MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 93-81532-3 MICROFILMED 1 993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project" NATIONAL ENDOWMENtWr THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may aut be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The coDvriaht law of the United States ■ Title 17. United IfatesCodf concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. under certain conditions specified in the law, librar^s and pnuiui^upy nrlyfitF StUdV, scholarship. Of would mvoive vioiation oi inc ^ui , ^ A UTHOR: J T"! I I % TITLE: t> PLACE: !»« r X AT m % / i^ M MM II '4 1 I rt NDON DArE: 1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC MICROFORM TARGET Master Negative # Restrictions on Use; Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record 069 m > ! ■ ■ mm % Somerville, Thomas, 1 741-1830. The history of Great Britain during the reign of Queen Anne. With a dissertation concerning the danger of the Protestant succession ; and an appendix, containing orig- inal papers. By Thomas Somerville . . . London, A. Stra- han [etc.] 1798. i iv, [Viij-xxvii, {Ij, 674 p. 29J x 23«-. Subject entries: l.Gt. Brit. — Hist.— Anne, 1702-1714. 2. Anne, queen of Great Britain, 1664^ u Library of Congreas, no. DA495.S69. »-2SM64 t il FILM SIZE: S'^'^^ IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA %A) IB IIB DATE FILMED: i^ ^' . ^r I TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA REDUCTION RATIO:_JiA: 'Jt^i^-^k^ HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGE. CT r Association for Information and image IManagement 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring. Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliii Inches 4 mwf 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 iiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiil 1 I.I 1.25 riT I I I I I I.U 1^ ^^ 30 |56 us, ISi m 36 40 1.4 2.5 2.2 2.0 .8 1.6 12 13 14 15 mm ll iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii T I MPNUFPCTURED TO OHM STONDflRDS BY fiPPLIED IMAGE, INC. n 1 -H' / THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE REIGN OP ^C/EEN' ANNE. THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE. WITH A DISSERTATION concerning the Danger of the Protestant Succession; And an APPENDIX, containing Original Pavers. BY THOMAS SOMERVILLE, D. D. F.R.S.E. ONE 01 HIS majesty's CHAPLAINS IN ORDINARY, AND MINISTER AT JEDBURGH. L O N D O N: PniiteJ for A. Strahan ; and T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davies, in the Strand. 1798. J TO THE K I N G. (BY PERMISSION.) SIR, 1 HE Hiftory of the Reign of Queen Anne exhibits illuftrious examples of the fpirit and ftrength of Great Britain, in controlling the exorbitant power and ambition of France. The importance of this fubjed, and the labour which I have beftowcd to render it intercfting and ufcful, are the grounds of my afpiring to the diflinguiflicd honour of infcribing the following Work to Your Majefty. The record of part exertions, crowned with fuccels, invigorates the public mind in the feafon of impending danger. a From r 1^ n o n^ .^ u ^> «i ^J IV DEDICATION. From the inherent vigour of the Britifli Conftitution, and the incrcafe of national refoiirces, conjoined with Your Majefty's perfonal virtues and firm adminiftra- tion, your loyal fiibjecls are encouraged to liope for the fuccefsful iiTue of the arduous conteft in which they are now engaged, in defence of their moil valuable and facred rights. That Your Majefty's counfels and arms may be fa- voured by the Supreme Ruler of Events, and made efFedlual to fecure the independence and happinefs of the Britifli Empire, is the fervent prayer of, S 1 R, Your M.\jesty's mod loyal Subjecl, and mod obedient humble Servant, THE AUTHOR. Jedburgh, Sept. 26, 1798. T H E PREFACE 1 HE Rclgn of Queen Anne comprehends a greater vaiicty of Iiitercfling events than any period of the Britifh hiftory of equal duration. Thougli many volumes upon this fubje«fl arc already in the liands of the Public, there is ftill opportunity for refuming it with the profped of promoting ufeful inftruclion. The accounts of this reign, written by contemporary authors, are often rendered tedious and unpleafant from the intrufion of occur- rences, which are frivolous and unintereftinir In our own day. The frequent and abrupt tranfitions from one fubjed to another, occa- lioncd by a ftrid adherence to chronological arrangement, deftroy that unity and connexion, which are eifential to the clearnefs and dignity of genuine hiftory. But what, above all, renders the earlier ]iiftorics of this reign exceptionable, is their being tinged with the party fpirit, which then arofe to the higheft pitch of intemperance and malignity. Nor are later authors entirely free from thefe objec- tions ; fome have fervilely followed the track of their predeceflbrs ; and none perhaps have obtahicd fufTicient information for corredino- their millakcs, and fupplying their defeds. After the mofl careful perufal of all the printed materials relating to my fubjecl, and a large ilore of original papers w^hich have not been ken by former writers, I have attempted to prefent to the Public an exacl, impartial, and conneded detail of the moft important events and tranfadions during the Reign of Queen Anne. ^^ A ilaort i--i Vlll P R E I A C E. A fliort defcrlptlon of tlic manufcr-ipts, which I have conriiltccl, cinnot fall to imprefs the reader with a high idea of their value, while it affords me a pleafmg opportunity of ocprefllng my warmeil grathude to the pcrfons, who have honoured mc with thur pa- tronage. . -, 1 1 r 1 r To her Grace the Duchefs of Buccleugh, I am indehtcd for the ufe of many volumes of original Manuferlpts collected by tlie Duke of ShrewfLury, containing fcveral l\ate-papers, and feme hundred letters, moftly political, and written by perfons, wlio were conlpi- cuous'aaors in public life, during the reigns of King Charles 11. King James il. King William, and Queen Anne. The Earl of Hardwicke, upon my deiign being communicated to him, with a franknefs which enhances every favour, tranfmitted to me copies of Letters from the Earl of Godolphln, Mr. Ilailey, Lord Haliflix, and the Duke of IVlarlborough, which made a part of the Colledion of the late Earl of Hardwicke, who was himfelf dlftin- gullhed as an example and patron of literary refcarch. The Letters; of the Earl of Godolphin and Mr. Ilarley give an infight into the difputcs of the cabinet, which produced the changes in adn^nnllra- tlon at the end of the year 1707 ; thofc from Lord Llalihix reter to his cmbaiFy to tlie court of Hanover in 1706, and the projed of the barrier treaty ; the Duke of Marlborouglfs, dated 171 1, to the llatc of the war, and the defence of his own condud. The Towniliend, Orford, and W'alpole Papers, have furnillied me ^vlth a variety of authentic documents concerning important tranfac- tions, both in England and on the continent. The Townlliend Papers contain almoft the whole correfpondcnce, between the Britiili cabinet and the plenipotentiaries, relative to the negotiations at the Hague 1709, and at Gertruedenberg 1710; and to^he fcheme and progrefs of the barrier treaty. They contain alfo a part of the correfpondcnce between Mr. St. John, Lord Townflicnd, PREFACE. Townfliend, Mr. Boyle, and Lord Dartmouth, upon the fubjed of the armed neutrality, and the condud of the allies during tlie war • and, occafionally, illuRrate coincident political tranfadions. The Orford and Walpole Colleaion confiils of extracts from the journals of the refidents at foreign courts, and feveral of their letters, difclofmg circum (lances refpeding the ftate of the confederacy, and the temper and intercfts of its members, which have not hitherto been known or attended to. The letters of Generals Stanhope, Car- penter, and Wade, and extrads from their journals in Spain, alfo included in this colledion, throw great light upon military affairs m that quarter. For the communication of the extrads and letters from the Or- ford and Walpole Papers, I am entirely indebted to the kinJneis of the Reverend William Coxe, whole literary merits have lone flood high in the public eifeem. Having heard accidentally of my being engaged in writing the Hiflory of the Reign of Queen Anne, from a partiality extremely flattering to me as an :iuthor, in which charader alone 1 was known to him, he voluntarily offered mc every affiflance in his power to forward my undertaking ; and, with the confent of the noble proprietors, fent mc the above-mentioned papers, which he had eolledcd among the materials for his Memoirs of Sir Robert "Walpole. Fie has alfo flivoured me with copies of a few^ letters from the Earl of Peterborough, written from Vienna and Venice in 171 1 ; and anecdotes and mifcellancous papers, whicli have been ufeful in the profecution of my defign. Superior to that mean, engroffmg fpirit, which often debafes perfons wlio are ambitious of literary fame, my liberal friend, in the courfe of a long correfpond- cnce, has imparted to me every information conducive to the im- provement of my work, w^ith as mucli zeal and anxiety as if Ids ov.-n reputation and intereff had been involved in my fuccefs. To the late Sir John Clerk of Pennycuick, I owe great obligations for acccfs to the Manufcripts com>pofed by his grandfather, Sir John Clerk. 4 I ) ■ r US 1. PREFACE. Clerk, Sir John was a member of tlic Scottllli pdrHamcnt at the time of tlic union ; and devoted hunfelf, wltli aihduons applleation, to tlic lludy of the momv;ntous qncftions then in agitation. To the accompHllimcnts of a fchoLir and antiquary, he added an accurate knouledire of the liiilory and conftitntion of Scotkmd. He \vas highly eileemcd and much confuked by tlie Duke of (^leenfbury, her majedy's eomniifFioner in tire Scottifn parhament ; and pub- liihed fome excellent treatifes for explaining tlie Iclienie of tlic union, and refuting the objedions of its ignorant and factious op- pofers. Belidcs theie puljlications, Sir John left feveral valuable manufcripts. Thofc whicli I have infpeclcd, as particnlai'ly fuitable to my purpofe, are flioit journals of the proceedings of the Scottilh parliament while the union was dej^endlng ; obfervatlons on Lock- hart's Memoirs ; and a teftamcniary memorial for the inflrudion of his own family, giving a eoncile and perlpicuous account ot the treaty; and, after the experience of more than thirty years, com- paring its cffecls with the prefagcs and expectations, both of its abettors and oppofers, at tlie time of its formation. From thefe ma- terials, fraught with private anecdotes, and marked defcrlptions of the condud of parties, and the charaQers and intrigues of their leaders, I am able to treat of Scottifli ailairs with greater prcci- clfion and certainty than former hiflorians, who, for want of better fources of informatu^n, li;ive impUciily relied upon annals and me- moirs, of which the authors are unknowm. To obtain the pureft information concerning parliamentary pro- ceedings in Scotland, I have had reeourfe to the original records in the Regiiler OfTice at Edinburgli ; and for an account of minifterial tranfadions there, to the minutes of the Scottiili privy council, de- pofited in the office of the juiliciary court. With relpect to im- portant Hate aflairs of both kingdoms, 1 have been furniihcd with copies of the original vouchers from the Paper Oihee in London* It PREFACE. It was my firfl intention to have feleded, from the mafs of papers which have been put into my hands, fach as appeared mere inftruc- tive and entertaining, and to have publiflied them in a feparate volume, under the following arrangement ; namely, the firft part to have contained papers relative to the period of which I formerly treated, in the Hiftory of Political Tranfadions and of Parties durincr the Reign of King William ; the fecond, to have contained vouchers, of a more interefting nature, tending to illuftrate tlic fads and events recited in tlie following Avork ; and the third. Letters both on politi- cal and mifcellaneous fubjcds, written by perfons who made a diftin- guifhed figure in the three reigns preceding that of Queen Anne. From the times being fo unfavourable to literary produdions, I am under the neeeffity, after much fruitlcfs labour, to relinqnifli this plan, and to confine myfelf to the publication of a few original papers, of the fecond dcfcription, in the Appendix at the end of this volume. Some of thefe papers are eonned:ed flightly, and by peri- odical coincidence alone, with the part of the work in which I have referred to them, but arc deferving of attention on account of the- light which they throw on the general hlflory, and the charadcrs of perfons of eminent rank and abilities* In the following volume, I have entered into the difcuflion of Irilh alTairs chiefly as they are adbciatcd vntli the political hiftory of Great Britain. The late Lord Mountmorres, w^hofe favourable- opinion and kind difpofitions towards me laid me under the deepeft obligations of gratitude, offered his joint refearches, to render the irifli hiftory more various and complete. As my manufcript was ready for publication when lie made me this offer, and the eom^ munications, which he did me the honour to tranfmit, related to the hiftory of Irdand, prior to the reign of (:)uecn Anne, I was precluded from the advantages which, in other eircumftances, I might have derived from his Lordllaip's gorrefpoudcncc, . . Military xl XI 1 P R £ F A C E. Military events form fo large and fpkndld a part of the rnr^llfli hiilory at the beginning of this century, that I have founJ It diflicult to reftrain my accounts of them within the limits confiftcnt with the plan of a general hiflory. I have dated, at the beginning of each nnnpaign, the principal circumllances, affeding the grand alliance and the force of the belli- rcrciU powers. I have fliortly mentioned their operations in every quarter, and thofc of the Britifl-i armv more fully ; aiui cndc;.voured to give fuch a defcription of the principal occurrences of the war in each fuccefTive campaign, as will enaljle the reader to eftimate the ba- lance of fuccefs at the clofe of it. From the limitations and rvdriaions, obferved in conduaing this branch of my hiftory, the intermediate movements and manoeuvres of the contending armies arc often ne- cefTarily omiitcd ; niul great events, which are divided by a wide interval of time and place, follow in immediate fuccelhon in the nar- rative. This impcrfedion, the reader will therefore impure, nut to ignorance or carelefl'ncfs, but to a ftndicd comprcflion, in order to adjuft, in due proportion, the details of the complicated and divcr- fified faCls, which belong to the period of which I treat. Senfd:)1c of the difadvantages under which I labour, in profecutlng a branch of hiilory foreign to my line of fludy and habits, I (liould have been more fearfnl about its reception with the Public, had it not been fubmittgd to the infpedion of fome of my friends of emi- nent military as well as literary talents, wlio liavc cxprcfTed their favourable opinion of its execution ; and fuggelkd amendments and additions, which have effentially contributed to the accuracy and im- provement of this part of my work. To approach as near as poflible to that impartiality which is the prime excellence of lilllory, I have employed every expedient for enabling me to edimate the charaders of tlic fcvcral atithors whom I have cited as vouchers of my fads. I have traced the connexions, patrons, private charadcr?, and party bias of fuch as have vaitten the PREFACE. the^hidory of their own times : I have attentively colleded in my common-place book all the circum dances, tending to fugged fufpi- cion concerning the tedimony of contemporary authors, either ia general or in particular indances ; and I am not confclous of havin^ admitted any fad relative to party affairs, upon the word of a party w^riter, without collateral evidence. I have embraced every oppor- tunity to obtain intelligence from perfons, whofe local refidence adbrded them the bed opportunity of information, concerning the credit of foreign hidorlans who have treated of continental tranfac- tions during the reign of Lev;is XIV. From the limited nature of this work, I have oden found it necef- fary to date an opinion, dmply, concerning contraverted points, with- out giving the arguments upon which that opinion is founded ; but, in this cafe, I have marked the feveral authors by whom they are recorded, that the inquifuive dudent in hidory may compare them and rejed, or approve, according to his own judgment. This is a part of the labour of the hidorian little obvious to the public eye ; I trud, however, that the attentive reader, in tlie courfe of perufmg the following hidory, vrill hnd llidieient ground for bellevino-, that it has not been hadily, or fuperficlally compofed. Some may per- haps think that my Indudry has been fuperfluouily minute, unon being informed, that the books and pamphlets, which I have read for the purpofe of obtaining complete information on my fubjed, amount to triple the number cited in this work. I have been fortu- nate enough, from the accefs I have had, not only to the public libraries and repofitories, but to fome of the bed furnidied private libraries, to dnd, with a very few exceptions, all the pamphlets and periodical publications relative to the conteds of parties, and to afTairs of dale, during the reign of Queen Anne. This is a fource of In- formation by no means to be dighted. Periodical publications mark the genius and fpirit of the times ; they defcend to private anecdotes which efcape the notice of general hidcry, and fomctimes make tlie ^ reader « • • Xlil XIV p a E F A C E. reader acquainieJ with minute incidents, which materially afil^aed the ftate of public affairs. Having difcovered feveral inaccuracies, and met with freciucnt difappointments, upon tracing the authorities, cited by the hiilones which I have perufed, I have thought it my duty to Ipecity the vo- luiiic, page, and, in the firft chatlon, the edition of the hnoU to 'A-hk-h I refer my readers. After the falrcll pretenfions to care and Induflry, I mufl fldl rely upon the indulirence of the Public, to make allowance for inaccu- racies and mlftakes, unavoidable in a work of fuch con.pais and dilBculty. CONTENTS. c n A p. I. Accession of Chieen Anne.—Uneary Apprchenfions of the Whigs and Allies on account of her Partiality to the Tories. — Official Arrangements.— The Q^ieen adheres to the Engagemeius of the late King witli the Emperor and the United States. -Influence of the liarl of Marlborough. — He is fent Ambaflador to the Hague — Convention there.-- Declaration of War againft France.— Proceedings of Parliament.— Incidents difrefpeaful to the Memory of King William— which is vindicated by the Lords.— Parliament difl'olved— Reafons affigned by the Con- federates for declaring War againft the French King.— Comparative View of the Strength and Refources of France and of the Confederates.- Campaign 1702— Siege of Keyferfwaert.— Motions and Succefs of Marfhal Bouflers.— Landau taken by the Prince of Baden.— Motions of the Duke of Marlborough.— Towns taken by him.— The Eledor of Bavaria takes an open Part for France.— Surprifes Ulm. — Confequences of his joining France.— Motions of the Prince of Baden.— Battle of Fridlinguen.— Farther Succefs of the Ekdor of Bavaria,— and of the Count Tallard.— Circumftances unfavourable to the Allies in Italy.— Motions of Prince Eugene,- and of the Duke of Vendofme.— Battle of Luzarra.—Unfuccefsful Attack of Cadiz by the Allies. - - • - Fa^e i to C II A P. IL The Elcaions in favour of the Tories.— Parliament meets.— Mr. Harley chofen Speaker —Fler Majelly's Speech.— Addrefles.- Partiality of the Commons in Quef- tions relative to Eledions. — Bill againft occafional Conformity. — ^Argumems for and againft it. — It Is thrown out by the Lords. — The Abjuration Oath extended to Ireland.— Lord Ranelagh expelled the Houfe of Commons.— Addrefs of the Com- mons againft Lord Halifax. — Bills Introduced into the Houfe of Commons.— They refufc to comply with her Maj^-fty's Recommendation for fettling a Penfion on the Family of the Duke of Marlborough. — Supplies.— Parliament prorogued.— Cam- paign 1703.— The Duke of Savoy and the King of Portugal join the Confederacy.— Circumftances unfavourable to it.— Newburg taken by the Eledor of Bavaria Fort Kehl by MarOial Villars.— The Imperial Troops abandon the Valley of Kintzin- guen, and the Marquif^ue of Baden.— Progrefs of Counts Schlick and Stifum in Bavaria. -Checked by the Ekacr's Succefs in the Battles of Scharding and Welts. b 2 — Jundion XVI CONTENTS. T A-nn of the French and Bavarian Armies—The Eleaor overruns TJrol.^ . Tf'tuo e a u.tc by the Tirolian Pcafants.-State of the War in Italy.-The Dutof V rrl^^^ alces Barfcllo.-Gets PofTemon of the Duke of Modena's . Country -Advances to Trent -retreats on hearing of the Repulfe of the Eledor o Baval l-Marches into Piedmont, and lays wafte that Country.- Advantage gamed , Tt M at Hochaet.-Brifach taken by the Duke ot Burgundy.-.Landau m- !L d -The Prince of HelTc advances to raife the Siege.~Is defeated by the Mar- finrr;!!. d-and the Town furrenders.-Succefs of the Alhes "V^'-^\-^7f;7 tr 1\ talLn -Toneres taken by the French-Retaken by the Duke of Marl- Itlt !!t : ^ra^ch lXs fucccfsfLly attacked by Generals Spaar and Cohorn.- Sal Ollam defeated at Eckeren.^Huy and Limburg taken by the DukC of Marlborough^Guelders by the Prulhans.-Naval Affairs. - 1 age 23 C IT A P. III. rirrumftances tending to dlminifh the Influence of the Tories-Second Seffion of prnrn't -The Queen's Specch.-The Bdl againft occaHonal Confornnty paffes Tn th Houfe of ComTnons-is rejeded by the Lords. -Refolution o the latter to 4 nto th ir own Hands the Examination of feveral Perfons apprehended on the Sufp on a Confpiracv.-The Commons remonllrate.-Both Houfcs a drefs the Outn u on it.-Refleaions.-Refuh of the Examinations carried on by the Lords, ^rhe Cafe of Afhby and White.^D.fputes between the two Houfes on the Pre- tin s ofh! Commons to an excluHve Judgment in Cafes of Ehdion.^ 1 he Com n on cenfure judicial Proceedings of the Lords.-lnquiry mto the Condu.on of the Nav luemcnar^nces of the Lords againft admitting into the Commdhon of p' ce' Perfons who had not taken the Oaths to King Wdham.-Supphes.-Ac- l\f . remarkable Storm.- Acl for augmenting the fmall Lwn>gs of the cT Camp'S 1704 --Etfeas of the War with refpec^ to the allied Powers Si7--l3angcrous .Situation of the Emperor's German Don^nlons.-.Prepara- f the Duke of Marlborough for relieving them -He defeats the Coun IT .^ Schellerbere.-M. Tallard joins the Elector of Bavana,-and the Duke f^l^^^ ^^-e Eugene.-.Adlantageous Situation of the French and Ba V rt in t^^^^ Pl^^in of -Obcvklaw.-Battle of Hochltet, or Blenheim -S.ege of LaX" Brave Conducl of Laubanie the Governor.-It furrenders.- ireves and T^.^Kh taken by the Confederates-Bavaria furr.ndered to the Emperor by the IlXt^ -tlkwa'dners of the Portuguefe in performing their Engagements to the AU^s-Succefs of the French and Spaniards in Po-ugal-ihe Earl of Ga way t there and turns the Tide of Succefs.-Campalgn in Italy.-The Duke of Sry dn^ ^^y G^neral Staremberg-Advantages gained by t e Dukes^e a Feuilhdeand Vendofme.-The Cevennois reconciled to the Irench King.-Didur- b aiK in Poland-Succefs of Admiral Dilkes on the Coaft of Portugal. Sir gToL Rooke makes an unfuccefsful Attempt upon Barcelon3,-but t^^kes Gibral- ^riEnga.es the French Fleet in the Mediterranean.-GibKiitar invdted by the FrenThalrSpaniards.- Relieved by Sir John Leake.-The Duke of Marlborougu makes a Vifit to the Court of Pruff-a. - - ^ ^^ ^^^7 C O N T E N S. xv'il CHAP. IV. Third SefTion of ParHament. —Her Majcfty's Speech, &c.— Bill againft occafional Con- formity carried in the Houfe of Commons. — A Motion for tacking it to the Supply negatived. — The Bill ag lin caft out by the Lords. — Refolutions, and Act, occafioti- ed by the Proceeding of the Scottifh Parliament. — Inquiry into the State of the Navy, &c. — The Commons thank her Majeily for the late Treaty with the King of Prufha. — The Duke of Marlborough thanked by the Lord Keeper.— The Commons addrefs her Majefly for perpetuating the Memory of his Services by fome fignal Reward. — The Manor of Woodllcck, Sfluence increafes-.s fuddenly over urned - Views of the Court of St. Germains, and its Correfpondents - AfFans m Ircland.- Firll SelTion of Parliament there— Second - Thud. . - - 347 C H A P. XIII. EfTeas of the Union on the Temper of the People irr both Kingdoms -- FIrfl Parlia- ^e t of Great Britain.-The C^.een's Speech.-Inquiry of the Lords mto the State Tf the Navy of both Houfes with refpea to the Management of the War .n Spam. ^FraudulJnt Praaices of fome Merchants after the Union,-brought ef^re the CONTENT b. Ftriiament.— Aas of the Scottifli Parliament repealed. -The Privy Council In Scot^ land abolinied.— Report to the Houfe of Lords concerning Gregg.— Me fTage of the Queen relative to the Invafion.-Meafurcs purfued on that Account.— Supplies.— Parliament diflblvcd.— French Prophets—Campaign lyoS.-State of the Confede- racy. -^Jealoufies and Difagreements fubfiaing among its Members.-Circumftances- favourable to the Military Exertions of France— Preparations for invading Scotland. A French Fleet .fails for the Coaft of Scotland,— purfued by Sir George Byn-,— returns to Dunkirk.-Ghent, &c. taken by the French.— Motions of the Count Cliemerau1t,~of the Dukes of Burgundy and Vcndofme.- Battle of Oudenarde.— The Lines of Ypres and Lys d.ftroyed by the Confederates,-who raifc Contribu- tions in Artois and Picardy.-Prcgrefs of the Frencli in Dutch Flanders.- Lcffingen, &c. taken by the French.-BrulTels invefled by the Eleaor of Bavaria.-Ghent retaken by the Duke of Marlborough.-Campaign on the Upper Rhine,-in Italy, —in Spain,-ln Portugal. -Difputes between the Pope and the Emperor.— Naval Affairs.— Death of Prince George of Denmark.— His Charaaer. Page 2^4 C H A P. XIV. Clrcumflances favourable to the Whigs at th,- General Eleaion.— Second Parliament of Britain.— Addrcffes— Partiality of the Whigs in deciding the Controverted Elec- tions.— Cafes from Scotland -of Lord Haddow— of the Duke of Queenfberry — Bill for the Naturalization of Foreign Proteflants.-Argumtnrs.— 1 he Treafon Laws of England extended to Scotland.- Supplies.-The Army atigmented -The Duke of Marlborough thanked-General Webb thanked.— A remarkable Addrefc- to the Queen.-A Pamplilet againll tlie Teft condemned.-Aa for preferving the Privileges of Foreign Ambafladors.— Singular Circumftances which gave rife to it.— Aa againft laying Wagers on the Events of the War.— A61 of Grace.— Par- liament prorogued.— Tiie Convocation not permitted to proceed in Bufinefs.— Campaign 1 709— Diftrefs of France— renders the King anxious for Peace.-Ne- gotiations for that Purpofe.— Conferences between the French and Dutch Minifters at the Hagae—The Duke of Marlborough and Lord TownOiend fent there a^ Plenipotentiaries for England —Extravagant Demands of the Dutch and Englifli — Preliminaries-objeaed to by the French King.- Exertions made by Fr.nce for continuing the War— Motions of the Confederate Troops under the Duk- of Marlborough. Siege of Tournay.-Operations of Villars.-Progrefs of the Duke of Marlborough after the Surrender of Tournay— Siege of Mons— Battle of Mal- plaquet.-Mons taken.— Campaign on the Upper Rhine— in Italy— in Spain.— Naval Affairs.— Renewal of Negotiations for Peace The Barrier Treaty. -25. CHAP. XV. Obfervations on the State of Parties.— The Intereft of the Whig Junto declines— Caufes of it.— Dr. Sachevernl— His Charaaer— Preaches before the Lord Mayor— Eff^s of his Sermon -Confultatious of the Mmiiters about it— Phe Doaor impeached — xxn CONTENTS. The Exertions of his Fnends,-nna the Delay of his Trlal^favourable to him- Account of the Trial- Confequences of it-Turbulence of the ^^-Pl^-/"^-; lence of the Doaor- Rejoicing upon his Acciuittal.-Summary View of the rrocecdings of Parliament, Seffion 1709, 10. - " age 3 o CHAP. XVI. Negotiations for Peace renewed.-Confcrenees at Gcrtruedenberg -Campaign 17 10. iThe Fort of Mortaign taken by the Allies.^Motions o the Duke of Mad- borough and Prince Eugcne.-Siege of Douay.-Motions of Vdlars.-^Bethune, St. Venant, and Aire, taken by the Allies.- A Convoy belongmg to them taken on the Lys.-Campaign on the Upper Rhine-In Italy.-.Inad|vity o the Duke of S,vov -The Count Thaun attempts to penetrate into Dauphmy and 1 rovence.- Campaign in Spain.-Early Succefs of King PhjUp-Viaory gan.ed by Kmg ChaL a. Almanza-At Saragofla.-King Philip fhes to Madnd which he fooil abandons -King Charles comes there.-Difafleaion of the Inhabitants to him- Their Loyalty to King Philip-Exertions made for him --King Charles goes to Toledo-Soon evacuates it-And marches to Arragon.-The French and Sparnfli Army reinforced by the Duke of Vendofme.-General Stanhope defeated at bri- heuga.-Battle of Villa Viciofa—Confequences.— Succefs of the Marquis de bais in P'ortugal. -Naval Operations. ----- 385 C H A P. XVII. EfTeas of SacheveraVs Trial.- Mr. Harley admitted to fecret Conferences with tlic Queen, who is anxious for the Reftoration of Peace.-Symptoms of her Dilplea- fuTe with the Whig xVlinifters. -Their Efforts to maintain their Power.-iMr. Harley's Views with refpea to the new Arrangements— Parliament didolved.— Chan-es and Promotions.-Circumllances favourable to the Tories at the General Eleaimi.-Meeiing of Parliament, &c.-Inquiry and Reprefentation of the Com- mons relative to public Abufes.- Inquiry of the Lords concerning the Management of Atl^drs in Spain.-Their Refolutions.- Aa relative to the Qualifications of Members of the Houfe of Commons.-Decline of public Credit.-Endeavours of the Miniilers for ralf.ng It.-South-fea Scheme—Proceedings of the Convocation. ' -Rivalfliip and Difunion among the Leaders of Adminillration.-An Attempt upon Mr. Harley's Life by Guifcard.-Meafures occafioncd by that Event— Pro- rogation of Parliament. - - - " - 40 CHAP. XVIIL C H A P. I. Aiccffion of ^(cen Annc^Uneafy Apprehcnfions of the Whigs and Allies on, account of her Partiality to the Tories, ^Official Arrangements.— The ^een adheres to the Engagements of the late King with the Emperor and the United States.-^hiflucnce of the Earl of Marlborough. -^Hc is fen f Ambafador to the Hague.-— Convention there.— Declaration of War againji France.— Proceedings of Parliament, — Incidents difrcfpcdful to the Memory of King William-^ ivhich is Tindicated by the Lords.— Parliament diffolved.—Reafons ajjlgncd by the Confederates for declaring War againfi the French King. — Comparative View of the Strength and Refources of France and of the Coifederates. Campaign 1702. — Siege of Keyferfzvaert.— Motions and Succefs of Marfhal Bouflers. — Landau taken by the Prince of Baden. — Motions of the Duke of Marlborough. — Toivns taken by him. — The Eleclor of Bavaria takes an open Part for France, — Surprifes Ulm. — Cojycquences of his joining France. — Motions of the Prince of Baden. — Battle of Fridlingue?u — Farther Succefs of the Flexor of Bavaria^ — and of the Count Tallard, — Circumfiances unfa- vourable to the Allies in Italy. — Motions of Prince Eugene, — and of the Duke of Vendofnic,— Battle of Luzarra,--Unfuccefful Attack of Cadiz by the Allies. HE fucceiTion of the princefs Anne, agreeablv to the ad o{ CHAP, iettlemcnt, not only took ph^ce without any oppofition, hut ^' 1702. 8th March. T gave general latisfadion to the nation \ The reierved manners of • Queen Anne vyas born on the 6th Fe- Denmark 28th July 1685, and afcended the bruary 16C5, married to prince George of throne 8th March 1702. ^ I ' h •'. I 1702 HISTORY OF OREAT BRITAIN. P. kin. William, and his natural precUledlon for a foreign country, had rekxed the attachment of his Brltlih fahjefts, and Impaired that rc- fpea ^vhlch was juftly du. to his iUuftrlous charader and mer, s. The love of novelty, the royal defcent, and private ;""-;.°f /'- new foverelgn, revived a fplrlt of loyalty, and warmed the afledtons ''rLZtlon of the queen was confidered as unpropltlous to the mtereft of the Whigs, and to the profecutlon of thoic dcf^ns of the confederacy, wl.lch had been approved o hv her prede- cefl-or. She had Imbibed an early partiality tor the Ior.es, undc the tuition of Compton, the biO^op of London, . l.i.h had been con- finned by their adherence to her interen, :,nd their fuccels ul efforts in procuring for her, wl>ile heir apparent to the erovvn, an -J^P--^-^ revenue, contrary to the inclinations of the kn.g and her hfter. Anxiou; for upholding the royal authority, fhe looked w.th an eye of iealoufy upon that party, which n>e had been taught to u ped having formed a fyftematic plan to enervate Us force, and hmu us ^"Th'ligorous concurrence of the court of England was necelTlay to enfure the ftability of the grand .Hiancc, and to render U effedual for the purpofes of its formation. Bu, as a paffion tor auhtary glory •,„ accorded with the feelings of a female tovercign, i. was not to be expeacd that the could enter heartily into that iyftem ot cc^uuren al meafures which had been fo interefting to the late kmg, from the influence of local prejudice and motives of perfonal aggrand.zcnent. Although the refources of England ihould now be employed agree- ably to his dertiuation, it feemed imponible to fupply thole hngular ■advantages, which refulted from his experience, his perlonal courage and aalvity, and his ardettt zeal in the execution of every plan tend- ing to curb the ambition of the French king. The official arrangements, now made by tl.c <,uccn, jufliiKd the npprehenhons of the Whigs ; the principal places, civil and mduary. » Cond>,a of the duchrfs of Marlborough, paffim, Lond. .7+.. Memorial of the State of England, Somcrs, xli. p. 139. Q^UEEN ANNE. were conferred upon their antagonifts \ Lords Somers and Flallfax, who had been dillinguiihed by the confidence of khig Wilham, vrere difmiifed from the privy council ; and it was fufpe(fl:ed, that, in the progrefs of change, all the perfons, who had been patronlfed by the Whig adminiftration, would be deprived of every favour dependent on the court. Under their prefent deprelTion, the Whigs were not without a gleam of hope, vrhile the allies were completely relieved from their anxiety, by the rcfolution of the court to adhere to the engagements of the late king, and to profecute the war with vigour againft the united power of France and Spain. In her declarations to the privy council and to the parliament, the queen expreffed her full convldion of the neceiTity of making militai-y preparations, and <-'-lvlng the moft cffcftual aid to Holland and the emperor, fcr refill- ing the ufurpations of the French king. There wxre certainly many ftrong arguments for reftralning that precipitancy of determination with which England ruflied into the w^ar; and which ought to have fuggefted fuch referve and precau- tions, as might, without violating the honour of king William, have prevented the extravagance with wliich it was carried on, and perhaps have brought it to a more fpeedy conclufion. But the general defire of the nation, the (late of parties, and the private influ- ence of a family, which the fovereign, at this time, was incapable of refiiVnv^, not only diverted her attention from pacific counlels, but induced the adminifiration to prepare for hoftilities with an ardour, CHAP. I. 1702. 8th and iitK March. 3 The prince of Denmark was appointed rrencralifTimo of all her majefty's forces by fea and land ; tlie privy feal was given to the mar- quis of Normanby ; the chancellorfhip of the duchy of Lancaller, to fir John Levifon Gower ; the carl of Nottingham and fir Charles Hedges v>cre appointed fecretaries of flate ; the duke of Devonfhire, lord lleward ; the earl of Jerfey, lord chamberlain ; the earl of Bradford, treafurer ; Peregrine Bertie, vice- chamberlain; fir Edward Seymour, comptrol- ler to the houfchold; and lord Godolphin, lord txcafurer j Mr. How, who had difcovered the keencfl perfonal oppofition to the late king, was taken into the privy council, and made paymafter of the guards and gariifons. The appointment of fir Gtnrge Rooke to be ad- miral of the fleet, vice-admiral of England, and a privy-counfellor, excited tlie jealoufy of the WHiigs, as he had always fhov.-n a diflike to tlicir principles, and difcouraged them in the fleet. The comptroller's ftaff" was taken from the carl of Wharton, and given to fir Ed- ward Seymour. London Gazettes, Aprd> May, June. B 2 out 15 were Ill HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. P. out of all proportion to any provocations received, and ■.vhh exag- gerated expeaatlons of the benefits likely to arife from a luccclsiul war. • . t • 1 An alarm for the ProteHant religion, together with a national an- tipathy to France, rendered the Engliih, in general, impatient tor controlling the extenfion of her power over the monarchy of Spam; and the merchants and manufaaurers were no leis cordial m approv- ing of the refohitions of the court, from a jealoufy of h^ln.g one of the moft lucrative branches of their commerce, fliould that kingdom fall under tlie dominion of the houfe of Bourbon \ To the Tories, who had fo lately condemned the partition treaty, no alternative remained, but fupporting the war, or forfeiting every claim to confiifency and honour, as well as to that popular favour, without which, their power, derived from the patronage of the fovereign, muft have been fettered and precarious. The earl of Rocheftcr ftrenuoully oppofed the refolution taken by the privy council for comn.iiting England as a principal in the continental war ; but being fupported by few of his friends in this opinion, it only* proved the occafion of dividing them, and gradually paved the way for the returning credit and influence of the Whigs \ The concurrence of fo many interefts, in favour of the war, over- ruled a difpofition naturally mild and peaceable, and rendered her majefty favourable to that fyilem of policy, which was bequeathed by a prcdecefTor, to whofe fentiments Hie was, in other points, but * Caveat to the Treats, p. 63. Lond. the throne of Spain ; that fending ten thoufand men to the continent, agreeably to the treaty ' ^ I The other Side of the Queftion, p. 1 7 1 • fubf.fting between England and the States, was I end. . 742. The earl of Rochellcr fupported a full eqruvalent for her (hare of the quarrel ; his oppol-aion to the opinion of the privy coun- that it would even be adv.fable to farn-O. her cil by the following arguments, that England contingent for the and fcrv^ce ^nt.rely ui and the States had already acknowledged the money; but, above all, he recommended the duke of Aniou as king of Spain; that, if Eng- exerting the utmoft efforts by fea, which would land were compelled to take a part in the war, contribute, immediately and effentmlly, to the her proportional afiiilance ought to be ex- diRrefs of the enemy, and to the permanent tremely moderate, in conformity to the degree extenfion of the commerce and power of of danger or advantage which flie was likely Britain. 10 incur from the dukeof Anjou's continuing on little 1702. QJJEEN ANNE. 5 little partial. It can hardly be fuppofed, that the queen was ever CHAP, cordially reconciled to the idea of excluding her own family from the throne ; but fhe trembled at the apprehenfion of her own pre- mature and violent degradation, which was aflbciated with her bro- ther's fuccefs under the aufpices of the French king. Nor, in judg- ing of her conduct, would it be fiiir to exclude the influence of more honourable and confcientious motives. To the proteftant interefl (lie v/as fervently devoted, and if flie ever indulged any wifli for devolving the fuccefllon upon her natural heir, ihe cer- tainly meant to accompliih it under fuch reftridions as flie deemed ample feguritlcs for her favourite religion ^ But to obtain them, it was neceffary that her brother fliould renounce the counfels, and be feparated from the alliance of a prince, whofe intrigues were no lefs formidable to the religion, than to the Independence of Eng- land. But of all the caufes which confpired to attach the queen to the confederacy, none had a more powerful fway, than the advice of lord and lady Churchill, who maintained an unrivalled afcendancy over her affedions and conducl. In all the domeftic quarrels In which the royal family had been embroiled during the preceding reign, lord Churchill warmly efpoufed the Intercft of the princefs ; and facrliiced ImmecUate preferment to the profped; of ample com- penfation from her future patronage. He was now about to enter upon the harvefl: of his hopes, when the jundure of events ex- tended them beyond the utmoft flretch of his early fpeculations. While the approach of a continental war multiplied the channels of royal munificence, his infinuating addrefs, his capacity for ncf^o- tiation, his matchlefs talents as a general, enfured a pre-eminence, to which he never could have afcended during a period of public tran- quillity. Although lord Churchill began his political career as a partifan of the Tories, yet the incidents of fortune, and a fympathy *" King James was not more Zealous for the daughters were for the protedion and fafety propagation of the Roman faith, than his of the proteftant iiitereft. in 1 hi 1702. loth, 13th, 1 4th March. HISTORY OF C.KKAT BRITAIN. •m dlfappolntments, had often dur.ng ihc late reign induced him to concur with the meafures of the Whigs, and to avail himfelf of their protet-tion. At the acceffion of the queen, he ftoc.d on that ambi- euous ground, which encouraged both the contending parties to en- Jertain hopes of appropriating, to themlelves, the decided advantage arifing from his influence with the court. While h.s firft connec- tions, and the prejudices of the fovereign avowed by her preferru.g the Tories in the new arrangements, inlpired them w.th the allured confidence of engroffing the patronage of her tavourue the alli- ances which he had contraded with feme of the principal fomdies of the Whigs, the declared attachment of his lady to ihur prm- ciples, and above all, the complexion of political meaiures, re moved the dread of their being doomed to a complete and laAmg profcriptioii '. To conhrn^ her good intentions towards the alhes, the ' /^'f? f;;" f,,,urites of the perfonal e.Teas vve.e ^^^^^i;^^::-;::::^^.^ .nd unfatif- Z Tif T LU: :o :po,ogi.e for .e indifference . „h which [ cueea tolerated thcfe violations of deeoru.u, the probuy of h.er Xwas arraigned., and it was conf.dently alVerted by perions conn aed with the court, that he had forn.ed a plan to bereave her of 1 e iucceffion, by transiernng h, in.nediately after Ins own e iurto the eleaor of Hanover ■^ The houie of lords, wuh a his inaucncewuh the queen, to obtam per- raimon for them to continue thcr commerce 'vith France, ^vithout which their merchants cuuVl not pomblypay taxes to carry on the war. ..Cunningham, vol. i. p- 259, ^60. Ih.s was the more culpable, as the kmg eft afie s lumcient to fatlsfy all claims againll hur.. 1 L been airerted that the mimlUrspaul fuch of his creaitors as were In their uiterell. Id. »'- Tiudal, vol. V. p. 68. Lond. 1745' ^'- was faid that fufficient evidence of this de- f,gn had been found among the private pa. pcrs of the late king. The troops of Ha- nover and Zell were to move towatds the fca- coall of Holland ; a pretended infurrcaion was to be ralfed in Scotland or Irela.id, to give the king a pretence for inviting thefe troops with their prince to come to England ; and fcveral peers, privy to the fcheme, were to be made lord lieutenants of counties. Id. laudable QJJEEN ANNE. laudable zeal for vindicating the honour of king William, appointed a committee to fearch his repoiitories ; and, it having appeared from their report, that the allegation was dellitute of any fhadow of proof, it was voted falfe and villainous j and her majefly was requcfted to give diredions for prolccuting the authors and publifhers of it. The parliament was prorogued on the 25th May, and dilTolved a few weeks before its legal expiration, on the 2d July. Before I proceed to the hiflory of the campaign, It will be ne- ceflary to (late briefly the reafons affigned by the confederate powers for entering into tiie war; and the advantages which they expeCled to derive from the profccution of it. The fcveral declarations of war, publifliedby the courts of Vienna, Engknd, and the States, were founded upon the Frencii king's breach of faith, and their indifpenfable obUgations, arifmg from former treaties and from their common intereft, to join their force for preferving the balance of power in Europe, endangered by his ufurpation of the Spanifh monarchy. The acknowledgment of the ri^^ht of the fon of James to the crown of England was fpecilied, in the Englifh declaration, as a grofs indignity on the part of Lewis to the queen and the nation ". The emperor complained of wrongs deeply affedlng the intereft of all the branches of his family. The dominions of Spain, the jufl inheritance of the archduke Charles, had been feized in viola- tion of the mod folemn treaties; and thofe countries, in Italy, which were the patrimonial right of the archducal family, and the fiefs of the emperor, had been invaded by the armies of PVance. Nor were even his German territories fecure againft the all-grafping ambition of Lewis who had provided magazines and creeled forts, in Co- loc>^ne and Liege, which he filled with his own troops '*. The manifefto of the States reprefented, that their deftrudlon had been deftined by the French king, from the moment of his aiTuming the reins of government ; that he had made repeated attempts for 4th Mny. •3 Annals, Anne 1702, p. 29. Lond. 1703. *♦ Tindal, vol. v. p. 51. carrying 1 \il- lO c H A r. 1. 1702. HISTORY OT GREAT BRITAIN. carrying It Into execution by the Invaf.on of th.lr country ; tl.athe n ver L vdinquin.cd this dchgn, as appeared from h,s havn.g : ,a e ail thofe^rticles of the ncaty of Ryfwlck, l>y .Inch the. i rity .-as provided for ; that, bv dinodglng the Dutch troops rom the garrlfons of the Net!>crlands, and fupplylng t C P'- vvuh - own, the States were deprived of a fafe barr.er ', winch th y had pHrc Lfed by two bloody and expenfive wars; that the t-- >J;:"^ exerclfed absolute authority In the Netherlands, and was ftret h-ng his power to a degree inconhrtent with the independence of r- roundlng States; that, not fatisfied with the enlargement of h s te> rltorla. e^^p'-, ^e was taking fteps for cngroffing tl>e comm - of Europe, by felzlng all the harbours of Spain. Naples S.c.ly, the MedlL'ranean lllands, and the Spanin. Ingles encroachments ru.n- o„s to the trade, the opulence, and the political ex.ftence of the United States *^ . , i ^t « From the tenor of thefe declarations, k Is evident, that as th emperor and the Dutch had been moft Injured, and were expoled o L nearea danger from the ambition of Lews, fo they had the "at ft ftake depending on the IfTue of the war. Correfpondmg wl h their complaints, the articles of the treaty of alhance we re fpeclfic and definitive with refped to the advantages to be procured for them. By the fifth article, it was ftlpulatcd, that the alhes Qiould exert their utmoft efforts for nraklng themfclves mafters of the Spa- nllh provinces in the Low Countries, to ferve as a >^«"" '« .;'>^ States General agalnft France, and to conquer the dutchy of Milan „ere a barrier to U,c Dutch a„d the Lmperor was fo g.eat » "u d n to , ^^_ againft France ; but in confe,ue„ce of trance propofed at th I-^" »' ^ „ „„ „,, ,„d Spain being united, thefe prov.nce. be- change then, w,, l^^-^/ f ^ f^^^'^.^j. can-e hoftile to the Dutch, Befides, the lat- frontier of bpa.n. but as th : er afraid leil the ancient claims of the ingly alartn.ng to the Du h a « as agreed Spanifl, monarchy ftould be revived .hieh that ^-^'-J ^'^^^ ,\ ^Zf^L (e!.ntcd ,0 he innnnated by the Vrench k.ng's the.r expence r K-*"'"? ^.^^^-^^^^^ promihng to rcftore Spain to its ancient glory 'l"=rland»- ^'l,,'™ ^ The Duke of Anjou's Succeffion confidered. p. 77; J'"""- '7 ■ 2- , '^ Ibid. Lond. 17 1 1. r^^ QJJ E E N ANNE. 11 1-02. for the emperor. The kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and the CHAP. lllands and places on the coaft of Tufcany, were dellined to the Im- perial family ; though, in order to give this claufe of the treaty the colour of general utility, it was added, that they might be ferviceablc to the trade of England and Holland. By the eighth, it was agreed, that none of the contracting parties fliould enter into a treaty for peace without the confent of the reft, and that it fliould not be concluded till fatisfadtion was obtained for the emperor ; fecuiity, for the dominions and trade of England and Holland ; and eiTeclual meafures taken for preventing the union of the crowns of France and Spain, and the former from getting poiTelfion of the Spanifli Indies. The only explicit benefit ftipulated for England was, that the allies fnould fecure for her all the privileges of trade in Spain and the Mediterranean, which flie enjoyed under the deccafed king Charles. The maritime powers were authorized to retain, for them- Article 6. fcves, whatever places in the Spaniih Weft Indies were acquired bv their arms during the war ; a ftipulation well calculated for aniuflng the hopes of mercantile bodies, prone to fpcculation and adven- ture • r From the various articles of the treaty now detailed, it is obvious that it fuggeftcd, to the confederate powers, feparate, and even in- terfering intercfts, the profecution of which required different and incompatible plans of carrying on the war. The Immediate fecurity of the empire pointed out Germany, and that of the States, the Netherlands, as the preferable fcene of action. The intereft of the archduke demanded the immediate and utmoft exertion of force in Spain and Italy. Colonial conqucfts, favourable to the extenfion of the trade of England, could only be accompliilied by the increafe of '^ The proporfion of troops and fhips, to be Holland the other three. The quotas were fiirnlfhcd by England and the States for car- thus fettled by king William, as focretary Vir- rymg on the war, was adjufted as follows: non acquainted the Houfe of Commons, by his England was to furnifh two parts of five by order. State of the War and Peace. Somcrs, land, and Holland the other three ; by fea, vol. ii. p. 34. England was to furnifli five parts of eight, and C 2 Iier \ ' T2 J 702. I HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. her navy which would cramp her auxiliary operations on the con- tinent It will be necefTary to recur to thcfc obfcrvations, m order to for,n a competent judgment of the propriety and wi.dom of the various meafures, adopted by the ieveral contradtng parttes, relauve to the cordua of the war, and the negotiations tor peace. ^ . The Ib-euRili of France, at the commencement of holhhfes, was apparently fuperior, and that of her enemies inferior to what they iTbeen under the confederacy formed by king Wilbam at tbe re- : ution. The power of the former was now augmented by th IZ-IVon of a oreat proportion of that force and trealure, w luch poflefhon ot a ,,re 1 ^^^^^^ ^^.^^^ had been then ui the hand, of the allies. / '^ t of Spain ber ariT^ics, and fleets were enfrely at the d.lpolal of the Ln h king. The duke of Savoy had joined his forces to thofe of F an an the double affinity, which he had eontraded wuh t c h t reft^vhich he had been wont to fupport ". «y the u.mgues r •., the eWaors of Cologne and Bavaria were altenate from he curt of Vienn. ; and the former was now prepared for hoO,!.- OS Zon having received a reinforcement of French troops . The to I'o hers, dtxkes Rodolph and Antony, who were partners ,n L g ernm nt of Wolfembuttle, had aUo eontraded engagements the govLii .unn-h thev were prevented from per- .vkh the Freneh king ; and, though the I ^ formin- them by the rapid motions of the duke ^t ^^ tormmj^iii^ 7 [ .. ^ t ^^ ^|^^y ^vould embrace ^vrrrnn thcir country, it was expected tnai uie) overrun tncu ^ ^ . .^^^^ p^it againft the conicderates. the firft opportunity of taking an aeiiv c i ax b r n .,f.A nrrni'nfl thclr refolutlons at the , .. One ,>f the daughter, of the d.ke .f -^f ^ ^;;S 1; it w»s Ccttled that war Savoy was married to the "e of A,mou ^^Mt^.nJ, on .,.Mi V<^nc. ; and , hat now king of Span,, and the othe> to the duke Ihou^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^„,^, of Burgundy. . ^ ^ ■ |,,„„ia be regarded as an enemy a;;oi;tedgovernoroftUeLowCountn^^^^^^ ^T/'L^al Gazette, i6tU March. The the rccommenaatlon of king WU^vam o tl c ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ .ourts of Vienna and Spam. H^ had been ^f^^'^^^^^^ He endeavouring to engage ^^^/^'^^i'^^J ^^^ ^^^^ „,^ j,, the fcventy-cighth year of hlsage, ..any in a neutrahty, and thofe "f S-b. and vva^ ^^^ ^ .^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^.^^^,, Francoiua had agreed to it. The empeior anu ^.^^ QJJ E E xN ANN E. The elector of Saxony, engaged in a war with Sweden and his re- vohed fubjeds in Poland, was difabled from furnifliing his quota of troops to the Imperial army *'. The antieipation of hoftilities by the French king, w^ho had al- ready filled the forts in the Spanifh Netherlands with his troops and entered the Milanefe, afforded him a mighty advantage over the allies at the commencement of the w^ar ; while the uniformity of language, difcipline, habits, and prejudices, which generally fubfifted among his armies, gave a promptitude and vigour to his military operations "• Nor did the States of Holland enter into the grand alliance with that unanimity and firmnefs, with which they had adopted every mcafure recommended by king William, in whole wlfdom and ta- lents they had entirely confided ; and the difaffeded party, whofe oppofitlon had been reftralned by a veneration for his virtues, and the awe of his authority, began now to concert meafures for thwart- ing the defigns of the confederates '^ The campaign 1702 was opened by the allies on the i6th of April, with the fiege of Keyferfwaert in the dominions of the elector of ^' Lediard, vol. i. p. ic3. Lond. 1713. fcore men of war of the Hne, and thirty gal- Thc duke of Anjou had been acknowledged leys. Monthly Merc. Feb. 1701. Of the as king of Spain by the United States, Eng- force of Spain, now added to France, I have land, Portugal, and Denmark, the duke of not been able to form any elllmate. Brunfwick-Wolfcmbuttle, the blfhop of Mun- The united forces of the allies ought to fter, and feveral princes of Italy. Interior have exceeded the number of the French ; but circumftances contributed to weaken tlie nil of them, except England, fell fhort of their power of the princij)al confederate States ; flipulated quotas, which makes it impoflible to England was in danger of being involved in a afcertain its aggregate amount with precilion. civil war by a difputed fucceflion to the crown ; According to a lift of the Imperial troops and the influence of the emperor was greatly di- alone, given by Lamberti, torn. xii. p. 116. miniflicd by the encroachments he had made iJiofe in the empire amounted to forty-two upon the rights of fome of the German princes, thoufand ; in Italy, fifty-iix thoufand, two hun- Dangers of Europe from the growing Power dred ; in Hungary, twenty-fix thoufand, nine of France, p. 3. Lond. 1702. hundred; in the emperor's hereditary- domi- *^ Hiilory of Europe, vol. vli. p. 189. nions, five thoufand five hundred and fifty. Lond. 1702. The force of France, at the Q11 in cy, as far as he enumerates them, agrees commencement of the war, confifted of two with this account, torn. Hi. p. 458. Paris,- hundred and twenty thoufand horfe and foot, 1726. commanded by thirteen thoufand officers, and *^ Cunningham, vol. i, p. 268. of thirty-five thoufand militia troops ; of four- Cologne. U 1702. /> C H A P. \. 1702. 9th June. 15th. nth. