 18 Abel, John J 23 Andrews, Dr. John B 11 Armstrong, Dr. C 23 Bacher, Edward L 15 Bache-Wiig, Ruth 10 Baker, Dr. Josephine .... 21 Bartlett, Alice C 10 Beer, George Louis 10 Blue, Dr. Rupert ... 17, 20, 22 Booth, Willis H 15 Boyden, Roland W. . . . 12, 13 Brent, Bishop Charles H. . . 17 Bristol, Admiral Mark L. . . 19 Bullard, Arthur 12 Cannon, Dr. Walter B. . . 14 Carolan, Edgar 15 Chalmers, Henry 15 Colby, Bainbridge 23 Coleman, Dr. Algernon ... 16 Coolidge, Calvin 9 Crawford, Ruth 20 Crissey, C. 1 12 Croxton, Fred C 20 Cumming, Dr. Hugh S. . . 21 Cushman, Emma D 19 Davis, Major C. Claflin ... 19 Davis, Horace A 12 Davis, Norman H 12 Dolbeare, Fred C 19 Dorset, Dr. Marion 23 Duffield, Thomas J 10 DuPuy, William A 11 Dyer, Dr. R. E 23 Eichel, Dr. Otto 10 Elkus, Abram 1 12 Elwood, Miss R 11 PAGE Feis, Herbert 12 Flexner, Dr. Abraham ... 19 Forbes, W. Cameron .... 24 Fosdick, Raymond B 9 Furuseth, Andrew 11 Gibbs, Milo J 11 Gilchrist, Huntington .... 10 Gompers, Samuel M 11 Gray, George 8 Gray, Louis H 10 Green, John Raeburn .... 10 Greenwood, Ernest H. ... 11 Grew, Joseph C 14 Gunn, Selskar M 21 Hale, George Ellery .... 16 Hamilton, Dr. Alice . . . 21, 23 Harding, Warren G 7, 9 Harding, W. P. G 13 Haskell, Lewis W' 15 Hess, Col. R. H 12 Hirsch, Gilbert 15 House, Col. Edward M. ... 8 Hudson, Manley O. . . 10, 11, 16 Hughes, Charles E 9, 18 Huston, Howard 10 James, Eldon R 8 Jay, N. J 13 Johnson, Major Bascom ... 19 Keller, Helen R 10 Leland, Dr. Waldo G 16 Logan, Col. James A 19 Magnusson, Leifur 11 Magruder, Alexander R. . . 15 Mahany, Rowland B 20 McCoy, Dr. George W. ... 22 McLeod. Keith 12 Meeker, Dr. Royal . . . 11, 13 PAGE PAGE Miles, Basil 15 Straus, Oscar S 8 Miller, David Hunter .... l!2 Strong, Dr. Richard P. . . . 21 Millikan, Robert A 16 Sweetser, Arthur 10, 11 Moore, Judge John Bassett . 8,24 Sydenstricker, Edgar .... 10 Moorhead, Mrs. John J. . . 18 Terhune, Everit B 15 Morgenthau, Henry .... 20 Tod, Robert 20 Neville, Edwin L 17, 18 Voegtlin, Dr. Carl 23 Niblack, Admiral Albert P. . 14 Wadsworth, Dr 23 Perigord, Paul 16 Wait, C. B 15 Porter, Stephen G 17, 18 Wambaugh, Sarah 10 Pound, Roscoe 8 Welch, Dr. William H. . . 14, 21 Ringland, Mr. A. C 19 Wiehl, Dorothy 10 Root, Elihu 8 Wigmore, Col. John H. . . . 16 Schramm, Prof. J. R 16 Wilson, Florence 10, 16 Scott, Dr. James Brown ... 8 Wilson, William B 11 Seligman, Edwin R. A. . . . 13 Wilson, Woodrow . . . 8, 11, 24 Sells, Dorothy M 12 Winslow, Capt. Alan .... 14 Shaw, Thomas 12 Winslow, Dr. C.-E. A. ... 21 Shepardson, Whitney H. 10 Worley, H. 1 15 Shotwell, James T 11 Wright, Mrs. Hamilton ... 17 Smith, Dr. Howard F. ... 22 A^oung, Allyn A 16 Smith, Jeremiah, Jr 13 Zanetti, Dr. J. E 14 Smith, Reginald Heber ... 17 Zinsser, Dr. Hans 22 Snow, Col. William F. ... 19 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Columbia University Libraries https://archive.org/details/americancooperatOOhuds AMERICAN COOPERATION WITH THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS! By Manley O. Hudson BEMIS PROFESSOK OF INTERNATIONAL L.\.W HARVARD LAW SCHOOL The United States has not “joined” the League of Nations. At any rate it is clear that the American Government has not become a party to the Covenant. But it is not so clear that America is wholly out of the League. With fifty-four peoples of the world cooperating to deal with the world’s common affairs, it would be indeed strange if America had no part. President Harding voiced this when he wrote to Bishop Gailor, in 1923, “I do not believe any man can confront the responsibility of a President of the United States and yet adhere to the idea that it is possible for our country to maintain an attitude of isolation and aloofness in the world.” The truth is, that in spite of our efforts, in spite of our Govern- ment’s attitude, in spite of the fulminations in the Senate, the United States has not seceded from the organized world. It has not kept out of the activities of the League of Nations. Individual Americans first became engaged; then American philanthropic organizations; and then the Government. The result is that many of the League’s activities are today manned from this side of the Atlantic. The whole story needs to be told. Part of the record may be found in the Manchester Guardian Weekly, of February 29, 1924. When the Council of the League held its twenty-eighth session in Geneva, in March, 1924, some Americans were probably sur- prised to read the New York Times despatches of March 10 and March 23, about the prominent role of Americans in the current work of the Council. But the cooperation extends through the 1 Reprinted with slight additions from the New York Times of April 6, 1924. 8 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION whole period since the Covenant was promulgated as a part of the treaties of peace. 1. Organization of the League. The formal beginning of the League’s work dates from the coming into force of the Covenant on January 10, 1920. It was at the call of President Wilson that the Council held its first session a week later. Colonel Edward M. House, of Austin, Texas, had represented the United States dur- ing 1919 as a member of the organizing committee which made the plan for launching the machinery. During 1920, a serious question was raised as to moving the headquarters of the League to Geneva, but President Wilson’s firmness in calling the first Assembly to meet at Geneva on November 15, 1920, put an end to the un- certainty. 2. International Court. The first task undertaken by the Council of the League was to set up a Commission of Jurists to draft the Statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice. Mr. Elihu Root, of New York, formerly Secretary of State, accepted an invitation to be a member of this Committee, and on arriving at The Hague in June, 1920, he became one of the leaders in its work. He was assisted by Dr. James Brown Scott, of Washington, Director of the Division of International Law of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. When the first judges of the Court were elected in September, 1921, the names of four Americans were on the list of nominees eligible to election: Prof. John Bassett Moore, of Columbia University, nominated by the Italian group in the Permanent Court of Arbitration; Dean Roscoe Pound, of the Harvard Law School, nominated by the Siamese group; Mr. Elihu Root, nominated by the Bolivian, Brazilian, French, Uruguayan and Venezuelan groups; and Dr. James Brown Scott, nominated by the Haitian group. Mr. Root declined to accept if elected, and Professor Moore was elected and at once accepted. As a judge of the Court Professor Moore has been present at four of the five sessions held during 1922 and 1923. One of the Siamese group which nominated Dean Pound was an American, Mr. Eldon R. James, of Cincinnati. The American group in the Permanent Court of Arbitration — Messrs. George Gray, John Bassett Moore, Elihu Root and Oscar S. Straus — were invited in June, 1921, to make nominations as provided by the Statute of the Court. The invitation got WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 9 lost in the Department of State in Washington and did not reach its destination until August, 1921, when the American group refused to make a nomination on the ground of lack of power; but in the by-election in 1923, these same Americans acting under the same authority nominated the successful candidate. Judge Pessoa of Brazil. On February 24, 1923, President Harding asked the Senate’s advice and consent for the United States to become a party to the protocol of signature of the Permanent Court of International Justice, on conditions and understandings formulated by Secre- tary Hughes in his letter of February 17, 1923. This proposal was approved by President Coolidge, in his annual message of December 6, 1923, and commended to the Senate’s “favorable consideration.’’ Public hearings were held by a sub-committee of the Committee on Foreign Relations on April 30 and May 1, 1924. Although the Senate has not yet given its advice and consent, the United States has found it necessary, in renewing various arbitration treaties, to agree that if the Senate does eventually act favorably, the United States will consider a modification of the arbitration treaties, providing for the reference of disputes to the Permanent Court of International Justice. This agreement has now been made with the following countries: Great Britain June 23, 1923 France Japan . Portugal Norway July 19, 1923 August 23, 1923 September 5, 1923 November 26, 1923 3. Secretariat of the League. Ever since its organization in the summer of 1919, the Secretariat of the League has included Americans among its members. Like all other members of the Secretariat, these Americans act in their individual capacities and do not represent their government. They are part of an international civil service, serving the common interests of the fifty-four peoples that maintain the League. Mr. Raymond B. Fosdick, of New Jersey, became Under- secretary General in the provisional Secretariat organized in 1919, and served in that capacity until February, 1920. He was 10 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION assisted during this period by Mr. Whitney H. Shepardson, of New York. Mr. George Louis Beer, of New York, who had done very notable work at the Peace Conference as the American expert on African questions, joined the Secretariat as director of the Man- dates Section, in which Prof. Louis H. Gray, of the University of Nebraska, was appointed to assist him. But Mr. Beer’s death prevented his assuming active charge of the Mandates Section, and his mantle fell on a Swiss who had formerly been professor of Economics at Harvard, Mr. William E. Rappard. Mr. Arthur Sweetser, of Washington, D.C., who had been assistant director of the Press Bureau of the American Com- mission to Negotiate Peace, in Paris, joined the Secretariat in 1919, as assistant director of the Information Section. For five years, his services in that capacity have been invaluable to the League. In 1919, Mr. Manley O. Hudson, of Missouri, who also had been associated with the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, in Paris, became a member of the Legal Section of the Secretariat, serving until 1921 and during the summers of 1922 and 1923. In 1919, Mr. Huntington Gilchrist, of Auburn, New York, who had been a captain in the A.E.F., became a member of the Administrative Commissions Section in which he has since had charge of matters relating to the Saar and Danzig. Mr. Howard Huston, of North Dakota, who had been a captain on General Pershing’s staff, became establishment officer, in 1919, and still acts in that capacity. Miss Florence Wilson, of New York, who had been librarian in Paris for the American Commission to Negotiate Peace, became the librarian who has since organized the League’s library. She has been assisted by Miss Alice C. Bartlett and Miss Helen R. Keller, of New York, and Miss Ruth Bache-Wiig, of Maine. Miss Sarah Wambaugh, of Cambridge, Mass., was a temporary member of the Administrative Commissions section in 1920. Mr. John Raeburn Green, of St. Louis, was for one year a tem- porary member of the Legal Section. Mr. Edgar Sydenstricker, of the United States Public Health Service, Dr. Otto Eichel, of the New York State Health Service, Mr. Thomas J. Duffield, of New Jersey, and Miss Dorothy Wiehl hold temporary appoint- WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 11 ments in the Health Section of the Secretariat. Americans serving with the Secretariat in other capacities have been Mr. Milo J. Gibbs, of Chicago, and Miss R. Elwood, of Minneapolis. 4. International Labor Conference. The first session of the International Labor Conference was held in Washington, in 1919. The organizing Committee which planned it included Mr. Samuel M. Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor, Prof. James T. Shotwell of Columbia University, and Dr. John B. Andrews, Secretary of the American Association for Labor Legislation. The Conference was summoned to meet in Washington by President Wilson, and a member of his cabinet, Mr. William B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, presided over the session. Mr. Gompers participated in the Conference as a spokes- man for American labor but not as an official delegate. Mr. Ernest H. Greenwood, of Washington, was deputy Secretary- General of the Conference, Mr. Manley O. Hudson, legal adviser, and Mr. Arthur Sweetser, director of the press bureau. Mr. Hudson was also a member of the Drafting Committee. Several Americans served, also, as secretaries of the committees of the Conference: Dr. John B. Andrews, of New York, as secretary of the Committee on unhealthy processes; and Miss Grace Abbott, of Chicago, as secretary of the committee on employment of children. There has been no official representation of the United States at the four sessions of the Labor Conference since 1919, though at one time it was reported that the United States Chamber of Commerce was to send an employers’ delegate and the American Federation of Labor a workers’ delegate. Mr. Andrew Furuseth, of San Francisco, president of the International Seamen’s Union of America, attended the second session in Genoa in 1920, and Mr. Manley O. Hudson was there as legal adviser. 