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, Cologne. This fmall town, being ilrongly fortified, afforded the Fr 'nch a favourable opportunity to plunder and lay wafte the adja- cent country, belonging to the circle of Weftphalia and the States of Holland. The fiege was condudlcd by the prince of Nallau- Saarbrug, who commanded the troops of the United States employed as auxiliaries to the emperor '\ A variety of circumRances confpired to prolong the fiege. County Tallard, witli a large detachment of the French army, ported himfelf on the banks of the Rhine, oppofite to the town, and not only poured in freih fupplics of provifions and men, but annoyed the befiegers with his cannon. Heavy falU of rain interrupted the work of the pioneers, and rendered the trenches unfit for the occupation ot the befiegers'. The garrifon made frequent fallies, in which many of the confcxlcrates were killed. At length, the town being reduced to afhes, the prince made an attack upon the counterfcarp, which was taken after an obilinate refiftance for two hours; and the garrifon capitulated on honourable terms *^ The marilial Bonders, wlio commanded the principal army of France, having tailed in his defign of ralfmg the fiege oi Keyferf- wacrt, advanced to attack the earl of Athlone, encamped at Claren- beck, near Cloves. The earl, whofe army was inferior to that of the mariiial, decamped upon his approach ; and, after having fullained a confiderable lofs of men in fkirmiihcs with detached parties of the enemy in his retreat, he reached Nimeguen, and polled his army under the cover of its fortifications '\ It would have been eafy- for Bouiler. to have made himfelf mafter of that city during the fiege of ** They amovinted to eighteen thoufand. *5 Quincy, torn. iii. p. 527. MiHtary Hif- tory of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborough, p. 48,9. Lond. 1742. The allies Inft five hundred men, befides j-two thoufand wounded in tlie courfe of the fiege. Compare Quiucy with Lediard, vol. i. p. iii. *'^ Lei vol. i.p. 1 1 1 . Q^iincy, torn. iii. p. 530. I.amberti, torn. xii. p. 26. The army under Bouflers confifted of forty-feven battalions and 1 I fifty-nine fquadrons ; Athlonc's of twenty- ffven battalions and lixty-two fquadrons. Lerwick's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 163. Lund. N. B. A battalion confifts of a body of feven or eight hundred foot ; a fquadron of one or two hundred horfe. This variation of num- her renders any calculation, founded on thtfe denominations, uncertain. Kevferf- QJJ E E N ANNE. 15 1702. Keyferfwaert, but he was prevented from proceeding to hoftilities, by ^ ^^ ^• the hopes of getting polFelTion of it, in confequence of a fecret nego- ciation with fome of the principal inhabitants '^\ Finding it in vain to attempt the fiege of Nimeguen after tlic arrival of Athlone's army, the marfhal direded his march towards Cleves, v;hich, being in a defencelefs ftate, was pillaged and laid wafte '^ Landau w^as Invcfted by prince Lewis of Baden on the i6th June; the citadel was taken by ftorm on the 9th September, and on the loth the city furrendered'^ The long continuance of this fiege was occafioned by the intrepid fpirit and brave refiftance of Melac the governor, and the wanton profufion of expence upon the equipage of the king of the Romans, while the mofl important military pre- parations were poftponed and negleded '°. The earl of Marlborough, appointed captain-general of the allied army, arrived at the camp before Nimeguen on the 2d July, and concerted the future operations of the campaign with the earl of Athlone, and the other principal commanders. After having col- le£led the greateft part of the troops which had been employed at the fiege of Keyferfwaert, together with thofe of HefTe and Lunenburg and the Engiifh from Breda, he found himfelf in a fituation to a(3; cfienfively againft the duke of Burgundy, who had now aflumed the command of the principal army of France. After twice paffing the Maefe, he encamped near the enemy entrenched at Goch, upon which the latter decamped, and crofted the Maefe at Venlo ^'. After various ambiguous movements to deceive his antagonift, the earl entirely fliut out the French army from the Spanifti Guelder- land ; and by reducing Venlo, Ruremond, Stevenfwaert, and the September. town and citadel of Liege, opened the navigation of the Maefe and Oclober. 26th July. Auguft. ^' Hilloire de Louis, Paris, H. P. D. L. p. 62, 3. D. E. D. torn. V. p. 436. AmlUrdam, 1717. " Ltd. vol. i. p. 113. *° Q^iucy, Ltm. iii. p. 579. Led. vol. i. p. 114. Military Hillor)' of Marlborough, 3'^ Tindal, vol. v. p. iii. The fiege was ftopt feveral weeks for want of ammunition. Hiftcirc de Louis, torn. v. p. 454. 2' Led. vol. i. p. 115. the i6 I HISTORY OF GREAT iHUTAIN. V. the communication with Macftrlcla, which fecurcd the moft conve- nient winter-quarters for his army ". The earl, while he purlued the duke of Burgundy's army, had re- peatedly found himfelf in a fituatlon to engage U vAxh advamage, and made every preparation for that purpofe ; but his aftmty was arrefted, and his fond cxpeftations dirappointed by the tun.dity and iealoufv of the Dutch deputies ". Though the clcaor ol Bavaria had fccretly entered iuto engage- ,nents whh the court, of 1-rance and bpain, yet, that he might not ,,e Interrupted by the emperor In his n^Ultary preparations, he had l,itl,erto avoided declaring hlmlelf, or taking any open ftcp m the ,va^ The fituatlon of his don.inlons, as a barrier between Prance .nd'cermany, and a confidcrable body of well-dilclplined troops under ir.. command, rendered both the contending part.es cxceed- " ,v anxious to obtain his decided fupport ". Tl>e capture of I ^dau put the allies into a condition of penetrating through Lor- ;X mto'thc interior provinces of France. If therefore the eledlor really meant to affift France, by checking the progrcls of the alhcd Irms, the erlfis was now arrived, which would admU ot no farther difguife or procrallination. 3^ Led. vol. i. p. It 5. Military Hiaory, p. 52. Kane's Campaigns, p. 2 3- ^oncl I747. The army under Marlborough conlifted ot feventy thoufand men. Id. p. 33- That of the enemy being reinforced by Tallard at the head of twelve thoufand, confilled of f.xty-lix battalions, and one hundred and fourteen fqua- drons; and ^vas thereby rendered fupenor to Marlborough's. Berwick, voLi. p. 17°- Vcnlo was taken by ilorm with a great (laughter of the French, on which occanon fome of the Englilh officers, particular y lord Cutts, diftlnguifhed themfelves by exploits of bravery not lurpa{rcd In the whole courfe ot the war. ,r \. Ruremond capitulated, as did alfo the city ■ of Liege , but the citadel was taken by Ilorm, and the ijreatell part of the garrilon put to the [word. A great deal of rich booty was found In the city. " The earl widied to attempt a pitched battle at Petit-Brugel, 2d Auguil ; and after- wards, when pafllng Dundernaugh Heath near Peer. Tindal, vol. v. p. 114- K^'^^> F" S^- The duke of Berwick fays, "that it was for- " tunate that the deputies of the States op- " pofed Marlborough's defire of engaging the " French at Peer, becaufe they were pofted " in fuch a manner that they would have been " beaten without being able to Ibr." Ber- wick, vol. I. p. 110. 3* Hlilolre de Louis, torn. v. p. 372- ^ "^ army of the eledor of Bavaria, infantiy, ca- valry, and militia, amounted to fifty-two thou- fand one hundred and nine men. Lamberti, torn. xii. p. 440- He C tl A p. I. 8th Sept. 9ii». QJJEEN ANNE. He began his fervices to Lewis by carrying into execution a ftra- tagem for furprifing Ulm, the capital of Suabia. Forty officers fc- leaed for this purpofe, entered the town in the drefs of peafants and country girls, carrying bafkets of provifions and fruits for the market Six hundred dragoons lay in ambuili in an adjacent wood, and two regmients were ported at no great diftance in the country. The gates bcmg flu.t, and the inhabitants conflgned to repcfe the fen tmels w.,re feized by the Bavarian officers, and locked tip in the guard-houfe. The gates were thrown open, and upon a ilgr.al that had been concerted, the dragoons entered, took poffieffion of the arfenal, rampart, and baftions, and turned the cannon agalnft rlie cuy. The garrifon run to arms, but being ftruck with a panic upon the unexpcaed fight of the enemy, diipcrfed almoft witho-n Jf.a ance ^\ In confequence of tl:e eledor of Bavaria's entering Into hoftllhies, the pnnce of W.rtemberg found it necelTary to withdraw his troop for the defence of his own dominions, and other auxiliarv troops being recalled for the fame reafon, the Imperial armv un'der the prince of Baden was fo much weakened as to be incapable of at tacking Catinat, who commanded the French upon the Upper Rhine which fruftrated the prince's, defign of quartering his troops in M ' face during the winter". He was even cxpofed to the danger of be- ing furrounded by the army of the duke of Villars, which had palled the Rlnne, and was advancing towards his camp i„ two Civifions the one commanded by the duke himfelf, the other by tlic cotmt GulJ: g n Villars purfued him, and an engagement appearing unavoid- the 1 en Ji army. The battle was obftinate and bloodv, and con unue y the Impenal court > Z therefore could attempt nothing more than to retard that reverfe of fortune, .vidch it was impofhble for him finally to prevent. The duke of Vendofme gradually recovered all the ports and towns vvh.l t d been taken the preceding campaign, and weakened the Impenal 1 bv fuccefsful attacks on the detachnrents fent out to oppoie h.s. ,,,;;,,,;... U was even believed that he had repeated opportun.t.e. of rngaging the main army of Eugene with advantage ; bn, he wa. 1 ained ^om embracing them by the king of Sp.n, who was ad ■a c ng from Naples to aiYume the principal command, and w>fl,ed : ve, for himfelf, the renown of a viclory over one of the mc.1 ' , „f,,„. .n-e" The prudence and experience ol Uliiftrious srenerals ot the age . » ' 1 , -r r r„ illultnous g _ monarch of that dec.five fuccefs Eugene dilappomted the aipirm^ wfdch he expefted from a general engagement Th. t.vo arm es t U7arr, The vigour with which the Germans began the : L b ! the French and Spaniards to give way in every part of i tl:- but the prefence and exemplary bravery of kn.g P.uhp ceo tl the cxtrLrdinary exertions of hi. officers, reammate ,.... brt;oops,'and protraaed the battle tiU the ^^^^ ^^^^^ J,,, an end to it. and left both the contendtng parties ahkc entuled to claim the viaory- ,,cen early concerted between An expedition agamrt Cadrz hat! Dcen y ' , „n ';i .K- means to prevent the the late king and the alUes, as the moR ak.^ --^-^^ i ^,r, Bane twenty-five thoufand men ; the French ^rmy -^ Quiacy, torn, uu p. 472- ^S^' 1^^"^' ^^^^^l,,^ to near forty thoutand. Quincy torn. X. p. 40»- .,. Ill, ^f nffurns the viaory to the French ; the marquis .s Letter from king Ph.hp to the duke of f^'"^ J ^^^, .^e battle was fought Vendofme, ,th May 170- M.htary HUlory, ;;;[:;;;i™\ \avantagc on either fide. P-5'- „., ,, Tounvdesde Clancy, torn. ill. p. 682. Teuquieres, vol. n. *o Military Hlftor^', p. 53- Jomnaies ue ^ ^ Campaigne Imperiale. Laf -^" ^°"^- ,7' ^' ''^^ FrCOCb p. 102. Prince liugene had not more than QJJEEN ANNE. French from getting pofTefTion of the Spanllli Weft Indies, and for dividing Spain at home, by encouraging the friends of the archduke to make an open declaration of their allegiance. In profecution of this defign, the united fleets of England and Holland, under the command of fir George Rooke, with a large body of troops, failed from Splthcad on the firil of July, and arrived before Cadiz on the tenth of Auguft^ After a difpute between the duke of Ormond and the naval officers about the plan of attack, in which the opinion of the latter was preferred, the troops difembarked between the vil- lage of Rota and port St Katherine. Rota was taken after a fhort refiftauce ; and port St. Mary, the general warehoufe or magazine of Cadiz, was deferted. The admirals having founded the fliores adjacent to Matagorda, a fortrefs at the entrance of the harbour, found them fo Ihallow as to render It ImpofTible for the fleet to cover the defcent of the troops, except in thofe parts where it wouid be cxpofed to the fire of the enemy's /hips lying in Port-Real creek. The duke of Ormond perfifted in his refolutlon of attacking Mata- gorda, notwhhftanding the opinion of the naval officers whkh was juftlficd by the event ; for his utmoft ingenuity was exercifed in conduaing his retreat with that caution which was neccffiiry to evade the dangers, arlfing from the animated exertions and refcntmcnt of a triumphant enemy. As any farther attempt to reduce Cadiz was deemed Impraaicable, all the magazines at Port-Real and St. Mary were defiroycd ; and the army re-embarked and failed from Cadiz on the .^oth September. The confederates loR few men in the field but many periffied by difeafe, and from the fatigue and violence of the heat, Inlupportable amidft the Hinds and defiles''. The mlfcarrlage of this expedition, together with the circum fiances of wanton depredation and cruelty with which it was at tended, reduced the affiiirs of the confederates to a much worfe con- D.nrM troops anJuntcd :o t,,' tc«;t,ouf:;'d ™„t: ''""'"' ''^''""^^ °''°'"' ^'^ dition 21 CHAP. 7, 1702; 26th Aug. 28th, 2d Sept, 5th. I2th. Z2 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. QJJ E E N A N N E. 23 C H AI'. dklon than as if it never had been attempted, and confirmed thofc '• ftrong prejudices againll the proteaants, which through the whole ■ ■'• of th°c conteft were fo fatal to the caufe of king Charles ". The firft news from the fleet was received with murmuring and difcontent, which however was foon removed by its fuccefs in a quarter where it was not expefled. \Vl>en iir George Rooke was fteering for England, he received information of the Spauifli gal- leons having put into Vigo under the convoy of ,•. French fquadron. He direded his courfe thither, and his attempt was crowned witli rcmarkal,le fuccefs, which was owing to fingular good fortune, as ,nl. oa. well as the brave condud both of the Heet and army. Twenty flups of wvr were taken and dcftroyed in the harbour. A great propor- tion of plate and goods had been carried into the country upon the approach of the confederate fleet ; but enough remamcd 10 reward 'the fervlces of all who had any fliare in this expedition ". Admn-al Leake, who had bcc.i font out with a fquadron to Xew- fotlndland, completely dcftroyed the 1-rench fettlements there, and reftorcd the EngVifli to the entire polTcnion of the ifland. Admiral Bcnbow who commanded the Englifli fleet in the Weft Indies at the commencement of the war, maintained a runnmg light with the French admiral Le CalTe for feveral days, in wh.ch, owing to the mllcondua of fome of his captains, nothing decihvc was per- formed ; and his fleet iuff-ercd fo much, that it was rendered unfit for fervice during the remainder of the feafon. 2lft, 22d, 2 3'1, 24th 4 49 Lamberti, torn. li. p. 251. The army of the confederates, intoxicated with the rich wines which they found in the cellars of the inhabitants, pillaged the houfes, and broke down all the furniture they were unable to carry away ; many of the churches were ibnpt of their precious ornaments. The damage done to the inhabitants did not amount to lefs than a million fterling. Salmon's Modern Hiftory, vol. XXV. p. 68. Lond. 1734. Sir Henry Bcllafis, lieutenant-general, and r,r Charles 6'Hara, were put under arreft for not having reftrained their men from plunder ; and the former difmifled from the fervice when they came to England. Lives of the AdmiraU, voh iii. p. I2. 5° Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. p. 15, &c. The filver and gold in this fleet was com- puted at ten millions of pieces of eight (2,250,0001); of which eight millions was taken out of the galleons and fecured by the enemy ; the reft was taken or deftroyed witii the galleons : the goods were valued at four millions of pieces of eight; one-fourth of which was withdrawn, two deftroyed, and the other taken by the confederates. Sir Claudfley Shovel, who had been fent out by the minillry with a fquadron of twenty men of war to intercept the galleons, came to Vigo 10th Oaober, and aflifted in carrying off and bringing home the fpoils. C H A P. ir, Tl^c Ekaions in favour of the Tories. ^-^ParUamcnt meets.-^Mr. Harley chofen Speaker.— Her Majejifs Speecb.^Addrefes,^Partiality of the Commons in- ^ejlions relative to Ekaions. ^Billagainji oceafional Conformity,— Arguments for and agai?i/i it,— It is thrown out by the Lords.— The Abjuration Oath ex- tended to Ireland.— Lord Ranelagh expelled the Uoufe of Commons, —Addrefs cf the Commons againji Lord Halifax.— Bills introduced in the Houfe of Com- mons.— They refufe to comply with her Majejlfs Recommendation for fettling a Penfion on the Family of the Duke of Marlborough.— Supplies. —Parliament prorogued.— Campaign lyo^.-^The Duke of Savcy and the King of Portugal join the Confederacy.— Cireumflances unfavourable to it.—Newburg taken by the Eledor of Bavaria— Fort Kehl by Marfial Villars.—The Imperial troops abandon the Valley cf Kintzinguen, and the Marquifate cf Baden.— Progrefs of Counts Schlick and Stirum in Bavaria.— Checked by the Ekaor's Succefs in the Battles of Scharding and Welts.—Junclion of the French and Bavarian Armies.— The Ekaor overruns Tirol— Is forced to evacuate it by the Tirol- iian Peafants.— State of the War in Italy.— The Duke ofVcndofme takes Bar- fclk.—Gets pofifion of the Duke of Modena's Country.— Advances to Trent —retreats on hearing of the Rcpulfe of the ElccJor of Bavaria.— Marches into Piedmont, and lays wafie that Country.— Advantage gained by the French at Uochflct.—Brfach taken by the Duke of Burgundy.— Landau invefied.-The Prince of Heffe advances to raife the Siege.— Is defeated by the Marjhal Tal- lard-and the Town furrenders. Succefs of the Allies in Flanders.— Bonn befieged and taken.— Tongres taken by the French— Retaken by the Duke of Marlborough.— The French Lines fucceff ally attacked by Generals Spaar and Cohorn.— General Obdam defeated at Eckeren.—Huy and Limburg taken by the Duke of Marlborough— Guelders by the Prujians.— Naval affairs. nPHE marked partiality of the queen to the Tories, while loy- CHAP. A alty was yet new and fervent, gave them every advantage in "' the competition at the general eledion. The landed intereft was ^7o: generally exerted for them, and their engagements to fupport th. 1 1 le war I-Oi HISTORY or GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, war obtained a greater {hare of popularity than they had ever found ^^ before among the corporations. From thefe flivourable circum- ftances, the intereft of the Tories was ftronger in the firft parUament of queen Anne, than it had been at any period fmcc the revolution. The fefllon commenced on the 20th O^ober 1702. Mr. Harley 2111 Oa. was chofcn fpcaker for the third time without any oppofuion. Her majeily exprefied her fatisfadion in the pleafing tcilimonics which flic had received of the duty and loyalty of licr people '. She ex- pcded tliat the zeal of parliament for the common caufe would be an example to tlie allies, and redound to the general advantage of the confederacy. While fl-.c folicitcd the necelfary fiipplics, flie re- commended a ftria inlpeaion of public accoums, and an inquiry into former abufes in the management of the revenue. The addrtfs of the lords perfeaiy accorded with the icntiments of the royal fpeech ; and that of the commons, while it exceeded ' in compliment to her majclty, and obliquely cenfured tlie condud of her prcdcccfTor, gave an infight into the temper and motives which pervaded all the future deliberations of that houlc during the continuance of this parliament \ Not fitisfied with augmenting then- fuperiority by a dlfgraceful partialltv in deciding on the con- tcfted eleaions'\ they laid liold of every incident which could fnr- TilQi them with anv fpecious pretext for cenfuring the condua of ,,8th. their antagonifts. They addreUed licr majcfly to remove tlie biihop of Worccftcr from the office of almoner, on account ot his mah- * During the recefs of parliament, the queen had accompanied htr huftand to Bath, and vi- fited Oxford and Briftol, &c. She was every wherr^ euttrtaJned with magnificfuce and fplen- dour, atul flattered with the warnuft telli- monies of h)yahy. ^ They faid, that the wonderful progrefs of htr majcfty's arms had ftgnally retrieved the honour of the nation ; and, that as (he had al- ways been an iUullrlous ornament to the church, they hoped to fee it reftored, under ber government, to dU Its due rijrhts, by de- veiling thofe men of power who wiflied to de- ftroy it. Journals CommDns, 2 6tli October. 3 In the cafe of Hiiidon, the evidence of bribery was fo flrong, that the burgh was dif- franchiled; and yet the member who had given the bribe, being in the Tory interclt, was permitted to keep his feat. Journals Com- mons, 24th Odober, &c. See alfu t!>e cafe of Glouccilcrmire. Id. 24th Oftober, X9th No- vember. So great indeed was the partiality of the majority in the Houfe, that not one Whig wub udmilttd upun petition. clous Q^UEEN AiNNE. clous and unchriftian proceedings to prevent the eleaion of fir John Packington in the county of Worcefter ; and to dired a profecution againll: Mr. Loyd the biihop's fon, for his participation in the fame offence *. The lords were highly offended at this precipitate and violent meafure, which affected one of their own members, and addreffed her majefly to delay any expreflion of her difpleafure againft the biihop, till he was conviaed in the courfe of law of the crime laid to his charge ; but flie gratified the commons by exercifing her pre- rogative, in a cafe, where delicacy and difcretion ought to have re-' drained its interference ^ An attempt was made in the houfe of commons to revive the animofities which had been excited by the queftion of the partition treaty; and at the fame time to arraign the Iionour of the upper houfe indifcriminately, by voting that right had not been done them upon the impeachments brought before the lords in the preceding parliament. But as that quelHon tended to the crimination of indi^ viduals intimately conneaed with the party which was now the flrongeft in the miniftry, and in the houfe of commons, and at the fame time involved conaitutional difficulties, it was not inliilcd upon. The zeal of the Tories, in the prefent and future feffions of this parliament, was exerted with unremitting diligence to obtain a new law againft occafional conformity, becaufe it appeared to be the moil compendious and effeaual expedient for extinguiihing the iniiuencc of the Whigs. -^ The charges ngalnfl the biihop were, that did not vote as he dellred. Journals Com-. he had written to fir John Packington to dc- moas, i8tli November 1702. iift from the canvas, and, to the clergy of the ' In anfwer to the petition of the lords, the diocefe, to make what mtcrefl they could queen fald, " that ihe thought it her undoubted apnlt him ; that he had calumniated the " right to continue or diiplace any fervant Charaders of Hr John and his anceftors in the - attending upon her own perfon when (\^t courie of Ins vifitations, and threatened to " lliould think proper." Journals Lords, 20th Hum Jiis lay-tenants out of their Icafes If they November. E Althoueh ^S 20th Nov. id. ft<5 II- 1-702. HISTORY or GREAT BRITAIN. Although the lute king had fulled in all his ciTorts for opening the doors of the ccclef.aflical eftabliflunent to moderate d.lTentcrs, and for ubolllhing penal ftatt.tes, which bore hnui upon his protellant fubjeds; vet his known fenti.nents and exen.plury lon.rv rcftramed canton and rigorous profecutions ; fufpendcd the annnohfcs of feds; and leOened that iuRidioufnefs, with ^vhicI, tl>c generuhty ot diffenters had been wont to keep aloof from communion w.th the church. Many of the pre%terians who held offices ,n corpora- tions and fome in private llations, occaHonully attended pubhc worrtdp in the parochial congregations ; and even recenxd tb^ la* crament according to the form prefcribed by the liturgy ^ How far this conduft was conftRent with probhy, or with the letter and intention of the ftatutc, was a queftion which admitted ot d.verhty of opinion. Upon the f.rft brunch of it, which referred to ,be mo- rality of the adion, the confclence of individuals alone was com- petent to decide ; nor did it require any ftretch of candour to Inp- pofe, that the pureft motives might not only juftify, but recommend, to the enlightened chrlftian, an abatement of referve w>th roped to fecial worfltip, and even a frequent intercourfe in rebg.otus Idemn.- ti.^s with thofe pcrfons who were tenacy^us of certain prmc.ples ana external forms, of which the partial conformift did not approve^ In every cafe where the ftatute law is not exprelled with the utmoft accuracy and precihon, it will be liable to a different explanation, accordin.^ to the various interefts and prejudices winch b.as the minds of its interpreters. The Whigs, who lay under great obhga- tions to the dilfenters for their uniform lupport at eled.ons, pro- felfed to think favourably of their moral condud in the pradtce al- luded to ; and maintained its exemption from penalties as bcmg >k,- xvife Inconf.ftcut with the ftatute : whereas the Tories, jealous of the incrcafing power of a party adverfe to their intcreft and of any infringement of the prerogatives of the church, condemned occa- • Tlndal, vol. V. p. 179, 180. II iiOHul QJJEEN AInNE. iiorial conformuy, as equally repugnant to the principles of integrity and the laws of their country. Freed from the reftraint arifm^^ from the difcountenance of the court, and emboldened by the congenial fentiments of the new fovereign, the latter began to complain loudly of the crimniality and danger of occafional conformity ; and to cir- culate fuch treatiles as were calculated to cafb an odium upon the diffenters, and to reprefent them as unworthy of the inddl;:;ence with whicli they had been favoured in the late reign '. Bui though the leadens of that party who were now in tlic adminiftration had the power of executing the laws, yet being ftill diffident of their iufficicncy, as they then flood, to fupprcfs the abufe complained of, or to accompli fh that fevere chaftifement which they wifhed to in- flict on the diffenters; a bill was now brought in by the commons for difabling every perfon to liold any office, who, notwithllanding his having taken the tell, afterwards attended any mectin^ for reli- gious worihip that did not conform to the pradice of the church of England. The advocates for this bill did not conceal the influence of party inotives, and argued, that as the laft reign had commenced with a Jaw in f:ivour of the diffenters, fo propriety and juflice required that the inauguration of the prefent illuflrious fovereign fliould be dif- tinguilhed by fome fignal teftimony of her kindnefs to the eftabliihed church. At the fame time, without a fcrupulous regard to confift- ency of argument, they contended that the prefent bill neither in- vicded the toleration which the diffenters already enjoyed, nor added to the privileges of the ecclefiaftical eftablifhment. The prefervation and defence of thefe, equally cffential to the purity of the chriftian dodrinc and the vigour of the civil conflitution, were held forth as ' Impartial View of the two late Parli'a- Church, the Prefen-ati'on of the State. The mcnts, p. 25. Lend. 1711. The principal of Cafe of Toleration recognized. A new Teft thcfc were iiititled, William's AfFeaion to the of the Church of England's Loyalty The ^r^^xV^/"^^^"'^' Lond. 17C3. The En- Political Union by Dr. SacheveraJ, 1702. glilh Monftcr, or the Charadcr of an occa- The Cafe of Regale, by Lefsiey ; and feveral »'.onal Conformift. The Ellablifhment of the Sermons on Pligh Church Principles. E 2 the 1702, 3. 4tli Nov, i i 28 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ,he onlv obica. of the bill. The moft grofs and unporul >r l^ercfie* V re tdS^natcly in-.putcd to the dUlente.-. and t,>c u.urrc - d.cbelllons Jf the preceding age were afcr ed to then- po- 1 r. r^iMnrinles their defccadants ftili adhered. 1 he gciuior:., to vvhofe punapk. the ^^^^^^^ ^ moft fpeclous arguments for the bill ^^ere tnoic ? r • . Iw exnrefTm^ indie^natiou at the hypocnly of a fet colour of vu-tuc, by exprelim^ u ^ eftabliihed 1 ^ ;. xv.^ tikcn for slanted conformed to the eltaDinncu /^f t-i-i(->n who It was ldK<-ii iv^i ^ , . 1 r ^ ir;, no f.n.hcr th.n .a. neceilary to prevent then- exc.uhoa f.on. iccular ^^^'^f^^^^^, , j,ft aeteftation of all thofc The oppofers of the bill cxpitu.u a j w'lllWm and .efleaions which were derogatory to the pohcy ot k.ng ^^ dl. n^ nd • . tl,. rharader of the dia\;nters in general. In the late Usurious to the ^'^^.i fundamental principles of government r1 b^fZS; -d rLr majeay haS been pleafed to give the a i ance of her intention to maintain the toleration, fo, ref l^r::aration of her P-ee-^^^^^^ ^^JZ titled by law. It carl) niiio y ^^^^^^^ r .;ac thp remembrance 01 meiu uu^ii>. fpirit o .non-nfor ft. h^ rmeritorions fervices of their chil- teen obhtei. e by the - ^^^^^ _^^^^ ^^^^^.^^_ ^^^ drcn, in f"PP°" °\"' J^^,^,,,, ^eafurc. afforded experimental ""^"" • W o Tet-i 1 ofL policy from which they fprang. ZP^^^ ^^^ edgeof religions hatred. ^';^y ^^;^^; ^ ^_ ^ , f th.^ rhlTenters to the church ; and, in then pu ercUive etitas, u\i^ 1 terror of punilh- . \/,rh the authority ot law and the itrrui ^ i '-'' rZl n c ;:. Whl the immorality of conforming to n,ent could nverc ^^^^^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^.^^^^^,^ j^„„g the rite, of the hnrch from ^^ y ^^ ^^^ ^.^. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ • r ^rv> r,ht-rd principles was a caicwniLun s ex.- \ 1 Ut om libera Prp ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^_ g^^,^ ^ ^^^^^^,,, j^j and wherever it v-ab luuim « . . r .aflim Memorial for the Church of Englaud. Loncl. 1706. « Journals Lords, Common?, palUm. r^itn ^^^^ QJJ E E N A N N E> 29 been recommended by the example, as well as opinion, of the moft CHAP, pious dilTcnting divines in the laft age, and had been follow^ed by (— — 1 ^ fome of their lay adherents, who declined interference in political ^'^*'^ affairs, and accepting pods of honour and emolument'. The ftrefs of the oppofition to the bill was laid upon its peculiar unfuitablenefs to the times, the critical fituatlon of public affairs, us extreme fevcrity and extenfive operation, and tlie infamous methods prefcribcd for convicling offenders. Was it not dangerous, in the heat of a war, to adopt any meafure tending to divide the nation at home, and to leffen the efteem and confidence of her allies ? The penalties w^ere opprcfTive beyond the example of the moft tyrannical reigns, while the defcription of the crimes, for w^hlch they w^ere to be inflided, was vague ; and the terms of the ad were perplexed cnfharlng, and calculated for enlarging the ccmpafs of opprefTion "*. The extenfion of the bill to foreign proteftants brought a ftain upon the hofpitality and gratitude of the Engliili nation. Nor was its impolicy lefs glaring and cenfurable, as it might furnilh proteftant Hates abroad wath a pretext for retaliating upon the members of the church of England, who now^ lived fecurely under their protection. The malicious operation of the bill with refpecl to perfons employed in fchools and hofpltals, fubfifting by the charitable bequefts of dif- fcnters, afforded topics of derifive cenfure and pathetic declamation. Admitting all the grounds of reproach that had been vented againft the difTenters in the courfe of this debate, tliat they wcxQfcbifmatica!^ hypocritical, 'd^WLlfalitious, was it not hard to reftrain them from the exercilc of that charity which covers a multitude of fins ^ ^ Calamy's ejc6^ed Miniflers, p. 7. The celebrated Richard Baxter prac\i!cd occafional conformity from the moll liberal motives in the reign of Charles the Second ; and his ex- ample was followed by many of the moft re- fpedable Prefbyterian diflenters. It was propofed by this aft to impofe a fine of one hundred ponnds npon every perfon ill office, who, having taken the facranicnt and teft 1(573, afterwards frequented the meetnigs of difTenters, and five pounds for every day he continued in office after fuch tranfgrefTion. The penalties of the bill were to extend not only to magillrates, as \\\ the teft aft, but to inferior officers and freemen in corporations. The perfon convifted was to be made inca- pable of holding any office in future Thii I I 41 r: r. CHAP. II. m HISTORY OT GREAl BRITAIN. This bill was finally rcprcfented as tending to debafe and ndulte- j ,.,tc the conftitution by the encouragement which it gave to m- formevs. laftead of referving the employment of thefe odious men to the dUcretion of minifters upon prcffing emergencies of ftate, they .vcre invited by a premium, to a malicious inveftigatlon of the con- dua of their fcllow-cltr/.ens, dangerous to the fecunty and peace of themoft guarded innocence". , ., , , After ;^1, the oppofers of this bill in the houfe of lords, where ,t n.et with .Uc moft ample and impartial dlfculhon, do not leem to have perceived the ilrength and extenfive appil.a.lon ol t.ole argu- ,.ent: which thcv brought againft it. All of tl.m deprecated the ceniure of being lukewarm or Indificrent to the >"^-«; "^ dnuxh. The ma|ority approved of the pnncplc oi the b,l. ; and would have voted for it, had the commons agreed to the amenu- ,ucn,s propofed for reftriaing its operation and nutigatu_>g its feve- rity ; but they continued inflexible, and loft their favourite mealure bv'afmgle voice in the upper houfe". . , . c • A bill palfed n, the houfe of commons for enlargmg the t.me of taking the oath of abjuration, and reftoring to the capac.ty o oftce fuch perfons as had hitherto declined the oath, prov.ded tha Juy took it within the time now prcfcribed by the aa Although h. bill had profcffcdly no other objecT than len.y, wh,ch was hkel _ to . dound to the farther fecurity of her n.aiefty's per.ou by eonemat ! the affealons and fulelity of fome refpeaable perfons vvho ad be^n wavering in the preceding reign, ye: it was iufpecled hat t luld open a door for fuch as were hoftile to the p.oteftant fuccef- In Jo might imagine that they fully difchargcd the duty ol the " Journals Lords and Commont, paffim. Low Church virdloated. Lond. 1705. In- quiry into the uccafional Confomuty Bill. Lond. 1704. Several conferences paffcd be- tween the two houfes on this bill, which were managed, on the part of the commons by fir Simon Harcourt, fir Thomas Powys, Mr. Bromley, St. John, and Finch ; on the part of the lords by the duke of DevonOilre, the earl of Peterborough, the bifhop of Sarum, lord Somcrs, and lord Halifax. - journals Commons, November, Decern- ber, January, February, paflim ; Journals Lords, palTim, particularly 24^!^ February. Hlilor)^ofEurope,vol.vIii.p. 17- vol. ix. p. 2. oath, QJJEEN ANNE. oath, by withholding their allegiance from the pretender during the life of his fifter. When the bill came to the houfe of lords, the Whigs not only ftript it of all ambiguity or cover for mental refer- vation, but rendered it the inilrument of Jfirther fecurity to the pro- teftant iuccefTion, by introducing an amendment, which made it treaion to attempt defeating the fuccellion to the crown according to the limitation of the late ads ; and by extending Its obligation to Ireland '^ In confequence of feveral abufes relative to the management of the revenue reported by the commifTioners on the public accounts, lord Ranelagh, the paymafter of the army, was expelled the houfe of commons ; and an addrefs w^as prefented by them to her maiellv ior profecuting lord Halifax for breach of truft and negled of dutv. From the defences mad€ by the fuppofed delinquents, there can be little doubt that thefe meafures aroie from the refentment of the party now in power, to whom lord Halifax was peculiarly obnoxi- ous, both on account of liis fuperlor abilities, and his zealous ex- ertions in the intereris of their antagonifts. Under this imprefTion, the lords fent a meffage to the commons, deGring their confent for the commifTioners of accounts to attend at the bar of the upper houfe, that they might have the opportunity of forming an impar- tial judgment concerning the grounds of an accufation which im- peached the honour of one of their own members. The commons having refufed to comply with this dcfne, the lords entered upon the examination of fuch fads as came within their own knowledcre, and acquitted lord Halifax of the guilt imputed to him '*. Other 3» i7^2»3' lil Feb, 4th Feb- •3 M'Phcrfon's State Papers, 1703, vol. I'ii. p. 634. Dubl. 1775. Journals Commons, November, December, paflim ; Journals Lo.-ds, 5th February, & paffim. Life of Boling- broke, p. 81. Dublin, 1753. When the bill was returned with amendments to the com- mons, they were afraid of oppofing them, left they fliould fall under the fufpicion of being enemies to the Hanoverian fuc cefllon. It was confidcred as informal and unprece- dented to introduce a claufe enacting a new fpccies of trcafon in a bill regarding a matter of inferior weight. ' ' Lord Ran.'Iagh had but a fmall perfonal eftate, and was fuppofed to ha\'C laid out more money 1702, 3. November, December, paflim. % licth Jan. HISTORY 01 GREAT BRITAIN. Other meafures calculated for public utility, at,d unconncclccl with t,e iS t and views of party, redounded to the credu o the hot fe com nous with which they originated. Such were the bd s for con h^lns the connnimoners of accounts, and .uorc effeclualy en f^ • I f.ddltv la the difcharge of their truft ; for prevent.ng frat ds e ft mp:dutles, and obtaining regular ttatcmcnts of the pro ts V „ them The comtnons alfo dlfeovered a laudable :nde- "■""' W uuv^ to eomplv with a rccou.nendation from the ^""rt-;,. fJtt ^^ Jenhon of fne thoufand pounds per annum on rluk f M rlhorough and his heirs; hccaufe it might fevve a. a nt L he u.n-rKd and extravagant reward of merU, an en- ^^ • • W ns ontheir pollontv ". Vor the eneouragen.eut of do- ' a-' I fuvuul alleviating the lofs occaf.oucd to the manufae- "^ ;; lev'..: hevaddrefled the queen to give dlrealons for ZlZ c --- -'^^■-■'>' -'' ^•°'''" '"' ''^'T 'T 'r ''d 1 H ' Wldle thecomn^oas agreed to the addition ot ten thouland rlne the taken Into the pay of England for aeaing .n eon- :X w4th the allies, they qualUled their generofuy wuh the ,„onev upon building, garde.unj, and fuperb f rnitur.: than any perfon in England, wluch „ cafioncd the fulpiclon of h^ havng mad f,ee «l.h the public money He was eharged lith the milapplication of feveral turns, and of having fallen much behind .n h,» accounts. It do« not appear however, from the n- 'uiry, that thefe charges had any juftfo-d- In See Journals Commons, 2yth January, 8.h February, +th an.l 6th March, ,704- He died while the inquiry was dependmg. anj "'Ice, which he had rengned, was d,v,ded between Mr. Howe and f,r .S.ephc^ Fox. Wi.hrefpea.othecafeoflordHal,ax,.he partiality of the commiflioners was U\ more ! ntg, as it appeared, that h.s predeceffors. tirg tHc three preceding reigns, had not trfeled their accounts; and that the eufto- ^a* forms of the Exchequer, &c. obvaouny accounted for that delay, which was made the tround for accufing him. For a more fuU account of tins, fee Journals Lords, 4t]i Fe- bruary, &c. Hiftory of Europe, vol. viu. p. 85, Sec. ^ r 1 In compliance Avlth the def.re of the com- mons, the attorney-general iuftltuteJ a pro- fecution againil lord Halifax, but it was afterwards dropt by order of the queen ni council. -5 Journals Common., i6lh December, &c. The earl of Marlborough had been lately created a duke, 28th November. He u-as thanked by both houfes for his Hngular fer- vlces ; as were alfo, the duke of Ormond and f.r George Rook. Putting the two laR upon the fame footing with the duke of Marlbo- rough was thought by his friends a leffenn.g of his fervices ; atid was a prelude to that rup- ture between him and the Tones, which fuon after enfued. HilWy of the Re.gn of her late Majefty, p. 72- Lond. 1740. QJJ E E N A N N E. cxprefs condition, that the States of Holland fliould difcontlniic all CHAP • correfpondence and commerce with France and Spain". A bill u-^!^ palTed in the lower houfe for the fale of the forfeited eftates in Ire- ''''^' land, and for refuming the exorbitant grants which had been un- i8th Feb. warily made by the late king; but a negative was put upon it by the lords. Supplies were granted to the full amount of every demand i'or the purpofe of the war ; and tlie fum of one hundred thoufand pounds per annum w^as fettled upon prince George of Denmark, in cafe of 3d Dec. his furviving the queen ". On the 27th of February the queen came to the houfe, and pro- rogued the parliament till the 4th of July. Her majefty's fpeech upon this cecafion contained an explicit ap- probation of the fentiments of the Tories ; and gave a fandion which flie could not afterwards revoke, to that rancour againft the diilenters which liad already begun to ferment in the minds of the people, and afterwards buril out into fucli tumultuary fury, as vio- lated all public order and difgraced the name of relio-ion " Since the clofe of the laft campaign, fome tranfadions had taken place which materially affeded the intcrclls of the contending- powers. ^ The duke of Savoy, fmding that he was not likely to obtain thofe advantages for his family which he expedcd from fiding with France and difgufted with the indignities wath which he was treated bv the French generals who ferved under him, began to give hints of his The States, m confequcnce of repeated applications from England, entered into rcfo- lutions about forbidding trade with France, but with fuch exceptions, tluit it was little in- terrupted ; and they Itill coiiiinued to derive cflential benefits from it during the whole courfe of the war. Projets de deputez de Hollande. Lamberti, tom. xil. p. 30. torn. xiii. p. 26. " The whole fupplies granted this feflion amcuntcd to tliree millions, feven hundred, twelve thoufand, three hundred and eighteen pounds eleven fliillings and fivepence. " Hermajellyfaid, " That fhe hoped fw^'i " of her fubjeas as had the misfortune to c/if- " /a,f from the church of England., would rell " fatiefied with tlie aft of toleration which fhe '* was refolvcd to maintain ; and that thofe " who had tlie happmefi to be of that church ♦* would confider that flie had her education *' m It, and would be fure to encourage it as •* by law ellalliihed." cxprefs defi ire 9 34 i"03« 8th Nov, HISTORY or CHEAT BRITAIX. •1 ^ tn t1.r lilies"'. His embaffador at the court 'f- '" ^r °r a tpt toTnnnuate Tpcclous a,olo,lcs for Uis ^ "-""'" TdE ion of tbe German Intercft, and for the ad- n^afters apparent del^^^. on of t ^^^__^_^^^_ ^^^ ^^_^._^^^^^^ ^,^^ „-,fl-.on of 1-;;^ ;- ;- ^^ ,^,^., ,,,,,„ent to hhn, .vhlch emperor ol f" "^ 1"°° ^ . ,^_, ,,- ^^^ ,,,-„,g effeaually eontr.- had not been duly ri-gardti. , _ , , y, „. , to the promotion of the Aullr.an power m Lo,nba.d>. • the ervices he was now capable of v.ndcrmg .he con- magiuhed the lervices .-..^ompencc as might federates, if encouraged to hope ^<^ ^^o^ ll demands ap- ,,,«!,. Ulm for ^^^f^^Ji-J^^^Z.. to the recovery 'of Tafth::::;^:; 'haT,:;r •:: ",. , ..a it ..s eafy for the .... to ^^■^^^' *•- T . , . „.t now in his power to beftow. Leopold P^°'^"V t r s t -" du.e, Mlntfcrrat. Man.ua and the Sri Ale^i^' -^ Valen.a in the Milauefe, and the eountr, between the Vo and Tanaro". ^^^^ ^^, ,, Vm of ronugal^w^^^^^^^^^ --^ ^ ^^f ;:;Jr^n\heapprebennonofane™a,™,.^^^^ 1 T ^,-; .1 rrovvnc; which mult nave cnni^ t '^■^'•■''';::; en:r Po :::; and ... ^o..r.^..y of .. lunUe or tagltr trthis appretennon being removed by the emperor s »9 St Simon, torn. vi. p. 263. 447; 'The ,„V other title than that of Savoy, a, .f he had been a mercenary general tn the French pay, and not an independent prn.ce couned V^he greateft potentates m Europe Ag, ,f T evls the Fourteenth, vol. l. p- 275- "'.^ B rre, ton,. .. P- 4--. ^'"''^r^cM of Le«is Fourteenth, voht. p. 28.. Glf- r „ This treaty was concluded on the gow, 1763. ^^"'';^''^^^^ d,,ue winied it to ;fLj:r.:it;i,n.hI':f.hi.troop.in the uav of France ; but the progref. and cir- :traLsofit.ereweUknowntotheFref,ch King. St. Simon, torn. vi. p. 44r queen of Britain after^^-ards became guarantee for the fulfilment of the treaty between his Imperial majefty and his royal hignefs ; and alfo bound not to confent to any peace to the prejudice of his ri^ht to the fuccefllon o the L nim monarchy after the houfe c,f Au Ir a, a,^ to fend him a prefent of hxty-hx thou- f.nd fix hundred and hxty-fix crowns (/ 4,999 ^7^.); and to pa> him a monthly LiidTonifu-three thouland, th- hundred and thirty-three crowns {f.iU9V9 ^8-^-) during the continuance of the ^^^-^'^ ^^ tides ii. vi. vii. Appendix to the H.ftory of Europe, 1705- QJJ E E N A N K 1:. icnunciation of all his peifonal claims upon the monarchy of Spain, C he could no longer refifi: the liberal offers now propofed for extend- ing his dominions, and for fcreening him at the fame time from the refentment of the French king. The emperor, in name of his fon the archduke, ceded, to the king of Portugal, Badajox, Alcantara, Albuquerque, and Valencia in Eflramadura j Bayon, Vigo, Tuy, and Gordia in Gallcia, with the country beyond Rio de Plata in Peru ; and alio flattered him with the hope of the archduke's mar- rying his daughter the infanta. The Englilli undertook to proted the trade and coafls ot Portugal ; and the emperor, the States, and the queen, jointly, to pay an army of eight thoufand Portuguefe, befides fupplying him with reinforcements to the amount of twelve thoufand men ''. While the grand alliance was thus fortified by the accefTioii of tlv: duke of Savoy and the king of Portugal, other circumftances con- fpired to difturb its internal union, and to check its vigour and adi- vity. The princes of the empire who acceded to the confederacv, jealous of an increafe of the Imperial authority, brought forward their affiftance {lowly, and with reluctance. Nor did the emperor himfelf furnifli the full proportion of troops flipulated by the arti- cles of the alliance ; nor were thofe which he did furnifli fuitably equipped, or fent into the field at the early feafon requiiite for car- rying on an offenfive war. An infurredion in his liungarian do- minions, fomented by the intrigues of the French courr, drew off fome of his choice troops and generals who had been deftined to co- operate with the allied armies '*. The caufe of the allies in Ger- many as well as in Spain was rendered unpopular among the Ro- mnn catholics, who were perfuadcd by the officious zeal of their priefls, that the war was intended by the States and by Enr^Iand, " Barrr, torn. x. p. 415. St. Simon, " Hiftoire de Louis, torn. v. p. 484. vol. vi. p. 447. This treaty was figned at Prince Eugene was fent into Hungary to Lifbon on the i6th May, and ratified at Lon- command the rmpcrial armv againft the infur- 4on on the 14th July. gents. 55 HAP. n. 1703- F 2 for 3& CHAP. II. January. Tcbruary. i Jill March. a. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. for the extcnfion of the proteaant faith. To cftablilh this faft, it was fpcciouny anfertea that the French king had met with no oppo- fi^ion from any of his native fubjeas, except tl>c Cevennois. who had confpired to withdraw their allegiance from him, upon the promif- of being iccured bv the allies in the open profeffion ot that religion. The efli^a of thefe i.nprcffions had become lo alarmmg to the^'catholic members of the confederacy, as to render it ncceilary for tlte diet of Ratiibon to publilh a manifjlo, containing ailurances- of unfhakcn attachment to the religion of their country, and declar- ing that tl-.e war was undertaken folely for cnrbing the exorbttant am\ition of the French king, which tltreatened the dellrua.on of th'- liberties and independence of Europe". ' The cleftor of Bavaria having received large reinforcements of French troops, took the field before thofe of the emperor under tl>e prince of Baden were in rcadinels to oppole him, and made hnn- felf mailer of Newburg, the capita! of the dutchy belonging to the eledor palatine **. , , , MarQial ViUar^ left Strafhnrg, where his troops had been quar- tered dttri.ig the wittter, croifed the Rhine at the bridges of Hnn- ninguen and Newbt.rg. From this movement, tlte Impenahlls wx-rc led to conclude that he intended to form a jnnaion with the eledor of Bavaria, and witltdrcw the greateft part of their troops from Bri- fich and Friburg to obftruft hi. paffage through the Black Foreft,_fo that !.e advanced with little obllrnaion to fort Kehl, which lie in- verted ■'. The garrii-on after a Ipirited fally, in which many of the enemy were killed, capitulated. The Imperial troops under general Bibra, alarmed with the unexpeded faeeefs of Villars, not only abandoned all the towns which they heUl in the valley ol Mntzin- guen, and the marquifate of Baden, and the forts they had ereded ,, , - citraaiurp-. it afforded the army which poflc fled » Monthly Mercury, March ■ 703. f,' tu«u „t paffa.c uvcr ,U. W:,r. ** Quincy, torn. iv. p. 44. c cou>t» » . ^ »» Situated at the end uf he budge of on QU E E N ANNE. 37 on the banks of the Rhine, but, from the terror of being cut off by CHAP. a fuperior force, deferted their ftandards, and difperfed themiclves in < J- . the adjacent woods **. ^'^^' To retrieve thefe difadvantages, and prevent the junction of the French and Bavarians, the counts SchHck and Stirum entered Ba- varia with an Imperial army in two detachments, the former through Saltzburg, and the latter through Newmark and the Upper Palati- nate. Stirum defeated a body of Bavarian troops winch attempted to flop his progrcfs, and afterwards made Iiimfelf maftcr of New- mark and Amberg, the capital of the Upper Bavarian Palatinate. Count Schlick alfo had the good fortune to break into the Bavarian lines, and took Ried and feveral fmall places in that neighbour- hood ''. This fuccefs prevented the adjacent ftates of Suabia and Franconla from being feduced into a neutrality by the fpecious arguments of the eledor; and confirmed the diet of Ratifbon in its former refolutions of adhering to the court of Vienna. Thefe ad- vantages were however counterbalanced by a vidorv, which the eledor obtained over the army of count Schlick at Scharding ; and nth March.- by another over a detachment of count Stirum's army at Weils ; 28th. after which Emhorf and Ratifbon furrendered to him ''. Marfhal Villars, in the mean while, having been repulfcd in an attempt for breaking through the prince of Badcn^ lines at Stol- hoffen, in order to join the eledor of Bavaria, conduded his army through the Black Foreft, and effedcd his purpofe at Dutlingen '\ After the jundion of the French and Bavarian ai'mies, it was concerted between Villars and the eledor, that the former ihould obferve the motions of the prince of Baden, while the latter pene- trated through Tirol, to intercept the communication between Ger- many and the Imperial army in Lombardy '\ The forts of that mountainous diftrid were naturally flrong, but the garrifons placed 8th April, May, ""^ Quincy, torn. iv. p. 45, Sec. Memoires Louis, torn. v. p. 488, &c. du Villars UM^. u. p. ^^, -9 Q^Jj^cy, torn. iv. p. 79. gl. 'J Ql>'"cy. torn. iv. p. 66, &c. du Villars, torn. ii. p. 97. C^incy, torn. iv. p. 74, Hiftoite de ^o Quf„cy, torn. iv. p. 87. I I Memoires m 38 HISTORY OP GREAT BRITAIN, 1703- CHAP, in them fo weak, and fo lltde aware of attack, that the eleftor In a " few d.y» made himfelf mafter of the whole country and entered ' t^w cla>9 ma ^^.^ ^^^ inhabitants ,,umphant mto " J ^f^^^ ^^ ,,,, ,, ,,d lurmountcd every -^-";rtT!hrL:"ftheT.oUanpearant^ le ovular armv could not do. They rofe upon the l"-'-^ toops, e'; fd themf^om the garrifons and taking a vantage ot e rug- V f nf ,lu. road^ and the narrownefs of the pafles, tui ott a ^;;::1n,l:; oftm .. and ohligcd the rea to retreat .nh more ^t;:^;rSr;t;::?I;Vrench.Ua,ydurmgth.ca^ i ex.^ dcd that of the emperor, this advantage was not pro- ;;S-n t n.atcna, fucce.. Naples was under Arb^cdion to S ] . buttUe iccret friends of the houfe of Auftru were numero s , , nVWlion of the Inhabitants dally Incrcafecl from the ,„a the d, affed. of ^^^^ ^„ ^,^ C:i::, oppre.ons! added to -^-^J^Z-J^^- ' 1 \ -^u tl/iQ rnnntrv was now vilited, exiuDit uic with which tnis couuLi) v%ao \^^a.i* :, feenes that occur in the hlftory of l-"™" ^^^f " \;^,,,,,, , T . 1,. the -irmv of the emperor iuftamcd an irreparable In Lombard , A^-^ ^^.,^,.^ ^naordlnary talents lofs by the abfencc ot prince i^ul,li.c, ^ re not fnppHed by thofe of count Staremberg, though the Lut r TTthc reputation o being an able and experienced general. N i- had the upu ta b ^^.^^^ ^^^^^ ._^^ ade.,natcto the ther was the army unuer mm inferior to ft,, it Ind fuffercd in the laft campaign, and, being tai mie walte It nan luueiv-u r, nfive It was tor- ,h., nf Vendolme, could only act upon the Uelenh\e. tt w that ot Venue luK, „f ..in ind fuow prevented tunatc however, that an uncommon fall ot r,..n I '^%^"st;t:rcit:es "w^V/^aVoyea .y ««H- in Ac,.,na. tK. capita.. quakes in Abruz7,o, and fome thoufand. of the ^^^^ QJJ E E N ANN E, 39 the Juke from availing him feh" of this advantage, or undertaking CHAP. any enterprife of importance during the winter. All he could ac~ v-— —— w compliih, was to take St. Benedetto, and to get poflefTion of the high grounds, from whence he annoyed the confederate army. When the feafon became more favourable, he fat down before Ber- fello with four battalions, which were occafionally relieved with fredi troops ^\ The fortrefs made a vigorous refiftance for four months, but at length being reduced to the greateft extremity by the rage of difcafe and the want of medicine for the fick, it fur- rendered on capitulation, in confeqtience of which, the duke of 27111 July^ Modena's country fell into the hands of the French'*. The fublequent expedition into Trent for the purpofe of joining- the eledor of Bavaria, which, had it fuccecded, mufl have been fatal to the intereft of the emperor in Italy, proved, in the ifTue, fortunate for that prince, as it occupied a great part of the fitted feafon for action, and coft the duke of Vendofm^ fome thoufands of his bed troops. After taking the caftle of Torbole and Nago, and the towns of Riva, and Arco w^ith its fort, he advanced to Trent, and began to bombard the city ; but hearing of the direful fate of the eleftor's army in Tirol, he raifed the fiege, evacuated all the places he liad taken in Trent, and retreated to the camp at St. Benedetto ''. The remaining efforts of the duke of Vendofme were devoted to carrying into execution the vengeance of the French king againft his revolted ally. After feizing and difarming the duke of Savoy's troops in the French camp, he marched into Piedmont, and laid waile that country w4th mercilcfs outrage ^^ ^^ St. Benedetto, a town in Mantua, near the fouth (hore of the river Po. Barfcllo, in the duchy of Rcggio, is fituatcJ at the con- flux of the Lenzo and the Po. ^* Quincy, torn. iv. p. 146, Sec. ^' Hilloire de Louis, torn. v. Cunningham, voL i. p. 339. '* Hifloire de Louis, torn. v. Monthly Mcrcur)', September, p. 527. p. 527. Odober. Thefe troops confifttd originally of fix thou- fand men in the pay of France, but had beeii reduced to three 01 four thoufand. The llipu- lated time of their fervice having expired, the duke, agreeably to his fecret treaty with the emperor, intended to recall them. They were feized by furprile, and afterwards difperfed in fmall parties through the French provinces, St. Simon, torn. vi. p. 451. To ii: 4* «,' ^', • Si If 40 icih. i4tli. ,3 th oa. 1 1 th Nov. HISTORY OF GREAT CIHTAIN. To rctvuu to the hiftory of the ^var in Ccr.nany, the rcunked .rmies of Villars and the eledor, diiaprointcd of a dcl.gn they had formed of getting poncir,on of Aufturg, by the prince ot Baden s having unexpeaedly marched to its defence, made a fndden attack upon ; detachment of the Imperial armv, commanded by eoun Slirun,, which had crolTcd the Danube, near Ilochftet, and obl,ged him, after confulerable lofs. to retreat under the cannon of Nor- "Thf'duke of Bnrgnndy, a^,fted by marflual Tallard, eon. nianded the French army at the Rhine, upon the f.de of Al ace. Me 1 ; remained long inacVn., he in.eiled Old Bri.aeh .vh.ch 11 out f^ a month before i, eapituhaed ». T e dn e at. he .-i.h the fame of this exploit, '-"-"^^ ^ ^^ f'^ ,' ^ k „,,on whom the command of the army r>ow devolved, undertook Tfiege of Landau. The prince of Ilede advanced from Luxem- r tith twentv-fiK fquadron. and twelve battahon. to raUc the burp; with twcni) u-^ ^ ^c Qr^Wf^ ^"^ He fieee and encamped within four leagues of the cty of bp.re He [ntcnded to attack the enemy in thcir lines, and wa.ted only for ten ZLs, which he expeaed to join him the day atter h.s arn 1. r c meanwhile, however, the marquis de Pracontal, from the Meu^ oined Tallard with a reinforcement of twenty-four fqua- ^''s before the confederates had any intelligence of h,s approach. in o^n.ed bv this unlooked-for aceeffion of force, Tal ard made a Hen Xck upon the confederates, who were fo little expean.g ■:t: me of he ofheers were holchng a feftival in honour of ti. u,lhatlomco ^^ ^^^^ difcovered ailoniliun^ t.ui i n-rciicuUers, which othcers of diftmgtdQied merit, the punce repeated r.r. Hif 38 Quincv, torn. iv. p. 98. 