5. International Labor Office. From 1920 to 1923, Dr. Royal Meeker, of Washington, formerly Commissioner of Labor Sta- tistics, was the chief of the Scientific Division of the International Labor Office. Mr. Ernest H. Greenwood, of Washington, became American Correspondent of the Office in 1920, and continued in that capacity until 1924, when he was succeeded by Mr. Leifur Magnusson, who had formerly been in the office in Geneva as a chief of section. Mr. William A. DuPuy, of Washington, Mr. 12 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION C. I. Crissey, of Michigan, Mr. Horace A. Davis, of Boston, and Prof. Herbert Feis, of the University of Kansas, have also been connected with the Office in Geneva. In 1923, Miss Dorothy M. Sells, formerly special agent of the U. S. Department of Labor, prepared a special report for the OflBce on the British Trade Boards system. Other Americans will be enumerated who have served on Commissions set up by the International Labor OflBce. 6. Aaland Islands Dispute. When the dispute between Sweden and Finland with reference to the Aaland Islands came before the Council of the League in 1920, the Government of the United States was asked to designate an American who might serve on the Committee of Rapporteurs to devise a settlement. Mr. Abram I. Elkus, formerly judge of the New York Court of Appeals and formerly Ambassador to Turkey, was designated and accepted the Council’s invitation. The final report of this committee was presented to the Council in June, 1921, and the dispute was settled in accordance with its recommendations. 7. Upper Silesia. In 1921, when the Council undertook to recommend a boundary line between Germany and Poland in Upper Silesia, Mr. David Hunter Miller, of New York, acted as counsel for Germany and presented a brief on the German position with reference to the application of certain provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. 8. Memel Dispute. In December, 1923, Mr. Norman H. Davis, of New York, formerly Under-Secretary of State, was invited by the Council to act as President of a commission to report on a possible solution of the Memel question. Mr. Davis was assisted by Mr. Arthur Bullard, of New York, one of the editors of Our World. In March, 1924, the Council voted to approve the conclusions of Mr. Davis’ report, and this action now seems to have led to a genuine settlement of the problem. 9. Brussels Financial Conference. In 1920, the Government of the United States was represented at the International Financial Conference in Brussels, held under the auspices of the League. Mr. Roland W. Boyden, of Boston, unofficial American repre- sentative on the Reparations Commission, was the American delegate, but he acted “unoflBcially”. He was assisted by Mr. Keith McLeod and Colonel R. H. Hess, as advisers, and by Mr. Thomas Shaw, as secretary. WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 13 10. Financial Reconstruction of Austria. Various plans have been devised for the relief of Austria. The Ter Meulen Bond Scheme, devised by the Council on lines planned by the Brussels Financial Conference, necessitated a waiver by various govern- ments of their claims on Austria. Throughout 1921, such action was urged on the United States. It was finally taken on April 6, 1922, by a joint resolution of Congress authorizing an extension, for a period not to exceed twenty-five years, of the time of payment of Austria’s debt incurred for the purchase of flour and releasing Austria’s assets pledged for the payment of this debt, provided similar action should be taken by other creditor nations. Late in 1922, a different plan for Austria’s relief was adopted by the Council of the League. It called for a guaranteed loan to Austria of about $125,000,000, of which $25,000,000 was sub- scribed in New York, although the United States was not one of the guaranteeing states. On July 20, 1923, the Council appointed as one of the trustees of the loan, Mr. N. J. Jay, director of the American Morgan Harjes bank in Paris. Mr. Roland W. Boyden dechned an invitation to become the League’s High Commissioner in Austria. 11. Financial Reconstruction of Hungary. Early in 1924, a plan was approved by the Council for extending aid to Hungary. Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Jr., a prominent financial lawyer of Boston, was appointed High Commissioner for the League of Nations in Hungary after Mr. W. P. G. Harding, Governor of the Federal Reserve Board, had declined the appointment. 12. Financial Committee. Soon after the Brussels Financial Conference, the Council of the League set up a Financial Com- mittee. Under the guidance of this Committee, an investigation has been made of the question of double taxation in its inter- national aspects. Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman, of Columbia University, served as a member of a committee of experts on this question, and collaborated in the report presented to the Council in March, 1923. 13. Economic Committee. Carrying out a resolution of the Genoa Conference of 1922, the Economic Committee of the League of Nations, acting with the International Labor Office and the International Institute of Statistics, set up a committee to study economic statistical questions. Dr. Royal Meeker, 14 AVORLD PEACE FOUNDATION of Washington, served as one of the experts who planned the work of this committee. Dr. Meeker had previously served as a member of a committee invited by the Council in 1920 to report on possible plans for the organization of international statistics. 14. Registration of Treaties. The Government of the United States has not sent any treaties to the Secretary-General of the Leagne for registration. But many American treaties have been registered and published in the League of Nations Treaty Series, at the request of the governments of other states that are parties. For instance, Germany though not a member of the League registered the Treaty of August 25, 1921, with the United States. The treaties of the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments were promptly registered by other Powers. 15. International Hydrographic Bureau. The United States Government participates in the work of this Bureau, and con- tributes to its support. In October, 1921, the Bureau was placed under the direction of the League of Nations under Article 24 of the Covenant. Vice-Admiral Albert P. Niblack, U. S. N., retired, is a member of the directing committee of this Bureau. 16. Traffic in Arms. The Arms Traffic Convention drawn up at St. Germain in 1919 was signed but never ratified by the United States. Many other Powers conditioned their acceptance on favorable action by the United States, so that the x\merican refusal to ratify has practically killed this Convention. In Febru- ary, 1924, the Temporary Mixed Commission on Reduction of Armaments met in Geneva to plan for a new convention on the snbject. The United States was officially represented at this meeting by Mr. Joseph C. Grew, then American Minister to Switzerland, who was assisted by Captain Alan Winslow of the American Legation at Berne. Mr. Grew also attended the later Conference on the subject, which began in Paris on March 24, 1924. 17. Chemical Warfare. In February, 1923, the Temporary Mixed Commission on Reduction of Armaments invited experts in various countries, particularly countries having an advanced chemical industry, to collect information concerning the use of asphyxiating gas in war and its effects. Dr. William H. Welch, Director of the School of Hygiene and Pnblic Health of Johns Hopkins University, Dr. Walter B. Cannon, Professor of Physiol- ogy at the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. J. E. Zanetti, of the WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 15 National Research Council, collaborated in this work. Their reports deal with the future possibihties as well as the present status of chemical and bacteriological warfare. 18. Transit and Communications. The first Conference on Transit and Commimications met at Barcelona, in 1921, without any American participation. But at the second Conference in Geneva in November, 1923, the United States was oflScially represented by an observer, Mr. Lewis W. Haskell, American consul at Geneva. Mr. Basil Miles also attended this Conference as assistant delegate of the International Chamber of Commerce, of which he was American Administrative Commissioner. 19. Calendar Reform. The Advisory Committee on Com- munications and Transit has undertaken a study of various pro- posals for the reform of the Calendar, and has set up a sub-com- mittee on the subject, of which Mr. Wilhs H. Booth, of New York, President of the International Chamber of Commerce, is a member. The Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America has recently requested representation in this work. 20. Customs Formalities. The United States was officially represented at the Conference on Customs Formahties in Geneva, in October, 1923, by an observer, Mr. Lewis W. Haskell, American consul at Geneva. Mr. HaskeU was accompanied by the follow- ing experts: Mr. Henry Chalmers, of Washington, Chief of the division of foreign tariffs of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce; Mr. Gilbert Hirsch, of the U. S. Tariff Commission; Mr. C. B. Wait, Customs Attache at London; and Mr. H. I. Worley, of the U. S. Customs Service. Three Americans also represented the International Chamber of Commerce: Mr. Edgar Carolan, Vice-President of the International General Electric Company, and Mr. Edward L. Bacher and Mr. Everit B. Terhune of the United States Chamber of Commerce. 21. Obscene Publications. The United States is a party to a treaty of May 4, 1910, relating to the repression of the circulation of obscene publications. A Conference on Obscene Publications was held in Geneva, under the auspices of the League of Nations, in September, 1923, to supplement this treaty with a new Con- vention. The United States was officially represented by Mr. Alexander R. Magruder, of the American Legation at Berne, who acted in a “consultative capacity.” The United States 16 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION has not yet signed the new treaty. Mr. Manley O. Hudson was legal adviser to the Conference. 22. Intellectual Cooperation. The Council of the League of Nations organized a Committee on Intellectual Cooperation in 1922. Prof. George Ellery Hale, of California, Director of the Mount Wilson Observatory, accepted an invitation to member- ship, and at the first meeting he was assisted by Prof. Robert A. MiUikan, of the California Technological Institute, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1923. Mr. Millikan later succeeded Mr. Hale as a member of the Committee. At the meeting of the Committee in 1923, Col. John H. Wigmore, of Chicago, Dean of the Law School of Northwestern University, attended as Mr. Millikan’s substitute, being assisted by Prof. Paul Perigord, of Los Angeles. Mr. Millikan was replaced at the third session of the Committee, in December, 1923, by Dr. Waldo G. Leland, of the Historical Department of the Carnegie Institution, who was assisted by Dr. Algernon Coleman, pro- fessor of French language and literature in the University of Chicago and Director of the American University Union in Eu- rope. Dr. Coleman was also appointed a member of the Direct- ing Board of the International University Information Office, established by the Committee at Geneva. Prof. Allyn A. Young, of Harvard University, has collaborated with the Committee, by making a study of the present state of economic science in the United States in its international bearings. Prof. J. R. Schramm, of Cornell University, is a member of a sub-committee on bibliography. Miss Florence Wilson, of New York, is a mem- ber of a preparatory committee arranging for an international Conference on bibliography. 23. Conference on Legal Aid. In 1923, the National Associa- tion of Legal Aid Societies sent to the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, through Col. John H. Wigmore of Chicago, a request that the Council of the League call an international conference of agencies furnishing legal aid to the poor in various countries. The Norwegian Government placed the question before the Fourth Assembly of the League which decided that the question should be placed on the agenda of the Fifth Assembly in 1924, and directed the Secretary-General to prepare a report. Experts are now at work on this report, among them Mr. Reginald WOKLD PEACE FOUNDATION 17 Heber Smith of the Boston bar, Secretary of the American National Committee on Legal Aid Work which is providing certain special funds for a conference to be held in Geneva in July. 24. Traffic in Opium and Dangerous Drugs. The United States has played a leading role in past efforts to control and restrict the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs. So that in spite of the reservations drawn in the United States Senate in November, 1919, and March, 1920, which would have precluded any action with the League on opium, it was inevitable that America should have some part in the work of the League of Nations in this field. In 1920, the Netherlands Government requested the League to relieve it of its administrative duties under the Opium Con- vention of 1912, to which the United States is a party. All the signatories consented to this, including