37 Hiftoire de Lovm, torn. v. p. ^9. ni ^^ ^ ^.-^^^^ ^^^_ ^-^ ^^ ^j^. xory of Europe, 1703) P- 4o6 ^^^ QJJ E E N A N X E. «i^-- I. November. and crofled the Sp'irebach *°. This victory decided the fate of Lan- dau. The count de Prize, defponding upon the overthrow of the forces which came to fuccour him, furrendered the town upon the lame conditions whicli had been granted to Melac by the prince of Baden in the preceding campaign ". The fuccefs of the French in Germany was crowned by the acquiiition of Aufnurg, which, after having been bombarded fcven days, furrendered to th.e eledor of i^di Dtc Bavaria, upon condition of the giirrifon being permitted to retreat to Nordfuigen with a Imall part of its cannon and ammunition *\ * While the events of the w^ar in Germany were generally favour- nl)lc to France, great fuccefs attended the aniib of the confederates in the Lower Rhine. Rliineberg furrendered to count Lctium, lieute- nant general of the Pruflian forces, which opened to the allies the navigation of the Rhine from Cologne to Flolland"". The duke of Marlborough arrived at the Hague early in the fpring, and, having concerted the plan of the campaign with the States, gave orders for the Britifh and Dutch troops to ailemble near Maeftricht under monfieur Auverquerque, while, with the Pruffian, Hanoverian, and Hefllan troops, he undertook the fiege of l^onn'"'. The great preparations made for this fiege under the direction of general Cohorn, and the prodigious force brought 7 th Feb. 17 th March, *■' Ouii.cy, torn. Iv. p. 127. 129. The Frencli loll throe thoufand men and many brave officers in this engagement. Mod of the hiflorians mention M. Pracon- tal's juniStion with. M. Tallard as the caufc of the fuccefs of the French. Feuquierrcs cenfurcs Tallard for having attacked the allies before he was joined by Pracontal ; but, as In the defcription of the engagement he fays the left wing was led on by Pracontal. I have followed the general account, and am led to conclutle, either, that there muft be fome niiltake in Feuquierre's defcription, or that Pracontal had been fo near, that Tallard had laid his ac- count with beltig fupported by him after the engagement commenced. Compare Memoirs of Feuquierrcs, vol. ii. p. 124. Hldoire dc Louis, torn. V. p. 521. Annals Anne, 170';. p. 147. Hillory of Europe, vol. vlii. p. 446. *' Hiiloirc de Louis, torn. v. p. 521, Hillory of Europe, 1703, p. 448. *^ fd. p. 480. *' Id. p. 1 1 6. "* The principal city of the bifhopn'c of Cologne, and the ufual refidence of the ele61or. The troops employed in the fiege confifled of forty battalions of foot, and fixty fquadrons ofhorie and dragoons; the aitillery confifted of upwards ol a hundred large cannon and thirty-fix mortars. LcOiard, vol. i. p. 1^6. againft t^mma^nstr. I m 42 C II A HISTORY w i. CHEAT BRITAIN. i7^3 9th May. 2-jth June. ngalnft It, cnfurcd fpecdy fucceft. Tl,e to.-n was auackcd .n he. different places at the lame time ; one attack was directed agau.l the fort on the oppofite fide of the Rhine, and the other two agamft the eitv and the outworks ; no lets than twelve thouiand n,en bang cmplo;ca in each of thele attacks. The trenches were opened oa the ,d M..V, .1- fort was taken by ftorm, and the town iur n- dered on the .6th; capitulating for the garrilon s bnng conduded to Luxemburg, with the c.cept.on of the Gern>au coa.pamcs, which had the choice of enlilling with the contederates or retura- Jng home. Tl>e capture of Bonn cleared the Rhu>c of the French to Philipiburg *'. , r i t? t VlUeroy and BouHers, who had the joint command of the Frencu army in ihe Low Countries, took the advantage of the ablencc of the confederates occupied in the fiege of Bonn, and advanced to- wards Tongres, f.^ thouiand of the allies being encamped m us vicinity. This little army retreated under the capnon of Maellricht; and the garrilon in the town, after a vigorous reftfta.Kc, vv.t. forced to furrcnder at diicrction ". .-n , 1 . The duke of Marlborough, after the capture of Bonn, returned to the confederate army, that he n.ight fecure Liege wh.ch the enemy intended to inveft, and at the lame time recover Tongres. Vdleroy, u.on his approach, abandoned Tongres, and eluded every atte.npt f^r bringing him to an engagement till he got w.tluu bus hncs. There rem^dned therefore no profpcc^ to the duke ot obtammg any decifn-e advantage, but by forcing the enemy's entrenchments, wh.ch tre ftrong and extenhve, running from Kamur to Antwerp, and ri ' the whole frotuter of the Spanilh Netherlands-. Ihe oKluaing of this hazardous fervice was committed ,0 baron Spaar, gf nds Cohorn and Obdan. who were dire^ed to make ,e Ittack on the ia.ne day in three different places, namely, oppohtc iiT T A\..,\ vol I * Or.incv, torn. iv. p. 9. Lcdiard, vol. 1*. 45 Monthly Mercury, May. Leduul, ^ol.l. <^ . ^^ i^ane, p. 42. p. i47» ^'^• M to QJJ E M N ANNE, to Stekcn, Liefkenflioek, and Antwerp. Baron Spaar and general Cohorn lucceedccL But the attein})t cf Obdam was defeated by an nncxpcded attack made upon him in his head-quarters at lickeren, by Boufiers, wlio Iiad been detaclied there. After fuiiaining a con- fiderable lois of men, Obdam fled with great })rccipltancy to Lillo. His fears had niagniiied his danger, for, after his flight, general Schingcnburg, who commanded the Dutch, rallied the flving troops, and renewed the engagement with fuch bravery, that the enemv were forced to give wav*"*. After the battle of Eckeren, tlie duke of Marlborougli advanced towards the enemy's camp at St. Job, exj^eding to bring them to a {general engagement, which, it foon appeared, they were determined to avoid; and the Dutch deputies again oppofing Iiis forcing their lines, he invefled Huy and Limburg, which were taken witliout any confiderable lofs of men "". Guelders, which had fullaincd a blockade for fourteen months, furrcndered to the Pruillans on the lytli December ^°. By thefe feveral advantages, the alUes obtained tlic entire pofTef- fion of the Spanilli provinces of Guelderland and Limburg, and the Dutch were made fecure on every fide except Brabant. I'he operations of the fleets of tlie allies were generally unfucceil- ful and inglorious during this campaign. Colonel Moor, the governor of Charlcftown in South Carolina, had failed in an attempt to blockade St. Augullinc on the coaft of Florida, belonging to the Spaniards ". Depredations were com- mitted by the Engliih near Carthagcna, and at Trinidad in Terra Firma '\ An expedition againft Guadaloupe was conduced bv colonel Co- drington, governor of tlie Leeward Iflands, the efleds of which ♦' Quincy, toin. iv. p. 2 1, 5cc. The ac- Low'?, torn. v. p. 504. Quincy, torn. iv. <^'junts of this cugajrt'rnfnt, given by the con- p. 21. I.^diarci, vdI, i. p. jcq. federates and the French, are a which completed his fuccels. Two iliips of war were burnt; one 1703. of eighty guns was broui-Jit f-ff, fcvciitceii mcrcliantnicn were de- flroyed, and of the whole ilect, four only cfcapcd by getting under the proteclion of Granville fort". *® Lives of the Admirals, vol. Hi. p. 43. C H A r. III. Circumftanccs tending to diminijh the hijhicncc of the Tories.^Sccoml ScJJion of Parliament.— The Shicoi's Speech.— The Bill againjl occafional Conformily pajcs in the Umife of Commons— is rejecled by the Lords.— Rcfolnt ion of the latter to take into their oivn Hands the Examination of feveral Perfons appre- hended on the Sufpicion of a Conf piracy. —The Commons rcmonflrate.—Boih Houfes addrefe the .9ueen upon it.—Refieaions.—Refult of the pKaminations carried on by the Lords,— The Cafe of AJhby and White.— Dirputcs betuxen the tzvo lloufes on the Pretenfions of the Commons to an exchifivc Judgment in Cafes cf Election. — The Commons cenfure judicial Proceedings of the Lords. — Inquiry into the Condition of the Navy.—Remonjiranccs of the Lords againfi admitting, into the Comnuffion of Peace, Perfons zvho had wA tahcn the Oaths to Kln^ William.—Supphcs.— Account of a remarkable Storm.— Act for augment- tng^the fma/I Livings ^f the Clergy.— Campaign i-joj^.—Eilcls of the War with refpetl to the allied Powers feverally.— Dangerous Situation of the Em- perors German Domtmons.— Preparations of the Duke of Marlborough for relieving them.— He defeats the Count d'Arco at Schellenberg.—M. Tal/ard ' jcins the FJecJor cf Bavaria -and the Duke of Marlborough, Prince Eugene, .^Advantageous Situation of the French and Bavarians in the Plain of Ober- k!a-w.— Battle of Ihchjtet, or Blenheim,- Siege cf Landa.u- Brave Condua .f Laubanie the Governor.— Jt furrenders.— Treves and Trearbach taken by the Confederates,— Bavaria furrenderui to the Emperor by the Eledrcf.— BiukiiMrdnefs Q^U E E N A N N E. Bach-.eardnofs of the Portuguefe in performing their Engagements to the Allies' —■Suceefs of the French and Spaniards in Portugal, — The Earl cf Galway arrives there, and turns the Tide of Succefs,— Campaign in Italy. — The Duke cf Savoy reinforced by Ge?ieral Staremberg, — Advantages gained by the Dukes de la Feuillade and Vendofme. — The Cevennois reconciled to the French King, — Dijlurbances in Poland. — Succefs of Admiral Dilkes on the Coafl of Portugal. — Sir George Rooke makes an unfuccefsful Attempt upon Barcelona, — hut takes Gibraltar.— Engages the French Elect in the Mediterranean,-^ Gibraltar in- vefled by the French and Spaniards. — Relieved by Sir John Leake.— The Duke of Marlborough makes a Vifit to the Court of Prvjfia. THE general tenor of the proceedings in'tlie lafl feflion of parliament, as well as the private inclinations of the fove- reign, feemed to enfure the eftabliflied and growing influence of the Tories. The bill againft occafional conformity, calculated for fix- ing their radical fuperiority in every part of the kingdom, w^as loft only by a fnigle vote in the houfc of lords. The current oi pro- motions flili run ftrong in their favour, and cherifhed their hopes of obtaining, from the exertion of the prerogative, a majority in that lioufe, and of removing every obftrudion in future to their fa- vourite meahires '. Notwithftanding tliefe apparent advantages, many ci^cumftances nov7 confpired to alienate the leaders in the adminiftration from the counfels of the Tories ; and to moderate that ardour of attachment by which the fovereign had hitherto diftinguilhcd them. The mu- tinous dilpofition of the people in Scotland, and the unfettled fiate of the fucceffion there, together with the pretenfions of a rival to the crown, fupported by the arms of France, portended the ap- proach of internal dangers, which the fuccefs of tlie Britifh arms on • Tour new peers were created foon afier lords to the bill agaii.jl occafional confonr.it)r, the laft prorogation of parliament, all of them that it would be eafy to find a remedy, alludiri-^ in the Tor)' interefl ; and this gave the greater to the interpofition of prerogative. Tindal, alarm, becaufe it had been thrown cut in the vjl. v. p. 218. kaufe of commons, upon the oppofilion of the tha nd CHAP, III. 4^ C H A III. HISTORY OF GREAi BRITAIN. P- the coatiiient could not prevent. From late dircoverics which had been made to the mlniftry in Scotland, it appcar^nl, tliat a plot had been carrying on for lubvertlng her majefty's authority; ihat feveral perfons, wlio were at the head (A th.e mod powerl'ul clans In the Highlands, had entered into it, aiul only waited for foreign reinforce- ments to make an open declaration in behalf of the pretender*. Alarmed with intelligence whicli fo nearly concerned her own fafety and honour, the queen now^ became more cautious about degrading and irritating that party, which wms difpoled to co-operate in every n^eafurc for ilrcn<;rhciiing the proteftant fettlemcnt, interwoven at this critical moment with her own pcrfonal intcrcil.. ' The duke of Marlborough, now in the meridian of favour, and fccondcd by lord Godolphin, who was entirely fubiervient to his intereil:, did not omit fo favourable an opportunity for v'orking upon tlie fears of the queen, in order to undermine the influence of the 'Forics, whofe loaders were envious of his profperity, and averfe to that fyftem of public meafures, which both the ambition and the intered of the duke led him to purfue '. The cfTccls of the circum- flances now recited, with refpedl to the (late of parties;, and the dif- pofition and influence of the court, were confpicuous through the whole feries of bufmefs purfued in the enfuing fefFion of parliament, which opened on the 9th of November 1703. FIcr majeilv informed both houfes of tlie treaty flic had made with the king of Portugal, and of the duke of Savoy's having declared war againfl France ; and laid that as thcfe fortunate events had been promoted by their cheerfulncfs in fupporting the war, fo they afforded the profpe^fl of brmging it to a fpeedy concluiion. She folicitcd fupplics to defray the necelfary charges of the army and navv, and to pay the lubbdies promifed to her allies. She expreOld her earned dehre of feeing all her fubjecls united among themfelves; * See Chapter IX. ' Conduil of the Duchcfb of Marlborough, p. 141. and QUEEN AN N E. • ^nd rcquelled them to avoid thofe heats and animofities, which would difappoint her of that fatisfadlon, and give advantage to the common enemies of church and date. The w^ords, with w^hich her majedy concluded, w^ere obvioufly intended as a public renunciation of thofe fentiments wdth refped: to the quedion of cccadonal con- formity, whicli die liad formerly declared to her miniders, and alluded to in her fpeech at the clofe of the lad fefllon. Correfponding with the prevailing difpofition of the two houfes, was the fpirlt of their fei^arate addredes in anfw^er to the royal fpeccl:. The commons promifed to avoi^ heats a?id Jivlpoiu ; and tlie lords not only to avohJ, but to cppcfi wdiatever miglit have any tendency to create difquiet or contention among her fubiecls\ • The journals of this fedion are chiefly filled wdth the detail of contentious and angry difputes which fubfided between the two houfes. Didrud and refentment, from wdiich neither were free, rendered both acutely jealous of their refpedive privileges, and precipitate in adigning the mod didionourable motives to the mea- fures which each of them feverally purfued. Deliberations upon affairs of the greated national moment gave place to pafTionate recriminations, and to elaborate addrcflcs and reprefentations, framed for obtaining the approbation of the fovereign and the favour of the people, to the prejudice of their antagonids. The Tories lod no time to introduce their favourite bill againd occafional conformity. But, notwlthdanding the mitigation of its penalties, and other important amendments, in order to remove thofe objeaions which had obdruded its fuccefs in the preceding feffion it encountered a violent oppofition in the houfe of lords, and was rejeded, ader the fecond reading, by a majority of thirteen votes. Its friends were not more mortified wnth this repulfe, than thev were with the change of popular fentiment, tedificd upon tliat occafion bv the tumultuary rejoicings of the London citizens'. 49 C H A P. III. 1703- •» Journals Lords, 9th ; Journal. Commons, s Annals Anne, zto^ p. 180 nth November. ' :> f j II 25th Nov. The 5'^ lyoj- 2-03, 4. *3d Dec. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. The molt intereftlng difpute between the two houfes arofe from the information comnum-icatcd to them by tlie (juccn in perfon, concerning ill dcfigns, which had been carried on by the emifTaricb of France'' againft the peace of tlie kingdom. The fupprefhon of a fubjea of fo alarming a nature, at the opening of the feihon, and the reludancc and refervc of her miniilers in imparting to the two houfes the information which they had themfelves obtained, excited a general fufpicion of their having been deficient in vigilance and aaivity ; and of Uieir being ftiU unwilling to proceed in this bufi- nefs with diligence and vigour adequate to the magnitude of im- pending danger ^ The commons, with an unreferved confidence in the wlfdom and fidelity of her majefty's minillers, were inclined to leave this affair entirely in their hands. The lords, very difterently impreiled by the circumftances already mentioned, appointed a committee of their own members, to proceed in the examination of thofc perfons who had; been apprehended by her majelfy's meiTengers. To apologize, in fome meafure, for the precipitancy of this refolution, they thanked her majefty for her promife to communicate to them every inform- ation fhe received concerning the defigns of her enemies, and ex- prefled hopes that their zeal would be acceptable to her, and contri- bute to the public fecurity \ The other houfe, upon hearing of this refolution, appointed a committee of their members to fearch the journals of the lords for precedents in fimilar cafes, and after hear- ing their report, prefented an addrefs to her majefty, remonftrating againft the condu^ of the lords, as difrefpeaful to her majefty's minifters, and injurious to her own prerogative '. The lords alfo complained * A llrong fufpicion prevailed at this time, that the quten was not fond of carrying on proftcutlons againft any of her fuhjcds, on account of their connexion with her brother- Guthrie's Hiftory, vol. x. p. 357. Lond. 1767. 7 journals Commons, 2 i ll December, paf- ftm. Journals Lords, 17th, iSth, 2Cth Dec. * The U)rds, upon rcavehlng their journals, found no lefs tlian iifty cafes which they con, fiJercd as precedents in tlie prcfent bufiuefs. Journals Lords, 2Hlh March. The commons indeed made a diftinclion ; they did not deny, that the lords had a power of takmg into cvif- tody, perfons accufed of criminal matters ; but qU KEN ANN E. complained to the queen of the injuftlce of the charge brought againfl them by the other houfe ; and vindicated their right of in- terfering in criminal matters, and the f\lutary effecls of their exer- cifmg it in the prefent cafe. This rcprefentation of the lords was foon followed by another from the commons, whicli was not more exceptionable for its reproachful animadvcrnons on the conduci; of the former, than for the fulfome adulation it paid to tlic perfon and authority of the fovereign. The behaviour of the queen during tins contcft was no doubtful indication of the declining influence of the Tories in the cabinet. Although the general ftrain of the addrcOes of tr.e lower houfe, dldated by the leaders of tliat party, muft have been more foothing to royal ears, yet were they not diftinguiflicd bv any marked teftimony of her majefty's approbation. The evils which might arife from accelerating examinations, and pre-occupying the duty of minillers, were fometimes hinted at in her anfwers to tlie lords ; but as they perfevered in following up their refolutions, the queen received the alternate and counter-reprefcntations of both ^l C H A P. r r r 1703, 4- 13th, 14th, r7th Jan. 2 8 til March, 2llHVb. but denied that they had any right to examine the prifoners of the crown without her ma- jcftv's confent. The final refolution of the lords was, that it appeared to them, that there had been a 4.- mages. In arreil of judgment, it was moved in the queen's bench that the adion Ji^ not lie, which was admitted, and a fentence was given for the defendants. The plaintiff brought a writ of error againft this fentence, and the caufe was argued at the bar of the houfe of lords, who found, agreeably to the opinion of a plurality 14th June^ of the twelve judges, tliat the decifion ot the queen's bench was wrong ; and that the plaintiff had a jull: ground of adion at com- mon law. The judicial interpofition of the lords, in this inffance, was confidered bv the commons, to be luch an infolent and darino- ufurpation of their eftabliilied rights, as required a more effedive refiilance than that of argument and remonllrance. They refolved, not only, that the plaintiff had been guilty of a breach of the privilege of the houfe, by reforting to common law, but that every perfon^ who had affidcd in his caufe, was involved in the fame guilt ". The houfe of lords, on the contrary, maintained tlie competency of their own jurifdidion in this and all fimilar cafes, and condemned the 27th March, power affumed by the commons, as tending to control the law and Impede the courfe of juftice. Not fatisiied with ftanding upon their own defence, the commons retaliated by direding their cenfure againft other judicial proceedings of the houfe of lords. They rcfolved, that the upper houfe had ex- ceeded its power, and introduced a precedent dangerous to the confti- tution, by overruling an order of the exchequer in compliance with a petition from one of its own members '\ The " Journals Commons, 26th January. This profecution was carried on at the infligation and expence of the earl of Wharton. Life of Wharton, p. 44, 50. London 17 15. The conflables aded under the direflion of fir John Packington, who had the manage- ment of the burgh j and as he had hitherto been a fuccefsful fupporter of the Tory can- didates, the houfe of commons, of which the major part was in the fame intereft, interpofed in behalf of the conftables, under the pre- tence of zeal for privilege. '* Journals Commons, 28th Januar)'. The commons refolved, that the lords had aded ille- gally 54 C !■! A r T T T 1703,4. HlSl OR Y OF GREAT BRITAIN. The pre^'ai^lng animofitlcs between the two lioufes prevented tlic conthiUcition of the commlfTion fc;r examining tlic pulillc accounts, the lords having ohiecled to one of the commiilioners inferted in the bill by the commons, and the Litter infifting on their cxchifivc right to judge in every queftion concerning the revenue '^ An inquiry was inflituted by the lords into the condition of the 29th Feb. navy, which terminated in an addrefs to tlic queen, fpccifying varlou<; inftances of mlfmanagement ; and complaining of the mifeondudl of admiral Gravdon, who was difmiflcd from her majefty's fcrvicc '\ A^^reeably to that refpcd:, which the lords had uniformly pro- 3i{l March. fclTed for the mcmorv of king William, they remonftrated to the queen agalnll admitting into the commiflion of the peace any of thofe pcrfons who had declined taking the oaths to him ; and entreated that fuch only as were known friends to the protcftant fuccefhon might be intruded with an oflicc eflentlal to the fafety of the conftitution and the fair difpenfation of jufticc '*. •i7th>;ov. The commons granted fupplies with great liberality, and provided for the pay of the additional forces wdiich had been voted the preced- ing fefhon '\ The hidden deftruclion of a great number of Ihips gaily by taking cogni/.ancc of a petition of lord Wharton, complaining of an order of the court of excbequcr, 15th July 1701, for lih'iig the record of a furvey of the honour of Richmond in the county of York, and that it tended to fubjecl the rights and properties of all the commons of England to illegal and arbitrary power. Journals Commons, 28th January. The lords refolved, that fuch interference on the part of the commons, was an ufuq:)a- li'n of a judicature to which they had no pretence. Journals Lords, 27th March. '^ Journals, Lords and Commons, Feb. March, pafiim. The lords expunged the name of Mr. Bierly, becaufe he had nut cleared the accounts of his own regiment. They put another in his place, and added two more, who were not members of tlu- ■^oufe of comnious. I I '* Beiides the alKgcd mifconduc"l of the admiral for not fighting four French (lu'ps, which he met with in his pafl'ago to the Welt Indies, a complaint was entered againfl hini In the Jamaica inerchants, for his diforderly proceedings, by preifing a great number of the feamen and inhabitants of Jamaica, and for his fevere ufage of tiie mafkrs of the (lu'ps un- der his convoy. Journals Lords, 23d MarcK. '* Sir Nathan Wright, the lord-keeper, being a zealous Tory, had taken great liberty in moulding the commiffions of the peace ac- cording to the inclinations of his own party. Condud of the Duchefs of Marlborough, p. 147. "' The total of fupplies this ft-ffion amount- ed to four n\illions two hundred and twenty nine thoufand, eight hundred and fixty-fm pounds, eighteea nLilling<^, and eleven pence. belonging QJJEEN ANNE. jj belonging to the royal navy, by a dreadful florm on the coaft of Eng- C HA p land, required an enlargement of the fupply, which the commons cheer.^ lly granted ; and at the fame time recommended to her ma- jefty the making a provifion for the families of the feamen who had perifhed in the llorrn '^ Although the condud of the queen, in withdrawing her fupport from the bill againft occafional conformity, had difappointed the ex- pedations of violent churchmen ; yet her attachment to the eflablifh- ment had not abated, and her kindnefs to its minlfters vv'as more wifely difplayed by a renunciation of her right to the firlf fruits, to be applied in future for augmenting fmall livings. Her majefty made choice of the anniverfary of her birth-day for recommendhv^ to the commons the necefli\ry fteps for making effcdual her benevolent intentions to the clergy ; and they loft no time in perfeding a work fo agreeable to their own inclinations '^ On 7th Feb* '' This ftorm began at eleven o'clock in the evening of the 26th November, and con- tinned till feven next morning, the wind blow- ing W. S. W. During the intervals of the moil violent gufts of wind, a found was heard like that of diitant thunder, accompanied with vivid flalbcs of lightning. Many chimneys and roofs of houfes were blown down, and feveial entire buildings levelled with the ground. A prodigious number of trees v^-ere torn up by the root ; and fome of the largeft iize A\ere broken off in the middle. Some maffy fpires were driven from the fteeples ; and the lead which covered the tops of houfes and churches, was rolled up like fcrolls of parchment, and carried to a great diftance. Many families were cru/bcd under the ruins of their own houfes, and multitudes brnifed and wounded. A great number of vefTels was loft upon the coaft, and in the channel ; and at London Bridge, the river was dammed up with the wieck of barges and boats. Sixteen Jbips of the navy were loft. As fome of thefe were in the harbours, the lofs of lives, amoimt- ing in all to one thoufand five hundred and nineteen, was not fo confiderable as might have been expeded from the number of fhips. The effects of this ftorm were little felt in the northan parts of England. •* Journals Commons, 7th February'. By this a6l, the queen was empowered to incor- porate fuch perfons as (he thought fit, and to fettle upon them the firft fruits of all bene- fices, for the maintenance of the minifters of the church of England not fufficiently pro- vided for. This corporation was alfo quali- fied to receive eitates and goods from other perfons, for the fame pious end. The firft fruits, or the firft year's wliole profits of the benefice, and the tenths, or the tenth part of the annual produce according to a valuation made in the reign of Edv/ard II f. were originally impofed by the pope upon the beneficed clergy, for the purpofe of fupport- ing the holy war ; and after that pretext ceafed, it became a ftanding branch of the papal revenue. When Henry VIII. began the reformation, he remitted this tax, ns a lure to gain the fupport of the clergy; but hia rapacity, the primary incentive of his zealj, rendered JS 1703^ Campaign 1704. 9th J an. lliSMiMO' OF GRKA'i BRrlAiN. On the 3d of April, her inajeily came to the houfc of peers, v^licvc tlio commons attended. She thanked both houfes for their zeal in fupporthii; the war ; and the commons particularly for their difpatdi and liberahty in granting the fupplics ; but regretted th.t iier recom- mendations to unity had not been entirely complied with ; after which the parliament was prorogued. Some important changes in the minlllry took place at the end of this fcfllon, which publiihed to the nation tlie declining intcrcft of the Tories ". The Netherlands had been hitherto the l)uiicll fccnc of the war; and the fucccfs, obtained there, redounded chiefly to the bcneiit of the United States. I'hcir frontiers were enlarged, obllruaions to their trade removed; and from the repair and extenfioa of tlicir fortifications, thev were now placed in a condition to defend themfelves, with an inferior force, againll the incurfions of the French troops. Of all the members of the confederacy, the fituatlon ol the em- peror was the moil critical and perilous. The eledor of Bavaria was mafter of the Danube as far as PalTau, which he had taken while the Germans were in winter quarters. Some of the members of the Germanic body were wavering and of doubtful fidelity ; and the afliftance of the reft was tardy, and reftrlded, and nowife adequate to the impending emergency of his affairs. I'rince Ragotzki, at the head of the Hungarian Infurgcnts, had been fuccefsful In feveral conflias with the Imperial troops ; had got poflclRon of many forts Tendered him InrapnWe of foregoing any pe- cunlnry advantage lan6lioncd by the CKanr,_)lo of the Roman fee ; and he afterwards ohtam- fd an aa of parliament for transfemng the 6r{l fruits to the royal revenue. All the liv- ings, in number five thoufand five hundred and niuety-ftvcn, under fifty pounds per annum, were exempted from the paymt-nt of fn^i fruits and tenths. Tlie amount of this bounty IS calculated to be eleven thoufand pounds per inojm. iJlackaone's Commcniarics by Cbrif- tian, vol. i. p. 286. •9 The earl of Nottingham refigned his office of fecretary of flate, which was con- ferred ujuMi Mr. Harley. Mr. Blailhwaii was removed from the poft of ftcrctary at war, and fuccecded by Mr. St. John. The earl of Jerfey was difplaced, and the earl of Kent recalled to the office of chamberlain. Sir Thomas Manfcl fucceedcd fir Edward Sevmour as comptroller of the houkhold. and QJJEEN ANNE. ^ and towns on tlie Eaft frontier of Germany, and threatened to carry his arms to the metropolis of the empire ". The alarming condition of the Imperial dominions was prefTmgly recommended, by the emperor's ambafTador, to the confideration of the court of England, upon whofe power and adlvity he chiefly de- pended for deliverance". Tlie duke of Marlborougli, who may now be regarded as prime minifter, as well as captain-general of England, was fully perfuaded of the importance of emplovino- the •t / t> ftrengtli of the combined forces in the heart of Germany durino- the cnfuing campaign, and of compelling the Erench to evacuate the ter- ritories of the eledor of Bavaria. The plans formed for accomplifh- ing this defign, he prudently concealed till the very eve of execution, left they fhould be counteraded by the preparations of the French generals, or oppofed by the aflembly of the States, ever jealous of the fmalleft preference given to the German intereft. Nay, he art- fully decoyed the former into a mifappllcation of labour, and diverted their forces from the quarter deftined for his operations, by dircding the great body of the confederate troops to march to the Mofelle, and fpreading reports of his intention to invade the French frontiers on the fide of Lorrain ". Th<: duke fet out from the Flague 5th May, and, pafling through Utrecht and Ruremond, came to Maeftricht, w^here the grand army was colleded. He gave orders for all the auxiliary troops which could be fpared from the garrifons, to march to Coblentz, at the confluence of the Rhine and Mofelle; and following them there, he communicated to monlieur d'Amilo, envoy extraordinary from the States, and to count Ratiflaw, the Imperial ambafTador, who had vi- fited the camp on his return from Eondon to Vienna, his dcfl^^n of joining tlic army of the prince of Baden, and of penetrating" into *''Killor)'ofEurope,vol.ix. p.7-. Monthly queen 2d April 1704. Mercury, September, Odober, Novemb<.r, » Kane, p. 43.' The duke conimum-cated i^ecember, 1 703. hJs plan of the campaign only to the queen, the Memonal of Ranilaw preiented to the treafurcr, and the grand penlionar)'. Bavaria, 57 C M A P. HI. 1704. 25th May. 58 c n A Y III. 1704. 23d June. iH July. HISTORY or OREAT BRITAIN. Bavaria. For tKls purpofe lie croflod the Rhiius the Mains, and the Neckar, and advancing towards the Danube, through an immcnfc track of country, joined the Imperial army under the prince of Baden at Wcllerftetcn ; after which, the combined armies approaclicd within two leagues of the camp of the eleclor of Bavaria; and, continuing to march in fight of his entrenchments at Diihngen, enclmped at Amcrdingen and Ondcringen ^\ From thence the duke advanced with a part of his army to attack the count d'Arco, who was poRed with eighteen iliouland men at Schellenberg, a rifing ground near Donawert, where he was carrying on ftrong entrench- ments for oppc^fmg the Imperial army in their progrefs to Bavaria. On the 2d of July, the Engliili and Dutcli infantry began the attack upon thcfe entrenchments ; and at firR met with fo warm a recep- tion, that they were ftaggering and lofing ground, when, fortunately, a reinforcement of fome German battalions, commanded by prince Lewis and general Goor, arrived ; after which the enemy was re- pulfed with great (laughter, and the entrenchments taken. Count d'Arco fled with the greatell part of his army towards tlie Danube^ and a bridge, over which tlicy were palhng, breaking down, many were drowned in the river ; and the reft of them efcapcd into the woods near Neuburg ^ In confequence of this defeat the Bavarians were forced to evacuate Donawert and Neuburg ; Rain and Fridberg furrendered to the confederates after a fhort refiftance, and Aich was taken by llorm ''. Overtures wxre now propofcd by the duke of iNIarlborough to the ekaor of Bavaria, with the view of feparating him from the French^ -1 Ledianl, vol. I. p. 190. T97. TTu- allied Qitincy, torn. iv. p. 252, &c. The enemy loft amies now .mounted to elglity thouf.uid men. iix thoufand men in tins aigagement, and the The elector's armv, and the Frcncli, which had confederates had above five thoufand killed joined tliem at DiUengen, did not exceed and wounded ; in v.tM.h ..amber were many "feventy thoufand, but wete foon augmented to brave officers ; and generals Goor and Uem. afaperiorityby a reinforcement under Tallard. hei.r,, ia the Dutch fcrvice. Lediard, vol. u Kane, p. 44. Mih^tarv Hiftory of Marlbo- p. 217. rough, p. 56. ' "' i-^'-% ** Kane, p. 44. Ledlard, vol. i. p. 209. QJU E E N ANNE. SO C H A P. lil. ** Barre, torn. >:. p, 447. '^ The principal magazines of the elector were at Ingoliladt ; and it would have been dangerous to liave attacked his army en- trenched iind.T the cannon of Aufl>urg. It was fortunate that the duke found fo plaufiblc a pretext for detaching the prince of Baden, who, from his advanced years, liad groun averfe to ii\at lioldnefs of enterprife which the prtfent ilatc of the war required ; and being a t'iy,QUd p-.ij ift he did not ad corUially with proteflant allies. It had been agreed that the duke and the prince fhould alternately prefide in the confederate cam,p, which would pro- bably have been produc'tive of difcord, and might have prevented the duke's project of at- tacking the French and Bavarians at Blen- heiin, which was afterwards crowned witii f'jch illuiln'ous fuccefs. Barre, torn. x. p. 44s. Kane, p. 4-. ^^ Kane, p. 49. Quincy, torn. v. p. 26S, kc. Military Hiltorv uf Marlborough, p. 5'8. I 2 llie 1704. 9th. but, though he fecmed to liflen to them with a favonrable ear, he only meant to amufe the confederates ; and hnally rejeded all teroi; of reconciliation when he heard of the approach of the marfnal Tallard with a frefli army to his affiftance ""*. Notwithflandinj)s to raifc it. netrate into jFrance the next campaign; but Compare runningham, vol. i. p. 396. with prince Lewis infilled upon his attempting the Lcdiard, vol. i. p. 296, 7. Kc.e, p. 57. with in. 1704. Q.ITEEN ANNE. -Ith his hands, and meafuring the breaches made bv the enemies C H A p' battenes m the wa Is, that he might be enabled to give the proper ^^^ c.rea.ons ior .epa.ing and defending them. He rontinued to de- h^ h. orders wuh the Ht.e precihon and ilrmne^ ; and rbe icl- dieis admn-mg h.s fortuude, and lamenting his misfortunes, en- dured the greateft hardflnps without a murmur, and performed the fevereft dut.es wuh prompt and cheerful obedience. He prolonged he defence of the city feveral weeks after he was in this fuuation, vvhich muft have been produftive of deitrudion to his faithiul cor.- panions, without addinir to his own oK. wu • ,K, , . ^ , ^ ^^ ^^^" g'^^0' ^"^^ theirs, or promoting the true mterefl: of his country '\ ^ The duke of Marlboroueh thnf 1.^ t^;^.!,. ,,^^,, , . . ^ ' ^^^^ ^^ ^^^g^t employ the confederate OOP which were not engaged in the ^.,., of Landau to the bed Tra2^^ Th' f "^ f ""^ '''''^^'^ ^ ^'^-^ ^-^es and til a month, an^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^^'^^ ^^ -re T he allies were now maf}prQ ^.f .ii *i 5 / ^^>iiJg \^alte the property of hU rmiifi^r r . • ^ completed the humiliation of J.is fL i v 1 ^"'"'^'^;/"'^J^«-^' -^^ trefs Ids .-ife to refi.n mvari- to 7 ''>^°''"J^^"'"S t'>e elec the places the eleaor Ld c^: e a ; ?Z''\::' " f^' ^" 1 ^ iiroi. ihepromife of thi cf Landau , „„,e ,l,o,„a„ch covered thouHmd. of the dc^d^o had o , , ^'7' ^^ - P' 3^5- ^'aa p. 4^3:. Appendix, N^ III K emperor's 66 1704. HiSTOPxY OF GREAT BRITAIN. emperor's proteaion, ^vith a Imall penilon out of the revenue of Munich, the fortifications of which were razed, and a guard of four tlioufand men, were the only compcufation ihc could obtain for thefe mortifying facrihces ''. The ftrength of the contending armies being employed on the Danube, no events ^vortlly of record diainguiflied the campaign in the Netherlands. Skirmiihcs often happened and towns were bom- barded ; but no general engagement took place, nor were any for- tilled places taken. A variety of circumftanccs concurred to render the campaign in Portugal peculiarly unfortunate, and difgraceful to the allies. The inveterate bigotry of the Portuguefe made them incapable of co- operating heartlW ^vith proteftant armies. The generality of the clergy, fome of the miniilers, and many of the nobility, were pre<. judiced againil the intereft of the emperor and Charles, becaufe it was fupportcd by heretics ''. Hence the moft treacherous delay and remilTnefs in every department conneded with the war, and the moft fliameful neglect of all thole preparations which were necef- firv for opening the campaign. Neither carriages, magazines, nor ftores were furnidied in due feafon, nor in fuflicicnt proportion. Although the king of Portugal was bound, by treaty, to provide the EngliHi and Dutch auxiliaries with horles, yet the French agents .vere permitted to purchafe the beft in the country, for the uie of kine Philir- s army, and fuch as remained were neither of f:ze nor liremnh lit for fer'vice. A great number of the allied troops, which h'Kl f dlen into difeafe from the confinement and bad accommoda- tion in their voyage to Portugal, perifhed for war.t of proper attend- ance and medicine. The pride of the Portuguele ofhcers who - Udi^rd, vol. I p. av8. Ban., torn. x. Th. nohility were dil^rn^ul and plundered n .crO hundred and f.fty tcnvns wevo and exorbitant taxes were imp. ed .rpon the ^llt^^d ^ b!:; in Bavaria, including thoie people .old.cr. v, e.e q-tcrc^ . a. : e|.a- which were dcllroyed after the battle of Sebel- r.lhes dur.n,^ the wu.ter, anu ..cd at d^cro Ictiberir. The papers, plate, and valuable tur- tion. ZlXi the cleaor, were canicd to Vienna. -" Cuniur.ghan,, vel. . p. 43/' were QU E E N ANNE. 67 ^vere hitrufled with fuperior command, agreeablv to the conflitution C II A P. and cullom of their coimtiy, could not endure fubordination to ._I1L. foreign generals, whofe fkill and experience were neceOary to fup- '7o+. ply their profound ignorance of military affairs ^\ Nor were the Englifh and Dutch commanders inilruded, by their common fvm- pathy and misfortunes, to cherifh a cordial union, and to maiiuain " a fn-m and fleady co-operation in the fervices in which they were jointly employed. The jealoufy and rivalfliip, which fubfifted be- tween the duke of Schombcrg and monfieur Fagel, were a per^ petual fouree of jarring counfels, and afforded the king of Portugal a fpecious pretext for feparating the Englifh and Dutch auxiliaries, though it was only by their jundion, that they could be a matcli for the combined armies of the French and Spaniards, which now entered Portugal under the command of king Philip and tlic duke of Berwick *\ King Charles arrived at Lifbon on the 9th March '' ; and he, and the king of Portugal, feverally publilhed manifeifoes addreffed to the Spaniards, the former promifing to protecl all who would de- clare for him ; and the latter engaging to fupport the title of king Charles, and to deliver the Spaniili nation from the ufurpation of the houfe of Bourbon. The duke of Schomberg alio pubJifhed a manifeilo, in name of the queen of England, of the fame tenor with thofe of the two fovereigns ; and moreover ofll^-ed a pardon to All her majefty's fubjeds, meaning the Iriih in the French fervice, who fhould defert from the duke of Anjou "'. ** Salmon, vol. xxv. p. 200, ^e. London, '735- Aecording to the cuiiom of Portugal, the provincial governors were eiiablilhtd chief commanders of all the troops Rationed within their dillricts ; nor coidd the emer^^ency of his affairs prevail upo.i ih: king to diipenfe with this pernicious regulation. *^ Berwick, vol. i. p. 228. The Englifh infantry were quartered in the province of Alentejo, and the DutJi fcnt up the Tagua. Hm: feparating the auxiliaries wa? panly owing - ' K to tlie danger ^^!lic!l the king apprehended from trufting the frontier towns to his own undiiciplincd troops. Tindal, vol. vi. p. 77. ^* The archduke Charles, after being ac- knowledged king of Spain by the confederates, tame to England December 1703. He was entertained by the court with great fplendour, atid afterwards convoyed by the Englifh fleet to Lifbon. '*' Ti:;da]. vol. vi. p. So. ^ .Mjnv 6S 17C4, 30th July, r HISTORY or GREAT BRITAIN. Many places in Ponural ylcUlcJ ^vitl■.s campaign, tl.c French and Spat>iards were uniiormly ^^^^"^^ and the ecurt of Portugal was ilUed with conRernafon, left the capital Itielf ihould fall into their hands -. Th.c arnval of a ...n- fo'eemcnt from England, tuuler the eonrmand ot the earl o. Gal- way who r,:perfeded the duke of Schomberg, revived the hopesof thedefponding monarehs, who now began to concert plans for tn- verting the fortune of the campaign, and retaliating upon the Spa- niard, bv the invaf.on of Caftile. They were, however, perluaded by the Engliflr commander to relinquiftr a defign fo dangerous, and <,f precarious fuccefs. The good fortune of the allies, m a quarter wh re it was leaft expefled, obtained that deliverance for Portugal, whiih never could have been accomplillKd by ofienf.ve exertions. The French and Spauldr army was fo much drained by detachments drawn from it for retaking Gibraltar, which had furrendercd ,0 tae confederate fleet, that it cotdd no longer maintan. -ts K«'-d '"^ hofllle country". Some of the fortihed places, wh.ch h d f a 1 u into the hands of the French and Spaniards, were razed to he .round, and others were evacuated with as muca rapKi.ty as hey had be^n taken ; fo that Portugal was reftored, nearly, to the fame condition as that h^ which it had been at the c=mmencen>ent of the "Tn'tdv; the intereft of the emperor at^dhls fon funk in the campaign'. -04. The French king, ftimulated by revenge agatnft camp.u^^u , T . . 1,;. ..lIlTnrp fent artrc reinforce- the duke of Savoy lor renounc.ng hi .dhanee • g ■ . 1 .^f xhp duke of Veado me ; and as the em- mentstojointhearmy ot theclukcor ^^ >Kfnffirient !•.• fr^ r,irrnur the former with luilicitni neror was not in a condition to iiiccour tnt luw Lee for carrying on an ofl.nf.ve war, he was ^^^^^^'^^ ftrengthening his fortihcations . but ucitucr y 4o- QJJ E E N A N N E. Co fn.> own fkill and exertions could have faved him from ruin, had not general Starcmberg marched from the Modenefe, and arrived at the camp in Piedmont, after furmounting the greatefl dangers from the length and difficulty of the roads, and the frequent flcirmiilies to which he was expofed, from the army of Vendolme han-^ino- nnon his rear, during the whole courfe of his march''. After this junc- tion, the duke's army was ftill fo much inferior, that the fole object of liis attention was to avoid a battle j and to retard the dellrudive progrefs of the enemy, by fecuring the pafles and mountains which intercepted its march"* Sufa, at the dillance of ten leagues from Turin, and lying in the principal road from France to that city, furrendered to the duke de 5th June. la Feuillade, as foon as he began his preparations for invefiino- it • after which he engaged a body of the confederate army, ftrongly entrenched in the neighbourhood of Brunetto, killed four hundred, and took a great number of prifoners, including many officers of rank ^\ Vercelli, a ftrong fortrefs in Piedmont, yielded to the duke of zifljuly. Vendofme after a vigorous refiftance, and enabled him to become mafter of the valley of Aoufta; and thereby cut off the duke of Savoy's communication with Germany through Switzerland. The French army penetrated into the interior parts of Piedmont, deftroy- ing every thing before it, and clofed the campaign by inverting Verue. The duke of Modena, w^ho adhered to the emperor, was flript of his dominions by the French ; and the duke of Mirandola experienced the fame treatment from the Imperiahfts, in confequencc of his having put himfelf under the protcdion of France ". The Cevennois, though difappointed of the affiftance of the con- federates, had continued in a ftate of revolt, from the hopes that affairs in Italy might take a more favourable turn for them, after the 50 Quiiicy, torn. i"v. p. 182. Hifioire de Louis, torn. V. p. 546. ^' Id. Cunningham, vol. i, p. 404, '* Quincy, torn. iv. p. 346. " Id. p. 34^. Barrejtom.x. p, 443.. duke bi4 ,».-_ -.- 70 ;04* •12 th July. TIISTORY OF GRrAT BRITATN. duke of Savoy had abandoned the intcrcft of Fiance, by opcnb.; a , channel to iupply them witli more immediate and cfledual rein- forcements. The pro2;rtls of the French in Italy, during the fprinp. and the unpromifing afpect of the dnke's aflairs, at length redneed ■them to delpondencv, and remove.l all hcfuation abont renewing their allegiance to the French king, cipecially as term, ot accom- modation were propofcd by him, which far exceeded their expeda- tions 54. 12 th March .18th May. % The confufion of afiliirs in Poland, occafioncd by a contellcU election to the crown, increafcd in the courfe of this campaign. Au-uftus was depoled, and Stanillaus Lcezinkfki, palatine of i ol- nanli was cleaed to the crown, and fupported by the kmg ot Sxv e- den ' Auguftus. after many changes of fortune, was compelled to re- treat to h\s own dominions in Saxony. The levies and prepara- tions he made for renewing the war in Poland, not only proved ruinous to his own fubjcds, but detraded from the general ftrenglh of the empire ". . ^ ^ • , r 1 The naval preparations were forwarded this feafon with unufual difpateh. On the 12th February, f.r George Rooke, who had re- fumed the command of the lleet, failed from Portfmouth vy.th king Charles on board, and, on the 25th, arrived at Liibon. Three Spa- nifl. fhips of war, two of f.xty, and one of twenty-two guns, were taken on the coaft of Portugal by rear-admiral Dilkes, afier a fliort engagement. In compliance with the earneft entreaties of kmg Chartes who had received flattering accounts of the dUpofitions ot the' Cat'alonians, the admiral was conftrained to make an attempt upon Barcelona, which proved as unfuccelsful as that which had ... 56 been made on Cadiz m 1702 . 5* Thev were promifcd liberty of con- p. 87 . ^ , r r hn h■^A been km t<> the 5^ Tlndal, vol. vi. p. 92. fcicncf ; and thofc who had bun e ^ ^^^^ Admirals, vol, in. p. ,'S alleys we. to be rekafed- ^^J^^ ^.,^„\,, ^,gii(h fleet appeared on the coa. the country on account of thar ^'f^ .^.^.^^^ ^^.^.^ed all the pcrfons fufpcc\cd ^'''' ",r r i:!-:^:.^ ut m II of fLunug the Auan.u .ut^rcft, (erv«l by the Frcach Ung. ■I'mdal, vol. v,. ^^^^ II C)^U E E N A N N E. The attack of the French fleet in the Mediterranean, and -^ l'- C fcent upon the coaft of Spain, were the two principal objeas which the commanders of the confederate i^eet had been i.aftrufted to pur- ine. The French, fleet having lied before them and put into Tou- Ion, It only remained for tlie confederate fleet, now confiderably remforeed by a fquadron from Portfmouth under the command of lir Claudfley Shovel, to confider what part of the SpaniOr coat could be invaded with the moft probable view of fuccefs. From their tormer abortive attempt upon Cadiz, as well as from the fin- gular importance of the place, which had induced the Spaniards to ftrengtlien the fortifications, and augment the garrifon and troops ir the neighbouring diftrias, the admirals were convinced that there was not the fmalleft chance of fuccefs in that quarter. The natural ftrength of Gibraltar rendered the enemy lefs vigilant and lefs pre pared, where they did not fuppofe the confederates would ever think of direaing hoftilitles. Senfible of the neceffity of turning to ac count that force, upon which fo much of the national treafure had been e.xpended, and informed of the indolence and fecurity of the Spaniards, the admirals came to the refolution of making a fudden and vigorous alTauIt upon Gibraltar. The celerity of their fuccefs e.xceeded their fondeft hones, and vindicated an exploit, which had It mifcarried, might juftly have been eenfured as raft and ill advifcd Eighteen hundred marines were landed on the ifthmus between Gibraltar and the continent; and the governor rcfuling to furrender the fort upon a fum.mons from the prince of HelTe who commanded them, the town was bombarded. The garrilon being driven from the fortihcations on ,hc South. Mole head, the admiral ordered one of the captains to ann all the boats and take poflbflion of them 1 his fervice was performed by the perfeverlng bravery of the failors' notwithftanding the Ihocking cataftrophe of forty of their compa' n.ons, who were deftroyed by the fpringing of a mine, wJien they firft landed. The next day the Spaniili governor capitulated, and the 7J HAP. Ul. J'^ MiliiMiiiiM HIST ^..MIV OF GREAT BRITAIN. it , ■,1 :tli. CHAP, the prince of Heffe took pofTeffion ol the towu in name of t'^e , ill iqiicoa of England". ^ , „ , t, ^^. The ad,nh-al, having left the prince of Hede and all the men he could ioare in Gibraltar, fet fail for the Straights, and inuncd.ately ,,,, A.gu«. can.e in fight of the French fleet, .Inch l>c pnriuc J Un ieveral days J m it f..-med in a line near cape Malaga, and lay n, a pofture to receive him. The battle ^v;.s ^vcU iought on both fides, for three hours, when tlie encmy-s van gave ^vay, and, a running hght cou- tinnin.^ till the evening, the French fleet went off to the leeward. Both fleets lay by for a day, ^vithin three leagues of one another repairing their damages, and afterwards the French bore away, anu entered the harbour of Toulon \ The Englilh fleet returned to Gibraltar, from whence it failed on the 5th September, and arrived at Spithead on the 25111. _ _ The French and Spaniards, under the marqms Vd.adonas, in- vefted Gibraltar with a powerful force ; but the good fortune of the l-lngHQr was no lefs eonfplcttous In favlng, tiran it had been m ac- quiring, this important fortreis. .... 1 ■■• „ /:r The DiitL-h haviiiir rcc:i!'.i'ii Tcv-tn of their J Lives of the Admna^, vol. .p. 65. J ,^^ -'^^,,^^^^^^«,^^, ^^,,^ •„,,,,, ,, ,,, c Hf tL K.,l^er.. The day on which the two (l.ps ; of vvh.ch fev.ntcen --/hrec Ttnck w s ml bcin^ a fcilival, the citizens, deckers, r.ttd twenty-four galleys ; the Enghfh W of aaive reniLce, rcforted to the of fifty-three, of whfch only fcvcn w.e three churches, and implored the proteaion of the deckers. The French earned f.x hundred ain uuwarrantably confiding in ft.pornattnal gtn.s more than the Enghfh. and were better ITvhile they negleaed the mean., of defence provided vvth ammunU.on No lups were already affo.ded them. Cunningham, vol. 1. dellroycd or taken on cither fide ; hut, as the ^ Englifh offered to renew the engagement, ai.ti ^' ^^ Lives of the Adntirab, vol. iil. p. 69. the French decli.fed it, there can be llttlcMlcdK St Simon reprefents the count de Touloufe to to whom the vidory ought to be aflignecL -have fought battle; to have had the advantage The killed and wounded in the confederate over the FngliOi fleet, and to have purfued it, fleet amounted to two thoufand feven hun.lrLd under ni'-ht, to the coall of Barbary, though and nineteen ; whereas the French had not kl. he acknowledges that the victory coft tlu: than three thoufand and forty-eight killed, 'French fomc thoufand men. St. Simon, belides the wounded. Compare Lives of the torn. vii. p. 59. The editor, in a note, gives Admirals, vol. iii. p. 68- Qiiincy »•-" ^• the Englifh admiral the honour of making the attack, and fays, that the ilTue was undecided. jBaitaille indcc'iff a 'a riiit^. Id. p. 426—36. p. 2 1, 2 2, tiMH. v. Iliftoirc dc Louis, tnm. vi. (^U E E N ANNE. Five hundred Spaniards had climbed up the rocks, and were lying concealed upon the mountain, ready to rufh into the town, ^vhile an afTault was to have been made by the fliips upon the ne«' mole. They were juft upon the eve of executing their defign, xvhen fir John Leake arrived from Lifbon, and, by fending five hundred marines and failors to the garrlfon, enabled the governor to march out, and attack the Spaniards upon the mountain. Three hundred of them were killed on the fpot, or driven headlong over the rock, and the refl were glad to receive quarter ". After fir John's departure, the fiege of Gibraltar was again re- newed, and, while great fuccours were fent to it by iand from Spain, a large fleet, commanded by baron Pionti, catered the bay. Advice of this being fent to tlie admiral at Lifbon, he returned to Gibraltar- attacked the French fleet; of wldch two were taken, and two run .-.fhore and were dcflroyed''. At tlie end of t),is campaign, the duke of Marlborough made a vifit t<, the court of Berlin, and negotiated a treaty with his l^rufllan majefty, i,y which he became bound to fend a body of eight thou- fand men into Italy, to co-operate with tiie troops of tlie emocror and the duke of Savoy againft France in tlie enfuing campaiga - The duke at the flime time compofcd certain difputes, which to the great prejudice of the alliance, were then fubfiflii- betwecn'ihe kign of PrufTia and the Dutch ". ' andafh ^' ' P"" 5"' r"''' ^""' " P"'' ^'"l ""^ emperor wa. ta 61 T ' , • ... ^"^='^^"'t'ie"^^\'ih the ordinary rations of brt-ad *_Lambert, torn.. xnu p. 3,3. Her Bri- duri^.g the tiW of their befn^ m th Lid Sec tannic majefty became bound to pay the fum the t.taty, Journals Commons, oh t^ua" of three hundred.tlioufand crowns (2'. 67,500) 1705. ^y.n janud.j tor the fubliltc-uce cf thefe troops ; of which '^^ Eiographia Brltanm'ca. 73 1704, 5th Nov. December. 6ili March* 1705. Five L •ii \ 74 J 704- »* P HISTORY OF CRTAT BRITAIN. CHAP. IV. Third Seffwn of ParUamcnt.-Hcr Majejlfs Speech, Vfc-BUl a^ainjl orcr- fmal Confonniiy carried ,n the Houfe ofCmnms.-J MoUon for lading ,t to the Sxfply nexatived.-The BUI again cajl out by tlie Lords.-Rcfi. unions, and Acl, occafaned by tijc Proceeding nf t},e Seottijh Parlmment.- hnmry into tire Slate of the Navy, ^e.-The Conmmu tl.umk ber Ma,e/h *},r the late Treaty ^ith ti,e K.ng of Prujfa.-Ti'e l>Ac of Marlb.ro.gl, ^Imnked by tljc Lord Ketpcr.-TI>e Commons nddrcf l.'cr Maj.Jly for pa-pc- tuattng the Memory of Ins Services by fome f.gval Reu'ard.-The Manor of Woodjhck, l^c. conferred up-.n h.m.-B.lh brought ,n by the Commons for fecur.ng the Independence of Parliament.-Rene.val of the Deputes between the t^^.o Houfes relat.ue to the Jikjbnry Eleaors.-Addrcffes and RepreJ.nta- t:om to tije c ucen.-Parliament prorogued and diffohecl—Revteiv of ,:s Pro- C'edings.-Wg:n and Con/ldution of the Englifh Convocation—Claims of the Lo^cer IIoufe.