Germany, which is not a member of the League, except the United States. Though the American reply opposed the transfer of functions, an arrange- ment was made by which the League Secretariat performed the duty of collecting information and conducting the necessary correspondence, but with the proviso that all communications to or from the United States should pass through the Netherlands Government. The United States has received questionnaires and sent its replies through the intermediary of the Dutch Government, while all other parties to the 1912 Convention have corresponded directly with the League. A permanent advisory committee was set up by the League in 1921, and the United States was invited to appoint a represent- ative, but the invitation was not accepted. Mrs. Hamilton Wright, of Washington, became assessor to the Committee and she has attended every meeting it has held. A new invitation was extended to the American Government in 1922, and in Jan- uary, 1923, Dr. Rupert Blue, formerly Surgeon-General, was sent to the fourth session of the Committee in an “unofficial and consultative capacity.” In May, 1923, the Department of State sent a strong delegation to attend the fifth session of the Committee in an “advisory capacity”, consisting of Mr. Stephen G. Porter, chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, Bishop Charles H. Brent, of Buffalo, and Dr. Rupert Blue, with Mr. Edwin L. Neville of the Depart- 18 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION ment of State as adviser. Mrs. John J. Moorhead, of New York, was in Geneva during this session of the Committee, representing the Foreign Poliey Assoeiation of New York and other Ameriean organizations. In September, 1923, by special invitation the American del- egation returned to Geneva to consult with a committee of the Fourth Assembly in its consideration of the report of the Opium Committee, and the Assembly adopted the “American program” which had been presented by Mr. Porter in June. In December, 1923, Mr. Neville was named by the Department of State on the preparatory committee to arrange the program for the Opium Conferences to be held in November, 1924, and he attended the first meetings of this committee held in Geneva in March and in Paris in April, 1924. A bill is now before Congress appropriating $40,000 for American representation at these Conferences. Beginning with the Senate reservations which asserted that opium was a domestic concern of the United States which would not be submitted to any action of the League “or any agency thereof”, passing through the period when Secretary Hughes w^as insisting legalistically that the United States could only deal with the Netherlands Government, we have at last arrived at a stage where the United States is cooperating with the League’s work in this field in a frank and open manner, though without adequate status. 25. Traffic in Women. The Council of the League summoned an international Conference in Geneva, in July, 1921, and a new treaty was later signed to supplement the treaties of 1904 and 1910 relating to the white slave traffic. Following this Con- ference, a Permanent Advisory Committee on Traffic in Women and Children was set up and the United States was invited to appoint a member. In March, 1923, the Department of State designated Miss Grace Abbott, Director of the Children’s Bureau, to attend a meeting of the Committee in an “advisory and con- sultative capacity.” In her official report to the Secretary of Labor for 1923, Miss Abbott gives an account of the meeting, setting out the resolutions adopted, and emphasizing the value of international cooperation in this field. In July, 1923, at the suggestion of this Committee, a number of experts were invited by the Council to conduct an enquiry WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 19 into the extent of the international traffic in women and children. Dr. Abraham Flexner, of New York, author of a book on “Prostitu- tion in Europe”, accepted an invitation to serve on this experts’ committee, but later withdrew on account of his health and was succeeded by Col. William F. Snow of New York. Major Bas- com Johnson, of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, Inc., of New York, has also been appointed assessor on this same committee. The Bureau of Social Hygiene has appropriated $75,000 toward the cost of this investigation. 26. Deportation of Women and Children in the Near East. In 1921, the Council set up a Commission of Enquiry to investi- gate the deportation of women and children in Turkey. This Committee was subsequently known as the Committee for the Protection of Women and Children in the Near East. Its reports were presented to the second, third and fourth Assemblies. On the nomination of the presidents of Robert College, Constantinople College and the American Mission at Constantinople, Miss Emma D. Cushman was named a member of this Committee. 27. Russian Refugees. Dr. Nansen of Norway has served for several years as the League’s High Commissioner for Relief of Refugees. He set up a Committee in connection with the evacua- tion of the Russian Refugees in Constantinople, on which there were two Americans; Major C. Claflin Davis, of the American Red Cross and Mr. A. C. Ringland of the American Relief Administra- tion. Both of these organizations cooperated with Dr. Nansen in various aspects of his work, as did also the Disaster Relief Committee set up by Admiral Mark L. Bristol, the American High Commissioner at Constantinople. Dr. Nansen’s reports on his work on behalf of Russian refugees, in 1922 and 1923, speak in warm praise of the American cooperation. 28. Greek Refugees. In June, 1923, the Financial Committee of the League attempted to devise some plan for a loan for the relief of the Greek refugees who were impoverished by the Smyrna disaster and the events that followed it. It was assisted in its deliberations by Mr. Fred C. Dolbeare, of the American Delega- tion to the Lausanne Conference. The matter was later con- sidered by the Council, with the assistance of Col. James A. Logan, unofficial representative of the United States on the Reparation Commission. In September, 1923, the Council decided to estab- 20 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION lish a Refugees Settlement Commission to promote the establish- ment of Greek refugees in productive work in Greece. Mr. Henry Morgenthau of New York, formerly American Ambassador at Constantinople, was made President of this Commission by the Council, on the nomination of the Near East Relief, and has been engaged in the work since the fall of 1923. In April, 1924, Mr. Morgenthau appeared before the Council in