-The Clergy dt/plea/id «v7/. the Supprejton of the Convocatton by King William—The Convocatton meets— Its Proceedings— Second SeJ/,on. — Third Stiffion. ■ ■ T-H F laft f.ffion of tWs parViamcnt was opened on tlic 24lh Oc- ■*■ tobcr i-0| Her majeftv, after mentioning the latisiaftion exprcn-cd in every par, of the kingdo.n upon the ^vondcrful iueeels of her arms, fnggeftcd the neceffi.y of enlarging the lupphes, to enal,!e her to carry on tite .var, and to fatisfy the ,,.il pretenhot. o he. allies. She promifed a faithfttl application oi wl^atever m.ght he granted to the public lervice. She proi^:,!.! her incuutKU. to be ;;• ,d and indulge'nt to ai, her fuhjeds, and recom.ncnde e.vt.c union at home, as eflential for attaining the great ends ot v^htea th- nation had now fo fair a profpcft. ^ _ The comn.ons as ^vcll as the lords exprefled thctr tnarKcd ap- Plaufe of her maielly's rccotnmet^datioa to union ; btit -.he vote for 1 ' a iiipply ' The fiipplies, granted this fcflioT), amounted to five niilh'on.':, fifty-five thoufand, one hundred and two pounds, fixteen fail- lings. * Befides the general arguments againfl tacking, there was a pecuh'ur incongruity in the prtfent conjunftion ; for the money bill vas limited to the duration of one year, and the claufe tacked to it was to enad a law of perpetual obligation. ' T 2 Mr. St. John, who had Iiitherto fupported the bill, fpoke and voted againft the motion for the tack. Life of Bolingbroke, p. 89. The influence of the court was warmly- exerted to prevent the tack, which was undcr- iiood as a fignal of its difpleafure with the Tories. Letters of Mr. Vernon to tlie Duke of Shrewfberry, December 17C4. MS.Shrewf- berry Papers. tlon 1704. 23d Nov. O U E E N A N N E. A fupply liad no fooner paffed ', than the very bill which had been CHAP. the Iburce of fo nmcli lieat in the two preceding feflions was again introduced in that houfe. Irritated by the unexpeded oppofitlon it had met with in the laft fefTion from manv of its firft abettors, its more refolute and fteady friends were now determined to liave re- courfc to fuch a ftrong meafure as was likely either to cnfure fuc- cefs, or, by the confufion and derangement of public affairs, to afford them ample vengeance for difappointmcnt. On tlie fecond readin*-^ cf the bill, a motion was made for tacking it to tlie bill of fupplv. Refined views of liberty, and a fervent zeal fur the ancient puritv of tlie conftitution, wxre the fair pretexts with wliicli the Tories now varnifl:ied the machinations of party rage. However ftranoc tiic name, it was affirmed, that tacking, in effe a new parliament. As this was the ftrongefl: Tory parliament fmce the revolution, it afforded fpecious grounds for involving both the parliament and party indifcriminately in the fame cenfure or applaufe ; and the proceedings of the former have been always affumed as a fair tefl of the fpirit and motives of the latter. . Of any unfavourable difpofition to the houfe of Hanover, the lu-ft parliament of queen Anne cannot be accufed ; and fome of the ilrongeft feciu-Ities for the proleftant fucceflion were propofed and ratified during Its exiflence. Having approved of the w-ir, tlie commons voted liberal fupplies for carrying it cm, and purfued wiie 1 1 meafures 79 17C4, 5. 24'Lh, 27 th Fcbruar)', 13th March, So HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, mcafures for flrengthenlng the grand alliance, by encouraging and 'i^ 7-4> 5' ratifying treaties with the powers who liad acceded to it, and by requiring the original parties concerned to perforin their ftipulations. They at the fame time difcovercd a laudable rel'pecl for the intereft of their conftituents, by inquiring into abufes, and controlling uu- necedciry profufion in the public expenditure. This was the fum of their merit. Some of tiie meafures, purfncd by the commons in every fcf- fion of the firil parliament of the queen, were precipitate, partial, violenr, and not lefs inconfillent with political difcretion than liberal fcntin-ient. The Tories began their career, in the con- fidence of having the exclufive patronage of the fovereign ; and the min'ifiry was compofcd principally of their adherents. Prcfuming upon tlicfe advantages, they were determined to lofe no time, and to fcruple at no means, for aceomplilhing the irretrievable deprefhon of their antagonllls. The bill againlt occalional conformity ; the <^eneral tenor of their fpeeches in llipport of it ; their obflinate per- feverance in that meafnre ; the unconiVitutlonal attempt to coniirain the confent of the upper houfc by tacking it to the fuppiy ; and their flretching privilege, to the infringement of law; exhibit ftrik- in'^ examples of the arrogance, the bigotry, and arbitrary fpirit which charadlerifcd the Tories in the day of power. The hiilory of this parliament aflbrds an example of the wif- dom and ufefulnefs of the feveral balances with which our confuta- tion is furniflied, and particularly of the falutary influence of that member of the Icgiflature, which is fixed and unchangeable, for controlling the irregularities and excefles of the reprefentative body, more liable to precipitation and violence, from the limitation and tlependence of its power. If the moderation, the vigilance, and feafonable zeal of the lords had not reftrained and thwarted the impetuohty and ufurpation of the commons in this parliament, the beft fruits of the revolution might have been blafted, and an arbi- trary faQion, not kfs dangerous than an arbitrary monarch, liveted QJJ E E N A N iN E. in the feat of government. The outrage of the Tories deftroycd their reputation and influence. The fober part of the nation took alarm ; the people diftrufled them ; the queen was intimidated ; and forfook, for a feafon, the party which had her early favour. In order to enable the reader to underftand the proceedings of the convocation, coincident with thofe of the parliament already recited, it is neceffary to premife a few obfervations concerning the origin of that affembly, and the alterations which took place in its conftitutlon, and forms, previous to the period of which I am treating. Wherever the chrlftian religion obtained the fanclion of civil government, fynods or meetings of the clergy, for the purpofc of difcuffing ecclefiaftical affairs, w^re firfl permitted, and afterward in- corporated with the eftablifhed authorities, and more or lefs fubjeded to their regulation and controul '\ Hence ecclefiaftical aflemblies, in their firft formation, participated of the genius of the municipal government to which they w^ere annexed, though their appropriate jurildiction and prerogatives were occafionally contraded, or en. larged, according to the temper and intereft of the fupreme ma^i- ftrate, and the reigning prejudices of the people. Under the pro- grels of fuperftition, the forms and powers of all the ecclefiafHcal affemblies, in every chriftian kingdom, were more nearly aftimilated, by the arrogant domination of the court of Rome, which claimed their allegiance, and implicit fubordinatlon to its authority Inde- pendent of the interior government of the country where they were eftablifhed. This ufurping fpirit of the Roman fee produced eftccis, the reverfe of what might naturally have been expeded : becaufe Its claim to fupremacy, being occafionally controverted ; fometimes violently refifted ; and feldom recognifed, without reludance, by the chriftian princes ; the provincial clergy, wliilc the ftrugglc ^v as tiepending, with a dexterous policy, abetted tlic one or the'' other, Sc CHAT. IV. 1705. Convocation. la Mu/hcim, Yul. I. p. 14^. 282. M as 82 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. QU E E N ANNE. 83 ¥1 I -I' p CHAP, as feemcd mod likely to contribute to the increafe of their own ^^'' power and opulence. Hence, in the hiftory of every European Hate during the dark ages, we difcover examples of rcfiftance to the papal yoke, and precedents, in fupport of the claim to an inde- pendent, ecclefiaftical jurlfdiaion. Ao-reeablv to the plan, upon which the reformation in England w^as accompllfhed under Henry the eighth, the pretenfions of the Englifh church to independence, in every fenfc of the word, either as affeaing the court of Rome, or the civil power at home, were entirely cancelled ; for, to all the prerogatives already inherent in the crown, thofe, which had been formerly veiled in the pope, were fuperadded by the ad of fupremacy ". The Englifh ecclefiaftical fynod, at its firft inftitution, and for fucceflive ages, confifted only of the metropolitan and his fufFragans, who deliberated on the affairs of the church, adopted regulations for its worihip and government, and made decrees and canons with- out any previous confultation with the inferior clergy, or any after- reference to their opinion '\ The latter however, from being ac- cuftomed to attend the meetings of their fuperiors, as interefled fpedators, came afterwards, in the progrefs of time, to be indulged in exprefling approbation of their proceedings ; but ftill were not allowed, in any cafe whatever, to diflent from them. Thus the matter ftood, fo far as related to fubjeds purely of a iacrcd nature ; but when the fynod granted any aid or fubiidy to the fovereign, either in compliance with his demand, or m the way of voluntary benevolence, the parochial clergy were called upon and confulted by tliclr fuperiors, with refpea to the proportion and adjuibnent of the burden which was to fall upon them''. Ihis example of complalfance, on the part of the dignitaries of the »• Sec 25th Henry VIIl. chapter 19. convocation, 160-?. Canons 139, 140, 141. The iuprcmacy was abolinu-d in the reign of '^ Compile Hiflory of the Co!ivocaUon, queen Mary; revived again in that of Eh'/a- Preface, p. 10. Load. 17 30. l.(.th, and recojjnifed by tlie canons of the *^ Idem. chuixh church towards their inferiors, fuggefted to the prince an aa of CHAP, prudent condefcenfion, and inftead of any intermediate folicltation, he applied direaiy to the parochial clergy for contributing to the expence of the public fersace '*. From the cuftom of attending the fynods, and exprefling their approbation of the proceedings carried on there by the fuperior clergy, and from the example of iIk fove- reign, who raifed them in the fcale of interefl: and refpedabiiity, the lower alTembly came at length to enjoy the privilege of deli- berating upon fpiritual affairs, independently and in the full In- fiance ; and confequently, to be recognifed as a conflltuent member of the convocation. In confequence of this change in the ilate of tlie convocation, the orders of which it was compofed were occa- fionally feparated during the courfe of their deliberations. While fpiritual affairs were treated of, the parochial clergy were prefcnt in the fame houfe with the bifhops, but, when the bufinefs of fupply w^as moved, they withdrew into another apartment. This mode of proceeding brought the ecclefiaftical affembly, gradually, into a con- formity with the civil legiflature j and, as the impofition of taxes ■* The inferior clergy were firfl fummoned to paih'ament on the 1 ith November 1282, by- Edward I. Writs were directed to tlie arch- biihops of Canterbuiy and York, to oblige tlie clergy of t!ie dioccfes, under their fuperintend- f nee, to attend the parliament at Northamp- ton in the oiitaves of Hilary following. Thus the advancement of the lower clergy to a par- ticipation of legiflative authority, proceeded from the fame motive that induced Edward to call the burgeffes to parliament. The privilege of taxing themfelves, fe- parately from the laity, was refigned by the clerg> in the 17th of Charles II. when it was llipulated, that all redlors and vicars, who were to be taxed by the houfe of commons, fliould vote in the election of members. This regulation was agreeable to the cunilitutiou and cuilom of the convocation ; for, when the inferior clergy were iirii recognifed as conlli- tuent members of the convocation, the dean and priors not only appc.sred fur themfelves. but were authorized to ad In name of the ca- pitular bodies, or the eccle/iailical chapter.*. But when their patrimonial intereft came to br affefted by contributing to the fupplies, the capitular bodies grew jealous of their fupe- riors, who had a feparate intereft ; and to make them eafy, they were indulged in the choice of oue of their own members, to ad as proxy for them, in the convocation. Ken net's Ec- clefiaftical Synod, p. 73. Loud. 1 701. In confequence of the change introduced by the above ftatute of Charlfs II. which was beneficial to the clergy, becaufe the rate of tax formerly paid by them was reduced, the inceting of the convocation ceafed to l^c fubfervient to the intereft of the crown ; and, as by tke ad of fupremacy its power in fpiri- tual matters was entirely fubjeded to the royal aiilhonty, its legifiative depreffion na- turally folloucd, and, as a confequence of this, its difcontiauancc or entire fuppreffioa. M 2 was hi; tJ4 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, ^vas often the principal occafion of the former being fummoned to '"■' meet together with the latter, the inferior clergy, after the firft diet of the convocation, carried on their deliberations on every fubjca, fcparately, through the remainder of the feffion, but ftill fubjedcd to luch 'regulations as implied their dependence upon the upper lioufc". I'rom this farther refemblance of the convocation to the parliament, arofc the various topics of difpute v^-hich divided the convocation, and of which I am now to give an account. From the bypothefis of the eccleliaftical afTemblics having been framed upon the model of the civil legiflature, the high church party contended, that the convocation poffeffcd a conftitutional right of meeting at the fame time with the pwliament ; that the crown had not power to prorogue it, or to interrupt its proceedings, while the parliament continued f.tting ; that it might enter upon bufmefis and make reforutions without the royal licence ; and thai the canons framed by the king and convocation, were valid inde- pendent of the confirmation of parliament. On the ground cf thefe propofitions, the reprefentative clergy, who were generally of the high church party, contended, that, like the houfe ot commons, they were a co-ordinate branch of the fupreme, ecclcfiaftical al- fembly, independent, in their legiflativc capacity, on the bifl.ops, or upper houfe. Upon this balls was erefted their claim to the power of Internal regulation, fuch as choofing their own prefident or pro- Jocutor ; interpofmg a negative upon the votes of the upper houfe ; movin- and determining queftions of a fpiritual nature, without permiihon or authority from it ; and alio their right to hold mter- incdiatc feffions, or continue their fy nodical funaions, dunng the adiournment of the bift>ops ; to appoint committees ; to grant leave of'abfence to their members; and adopt fuch forms as they judged moft expedient for conducting their own bufmers ". .. Kc.,.,.t, p. ,:o. ' *-■ Goa„lph;,.'s H1S.:7 of Ecckfiaftlcal "• Id. r- -5- Cumpk-te Hlllor)- of the Syiioas. QJJ E E N ANN E. H I -02. Tlie long difcontlnuance of the convocation, during the late ^^f^^- reign, ftimulated the clergy to enter into an elaborate invefllgation of its conftitution and rights ; and the party, which was offended at king William on that account, not only ccMitended for the mod drained Interpretation of ecclcfiaftical prerogatives, but were impa- tient to exercife them, when freed from the reftraints of wliich they complained ". This defirable period they forefaw to !)e at no great diftance, and from the pious zeal of the prlncefs Anne, who was next heir to the crown, they anticipated the full reditution of all the rights of the eftabliflied church, when the reins of govern- ment fhould devolve into her hands. The commencement of her authority was propitious to their wiflies ; flie fummoned the con- vocation to meet with the new parliament ; and gave them ftrong affurances of every indulgence, favourable to the interefl of the church, and the ecclefiaftical order. The feveral topics, which occupied this convocation, may be dl- Xoveinl^er. vided into thofe of a political, and thofe of a fpiritual, or ecclefi- aftical nature. With refpecl to the ftrft, the two houfcs divided in the fame fpirit, and upon the fame principles, with the lords and the commons, during the continuance of the firft parliament. ThQ prejudices of tlie biftiops were for the Wliigs, and thofe of the country clergy, for the Tories. The latter ftrugglcd hard to intro- duce, into their joint addrefs to the queen, fome phrafes derogatory to the honour of king William, which were rejeded by the former Convucaticii, \>. 2, 3. Attcrburv's Lcl- The '^ Burnet, vol. iv. p. 410. 478. London, 1725. King William'8 Affection to the Church of England, p. 11. Lend. 1703. See catalogue of the \ar;()us publications upon this iubjecfl Biographia Britanuica, vol. i. p. 335- Article Atterbur}-. The upper houfe of convocation confifled of the billiops, in number nineteen ; the lower houfe confifled of the deans, archdeacons, and proctors from the parochial clergy, amounting to one hundred and thirty-fix. llillorv of turope, vol. viii. Apperdix, p. ^2. The cathedral clergy >-erc reprtfentcd by one ; the parochial, by two pro<£lors of their own choice. Complete Hiilory of the Coiv vocation, p. 21. King William was difTatisficd with the con- vo<:ation, wlu'cli he had fumrnoned, in the firfl year of his reign, for the purpofe of making fuch alteratrons in the liturgy and canons, as were likely to remove the fcruplescf moderate cifTcnters ; and was therefore averfc to calling ;inother till he was conftrained to do it by his- Tory miniilry ia the ye^r 1701. Burnet, \ul. i\. p. 62. %vitU 86 r3th No^. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIM. wkh huilgiiallon and iinrnefs : thougli they concurred fo far with the partiality of the lower houie, as to exprcls their hopes of more extcnfive favour to the church, iroin the well kuown principles and difpohtions of the prclent fovereign ". Tlic lower houie, at an early ftage of the fefTion, applied to the hifliops for a recognition of their claim to hold intermediate fef- iions, during the prorogation of the upper lioufe. The power of proroguing the convocation, and filling all proceedings in both houfes, had been uniformly exerciled by the archbifliop with the content of his luflragans, till the year 1701, when it was firft called in queflion". Aware, that the renunciation of it would have amounted to the acknowledgment of a co-ordinate authority, in- confiftent with the fundamental principles of epifcopacy, the bilhops refufed the defire of the lower houfe; but promifed to indulge them in the nomination of committees for preparing bufmefs during the interval of fefllons j and to exercife their own power of prorogation with fuch prudent accommodation to circumftances, as never to give anv juft ground of offence to the fubordinatc branch of the convo- cation. The majority of that defcription, flattered with the hope of being fupported by the united patronage of the miniftry and the h.oufe of commons, would liflen to no compromife ", and holding it 4< »8 Tlnilal, vol. V. p. 22 1. "They pro- <" mifod thcmfclvcs, Unit wliatevcr might be wanting to rtftorc the church to its due rights and privileges, her majtily would *« have the glory (^t" doing it, and ftcuring it *' to poflcrity." The Tory minir.ry, in the laft year of king William, made a point of his permiuing the convocation to enter upon builnefs.^ This -er houfe in the tliird {c^xon was fo like to what it had been in the two preceding ones, that it is unnecefTary to enter into a full detail of their proceedings. They lamented the inaaivity which retarded any remedy for thofe Irregularities upon which they had formerly animadverted ; and, by infmuating that this difappointmcnt did not arife from any want of zeal on their part, they directed the public cenfure againil their fuperiors. They not only renewed their claims to independence, but carried them into cfTedl by holding intermediate felhons ; and when the arch- bifhop admonidied them to difcontinue a praclice, which was an Infringement of the undoubted right of the prefident, and contrary to the conftant cuftom of convocations, they infifted that they had not deviated from the ordinary forms of procedure and the refped due to their fuperiors ; and protefted againil his admonition, as void, and entitled to no obedience. The rupture between the two houfes was now come to that crifis, which could admit of no compromife or conciliation, and conie- qucnces might have enfued, injurious to the peace of the church and the credit of the ecclefiaftical charader, had not all farther pro- ceedings been flopt by the diiTolution of parliament. The- iournals of the lower houfe were finally period, the l.nvcr houfe had a nght to put a ^epofitcd in the offiee of the fee, together with negative on canons conftitutions, &c fo as thofe of the upper houfe. Id. p. i2>. .27. to hinder them pafiing kUo fynodKul a^.. It appears, however, that, from a very early Id. 172. Cl^ E E N AN x\ E. 9l CHAP. V. Campaign 1705. — Dijlrcfs of France. — Circumjlanccs unfavourable to the Con- federacy. — Plan of the Duke of Marlborough for beginning Hojlilities on the Mofelle, — Thivarted by the mafierly Preparations of Vi liars, — Tbe Interefl cf the Allies declines in the Netherlands. — The Duke of Marlborough inarches there. — The French retire ivithin their Lines — ivhich are fucccfsfully attacked by the Duke. — The Frerj:h poji themfelves behind the Dyle. — Places taken by the Confederates. — Succcfs of Villars on the Mofelle. — Campaign in Italy. — Lo/Jes of the Impcrialijls there. — Efforts of Prince Eugene to join the Duke of Savoy. — Battle of Caffano. — Campaign in Spain. — Progrefs of the Earl of Galway and the Marquis de Minas. — Arrival of the coinbined Fleet in Altca Bay. — Siege of Barcelona. — Fort Montjiiick taken. — Barcelona fur- renders. — Subfequent Succcfs of King Charles. — Aclivity of the Earl of Peter* borough. — Operations of the Fleet. — The Duke of Marlborough vifits the Courts of Vienna, PruJJia, and Hanover. T ELUSIVE accounts of fuccefs had hitherto flattered the vanity CHAP. of the French nation, and made them fubmit with patience to ^ ' grievous burdens, compenfated, as they believed, by the extenfion of their empire, and the glory of their fovereign. The fatal IlTue of the campaign 1704 could neither be fupprelTed nor palliated. Po- verty and depopulation were vifible in every province ; and difcon- tent was fpreading to fuch an alarming degree among all orders, that the court found it necefTary to reftrain the prefidents of the pro- vinces from the indifcriminate publication of the events of the war, and even to prohibit the courtiers from converfing among tliem- felves upon the flate of pubhc affairs '. To conceal the exhaufted condition of the treafury, and to fill it more expeditloufly from the pockets of the people, the value of the current fpecie had been ' Hilloire de Louis, torn. vi. p. 26, 7. Monthly Mercury. N 2 raifed 1705. ^^ ^ HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C HAP. ralfcd above its ordinary flandard ; an expedient, wiricli, after a trail- , I: , fient rurpciifion of einbarramnent, a^-ravatcd the national diilrcfs- by the fu!)verfion of credit, and the obilrudion of commerce. Pecuniary diflkultics Avcre not tb,c onlv, nor indeed the principal fources of popular difaftiaion. Money might be withlicld by arti- fice, and the rapacity of the court eluded ; or it might be replaced by induftry after the return of peace. But the pcrfons of his ma- jefty's fubjcds could not be refcued from that flital deftlnation, to which fo many thoufinds had been devoted in the preceding cam- paigns. Fantaftical ideas of honour began to vanilli, and thofc immunities, which had been wont to draw fuch multitudes to the royal ftandard, loft all attraction, and were now profered in vain\ On the other fide, the campaign 1704 did not give the confede- rates that advantage and decided fuperiority, which might naturally have been expeded from the fplendor of their viaories, and the humiliation of their enemies. The exertions of arbitrary power fupplicd the want of loyal zeal and voluntary obedience in France •, and, to the allonifhment of Europe, her armies entered the field, in the year 1705, as numerous and well equipped as they had been in any former year fince the commencement of the war . The depredations and calamities which afflided the German pro- vinces, the principal theatre of the war, damped the ardour with which they had begun it, and cramped their future rcfources. The conftant drain of men from the United States, for recruiting their fliattered armies, proved ruinous to their manufadures ; and ren- * La levee des milices depcuplolt Ics cam- pagnes dc fujcts lo plus ncceffaires. J'al vu dansmon enfance, ces rtcrucs fc)rcccs,conduittS a la cliamo commt- des malfuiteurs. Mcmoircs par Monficur Duclos, p. 12. Paris, 1791. 3 Letues Hillorique 1704. Their cavalry, which had been almoll entirely cut off, were quickly replaced by horfes purchased from the Swifs. Many thoufand men, already trained 10 miliary duty, were draughted from the provincial militia for the armies iu the frontiers and Netherlands. To animate a martial fpirit, the kmg made the great eil number of promo- tions in tlie army Uiat had ever heen known. Sixty heutenant-generals, feventy held marlhals, twenty'-eight brigadier-generals of foot, and fifteen of horfe, were appointed ^or tlie fervlce of the campaign 1705. Quincy, torn. Iv. p. 181. dcrcd QJJ E E N A N N E. - 93 i~i- dered them incapable of fulfilling their e^igagements to England and ^ "^Z^^' the emperor. The decay of commerce, and the fcarcity of money, engendered a m.orofenefs and intradlability, which excited internal divifions, and circumfcribed the improvement of their paft fuccefs. Nor did reciprocal congratulations, upon their common profperity, abolifli that felfifhnefs and jealoufy which fubfifted among the active members of the confederacy. The prince of FleiTe would not allow his troops to receive orders from any of the Dutch officers, lell it fhould be interpreted as a renunciation of that precedency which the Germans claimed ; and the prince of Baden, by refuling fub- iniffion to the united counfels of England and the States, retarded, and fometimes obftruded, the execution of the moft promifmg defigns *. The duke of Marlborough, as has been mentioned in a preceding chapter, had formed the plan of opening the campaign 1705 on the frontiers of France. He quartered a great part of his army during the winter, in the eledorate of Treves, and along the Sar ; and magazines having been provided, and inftnidtions communicated to the confederate generals, with a view to the execution of his pur- pofe, he colleded the Englilh, the Heflian, and a great proportion cf the Dutch troops, and advanced to the vicinity of Sirik, where zzd May. the marfhal Villars was encamped w^ith the principal French army. A variety of circumftances concurred to obftrutft the operations of the duke, in a quarter wdiere he expected to gain the moft illuftrious renown, by giving a vital wound to the power of trance, and puili- ing the war into its interior provinces. The marflial, to whom Lewis had wifely configned the moft critical ftatlon, had prepared every means of defence, that the moft mafterly genius, inftructed by experience, and feconded by extraordinary efforts of diligence, could poffibly effed. His camp w^as ftrongly fortified ; he had chofen the fitteft pofts and avenues for preventing the approach of the allies to Sar Lewis, Thionvillc, and Luxemburg j he ftrcngrh- ♦ BaiTt, torn X. p. 457. encd 54 1705. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. encd the fortifications, and augmented the garrifons of thefc towns ; and had fwcpt away all the forage and provifions in the neighbour- hood. The natural ilerility of the foil, and the uncommon feverity of the feafon, favoured his plan of defenfive war ; and made it iinpoifible for fo large an army of the confederates to fubfift there for any eonfiderable time. Aware of thefe diihculties, the duke of Mailhorough never would have attempted hoflilities in that quarter, had he not been afTured of a force far fuperlor to that of Villars, by the junclion (^i the Germans under the prince of Baden. He em- ployed tiic moll earncfl: entreaties and expoilulations to pcrfuade tlie prince to hailen his approach ; but he could not prevail. Under the prcilure of hardlfiips which were daily increaling, multitudes had deferted from tlie confederate army. The duke was not in a fitu- ation to endure delay; and mufl have been under the necefhty of relinquifliing his plan of offenfivc hoflilities on the Mofelle, though the Hate of the war had not now required his afhllance in a different place \ In the Netherlands the intereft of the allies was declining with a rapidity which gave the utmoft alarm to tlie States. Huy furren- dered to the count de Gaffe. The marflial Villcrov and the elector of Bavaria got pofledlon of the city of Liege, and were making progrefs in the liege of the citadel. The intelligence of thefe events obliged the duke to niarcli thither wiili tlie utmoll dlipatch ''. The French generals, hearing of his approach, moved with precipitation from Liege to Tongercn ; and foon after retreated within their lines ' Villars, torn. ii. p. 228, &c. Quincy, torn. iv. p. 495. Lediard, vol. i. p. 312. Hlftorians give different accounts of the com- parative ftrength of the confederate and French armies. The confederates feeni to have been fiipcrior, thovvgh not in fuch a degree, as to render it advifablc to attack Villars with the advantages which he poffeffed. The author of the Memoircs de Villars im- putes the retreat of the confederates to a dif- ference of opinion between the duke of Marl- borough and the German commanders with lefpcft to the plan of carrying on hoflih'tics, torn. ii. p. 235, 6. But the duke of Marl- borough, who was not referved in cenfuring his colleagues when they deferved it, takes no notice of this circumftance ; and afcribes his inadlivity and difappointment entire!) to the failure of his friends in the performance of their promifes. jlppemlixf N° IV. ^ Hiftoire de Louis, torn. vi. p. jj. Quincy, torn. iv. p. 499. The duke decamped from Elft on the 17th June, N. S. and joined Mon- fieur d'Auverquerquc before the ill of July. near 1705. Q^U E E N A N N E, ^ gs near Hlldcriiclm. The duke, having joined the Dutch armv coni- CHAP. manded by monfieur Auverquerque at Macftricht, immediately or- dered a detachment from their united force to inveft Huy ; which furrendcred in a few days \ Upon the return of this detachment, the duke being anxious to employ the army in fome bold exploit, to redeem the inadivity of the preceding part of the campaign, communicated to the Dutch general his defign of entering the enemy's lines ; and carried it into execution by a ftratagem, which eluded the vigilance of Villeroy and the eleclor. The confederate army had approached fo near the French lines, that the latter were naturally apprehenlive of being attacked. The great objedl of the duke was, to improve this ap- prehenfion to his own advantage, by withdrawing their attention from the place where he intended to break in upon their lines. On the 17th July, the Dutch troops were diredted to march on the right o^ Villeroy's camp towards Bourdines on the fide of the Me- haign, and foon after a detachment of ten thoufand mc; were or- dered to draw up, and move in the fame diredion. Fr^ in thefe movements the French general naturally concluded that the attack would be made by the confederate troops, on his right at MefFelen ; and he was the lefs fufpicious of any feint, becaufe his lines were w^eaker and more expofed there than in any other place, a clrcum- Aance which, he fuppofed, had not eicaped the piercing eye of his antagonift. Fie therefore concerted his plans, and made his difpo- fitlons, with the view of fecuring his camp, and ilrengthening his lines in that quarter. h\ the niglit, the detachment of the confede- rate armv, agreeably to the inflrudions it had received, fuddcnly faced about, and moved to the left of the enemy's camp, where it entered w^ith little refilfance, at two barriers defended by a feeble iSthJuly^ guard '. The dctatchment was fuftained by the cavalry led on by ■^ Qjiincy, tom. iv. p. 502. Kane, p. 60. neighbourhood, gave the duke intelligence of ' Thefe barriers were intended for the con- them, and furnllhed him with guides for con- venience of the country people pafling and re- duding the army ihither. paffing. A gentleman, whofe ellate lay in the II. the 96 HIST'ORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. J 705. C HA P. xlic duke of Marlborough ; and the Dutch regiments, under the com- J mand of monfieur Auverquerque, immediately turned about, and came up in the rear. The enemy's cavalry, which had advanced with the iitmoft exDedltlon to prevent the confederates palfing the barriers, were confounded with the warm reception they met with, and obliged to retreat. The eledor of Bavaria haftened to the fcenc of adion with the infantry, and renewed the engagement ; but another detachment of the confederates having arrived, and formed behind the horfe, he was foon overpowered and driven back. Se- veral ftandards and fome pieces of cannon fell into the hands of the conquerors ; above a thoufand of the enemy were killed, and two thouland made prifoners, of which number two hundred were offi- • cers. The Bavarian troops retreated in great order, and fuilained little additional lofs from the purfuit of the confederate cavalry, which was exhaulled with the fatigue of marching all the night '. The combined armies of the French and Bavarians, being driven from their lines, continued their march on the fide of the Dyie, and polled themfelves In a flrong camp at Parck, which covered Louvaln and Bruflels. The duke of Marlborough, not fatisfied with the advantages of his late vid:ory, amounting to nothing more than getting pofTeffion of a few inconliderable places abandoned by the enemy, and having no hope of bringing them to a pitched t)attle upon equal ground, projected a fecond attack upon their lines, iSthAug. and was making every preparation for carrying it into execution. But the deputies of the States, intimidated with the hazard of fo bold an enterprife, refiiled the importunity and expollulations of the duke with an InflexibHity, which mortified his pride and dif- appolnted the fanguine hopes he had entertained of clofi ng the campaign with dilllnguilhed glory '°. The remaining operations of the * Military Hlflory of Marlborough, p. 172. fo much cxafperattd by this difappointmcnt» Appendix to Annals of Anne, 1705. p. 45. that he wrote a letter to the States, Aiij;uft JLambtrti, turn. xiv. p. 19. 19th, 1705, complaining of it as an afiront to '" JLcdiard, vol. i. p. 331. The duke was his authority, and rcmiiHling them of his pafl fe I vices. QJJ E E N ANNE. 97 the army were confined to taking Soute-Leewe, Tirlemont, Sandu- CHAP, liet, levelling the enemy's lines, and fortifying their own outpofts l ■■ - at Died:, HaiTelt, and Tongeren, in order to enlarge their winter *"^"^' quarters ". Dleft was furprifed and retaken by the Bavarians, while the confederates were engaged in the fiege of Sanduliet ". After the duke of Marlborough retired from the Mofelle, Vlllars gained feveral Important advantages over the allies on the Upper Rhine. Being joined by Marcin, he forced the Imperial lines at Welffemburg, and laid all the neighbouring country under contri- butions ; he obliged the Germans to abandon Sarbruck caftle ; to June, deflroy their magazines, and blow up their fortilicatlons at Treves. July. Homburg at the fame time furrendered to the marquis dc Conflans, at the head of a detachment from the army commanded by Vil- lars'\ Thefc advantages were in fome degree counterbalanced by the latter fuccefs of the Imperlalifts under the prince of Baden. That prince, who had loft reputation as a general, from his remiirnefs at the beginning of the campaign, joined general Thungen in the camp 12th Av.g. of Stolhoffen, croiTed the Rhine, and advanced towards Haeucnau where Villars had pofled hlmfelf within ftrong entrenchments. The prince made a bold and unexpcded attack upon them, and obliged the enemy to retire with confiderable lofs. Being after- 28th. wards reinforced by a body of PrufTian troops, he ftlll prefTed upon Vlllars, who declined a general engagement, and gradually retired towards Strafburg. Drufenheim and Haguenau were inverted by the Imperial army : the former furrendered, and the garrlfon of the 24th Sept. latter having propofcd terms of capitulation which were refufed, fervices. The States, fearing tlic confe- "Kane, p. 63. Hiftoire de Louis, tom.vL quenccs of his rt-fentmcnt, fent the penfiontr p. 61. of Amllcrdam to make their peace with him; '^ Id. and foon after recalled general Schlangen- '^ Villars, torn., ii. p. 24:5. Barrc, torn. x. bourg, who had advifcd tlie trnverfing of his p. 471. Quinc^ , torn. iv. p. :;q6, ". Y'hn. Lcdiard, \ol. i. p. 337. Jppendix^ ]>i^Y, o retired I 98 CHAP. V. , ">• Apni. I nil May July. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. retired during tlie night towards Savcrnc, by an avenue where the J town was open '*. The eampaign in Italy was extremely unprofperous to tlie confe- derates. The caftle of Villa Franca, and the forts of Sant Olpitlo and Montalban, were taken by the duke de la Feuilladc ; and the inhabitants of the town of Nice fubmitted to tlie French govern- ment, though the caftle was ftill retained by an Italian garriion for the duke of Savoy. Verue furrendered to the duke of Ven- dofnie, after having endured a fiege of lix months, wliich was conduced by the ableft French engineers ". The ih-Avnefs and deficiency of the reinforcements promiicd to prince Fugcne, who was ao-ain entrufted with the command of the German army in Italy, had almoft provoked him to refign, and prevented him froni . relievin'-^ Mirandola, which was forced to capitulate, after having been long blockaded and clofcly befieged for feveral weeks '". Dif- appointed in the execution of that plan, with which he intended to be<^in the campaign, the next important object was to form a junc- tion with the duke of Savoy, who was in danger of being fur- rounded bv the enemy ; or, if that could not be effeded, to make a feafonable diveriion in his flivour. For this purpofe the prince en- tered Brefcia, erolfed the lake of Garda, and advanced as far as Salo ; and after feveral difficult marches, and fome flight engage- ments with advanced parties of the enemy, he turned to Soneino, of which he made himfelf maftcr, as he did foon after of Uftiano, Caneto, and Matcaria ". In profecution of thefe advantages he was but little interrupted, as the chief occupation of the duke of Vendofme was guarding the pafTcs of the river Adtla, to pre- vent the prince from reinforcing the duke of Savoy in Piedmont. QJJ E E N ANN E. 99 ** HiRory of Europe, vol. x. p. HjS. 352. OjiiiK V, turn. iv. p. 555. *' lii.lory of Europe, vol. X. p. 17-j. St. Simon, torn. vii. p. 65. '• Military Iliilory of Eiigcno, p. f>^. "' Id. p. 6b. liilloiri: tic Lyui^, turn. vi. p. 4: An An army under the command of the grand prior of France, the ^ ^^ ;^ ^'• duke's brother, was flationed at the bridge over that river near the «— — - — *— town of Caflano, while the duke himfelf marched on the other fide of the Adda, intently watching prince Eugene's motions. The prince, finding it impoffible to crofs the river in face of the enemv, had recourfe to a ftratagem, which had nearly accompliflied the fuccefs he dehred. By dividing his forces, and concealing his mo- tions from the duke of Vendofme, which the nature of the country rendered it eafy for him to do, he found an opportunity of making a fudden attack upon the grand prior's army. Although at hrfl the 17^1 Auj. FVench made a warm refiilance, yet being taken by furpriie and in great confufion, they foon gave way and fled acrofs the bridge, and the Germans began to Ihout in coniidenee of their having obtained a complete victory. But the duke of Vendofme, having fufped:ed the prince's defign from his changing his route, marched with great expedition, at the head of his cavalry, to fuccour his brotlier, and meeting the flying army, he quickly rallied it, and renewed the battle with fuch ardour, that he compelled the Germans in their turn to give way, and to repafs the bridge '^ After this engagement prince Eugene retreated to Treviglio, and remained mailer of the country between the Adda and the Oglio ; but durft not make a fecond attempt to pafs the former, the enemy having ereded fortifications upon its banks wherever it was ford- able '\ The duke of Savoy had evacuated Chivas foon after tlie duke de la Feuillade fat down before it ; and defpairing of any immediate 29th July* '* Mllitan' Hiftory of Eugene, p. 70. Fcuquicrs, vol. ii. p. 1^5. Tlic duke of Ven- dofme, with the Freiieh army, repalTtd tlie river ; and the Iinperialifls kept the field of battle, or the ground from whieli the allies had firll driven the grand prior. Tindalj vol. vi. p. 230. The Ereneh prevented prince Eugene's de- fign of jiiining the duke of Savoy ; and the prince imputed their failure in undertaking the iiege of Tur;n, the only place the duke now Oz retained, to tlie lofs of the French at Caffano. Salmon, vol. XXV. p. 262. Lond. 1734. Both armies loil a prodigious number of men, though it has been difputed which of them fuffered moll. Compare Barre, torn. x. p. 460. Quincy, toin. iv. p. 613. The Paris Gazetteer, and Monthly Mercury of Augurt, and the Hillory of Europe, vol. x. p. 316. '» Monthly Mercury, September. affift ance lOO HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. QJJ E E N ANNE. lOX D 1705. ccciiibcr, CHAP. a/Tidancc from prince Eugene, fled to Turin, and j)ut the fortifica- tions there in a condition for the approacli of a ficgc, wliicli was evidently intended by the enemy ''^ Montmelian furrendered to the duke of Berwick. The citadel of Nice was bcfiegcd, but hchl out till the beginning of 1706^'. In Portugal and Spain, the arms of the allies were uniformly and illuflriouHy fucccfsful during the lummer 1705.- The great propor- tion of French and Spaniih troops which were occupied in the licgc of Gibraltar enabled the Portuguefe and allies, commanded alter- nately by the earl of Galway, and monlieur Fagel, to carry on an ofFenfive w^ar, by invading Spain on the frontiers of Beira and Alentejo. Valcnza d'Alcantara, after the garrifon had withllood Sth Mav. feveral aflluilts, was taken fword in hand ; and the city of Albu- 22(1. qucrquc, alarmed by its fate, furrendered on terms of capitulation. The marquis dc Minas, who w^as at the head of the Portuguefe army in Beira, marched againil: Salvatierra, which was delivered up to him by the treachery of the governor ^', The garrifon of Sarca, hcarine of his proo"refs, evacuated the town, which was made a prey to the rapacity of the Portuguefe foldiers, and afterwards con- figned to the flames. Upon the approach of a fupcrior army of French and Spaniards, the marquis was obliged to retire to Penama- cos, after he had levied large contributions from the Spaniards ''. Repeated attempts were made by the allies to get pofTcfFion of Ba- dajox, and frufirated by the expedition and good conduct of the marquis de Thelle '\ The fuccefs of the allied armies in Valencia and Catalonia was flill more diillnguiihed and permanent. A variety of rircumflanccs now concurred to impair the attachment of the Spaniards to king Pliilip ; and rendered many perfons of great influence in that king- '° Monthly McrcukT, Aiigufl. Europe, vol. x. p. 191. *' Quincy, torn. iv. p. 627. *> Monthly Mercury, June, Odobcr. Au- *' Id. p. 635. Monthly Mercury-, May. nals of Anne, 1705, p. 164. 170. "■ Monthly Mercurv, May. Hiilory o£ 1705. dom favourable to the pretenfions of Charles. The afcendancy of CHAP French counfcls, the overbearing demeanour of their officers and nobility, and the contempt w^hich the fovereign himfelf indifcreetly difcovered for the maxims and habits of his new fubjeds, were highly dif'^ulling to the Spanifh grandees who had hitherto be- friended his caufc. Their difcontent had been exprefled by remon- ftrances to the miniflers of Philip, againlf certain innovations which they confidered as difparaging to their order, as well as to the ho- nour of their native kingdom ; and the neglecl with which their remonftrances were treated inflamed and animated their difaffec- tion. Several perfons were apprehended upon the fufpicion of a confpiracy ; and fome were convided and punifhed upon the evi- dence of their having taken meafures to fupport the Aullrian in- tereft ". In confequence of authentic intelligence relative to thefe fads, it was determined by the confederate commanders at Lifbon, that the combined fleet, with as many of the troops as could be fpared from the grand army, fliould make a defcent in Catalonia, where king Charles had the greatefl; number of friends ""'. In profecution of this defign, it failed from Lifbon on the 2 2d Tunc, received a confiderable addition of troops from the garrifon of Gibraltar, and arrived at Altea bay, where Charles met with the mofl: flattering omens of his future fuccefs. Several thoufands of the people from the adjacent country flocked to his ftandard, and anticipated his orders by feizing the town of Denia in his name. From this place the fleet direded its courfc to the ccaft of Cata- lonia : when it came in fight of Barcelona, multitudes crowded to the fliore, expreffing the mofl: joyful congratulations upon the ap-23dAuguft. proach of their fovereign ; and as a pledge of their future lervices, *' Berwick, \ol.'i. p. 258. St. Simon, fleet of tweniy-nine fail of the line, befides torn. iii. p. 2C6. Annals Anne, 1705, p. 155. frigates, &c. Sir Claudfley Shovel commanded ^^ Salmon, vol. xxv. p. 263. The force ti.e fleet, and lord Peterborough the En.ylifli sttending king Charles coniiiled of eight tro(.ps. Lives of theAdmirals, vol. iii. p. 86. ihoufand foot and eight huudi-cd horfc } the Cuiuunghain, vol. i. p. 432. aiiiiicd dom I02 1705. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. afTifled the troops to difembark *'. Notwithftandlng thefc promiiing appearances, there were juft grounds for deliberating on the expc- diency of undertaking tlie ficge of Barcelona. The garrifon, con- fifling of a body of veteran troops little inferior to the number of affailants, was amply furniihed with every neceilary for a long and vigorous defence, while the arn^y of Charles was fcantily provided in ftores. The men who joined liim from the country were raw and undifciplined, and their fidelity and pcrfeverance extremely precarious and doubtful ''. The obflinacy of Charles, whcie mind feems to have been more occupied by the confequences of fuccels, than the difficulties which obftrudtcd the attainment of it, overruled the objedions of the Engliih and Dutch ofiicers, and the refoiution was taken for invefting the town ^\ The combined army, for the reafons already affigned, was not in a fituation to continue the fiege for any confiderable time ; and die only method to fliorten their operations, was a fucccfsful aflault upon the fort of Montjuic, wdiich flood on the fide of the hill above the town. This hazard- ous enterprife was fuggefled to the principal commanders by the prince of Pleife, who at the fame time undertook to condud it, and to be anfwerable for its fuccefs '\ The hopes of the prince were encouraged by the deferters, who informed him, that the de- fence of the fort was trufled to a weak guard, becaufe it was taken for granted, that its natural llrength would deter the beiiegers from *^ Monthly Mercury, Auguil. *' Carltcin's Memorials, p. <^r). Loiu!. i 72S. Quincy, toni. iv. p.Ti^S. Acxoiiiit ot the Con- duct of the Earl of Pcteiborough, p. iS. Lend. 17C7. ** Cunningham, vol. i. p. 4^1. 'I'indal, vol. vi. p. 241. The carl of Peterborough, together uitli tlic roll of the confederate f^fUt- ral'o, difapproved ot the liege ; \mt afterwards, in complaifance to king Charles, yielded to it. Contpare P'riend's Account of th* Conduft of the Earl of Peterborough, p. 18. Impartial Jnrjuhv, p. 30. L^ttcc from un board tlie Britannia, I4lh Augiill. ^" Li\ei of the Admirals, vol. lii. p. 8R_ Cunningham, vol. i. p. 432. Carlton, p. (jc. The author of the Account of the Conduct ot the Earl of Peterborough afcribes the propo- fal of making an attack upon Monjuic cn- tirelv to the earl; but, ;is he is evidentlv par- tial to his h(.ro, and acknowledijes that the enrl incited tlie prince to aihll in that action, I have foliowetl the opinuni ot the generality of the hiihniair . Compare Conduct of the E.irl of Peterborough, p. 38, tS:c. with the authors ub(ne cited. making 17C5, QJJ E E N ANNE. making any attempt upon it. That the prince might fullv avail himfelf of this intelligence, it was necelTary to conceal his defign of iforming the fort, till the ver\^ moment of carrying It into exe- cution. The troops felecfted for this fervice were led our on the night of the 13th September, on the fide of Barcelona the moll dillant from the fort, and thence taking a compafs, they afccnded the back of the hill on which it flood ; and by an uiiexpeclcd and impetuous attack upon the outworks, ealily became mailers of them. Much ho\f ever remained to be done, and the capture of the fort mud have been difficult and uncertain, if a fmgular concurrence of fortunate circumflances had not, at this critical moment, attended the arms of the allies. The commander of the fort was juft preparing to fally out upon the fmall body of the combined troops which had firll arrived, and which, being fatigued with climbing the hill and forcing the outworks, was incapable of making a ftand, when hear- ing the name of the prince of Hefle refounded with loud and em- phatical exclamation by fome of the affailants, he concluded that that brave officer was coming up with additional force to fupport the earl of Peterborough, and that it would be fafer to remain upon the defenlive within his works ^'. The llorming of the fort mufl: have been attended with great ffaughter, and the iffiie of it uncer- tain, if one of the bombs thrown from the outworks had not fallen into the powder magazine, and occafioned an explofion, which deflroycd the commander and fome of the principal officers, and filled the garrifon with fuch conflernation and horror, that they made a fignal for furrenderlng, and delivered up the cafile. After the town had been bombarded for a few days, don Francifco Va- lelco, the governor, was conflrained by the importunity of the in- habitants, who were favourable to king Charles, to admit his troops 4th oa ^^^ l7lh Sopu 31 Tindal, vol. vi. p. 251, 2. The cxcla- ci'dent which, K h had been difcovered by tlie mat ion alluded to was occaiioned by the death garrifon, might ha\c re -animated its coura"-c of the prince of Heffe, wlio fell, leading on and proved fatal to the aHailants, Lis men to the ?iUack of the outworks, aa ac- H upon 104 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. upon terms of capitulatioa '\ The Catalonians now devoted tlieni- felves to Ills iorvicc, witli every appearance of fmccrlty, and, with the a/Tiftance of the EngliOi and Dutch forces, foon overran the. principal towns, which were garrifoncd witli French troops. 'Fhe vv-hole province of Catalonia declared for th.c hoiifc of AuRrla, Tarragona, Tortofa, Lerida, Gironne, Fort Rofcs, and St. •Mitlico in Arragon, being weakly garrifoned, either vohnitarily yielded, or made flight refinance to the vidorions confederates". The enemy made an attempt to retake St. IXIathco, and to cut oil' tlic commu- nication between Catalonia and Valencia ; but the carl of Peter- borough, with aftoniihing expedition, marched to its rehcf, and afterwards extended the dominion of C:harlcs over the whole kiu'^-- dom of Valencia'*. The boldnefs and enterprifing fpirit, or pcr- liaps the temerity of this commander, the ingenuity with which he extricated liimfelf from the moil prefling embarranincnts, his per- feverance and fortitude in furmounting the mod threatening dan- gers, the rapidity and extent of his conqueils, exhibit a feries of events the mofl: intercfting and wonderful that occur in the annals of modern w^ar ^\ AVhen wc furvey the fuccefs of tlie^ SpaniHi campaign in a de- tached view, it is juftly entitled to a very high degree of eftimation. Q^U E E N ANNE. lo^r ^' Tindal, vul.vi. p. 251, 2. C^iincy, torn. iv. p. 649. Carkton,p. 108. Sir Chiiulflcy Sliovcl had a great rtiare in the fuccefs of tlic expttlition againil Barcelona, not only hy hoiiihardiiig the town from the fea, hut hy fupply ing the earl of Pcterhorough witii money for fuhfifting the army out of the contingent and fliort allow- ance money of the fleet, and with guns and fhot, without which the fiege could not have heeii carried on by land. Tlie common failors CXiitol themfelves with wonderful alacrity; tiraggtd the cannon and heavy mortars up the precipices, where horfes could tu)t ha\e gone. Carleton, p. i 10. -*_' Id. p. 123. Berwick, vol. I. p. 265. <^incy, torn. is. p. 651. ^* Salmon, vol. xxv. p. 276. King Charles was near heing affaninated after he became mailer of the city ; and above a hundred, who had entered into a confpiracy againil him, weie jnit to death. ^' Account of the Conducl of the Earl of Peterborough, p. 205. The earl of Peter- borough was the moit remarkable man in his age for expedition, even where nothing of im- portance de])ended upon it. He is faid to have iecii more kings and more poftilions than any man in F,uroi)e. Walpule's Catalogue of Royal and Noble yVuthor-, \o!. ii. p. 126. See a concifc and intereiling ditail of tlic earl of Peterborough's exploit-, Carlcton's Me- moirs, p. 124, 5(c. Its 1705. Its confequcnce, hov/ever, appears quedlonable, and is certainly, ^' ^ /^ P- lelTencd. when we confidcr, that as it was purchafed by detainii^.g the force deftined for the relief of Italy, fo it became tlie principal caulc of the misfortunes of the allies there. It was the intention of ' the Engliih miniftry, that the army and fleet, under the command of llie earl of Peterborough, fliould have been employed to make a diverfion in favour of the duke of Savov, by the attack of Naples and Sicily. The earl was prevailed upon, not without great reluc- tance, by the importunate folieitations of Charles, to abandon the original plan of his deftination, and to co-operate in the redu^flion of Catalonia and Valencia ^^ He could not forcfee, nor could his mofl: languine friends have imagined, that a fcrvice fo replete with difliculties and hazards, w^as to be finally produclive of fuccefs and glory wdiich have immortalized his name. The contefl for the crowm of Poland continued during this cam- paign ; and the force and adivity of the revolted Hungarians Hill occafioned great fear and anxiety at the court of Vienna ; and both thefe events diminiflied the flcadinefs and force of its exertions in concurrence with the allies. The operations at fea have been, in a great mealtire, anticipated in the preceding pages. The fuperiority of the confederate fleet in the channel deterred that of the French from coming out of Brefl • and the Toulon fquadron, in confequence of the damage it had fuf- tained in the engagement with fir George Rooke, remained in Ii ar- bour all this fummer ^\ Tw^elve fhips belonging to the Baltic trade with tlieir convoy confifling of three fhips of v.-ar, were taken by the Dunkirk fquadron, under the command of the chevalier de St. Paul ^'^ ; but many of the French privateers being taken by cruifers, the trade of England and Holland fuffered lefs than it had ^^' Cuinungham, vol. i. p. 43I1 ^^ Tindal, vol. vi. p. 269. 3^ Quincy, tom. iv, p. 662. Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. p. 51, P done IJOJ. jo6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C II A P. done in any campaign fince the commencement of the war '\ After ^ ■ the rurrcncier of Barcelona, fir Claudfley Shovel, having left a few fliips with fir John Lcakc in the Mediterranean, returned to England with the reft of his fleet *\ ' At the conchihon of the campaign, the duke of Marlborough went to Vienna, in confequcnce of preffing letters from the new emperor, in order to fettle a plan for the next campaign ". The duke was well pleafed with an opportunity of reprcfenting to him the difappointments and injuries which the grand alliance had lul- tained from the remlflhcis of his miniftcrs and generals ; and to pcr- fuade him to enter into terms of reconciliation with his fuhjeas in Hungary, whole revolt diftraded the exertions, and wafted the blood of the heft troops of Germany. But, though the duke ac- quired the entire confidence of Jofeph, he had not the good fortune to fucceed in the objeds, to which his addrefs and mafterly talents for negotiation were now direded. The flimc liftlcirnefs, delay, and treachery, marked the condud of the Imperial cabinet during the fubfequcnt years of the war; and, inftead of endeavouring t) reclaim his rebellious fubjeas by the adoption of lenient and mo- derate meafures, the new emperor trod in the footfteps of his pre- dece{ror;and,by perfeverlng in haughtinefs and oppreffion, rendered dliliffeaion more ftubborn and furious. QJJEEN ANNE. 107 i \ 1705, The duke of Marlborough was more fuccefsful in the vifits which CHAP. he made to the courts of Pruflia and Hanover, In his return from Vienna. He fixed the wavering difpofition of the king of Pruflia, and perfuaded him to renew his treaty with the allies for the Pruf- fian forces *'. He removed the fears of the eledor of Hanover, wnth refped to his fuccefhon to the crown of England, the profped of which fecured his fidelity, and invigorated his exertions in the fubfequent campaign. *^ The king of PrufTia liad grown cold to thefe families was again renewed ; and the tlic alliance after the death of the queen his king uf Pruifia's attachment to the alliance wife, 8th Februaiy 1705, who was the conlirmed by tlie marriage of his fon, tliC daughter of the elc'dor of Hanover by the prince royal, to the princcfs cf Kanover* priuccfs Sophia. The coniiedion bct\Yetn /l^^nulisi N^ VII. 39 Burnet, vol. v. p. 841. ♦"^ Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. p. 89. 4' Military Hillory of Marlborough, p. 82. The emperor Leopold died at Vienna on the cth May. Although he never had been ni a camp, he was paffionately ft)nd of war; aiul, by the interpofition of able generals, his reign was dillinguifhcd by a greater (liare of military f^lor>' than that of any of his prcdeceflors iince the period of Charles V, His ptrfon was ugly, bis manners rude, his temper pionkilh and folitary, but he pene- trated inftinc'^ively into the talents and cha- racters of men ; and always made choice of mlnillers and generals, the httell for the em- ployments he afllgned them. All the interefl- ing events, which occurred in Germany and the fiirrounding Hates, he improved with wonder- ful fagacity to tiie aggran