connection with th is work. 29. Emigration. In August, 1921, the International Emigra- tion Committee set up by the Governing Body of the Inter- national Labor Office held its first meeting in Geneva. It had been announced that the United States would be represented by Mr. Rowland B. Mahany of the Department of Labor. Later, the International Labor Office was informed that Mr. Robert Tod, Commissioner of Immigration at the Port of New York, would represent the United States, but the announcement was afterward withdrawn. Representatives were present from several non-governmental organizations, including the Y.M.C.A., the Y.W.C.A., represented by Miss Ruth Crawford, and the Na- tional Catholic Welfare Council. The Commission was also supplied by the Government of the United States with a full answer to a questionnaire. In February, 1922, Mr. Fred C. Croxton, of Ohio, was named by the Commissioner-General of Immigration as an American expert on an advisory committee to assist the International Labor Office in its work on emigration. 30. Health. In no field has American cooperation been more extensive than in the field of international health work. Before the War, the United States was a party to the International Sanitary Conventions of 1903 and 1905, as well as to the Arrange- ment of 1907 for establishing the International Office of Public Health. This Office has not worked satisfactorily. When it was proposed in 1921 to transfer its functions to a new Health Organ- ization to be set up by the League of Nations, the United States blocked the proposal. But again the formalities were tran- scended, and in 1923, a plan was agreed upon for close collabora- tion between the Office and the League’s Health Organization. An International Health Conference met in April, 1920, at the request of the Council to draw up proposals for a permanent health organization under the League. Dr. Rupert Blue, for- WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 21 merly Surgeon-General of the U. S. Public Health Service, and Dr. Richard P. Strong, Director of the League of Red Cross Soci- eties, participated in this Conference. A Provisional Health Com- mittee was set up by the Council in 1921. Dr. C.-E. A. Winslow, of the Yale Medical School, represented the League of Red Cross Societies on this Committee in its earlier stages. Dr. Hugh S. Cumming of Washington, Director of the U. S. Public Health Service, and Dr. Josephine Baker, of New York, became members of the Provisional Health Committee in 1922. Dr. Cumming had an important share in its work, serving on a special com- mittee on the establishment of the Permanent Health Organiza- tion of the League, and on a sub-committee on inspection of vessels in ports. In February, 1924, the Permanent Health Committee held its first meeting. Dr. Cumming was made a Vice-President, and Dr. Alice Hamilton, of Chicago, professor of industrial medi- cine at the Harvard Medical School, was nominated a member of the Committee. Dr. William H. Welch, of Baltimore, was named a member of a sub-committee on education in hygiene and social medicine. It is to be noted that Dr. Cumming acts on this committee in his official capacity, since he officially re- presents the United States on the International Office of Public Health which named him on the Permanent Health Committee. In 1922, the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation placed at the disposal of the Health Organization of the League, $32,840 a year for five years for the establishment of an epidemiological intelhgence service, and $60,080 a year for three years for an international exchange of public health personnel. In 1923, further grants were made by the same Board, grants of $10,500 for 1923 and $21,000 for 1924, to be used to enlist the cooperation of health statisticians. As a consequence of these grants, the Epidemiological Reports of the Health Section are published weekly and monthly and are now widely distributed. Special reports are also published from time to time. Six interchanges of public health personnel have also taken place. Two American doctors took part in the second of these collective interchanges, which took place in England and Austria in the spring of 1923. Mr. Selskar M. Gunn, of the Rockefeller Founda- tion, took part in the final conference of the delegates in London 22 WOKLD PEACE FOUNDATION on April 10, 1923. Upon the invitation of the Public Health Ser- vice of the United States, the third collective interchange, which began in September 1923, took place in America. In the summer of 1923, specialists from various countries including the United States, studied the methods of fighting malaria in Italy. In September 1923, there was also an interchange of bacteriologists and laboratory assistants in which an American participated. In January, 1923, the Provisional Health Committee and the Russian health authorities made an arrangement for a test as to the reliability of intestinal vaccination. The experiments were begun in May, 1923. Dr. Hans Zinsser, professor of Bac- teriology and Immunology at the Harvard Medical School, spent some months in Russia assisting in this work as the epidemics commissioner of the Provisional Health Committee. In 1923, a mission of enquiry in the Far East was undertaken by the Chief Commissioner of the Health Section; he was ac- companied during a part of his trip by Dr. Howard F. Smith of Manila, who was designated for this purpose by the Public Health Service of the United States. 31. Conference on Sera and Serological Tests. In December 1921, the Health Organization of the League of Nations held a preliminary Conference in London on the Standardization of Sera and Serological Tests; the state Health and Serological Institutes of eleven countries were represented, among them the United States, represented by Surgeon-General Rupert Blue. A program of enquiry and research was drawn up, to be carried out by different laboratories, including the Hygienic Laboratory, United States Public Health Service, and centralized in the Copenhagen Serological Institute. In September 1922, a meeting of a sub-committee on anti- tetanus and anti-diphtheria sera was held at Geneva, attended by representatives of the State epidemiological laboratories of Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States. Dr. George W. McCoy, director of the Hy- gienic Laboratory in Washington, was the American representa- tive. In November 1922, a second general Conference was held at the Pasteur Institute in Paris to examine the results of the work on anti-pneumococcus and anti-dysentery sera as well as the sero-diagnosis of syphilis, and to adopt a further program of WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 23 research. At this conference also, there was an American repre- sentative, Dr. Wadsworth, representing the Rockefeller Institute. In November, 1923, there was a meeting at Copenhagen of repre- sentatives from the various State Serological Institutes that had been engaged in this work from the beginning. Dr. C. Armstrong and Dr. R. E. Dyer of the Hygienic Laboratory, United States Pubhc Health Service, Washington, were participants in this conference. 