  • Kern Competition bctzvccu [17.-.- ^nJ Tones at the General Elcaion.—Promotions in favcAir of the IV/jigs.— Meeting of the fecond Parhament.-^rhe F^een's Speech.— Choiee of a Speaker.- Address,— Motion for in-viting the Prineefs Sophia to England— Rejeaed.—Vieii's of the Tories in fupporting this Motion, ^The P^een dijlrejfed by it.—Throzvs herfef entirely into the Confidence of ihe Whigs.— Some of the la/tcr, difpleafed ivith th.ir Minifierial Friends, rote ■^•it}j the Tories.— Court of Hanover takes Umbrage at the Whigs.— lie- 'rcncy Bill in the Hoife of Lords— Objedions to it—Carritd.—elelfor natu- rakzin'T the Prineefs Sophia.— Motion for inquiring into the Mifcarriages of the lajl Campaign— Oppofed by the Minijiry.— Additional Supply voted on account of the Succef rf King Charles.— The P^icflon concerning the Danger of ihe Church.— Debates.— Vote of the Lords agahi/l tbofe ivho irfnuated that the Church was in danger— Approved of by the Commons.— The Duke vf Marlborough thanked.— Lancajhire Petition.— A Bill f.r more cffeelually preventing the Growth of Popery— Rejcded.— Complaint and Petition rf the Inhabitants of Carolina.— Refolut ions of the Lords upon it.— Sir Rowland Gwyns Letter.— Bill for correcting tl>e Proceedings of the Courts of Law. — Supplies.— Aels, relative to Scotland, repealed.— Parliament prorogued.— Proceedings of the Convocation.— The JVhlgs and Tories Rivals at the Court cf Hanover.— The Earl of Halifax fent there.— Lays the Foundation of the Barrier Triatv. — Co!/rt (f Hanover reconciled to the Whigs. CHAP, np H K contending fadions, during the dependence of the elec- lions, called the public attention to thofe topics which feem- ed bed calculated for rendering the prejudices of the voters fubfer- vient to their own intereded views. The Tories endeavoured to excite a general alarm for the fafety of the church, as if it had been endangered by the ill dcfigns and growing favour of their antago- niits ; and the Whigs were indullrious in diiTcniinating unfavourable •nipreihons of the Tories, as unfriendly to the protellant fucceOion ; to QJJEEN ANNE. to tlie war fo glorious for the nation ; and to the freedom and Inde- pendence of eledors, a point which wounded the conflitution in a vital part \ The former were afhfled by the country cle:gy, who were gene- rally fired with that zeal wlilch had broken out in the lower houfe of convocation ; and the latter, by the protedant didenters of every defcription, who united their exertions to prevent the fuperiority ef a party, wdiich had nearly accomplidied the extindlon of their influence by the bill agalnd occafional conformity. The Whigs were indebted to a prevailing opinion among the electors, that t]ie good wifhes of the court were for them, rather than to any adive or decided interpofition of the minifters in fupport of their friends \ At the clofe of the eledlons, it appeared that a majority of the new eleded reprefentatives was in the intered of the Whigs ; and the hopes of that party w^ere dill farther encouraged by the promo- tions which took place during the interval of parliament. The privy fcal w^as taken from the duke of Buckingham, and given to the duke of Newcadle : dr Nathan Wright, wdio had long enjoyed the office of lord keeper, was difmifled, and the great feal put under the cudody of William Cowper, didinguiflred by his profeiFional ability and his zeal for the Whigs '. The fecond parliament of queen Anne met on the 25th Odober 1705. The drength of parties in the houfe of commons was foon tried in the eleclion of the fpeaker. Mr. Smith, a deady adherent to the Whigs, was recommended by the marquis of Granby, and Mr. Walpole ; Mr. Bromley, who had been an able advocate for the bill agalnd occafional conformity, was propofed by the earl of Dvfart, and fupported by the mod celebrated fpeakers on the dde cf the Tories. A debate, of greater length than ufual on this fub- 109 170^, * ^^luials Anne, 1705. Tind.il, vul. vi. p. 275. 3 Id. p. 275. 277. jec% T ^ I no jil and 6tVi November. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. jea, took place, and after tlie divliioii of tlie houfe, Mr. Smith was preferred by a majority of forty-three votes. Her majcfty cxpreiled her great fatisfadtioii upon fuch a full at- tendance of the members at the opening of parliament, as it afforded her ground to conclude, that they were all convinced of the necef-^ fity of continuing the war ; and of the great importance of making, timely preparations for it. Nothing, flie faid, could be more evi^ dent than that the balance of power would be deflroyed, if the French king continued mailer of the Spanlfh monarchy, a profped in whicli no good Englilhman could acquiefce ; efpecially, as, by the bleffmg of God on the allied arms, a foundation was now laid for reftoring Spain to the houfe of Auftria. She praifed the firmnefs of the duke of Savoy, and the fervices of the king of Pruffia, and re- commended both thefe princes to the generofity of parliament. She informed them, that the Hates in Scotland had palled an ad for treating of an union ; and that flie Intended foon to appoint com- mifTioners for entering an that bufmefs. She exprelTed deep concern to find, that fome of her fubjeas were ftill difpofcd to foment animofities, by reprefenting the church to be in danger; declared that fhe confidered all fuch as efiemies to hcrfdf ami the kingdom ; and promifed to fupport the eftabllflied form of rehgion, and to maintain the toleration. Both houfes teftlfied their higli approbation of her majcRy's fcn- tlments, in the common forms of addrefs. The Whigs were not afl^amed to retaliate upon their antagonlft^ by the partiality of their decihons, relative to cafes of controverted deaions; and incrcafed their majority In the lower houfe from feventy to a hundred \ The lords and commons prefented feparate addreffes upon the fubjca cf the union, acknowledging her majeily's care of the pio- l\ 1705. 13 th Nov, 1 5 ill. Eunict, vj]. V. p. ^^\. tcflant QJJ E E N ANNE. teftant fuccelTion ; and requefllng that all the papers, tending to C HA r. throw light on the proceedings of the laft feffion of the Scottiih •— .-v parliament, might be fubmitted to their iufpedion. After the reading of thefe papers In the houfe of peers, lord Ila- verfham, who was now driving for the fLune of patriotifm and of eloquence, entered into a long and vehement declamation upon the ftate of the nation. He complained of the inadivity of the lafL campaign ; and arraigned the treachery of the Germans, and the timidity of the Dutch, which had ftopt the career of Englifli glory. He lamented the decline of trade and manufadures, occafioned by the culpable inattemion of minifters to naval affairs. He laid the principal ftrefs of his fpeech upon the advantages which avouM re- dound to the church and the kingdom, from the refidence of the prefumptive heir to the crown In England ; and concluded with moving for an addrefs to her majefty for that purpofe. The motion was fupported by the leaders of the Tories, and oppofed by the Whig lords in adminiftration. The moft fubftantlal arguments, brought forward by the advocates for tlie addrefs, were, the Importance of the proteftant fucceffion to the conftitution ; the obligations Incumbent on the members of the le-iflature to promote It ; the danger to which it would be expoled upon the vacancy of the throne, while the deftined fucceffor was at fo great a diftance, and his rival fo near the fcene of conteft; and the'' hoftlle dlfpofitlon of Scotland, avowed and rendered formi- dable by the ad of fecurlty. The Whigs founded their oppofitlon to the motion, chiefly upon Its delicate nature, which exduded the interference of the legiflature, unlefs it had been Invited by the voluntary defire of the parties concerned. As it had not originated with the queen, which it ouc^ht in propriety to have done, fo the next fucceffor had expreffed entire fatisfadion with her majefty's affurances to maintain the pro- teftant fettlement. The affedions of the people oi England alone afforded ample fecurlty for its final accomplifhment. The principal 14 ^iaager, Ill C H A VI. 1705 If i HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. p. chn^er, Impending from the a.^ of fee^uity pafTcd in the ScottlfU parliament, would be prevented by the union of whieir they n.d now a near profpcd '. r ^ c Although the 1 ories were oftcnfibly defeated by lofing tnc quel- tion yet they were not dilappointcd of the ends which they had m view by moving it. Finding that tlielr early hopes ot engrolhn- the fivour of the eourt were blafted by a leeret iniluenee, and that even thoie projeds, which were congenial with the ibongef. pre- judices of the queen, as well as the fitlcd for cll.blifning their own pre-eminence, had been turned to tliclr diicredit, they now furren- dered themfelves to the impuUe of a vindidive ipirit ; and were but little fcrupulous about the means of gratifying it, provided they could fucceed in giving diftrefs to the fovercign, and involving their antagonlfts in perplexity and reproach. A icheme, better adapted to thefe ends than the motion above mentioned, could not have been deviled. The queen could not endure the thoughts of any of the eledoral family coming to England, even for a traniient vifit ; but the profpea of a rival court, and the refidence of her fucceffor, filled her with dread and horror. That difapprobation with which flie had for fome time pad beheld the political condud of the To- ries was now inflamed into the keeneft indignation; her early pre- VoflefTions for them were entirely abohflied ; Ihe unbofomed herfelf to her confidential friends, and exprefled her readineis to combme with any party, and to pay any price for being delivered from a condition the moft humiliating and diftrefsful into which royalty could fink\ As the propcfal was in the higheft degree offenfive to the queen, fo k was urged by fome of the principal Ipeakers in tne moil aggravating terms of rudenefs and indignity. Her majelly felt an irrefiftlble inclination to hear a debate, in the iffue of which fl,e was fo deeply interefted, and expeded, perhaps, that her prefence would reftrain licentiouinefs of ipeech, and prevent any cxprelhons 5 Tlndal, vol. ^l p. 2S7, 288. « Condua of die Duchefb of Marlborough, p. 152. of QJU E E.N ANNE. of pcrfonal contempt, which might afterwards hurt i'.er renhbliiry C and honour. But ihe paid dear for her curlofity ; and the royal prefence, inflead of exciang imprefhons of awe and reverenie, only contributed to fliarpcn the acrimony of a fac^Lion, wdiich liad for- merly ereded the fondeft expedations on her favour to them. The duke of Buckingham urged it as an argument for inviting tlie prin- cefs Sophia, who was now in the feventy-fixth year of her age, that the queen might live till die did not know what die did, and be like a child in the hands of others '. Although the leaders of the Whigs availed themfelves of tills fa- vourable opportunity for rivetting the fovereign in their interell \ they did it not without immediate lofs of reputation, and the hazard of forfeitincT for ever the confidence of the fuccelTor. Their friends in the country, ignorant, or not approving of the prudential motives which now influenced their condud:, w^ere ailoniflied and angry when they heard of the rejedion of a meafure that feemed to fuper- fede every other fecurity for the protefl:ant fuccefllon, the primary objea:, to which all the zeal and exertion of the Whigs had been hitherto direaed^ Under thefe imprefhons, fome of the flaunch Whigs, in the upper houfe, voted with the Tories, in oppofition to the miniflry '"; wddle others of their party fupported them but coldly, from a fenfe of the awkward fituation into which they were now brought by the intrufion of their antagonifl:s into the ground which they themfelves had hitherto occupied. But the greatefl: embarrafl- ment, which the Whigs had to encounter at this time, arofe troni 7 Condua of the Duchefs of Marlborough, *' and will countenance them, and am tho- j ^g_ " roughly convinced of the malice and info- " Her majefty, upon this occafion, exprefled «' lence of them that you have always been her fcntiments in the following words, in a ♦' fpeaking againft." Cunducl of the Duchefs letter to the duchefs of Marlborough: " I of Marlborough, p. 159. " believe, dear Mrs. Freeman and I Hiall not » Oldmixon, vol. iii. p. 368. Lend. 1735. «' difagree as we have formerly done ; for I am '= The archbifhop of Cantevbury and genc- »' fcnhble of the fervices thofe people have ral Stanhope were of this deicription. «* ilone me that vou have a good opinion of, Q_ the II ; H A P, VI. 114 I70 >• Ijt-li April. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. the unfavourable light in which they muft appear to tlie court of Hanover. Being taken by lurprile, they had no opportunity of preparing the eledoral family for their apparent and temporary de- reliaion of its intereft; and of preventing the Ihock which the firll afped of their condud was likely to produce. An invitation to the court of England, as it flattered the vanity of the princefs Sophia, whofe addrefs and vivacity rendered her eminently qualified for mining in the higher circles of life, and conciliating popular favour, fo it appeared the moft efRclual expedient for guarding the ad of fettlement, and enfuring the future aggrandizement of her family ". After hearing of the fate of the motion, Ihe wrote a letter to the archbKhop of Canterbury, one of the few Whigs who fupported it, exprefTmg more than fufpicions of the integrity of fome who had been numbered among the friends of her family ; and declaring her readinefs to comply with the defire of the parliament, if they thought it for the good of the kingdom to invite her to rcfide in England ; and that fhe wiflied her fentiments to be communicated, in order to prevent any idea of her being indifferent to the honour that had been intended for her '\ The mlnifters loft no time in adopting the moft effectual meafures for removing the uneafinefs of their friends, and demonftrating tlieir ftedfaft adherence to thofe political principle3 which they had formerly maintained. As foon as the queftion for inviting the prin- cefs Sophia to England was difpofed of, it was moved and relolved, that the houfe fhould confider " what might be fitting for the pre- *' fervation of her majefty's perfon and government, and the pro- - tcftant fucceflion." In purfuance of this refolution, a bill was- brought in for appointing a regency, or commiflion of lords jui- tices, who, upon the event of the queen s death, ihould be em- powered to alfame the adminiftration of government, in name of " Tiudal, vol. vi. p. l^jd. 14 •» Idem. the Q^U E E N AN N E. the abfent fucceflbr ; and' that the parliament, if prorogued, fliould immediately meet, and if diirolved, tiiat the lafl one ilioiild revive and continue fitting for fix months '\ The Tories expofed themfelves to the ccnfurc of a double incon- fiftency, by oppofing this bill, both on the ground of its being in- adequate to the fccurity of the proteftant f'-icceflion, a.d, at the fame time, of its relaxing thofe reftraints upon prerogative of vv-hlch they now profeiled to be exceedingly jealous. In the laft objcclioiu they were joined by fome of the Whigs, who, more conf:ftently, diflipproved of the provifion for continuing the parliament, becaufe it deftro^^ed the incapacitating claufe in the act of fettlement, which they deemed an important improvement of the conftitution '*. This combined oppofition rendered the progrefs of the bill in the houfe of commons tedious and difEcult; and obliged the upper houfe to admit fuch amendments, as brought the difputes between the ml- nifters and their Whig friends to a compromife, by yielding, in part, to the defire of the latter. After the regency ad, a bill was pafTed with the utmoft expedition for naturalizing the princefs So- phia and her iffue ". A morion •' Journals Lords, 15th, 19th November, '♦ By the acl: which firfl; fettled tlie fuccef- &c. It was intitkd, " An Aft for the better fion,it was declared, that when the crown (liould Security of her Majefly's Perfon and Govern- pafs into the houfe of Hanover, no perfon, ment, and of the SuccefTion of the Crown of who had either place or pcnfion, fhould be England in the Proteflant Line." Tiie arch- capable of fitting in the houfe of commons; biOiop of Canterbury, the chancellor, the lord but the claufe in the bill which empowered the high treafurtr, the prefident of th.e council, exifting parliament, or that which had been privy feal, high admiral, and chief juftice of difiolved, to fit for fix months, deilroyed this the King's Bench, were empowered to aft in h'mitation. the name of the fucceffor till his arrival \\\ '5 The Tories, who oppofcd the bill, moved England. The fucceffor himfelf \vas alfo cm- for various limitations to be impofcd upon ilic powered to nominate, by three inftruments regents, naintly, preventing thtm to confcnt lo under hand and feal, fo many perfons, natural- tlie repeal of the aol of uniformity, — the aft? born fubjefts of England, to be added to thofe againil Roman Catholics, — the fettlement of above mentioned, to aft as fully as if they had the fucce/Iion of the crown ir. the houfe of been particularly namtd by the parliament. Hanover, — the habeas corpus, Sec. Journals Thefe three inftruments were to be depofited Lords, 3d December. It deferves notice, with the fucccflbr's refident, the archbi'.hop of that the Whigs were inclined to deny the <\mtcrbury, and the lord chancellor. Annals power of parliament lo impofc limitations upon Anne, 1705. Appendix, N° XIX. the regency ; but the judges were of opinion (^2 that llj CHAP. \' i . 17^5. ii6 til '■ i i70i:. 27 th Nov. 28th. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. A motion was made in the Iioule of lords, for inquiring into the mifcarriagcs of the laft campaign, which had greatly difappointcd the expedations of the people ; and for an addrcfs to the queen, requefting her to communicate the information which ihe had re- ceived concerning tranfadions on the continent. The arguments, brought forward by the minidcrs to evade tills incpiiry, evinced their amrcioufnefs, that the condud of the allies could not bear that ftrid fcrutiny which the public intercil required; and which, if it had been profecuted at this time, might have proved a feafonable check to abufes, but too much foRered by the connivance and for- bearance of tlic Whig miniilcrs. It was reprefented, that the management of all buGnefs rdatlve to the allies bdonged cntirdy to the crown ; that accidents, and the treachery of thofe whom they employed, might be the caufe of their failing in the performance of engagements, without any criminality being imputable to them ; and that "^s they were not amenable to the jurifdidion of the Engliih parliament, and could not be heard in their own defence, it would be unjuft to proceed to refolutions implying any cenfure of their condud. To folace the allies for being ill treated by moving this bufmefs an addreis wms voted in the houfe of lords, and afterwards a<^reed to by the commons, befeeching the queen to ufe her utmoft endeavours to preferve a good correfpondence among the confede- rates, and particularly to cultivate a ftrid friendlhip with the United States. Both lioufes were rendered more obfeciuious to the IncUna- that it miglt_ lawfully be done. Tindal, vol. vi. p. 295. Thcfe limitations were all rcjeded, except the firll, to whicli the minifters con- fentetl Fit fake oi peace, not cxpcding that any farther limitations would have been pro- pofcd. Many conferences paffed between the two houfes, before the ec.nmons were prevailed upon to coufent to the bill. The perufal ot them will furnllh the re-der wiih a compen- *lioiis view of the principal ari^uments, relative to tlie iii>portaat quedion cf reftridiug Uie eligibility of perlbns in GHice under the crow n. See Journals Commons, 24th Januarys 4t!», nth, 18th Februaiy. Journals Lords, 291)1, 3 ill January, nth, 19th February, 1706. It was at length fettled, that fevcral oflices, which were eiuunerated, lliould d.lt[ualify the perfons who held theni for fitting in the houfe of commons; and eveiy nuiuber of the lunife, accepting of any other olhce, was to vacate his feat ; but the dcdors wi re llill to have the option of returning him or not, as they pleafcd. Id, The regency bill was paffed without commitment, in honour of the Electoral fa- mily. tions QJJ E E N ANNE. 117 i-ii 1705, 27 th Nov. tlons of the miniflers, by the favourable accounts of the expedition C HA P. againil Spain, which were brought to London during the depend- ; cnce of the above quedion, and communicated to them by her ma- jefty in pcrfon, on the day the addrefs was prefented. The com- mons, in teftimony of their joy, augmented the fupplie? ; and voted the fum of two hundred and fifty thoufand pounds, for enabling king Charles to complete his fuccefs. The fuperiority, which the leading party experienced in every queftion that had already occurred, betrayed them into a forward and unneceffary refutation of thofe charges, which their antagonifts w^ere endeavouring to propagate to the difcredit of their |)rinc!ples. The danger of the church, under the prefent adminlftration, had been infmuated by the Tories in the courfe of the different debates which took place on the ftate of the nation. No fpeclfic motion however had been introduced upon that point, nor did it as yet appear to make any imprefhon upon the people, who generally thought well of the prefent miniifers. But the latter were not con- tent with a negative approbation of their condud, nor did they choofe to referve themfelves merely for defenfive hoftility. They^ were determined to drag their enemies into the field ot controverfy, and to enjoy the gratiiication of a triumph, by obtaining the ex- plicit atteftation of the leglllature in their favour. In confequence of a motion from lord Halifax, a day w^as appointed for inquiring into the damrer of the church. o By thofe who fupported the aiHrmative fide of the quefiion, a diftindion was made bctvvecn the dlfpofitions of the queen, and thofe of her minifters ; and between her infiuence and theirs. The . former was admitted to be favourable, but the latter, which now abforbed and overruled it, was reprefented as hoilile to the eifa- blhhed religion. The proofs of this charge, as well as the im- pending danger of the church, were deduced from the oppofition made to the bill againfl occafional conformity ; from the ad of fecu- jity in Scotland, which put arms into the hands of a people wedded to 6th Dec. ii8 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITxMN. •170?, 6. CHAP, to a religion, tliat had formerly fubvcrtcd qVifcopacy la Ijigland ; ^^' and from the mp'id Increafe of dlflentlng femlnarlcs. A-rccably to that tone of politics wliich the Tories had recently adopted, they lamented that the cftabliflied religion, already in a languiihing con- dition, had received a deep wound from the oppofition of the party in power to the propofal for inviting the princefs Sophia to fix her Tcfidcnce in luigland. On the other fide it was argued, that the dlfpofitions and cha- rader of tlie fovereign were a powerful guarantee for the fafety of the church ; that after lier majefty had often and folemnly de- clared her zealous attachment to it, any Inhnuations to the contrary \vcre difparaging to her honour. The bill againft occafional con- formity had been rejeded, after deliberate dlfcuihon, in three feveral felhons, from an incrcafmg convldion of its tendency to propagate difunion and jealoulies among her majefty's fubjeds. The ad of fecurity in Scotland related entirely to the civil interefl of that kingdom ; and whatever the apprehenlions of fome perfons might be ft-om its remote effeds ; yet as the repeal of that ad was com- bined with the treaty of union, the ground of fuch apprehenfions would foon be removed. The prelhyterian fchools did not exceed, m number, thofj taught by non-jurors, which yet did not give the fmalleft uncafmefs to the perfons who were fo much alarmed about th J fafety of the proteftant fettlement. As to the tlital eonfequences arifmg from the defeat of the motion for bringing the Hanoverian family into England ; it was o!)fervcd, that the novelty of the argu- ment rendered it fufpicious, and exhibited fuch ftrange verfatility of opinion in the perfons who had recourfe to it, as utterly deftroyed the belief of their being themfelves in earneit. For when the Ha- noverian fuccelTion was hrll propoied, fome of the high church zealots had objeded to it, becaufe that family had been educated in a fyftem of faith and worfiiip, tending to prejudice them againll the iinjiiiih ellablifhmenu m QJJ E E N ANNE. After a divlfion of the houfe, thirty voted for the queflion, and fixty-one againft it. It was refolved, that the church was in a fafe and lljuriilihig condition ; and that whofoever ihould fuggeft the contrary, was an enemy to the queen and the nation '\ This relo- lution the lords tranfmitted to the commons for their concurrence, which, after a debate, the fame in fubftance with what has been al- ready detailed, was carried by a confiderable majority ; and both houfes joined in an addrefs to the queen, befeeching her, to take effedual meafures for making their refolution public ; and for pu- nilhing the authors of feditious reports. The queen expreifed her fatisfadion with thefe meafures, and Immediately ordered a procla- mation to be ilfued for difcoverlng the author of the memorial of the church of England, which contained the moft injunous reflec- tions upon the condud of the prefent minifters, and the diflenters ". In confequence of a petition from the gentry and clergy in Lanca- fhire, complaining of feveral grievances arifmg from the increafe of popilh priefts and emiflaries, a bill was brought in by the houfe of commons, to render more effedual the ad of the eleventh year of his late majefly for preventing the growth of popery". The claufe in that ad, relative to the deprivation of the Roman Catholic heir, owing to an obfcurlty of expredion which was not intended by the framers of it, was the caufe of great uncertainty with refped to the perfon who had the right of inllituting the profecution; and thereby reftrained the adlvlty of felf-intereft, which was all that was want- ing to render the law piodudive of the moft cruel opprelFion to 119 17C5, 6. mh Dec. ** Lords Debates, vol. ii. p. 160. Impar- tial View of tlie two late Parliaments, p. 40. Twciitv-four of the lords, and two of the bilhops entered a prottil agdinfl this lefo- lution. *' This pamphlet x'.as compofed by Dr. Drake, afTifted bv Mr. i^-lfv, Mr. Wnrd, and fir Humphrey Mackxvortli ; but no proof could be found againfl thtni. Biogruphia Britannica. After '^ Bi'ls were introduced in bntii houfes im- mediately upon this petition. That from the lords was intitled, ** A Bill for prewnting the furtlier Growtli of Popery." jourinds Loids, 28th February. That fro.-n tlie commons^, whiih was the principal object of attention, was intitled, *' A Bill for making more effec- tual the Atl of the eleventh Year of His late Majeily's Reign." Jour.i.Js Caramons, 27th February. Roman 2 cth. 120 ti • »■ 1705, 6. 4th March. 2 7 til Feb. 12th March. 16R9. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIX. Roman Catholic proprietors". The Intention of the prcfent bill was to remove every eheek upon the operation of the former one ; and this, as might be cxpcded, oecafioncd anxious applications to tlie court, from the Roman Catholics, to avert the confummation of feverlty with whicli they were threatened. The bill, however, tliough extremely exceptionable, both in a political and moral viev.-, was favoured wiUi a third reading in the houfe of commons, and then rejeded by a majority of one hundred and nineteen againft forty-three. Both houfcs addrefled the queen upon the fubjed of the'Lancalhire pethlon ; the conunons, requeiling that the laws might be executed againll all fuch pcrlons as ihould endeavour to per'^vert her majefty's \uh]ca^. to the popiili religion; and the lords, recommending a ftrider obfervation of popilh priells and papilfs for the future; and defiring a particular account of their number, eilatcs, and refidence to be laid before them next felTion of parliament. The only material interference of the EngliHi legiflature with the internal government of America, during this reign, occurred in the prefent feVion, and was occafioned by fome late regulations con- cerning religion, adopted by the governor and aflcmbly in the pro- vince of Carolina, contrary to the original charter, and the funda- mental conftitution of the colony. By the former, while the eccle- fiaftical government, like that of tlie other colonies, was fubjeded to the bifliop of London, a provilion was made for indulgence to every fed of ChriiVians ; and by the latter, framed agreeably to the regu- lations prefcribcd by the charter, it was declared, that no pcrfon fliould be difqualified for being a member of the general aiTembly, "> By the aft of the eleventh of king Wih uho was come to the n.o^e of eic.htecn, did not liam it was provided, that all papifts, after take the oaths prefcnbcd by the a.v, yet he r h-d reached the age of eighteen, (houUl titk- of proteilant h.n renv.nned undecded, 111 he oaths uf allee next popdn hur was under :^i ' .eT d not, tluir ettates w'e to de- eighteen, zdly. The .My o proving a cendt the neurellproteilant heir. The Ru- negative, or that a perfon had not taken tu icenci 10 UR nt.u». p nnvented the next heir from at- • ^n C.,l,olic. evaded ,h. cbu . n, ,wo «ap : 1 ■ u pu _ i{\ There beintr, H all famdies, a gradation tunpti.ig u, uiou^>. }, i- f j :?;ialng die (evcral heirs to the htn.c .cal, asw.ll as intcren, to f.pplant h. pop.th tflat"', it happened, that though the perfon, relation. . ^^ QJJ E E N ANN E. or for any civil oflice, on account of his religion. In violation of thefe equitable provifions, tlie governor and aflembly had lately pafTed an aft, incorporating a body of laymen to take cognizance of the condud of the parochial clergy, and to inflid puniflimcnt even to deprivation, not only for immorality, but for fuch offences as might arife from prejudice or imprudence '". As, by this acl, the authority of the bifhop of London was fuperfeded ; fo the religious indulgence, granted by the charter, was defeated by another, dif-- qualifying every perfon for office, who did not receive the iacra- ment according to the rites of the church of England j affigning erroneoufly as the ground of this reftridion, that all the members of the legiflature in the mother-country were obliged to fubmit to the Teft ad. With unaccountable inconfiftency, a provifion was made by a claufe of the fame ad, for exempting, from its penal threats, all non-conformifts who w^ere free to fwear that they had not received the facrament, for one year preceding, in any diffent- Ing congregation. From thefe two contradidory regulations, it was fufpeded, that the authors really meant to difcourage every form of religion, rather than to deprefs all others for promoting the fuperiority of a particular one. Several examples of irregularity and violence had occurred both in the eledlon and proceedings of the affembly, highly injurious to the peace and intereft of the colony, and confequently to the trade and revenue of England. Thefe feveral grievances, for which redrefs had been in vain loli- clted from the governor and proprietors, were Hated in a petition to the lords, fubfcribed by a great number of the inhabitants of the colony, and London merchants trading there, praying for fuch relief as fliould appear proper. After hearing council in defence of lord Granvile, palatine of the province, the lords found that both the ads complained of, were repugnant to the original charter granted to the proprietors of ^° The inhabitants comp.-red the corporation to the lu'gh cccleuaflical commifuon court y.i England. Annals Anne, 1705, p. 230. R ' the 121 28tK Feb. ^ih Marclu iM **• 'K i 122 8th. Ah. tith, i2th 13U1. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. the colony ; that the former was inconfiftcnt with the conftitutioii of the church of England ; that the fecond was unfounded, and tended to the encouragement of irrellgion and the depopulation of the province. They communicated thclc refolutions in an addrefs to the queen, befeeching her to profccute the moil cffcaual means for the relief of the province of Carolina. Ilcr majcfty, in anfwer, exprefled her kni'c of the great confequencc of the plantations to England ; and promifcd to do every thing in her power to redrcfs lier fubjcds in Carolina, and to protcd: them in their jufl rights. Notwithftanding the regency bill, many Whigs were diilatisiied with the minifters for having lliglited the propofal of inviting the protellant heir to England ; and Ibnic of them were not Icls indul- trious than the Tories in making it a handle for alarming the people. Among various publications to tliis effect, not one attracted greater notice than a letter written by fir Rowland Gwyne, then at the court of Hanover, to the earl of Stamford, inveighing agalnil the inconfillency of the Whigs, and infmuating, that the eledoral family was fufpicious of their having defigns adverfe to its interefl:. The Imprc/Fion made by this publication was the more confidcrable, and gave great uneafmcfs to the queen and the minillry, bccaufe fir Rowland was fuppofed to have the confidence of the elcdrefs. A complaint was entered againll the letter in the houie of commons, where, after mature confuleration, it was voted a malicious libel, tending to create a mifunderftanding between her majefty and her fucceflbr; and it was refolved, tliat her majefty iliould be addrcflcd to give orders for profecuting the author and publilhers. The lords concurred with the relblution of the lower houfe ; and, that they might appear equally forward in this bufmefs, drew up the ad- ' drefs to the queen, to which the commons agreed *'. Upon *' Cliurk's GiIdon,thcp\il,]:nKr()frir Row- The pri'nccfs Sophia difavowed, fur hcrfcif land Gwync's letter was tritd by the queen's and her fon, their having any part in fir Row- tnifh, 1 2th May 1707, and fined in the fum land Gwyne's letter. See her Letter, Hano- cf one hundred pounds, which was after- ver, 6th April 1706. Hanoverian papers, vuirds remitted. ~ Mae])herron. The name of the pcilon, to whom QJJ E E N ANNE. ^-i CHAP. VI. I'-cj, 6. Upon a motion of lord Somers, a bill paiTed in the houfe of lords for correaing /o??ie of the proceedings in the common law and chan- eery, which were attended with great delay and expence to the parties concerned. When the bill was tranfmitted to the houfe of commons, great exertions were made againft it by perfons who were 4th March officially interefted ; and they prevailed in throwing out fomc of the moft beneficial claufes. The lords, unwilling to enter into alterca- tion with the commons, or to forego the public advantages that were likely to redound from the bill, fo far as it had been adopted by the latter, confented to their amendments, though far fliort of that ex- tenfive reformation which was intended by the mover ot it '. Large fupplics were demanded this feffion, and cheerfully granted *\ To pave the way for the union between the two kingdoms, which was now anxioufly defired by the miniftry, the feveral ads adopted by the laft parliament, for guarding againft any danger arifmg from the Scottifli aa of fecurity, were repealed '*. Eler majefty clofed this feffion on the 19th March 1706, with a fpeech, expreffing her entire fatisfadion with the proceedings of both houfes, and particularly with their zeal and unanimity to fup- prefs every tendency to fedition '. The revival of the Whig intereft, upon the eve of the general elec- tions, did not produce any fenfible effed upon the clerical body ; and the majority of members in the lower houfe of convocation ftill ■whom the letter of the eleftrefs was addreiTed, Is not mentioned ; but it was evidently in- tended that it (hould be communieated, through Mr. Harlcy, to the queen. See alfo Letter of the Eledor to Sir Rowland Gwyne, 1 2th April,*! 707. Id. *^ It was intitled, «* An Aft for the Amendment of the Law, and the better Ad- vancement of Jullice." Petitions againft it were prefented by the clerks in the remem- brancer's office. Exchequer, See. Journals Conuivjns, 14th February, The lords feemed very carneft for this bill. Journals and De- bates Lords, nth, 19th March. ^5 The total amount of the fupplies granted this feflion, was five millions, eighty-lix thou- fand, feven hundred and fixty-one pounds, fix- teen (hillings and two-pence. ** Journals Lords and Commons, Novem- ber 23d, &c. *s This was one of the bufiefl feflions In the courfe of this reign ; ninety-three aCls, pubhe and private, were paffed. An uninterrupted harmony fubfifted between the two houfes. R 2 purfued i^oO* 1 705, 6. Ill Ij » : 1707 October 1705. 18th Nov. 1707, . HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. c H A P. purfuea that fyftcm of mcafurcs ^vluch tended to degrade the autho- ^''- ritv of their fupcrlors. They not only declined joinu.g n, the ad- "^ drefs of the bift^ops to the queen, but haughtily refufed to ftate then- obiedions to it, and voted for a ieparate addrels of then- own . They held intermediate feffions, and claimed the power of puttmg their prolocutor in the chair without the confirmation of the arch- bifl^op. Their extreme violence difguRed many of their own mem- bers, and provoked the indignant interpofition of the court. ^ Ot the ,6th Dec. former, not lefs than a third part entered a proteftation agamft the .5th Feb. proceedings voted by the majority ; and the cjueen wrote a letter to ''°'- the arehbifhop, imimating her difpleafure at the conduft of the lower houfe, and requiring him to prorogue the convocation as long as appeared convenient ". . , , The rebuke of the fovereign fecmcd at firft to have anfwered tnc effea of overawing the litigious members of the convocation ; for, at their next meeting, during the fecond fcfficn of parliament, the lower houfe unanimoully adopted tlie addrcfs to the queen, drawn up by the bifhops, though it acknowledged the church to be ,n a iafc and flourirhing condition". This moderation however was but ol fliort continuance. When the quettion of the union was about to come under the confideration of the Englilh parliament, a com- mittee was named by the lower houfe of convocation to confidor the prefent danger of the church. To prevent an interference, from which every thing repugnant to the defigns of admimftratiou and the public pe.ace might have been expeaed, her majefty direded the atchbilhop to prorogue the convocation for three weeks, taking fidcd InRead of the arclibilliop of Canterbury. '7 Tindal, vol. vi. p. 34'' &^'- *s Id. p. 189, ?cc. What r<;niains of the hiftory of tl.is convocation, being nu)rt, and but little iiitejcding, h introduced in this place, though it be a deviation from llrift elui)nological order. The long fufpenhon of the convocation, after the fath ^vhleh 1 am now going to mention, renders the introduc- tion of ihcm here more proper. It *o Impartial View of the two late Parlia- ments, p. 355- ^i^'-'^' ^^"^>' precedent for at- tempting to carry a feparate addrefs, was m the 6th feffion of the convocation 1689, \^hen the lower houfe refufed their alTent to an vA- drefs to the king, drawn up by the bifhops ; and afterwards refolved to frame an addrefs tor themfelves. Complete Hiilory of tlie Convo- cation, p. 5. The claim, being new, was overruled by the biOiop of Lordon, who prc- QJUEEN ANNE. it for granted, as it happened, that the bufmefs of the union would be brought to a concluGon before the lapfe of that period '*'. Tiqued by this unforefeen fufpenlion of their proceedings, at a juncture (o favourable for railing their own confequence, the lower houfe gave in a remonftrance to the biiliops, grounded upon the allegation, that fnice the fubmiflion of the clergy in the reign of Henry VIIL, no prorogation had ever been ordered during the fitting of parlia- ment ; but at the fame time, under the pretence of a delicate refpedl: for the royal authority, they waved any debate concerning the validity of the prefent prorogation. Her majefty wrote a letter to the arclibiHiop, threatening to refent thefe proceedings, as an invafion of the royal fupremacy. When the biftiops fent for the lower houfe to communicate her majefty's letter, feveral of the members attended, but the prolocutor was ab- fent. ' Such a ftudied exprefilon of contempt for the royal authority, and that of the biihops, could not be palled over with connivance and impunity. The arehbifhop pronouncal a fentence of contii- macy againft the prolocutor, but referved the punilhment of his crime t"o a diilant day ; to which he prorogued the convocation, expeaing, that fuch forbearance Vs'oald produce fubmiflion : but it had the contrary cffea; for the lower houfe, upon their meeting again, affedted a mighty zeal for the fupremacy, afleiting that no procefs, which had been commenced before a prorcgaticvn upon the royal writ, could be refumed again after inch prorogation ; and by this device, they hoped to defend themfelves under the fnield^of loyalty. Finding afterwards, that the court, inftcad of being foothcd, was more than ever irritated by their grimace and auda- city, the prolocutor made his fubmiiTicn, and the fentence of con- tumacy was taken off . From a convidion that thefe heats and contentions, which ori- finated with the convocation, were ipreading every day to the fcandal of religion, and the diflurbance of domeftic peace, the 125^ I oth April. 3Cth ApiH, *» Tindal, voL vii. p. 189. 5:e. 3-' Id, c]_ueen 126 ';J J7g6. 1706. May. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIK. queen was now determined to imitate the example of her prede- ceflbr, king William, hy difcontinuing all future meetings of the convocation. During the remainder of this, and the whole period of the next parliament, the convocation was prorogued from time to time, and prevented from entering upon bufmefs. Reftrained from venting their polemical rancour under the fhadow of legal authority, the turbulent clergy devoted themfelves, with unwearied applicapon, to cherilli the latent embers of fanatlcifm, fcattcred in every corner of the country, which, after the lapfe of a few years, broke out into the moR violent combuRion, and after convulfmg the nation, confumed the hrm fabric of the Whig adminiftra- tion. After the rife of the feHTion, the fcene of party competition wa^ transferred from London to Hanover. The Whigs were afraid of lofmg irrecoverably the flivour of the proteftant heirs ivhich they had hitherto engrofled ; and the Tories entertained Hmguine hopes of obtaining and keeping it, to the utter exclufion of their antago- nifts. Both made their court to that family, with the moft folemn affurances of attachment and fidelity. The aduul polTefllon of power was perhaps the principal advantage which the one enjoyed above the other: for the Tories were only in a fituation to make promifes, while the Whigs enjoyed the opportunity of taking effec- tual fleps for the intereft of the proteftant candidate. Lord Halifax was fent ambaffador to the court of Llanover, to bear the Rrongefl declarations of her majeRy's Ready favour to it ; and to prefent the eledoral prince with the honour of the garter '\ This nobleman was not lefs diRinguiOied by his addrefs and ability, than by his uniform zeal for the proteRant fettlement, and was confidered by the miniRers as the fitteR perfon to rcprcfent their condud in the moft favourable light, and to remove thofe evil furmifes which had been excited by the artifices of their enemies, and the myRerious part they had aded upon the queftion for inviting the eledrefs to Q^UEEN ANNE. 127 England '\ The regency, the a£l for naturalizing the princefs So- ^ HA P. phia, and the union, on the eve of conclufion, were claimed as the v — ■■- ^ fole and peculiar merit of the Whigs ; and reprefented as exhauR- * ing every expedient and precaution within the compafs of their power, for enfuiing the Hanoverian fucceffion ". As a farther evidence of their perfevering diligence, lord Halifax w^as inRruQed to w^ait upon the miniRers of the United States, in his way to Llanover, and to propofe the fcheme of a treaty to engage them to become guarantees for carrying into eifed: the proteRant fettlement, agreeably to the adl paffcd by the parliament of England '*. Though the dilatory forms of the States, with refpedt to the extenfion of their barrier, neccOarily poRponed the concluRon of this treaty, yet the endeavours of the Whig leaders at this time, were a Rrong teRimony of their attachment to the proteRant family, and after- wards proved the means of accompliRiing additional fecurity for its future aggrandizement. The good fortune of the campaign, owing to the maRerly condud of the duke of Marlborough, corroborated every argument in behalf of that party, which he now^ avowedly patronifed ". The eledrefs and her fon profefled the moR grateful fenfc of the fervices of the Whigs ; and, as thofe tranfient mif- underRandings, which occafionally interrupt the purcfl friendfliips, contribute, after a reconciliation, to increafe the fervour of future aRedion, fo from this period the Whigs recovered the cxclufive ^^ Lord Halifax carried with him letters from the principal members of adminiHration to tin- clcirtrefs and her fon ; all of which con- cjrred in afligning the moft infiduous defigns to tlic Tories, and afierting their own invari- iiblc and tried attachment to the proteftant intcrefl. Hanoverian Papers, 1706. Mac- phorfon. ■^^ The elcftrefs at fitft confidered the re- gency ac\, th equal fticcefs by both parties. The advantages obtained by the French ia Italy may, perhaps, be eftunated as e^juivalent to thofe of the allies In Spain. In the Upper Rhine, the uncontrolled progrefs C HA p. of marfhal Villars, after the departure of the duke ot Marlborough l^_-^ to the Netherlands, was not repaired by the vidory of the prince ot Baden at Haguenau. The fuccefsful exertions of the army, under the duke of Marlborough in the Netherlands, were checked by the timidity of the Dutch, and amounted to little more than balancing the effeds of marfhal Villars' adivity at the beginning of the cam- Recent events during the inten^al of adlon revived tae hopes of the French kmg, and difcouraged thofe fanguine expectations which the alhes ereded upon the fuccefs which they had aheady obtained. The armies of France were recruited with aftoma^ing celerity ; the promotions and honours, which the French king conferred upon the commanders, excited a fpirit of emulation and enterprife among the fubakern officers, and produced great energy in the fealon ot action. The magazines, in every diftrid under the authority of France, were formed with {kilful arrangement, and amply furniOied with all the ftores neceflary for the enfuing campaign ', The principal powers of the alliance not only found great dlffi- culty in replacing the lofs of men ; but were likely to ihftain an irreparable deficiency by fome of the mercenary troops withdrawing themfelves from their fervice. NotwithOanding the late intcrpo- fition of the duke of Marlborough with the king of Pruffia, luf- picions were ftiU entertained of that prince having an intention to abandon the confederacy ; and the Danes, under the duke of Wir- temberg, after they had, in vain, folicited payment of the arrears due to them 'by the States, formed the rcfohition of returning to thctr own country \ The inconveniences and difcouragemcnts, which tlie . Qtuncy, torn. v. p. ., S:c. cleaor of Hanm-er, fupj.orted tl,e latter, who ^ A competition was at this time depend- had taken pofTcffun. of the b,mop.:c. ... iu- between prince Charles of Denmark, the king of Denmark. Incenled ^gamfl the der^ k,Ws brother, and the dnkc of Holilein tor, was preparing for the fielu m deienee o Gottorp, about the fuccefTion to the bifhopric hi. brother ; b.t the queen of F.ngland, and of 1 ubec. The kinLr of Sweden, and the the States, prevailed upon h.m to wait for the 1, j»i ,b r • 5 t *. C H A VI L 1706 ^1 ri HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. p. the allies liaJ hitherto encountered from the flownefs and torpor of the court of Vienna, were age;ravated by the hidolence and dlOipa- tion of Jofcph, who did not feel that perfonal rcfentnicnt agalnft I cwl. nor tliat anxiety for the a-grandlzemcnt of his brotlicr, ^vhich occafionally aimuUued the efforts of the hite emperor. The pride and indolence of king Charles, whofe authorhy had been lately acknowledged by fome of the SpaniOi provinces, rendered him incapable of improving his good ^fortune with fagaclty and dif- patch, neccffary to enfure its ftability '. The mod fnicere friends of the confederacy were fdlcd with un- cafy apprehenfions, left the inceffant intrigues and artifices of Lewis Ihould prevail in disjointing it by the alienation of fome of its i^iembers. The duke of Savoy, however, refifted the moft alluring offers for feparating from the emperor, with a fteadinefs which could hardly have been expeded, confidering his domeftic connex- ions, and the provocations he had met with. The king of Por- tugal himfelf remained true to the allies ; but fome of his courtiers were fecretly debauched to the French intereft, and, tliough they durft not openly contradid the will of their foverelgn, yet they might find many opportunities of retarding and thwarting thofe plans, which he authorized for promoting the general intereft of the confederacy. The declining ftatc of the king's health, which obliged him to devolve the weight of bufinefs upon his minifters, incrtafed the number of Philip's fecret friends, and gave a more ample fcope to their intrigues and exertions*. On the other hand, it was fortunate for the allies, that the pro- bable grounds of future fuccefs were over-rated by Lewis, and be- trayed him into thofe raOi and precipitate meafures, which rendered declilon of the AuKc council. Barrc, torn. x. fcnt king of Portugal, Ins ^fter the qtie.a r 478 The afpcd of this affair encouraged dowager of England, vv.dow of Cnarlcs II the French court to hope that the grand al- had been apponUed regent ; and acquitted lance would be weakened by internal dlfcord. herfelf with great f.dehty and attachment to 3 Hiftolrc de Louis, torn. vi. paffin.. the allies. She dad on the 31ft December, ♦ Annals, Anne, 1705, p. 163. In confc 1705. quence of the indifpofition of Don Pedro, pre- ^^^ Q^UEEN ANNE. 131 the events of the campaign 1706 the moft difaftrous and dlfgraccful ^^ ^^^^^^'• he had ever experienced. The moft brilliant vlclories of the allies, in the preceding campaigns, had been obtained in inftances where they had begun the attack, and while the enemy had remained upon the defenfive ; and fometimes even when the latter had a fuperlor army, and the advantage of ground. From attention to this fad, as well as other circumftances favourable to their hopes, it was de- termined in the French cabinet, that their chief commanders ftiould be inftrudted to ad, in future, with greater boldnefs ; and to try tlie fuccefs of adive hoftilities \ The intelligence of the Danlfti aux- iliaries having withdrawn from the allied army ftill father con- firmed this refolution of the French court ; and a meffenger was difpatched to marftial Villeroy, wixh pofttive orders to lofe no time in advancing from his lines, and opening the campaign with a general adion, wdiile the confederate army w^as wxakened and difpirited by the defertion of fuch a confiderable body of their affo- ciates. The genius of the duke of Marlborough was not more diftinguift\ed, either by the mafterly difpofitions he made upon the approach of an engagement, or the coolnefs and fagaclty with which he iffued his orders in the heat of adion, than it was, by readinefs in the contrivance of ftratagems, and penetration in difcovering and improving every incident, tending to deceive and confound his antagonifts. The report of the defedion of the Danes, the duke did not refute, while he was employing the moft anxious expoftu- lations to pacify and reconcile them ; and at length prevailed, by pledging the credit of England for the fecurity of their arrears'. In order to conceal his fuccefs, the knowledge of whicli might pcrliaps have ftopped the progrcfs of Villeroy, who had come out of his J Q^!incy,tom.v. p. 2. St. Simon, torn. vll. Dutch paid the arrears due to them; and, p. .2'- o. 3^ the fame time, he was fecretly ufing en- ^ Hilluire de Louis, tom. vi. p. 79, 80. deavuurs to prevent tlie Dutch from fatisfyiug Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 16. Salmon, vol xxv. their demands. Cunningham, vol. i. p. 4^3- p. 29S. Lewis had been intriguing with the If this was really the cafe, his dliappointment king of Denmark during the winter, to prevail probably arofe from tlie addrefs of the duke o. upon him to withdraw his troops till the Marlborough in counterplotting. S 2 lil^'CS ft* ^y- U -.1 17C6. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. lines .md ci-oflTccl the Dylc, the duke, vvhen he marched with the confederate army from Borchloen, left the Danes behind him, with inftrualons to follow, after a (hort time, and approach fo near to the main army, as to be ready to join it upon the eve of an en- gagement'. -it The adverfe armies, alike difpofed to try the fortune of a pitched battle, moved nearer and nearer to each other, till they met m the neighbourliood of the village of Ramillies \ The enemy had the Mehain, and the village of Tavleres on their right • and, at a little diftance in their front, the village of Fran- quenies. In thefe villages, four battalions and a few fquadrons were polled, and between the villages, two lines of foot were drawn up, interfperfed with dragoons. Forefeeing that the principal battle would be fought on the plain ground between Franciuenies and Ramillies, which lay to the right, twenty battalions were polled there with a few pieces of cannon. The ground upon the left, which was contiguous to the Geet, being fwampy, and almofl impaffable, no more than a f.ngle line of infantry was placed behind it ^ r at t This difpofition of the enemy fuggefted to the duke of Marl- borough, a manoeuvre, upon which the fuccefs of the day prmci- pally hinged. He ordered his right wing to march towards the left of the enemy, which was thinly manned, as if he really meant to begin the attack in that quarter, notwithftanding the difadvamage of the ground. Tlie marlhal ViUeroy, deceived by this appearance, detached a great body of his beft troops from the plain, to fuftam the left wing ; which occafioned a fudden derangement m the ThearmyoftlKamcsconnftedofahuiKlrcd 7 Lcdiard, vol. .. p. 353; ^ ^ , and fcventeeu fquadrons and eighty hattahuns. ^ la the diarid of Louvan^e, on the borders ^"^^J;^;"^^ \^. ^ ^n the army of of the province of Namur i.tuated at the ^^ -' P" f ^^^ [J j.^^.i,, ,, Uiat uf rourceofthcGeet,atthed,ftanceofrnorethan S ^.^ > a mile from the M:-ine ; and HI this unerval of tncaue.. t ;> plain ground the buttle was fought. Lediard, ^ Kane, p. 04- ^'^'' '■• ''■ ^^'' centre. QJJEEN ANNE. ^33 centre The duke of Marlborough, expedlng this to happen, had C HA p. <.iven orders to his troops, on the right, to fall back gently, with- v--^^ out changing their front, and then to advance fuddenly towards his centre, which charged the enemy on the plain, with the greateft vigour while monfieur Auverquerque began the battle on the left with the Dutch infamry. Four brigades of foot were ordered^ to make an attack, at the fame time, upon the village of Ramillies . In the meanwhile, the duke of Wirtemberg, agreeably to the Inftruaions he had received, came forward with the Danifh cavalry, and attacked the flank of the enemy, near the village of Franquenies, with fuch ardour, that he pulhed them upon the troops in the cemre, which increafed their confufion, and occafioned their jriving way in all diredions. The eledor of Bavaria made every effort to rally them, and renew the engagement ; but, in their pre- fent trepidation and perplexity, this only comributed to multiply the number of the flain. The eight battalions, which had been placed in the village of Ramillies, in attempting to retreat towards the left wing, were oppofed, before they had time to draw up, by the cavalry of the allies, and the greateft part of them put to the fword. Monfieur Auverquerque, having alfo routed the right wing of the enemy, the vidory was complete ", ^ ' The »° Kane, p. 64. Lcdiard, vol. i. p. 35^; •' The aecounts given by the different hif- torians with refped to the difpofitions of the two armies are fo inconfiftent, that u is not eafy to form a decided opinion upon the fub- ]ct\. 1 have preferred the authority of Kane, bccaufe Qviincy agrees with him fo far, as to admit that the fuccefs of the confederates was greatly owing to the feint made by the duke in attacking the left wing of the enemy, with the purpofe of drawing fome of their beft troops from the right. Quincy, torn. v. p. 6. Cunningham feems to lay great flrefs upon the ftratagem of bringing up the Danes unexpetf- edly to the left wing of the confederates ; vol. ii. p. i8. Fouquiers imputes the lofs of fhe battle to the oblUnacy of ViUeroy in ad- hering to his firft difpofiiion, and not adjuftmg it to the plan of attack obvloufly intended by the confederates, vol. ii- p. 169. This fcems to contradia the account, which afcribes his defeat to the confufion, occafioned by moving part of his troops from the centre to the left wing, where he fufpecled that the duke of Marlborough intended to begin the attack. All agree in this, that the duke of Marl- borough gradually ftrengthencd his left wing, oppofed to the centre and right of the enemy; and that this was done with fuch addrefs and alcrtnefs as to elude the obfcrvation of his aii- tagonift. . The French and Bavan'ans loft eight tUou- fand men in the field ; fix thoufand were mitdc prifontr.} and fome thouiands dcferled to the allien. n. I |! i^ ■> ', C U A P. \ 11. i-yj. lirSTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. The eledor of Bavarki, and the marflial Villeroy, with their rnattcicd army, continued their Eight with the utmofl precipitation, till thev reached Louvain ; from whence, after a fliort confultation, they retreated, and entrenched themfelves behind the Dyle. The naivity and prudence, with whicli the duke of Marlborough im- proved this vidory, were no lefs admired than his condud in the fcene of adion. The rapidity with which he purfued the vanquiOi- cd enemy prevented their forming again in fuch force, as to ob- ilrud his progrefs ; while his moderation and humanity procured him the efteem, as well as the fuhmiihon of all the towns in the Netherlands, which had been overrun with the French troops. The prifoners were ferrt into the interior parts of Holland ; and fupplled with every comfort their fituation required ; and the fick and wounded lodged in hofpitals, and attended with as much care and tendernefs, as thofe of the allies. A proclamation was idued, re- commending all the inhabitants of the Spanifh Netherlands, with- out diilinclion, to the protedion of the confederate army, as the fubjcds of king Charles, their common friend and ally; and the fcvereft penalties were announced to deter the foldiers from plunder and violence'*. A letter, in name of the duke of Marlborough and the field depu- ties, was addrefled to the States of Brabant, inviting them to em- brace the prefent opportunity of acknowledging king Charles, and allies. The lofs of the latter did not exceed three thoufand. The duke of Marlborough made feveral narrow efeapts in the courfe of this engagement. He fell from his horfe, and was in danger of being trampled down by feme of his own men, who were rej)iilfed by tlie enemy. Captain Molefworth with diflieulty remounted him, and turned his horfe's head to the line of the allies. He had not left the ground three minutes when a detaehment of the enemy arrived in purfuit of him. Biogra- phia Britannica. Molefworth. *^ The humanity which the duke of Marl- borough cwereifed towards the uaha])py per- fons, who fell under his power by the fate of wai-, reflcAs the higheft honour upon liis cha- racter. His conduct in this rcfpeft is the nunc praife-worthy, becaufe it was unufual at that period; and, to his example, pollerity Is indebted forthe introduction of a more refnied tendernefs in the intereourfe of hoitile armies, which has greatly alleviated the unavoidable calainities of war. • Marlebouroug, bien different du prince Eu- gene, t-ut toujoursla plus grande egardepour fes priionniers, et donna I'exemple de pro- cedes d'humanite qui ont regne depui,; dan^ les guerres. Duelos, vol. i. p. i;. afliiring QJJEEN ANNE. aflurln"* them, upon the authority of the (peen, and the States of Holland, that he would maintain their religion and privileges in- violate. Thefe fooiliing meafures, together with the celerity of the duke's motions, rendered the effeds of the late vidory more ex- tenfively beneficial to the allies, than any former inftancc of fuc- cefs. The fubmifTion of Brabant, and almoft the whole Spanifli Netherlands, was accompliihed within fifteen days after the battle of Ramillies. Mechlin, Louvain, Bruflels, Aloft, Ghent, Oude- narde, and Antwerp, furrendcred without refiftance ; and the af- fembly of Flanders, convened at Ghent, recognifed king Charles as their lawful fovereign. Oftend, Menin, Dendermond, and Aeth, v.^ere reduced by force, and at a confiderable expence of men ". The diftinguiflied reputation, and the fuccefs of the duke of Yen- dofme, made the French king refort to him, as the lafl hope lor retrieving his ruined affairs '\ He w^as recalled from Italy, and appointed to the principal command of the army in the Netherlands, reinforced wuth the bell difciplined troops, amounting to one hun- dred and fifty-five fquadrons, and feventy-three battalions; but, though Vendofme feldom erred from excefs of caution, he found it expedient to remain inadive in his camp behind the Dyle, not even attempting to interrupt the confederates in carrying on the fiege of Menin, which capitulated on the 20th of Auguft". The duke of Marlborough clofed this memorable campaign, by demolilhing all the old lines, which had .been the barrier to France fince their conquefts in the Netherlands '^ In Italy, every profped was flattering to France at the beginning of this campaign. The caftle of Nice furrendered to the duke of " St. Simon, tom. vii. p. 337. Lediard, hearts of the common foldiers, who would vol. i. p. 382.407.413. have laid down tlieir lives fur his honour. '* The duke of Vendofme, grandfon of Age of Lewis XIV. vol. ii. p. 280. St. Henry IV. was bold, intrepid, and of a quick Simon, tom. ii. p. 254. See the patent of apprehenfion ; but effeminate, and addicled to the duke of Vendofme, Annals, Anne, 1706, pleafure ; and did not concert his meafures p. 165. with deliberation and depth. His affability, '* Lediard, vol. j. p. 415 — iS. condcfcenfion, and benevolence, gained the *^ Kane, p. 70. A • Berwick ^3S IA6 ■4I iH-f . J706. ii^tli April. July. 2Sth Auguft. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Berwick on tlic 14th January. The Imperial army, quartered m Lombardy, was weakened by the defertion of fome thoufand Bava- rian Ibldiers, who retahVmg their affedion for the eledor, had found opportunity to return to his fervice '\ Although prince Eugene had been fuccefsful beyond his expedt- aiions, in raifing funds for recruiting the Imperial army in Italy, and providing every ncceffary for the campaign " j yet his long deten- tion from the field, occafioned by the exertions neceffary for thefe ends, afforded the duke of Vendofme an opportunity of attacking the Germans with great advantage at Calcinato, where, after an obflinate engagement, he obtained a complete vidory. The Imperialifts loft three thoufand men in the field, and as many were made •prifoners ; feveral pieces of cannon, and all their baggage were taken ". This defeat, followed by the difperfion of the Imperial army, and the fiege of Turin, begun with fuch ample preparations as feemed to cnfurc its fuccefs, deprived the duke of Savoy of every hope of rcftoring his affairs, or even of retaining a fingle poft in Italy at the end of the campaign ^^ Taking it for granted, that Turin would be under the neceffity of furrendering, he left the city, and was purfued for feveral weeks by the duke de la Feuilladc, who, be- ing unable to overtake him, returned to the fiege, which, from that time, was carried on with uninterrupted vigour. Prince Eugene was informed of the defeat of the allies at Calcinato, when he had ad- vanced as far as Roveredo, with a reinforcement of ten thoufand re- •7 Bam, torn. x. p. 49^). The Bavarian were treated with mcreilofs fcverity by the emperor after the battle of Blenheim; and it was not to be experted, that they would mifs arv opportunity of deferting from his fcrvice. '* Prinee Eugene borrowed a large fum of money, in th.e name of the emperor, from Eng- land. A fubferiplion was opened for this pur- pofe at London ; and the queen granted let- icrs patent, Itating the importance of it ; and appointing certain perfons for receiving the fontribntions, Bavrc, torn. x. p. 4<;6. Au- nab., Anne, 1706, p. 125. 'i* Barre, torn. x. p. 496. " The armv, under the duke de la Feuil- lade, confiiUd' of hxty-eight battalions, and eighty-eight fquadrons, two hundred and fifty officers of artillery, eight hundred gunners, two hundred and fifty bombardiers and miners, and four thoufand pionecis, Ammunition, inilruments, and Uores, of every kind, for car- rying on the fiege, were provided in the fame vail proportion. Tiijdai, vol. vii. p. 5c, i. cruits QJJEEN A NNE. M7 crulis from Germany. He col^cded the rcverfion of the vanqmllicd C HA P. army, and all the troops iliat could be fpared from the garrifons in — ^^^ Brefciano and Trenthio, and pofted himfelf at Gavardo ". Here he formed the arduous defign of advancing to the relief of Turin. lie was at a great diftance from that city : the fords of the Adige, tlie Mincio,and the Oglio, were guarded; and all the ftrong poll, in tlie country, through which his march lay, occupied by the enemy. But, fuppofing it poffible for him to elTecl: a jundion with the duke cf Savoy, there feemed little probability that Turin could liold out till that event, or, if it did, the vaft fuperiority of the French army lilU checked every hope of fuccefs, fhould he liave the temerity to engage it. All thefe difficulties were furmounted. Prince Eugene moved with his troops from the Venetian Alps ; and, after a march of two hundred miles, which he performed in twenty-four days, he arrived in the duke of Savoy s country. Difficulties, more formidable than diftance, were encountered in the courfe of this march : he croft"ed four great rivers ; he pierced through the lines wdiich the duke of Vendofme had drawn from the mountains to the fea ; he drove fupe- rior numbers of the enemy before him with precipitation. The fa- tigues of long marches were aggravated by hunger, and the extremity of heat. He prevailed in many ft^irmiOies againft the enemy, and, at length, gained feveral days march upon the duke of Orieans, wlio had advanced from his camp at Turin to intercept him. On tlie ift September, he joined the duke of Savoy; on the 7th, attacked the duke of Orieans, and the marftial de Marcin, in their entrench- ments, and gained a fignal vidory ". *' Barre, torn. x. p. 49S. *» Lettres Hiiloriques, May, OAober. BarrcS torn. x. p. 499. Duclos fays, that the defeat of the French at Turin was owing, entirely, to the bad conduci of the duke de la Feuillade. The duke of Orleans advifed him to march out of the trenches, to attack prince Eugene, but Feuillade perfiiled ill his reiululion of receiving the attack ; and Two Marcin, though of the fame opmi.tn wiih Orleans, durR not contradict Feuillade, be- caufe he was the fon in-law of Chamilliit, who, at that time, had the entire eoniidence of the king. Duclos, torn. i. p. 5, 6 Qjlney, tom. v. p. 161. Pohtieal Annals, London. vol. ii. p. 45, 6. Marcin died of his wounds. Three thoufand French were killed in the field, two thoufand dcfeited after the battle, five ^35 •I HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIM. Two days after the battle of Turin, the allies experienced their Iharc of bad fortune, in lofmg the battle of Caftiglionc. The Landgrave of Hefle had begun the fiege of that fort, and confiding in the fuperiority of his army, marched out to meet the count de Medavid, who approached to relieve it. But, though Ids cavalry fought with advantage at the beginning of the engage- ment, his infantry flirunk from the impetuofity of the French troops ; and, after having loft two thoufand men in the field, be- fides fifteen hundred taken prifoners, with all his artillery and ftand- ards, he was forced to retire to the Adige *'. If this engagement had happened fooner, it certainly would either have prevented the battle of Turin, or given a different turn to its fuccefs. All the efFe£l, however, it produced, was to retard, for a fliort time, the progrefs of the duke of Savoy and prince Eugene, who reduced all the places poflefled by the enemy in Piedmont, Montferrat, and the Mila- nefe ""*, The campaign, in Spain and Portugal, forms a perfed contraft to that in Italy ; and as the latter exhibits the w^onderful effeOis of forti- tude and perfcverance in repairing the greateft difafters, fo the former affords an example of the baneful tendency of fecurity and indo- lence, in traverfing the moft profpcrous fortune, and blafting the faireft hopes. The French king, upon hearing of the progrefs of the allies in Spain, fcnt great reinforcements, and a fufhcient quantity of all kind of ftores from Provence, for opening the campaign with the ficge of Barcelona ". After the arrival of the French fleet from Toulon, the inarihal de ThefTJ began the fiege on the 2d of April, and was foon after joined by king Philip. The prefence of king Charles in the town overawed the inhabitants, who wifhed to furrender, and ani- mated the garrifon to defend it with perfcverance and fuccefs, beyond five thoufand \vcr<' made prifoners, three St. Simon, tonn. vil. p. 295 — 7. thoufand were killed 1 y the peafants in the *+ Idetn. mountains. Lcttres Hilloricjues, Od. 1706. *' Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. p. 99. *^ Hiftuirc de Louis, torn. vi. p. 123. St. Simon, torn. vii. p. 228. what QJT E E N ANNE. w^hat could have been expeded from their number ; for they were only three thouflmd. The earl of Peterborough, returning from Va- lencia, threw a body of frelh troops into the city ; and retarded the progrefs of the befiegers, by harafhng their fl^irts and outpofls with his little army. Montjuic was taken ; a breach was made in the w^alls of the town ; and the enemy were juft preparing to ftorm it, when fir John Leake arrived with the confederate fleet from Lilhon ^^ The French admiral, upon nitimation of his approach, cut his cables, and failed for Toulon. The alarm which ftruck tlie befiegers upon the arrival of the Englifh fleet, and the fudden defertion of their own, was wrought up into a dreadful panic by an eclipfe of the fun, from which their fuperftitious prejudices led them to conclude, that the countenance of Heaven w^as frowning upon their defign ^\ They rnarched off in great haftc, leaving behind them an immenfe quantity of baggage, and all their lick and wounded, wdiom they earneftly recommended to the mercy of their enemies. King Philip continued his flight till he arrived within the French territory at Perpignan ^\ All the counfellors of king Charles w^ere now agreed, with refpe(3: to the expediency of his marching to the capital, where there could be no doubt of his being proclaimed king. Different opinions how- ever were fuggefted concerning the fcheme of his march, or the road he ought to purfue ; fome recommending the neareft and moft expe- ditious, and others that which was fafeft, though it might poftpone the time of his arrival at Madrid. This diftradion of counfels, the unfteadinefs of Charles himfelf, and the animofities exched among his friends, were the ruin of all his meafures, and undid all the luccefs he had already obtained. In compHance with the advice of the earl "^^ Conduft of the Earl of Peterborough, lona, alluding to the pride of the French p. 37—53. Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. monarch, who had afTumed the fun as hi p. loi, 2. Carleton, 146. device. Tindal, vol. vii. p. 33. King CharL^s *^ In allufion to this incident, the reverfe commemorated this fignal deliverance, by arj of the medal ftruck by order of the queen anniverfaiy thankigiving. iipon this occalion, rcprefented the fun in ** St. Simon, tom. vi'. p. 253. Cunning- t'Hpfe o%cr the city and harbour of Barcc- ham, vol. ii. p. 3> 4. T 2 of M9 CHAP. vn. 1 706. 8 th Ma J'. 121H. Ijl** .0 140 HISTORY or GREAT lUllTAlM. 1 706. •«..! CHAP, of Peterborough, king Charles, after long hefitatlon, dctermincd^io ^'^'- purlue his jouniey to the metropolis, through the province of Va- lencia ; and he had advanced xvith his army as far as Tarragona, when, hearing of the favourable dilpoiition of the people of Arragon, he fudckmly changed his piirpofe, and marched to Saragolla, the capital of that province ''. While the ficge of Barcelona was carried on by the French and Spaniards, the confederate army, under the earl of Galway and the marquis de Minas, had advanced from Portugal to Eftramadura ; and were invefling Alcantara. The duke of Berwick, who commanded the French army on the frontiers of Spain, was not in force to op- pofe them; and, the court being under great apprchenfions, he had received orders not to remove too far from Madrid '\ Alcantara, furrendering after a iliort liege, Muraleia and Coria alfo fubmitted to the confederates. After this fuccefs, they croffed the Tagus, and ad- vanced to Placentia '\ The carl of Galway, flattered with the profped of entering Madrid without any obftrudion, publiilied a .oth April manifefto, in name of the queen, inviting the Spaniards to acknow- ledge king Charles ; and promifmg to proted them agamft his ene- mies. The fanguine hopes, which the earl derived from his pafl luc- cefs, were now damped by the timidity and backwardnefs of the Por'tuguefe troops, who, being yet ignorant of the French having abandoned the fiege of Barcelona, refufed to march to Madrid, under the pretext of its being their primary duty to defend tlieir own fron- tiers. Agreeably to this refolution, they marched to Cividad Rodri- go, which they 'invefted. Though weakly fortified, it held out for .6th Mav. fevcral days, and furrendered upon honourable terms ". Hearing then of the fuccefs of the confederates at Barcelona, tlie Portugucfe army was perfuaded to rejoin the earl of Galway, and to move towards *. Condua c.f the Earl .f Petcrborou^^h, du.t c,f th. Earl of Peterborough, p. 95- p. 59-75. c<^-c. Carleton, 157- ThL, ill- ^^^ BerNvick vol. .. p. ib2. iudi'-ed rdolution of Charks, was imputed 2 ^' ^d- p. 2c . . the advice of the Condc dc Cifuentcs. Cou- '' H. p. 292- , , , . , Madrid, QJJ E E N A N N E. 141 2l{l Madrid, where king Charles was cxpeded. The duke of Berwick C HAP. retreated as the confederates advanced, and, without any refiftance « -n^-— from the inhabitants of the country, w^ho dfepaired of king'Thilip's being able to recover his power, they proceeded to Madrid, which 24th June, fubmitted to king Charles ". King Philip, after retiring to Perpignan, had formed the defign of marching round about by the way of Navarre to Madrid, to prevent, by his prefence, the revolt of the capital ; but the duke of Berwick, finding it neceflary to retreat into the interior parts of the country, Philip withdrew again to the confines of France '\ Every thing now aflumed the mod favourable afpcd for king Charles. The French and Spanifh army w^as not only inferior to that of the confederates, but in want of money and provifions '' ; Toledo declared for him ; and it was expeded that the whole province of Caftile would quickly follow its example. The cardinal Portacar- rero, who had been the moft zealous inftrument of fupporting king Philip's authority '", now^ fubmitted to king Charles, and profefied to devote himfelf faithfully to his fervice in future " : all the courts be- gan to adminifter juftice in his name ; and nothing feemed wanting to fecure his authority againft all reverfe of fortune, but his perfonai prefence, and taking the reins of government into his own hands. The earl of Galway fent repeated exprefles to king Charles, repie- fenting the importance of his haftening to the capital. Fie was re- -ardiefs of expoftulations and entreaties, and blind to his own in- tereft: he remained at Saragofla immovable, as if he had been chained there by the fupernatural power of inchantment. His condud ap- peared fo infatuated, and fo repugnant to every fentiment of honour, as wdl as to the didates of prudence, that it eafily procured credit to a report of his having died fuddenly in that place '\ Exafperated by his ^3 Berwick, vol. i. p. 298. ^* Killoirc dc Louis, torn. \i. p. yS. Sal- mon, vol. XXV. p. 323. ^5 Btrwiek, vol. i. p. 304. 3' St. Simon, tcm. vii. p. 239. " Letter of the Cardinal t.> the Marquis de Minas. Monthly Mercury, Auguft. J** Hiiloire dc Louis, torn. vf. p. 98. Wit- iVv-iTcs '4= HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ■tit pit ! J706. CHAP, his foil V Ins friends fooii became indifferent to liis fuccefs ; tlie hopes and courage of his enemies revived. His indc^lencc and floth were rendered more glaring and ignominious by the adivity and expedition of Philip, who collcaing quickly a great body of troops 4th Aus. on the frontiers of France, returned to Madrid on the very day fixed for the triumphant entry of his rival '\ The earl of Galway, deeming it too great a hazard to come to an engagement with an army far fuperior to his own, which was now difpirited and provoked by the infatuation and ingratitude of its ally, retreated towards Arragon as foon as he heard of the approach of Philip. Toledo, Salamanca, and mod of the towns wliich had fubmltted to Charles, renewed their allegiance to the former. The earl of Galway, and the marquis de Minas, joined king Charles at Guadalaxara ; and, in a few days after, the earl of Peterborough ar- rived there with five hundred dragoons ; but the crifis of their pro- fperlty had been fported away, and was now irrevocable. Their communication with Portugal was cut off; Alcantara was retaken : all that remained for them to do, was to arrange their pods, and nefTc'S were not wanting to fwear that they had feen him embalmed and interred. Lam- berti, torn. xiv. p. 258. Although king Charles was brave and ac- tive, when puflied to extremity, yet he was naturally of an indolent temper ; he faw dif- tant dangers in a magnified form, and was eafily turned from his purpofe by the occur- rence of uncxpefted difficulties. Indolent men generally follow the advice of others. The Spanilh grandees, of a proud and inde- pendent fpirit, could not bear the idea of having their king placed upon the throne by the agency of foreigners. The brilliant ex- ploits of ihc earl of Peterborough, they be- held with an envious eye ; and oppofcd his counfels, becnufe, if the king had fuccecded by them, the earl would iiave arrogated the fole merit of accompliniing the principal ob- ject of the vv-ar. Cvumingham, vol. ii. p. 5. t2. 1^. The pride of Charles operated to the injury of his interell, in a way ftill more puerile and contemptible. His finances were llraitened » and he chofe rather to forego the fruits of his pad fuccefs, and to put all to hazard, than enter his capital, without that extravagant pageantry, which, as he thought, became the inauguration of fo great a prince. Idem. As the condudl of Charles was fo fuigularly imprudent and abfurd, the ingenuity of hif- torians was put to the ftretch to account for it i and, among other caufes, it is not furpril- jng, that the power of gallantry, which has fo often quenched heroic ardour, was called in upon this occafion.and the wavering, contra- dictory, procralUnating purpofes of the vic- torious prince, were afcribed to the violence of his affedion to a lady at Barcelona. Tia- dal, vol. vii. p. 37. 3' Jierwick, vol. ii. p. 319. eftabhfli 17C6. May tiJJEEN ANNE. H3 eftabllfh their quarters on fuch a plan as to fecure Arragon and Cata- ^ HAP. Ionia ; to maintain an open and fafc approach to Caftile, and a com- munication with the fea coafls*°. The Upper Rhine was the only quarter in wdiich the French arms were fuccefsful during the campaign 1706. After the duke of Marl- borough's departme to the Netherlands, the marflials Villars and Marcin advanced tow^ards the German army at Drufenheim, under the command of the prince of Baden and the count de Frlfe, who, afraid of being attacked by fuperior force, fled with fuch precipita- tion, that all their tents, and a great quantity of their baggage and military ftores, fell into the hands of the French. The Germans fly- ing over the Rhine by the bridge of Statmatt, which they broke dow^n, Fort Louis was relieved from the blockade which it had fo long fuftained. They did not even attempt to make a (land at Lau- terburg, though, by the late fortifications, it was ffronger than it had been in the preceding campaign, when it fo bravely refiiled tlic affaults of the enemy ; and fuch was the difmay and confternation of the garrifon, that it left the magazines there entire for the ufe of the conquerors. The French followed up their fuccefs with the moft ex- peditious movements, and expelled the Germans from Germerflieim, and from all the polls which they had occupied from the river Mote to Spirebach. Villars clofed his fuccefs with the fiege of Haguenau, which capitulated in fix days after the trenches were opened: the garrifon being made prifoners of war, and a prodigious quantity of powder, corn, and clothing taken in the place *'. Thus, vv ithin the fpace of a few weeks, the allies loft all the conquefts whicli they had made on the French fide of the Rhine during the campaigns i 704, and 1705, except Landau, from which their communication was en- tirely cut off. The misfortunes uf the French arms, in every other quarter, obliged Villars to fend large detachments from his army, which fl:opped his profperous career, and confined his attention for *° Hiftoirc de Louis, torr. vi. p. 99. ♦' Villars, torn. ii. p. 3?4— 7. Barrcj ton":, v. p. 39?- fomc th M a'.. p ■ I.- If ^. X44 c 11 A r. lolh Sept. iStlu j-thoa. Ifi'k HISTORY or GREAT LRITAIK. fomc true, to f QJJ E E N A N N E. • HS St. Domingo j and the greateft part of the Virginia traders were cap- C HAP. turcd by privateers ''. Tlie minifters endeavoured to refute tlie u---^-^ charges brought againft thenifelves, by imputing thefe misfortunes to accidents and difeafe, which made great havock in the Weft India fleet, and to the mifcondua: of commanders, which had given occa- fion to change them more frequently there, than in any other ftation. To tlie difcerning inquirer, the plan of operations adopted by the AVhig minifters, will appear to have been one caufe at leaft of the mifcarriagcs and difgraces wiiich happened fo often to the EngHfti fleets in the courfc of this war. The bufmefs of the navy was only a fubordinate objed of attention: the great ftrefs of expence and preparation was laid upon the fupport of the continental army ; and the exertions of the fleets of England were chiefly direded to the benefit of her allies. Thus, the Mediterranean fleet, deftined for the iervice of king Charles, was better equipped and manned than the Weft India fquadrons, which otherwife might have contributed eflen- tially, not only to the immediate protedlon of the colonies, but to the future fecurity and extenfion of the Britifti commerce '\ The confederates now found that they had juft grounds for re- monftrating againft fo great a proportion of the Imperial refources being wafted by the wanton and culpable continuance of the war in Hungary. Their mediation between the emperor and his revolted fubjeds was employed in vain, while his mercenary favourites clan- deftinely obftruded every approach to an accommodation, which would have put an end to the accumulated profits expeded by them from the conftfcated property of the malecontents *'. The increafing reputation, and aftoniftiing fuccefs of the king of Sweden, began, at this time, to awaken the jealoufy of all the confe- ** Lives of the Admirals, vol. ili. p. 118. *'' Id. p. 117. Oldmixon, vol. ii. p. 395. delivered to the mediator?, as the bafis of peace. Some of them were extravagant; but, *^ Tlndal, vol. vii. p. SS' A ceilation'of on the other hand, tlie anf^vers of the court hollilltles had been agreed to on the 15th ^f Vienna were not ni a congihatmg fpmt. AprU, and the demands of the maleconteats Monthly Mercury, July. u derates, 14^ HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. QJJEEN ANNE, ^47 # K 1^' *,i • i:q'. CHAP, derates, and particularly oF the emperor Jofeph*'. In the courfc of this campaign, that ciiterprifnig monarch over-ran Saxony, laid the country under contribution, and reduced the eledlor to the necefTity of begging a peace upon any terms the conqueror fliould be plealed to didatc. The unfortunate eleQor not only acknowledged the right 241I1 Sept. of his rival, S:anil]aus, to the crown o[ Poland ; but refigned all pre- tenfions to the duchy of Lithuania. He Vv^as, however, fo vain as to ftipulate for retaining the empty title of a king, which could only ferve to mortify hiui by the remembrance of the lofty projecls from which he had fallen. The great augmentation of power which de- volved upon a prince fo full of enterprife, and who, by the Late treaty with Auguftus, had become an inmate of Germany, could not fail to give uneafuiefs to the court of Vienna ; while the affiduous and faw^iing application of the French king for obtaining his alliance was ominous to the common intereft of the confederates '\ *^ State of the Wa.-. London 1705. '" Letter fiom Ratilbon. Lambcrti, torn. xHi. p. 483'* CHAP. VIIL Short Stfrvcy of the State of Scotland from the Union of the Cro^^m^ to the AcccJJhn of ^lecn Anne— Of political Affairs and Parties at that Time. — Difcontent cccafioned by the Cynlinuation of the Contention Parliament.— Ob. jedions to its Authority.— Parties in it. — Embarraffment of the Minijkrs ivith refped to Scotland. — Arguments for dijohing the Convention Par Ha- jnent—For continuing it. — The Convention Parliament and the Whig Mini- Jiers continued.—Seffion of Parliament.— The Duke of Hamilton protejis againfi it, and zvithdra-u,-s ivith his Adherents.— The Faculty of Advocates publifj an Opinion in favour of the protejiing Members.— The ^ecn's Leffer to the States. --Difficulties of Adminijlration.—Ad.spajfed.—A Motion ft abjuring the Pretender, ill reeeived.-^Thc Parliament adjourned. --The Commijftoners meet to treat about an Union.— Their Proceedings abortr.e.--^ Effects of the Prsceedings of the ScQttiJh Parliament.— The Court endeavours to conciliate the Cavaliers.— Changes in the Scottiff Minijlry.—A tieiu Par- liament. — The Duke of ^leenfbury CommiJJioner.— The Sheen's Letter.— Bill for recognifng her Majeffs Title, i^^c.— Carried by the Influence of the Prefjyterians and Cavaliers. — The Mini/lers Ife the Confidence of the Rcvolutionifls.—A Supply moved by the Earl of Home—Gppofed by the Whigs.— Origin of the Squadrone Volante.—Overturc by the Marquis cf Tiucedalc.-Enthufiafm of the Scots for Independence.— The Marquis cf Tweedale's Overture preferred to the Supplies. — Ads paffed.— Ac! of Secu^ rity defircd by every Party.— Keen Debates, and various Overtures relative to it.— The Subfidy refufed.—The Scffion adjourned.— Alarm occafioncd m England by the Proceedings of the Scottijh Parliament, THE hiRory of Scotland, from the union of the two crowns, CHAP, exhibits a gradual tendency to national deprefFion, which, at the accefTion of queen Anne, had reached an extremity almoa incapable of any aggravation or redrefs. Science and literature languiilied ; commerce, manufadures, and population declined ; luxury, from the example of a more opulent neighbourhood, advanced with rapid U 2 ftcps 1-C2- (If I 148 M CHAP. VIII. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. flcps among the liiglicr ranks. The fpccic of the country was ^ drained ; an'd poverty, like a gangrene, had overfpread tlic whole body of the people. Thofc fond fpcculatlons of commercial opu- lence, which had buoyed up the hopes of the Scots, after having been fairly tried, had not only proved abortive and ruinous, but af- forded a mortifying evidence to the nation, of its utter incapacity, in its prefent flate of dependence, to profecute cffeaual meafures for the removal of impending grievances, or the improvement of its future condition. For, though the difaflers of the Darien company might primarily arife from the ignorance and prcfumption of its projedors ; yet there could be no doubt of their having been both accelerated and heightened by the unkind interference and over-ruling influence of Englilh counfels '. Was it not demonftrable, from the whole ferics of tranfadions relative to that bufmefs, that the national fo- vereignty, of which the Scots fo proudly vaunted, was nothing more than an empty phantom, fmce William had been conftrained, by the importunity of the EngliOi parliament, to cancel thofe very meafures which had obtained his fandion as king of Scotland ? Wliile the political union between the two nations was fo loofe and defedivc, it was natural for the court of England to keep a jealous eye upon Scotland, and to fufped, that, if ever Ihe acquired riches and power, they would be employed in fchemes dangerous to the conftitution of the more profperous kingdom. The part which the Scots had aded, during the civil war in England, under the reign of Charles the Firft, afforded an indrudive proof of the effeds to be dreaded from hs in- terpohtion in times of public commotion ; and the remembrance of this was the occafion of cramping the trade and refources of Scot- land, as well as of foreign nations, by the navigation ad, after the re- • Sir John Clerk, fpcaking of tlie Dan'en « proof, that Scotland, In a feparatc ftate, bufincfe, fays, " I always thought it not fo " was not to enjoy the leatt fhadow (;f j roi- •' much a'foolitli as a Voguifh projeft, &c. " peri'ty, In any part of the world, which " But the conduct o( Englaiul towards Scot- «' interfered with the power, navigation, and «» land, at tluit time, fei-\ed fufficiouly as a " i;adc of England." MSS. llofatlon QJJ E E N ANNE. 149 I* ft ftontlon of Charles the Second*. By that aft, the Scots found ^^.,"1. ' themrclves precluded from many benefits which they had formerly ^— ;:^ enjoyed In common with the fubjefls of the fame fovercign ; and Tvere cut oif from the hope of maintaining, in future, an increafing proportion to the fortune and profperity of a people with whom they were fo intimately conneded by political Intereft and loclal in- tercouife. Together with the dedine of trade and manufadures, the reputa- tion and honour of Scotland had faded, in confequence of a real, though difguifed fubordination to the neighbouring kingdom. Pre- vious to the jundio-n of the crowns, her alliance had been courted by the principal ftates on the continent, and her interefts regarded iii the formation of every important treaty there. But now, while her dignity was edipfed by the fuperior luftre of the monarchy to which fhe had become an appendage, fhe was not fo much as named in the courfe of thofe foreign tranfadions, which alfeded her intercil in common with that of England. As if it had been on purpofe to , notify, to diftant courts, the infignificance into which llie had funk, no Scotfman was employed in any embalTy, or permitted to be preient when the foreign ambafladors were admitted to an audience in the court of London '. The * Confideratlons on the Union, p. ?4, 5- 1706. By the acl of navigation, I2th Charles the Second, the freedom of trade, which th.- Scots had enjoyed under his father and grand- failter, was retrenched. Heavy duties were impofed upon goods. Imported from Scotland to England ; and upon Englilh commodities, eUential to the accommodation and Improve- ment of Scotland. Repr.fentat!on of the grievances of Scotland relative to Trade, pj-e- fented by the Scots Commiffioners, 3d Fe- bruary' 1668. Enquiry Into the Reafonabk- ncfs of an Union with Scotland, p. 67. Lon- don, 1706. After the union of the crowns, the Scots wire permitted to fettle in the plantations, and enjoy the privileges of Engllih natives. From the time of the Davlen adventure, they began to be rudely treated ; many of them In public offices, juftices of the peace, and mem. bers of the council, were turned out ; and fometimes they were rejected upon juries, &c. The goods and fliips of Scotfmen were con- flfcated in the plantations ; and this was fome- times done when the o vners of them refided in London. The Cafe of Scotfmen refiding I:i England and In the Englifli Plantations, p. 4, 5. Edinburgh 1703. Hiilorical Account of the Grievances of Scotland, paPum. 3 Letter to a Friend on tlie Union. Edin- burgh 1705. Letter to a Member of Parha- merit, coucTiung the true Intercil of Scot- land. 15^ illSTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. The Scots, from the highcft anriquity, had been rignalizccl for mar- tial genius and heroic gallantry. Multitudes of the lower rank, and the cadets of the mod illuilrious families, had been accnllomcd, ior many centuries, to cnlifl in the armies of foreign princes ; and the fame which they acquired for valour in the field, not only gratitKul the pride of iheir relations, but redounded to the honour and ad- vantage of their native country. Under the requihtiou of a iovc- r-i^n whofe EnirliCh dominions were the firR objeet of his proteclion and care, his fubjeels, in Scotland, found themfelves reftraincd from entering into foreign fervice, and deprived of the opportunity oi earning that appropriate glory which exalted the cliarader ot the nation, and compcnlated for the narrownefs of its internal refources. lire meritorious fervices of the Scots in the w^ar with France, during the late reign, had excited a realbnable expectation of their partici- pating, with their fellow fubjeds in England, in the beneficial fruits of peace. But how grievoudy were they difappointed, when they found, that the re-eftabliiliment of national tranquillity only furniflicd the Englilli Icgiflature with leifure and opportunity for thwarting thofe fchemes upon which the Scottilh nation had erected its fondell hopes of independence and profperity ? While the Englifli miniftry was making large demands of recruits from Scotland for carrying on a new war on the continent, it roulcd the Indignation of the people, to reflea, that, like tlie flavKh troops of a military defpot, they w^ere compelled to fpill their blood in a contert m which they had no genuine and permanent interefl ; and tliat all tlie laurels, land. Id. " Since the time of James t1ie ^* Sixtlu (ill the union, few Scotfmen Inid ** btiii .'mbaflTculors In foixign parts, for tluy ♦*■ wcit liot thought worthy of being ciitrutltd «' with the geneial affairs of Gnat Britain." Sir John Clerk's MSS. on Lockhart, | . (53. *» Tie honour and efteem which Scotland ** " had acquired in all parts of Europe, were ** fank ; and her nan:c was forgotten iiinong «« it r fe ver^■ nations il.c h
      e farther proceeded in there, as the parliament fiiuuld fee caufe. Records of the Scotch Par- liament, 30th June 1702. Seventy advocates declared, that ther gave- no warrant to the dean of faeultv for pubiifli- ii'o- ariy opinion on tlie fabjed ; and iwent;. of them refufed to anf-.-er any queillous yi to them by the parliament. Id. i6th June. '' Tinual, voK \. p. 93. union 1702. ^56 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. I.H CrlAP. pcrfcvcrcd m reading a paper, which contained realbns agahift the ^^^^' mectini: of this parliament, and thereupon took inftrinneuts ; alter which, he withdrew with twenty-nine of the memhers wlio adhered to his protcftation'\ This patriotic, baud, as it was called, was fol- lowed with fl^outs of applaufc to a neighbouring tavern, where the night was fpent in mirth and fcilivily ■;. The faculty of Advocates voluntarily *^ Records of the Scotch Parliament, MSS. RogJflcr Office, Edinburgh. •^ Luckhart's Memoirs, p. i+— 17- ^^o"' don, 1714. As I iliall often have occafioii to refer to Lockhart's Memoirs in the fcquel of the ScottiOi lililory, It may be proper to in- form the reader of the character of this au- thor, and the fecurlty with whkh I rely upon his teftimony. The book was never aeknow- ledcred by Mr. Lockhart, and there is a tra- ditional report of its having been fnrrep- titiouCy pubhmed witli tlie intention of hurt- ing his reputation witli the court. Tlie inp- pofition of Mr. Lockhart's being the author is corroborated by ilrong internal arguments. Mr, Lockhart was a warm friend to the houfe of Stuart, a zealous oppofer of the unum, and enrageJ. againil all his countrymen, wlio did not cfrouiV Ms own pohlicnl lentimcnts. The Mem',;. ^, as might be exptncd fioni an author of this character, abound with enco- miums on his own partifans ; and hardly allow anv credit for prj)bity and patriotifm, to the leaders of the Whigs, and the preH^yterians. Mr. Lockhart had excellent accefs to inform- ation, liaving be*|n himfelf a member of the Scottifh parliament, and admitted into all the confvdtations of the Cavaliers. He was named by the queen to be one of the eommifiloners for the treaty of union, upon the reconmiend- aticn of the earl of Wharton, who was his uncle. HI;: acci. tav.ce ef this trull does him little honour, as he was an enemy to the fcheme of uniting Scotland to England upon any terms whatever ; and protefles to have accepted of his commifTion, with the inten- tion of doing all in his power to fruftrate the objert of It ; and of aftlng as a fpy upon his colleagues. Memoirs, p. ibj. Vv'ith due abatement for the author's po- litical prejudices, the Memoirs may be ad- mitted as an authoritative vouclier for many important facts at the period to which they relate. I am fortunate however in an oj^por- tunity of deriving advantages from thefe Me- moirs, never enjoyed by any former hillonan ; and no wife affected by the ifiuc of the ques- tion refpecting the author. Among fir John Clerk's MSS., I found a copy of Lockhart's Memoirs, with notes in fir Jolm's own hand, on t!ie margin ; upon the back of the tide-page, the following words are written in the fame hand. " As <' thefe Memoirs are faid to have been written *' by Mr. Lockhart in the heat of party " rage, it is no extraordinary matter to hnd " them erroneous in feveral particulars, which " the following notes will demonilratc ; yet " many of the characters are jult, in fo far ♦' as the author was acqiiai;ited with the pcr- *« fons. Thefe notes were revifed by me In *' the year 1738, and again in 1747. I have " carefully confidertd them, and do not only " adhere to tliein, but politively affeit, that every partlcidar faft mentioned by me is exa(5tl> agreeable to truth; and that to my knowledge, I have concealed no- thing. J. C."' In a note on the margin of the fecord page of thv. preface, hr John favs, '♦ Thefe Memoirs were given out to be "copied, and fo came abroad ; however the <* pe!fi gave their opinion In favour of the dilfentlng to them by the parliament. Id. i^th jun'.. mendocrs, were cited to appear before the par- '^ Tindal, vo). v. p. 93. bameut ; and, after various delays, the proccts . , union H A P. Vlll. I '02. liB CHAP. VI 1 1. m f -til June, HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. union of the two kingdoms, ilcps had been taken by the EngUlh parliament to pave the way for that dclh-able event ; and that fhc was empowered to appoint commiflioners for beginning the treaty ; in aecomplifliing which llie expeclcd their concurrence. She re- commended a particular attention to the Hate of the poor, whole Iiardfliips had been aggravated by luccenivc ieafons of fcarcity '\ The bufmefs, fuggelled by the queen's letter, was more fully ex- plained and enforced by the commifiioner, and the chancellor ". It is worthy of remark, that in thefe addrelTes to the Aates, as well as in the royal letter, a high veneration was profefled for the memory of king William, whole name was introduced as giving the molt weighty fanCtion to the fcheme of bufmefs fubmitted to their deli- beration. This circumllance fully diiclofes the fentimcnts and views of the court at this period with refpecl to the (late of parties in Scotland. The late king had found, from experience, that the firfl friends of the revolution were the only perfons on whofe fidelity he could depend. Her majelly, under this impreflion, had been per- fuaded to retain the convention parliament as the futeft inftrument for fupporting her authority in Scotland ; and her fpeech was there- fore adapted to their political notions, though widely different from thofc of the party which flie now favoured in England. In ad- herence to the fiime plan, flie afterwards refufed to receive an addrefs from the diffenting members, in vindication of their condud, and pledged herfelf to maintain the authority of the prefent parliament againll all its oppofers '*. This unexpeded rupture in the parliament, and the general dif- content and turbulence of the people, were not the only difficulties which the minifters had now^ to encounter in conduding the bufmefs of Scotland. Subfequent meafures, purfued by thofe members v.ho QJT E E N AN N E. '59 '" Records of the Scotch Parliament. '^ After rcadinji; the royal letter to the jlates, the coinmiirioner, and the chancellor, uf'jd to make harangues on the lojiics coiiliiiued n it, and to enforce a rcfped to them, by ful- ome encomiums on the goodnels of the love- r eign. '" AiHialb Anne, 1702, p. 65, 6. had CHAP. VIII. i — '■ . '9 The cefs, or aiTcfTmcnt, was raifed upon the eftates, and royal boroughs in Scotland, in proportion to their valued rents. This mode of taxation was introduced by Oliver Crom- well, after he had fettled the union between the two kingdoms. The cefs amounted to nx thoufand pounds per month ; and, accord- inn- to the exigencies of government, it was incrcafed, not by raifmg the monthly fum, but by adding to the number of months, which anfwered'^the fame purpofe. Effay for re- moving Prejudices againil the Union, Part ii. p. 18. 1706. ^= This feffion difcovered a flrong zeal for prca^ytery, which was believed to be in danger from the prejudices of the fovereiga, and her prefent minilters. Sir Alexander 13ruce, hen- apparent to the earl of Kincardine, was ex- pelkyterian govern- ment '% and enabling her majefty to appoint commiffioners to treat about an union between the two kingdoms. But when the draught of a bill for abjuring the pretender was prefented by the carl of Marchmont, it occafioned open and violent exprefFions of avcrfion. Some of the members, who had been ftrenuous advocates for the authority of the parliament, were the moft diflatisfied with this motion, and determined to invite the diflenting members to rcfume llieir feats, in order to fortify their refiftance againft every meafure tending to fix the fucccffion of the crown ". Its unfettlcd ftate be- ■ 1 ih i \ H 160 c H x\ r. VIII. June 3otli. HISTORY OV GREAT BRITAIN. gan now to be confidercd, by the generality of tlie people, as pre- renting the mod favourable opportunity to obtain the redrcls of tlic'n grievances. Nor did the court, at this time, difcover any anxiety about cv- tending the aa of fettlemcnt to Scotland ; for reafons of Hate, it pro- bably rather wiihed tliat the fuccefhon tlicre Ihould remain ambigu- ous 'and undetermined '■\ As the introdudion of Inifmefs of fucli magnitude, without the approbation of the queen, was a demonAra- tion how little flic could rely upon the party (he patronitcd ; fo the arguments and motives, urged for rcjcding it, indicated a general propeniity to perplex the public bufmefi;, and to encourage that fpirit of aUenatlon from England, which was already too prevalent. The commlfhoncr put an end to this fefhon, in order to prevent the dif- cuflion of a qucftion, which was likely to be produdive of great heats and divifions, and ilill farther to difparage tlic authority of parliament ; exprcfhng his furprife and regret, at the introduaiou of a fubjcct of fuch a delicate nature, without the participation of her majefty's miniilers. During the recefs of the Scottifli parliament, the commllTioners, appointed by her majelly for treating about the union of the two kingdoms, met at the Cock-pit on the 22d October; but on account of the abfence of the majority of the Scottifli commiflloners, whofe backwardnefs was conlidered as an untoward omen by thofe who ^vUhed well to the projed:, all proceedings were flopt for the fpacc of a month '\ After the preliminary articles were adjufted, the bufi- nefs was often interrupted by the want of a quorum of the Enghfli commimoncrs, from which it fliould feem, that they did not enter heartily into it ; or perhaps they liad little hope of bringing it to a fucccfsful conclufion. The jealoufy of the prelhyterians was, at the commencement of this tranfadion, excited in a more than ordi- lUiry degree, by the fufpeded partiality of the queen for the epifco- " Lockhart, p. 17. Sir J. Clerk's MSS. •*^ Appendix lo Defoe's Hilta-y of the Union, N XIV. QJJ E E N A N N E. pallans ; and as the latter hoped, fo tlie former dreaded, that a more C intimate connexion with their Englifli neighbours would prove fatal to tlie prefent eftabliflmicnt ''* In this temper of the people of Scot- hmd, for the generality were prefl^yterians, all attempts to reconcile them to an union with England muft have proved fruitlcfs, without previous llipulations for the fecurity of their religion. Nor, fuppof- ing this difFiculty had been furmounted, would the expeaations of the Scots, with refped to trade, have been eailiy fatisfied. Their commlffioners plainly hinted, that they would not be pieafed with a free communication of the trade of England, without having the rights of the Darien company recognifed and eitabliihcd. When this condition was openly infifl:ed upon, every hope of amicable pro- ceeding vaniflied ; and her majefty adjourned the meeting of tlie commlffioners on the 3d of February to the 4th of Odobcr 1703 '\ Although the proceedings of the commlffioners did not ad- vance to maturity, yet they certainly contributed to the happy iffiie of this bufmefs when it was afterwards refumed. The great outlines of the treaty were now drawn, and the general principles of it eftablifhed ; and, as the fame perfons were afterwards appointed commlffioners for that purpofe, they had, during the interval between thefe two tranfadions, direded their thoughts and inquiries to the mofl: proper expedients for removing the difficulties and mifundcr- ftandlngs which impeded their progrefs at this time. From various circumftance§, which occurred in the courfe of a few months, a great change took place in the ftate of parties in Scotland ; and induced the Engllfh cabinet to adopt new meafures in the management of affairs there. The moft zealous friends of the revolution were offended by the open indifference, and the fuf- ■** Hiftor^' of Scotland by David Scot, 25th June 1702, two members entered their p. 716. Weftminiler, 1727. difTcnt, becaufe it did not cxprefsly hinder the *5 Appendix to Defoe, N° XIV, Salmon, commiffioncrs from treating about the re- vol. XXV. p. 96. When the aft concerning cftablifhmeut of prelacy. Record of the the union was read In the Scottifli parliament, Scotch parliament, 25th June 1702. Y peded 161 H \ P. viir. 170: pall an j; ; i ti'i R' '* '> u .%; 162 C H A r. VIII. 1702. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, pc£ted avcrfion of the court, to the protePiiint fucceirion '"; and trembled for the fafety of the preil3yterian government, both on account of the known attach.mcnt of the queen to epiicopacy, and the violent fplrit difphiyed by the majority of the houfe of commons in England againft the protedant diilentcrs. The Scottilh Whigs, dlftrufting the court, began to aflbciatc and confult with the country party, which profelTed to devote itielf entirely to the removal of grievances and the caablilhment of the future independence of the kingdom. After fuch a coalition of parties, the miniiiry were con- vinced, that no advantage could accrue to them from the prelent parliament ; the objections to which grew ftronger from its prolong- ation, and furniilied a Handing topic for arraigning the condud of government. Although it was cxpedcd, that in a new parliament many members would be adverfe to the meafurcs of the court ; yet there could not exiil, in- the reprcfentative body recently eleded, that concert of plan, which was eafily formed by thofe who had been long knowm to each other from their official intercourfe, or that perfonal acrimony againft minifters, which aduatcd individuals, difappointed, either In views of ambition, or fchcmes of patriotifm. The cavaliers, valuing themfelves upon an affedionate attachment to a prlncefs of the houfe of Stuart, and a flwourer of their own religion, were expeded to make every exertion for recovering a fliare in the reprcfcntation, when they w^ere freed from thofe dif- couragements, which, during the preceding reign, had either pre- vented their entering into the field of competition, or obftruaed their fuccefs with the eledors. Attending to all thefc confiderations, -.1 was now deemed a matter of expediency, to footh that party which had been fo long depreiled, with a view of rendering it -' Tl.c fuccefTion of the prince cf Wales hed their wifhes for his fuccefs, hy exprcffn^g wa. now mentioned a. a dcf.rahle event, not their hopes of his converlion. i he Ito.y ot onlv by the Jacobites and epifeopah-ans, but his being fuppoi.t.tious was very generally by many who had formerly expredld a jealoufy treated v.ith contempt. Cleik's Mbb. for the prottflaui intcrcil. The latter quali- ^ friendly Q^U E E N ANN E. 165 friendly to the court. Strong aOlirances were conveyed to the ca- valiers of her majefty's favourable opinion of them, and of licr ^efire to confide in their fidelity, and artful infinuations w^ere em- ployed to make them believe, that fhe cherillied kind purpofes in behalf of her brother **'. Several of the Whigs were immediately difplaced, and cavaUers brought in, and a proclamation was Iffucd, promlfing an indemnity to all who had committed trcafon, previous to the month of April 1702 ''. One of the moft honourable expe- dients, for procuring the fervices of the Jacobites, was a promife of toleration to the eplfcopallans, which, as it was founded on juftice, was alfo agreeable to her majerry's private willies'". By thefc mea- fures her majefty ftrengthened the hands of the antl-revolutionlils, and acquired a powerful claim to the gratitude and fervices of tiicir relations vsrhom fhe reftored from exile, and relieved from the terror of future profecution. The new parliament met at Edinburgh on the 6th May 1703. The duke of Queenfberry, at this time, lefs obnoxious to the cava- liers than any of the old minifters, w^as again appointed commll- fioner. Her majefty 's letter to the States contained a repetition of »v4 *' <* The earl of Seaficld affured all whom *< lie knew to be of loyal principles, that the *' queen was refolved to truft the government «< to their management, and to take care of the »' diftreffed royal family." Lockhart, p. 25. This alfertion is confirmed by Cunningham, who fays, " that the queen was fufpc6led of a *' fecret defign in favour of the pretender ; that " fhe had grown fcnfible of the crime com- *' mitted againfl her father ; and was refolved ** to make amends to her brother." Cunning- ham, vol. i. p, 326. " The Tories (the Scot- ** tifh) were far from thinking her majefty ** rightful fovereign ; but tliey had it always *' in their heads, that fhe would contrive fome ** way or other to have her brother fucceed «' her." Sir J. Clerk's MSS on Lockhart, p. 12. * The earl of Marchmont, Melvil, Selkirk, Adani Cockburn of Orrafllon, fir John Max- Y well, the earl of Levcn, and Hindford, were all difplaced. The duke cf Qucenfberrv and Vifcount Tarbot were made fecretaries ot ilate; the earl of Sealield, chancellor; the marquis of Annandale, prefident of tfie coun- cil ; the earl of Tullibardine, lord privy feal ; lord Boyle, deputy trcafurer ; Mr. Macken/if of Preflon-hall, juftice clerk ; fir James Mur- ray of PhlHphaugh, lord regifter ; and the earl of March, governor of Edinbui^h caftle. Lockhart, p. 20, 21. *' Management of the late Scotch Miniftry, p. 5. Lond. 1708. Minutes of Privy Coun- cil, 4th February 1703. The queen wrote a letter to the priry council, defiring that all the proteftant diflfenters, who behaved fuitably to the reformed religion, might be prote;.