32. Conference on Standardization of Biological Remedies. A Conference on Standardization of Biological Remedies was held at Edinburgh from July 19 to 21, 1923. The Provisional Health Committee of the League of Nations had invited prominent pharmacologists to attend. Prof. John J. Abel, of the Johns Hop- kins University Medical School, and Dr. Carl Voegtlin of the Hygienic Laboratory in Washington, D.C., were present and participated in the work of the Conference. 33. Anthrax Committee. This Committee was set up by the Governing Body of the International Labor Office, in 1920, in pursuance of action taken at the Washington session of the Inter- national Labor Conference. In October, 1921, the United States officially appointed Dr. Marion Dorset, of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture, to serve as a member of the committee in an “unofficial and consultative” capacity. 34. Industrial Hygiene. An Advisory Committee on Indus- trial Hygiene was set up by the Governing Body of the Inter- national Labor Office in 1921, its members to serve the Office as expert advisers. Dr. Alice Hamilton, of the Harvard Medical School, is a member of this committee. 35. Mandates. The United States took no part in the work of the Council of the League of Nations in drawing up the man- dates under which various Powers are to administer the territories transferred by Germany at the end of the war. On February 21, 1921, Secretary Bainbridge Colby sent a protest to the Council against its approval of the Japanese mandates for islands in the north Pacific ocean. The Council thereupon invited the United States to send representatives to participate in a consideration of the subject, but this invitation was not answered. After the mandates were issued, the United States entered into treaties with certain of the Mandatory Powers recognizing certain man- 24 WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION dates and securing the benefits of certain of their provisions for the United States and its nationals, “notwithstanding the fact that the United States is not a member of the League.” Such a treaty was made with Japan with reference to the mandate for the former German Islands in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator, particularly the island of Yap, on February 11, 1922. This treaty requires Japan to send to the United States duplicates of its reports to the Council of the League of Nations. Two similar treaties were signed with France, on February 13, 1923, relating to the mandates for Togoland and the Cameroons. A similar treaty also was signed with Belgium on April 18, 1923, with an amendatory protocol signed January 21, 1924, relating to the mandate for Ruanda-Urundi. The Senate consented to the ratification of these French and Belgian treaties on March 3, 1924. A similar treaty was signed with France, on April 4, 1924, relating to the mandate for Syria and Lebanon. The United States thus becomes, in a sense, a party to the whole mandate system, in spite of not being a party to Article 22 of the Covenant, but without any share in its administration. The Permanent Mandates Commission of the League was organized in 1921. Mr. W. Cameron Forbes, of Boston, formerly Governor-General of the Philippine Islands, was invited to become a member but declined. 36. Expenses of the League and the International Court. No part of the expense of the League of Nations or of the International Labor Organization or of the Permanent Court of International Justice has been paid by the United States. Although the United States took a leading role in the efforts to establish an international Court during the administrations of Presidents McKinley, Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson, we have borne no share of the expense of establishing the new Permanent Court of Inter- national Justice. Judge John Bassett Moore’s salary as a judge is paid by fifty -four other peoples of the world — no part of it comes from America. In only one instance has the United States paid any money to the League. On September 28, 1923, the Foreign Minister of the Netherlands transmitted to the Secretary-General 350 Swiss francs, paid by the United States as a part payment for the services of interpreters and stenog- raphers lent by the Secretariat to the Commission of Jurists WORLD PEACE FOUNDATION 25 for the Revision of the Laws of War which had met at The Hague in pursuance of the decision taken at the Washington Conference in 1922. 37. Publications of the League, the International Court and the International Labor Office, The World Peace Foundation, 40 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass., acts as American agent in handling all publications of the League of Nations, the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Labor Office. In 1923 and 1924 the American Society of International Law spent $7,000 in purchasing 500 subscriptions to the League of Nations Treaty Series, for distribution among needy libraries. This record leaves one wondering as to the extent to which America is really out of the League, whether indeed it is possible for any important country to live in the world and be wholly out of the efforts of fifty-four peoples to organize for peace. For like the United States, Germany and Russia and Turkey have all been cooperating in some degree. Only Mexico and Ecuador remain wholly aloof. The American cooperation has not been the work of individuals , altogether. The Government has contributed, in increasing measure. For a time, in 1921, the Department of State did not reply to any communications from Geneva. Then it suddenly reversed this policy in August of that year and wrote fourteen letters to the League on a single day. For a period, however, it was unwilling to do more than be polite; during this period it took the position, described above, with reference to the Opium work and the Health work of the League. Gradually, however, it has relented to the pressure of the facts. In the last seven months, the United States Government has been officially rep- resented at five international conferences held in Geneva by the League of Nations. These are: (1) Conference on Obscene Publications; (2) Consultation on Opium Traffic; (3) Conference on Customs Formalities; (4) Conference on Transit and Com- munications; and (5) Consultation on a new Arms Traffic Con- vention. The fagade of representation in an “unofficial and consultative capacity” does not hide the reality of such action. The United States is not in the League, but it is necessarily of it. The Government has not become a member, but scores of Americans have joined. 