- t.l ■•4 1 I? i ■ I t hf 164 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, her former promlfcs, to do every thing in her power for the fatlf- VIII. _ ^ . f 1 .• . 1 • 1 CI. . ^.^ ,-,^r,r^A.^A f-r«f /^'J- 6ih May. fadion and feciirity of her anticnt kingdom. She recommended, to- their particular attention, tlic ftatc of the forces, garrilons, and forts ; tlie granting neceffary fuppUes, and making proper laws for the encouragement of trade. She declared, that it fliould ever he her endeavour, to fecurc the peace and profperity of Scotland, and cxpc6led their hearty concurrence for the fvmc good ends. She recommended, as formerly, to provide for the poor '\ It did not cfcape the puhlic nj3tice, that, In the royal letter,^ though underftood to contain an authoritative recommendation of thofe^'fubjeds which were to occu^^y the dehberation of parliament, no mention had been made of the fuccefhon, a point, of all others, the mod intcrcfting to national tranquillity ; and while this clrcum-. ftance alarmed the zealous revolutionifts, it encouraged the hopes of thole who had never withdrawn their affedions from the court of St. Germain's. The bufmefs of the fefflon began with an ad for recognifing her majefty's title to the crown, and making it high trealbn to difowii it, or to challenge her exercife of the government. The firft claufe, moved by the duke of Hamilton, was unanlmoufly adopted; but the fecond, relative to the exercife of government, introduced by tlic lord advocate, became the fubjed of a long and keen debate. The o])]ea of it was to preclude any future inquiry into the autho- rity of 'the laft parliament. It was argued, by the oppofers of this claufe, that it was highly difhonourable to her majefty, by infmuat- nyr or fuppofmg, that the exercife of the government had been abuied by her, and needed an Indemnity ; that whatever charges might be brought againft her minifters, it was a high indignity to 30 Records of the Parliament of Scotland, find any refolution taken upon It The num. T. congruence of th. recommendation from ber of the poor n. Scot and, at th begunung In conlcquencL K.rt.-r t-mulovinir of the reiffn of queen Anne, was fuppofed to r "^T^Z^"^^^- '^^a.:2!lJ. be t.o huL. ed tLuf .nd. Money and Trade :!?;:L! Tdt L^^^^^^^ .4UOune. couaacrca,p.x.6. Eaiuburgh,.705. Reeonh uf \\k Scotch Parliament. I do not inVoIvC QJJ E E N ANNE. involve the royal perfonage in the participation of their guilt. C Confcious to themfelves of liaving advifed her majefty to overftrain prerogative by upholding an authority, which had grown fupcr- annuated and illegal, they had now foifted her name into the bill, that, under the reverence due to it, they might efcape that cenfure, which their mal-adminlftration juftly merited^'. The minifters, defirous to conciliate the country party, avoided entering, into any difcuftlon of the queftlon touching the authority of the laft parliament ; and refted the defence of the difputed claufe, upon the general principles of fitnefs and expediency. The righc of fucceftlon, vefted in the perfon of the queen by the entail of the crown, w^as complete and perfed, during the life of the late king ; but, as her right to the exercife of government did not accrue to her majefty till after his death, it was proper to recognife and fecure it by a fandlon of treafon '*. From the unexpe£led coalition of the cavaliers and the prcfby- terians, the additional claufe w^as carried by a confiderable majority. The former were now devoted to the court, and the latter, though eftranged from it, were afraid to relax, or expofe, to future cenfure, that fecurity which had been obtained for their religion by the ads palled in the laft feftGon of the convention parliament. Notwith- ftandlng this confirmation of its authority, a fecret diftruft concern- ing the lawfulnefs of all its proceedings was ftill entertained by every party ; for the moft important law^s, which had been pafled in the laft feftiion of that parliament, were now re-enaded with little varia- tion In their fubftance or titles ". This appeared, perhaps, the more neceflar}^, '65 ^' Records of the Parliament of Scotland. ^* Proceedings of the Parliament of Scot- land, p. 7. It was made high treafon to im- pugn her majefty's title to the crown of Scot- land, or her exercife of the government there, from the time of her entering upon it. Ap- pendix to the Proceedings of the I'af liament of Scotland, N' I. " Compare the adl recognifing her ma- jefty's royal authority, June 12th, 1702, with the aft afferting and rccognifmg her ma- jefly's authority. May 19th, 1703 ; the act for fecuring the true protcftant religion and prefbyterian government, JuiK 12th 17c::, with that for fecuring the true protedant re- ligion and prefbyterian government, Sejrtem. ber HAP. VIII. 1703. '4. If J hr 1 66 CHAP. VIH. 17-3- 19th May. :(/th. rr IlISTOUY OF GREAT BRITAIN. neecniirv, becaiife when the commlffioncr was about to give tlic royal ailoat to the ad of recognition, the duke of llamillon de- clared, that he mil underftood the additional claufe, as affeding only the queen's exercife of the government, and not that of her miniilers ; and therefore that it did not foreclofe any future inquiry into their mifcondud; ^*. Many days of this fcffion had not clapfed, before the commil- fioncr I'lad the mortification to difcover the error of that temporizing policv which had lately been adopted by the court, and the dan- gerous ciTeas of trufting i'o much to the interca and lidelity ot the cavaliers. Could they have been perfuaded to acquiefce in a dil- creet and reierved fupport of miniftcrial meafures, and to diiguile the confidence they had gained with the court, public ailairs might perhaps have been fmoothly carried on, and the moft iuq.ortant views of the minifters promoted. But they were impatient to make an oftentation of their power, by taking the fird fleps in a bufinels, which as it was of the moft interefting nature, had been always aligned to the approved friends of the court. The motion for a fupplv was made by the earl of Home, who had been a zealous remonftrant .gainft the revolution, had declined taking the oaths m the lite reign, and was ftiU fufpcded of correfponding with the court of St. Germain's ^ The imprudence of conferring Inch a diftinguifhed mark of the royal confidence upon a perfon lufpeded of difloyalty had been in vain reprcfcnted to the commifrioncr by fome of the Whigs, and now afforded them an opportunity of yent^ ing party refentment under the fpecious garb of a conftitutional oppofition, and patriotic zeal -. The commiiTioner by making apologies for conceflions which the emergency ot affairs had ex- be. ,9^^^. ^7C3 ; ^^- ^^ '^^f^^ ^;^^ Jt' '■ - Rc^o:ds of the P.rlian.ent of Scotland, ^.eting of P-^---;; ^;^: ;i: j^:; 3, Uaio. of On,i.al Papers concerning June izth, 170a, w th t^y^^;^^^^ .^^ ^^^ ^^^3,.,,,, PI,,. Loud. .704. ;,03. ^Scotch Aas, vol. .u. p. 603, ^c. ^^^^^^^^^ QJLJ P: E N AN IN^ E. torted, and by earneft entreaties, and flattering promifes, endea- voured to reconcile the Whigs to the tranfient humiliation of ading a iubordinate paat in fupport of government j but his cxpoflulations wx-re loft upon them, and, at the fiune time, excited fuch diftruft and jealoufv among the cavaliers, as produced a relaxation in their attachment to the court, and rendered their future fervices pre- carious. It was, at this critical leafon, that a political afibciation, or club, coniifting of fome of the principal nobility and gentlemen of fortune, afterwards known by the name of the Sqiiadrcfie VoLwte^ found the o}>portunity of acquiring diftinguiihed popularity and in- fluence, by introducing into parliament a fcries of overtures, which, from their patriotic complexion, colleded the fuffrages of oppolue partifans, and ultimately obtained the royal aftent ''. The marquis of Tweedale, who was at the head of the Squadrone^ propofjd, after the motion for a fupply, that, in preference to every other bufmefs, the parliament fliould proceed to makey/z^i? conditions in the govern^ tnent^ and fuch regulations in the conjiitution of the kingdom^ as might cfFedually operate for the prefervation of religion and liberty. The public fpirit of this overture difconcerted all the meaftires of the court ; prevented the fupply ; and excited fuch a fermentation in the public mind, as could only be extinguiflied by the moft puiil- lanimous concefTions, or extreme feverity, on the part of govern- ment. Independence upon the counfels of England, was the objcd, on which the deftre of the Scottifti nation was now bent with an en- thufiaftic ardour. Jarring parties inftantaneoufly coalefced; every diflerence in religious and poUtical fentiment was fufpendcd ; the 37 Tindal, vol. v. p. 246. 261. The chiefs the laft years of king William, tlie^- had voted • ef this party were, the duke of Montrofe, the with the country party ; but, after the duke of marquis of Tweedale, the earis of Rothes, Rox- Hamilton, who iieaJtd it , had fallen under :hc burgh, Haddinirton, and Marchmont; to whom fufpicion of favouriu^r the pretender, they thirty commoners adhered. They were all firm fornveda feparate band, and always maintained friends to the i-evolution, and obtained great great zeal for the pro tclhuit fucceliion. I>ock- credit with the people, becaufe they prufeired I'.art, p. 138. Ker's Mcmu.'r^ vjL i. p. 22. to be free from any bias of court intcreil. la 23. Load. 1727. 14 prefTing 167 C H A P. ViU. 1703. 2 6ih May, ../ v.? m :l ' is i- i63 C H A ?. VIII. ly-i- 28th May. 2^tll. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. prefTin"- wants of government difregarcloJ ; the tlireats, an J the favour of the court, equally defpifcd, duruig tlic agitation ot a fubjed, fo univerially and deeply intcrcding. The calamities of Scotland were deferibed in the moft plaintive ftralns ; the influence of foreigri, or En^iiJh countels, terms promileuoufly iifed, were execrated, as the fource of :ill that miimanagemcnt and opprefllon, which had degraded and impoveriflied their native land''. The interference of the Englilh parliament, in tlie affair of Darien, was reprefented as the grofleft infult to the iovcreignty of the Scottifh nation. The expoflulations of the commiHioner, and flrong affu- rances that he v.ould continue the felFion till it completed every meafure deemed cllential to their religion and independence, upon the condition of their firft pafhng the ad of fupply, was reprc- fented as fallacious and enfnaring ; and, to counteraa every allure- ment to compromife, recent examples were fpecilled, of the viola- tion of the moll folemn promifes announced from the throne. After violent debates for three fucccfrivc days, the courtiers were conftrained to fubmit, without a vote, to that arrangement of bufi- nefs which fhittered the prejudices of the people; and to confent that the fubjed of conftitutionaj reformation ihould precede the fupply. . After this refolutlon had pafied, draughts of various ads were read, for the feciirity of religion, and the extenfion of liberty, con- formed to the purport of tlie overture, introduced by the marquis of Twcedale '\ Of thefe the principal, and indeed the only ones, matured QJ5 E E N ANNE. 169 3» Lockhart, p. 73, 74. " Tlic thoughts «♦ of the anger, without colour or ground, *' which your parhament, and not the na- *♦ tion, have thought fit to exprcfs againft «' the very name of EngTifi, made me deter writing, lell my U tter lliould fall into hands ** who might make an ill ufe of fuch a cox- •* refpondeuct," &c. Letter from Mr, liar- ley to Mr. Carftares, 19th Augiiit 1 703. Car- ftares'8 State Papers, 719. A^ '9 The principal of thcfe were, that no Englilhman having a Scottifli title, unlefs he had an ellate of twelve thoufand pounds Scots [£. 1,000) yearly rent in Scotland, Ihould have a place in the meeting of the ftates, 6th July. Tt\at tlie kingdom fliould not engage in war, or (.•untiiuu- in it, without content of par- lianunt, 7th July. That all treaties, wlicrein the r.ation may be concerned, C H \ P. VIll. 1703- 7th June. matiirecl and formed into laws, were, an overture brouglit in bv the duke of Argyle for ratifying all the procceedings of the con- vention parliament ; and another, by the earl of Marchmont, for fecuring the proteftant religion, and the prefbyterian government *'. From the tendency of thefe ads, and the general tenor of the public debates at this time, it plainly appeared, that, notwithftanding tlie efforts that had been made to encourage and ilrengthen the cava- Uers, the intereil of the prefbyterians prevailed in every ])oint in which they were united ; and even conftrained the niinifters to make greater flretches of complaifance, as an atonement for having difeo- vered any inclination to llight them, by repohng confidence in the fervices of their antagonifts. Tlie two ads, now mentioned, afforded a double, or rather redundant fecurity for the preiLyterian govern- ment. By the twenty-fecond article of the Claim of Rights, prelacy had been declared an infupportable grievance ; and now, by the ad wdiich ratified the proceedings of the convention parliament, it was made treafon to contradid that propofition ; fo that as far as the authority of the legiflature could go, that religion was immovably fixed ; and yet, as if this had not been fufhcient, all the particular laws, which had been enaded by that parliament for eftablifliing x\\z prefhyterian government and difcipline, were accumulated and con- firmed by a fpecial ftatute. Such an officious and fuperfluous anxiety for maintaining their own prerogatives might have been overlooked without cenfure, had the prefbyterians been fatisfied with this objed, or difcovered the fainteft traces of tendernefs and lenity to their fel- low proteftants, even where their own intereft could not, in any degree, be affeded by it. But fuch was their intolerant fpirit, that when the draught of an ad of indulgence to proteftant difTenters lAJune. concerned, fliall be tranfaclcd by natives com- *■= By this aft ft was declared high treafon miffioncd by parliament, 7th July. to quarrel, impugn, or endeavour, by writing. That the heritors fliould raife and arm fen- or malicious fpcaking, or other open adl or cible men, and exercite them once a month, deed, to alter or innovate the claim of right, or 30th Augull. Records of the Parliament of any article thereof. Records of the Scotch Scotland v PiJ-iiiamcot Z * %vas I70 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. QJJ E E N AN N E. 171 CHAP, was read, It met With an oppofition, To paffionate and determined, ^^^^' that, notwithllanding the honour of the (]uecn was in ibme mealurc 1703- 3d June. at flake, the miniRers found it expedient to rellnqulih it without a debate "*'. *. The CiCt of fecurlty ahnoft entirely occupied the attention of par- liament, from the 9th June to the 13th Auguft. Various overtures were introduced, fpecifying fuch meafures as appeared moll effec- tual for extending the trade, increafmg the opulence, and eilablilh- ing the independence of Scotland : but the voting of them was poftponed, till the commiflioner gave his affent to the adi of fecu- rity, which was the bafis upon which they v^^ere to be ereded '\ The debates upon the difcuffion of thefe topics, of which feveral fpecimens are recorded, convey an exalted opinion of the inform- ation, the liberality, and the eloquence of the fpeaker *\ A fpirit of independence formed a bond of union among individuals of every party. The prefbyterians fcemed lefs afraid of a popifh fuc- *> The day on which the toleration was moved, the coinniifTion of the general aircmbly drew up a reprefcntation to parliament agamtl the petition of the epifcopalians, highly cen- furable for the fophiilry of argument and il- liberality of fpirit which it difplays. S«^e it. Proceedings of the Scotch Parliamt at, p. i6. ** The principal oh]e£l of the propofed acl of fecutity was to prevent the crown of Scot- land being fettled upon the fuccefTor to the crown of England, unlefs the grievances of Scotland were redrefled, and certain condi- tions, which were fpecified, agreed to by the parliament of England. See next chapter. The afts for trade were, one in favour of tilt company trading to Africa and the Indies; an adt to prohibit the importation of Irilh vicinal, and the exportation of Enghfh and Iriih wool ; and au avH for allowing the im- porlation of wines and other foreign liquors. Proceedings of the Parliament in Scotland, Appendix. The intention of the laft aA was to en- courage the importation of French vvmes, vvliich had been prohibiud four years before ; and though the Scottilli gentlem.en were ad- dided to the ufe of French wines, and many in the nation favourable to a commerce with France, this adt was obilinately rcfifted, and carried only by a fmall majority. The reafon of the oppofition was this, the cuiloms upon wines were the chief fund for the fupport of the civil lid ; and the importation of French wines was by far the moit productive. In or- dir to obilruCl every fourcc of fupply,till they were gratitied with the ac't of fecurity, a num- ber of the members ilruggled hard againll a meafure which, otherwife, would have been popular, and agreeable to themfelves. An- nals of .Anne, 1703, p. 59. The ordinary annual confumption of French wines and brandy, in Scotland, amounted from fix hundred to a thoufaud tons. Sir J. Clerk's MSS. *^ The earl of Stair, th« carl cf Rox- burghe, the earl of Cromarty, lord Bel- haven, and Mr. Fletcher of Salton, are men- tioned by cor.temporary authors as highly dif- tinguilhed for their eloquence. Sir J. Chrk'ti MSS. ccfTor, 17^5- ceffor, than of fubmifTion to a proteftant prince, feated on the ^ ^^^^ P- throne of England. The very mention of the fucceflion, or any motion to reilrain the freedom of the nation in the difpoflu of the crown, or leading, by remote confequence, to a concurrence with the meafures adopted by the Englifh legiflature, were treated witli derifive indignation. The opprefhon and calamities of Scotland, refulting from an unconditional dependence on England ; the long intervals of the meetings of parliament; the wanton adjournment or prolongation of feffions, as beft fuited the jobs of miniftry ; the extravagance of government ; the bafe fervility of the Scottifli mi- nifters to the court, and their treachery to their native country ; were all defcribed with that fervent indignation which the heart alone can dictate. Every reftridlion upon trade was to be aboliih- ed ; every channel of Engllfli influence fhut up ; every badge of inferiority and dependence torn off**. Political affociations, formed at firft for the redrefs of fpecific grievances, gradually enlarge the circle of their invefligation ; and, in the progrefs and habit of fpe- cidation, at length grafp at objeds of reform, far beyond their early conceptions, and the defigns which they originally profeffed to purfue. Not fatisfied with propofmg a disjundion from England, fuch overtures were now introduced for promoting the purity and frequency of parliaments, for extending their privileges, and limit- ing the prerogatives of the crown, as amounted to a total change of government. It was moved, that no armed force fliould be brought into the kingdom, or tranfported out of it, but with the confent of the dates ; that all offices, civil and military, and all pcnfions, for- merly conferred by the prince, fhould be entirely at their difpofal ; that 1 new parliament fhould be chofen every Michaelmas, and that it {hould have the power of eleding its own prefident, and of ad- ** Proceedings of the Parliament of Scot- the indepeiKlcnce of the kingdom, or to vcM lane', n 21. 28. 47, & pafllm. The ideas the ufurpation of England: upon thefe lub- of liberty generallv entertained by the nobi- jefts, however, they exprefTed themfelves with Utv and higher ranks in Scotland, at this an ardour fuitable to the moft correa and en- time, extended no farther than to maintain larged v,ews of fecial freedom, Z 2 )ournmg ' ifj \4 172 CHAP. VIIl. ^tli Sept. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. journlng at pleafiire ; and that, during the Intervals of fcfllons, tlie adminiaratiou of government (honld be veiled In a committee of the ftates, appohited bv, aud refponfiblc, folely, to them^\ The commiffion granted by the laft parliament, for a treaty of union with England, was recalled ; and it was refolved, that no commif- fion fliould be ilTiied by the queen in future for that purpofc, with- out the confent of the ^ ■ ottiOi parliament. The royal adcnt^to the aa of fecurity was importunately and rudely demanded ^^ as a preliminary condition to their voting for a fubfidy, notwithftanding that the great arrears due to the army expofed the nation to im- minent danger from mutiny and domeftic infurredion. After hav- ing advanced in oppohtion to the court, lb far beyond the example of any parliament fnice the union of the crowns, it was not to be expeded, that the prerogative itfelf could cfcape the fcvercft alTaults. When the royal aiTent^o the ad of fecurity was refufed by the commilfioner, it was now boldly averted, that the negative of the fovereign, to any bill that had obtained the approbation of the ftates, was an ufurpation upon their privileges, and a violation of the conflitution *\ The QJQ E E N ANNE. 173 •♦5 Confidcring the impatience which the tfourt afterwards difcovercd for eftahllfliing the protcftant fucceffiun in Scotland, it would pro- J)ably have been willing to have compounded with the ftatcs, and to have accepted the fuc- cc0ion at the price of the propofed limitations. To thofe perfons who think tliat this would have been an improvement on the conftitu- tton, the patriots mud appear to have deviated from found policy in rcfufm^- to gratify the tourt wlun alhircd by fuch a boon. One a<^, which paffed at tliis time, (i6lh ^cpttndier,) dcferves to be mentioned with particular praife, as an unequivocal tcil of a reforming fpirit. It was ordained, that the pains of deatli and confifcation, enaded by former laws againft the authors of fcandalous fpeeches and libels, fliould be abrogated ; and that, for the future, the puniihmcnt of fuc'.i crimes Hiovdd be only arbitrary, i. e. difcre- tionary, according to the demerit of the tranf- greflTion, life and limb always prefervcd. A61 againllLeeling-makers and Shuiderers. Scotch Ads, vol. iii. p. 625. *^ The earl of Roxburghc declared, that if there was no other way of obtaining fo natural and undeniable a privilege of the houfc, as a vote, they would demand it with their fword* in their hands. Lockhart, p. 57. Sir J. Clerk's MSS. •^^ It was urged in defence of this doftrinc, that the act of Charles tfie Second, upon which the negative of the crown was founded^ intended nothing me^re tlvin to prevent the dates from promulgating laws upon their own authority, without the royal affent, which had been frequently done in the time of the re- public. It was affcrttd, that it was unwar- rant able <^i- The inevitable confequences of pafhng the a^ of fecurity, while ^yj^/' fuch a tumultuary difpofition raged among the people, filled the court with perplexity and difmay. Conceflions, favourable to the Hberties of Scotland, were now earneftly urged by the commifTioneri lothSept. every thing, with the referve of the act of fecurity, was tendered in the name of the fovereign to prevail with the ftates to vote a fupply. A great majority remained obftlnate and inflexible, and would liften to no terms, exclufive of their favourite ad. Public bufmefs was now at a ftand : an angry fpirit pervaded the nation : the continuance of a fefhon, fo obftinate and refradory, gave countenance to the infults and violence which were committed by the populace, and threatened the fafety of all the friends of the court. The commiffioner adjourned the parliament on the i6th September. Thefe proceedings of the Scottifh pariiament, while they ani- mated the hopes, and flimulated the efforts of the court of St. Ger- mains, gave ferious uneafmefs to all who were well afiected to liberty, and the conflitution, in the neighbouring kingdom. Al- though the Tories there, now declining in the favour of the queen, might be fecretly pleafed with meafures tending to the embarralT- ment of adminiftration, yet, to maintain the external form of pa- triotifm, they were conflrained to fall in with the general torrent of alarm, and, by imputing the diflradions in Scotland to the errors of the oppofite party who were at the helm of affairs, they co-operated, as we fhall afterwards fee, in the previous fleps which led to the union of the two kingdoms, and the final confirmation of the pro- teflant fucceifion ^\ ran .antable to infer from this, that the royal had been interpofed only of late, and in a few ailent could be legally withheld from any ad cafes. Proceedings of the Parliauicut of Scol- that had folemnly paffed in tliat houfe ; and, land, p. 61. it was obferved, that the negative of the crown *" See Appendix, N' X. .■isa lit !74 ^ 1703- HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN, C H A P. IX. Captain Frafcr nffcn his Services io the Court of St. Gcrmains'^h fcnt to Lng^ land—Op-crs'^to make Difcoveries to the Mimfters^lnformation communi. cated by him to the Duke rf ^^cenficrry, which is tranfmittul to the Court-- Frafer'goes to the Highlands, ichcrc he ts til received-Returns to London-^ Goes to Fans--and is committed to the Bq/ide -Account of Captain Mur^ rafs Conmijfion from the Court of St. Ger ma ins. Several Per/ens from France apprehended on Sufpicion.^Conducl if the Duke of ^eenjlerry, rela- Uvc to Frafer.givcs great Offenec-The Leaders of the Squadrone brought into Office.— A Sefwn of Parliament,— The .^^een's Letter. -The Settlement of the Suecejfion recommended, and liberal Concejfions offered to the States.-^ The Supph ur^cd by the Commijfioner in preference to other Bufincf.—Thg Snuadrone Irfe their Popularity.— Motion for conjoining the Supply and ths Act of Serunty.-Dangerous State rf Scotland.— The Commijfoncr confents to the Act of Security.-Preparation in Scotland for HojWities againjl England, ^RfJutions of the Engltjh Parliamcnt.-Overtures and Debates.-The Sejfion prorogued.-The Squadrone fall into dfgrace with the Court.-Change in the Scottilh Mimfiry.-Charaaers of the Duke of Cj,nrnfberry-and the Duke of Ar^yle.—The .green's Letter to the General Afembly.— Their An. f.^er.— Parliament meets.-The Protejlant Succeffton, and the Treaty of Union, recommended by the Oueen.-Obfervations on the State of Parties. ^The Bufinefs of the Plot rcfumcd.—The Miniflers bent on the Settle^ ment of the Succeffion.-A Motion unexpededly made for preferring the Cornier at ion of the Union-which is car ried.-Happy Fffeds of this Ar range. rtunt. -The Duke of Hamilton moves that the Nomination of the Scottifh Com- miffioners Jhould be left to the c^een.- Motives and Characters of Per f on s m Oppifilion. i-T-HE pcnod intervening beuveen the firft and fecond feffion of ^ this parliament has been rendered memorable by the difco- very of a plot againfl the government, whieh materially aficded the general ftate of political tranfadions in Scotland ; and furnifhed ^ ground QJJ E E N A K N E. ground for fome of the kceneft debates, which took place In the fubfequent feflion of the Englifh parliament. Captain Simon Frafer of Beaufort, having been compelled to fly from Scotland, his native country, on account of atrocious crimes', arrived at Paris about the beginning of the year 1702. As he had been turned out of his regiment by king William for feditious prac- tices, he more eafdy obtained an introdudion to the dowager queen at St. Germains ; and, by his infmuating manners, procured credit for that zeal with which he profeiled to be devoted to the intereft of her family. Ambitious of being a mafter-ador in every bufinefs in wdiich he was employed, he allured the queen, that he was autho- rized by feveral of the Scottidi nobility, and the chieftains of the Highland dans, to offer their fervices to their injured prince ; and he undertook, in their name, to raife an army of twelve thoufand men, upon the condition of receiving a fmall reinforcement, and a fupply of money from France'. From the recommendation of the queen, and the pope's nuncio at Paris, whofe patronage Frafer had obtained by embracing the Roman catholic rdigion, he was indulged in a private audience of the French king', and afterwards iiad feveral converfations with the marquis de Torcy, upon the affairs of Scotland, and the plan of fervice which he propofed to execute. The amplified accounts he gave of the force and refources of the highland chieftains, on purpofe more readily to procure fuccour 175 HAP. IX. • Captain Frafer had committed a rape, and had afterwards fled to the continent. He had alfo been guilty of forgery and feditious pradtices; but obtained king William's par- don in the year 1701, for all his crimes, ex- cept the rape. Minutes of Privy Council, Auguft 1702. He returned to Scotland, probably expecting that the lady he had in- jured would give him no further trouble, on account of the peculiar delicacy of her fitu- ation. But fhe renewed the profecution which had been formerly inftituted againil him, and he again fled from the country ; upon which tlie court of jufliciary condemned him j and. together with the privy council, offered a pre- mium for apprehending him. Account of Captain Frafer of Beaufort. Edinburgh, I 703. Minutes of the Privy Council of Scotland, 19th February, and i6th July, 1702, &c. * Colleclion of Original Papers about the Scotch Plot. Edinburgh, 1702. \ Lockhart, p. 76, 7. Frafer told the earls of Argyle and Leven, that he was obliged to declare liimfelf a Roman catholic before he could engage the court of St. Germains to liften to his projects. See Captain Murray'^ Declaration to the Queen concerning Loval, Macpherfon's State Paper--, 1-04^ from 1695. ,76 :]> K' 1703- HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. from tnc French king, produced the oppofite cffcci, and, together with the unfavourable impreflions of Frafer's character, rendered that prince equally dillruftful of the capacity and integrity of fuch an officious agent \ But though thefe clrcumftances prevented any concert or agree- ment, aboul immediate intcrfcvcncc in Scotland, on the pan of Lcul's, thcv did not open the eyes of queen Mary, and, eager as (he was to'graip at every Ihadow of hope, ilie conferred the com- miffion of a colonel on Fmfer ; and fent him, and captain John Murray, to confult with their friends in Scotland, about taking ac tive Heps for rcftoring the hereditary fucceflion of the crov.n. A. captain Murray's fidelity had been tried by the court of St. Ger- mains. It is probable that he was conjoined in this commilhon, to keep I vigilant eye upon his colleague, and control that propen- hty to treacherous intrigue, of which the latter was fufi^eded. At the fame time, to cover any jealoufy which the queen might enter- t lin of Fraicr, and to enable them to carry on the bulinefs witli which they were imrufted, more fpeedily and extenfively, different departments were configned to captain Frafer and captain Murray. The former was to vifit the highland chieftains, with whom he pre- tended to have intcrefl; while the latter remained in tlic low country, to take every opportunity of difcovcring the inclinations of the gentlemen there, with refped to the competitors for the crown "^ Both of them were inifruaed, by the queen and her fon, to expreis the warmed gratitude to their friends, and to recommend 4 CamubcU's Declaration, 2 1 R December ; of lord Lovat : It Is juft fuch a compofitlon as M 1 ^s d Maclean's. Colleaion of On"- might have been expelled from Inm ; and, con- ' : P p^ , artH. p. .,&c. The Memoirs Aderin, the eccentrieuy ot the author, may o LordLo at, lately pubh(hed, contain fuch afford an.ufement to the cunous reader I ot J^ora i-o^ai., ; 1 f,,,.,„c to have been written for the purpolc ot a palpable contrad.du,n to notonous and vvcl- ^^;^J^^^^^^^ ^,, ^,, ,,,,,, I, L,,, atteiled faa., that I thndc ,t unnecdlarv to .hcatug hu ^^^^ ^^^^^^ detain the reader vv^th a detad and refutat.un -f^'J^^^ ^ .^^^^^J-^^ ,J^^ ,,,, of U.C falfehoods and m.freprcfentaUons wh.ch P-^^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^, .,^^.,,, ,,, ,,,; are advanced relati.. to that P- of 1;. l^^o^,- 1. '^ ;-^^^^^ >^^^ ;, -j ,.,.„,^^ ,^^,^, ,,, .h.ch has come under my ^^J^^ authenticity of the book. however, bears ilrong marks of the character . ^^ QJU E E N A N N E. to them perfeverance in fidelity, and readinefs to adl upon the firft favourable conjundure, when they might be atTured of obtaining immediate and" adequate afhftance from the French king. * Captain Frafer was empowered to renew all the military commiffions which had been ilTued by the late king James, and to promife an indem- nity for paft offences to every perfon now willing to engage in the fervice of his fon. It was recommended to the agents and friends of the court of St. Germains in Scotland, to condud themfelves with the utmoft circumfpedion, and, on no account whatever, to proceed to open hoftilities againfl the ellabliflied government, till they had freHi inilrudions for that purpofe, which were to be regu- lated by the intelligence procured by captain Frafer, conccrniiig the opinion and force of their adherents '. Confidering the profligacy of Frafer, it may be queftioned, whe- ther he ever had any intention of performing effedual fervice to the chevalier. If he had, he probably became difgufted at the coldnefs with which he was received by the French king ; and no fooner fet his foot in England, than he formed the nefarious projed of coun- terplotting his alTociate, and betraying the truft which he had pro- cured through the facility and precipitate confidence of the queen. Having been formerly patronifed by the duke of Argyle, and the earl of Leven, who were ftrongly attached to the Whig intereft, he notiiied his arrival to them, and oflered to make difcoveries of the greateft moment to government, provided he liad previous alfurance of protedion and reward \ The intelligence was immediately com- municated by thefe noblemen to the duke of Qneenihcrry, who had been her majefty's commilhoner in the lafl feilion of parlia- 5 Compare Campbell's farther Examination, of outlawry. Stuart's Papers, 1703. Mar- Collection of Original Papers, p. 31. Sir pherfon. John Maclean's Difcovery. Id. part il. p. 4. '^ Campbell's Declaration, 24111 Dec. Col- with Inftruaiops to Captain Murray, 3d and Icction, p. 21. The duke of Ariryle, to whom 5th May 1703, to Lord Lovat, which title Frafer applied, was father of John duke of lie then bore at the court of St. Germains; Argyle, and died September 1703, before the n was fulpended in Scotland by the featcncc buhnefs of the plot had tranfplred. A a "lent, // June. CHA IX. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. P. ment, and dill conthmcd to be prlncirally intrullcd ^vith the nw- nagemcnt oi' Scottifh aflairs. The duke was not infcnfiblc of the delicate lunation in which he was involved by this difcovery, and of the frecioiis ohjcaions to ^vlnch his eondua nudl inevitably be liable, whatever part he Ihould take. As a public magillrate, it was his duty to carry the fentence of the criminal court into execution agamtt Iraler, whole c^uilt fin-ularly abominable and ferocious, reprefied every emotion of lenity," and combined virtuous indignation with that reverence which is due to the authority of law, while it dilparaged every .n- iormation proceeding from fuch an author. As Fraler's ernnes had ^vounded the honour and peace of fomc of the n.oft relpeaable families in the country, any connivance, en- remilTnels .n proceedmg a-ainft him, and ftill more, any conhdence or indulgence Ihewn to him could not fail to expofe the duke to their relentment, winch would bejuailied by the fympathy of every perlon ot candour and fenfibiluy. . On the other fide, there were not wantmg political, and even patriotic motives, for adopting a determination, diflbrent from what was fuggefted by the eonfulerations already mentioned. Many cu-- cumftances, at this tin.e, hngularly critical and portentous exacted uncommon vigilance, and a promptitude to alarm. Iron. a. the ler- vants of the (late ; and even vindicated a deviation from that Itnft ■ and punailious adherence to form, which ought invariably to re- gulate their official proceedings in ordinary cafes during the_ lealon li public union and tranquillity. Several p ..ens of a luipicous charaaer, and fome who had been in the ferv.e of the pretender, • had returned to Scotland after the aa of indemnity. 1 he in o.ence of the cavaliers, who had delerted the court, could only he ac- counted for on the fuppohtion of their looking to another quarter tor promotion and reeompence ; confiderable fums el money liad been lately remitted from France, to Scotland and h.l.ul ; alFocia- 4 OJJ E E N ANNE. tlons had been formed among the chieftains, addided to the Intereft C of the clicvalicr ; the governor of Fort William had certain inform- ation, that the hlghlanders were to alTemblc from every quarter, upon tlic pretence of a hunting-match, on the 2d Auguft 1703; that feveral pcrfons of dlillnaion were to be there, and particularly the laird of Grant, attended with five hundred men of his own clan, in arms^ The duke of Qneenfberry was in fome meafure deprived of any dlfcretlonary power of judging and adlng, upon fuch occurrences as afledcd the peace of the country; and had been ftriclly enjoined, bv the mlnifters to be watchful and Inqulfulvc, and not to Ipare pains or money for dlicovering any ill defigns carrying on by the enemies of government. After weighing thefe clrcumftances, it is lefs furprifnig that he came to the refolution of admitting captain Frafer into his prefence ; and even promlfed to fupply him with money, on condition of his making ufeful difcovcries. The fame fpirit of exaggeration, whicli tainted the communications of Frafer, in the charader of a political fchemer at the court of St. Germalns, ftili attached to the difcovcries which he now made, when adlng the part of an informer and a fpy. To the clrcumftances of his own connexion with that court, which were placed in fuch a light, as to convey the belief of his having been in all its fecrets, he now added, that, from the information communicated by the friends of the houfe of Stuart in Scotland, he expeded to find them prepared for an infurredion upon his arrival ; that the queen, and her fon, repofed entire confidence in the zeal of feveral of the Scottlih no- bility ; he named fome of them who correfponded with St. Ger- malns ; and produced a letter written and figned by the queen, ad- drelfed to lord Murray, now marquis of Athole, which he had found an opportunity of intercepting, as it had been intended to 7 The Duke of Queenfbem-'s Letters, l itli Hamilton's Letter to Lieutenant-general Mait- Auguft 1703 ; 14th January '1704. Captain land, 23d July 1703. A.I 2 convey T79 H A P. LX. 1703- !hp ft V. 1 80 C H A P. IX. '703- HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. . convey It by another lumd \ To accompllfli more eniaually tlie iervice in which he now engaged In behalf of tlic prefent govern- ment, he propoled 10 return to Paris, and to fnrnilh the duke with full and nilniiie intelligence of the fchemes concerted by the French king, and the exiled court, for overturning her nvA\ci\y\ throne. All the information, which tlie duke of (^cenlherry received from captain Frafer, he communicated to the queen, and, though he concealed the name of the author, and exprelled fome fufpicion of his veracity, he added, that his commiflion under the hand and feal of the prince of Wales gave credit to what otherwife could not be believed ^ The earl of Nottingham, the fecretary of date, having intimated to the duke her majeily's approbation of all that he had done, he iViU continued to employ Frafer in hieh a way as feemcd likely to lead to farther difcoverics. He fupplied the in- former at different times with money, and furnidied him with a pafs that he might travel without fufpicion, through the fouth of Scotland into the higldands, where he intended inhdioully to avail himfelf of his commiffion from the pretender, for detedling inch pcrfons as were difpofed to embark in his intereft '^ So notorious, however, Q^U E E N ANN E. 181 3 'fjiJs letter was direaed on the back, *' Lord M -y," i" ^ charaaer and ink dif- ferent from what had been ufed i:i ihe letter, and not infcribed at the bottom of the page Frafer, like all tlouble men, was a grofs flatterer ; and, to infinuate himfelf into the duke of Qaeeniberry's favour, he contrived fuch a fpeeif.cation of faits, as flattered both the private virtues and the political fentimcnts of that nobleman. He faid, he had feen a letter from lord Tarbat, intimating to lord Middleton his being appointed fecretary of ftate; and adding, that, in a Ihort time, the duke of Queenlbetry would be turned out, an event much to be detired, becaufe he obllruaed < very defign formed for the intereft of kmg James ; Frafer farther declared, that the fame letter mentioned the duke of Queenfbevry's having received a prefent of five thoufaud pounds from the court of Hanover; upon which information, lord Middleton exprclied great furprife, and faid, that he knew the duke of Hamilton was capable of being bribed, but did not believe that the duke of queenfberry would take money. Qiieen (berry's Letter, 25th September 1703. Colleaion, p. 7. « Queena.erry's- Letter, 25th September 1703. Colleaion. '° The DukeofOjiieenflierry's Declaration; Colleaion, p. 55. 'I'He duke of Quecnfberry denied any previous knowledge of Frafer's in- tention to go to the Highlands. But as the duke gave Fi-afer t!>ree hundred pounds, and alfo procured him a pafs from the earl of Not- tingham ; and, as Frafer faid, at their tirft in- terview, that he would employ his time in finding out fome more effcaual intelligence, by means of ihofe perfun^ who had lauly come from however, ivas the iniamy of this man, t'aat lie fcems to luvc been C HAP, "cnerally abhorred and avoided ; and, after wandering about with - — iT^i- out having any opportunity of betraying holpitality, he returned to London, where he again had private interviews with the duke of Queenfherrv. He and two of his companions were iurmnied, by the earl of Nottingham, with pafles to Holland, under fiditious names; from Holland he proceeded to France, perhaps with the purpofe of performing his engagements, as a fpy for the EngliHi minifters ; but fome of his companions, wlio were true to the in- tereft which he deferted, having difcovered his double-dealing, gave notice of it to the court of St. Germains; and, foon after his ar- rival in Paris, he was thrown into the BaRile ; and met with the difgrace juftly due to fuch complicated and enormous treachery ". Captain Murray, who accompanied Frafer, though he continued faithful to his trull, did not meet with the reception which he had been encouraged to expedt from the flattering reprefentations of his colleague. He rcfided principally in Edinburgh, the centre of in- telli-e^'nce, and had many confultations with the friends of tlie exiled family ; but none of them feemed difpofed to enter into any enterprile of hazard for precipitating that fuccefs, whicli they hoped to accompliOi, after a ihort lapfe of time, by the fpontaneous mtcr- pofition of the queen, or the fortunate turn of events '\ A few weeks after the miniftry had received information of Fra- fer's arrival from the duke of Queeniberry, feveral perfons com- ing from France to England, were apprehended upon fufpicion of loth Nov. their being engaged in the fervice of the pretender, and this, cor- refponding with die circumftanccs already mentioned, fpread a ge- , , ■ 1 1 r^ V t^ »' Arrfii'nt of the Scotcli Plot, from a from Trance, llic duke certainly left it to Account ine Frafer's own difcretion to go wherever he Gentleman ,n the City to ^ ^rie ,d the chofe; ai..d can hardly he fuppofed to have Country, p. .. Cantpbell s Decl ra.on. been fo indifferent in a matter of fuch import- Collection, p. 22 Kei.h s Id p. 3>. 36- ance, as not to have inquired about his jour- Frafer's Letter «th January . 04. ncy and occupation. *' Campbell . Evidence. CoUea.on, p. zi. neral • ¥ l82 CH A IX. 170.^ J* HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. P- neral alarm ; and occafioned the refolutlon of the houfe of lords, of which ail account has heen given in a preceding chapter. Although the condua of the duke of (.hieenfluMTy wasjuRificd bv the flute of the country, and by the previous liillruaions and fJbfequent approbation of the minlilcrs, yet it did not cfcape the ccnfurc of his counu ynicu, and became the principal caufe of de- priving him, for a fhort time, of that political fvvay which he had long maintained in Scotland. The party in oppofition complained of his having made tlie plot a luiudlc for alpcrfnig their charafters, and ruining their intercll with the court. The duke of Athole, who had been accufed by Fraler, prefented a memorial to the queen, from the tenor of which, it appears, that he was not more anxious to vindicate his own innocence, than to retort a cliarge of crimi- nality upon the duke of QueenilDerry, founded upon the intercourfe he had held mtli Irafer '\ The cavaliers, offended becaufe he had grown cold to them, and forwarded the bills for confirming the revolution and the prefhyterian government, accufed Qneenfberry of having f-d)vicated the plot with a detign of bringing them under fufpicion'*. Many of the revolutionifts, inftead of being alarmed, as they were wont to be upon any rumour of danger to the pro- teftant fucceffion, were not dilplcafed with an occurrence which brought dilcredit upon a minifter, who had flighted them for a fca- fon, ^uid of whofe intentions they now began to be cxceedmgly diftruftful, notwithftanding his avowed attachment to their prm- ciples. The deteftable charader of Frafer, not only detraded from his teftimony, but in.parted a Ihare of ignominy to every perfon who gave him countenance, and employed him. At the fame time, .3 Memorial to the Queen by the Duke of believed the conrplracy to have arifen. merely. AtholtlBh Januarri704. Colledion, from the rei.uM fp.nt and mercenan; v.^^^^^ f 8 The duk • of A hole had notice of the of Captam Frafer. Compare Athole . Me- ^;lation brought agamil him by Frafer, nK.ial, Collcd.on, p. 8. vv.th lerguion s Dc- f^-om the infamov. Fergulon, .^o never w^ ''T^^t'' ^o.y of Scotland, vol. x. out of a plot ; and who, being fufpcded and Crutnne s n >^ examined on thi-3 occafion, declared that he p. 350- Lockhart, p. M* /5- ^^^ QJJEEN ANNE. tlic veil which v^as drawn over the whole of this bufuicfs by the Englifli minifters, and their fupinenefs in examining fufpeded per- fons, fuggefted a different ground of jealoufy, and w^as often re- ferred to, as a prefumptive proof of the danger of the proteflant fuccefl^ion. Since the adjournment of the Scottifli parliament, every party had been ftriving to gain the afcendancy, at a period, when it might be improved to the moft fubflantial private benefit, as well as to the eftablifliment of national independence. Many perfons of rank re- forted to the court, that they might have an opportunity of refuting any mifrcprefentations oftheir condud, infufcd into the breaft of the fovereign, and of propofmg themfelves as candidates for her patron- age. Various plans of coalition were fet on foot for the fame ends. The cavaliers, diflatisfied with the duke of Queenfberry, for the reafons already fpecified, made their court to the Squadrone, not Icfs exafperated againft him for having called in the co-operation of the former to thwart all their favourite meafure^s for eftablifhing the in- dependence of the nation. Feeling their confequence, more than they had done at any former period, and wifhing ftill farther to increafe it, the leaders of the Squadrone did not decifively oppofe the over- tures of the Jacobites, while, at the fame time, they entered into a confidential correfpondence with lier majefty's minifters, now well pleafed to cherifli the friendly propenfities of a fet of men, who, from their flaming pretenfions to patriotifm, had acquired a predominant influence over the minds of the people ". The court indeed, at this time, had hardly any alternative with refped: to the choice cf per- fons to be intrufted with the management of Scottiflx affairs, 'llie duke of Queenfberry and his partiGms being laid afide, and the cava- liers more than ever fufpeded after the difcovery of the plot, the S(]nadrone leaders alone remained competent for exercifmg the func- tions of government, with any profpect of fuccels. A few months after tlie adjournment, feme of thole members, who had been moft 183 1703- \~G-^, 4- '^ Lockhait, paffim. dolen; HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ■ ..? ' ■ * i'l- ^n. •I 1 84 C H A ? violet \n oppolklon, were cViftbiguinied by the flxvour of the court :. ._J^ and before the mectuig of the next felT.on, the principal mnuftena! '~^T°i^ offices were veiled with the heads of t!>c Sciuadrone. The manpns of Atholc was railed to the dignity of a duke, and lord Tarbat made earl of Cromartie. The marquis of Twcedalc was appointed her niaiefty's high con^millioner ■". The carls of Roxburghe and Seafield, feeretaries of ftate ; the earl of Rothes, lord privy leal ; Mr. Ba.lhe ofjerviiwoode, lord treafurer depute; and .Mr. Johnfton. lord re- • A I 7 * '"•'liter " The fecond fcffion of this parllr.mcnt commenced at Edinburgh on the 6th of July 170^. The queen e^efled regret that all her endeavours for removing the ani.nohties of Scotland had proved un- fuceefsful ; and that divif.ons had arifen to fuel, a pitch, as to en- courage the projeds of her foreign enemies for rendermg that part of her kin..dom a feenc of diforder and blood. She was conhde.u, that her ScottiH. fubjecls were /oyal and JlMful ; and that the late n,i/ldcs proceeded entirely from different opinions wuh relpcd to mcafures of government : fl.e afl'ured them of her wiUingnels to do all in her power for ree^ifying abufes, and quieting the mmds of her iubieas ; and that, for this end, fl.e had empowered her commii- iioner to eonfent to whatever laws ihould be found neeeflary for the feeuritv of the goverr.ment in church and ftate. She was perluaded, tin' in return; they would embrace the prefent opportunity to eon- .Inee the world, that lU Uuc to.c of .bar .on.try^ and not any want of duty to her, had been at the bottom of the late miiunderftandings She recommended, with the greatea earnertnefs, the fettlement of QJ.T E E N ANNE. j8; ■0 Tl.c marquis of T«cedalc, coi.n.krcd at this time as tW leader of the S.,uadronc, was a vcrfon of Rrcal good fenfe and modelty, l.ut very hot »he.. be reeeived any pro.ocat.on ; he wa, a grea, eneourager of trade and every Improvement, and had the character of a pa- triot. MS. Characters. _ " Ker's Memoirs, vol. i. P- =4- ' '"^ „-,arquis of Douglas, thongh a laiao., was at 1- • .....Mt.vl T (liikc • the vifcounts of this tunc created a uukc , ui>. Stair and Rofeberry were made earls ; hMd Bovle was created earl of Glafgow ; James SteVart of Bute, earl of Bute ; Clmrks Hope of Hopcton, earl of Hopcton ; John Craw- ford of Kilbernlo, vlfcount of Ganiock ; and r.r James Primrofe of Carrington, vifcount of Primruie. the IX. 1704. the ruccefllon 'in the proteftant line, as abfokitely neceffary for then' C H^AP. own happinefs, and the fecurity of her raajefty's domhilons, which llie declared had been her lixed judgment ever hnce (he came to the throne, and, if longer delayed, might make Scotland a fcene of hor- ror and devaftation. With rcfpea to the terms and conditions oS government which were to aftcd the fucceflbr, flie was ready to <^rant every thing in her power, that could be reafonably demanded; and fhe concluded with a recommendation, to make a provifion ior all the extraordinary occurrences occafioned by the war. The fmgularity of this addrefs, from a fovereign to her fubieds merits the particular notice of the reader, and conveys, as fUcngly as any fads can do, the fenfe entertained by minifters of the diffi- culties they had to encounter from the ungovernable difpofition of the people, and the unfettled ftate of affairs in Scotland. An oppo- fition, which had thwarted her majefty's favourite meafures, and obftrufled the fupply, is charaaerifed by epithets refieding the higheft honour upon all who had a fhare in it. Nor perhaps was ever fuch a latitude of conceffion tendered by any prince to fub- jeds, who were not in a ftate of adual infurredion againft the eftablifhed government. The conditions, upon which the fucceflbr was to govern, are left entirely in their own hands. And, that they might not harbour the fufpicion of any deception, the com- miffioncr, whofe fpeech had been always underftood as an authentic comment upon the royal letter, told them that it was now in their power to fecure every thing they could wifli for the good of the country ". A language, fo cajoling to perfons who had fet their face againft government, and conceflions, affording fuch a wide fcope for fadion, intrigue, and innovation, could only have been wrung from minifters, under the ftrong impreflion of approaching danger, likely to be aggravated by maintaining a lofty tone of au- thoritv. " Records of the Scotch Parliament, B b Tt i86 1* 1704. ««' 1 i HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. It ought alfo to be remarked, that the queen's letter, at the open- ing of this ielTion, was the lirft that had made any dired mention of fettUng the fuccemou to the throne of Scotland upon the houfe of Kanover. This point, however much defired by her PlnghOv lubjeds, had hhhcrto been a matter of indiflerence to the fovc- reign ; and, perhaps, poftponed from motives of pohcy and the im- pulfe of natural affcclion. But, when her majeily began to dread perfonal danger from confpiracies, and was made fenfible that the contingent ihite of the fucceffion prefented, at once, the ftrongcfl tempta'tions, and the moll flivourable opportunities for carrying them into execution, (he entered feriouily into the views of the houfe of lords, who advifed her to prefs upon the ilates in Scotland the entailing the crown to the protcftant line " ; and the commif- fioner was therefore inftruded to grant every thing they demanded, provided that meafure could be eftcded. So ftrongly however were many of that aifembly prepoflefTed with the opinion of the queen's being fecretly attached to the claims of her brother, that, left het public aifeverations to the contrary ftiould not meet with due credit, it was deemed neceflary, though certainly little to her majefty's honour, to corroborate and enforce them by the teftimony of her miniilers. The chancellor, who, after the commifTioner, addreffcd the dates with a profufion of eulogiums on the royal letter, allud- ing to an indecent diftindion adopted by fome divines, affurcd them, that her majeily had no faret will, contradidory to that which llie revealed ; and that nothing could pleafe her better, than to believe and obey what flie faid*°. Tlie prcfcnt critical fituation of England, engaged In an extenfive ■^m\ coiUy war, the fpirit of conccfTion which that fituation fug- QJTEEN ANXE. 187 " Journals l>ords, 31^ March, 17C4. From the delay of the fettlement cf the fuc ceffion, every party began to fufpea, that the queen had an eye to St. Germain:.. The 2ea. lous rcvolutioiiills were thereby difcouragcd ; and the Jacobites ftimulated to intrigue. Letter from lord Glaf^ovv to Mr. Caritares,. Edinburgh, 27th November 1 703. Carilares's State Papers, p. 723. *« Records of the Scotch Parliament. gelled p^ellcd to the mmillers, and the enthufiaftic ardour of the Scottliii ^^^^'- nation for independence, exalted the ilates at this period to a pre- ' eminenc eand dignity wliich they never had attained before, hnce their political conexion with England ; and imprefTed tlic patriots with the mofl; flattering profped of abolifhing evcrv grievance, and ellabliiliing the freedom of their native country upon folid and lafl- ing foundations. The queftions and debates which occur in the profecution of thefe objeds during this feffion, and the tempers of the fpeakers, exhibit fuch an exad fimilitude to what has been de- lineated in the hillory of the preceding one, that a fpecific detail of them w^ould only lead into a repetition of arguments, which could contribute neither to the inflrudion, nor amufement of the reader. The fettlement of the fucceffion and the fubfidies were recom- mended by the commiffioner, as requiring the moil fpeedy dil'patch; and the recent circiimflances of danger, fo alarming to the nation, were urged by his partifans, as a fufficient apology for deviating from that order of bufmefs, wdfich they had fo flrenuoully con- tended for in the preceding feflion, and for preferrring theie fubjeds to the overtures for conflitutional reformation. From the declara- tion of fome of the witnefles w^ho had been examined on the plot, it was evident, that the friends of the pretender reiled their fondeil hopes upon the vague flate of the fucceffion ; and that the" court of St. Germalns w^ould regard any oppofition from the Hates to the motion for bringing it to an iffiae, as a pledge of their good will and future fervices. But this change of fentiment in the Squad rone, however fpecioufly defended, only operated to the fubverfion of the popularity they had acquired in the preceding feffion ; and the plot, wliich had been the pretended Inflrument of their converiion, fur- nifhed the anti-courtiers with new, and inconfiftent objcdions to the condud of the Englifli miniflers and legiflature. By dilatory proceedings, the former micant to employ it as a check upon that noble fpirit of patriotifm which animated the generality of the Scottifli nation, conniving at furmifes ruinous to foine of tlie befl B b 2 /Vicnd^ x8S HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. QJLT E E N ANNE. 189 !