26 AVORLD PEACE FOUNDATION But the inadequacy of such collaboration is apparent. In certain large crises, such as the Corfu crisis, the voice of America has not been heard at all. When our representatives do speak, their words do not carry full weight. They appear as onlookers rather than participants. They sit apart and they are usually men of inferior official rank. It would be a simple thing for the United States to avow an open, frank, and firm policy of effective cooperation. President Coolidge’s declaration concerning the League on December 6, 1923, “We hope it will be helpful,” represents a big advance over the declarations, made at times by men in high places, that “the League is dead.” If we can’t at once seek membership for America on reservations consistent with our national fears and fads, we can at least come out from our hiding and avow what we are already doing. Attempts at isolation have failed. The President’s statement about the League should be revised to read: “We shall do our best to make it helpful.” OTiodb ^peace Jfoiinbation J^ampblets; [Vol. I-Vol. VI, No. 2, issued under the title “League of Nations”] Vol. I, 1917 and 1918 1. What We Are Fighting For. Milestones of Half a Century; What Presidents and Congress have done^o bring about a League of Nations. Books on the War and the Peace. 2. The Nationality Map of Europe. By Leon Dominian. Language map of Europe; Selected List of Books. 3. War Aims of Belligerents as elicited by Russia’s Attempts to Secure a General Peace. 4. Background of the War. History and Texts. A. The Triple Alliance; Russia’s “reinsurance” treaty with Germany. B. The Triple Entente and its Friends. Appendix: Texts of the Treaties. 5. Monroe Doctrine After the War. By George Grafton Wilson, professor of international law, Harvard University. European Background of the Monroe Doctrine. American Statements of Policy. 6. German Attempts to Divide Belgium. Bj' Carl Lotus Becker, professor of modern European history, Cornell University. 7. The Supreme War Council. I ntroduction: Allied Maritime Transport Council and other affiliated bodies. I, Purpose and Meaning; II, Difficulties Overcome; III, Proceedings of Interallied Conference; IV, Statements of Policy. 8. Japan, America and the Great War. By Payson Jackson Treat, professor of history, Leland Stanford Junior University. Vol. II, 1919 1. Great Britain, America and Democracy. By Ephraim Douglass Adams, professor of history, Leland Stanford Junior University. Anglo-American Relations. By Justice Benjamin Russell. 2. Joint Debate on the Covenant of Paris. By Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and A. Lawrence Lowell, President of Harvard University. 3. The Covenanter. Letters on the Covenant of the League of Nations. By William Howard Taft, George W.Wickersham, A. Lawrence Lowell, Henry W. Taft, Special Number. China, the United States and the War. By Kenneth Scott Latourette, professor of history, Denison University. Chino-Japanese Negotiations, 1915-1918. Shantung and its Status. 4. Latin America and the War. By Percy Alvin Martin, associate professor of history, Leland Stanford Junior University. 5. Labor. Part XIII of the Treaty of Peace with Germany. 6. Constitution of the German Commonwealth. Special Number. The Conciliation Plan of the League of Nations with Ameri- can Treaties in Force. By Denys P. Myers. Special Number. Treaty of Peace with Germany. I, Official Summary of the Text presented to the German Delegates by the Allied and Associated Powers, Versailles, May 7, 1919. II, Covenant of the League of Nations. Ill, Resolution of Indorsement. Vol. Ill, 1920 1—2. Three Months of the League of Nations. (Double number.) 3. Swiss Commentary on the Covenant. Why the Republic voted to join the League, as set forth in the message of the Federal Council to the Federal Assembly. Special Number. The Covenant of the League of Nations. 4. United States Senate and the Treaty. A record of all votes, those of the Bitter-enders specially indicated. Special Number. Permanent Court of International Justice. Draft Scheme for the Institution of the Court. 5. Report of the International Financial Conference. Held at Brussels, September 24 to October 8, 1920, under the auspices of the League of Nations. 6. Work of the Council. Report of the Secretary-General to the First Assembly of the League of Nations. Vol. IV, 1921 1. The First Assembly of the League of Nations. (Double number.) 2. “The Staggering Burden of Armament.” I. Statistical examination of the cost of war; new implements and the horrors they por- tend: American responsibility ; value of battleships in modern warfare; purposes of American naval policy; disarmament of ex-enemy powers; practical solutions. 3. Permanent Court of International Justice. Protocol of Signatures, Op- tional Clause, and Statute. Judges of the Court. 4. “The Staggering Burden of Armament.” II. What America has spent for war and peace; previous plans for limitation. 5. Washington Agreement on Capital Ships. Disarmament on the Great Lakes. Unfortified Frontiers. 6. The Myth of American Isolation. Our policy of international co-operation. By Pitman B. Potter, assistant professor of political science. University of Wis- consin. Vol. V, 1922-1923 1. Reparation. Part I. Damage and Payments. 2. Reparation. Part II. Policies and Economics of Payments. 3. Reparation. Part III. Financial Aspects. 4. Handbook on the League of Nations, 1920-1923. 5. America and the Permanent Court of International Justice. 6. American Addresses. By Lord Robert Cecil. Vol. VI, 1923 1. The World Court. By Warren G. Harding, Charles Evans Hughes, John H. Clarke, Herbert Hoover, Edward M. House. 2. Postwar Political Alignments. 3. The Corfu Crisis. The Council of the League of Nations and Corfu. By A. Lawrence Lowell. How the League of Nations Met the Corfu Crisis. By Man- ley O. Hudson. Documents. 4. Reparation. Part IV. Proposals for Settlement. 5. Reparation. Part V. The Dawes Report. 6. Work of the Permanent Court of International Justice. By Manley O. Hudson. Vol. VII, 1924 1. American Co-operation with the League of Nations. By Manley O. Hudson. 2. Hearings on the Permanent Court of International Justice. 3-4. Handbook on the League of Nations, 1920-1924. (Double number.)