--l 1 t f I I- I ^■4 ^ ^iy' ^'" iriends of their country, and intimidating others with the threats of accufation, fliould they dare to contravene the will of the court with rcfpccl. to the iuccenion and fupply ; while the houfe of lords in England, by alfuming to themfelves the examination of the fufpedlcd perfons, had not only ofTicioufly intermeddled with Scottifli affairs, but encroached on the fovereignty and independence of the king- dom ^'. The ftates had the bed right to every information in a bufi- nefs, fo peculiarly interefting to their own credit and the fiifety of the country ; and it was moved, that the lord commilTioncr fhould, in their name, folicit her majefty to fend down all the witneffes and papers relating to the plot ; that, after diligent and impartial exami* nation of evidence, thofe, who were falfely accufed, might be vindi- cated ; and the guilty punilhed according to their deferts ". The 3.0: of fccurity, however, was the theme ftill uppermoft with the Rates, and obtruded, in diverfihcd fhapes, under every fubjcQ of debate, that it might be underftood as a neceffary prelimi?iary to any terms of amity, or conciliation. To enfure iucceis beyond every hazard, arifmg either from the intrigues of the court, or any after 25tli July, abatement in their own zeal, it was refolved, that the fupply and the a(ft of fccurity fhould be conjoined, and neceffarily fubjeded to the func, indifcriminate fate. Every circumftance now concurred to i^ifpire the miniilers with defpondlng apprehenfions concerning the Hate of the public. The treafury was exhauiled : difaffedion and turbulence infected every order : the army, weak, ill paid and muti- nous, inilead of overawing and repreffmg, was likely to encourage While the affairs of the C HA P. 1 .\ . *' It was afttrwurds moved, that the addrefs ©f the houfe of lords tu the queen, in relation to the fiicceihon of the crown of Scotland, and tu the exaniiiiatiun of the plot, in fo fiir as concerns Scotfjnen, was an undue intermed- dling with the concerns of Scotland, and ati fncruachment upon the independence and fcivereignty of the natit)n ; but that the pro- ceedings of the houte ot ct)mmons in Kngland were Uke thofe of good fubjeds to the t^uecn, and good and friendly neighbours to ScotlancL The tirll claufe, relative to the houfe of lords, was carried, and the lalt rejcfted. A day was alfo appointed for examining the plot, and an application made to the court for thofe docu- ments which had been font to London from. the Scottiili privy council. Records of tiie Scotch Parliament, 8th, 5th Augull 1704. *^ id. J 7th July. and and abet Infurre^flions among the people ''. French king were growing defpcrate by the repeated defeats ot his armies on the continent, the ungovernable temper of the Scots, and the numerous adherents of the houfe of Stuart, prefented to him a favourMe opportunity for changing the fcene of adion, by lighting the torch of difcorJ within the bofom of that country which had upheld the confederacy. Should he fucceed in making a defcent on the CO ilf of England, there could be little doubt of his being feconded by the irruptions of a rebellious multitude from Scotland into thr northern counties, which ^vould occafion the recall of the Englilh troops in foreign fervice, and turn the fortune of the war ^\ 7'he onlv expedient for eluding fuch accumulated and ftupendous dangers, was to pafs the act of fccurity. Many evils were forefeen to refult from a conceffion which was now to be made with a bad grace, after long and obftinate refiftance ; but it remained for the miniilers only to make a choice between diftant and prefent evils. *^ The Scottifli army, at this tiiriC, confided only of three thoufand men, double officered. The Right of Succef[ion, p. 60. The detail of the railitar\' eftablillimcnt in Scotland, in the year 168 1, being a time of peace, I find ilated as follows : The horfe-guards, one hun- dred men ; the foot-guards, ten companies of a hundred men ; tlsree troops of horfe, of fixty horfemen ; three troops of dragoons, of ninety-five ; one regiment of foot, of ten companies of an hundred men : in the caftlc of Edinburgh, one hundred and twerity fentinels ; in Stirling caftle, eleven. Officers arc not included in the above liils. The \%hole pay of the above troops amounted to £. 26,786 : 8 : o per annum. Right of Suc- ceffion, p. 10. This eftabhilimcnt was reduced in the pro- portion of feveral hundreds after the revolu- fion, which was probably owing to the great number of recruits drawn fiom Scotland dur- ing the continental war. Id. 52. At the beginning of the reign of queen Anne, Scotland had only three Ihip^ of war of a 5th or 6th rate, fcarrtily manned, to protect their trade. The army in England, in the year 1705, confiiled of fixty-hve thoufand, two hundred men, l)cfides five thoufand foreigners in her pay. The Englifh fleet carried forty thoufand failors and marines. If Scotland had been rated in the fame proportion with England, according to population, her quotas, both for the laud and fea fervice, ought to have amounted, nearly to triple the number whicli^ (he actually furnilhed. The difproportion of the efficient force of the two kingdoms was, as thirteen to one ; that, v»hich was aftnally pro- duced or collettedj v>'a3, as twenty-fix to one. Idem. In the cafe of a difunion between England and Scotland, how deipieable in the com-j^eti- tJon mull the force of the latter have bee.i ! The troops maintained by Ireland, after the peace o( Ryfwick, conhlled of twelve thoufand men. Id. p. 54. ** Cunningham, vol. i. p. 413. The 1704. ' I 'i '\i --H il I ' .1 J no CHAP. IX. 1704. 5tl 1 Augull. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIM. The unforelccii courflj of events, or the future ingenuity and dilcre- ' lion ot fl.itefnicn might pcrliaps provide an antidoie againft the former; but thoie, wiiioh had ah-eady gathered over their heads, ad- mitted of no alternate remedy. The acl oi lecurity alone could pre- vent the explofion. After tlie adjournment of the parhament for a fev/ days, tlie conimifhoncr announced to tlic ftatcs his having received the royal authority for pafling the ad: of iecurity'' By tiiis ad, England and Scotland were now legally disjoined ; and, unlcfs a renewal of their union could be effedted upon terms more equal and pop-ular than had taken place hitherto,, botli nations mufl inevitably be plunged into all the horrors of a civil war. As if upon the eve of that awful crilis, both of them began to carry on hoilile preparations, openly, and under the landion of law. Agree- ably to a claufe in the act, fencible men were raifed in the feveral counties of Scothuul, furniihed with arms, and trained to military difcipline. In the fpirit of retaliation, as wqW as from coniiderations of a provident and fair policy, the parliament of England addreffed her majcftv to give orders for fortifying the border towns, for arm- ing the militia, and augmenting the regular troops Rationed in the northern counties '*. Several ads were palled tending to deftroy tlie commerce of Scotland, by preventing the exportation of wool, horfes, arms, and ammunition, from England and Ireland into Scotland ; and for prohi!)iting the imporuition of linen cloth, black cattle, Q^U E E N ANNE. igt "^5 Records of Parliament. " Tlic prin- *' cipal claufe of this aft was tliat which pro- *' vidcd, that ihc fiicccfTor to the crown of *' Scotland fhould not be the fame with the *' fuccefTor to the crown of England, unlets, ** that in this prefent feffion of parliament, or *'• any other feffion of this, or any cnfuing •' parliament, during her majelly's reign, ** there be fuch conditions of government *♦ fettled and eftabHfhed, as n\uy lecure the *• honour and fovcreignty of ihis crown and ♦* kingdom, the freedom, frequency, and ** power of parliaments, the religion, liberty. " and trade of the nation, fiom Englifli or ' any foreign influence, witli power to the mee'ing of the Hates, to add fuch farther conditions of government as they ihall think neccfiary, the fame being conliltcnt with, and nowife derogatory from thofe, which *' fliall be enabled in this or any other feffion " uf parliament during her majelly's reign." See the Aft, Appendix to the Ainials of Anne, 1704, N I. ** Journals Lortls and Commons, Decem- ber 1704. fheep. *^ ThcTe articles were fuppofed to bring a clear profit of one hundred and twenty ihou- fand pounds per annum into Scotland; of which one iuindred thoufaiid arofe from the article of cattle alone. Account Current, p. i. Sir J. Clerk's MSS. From Englaiid the principal importations Into Scotland were, India goods, Eaft and Weft, of all kinds, buUer, cheefe, tallow, leather, all kinds of houfehi>ld furniture, wear- ing apjvnrel, arms, faddles, and horfes;, calcu- lated in the grofs at one hui.dred and fifty-one thoufand pounds per annum, fo that the ba- lance ags^infl Scotland was thirty-one thoufand pounds per annum, bcildes the money cani-J out by the nobility and gentiy who refided in H England. Account Current', p. 5. Scotland had a conliderable traffic with England by means of pedlars, fome of them carrying their wares on their backs, but moil of them on horfes. Their packs conlifted molUv of linen cloth and lace> and were worth one hundred, fometimcs two hundred pounds. Thefe ftiolling merchants from Scotland were fuppofed to amount to upwards of two thou- fand at the time of the union. Ilightof Suc- cefnon to the Crown, p, 5. ^^ Journals of Lords and Commons, No- vember and December 1704, palTim. ^' Journals Cornmons> 24th November 1704, 5th February 1705. 2« Id. /}ppe>idt^, X^ X. XI. After 1-04. flieep, coals, and fait, from Scotland into England *^ The commlf- ^ ^^^ P. fioners of the admiralty were inftruded to ilme orders to her ma- jelly's navy for making prizes of all Scottiili fhips trading to France, or to anv of the ports of her majelly's enemies ; and an additional number of cruizers were put into commilhon for the more effedual execution of thefe orders*'. The prudence and moderation of the Hnglifh parliament were at the fame time illuftrioufly difplayed, by qualifying the various refolutions which provided for the fafety of England wath fuch kind hints and limitations, as pointed out, and invited the dates of Scotland to embrace the certain means of avoid- ing the defperate calamities to which both nations were jointly expofed ; and evinced an unfeigned defire of eftabliihing a perma- nent friendfliip with their Scottifli neighbours''. For neither the alienation bill, nor the penal confequences annexed to it, were to operate againfl the Scots, except in the cafe of their declining to fettle the fucceffion to their crown in the proteftant line ; and, that no after-reludance or delay, on the part of England, might fiuftrate the happy event of an union, the queen was vefted with a {landing authority to appoint commilTioners for that purpofe, whenever the flates of Scotland fhould exprefs their willingnefs to enter upon a treaty ^°. m I II li I ': I' 192 i;o4. 8th Auguft. J ith. I4tli, 15th, i6th. Ad. HISTORY OF OREAT BRITAIN'. After paffing the atSt of Iccurlty and granting a Uipply of fix month scefs, the buHnefs of tl^ plot was rcfumcd ; ar^d, it the fcffion Iiad been continued, would ]/robably have been produdivc of addi- tional cmbarradments to adnfuiiilration. Several days were em- ployed in lIic cxannnation of the public accounts ". A long debate took place relative to a bill for the exportation of wool ; thofe, wlio were dcbroiis to pin-ilie conciliatory meafures with England, cn- deavcnired to prevent it, bccauic it vva3 injurious to the m:niufadl:nrcs of that kingdom, and tended to widen the breach between the two nations. But the bill palled, and was a fignal to the comnfiflioner to clofe a feflion bent upon multiplying impediments to reconcilia- tion''. On the 27th of Augnlt, he addreiled the flates, exprefhng his regret, that they had not given fuch difpatch to ufeful buiincfs as might have been cxpe' terms. So the cavaliers projected ; but *' others joined with them in order to pro- •' mote the union." Sir J. Clerk's MSS. on Lockhart, p. 146. " The refolve whieh the cavaliers had car- f* ricd for a treaty, previous to the fcttlement " of the fuccefTion, was a mere fliam." Id. p. 162. After fettling the order of bufmefs, an a6t paflcd for fcven months ccfs, 2 ill Sep- tember. (yT. 42,cco.) '*'' " If the fuccefTion had been fettled, tliere *' would not have lieen a word of the union.** Sir J. Clerk's MSS. on Lockhart, p. 120, After After the queftion for going into the dlfcufTion of the union was C HA p. agreed to, a variety of motions w^ere introduced to defeat its ultimate fuccefs. Some of them were repugnant to tlie fpirit and plan of an incorporating union ; and, had they been adopted, inftead of ce- menting the afteclions of a divided people, they would have opened new^ fources of animoftty and conteft between the inhabitants of North and South Britain. Others tended to circumfcribe, or to pre- clude altogether, thofe beneficial conditions wdiich Scotland after- wards ol)tained from the generofity of the more profperous kingdom. In the courfe of thefe debates, there was not any member of the convention who feemed more determined to oppofe the minifters ia every point than the duke of Hamilton ; and he had been the mover of feveral propofitions intended to overturn the treaty; and yet, to the furprifc and mortification of his adherents, he propofed to refer the nomination of the Scottilli commiftioners entirely to the queen *^ The ftrange inconftftency of the duke's conducl, upon this occafion was not inferred, barely, from the general fcope of thofe meafures which he had efpoufed in every preceding debate, but from his hav- ing been at pains to inculcate, both publicly and privately, the impro- priety and danger of that whieh he now iuggcfted ; nor was it pof- lible to avoid the fufpicion of his being guilty of deliberate treachery when it was obferved that he made this motion at a late hour in the night, after many of his own friends, who would have oppofed it, had wdthdrawn under the perfuafion that the parliament was not then to proceed any farther in bufmefs '\ Upon ''■^ This was a point al)out whick the court was particularly anxious. In the inllrudions of her majelly to the duke of Argyle, are the following words : *' You are to endeavour, " that the nomination of the commifTiuncrs '* for the faid treaty, with the appuintment of " time and place, be left to us, as is done by " the parliament of England." " If the parhament fiiall not agree to leave •" to us the forefuid nomination, you are to D " be careful, that in the faid nomination to be " made by the parliam.ent, all our officers of " ftate, minifters, and others, having fpecial " dependence upon us, go the fame way, and " cijncur in the fame nomination." Her Ma- jelly's rnftruftions to the Duke of Argyle, &c. Articles 6th and 7th, Paper Office. ■^^ Lockhart, p. 1 70. Upon the duke of Hamilton's making this motion, feveral of the members ran out of the houfc in rage and defpair, I ft Sept. 202 1705. HISTORY OF OREAT BRITAIN. Upon a review of the hi (lory of the liR ScottiHi p.^rlianicnt, it will be admitted, that the pcrfons who took a warm pan in oppofition, defpair, faying aloud, <« that It was to no pur- treachery of M.rlborough and Godolphln. - pufe to ftay any longer, Hnce the duke of Inflruaions to Captain James Munay. Stuart « Hamilton had fo bafely betrayed them." Papers, 1703. The motion was canied by a plurality of eight sdly, It Is fomewhat extraordmary that the voices. Lockhart, p. 170. The duke, in court of St. Germain's if it w.fhed the union vindication of his condud, pretended that It to pafs, Hiould have m^de this known, only, to was better for the queen to name the commlf- the duke of Hamilton, or that he fhould have fioners becaufe, if the parliament did not ap- afterwards concealed a fatl, the difcovery of prove of their meafures, it could take them to which was fo Important to refcuc his charadcr taHv more feverely than as If it had named them, from the obloquy which he had incuncd on ac- Sir\ Clerk favs, that the duke's grand motive count of the apparent inconfiftency of his con- was his expeaing to be appoluied one of '^^ ^''^ '^"""S the dependence of the treaty. CommifTioners, but that the Engliih miniilry Nor is it probable, that the court of St. Ger- would bv no means confent to It. Sir J. main's (liould have felefted the duke of Hamil- Clerk's MSS. on Lockhart, p. 171. «76- ton as Its confidential friend. Although, Irom The author of the Tranfadions during the his early profcfhons and liigh rank, it was ne- Relgn of Oueen Anne imputes the myfterlous ccfTary to hold fair language with him, yet it and apparently difingenuous coudud of the appears that James ^^^^ l'"^'--/,'-!'^;'"' 7; ^''^ duke of Hamilton, and indeed the whole fuc lleadincfs and fidelity. T he duke himfelf waft cefs of the treaty, to an incident before un- fo fenfible of this, that he urged it as a reafon known, namely, his having received a letter for his backwardnefs to interfere in the bun- from lord Mid.lhton, befeeching his grace, In nefs of the Stuart family^ when colonel Hookc behalf of his mailer, « to forbear giving any was fent to Scotland. Hookc s Negoc.ations, ♦* farther oppofition to the union, as he had it p. 19, 20. r , r^ r n- 1 .. «,r»,„ely at hc.rt to give l,ls After .his ^My, Tl.e author of the Tranfaa.ons has .. proof of his ready con.phancc with her furniflu-d us with an argun,n.t 'l-at uuhtate, .. wilhesj not doubting but he would o„e Jay againft the fact alluded to. IhedukeofHa- .. have -it in his power to reftore to Scotland nul.ou, in a letter to h.s A.,, at St. Ger-uau, s, -. it, aneien. weight and independence." The 7th March ,707. fay^. ' r^" -Y ^o"lU.i. letter concluded with recommendiug profound " dleton not to be uneaiy about In. later I ec"cy in thi:< buf.nefs, as a d.fcoven. n,ight .- have been too f,ct to aufwer rt, but I ha,-e ca %! ly pr. iudice their intereft both in Eng- " burnt it, with otl.er papers, for fear of ac d ar7/eo.'.and. Hanulton's Tranfaaions, " cideut ; fo that th.s 'f-^r'-'j^^^^. SJ^ « down to the grave with mc. namiiton s '"' *a, iX difficult to conceive how the coiu't Tranfaaions, p. 44- '" ''"^ Note-. cfS Germain's could beperfuaded torceom- If this be the Utter to wh.ch the an ho, Jend a m a e which Uipulated for the fnc refers, as containing inllrn.fons .0 the duke ce^"ou of the protellant heir, and created a of Hanukon to promote the ttnton, wluch the ^f Pbarr r a.ai„ft the hopes of James, reader is naturally led to conch.de, how <3me I,gal barner a„aimt t p j HamiUon to know that .t contained fuch "-dW XcoufoT St. Get^ain's pofitively inUruftions, ,lnce the duke burnt it for fear of inartti their agent, to oppofe the Hanove- ^^'^:^:Z^:-tt^'Z:Z:t rian fucceffion, and the projed oi the union, of its ^^'^^'^ r, if he refers to other ufurpanon; and afterwards expreffed the_ut. ^^ ^^l^/^;^ /,X^ moft regret and aftoni(hment at its palhng, nary, IK ougiu lu i a i which they conudered to be a proof of the ' ^^^^^^ QJJEEN ANNE. . were Influenced hy oppofite motives and intentions ; and that a very different ellimation ought to be formed of their virtues and merits. To men of a contraded underftanding, peculiarly fufceptible of local prejudices, the fuhjeds under dlfcufhon prelented an opportunity, from wliich they could not abftain, of venting a bafc and envious rancour againft a nation equally entitled to the claim oi ancient inde- pendence, and, in ftrength and prolperity, far fuperior to their ov.n. The contentious oppolition of others, excluded from office and con- fultatlon, was excited hy felfifli competltionn, which engrots the brealls of fadious men, and overpower the dictates of reafon and generofity. The moft finccre and confident opponents of every ilcp tovv'ards a rcconcihation willi England, v/ere the partifans of the houfe of Stuart, or thofe who wiflicd for tlie fucceffton of the fon of James, an event more likely to happen if a legal dii- junCllon between the two kingdoms had now taken place. The combination of ignorance, malignity, and Jacobitilm, could not hav plaufe, had it not been feconded by t!ie efforts of men of a very different character, whofe talents and integrity gave weight to their opinions, and have confecrated their memories to the veneration of pofterity. Fired by a true love for their country, and pierced with a deep fenie of the oppreffion flie had endured under the domination of delegated rulers ever fmce the junction of the crowns, they were perfuaded, that it was impoffihle for her to refume independence and freedom without a complete difl'olution of all the political ties lub- fifting between the two kingdoms. Ochcrs did not defpair of recon- ciling the intereft of Scotland with an incorporating union , biir, imder the vehement impulfe of a predilection for their native country, they were prompted to exceed in their demands of reparation for the paff, and of fecurities againft future injuries*'. Of this defcription, there was not any perfon more diftinguiihed than Mr. Fletcher of *• ^ J *' Sir J. Clerk's MSS. palTim, Dd 2 170J. Salton, 104 C HA 1 X . 170? HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. P- Salton, whofe comprehenfive views, enforced by the moft nervous -w clociuence, and purlucd with undaunted firmnefs, exalt him to a hi^>-h rank in the lift of names which do honour to human nature. From error and inconfiftency, the moft wife and virtuous arc not entirely exempted ; and the fondeft admirers of Mr. Fletcher mull candidly acknowledge, that many of Ids projcds of reform fprung from enthufiafm, rather than from the dilates of experience ; and that his retined theories concerning government were not only in- compatible with the fentiments and manners of the age in which he lived, but impradicable under the prejudices and infirmities of human fociety, in every form and condition, in whicli it has been exhibited in the records of hidory '". ) U E E N ANNE. IQS s= *' Mr. Fletcher's fchemes had but very " little credit, becaufe he himlelf was often «' for changing them; though, in other re- ^' ijK'Cts, a very worthy man. It ufed to be " faid of hJm, that it would be eafy to liang « him by his own fchernes of government ; <« for, if they had tpken place, he would have " been the firft man that would have at- « tempted an alteration." Sir J.Clerk's MSS. on Lockhari, p. 71- IS^- A Ilrikiag inilance of Mr. Fletcher's deviation from the principles which he profefled as a friend to liberty, occurs in his printed efiays. He imputes the miferies of the lower ranks, in modern times, to the abohtion of flaverj', and thinks their condition would be improved by re-eitabliOiing it. The emancipation of the lower ranks, however, he juftly afcribes to the benevolent zeal of the firft Chriftian preachers. Fletcher's Politic?! Works, p. 84. Glafgow, 1749- C H A P. X. Genera! Dif con tent of the Scots upon pajjlng the Ad for treating of anVnion with England.— Circumfiances unfavourable to the Treaty— The inveterate Ran- cour which fubfifled between the two Nations ^Bigotry of the Scots, and a Jealoufy on account of their Religion — Apprehenfwns of increafed Taxation — Subvcrfion of the Privileges of the Nobility—Freeholders— Burghs.^Events favourable to the Union — Difcordant Senti??ients and Interejs of thofe who op- pofed it. — Addrefs and Management of the CommiJfioner.--Thc Succefs of the Allies on the Continent. — The uncoinmon Severity of the Seafon. — Diligence and Anxiety of the Whigs in promoting the Treaty. — Liberality cf the Term offered to the Scots. — Feeble Oppofition of the Tories. — Moderation rf the Com- mijfion of the General Ajfembly. — Advantages of the Union to Scotland— to England. — Progrefs and Conclufion of the Treaty. — The Parlia?nent cf Scot- land ekds Rcprcfcntatives for the united Parliamerits — adopts Rcgidations for difpofing of the Equivalent — is adjourned. — Second SeJJion cf the Parliament in England. — Sheens Speech. — Addrefjes.— Supplies. — Ejiaie and Titles of the Duke of Marlborough fettled upon his Defendants. — Articles cf the Union communicated to both Houfes — agreed to by them. TO fooner was It known, that the Scottilh parliament had con- CHAP, N fented to the queen's appointing commifhoners for treating of an union with England, than diftruft and jealoufy began to agitate the public mind. The ingenuity and labour of authors were cm- ployed to enforce every topic, calculated to inflame the paflions, and pervert the opinions of the people. The fubilance of the various treatifes, publiihed while the union was depending, will be compre- hended under a furvey of the prejudices, objedions, and various means of refiftance, which threatened to obdruct its fuccefs ; and which were happily counteraded by the joint effects of minifterial influence, the didates of found policy, and fortunate external clr« cumftances. ift^ The 1706. Uttrl «o6 HISTORY OF CRFAT BRITAIN. iR The bitter and inveterate rancour, which fubrillcd between the Englifh and the Scots, rendered it improbable, that the authority of law, or any profped of diflanr adv.mtai^e, could cvc^- produce that amicable correfpondence, which was effcntial to reap the benefit, or even to maintain the external form of an union. As domeflic quar- rels pierce deeper into the heart, and arc carried on with fharper animofity, than thofe which take place between pcrfons, unconneded by any previous ties of blood or intcrcfl ; fo the moft implacable an- tipathies have cvv:r prevailed u\ lK)rdci-'nu- ilatcs, wliicli a inlftakcn view of policy has alienated from each other, coritiary to all the conciliatory anaiovnes of lineage, language, manners, and cuiloms. Society, in fuch a fituation, exhibits the darkeft portrait^ (^f human charader ; the moft hideous examples of barbarity, and the moll re- fmed inventions of hoftile vengeance. The mutual jealoufies and hatreds, wliich prevailed at an early period in the contiguous kingdoms of England and Scotland, had been inflamed to the higheft degree by the arrogant prctenfions of Edward 1. to a feudal fuperiority over the latter, at a period, when it was embroiled by internal diflentions, and a difputed fucceffion to the crown '. While the very mention of a claim, involving the moft liumiliating confequences, roufed the indignation of a free and high fpirited people, the blood and devaftation, with which it was profe- cutcd by his fucceifors, fpread fuch a general horror, and tranfmitted fuch a deep remembrance of injuries, as could only be extinguiilied after the lapfe of many ages \ The Erench court, charaderized by * Edward I. had formed a projed of unit- ing the crowns of England and Scotland upon fair and honourable terms, by marrying his fon Edward to the grand daughter of Akx- ander, king of Scotland, commonly called th.e Maid of Norway. The terms of unioii were agreed to between him and the ilates of Scotland. The young lady died in her voy- j time to prove the feudal fuperiority of the Eiigliili monarchy over Scotland; and the favourable reception, which they generally met with, gave great offence to the Scots. Mr. Anderfon and Mi. Hodges, who had Ee written In defence of the independence of Scotland, were thanked by the Scottifh par- liam.ent, and received each of them a prefent of four thoufand, eight hundred pounds Scots (;^. 400. ) for their patriotic labours. Re- coi-ds of the Scotch Parliament, loth Augufl 1705. Atwood's Superiority of England over Scotland, and the Scots Patriot un- nian furnilhed a pidure of imaginary woe, well calculated to excite the emotions of a vulgar pity, and the remonllrances of a fantaflic pa- iriotifm. The defcrtion of a city, venerable for its antiquity and the loftinefs of its edifices, the abolition of that magnificent pageantry which attended the repiefentation of a court, and of that profulc hofpitality, which enlivened the metropolis during the meetings of the ftates, were lamented as ferious calamities by all thoic who, from early imprcffions, and an aifociation not incompatible with an en- lightened underftanding, had attached the ideas of fcnfibility and 212 CHA X. HISTORY OF GRKAl BRITAIN. P. afTcaion to external objeds, which flattered tlicir vanity, and con- tributed to tlieir pleafurc and emolument '\ 2dly, The religious prejudices of the Scots luggcfted uncafy ap- prehcnfions about the confcquences of an incorporating union. As the fond attachment of the people to the prelbvterian forms of wor- {hip and government had l)ecn a principal caufe of defeating former attempts for uniting them to ILngland, fo it \va^ now wrought upon as the fitted inftrument, not only for inflaming the paflions of thofe who were already prejudiced againft the prefent fcheme ot union, but, for reftraining the concurrence of others, who were 7,calous for the proteftant fucceflion. After the jundion of the two crowns, the court had carried on a conflant warfare againft the form of religion fiivoured by the people in Scotland. Although prefl:)y- terv had obtained the fuUeft fecurity by the Revolution, the hearts of its votaries were not at cafe. The benign interpolition of Wil- liam for reftraining an intolerant fpirit, and dlfcountenancing the violence of ecclefiaftical proceedings againft the epifcopalians, wa4 illiberally afciibed to his inherent avcrfion to the popular religion. The prefent fovereign had boafted of her warm afietVion for the church of England ; and fmce her acceflion, the prelatical clergy had openly ofticlated in the metropolis of Scotland, with the confident •* The commifTioner to the parliament was allowed three thoufand, five hundred pounds for equipage, and tifty-five pounds per day, for a hundred and twenty days for his table. He ufed to entertain forty members evei7 day during the fefiion. Inquiry' into the Reafon- ablenefs and Confequences of tlie Union, p. 132. Thoughts on the Prefent State of Affairs, p. 5. 1703. '< To the very children, and mod ignorant " people, they had their arguments ; fuch as, " I hat the honours, the crown of Scotland, »« fword and fceptre, fhould be carried away •' to England. The boys and mob were in- ** vited to go and fie the ancient crown (f " Scotland ; for that it would foon be carried " away, and they might never fee it more.'* Defoe, p. 227. The Scottiih Parliament was opened with great pomp and formality. The ofRcers ol Hate, nobihty, and gentry rode from the palace of Holyrood-hoiife to the parliament houfe (about a mile) ; and no expence was fpared to render their drefs and equipage fplendid and magnificent. Many of all ranks reforted from the country to the metropolis, to be fpeftators of this fcene. cxpcdation QJJ E E N ANN E. 21.3 cxpcclation of her indulgence and her protedion. Was it not na- ^ tural to fufpea, that (he wifhed to introduce epilcopacy there ; and that (he urged the treaty of union with greater earneftnefs, on ac- count of its obvious fubferviency to that end " ? It was wxdl known, that the prejudices of feveral of the gentry and nobility in Scotland w^ere upon the fide of eplfcopacy ; and it might be expeaed, that thefe would be ftrengthened from their fre- quent intercourfe with a country where that religion was eftabliihed. But, fuppofmg that the reprefentatives from Scotland ftiould con- tinue faithful to that fyftem in w^hich they had been educated, had not the friends of prefbytery full caufe of alarm, on account of tlie great majority, in the united parliament, who were of a different per- fuafion ; and,' above all, from the immenfe influence of the Engliih hierarchy, of whofe pernicious counfels their fathers had experienced the moft direful effeds '*: Without any refped to diftant confequences, the prefbyterians, who confented to the union, were accufed of diredl apoftacy, for vio- lating that difcriminating and fundamental principle of their religion^ which excluded perfons vefted with the clerical charader from any interference in affairs of ftate. Some even reprefented the union as involving the body of the people in the blackeft tranfgreflion ; and, as if the oaths and vows of the fathers had been entailed upon their children, the latter were held bound, by the national covenants, to wage eternal war with prelacy '\ Not content with a negative breach of thefe folemn obligations, by a lukewarm inaclivity, they were now about to recognife an heretical authority, which would quickly fubvert their own religious eftabliftiment. The purity of the dodrines, maintained by the prefbyterians, the perfedion of their ecdefiaftical conftitution, and the ftridnefs of their difcipline, o Confiderations on an Union between '* Confederations, p^ 42, V C.Tcourfe on the two Kingdoms, p. 87. Hiftorical Ac- the Union, p. 84. Teftamentary Duty of count of the Grievances in Scotland, p. 8, 9. the Parliament of Scotland, p. 11. Addrefs Advantages of the Ad of Security, p. 10. of the Prefbytery of Hamilton. . 1706. ** ^^em. ' were 1706- ; I -i HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. were contraRed wh!-. the corruption and laxity of the church of England; and its members were calumniated and charged with grols iniquitv.'ou account of errors which, admitting them to be fuch, were merely of a fpeculativo nature. To form a more intimate con- nexion with them was compared to the intatuatlon of intruding into the habitations of peftilcnce ; and running headlong upon thofe tremendous judgments which were ready to fall upon the head ot an impious and profligate nation ". 3dly, The increafe of taxes, and the ruin of trade, were urged as objeaions to the union. A dccreafc in the value of the landed property, a rcduaion of the fcanty rccompcnce allotted to the la- bourer, and the depopulation of the country, were reprcfented as the certain confcquences of the heavy burdens to which Scotland was to be fubjefted by a partnerfliip with England. In the long lift «t taxes impofed in that country, it was eafy to cull out a few, excep- tionable and odious, from their ftriklng againft the habits and inte- refts of particular orders of men. The ScottilTi gentry would be compelled to drink claret, adulterated by Englilh vintners, at more than double the price now paid for what was pure and genuine ; the common people muft forego the wholefome beverage of ale and beer ralfed above their ability to purchafc it, by an exorbitant tax upon malt. The duty upon fait, alFeaing the neccflaries of hie, would be an intolerable grievance to the poor ". The feveral cuftoms and impofts upon goods were eRimatcd at the higheft rate, without attending to the compenlation which the Scot- tifli merchants were to draw from the multiplied channels of com- merce ■'. Great pains were taken to reprefent the prolpcds oi com- mercial advantage, from the proflered bounty of England, as preca- rious and dclulive. But what was, above all, prcpoftcrous in this 16 Rights and Intercfts. Treatlf^: IH. p. 49- Edin.i:c6 Ellay .- K-r removing ^rcju- ^ dices againll the Union, p. 33-O. 38—40. ^'- Id. Trcathe .. p.26, 27. LuckWt, KfFay v. p. .y. Letter conconnng the Confe- p. 269. Defoe, 221. 4H-7. . ^l'^^""^ ^^ ^» Incorporalmg Union. 1706. '3 Advantaees of the Union, p. 14, ij^ ^ . nram QJJEEN ANNE. ftrain of argument, though the adventure of Darlen had proved ruinous, yet the privileges of the company were ftill held up as a real and lubftantial propeity, which was now to be extorted from them, as a condition of their being admitted to fliare in the trade of England ''. The refort of the nobility and gentry to tlie feat of governmenr, refiding, making purchafes, and educating their children in England; and the confumption of Englifli manufacflures, growing fafhionable from the example of the great, were reprefented as fo many drains of money, which would counterbalance all the advantages, accruing from a participation in the commerce of the richer kingdom, and in- volve Scotland in bankruptcy and depopulation *^ 4thlv, When the terms, relative to the limited number of peers and commons to be admitted into the parliament of Britain, were made known, the union was oppofed as a violent infringement of the immunities of individuals and corporate bodies. The nobility of Scotland, which, for antiquity, yielded to none in Europe, were to be degraded, and ftript of prerogatives rooted in their blood, and unalienable from their titles. Of that numerous body, only fixteen were to be admitted into the united parliament ; which, confidering the fuperior proportion of the Englifh nobility, amounted almoft to an entire extinction of their legiflative authority. However inconfiderable the advantages of fuch a contraded repre- fentation, yet, it was to be apprehended, that the competition for it might prove the fource of endlefs ftrife and envy among the noble families of Scotland. The favourites of the court would ever ob- tain the preference, and, by improving the opportunities of their ftation, might come to be eftabliilicd in a conftant fuperiority over fuch as had formerly flood on the fame level of rank and interefl. The eleded peers would thus monopolize all power and emolument. i"o6. *^ State of the Controverfy, p. 21. 1706. Rights and Interefts. Treatife i. p. 60. *'' Id. p. 33. Treatife iii. p, 33. In- quiry into the Reafonablenefs of tlie Union, ^vhil c 2l6 C H \ IllsroRY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ^vlnle the red ivouUl inik into inilgnijkance ; aiui tuui iUenif;:lves in- cumbered with empty titles, only ierving to icmliui them of the fubftantial privileges which they had ignominiouily reiigned ". ^ The cfteCl: of the treaty in reftriding the reprefentation of the counties and burghs, was complained of as an unwarrantable llretch of parliamentary authority ". It was contended, that the united con- fent of the peers and reprefentatives of the commons, was incom- petent to aboliih privileges, which affcded the interell of the nation at large, and that of future generations. Tb.e lords might abandon c.r curtail privileges which centered merely in their own perfons, but Ihey certainlv could not alienate, nor abrogate, the rights of their pofteritv, svh'ich, defcending from their remote anccilors, were inter- ^vovcn into tlie fovereignty of the nation. Nor was the application of this argument to the reprefentative body lefs obvious and forcible. The reprefentative body could not admit of any abridgment, ^vithout trenching upon the rights of the eledive ; it could not de- llroy that conftitution which was the balis of its own exiftence ; or rcnounc€ and transfer the inherent prerogatives of its conftituents '\ Waving every objedion to the authority of the ilates with refped to the point now mentioned, the unequal reprefentation, allotted to Scotland, was too glaring to efcape the notice of any perfon who felt for the honour and independence of his native country. The Scottifh IcgiOature was hrft to be dillblved, and afterwards revived, not in a ihtc of regeneration and improvement, but mutilated, ener- vated, and bereaved of all independent energv ; while that of Eng- land was to continue in its prihine fulnefs and vigom, and without any diminution of its dignity '' After this inglorious demile, and no lefs inglorious revival, the parliament of Scotland was to obtam fomcwhat lefs than a thirteenth part of the legiHative authority ot - Conndcrations on the Union, p. 77, 8. f.derations, p. 56, &c. 6z, 5cc. State of thc " Id. p. ^o. RiKhts and Interells. Trca- Conlrovoty, p. 13- ..... ^ ^ .^^ ^» KiLrliisand luUKils. rrcatik lu. p. J2.- life la. p. 21 - 4. 45. •"• t> -3 Difcourff- on the Union, p. 46. Con- the QJJ E E N ANNE. 217 1706. the united kingdoms. Confidering former competitions between the C HA P. Scots and EngllOi, arifmg from local prejudices and interefls ; and _--—— ^# the recent umbrages, fubfifting between them, w^hich might long in- terrupt reciprocal confidence and generofity, what was to be ex- pedcd, but that the weaker nation would, in every difpute, be ;liged to fubmit to the llronger ; and tiiat, at length, all the rights and pri- vileges of the ScorLifn freeholders v/ould be fwaliowcd up in the gulf of a foreign interell'^? In fuch a ntuation, the reprefentatives from Scotland would be degraded into the condition of an impotent and contemptible minority. Hieir religion, their laws, and everv privilege, referved by the treaty, w^ould be fwept away by the over- whelming torrent of EngliHi influence^*. A variety of fortunate incidents confpired, with the diligence of mi- nifters, and the weight of arguments, to eounterad the prejudices and objedions now recited ; and to bring the treaty of union to perfec- tion, with fafety and difpatch, exceeding the hopes of its friends. I. As parties in general were more disjointed and enervated at this time than they had ever been formerly, fo neither cordiality of fen- timent, nor rooted confidence, bound together thofe individuals who were confidered as the leading opponents to the union. Lord Bel- haven, whofe fpeeches breathed an ardent flraln of patriotifm, made the lefs impreflion, becaufe he had been piqued at the court from difappointment ; and lay under a ftrong fufpicion of holding a cor- refpondence with St. Germain's ''. Tlie duke of Hamilton, and the duke of Athol, both of them adverfe to the union., were rivals for the confidence of the exiled fanaily, and of its adherents in then own country. Hence mutual jealoufy and fufpicion rendered them, cautious of making an explicit declaration of their views to each other ; or of uniting in a firm or decided profecution of meafures, *' Confiderations, p. 54. Difcourfe on the *' Examinations concerning the Plot, Union, p. 84. Effay upon the Union. Lon- part ii. p. 20. Journals Lords, 17th March don, 1706. 1-04. ^Md. State of the Controverfy, p. 2 2. F f which m 2l8 C H A X. 1706. HISTORV OF GREAT P^RnMN. r. whuls in the fluauation of events, might be .iVd :^ the jound of ' .a crimination ^^ Hence alio, among the dUaff^ded mem^ b s in the ilates, heiUat.oa and perplexity aroie, not knowmg upon M of their leaders they ought to confide. The capnce terg.ver. wnicii ui I , ^f thp (hike ot liamikon, dit- ration, ana ^r^'-'-^^ ^^'^^'^f]'^ "' ^^'J^^,^, „f ,he treaty, heartened and confounded Ins tnends .u ever, U.i„c ) o, .' ted, more powerfully th.n all the eftorts ol the tn.n.ftry to d Xcafu es apparently well concerted for thwartn,, tts inccc s We "i d o.,t with the dilatory, variahle, and fuipic.ous condnd o tlr ienJs in parlian.ent, the laft hope, of oppofUK-n were toun ed ;!;: ^onKftic infurrcdions, amfted by d.e interpoht.on ot the French king. fnrfnnate circumflanccs, thefe ^ Bv i im-^ular concurrence ot tortunate circu one another, than thole object pretence in different • I- ,,K.ic fnrinir<^ upon the lame }'i ticiiv*^ ^^^' , a o der ble number of armed men, not without the con- collecU-d a «" 'J^" ^ppoi-uion in parliament, had no other view ,. ot ^'- - ; ;; : ; ,,, „„L of Scotland open for the T" ,T"3 e 10 c of Stuart. The Cameronian., dillinguhhed ,.,eal he,r of tne W ^.^^ ^,^^,. -...oierant zeal, were no leis tor their obdmatc Dia\ci>, ^> Lockhart, p. 26. 3^4- 349- Ckrk's ^l%or the evidence of this account of th. auke of Hamilton's condt.a, I appeal to un- . A f.A. See Lockhart, p. z^S- controverted tacts, ^^e x. ,ov padtm. Cunningham, vol. u. p. S--62^ HookC. Negociations, paffim S.r • Cl-k .. - T I I.Trt's account ot the auKc s r..:.t n.any more to the fume purpof. Ld ;«. 1. all this, he plaiJ .'- -'""- »' dccc " bank cinircly ; for, at the fanKt.mo that . Ue was caballing at the head of the To y . Ode. he wa. in fecret w.lh the ch.kc o u QLna.erry evciT ni^^^^^ .S^etime^'inawcck." Re^rnng agata .oLockhart's account of the offence occa- r nedbv the duke of Hamilton's not pro- ^The duke of HamiUun," as I fa,d before, . bcld private correlpondence w,th the com- . ;:iffioL-, and was refolved to do notlung .. thai might effeaually mar the vnuon. determined QJJEEN ANNE. ^^9 determined to (hed the laft drop of their blood in defence of their C HA P. reli-ion, betrayed, as they apprehended, by the Rates, into the hands ^^-^^^^ of fts prelatical adverfarles. The oppofers of the union xvere too difcerning not to perceive the neceffity of reconciling and combmmg thefe feathered bands of infurgents, in order to enable them to make head againft the regular force, placed under the minlfterial direaion. For this purpofe, it was concerted, that the Cameronians, in the fouth, and the Highlanders, in the north, fhould rife in arms on the fame 'day; that the former fhould march to Edinburgli, where the latter were to join tliem, after having fecured the principal palTes into tlte Highlands ''. The duke of Qiieenil)erry, informed ot this approaching dan-cr, more threatening to the union than all the m^- trigues and harangues of its parliamentary antagonifts, had recourle to the only expedient which could have been elTeaual to prevent it. •He was well acquainted with the tumultuary fpirit of the Camero- nians. Any attempt to reftrain it by argument and expoftulation muft have proved fruitlefs. There remained no hope of efcaping its fury, but by turning it into a diflerent channel, and direding it to another objed than that on which it was now bent, ll^.e duke en- tered into a correfpondence with the ringleaders of the infurgents. He rcprcfentcd the imminent danger into which they were runnmg ; promifed great rewards, and even urged patriotic motives for per- fuadin- them to become inftrumental in promoting the caule wliicli they profelled to oppole^'. That they miglu more effeaually pcr- 3^ Lockhart, p. 281. Ker's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 30. 3' Id.ml Kerof Kcrffieldgivcsacircumitan- tial detail of his having headed the Camero- nians, and afterwards betrayed tliem, by the in- lligation of the duke of Queenfbcrry. Ker, vol. i. p. 30. Lockhart mentions the faA of the duke of Quccniherry's having engaged fome of the Camcronian clergy to act as fples tor the court (p. 281.) ; I'ut was himfelf ignorant of the treachery of major Cunningham, (p. 279,)^ who alio was in concert with the duke of Qucenfberry, and put himfelf at the head of tlie Cameronianr^ in the veil. Sir J. Clerk, fpeak-r.g of Cunningham : " I have converfed «< with him often, and he acknowledged, that, " after he had ploUed with thefe people to " make a rebellion, he fell into remorfe of «* confcience, partly from the wickcdnefs and " partly from the danger of the attempt ; and, " from that time, entered into correfpondence " with the duke of Queenroerry. I know " likewife that he was employed by the nukr " to go among thefe men ; and, by pretend- « in. If tlie oppofers of the treaty were unfortunate in the dif- \ink)n of their political and military friends at home, they were alio diiappointcd of that aiiillance which they cxpeded from abroad. Alihovigh the French king was rcftrained, by the peace of Ryf- wick, from giving open aid to king James, vet tlic acknowlcdgnicnt of his fon,and the war which broke out in the year 1702, infpired 'the cavaliers with the confident expedation of his interpofition in their behalf, as foon as it could be employed with any probable view of fuccefs. Such a proiped was now prefented by the clli- contents of the people in Scotland on account of the projcaed union. Thefe were communicated to the agents of Lewis, and It was repre- 3» Mr. Kcr reprcfentcd to the duke of Oiieenftierry, *♦ that he had confented to the «< Cameronians burning the articles of the ♦« union at the market-crofs of Dumfries; ♦* and that it might be found expedient to »' burn the houfes of fome perfons who had -' been inflnimental in carrying on the union, " in order to keep up the decorum which the " Cameronians expefted; but that neverthelefs «' he would order matters fo as that notliing «* was to be feared from this condud, which <« looked very like earned." Ker, p. 33, 4. Kcr, p. 35. Lockhart, p. 279. Uk'm. fented 3? Q^U E E N ANNE. fented, that, in tlic prefent diftraded ftate of the country, a fmall ^ fupply of men and money would be effeaual for fubverting the go- ;— vernmcnt in Scotland ; whereas the conclufion of the treaty, which could not otherwife be prevented, would preclude all future attempts for retrieving the fortune of the houfe of Stuart ". Thefe confider- ations made a greater imprefhon upon the French king than any that had been fuggelled fmce the acceffion of the queen ; and he began to entertain ferious purpofes of invading Scotland, when the ill fuccefs of his arms, upon the continent, put a ftop to the prepa- rations he was making for carrying that defign into execution. The dreadful lolfes which bis armies fuftained at Ramillies and Turin, In the courie of the campaign iJo6'\ rendered Lewis utterly inca- pable of afhfting the Jacobites in Scotland, either with money or troops ; and prevented an enterprife, which, though it jniglit not have anfwered all the purpofes for which it was intended, might certainly have retarded, if not entirely fruilrated the union ". Debarred from the expeclation of military aid, cither domcfiie or foreign, the enemies of the court ftill hoped to render the treaty abortive, by drawing to the capital thofe riotous multitudes which were in motion in diftant parts of the country. Their dlfappoint- mcnt was occafioned by the immediate hand of Providence: The frowns of nature confpired, with the misfortunes and treachery of their friends, to rebuke their defigns ; and gave the laft blow to their expedatlons. During the whole fcihon of parliament, the fea- fon v;as uncommonly rainy and tempeftuous ; the roads became dangerous and impradicable, and the country rabbles were pre- vented from reforting to the metropolis, with the dvii^j^n of over- awing the legiflature, and executing vengeance upon thofe whom they confidered as traitors to their country ''. 35 Middleton's Letter to Torcy, 4th Sep -'' Oldmixon, vol. ii. p. 172. Stuart Pa- tember 1706. Hooke, p. 104. p<^rs, 1705, &c. 3* It was calculated that the French loll '^ Cunningham, vol. ii. p. $S. Lockhart, above a hundred thoufand men in the courfe p. 218. of the campaign 1 706.. 4. The HAP. X. i :cc.. 122 I706. HISTORY OF Clir.AT BRITAIN. 4 TIic anxiety and arJour with which the union ^vas purfucd by the whig minil\ers, and the ftate of poUtieal aflVu-s which weak- ened the opp«iitI>,n of the tories in the EngUlh parhanK-nt, were highly propitions to Us luecefs. Her n.ajefty, as has been oblerved, had been prevailed t.pon to give her confent to the ad ot lecunty, CKpeaing, from this indtdgence, to bring tl>e Scot.ilh parhament into a good correfpondence with that of lutgland, by adopting the protellant fettlement. When all the efforts of adn.iniftrafon lor this purpofe proved inefteftual ; and when at length the quell.on ol the fueeeffion was poftponed to the nnion, the hopes of all the frtends of the proteftant interefl were entirely fufpended npon us benrg brought to a fpeedy and fuceefsful iirue. To this object, therefore, the wl>ole foree of eourt influence, and of the abilities and uidtdlry of the minifters, was applied ". Every ftep in thl. in,portant nego- tiation was concerted with elrcumfpee^lon and prudence, and tranl- nded with vigour and expedition, which intin.idated and confounded its oppofers. The terms, conceded to Scotland, were liberal and be- neficent, and fuch as could only have been agreed to by parliament, ..nd approved of bv the people, at a period, when the aftontllung fuccefs of the Englilh arms had dillufed good humour and benignity amon^ all ranks at ho.ne. Scotland was immediately to receive an eqtiivalent for the proportion which fte was to bear in the ex.lling debt of England. The fum granted for that purpole was to be d.i- burled in fuch a wav as would contribute nK,ft effeaually to relieve the general diftreis of the nation ; and therefore had a powerful effeft in appealing the difcontents of individuals, and removing the moft forcible objections to the tmion. Nor can it be doubted that the fervices of the friends to this i.nportant meafure were llnnulatcd, and the oppofition of its adveriaries redrained, by liberal douceurs paid out of the Englillt treafnry ". ' The Q^U E E N ANNE. 223 35 Memoirs of Great Men ; ArtiUe, oo- V ■ a ,• ..» m.,,.k aolphln, p. 347- Lond. 1714. of accounts of the Biifcilli purliuaunt, March 17 th antagonifls, and by later hiilorians, who have not candidly attended to the obftrudions to the treaty which arofe ficm foreign powers. ill, As the fum of twenty thoufaiid pounds was borrowed by the ininHlers in Scotland from the Englifii treafury, under the pretext the counteracting influence of the fame expe- dient. The Dutch were fo much alarmed at the union, becaufe it \\as expefted to put an of difcharging the arrears of official falaries, end to their filbing on the coaft of Scotland, and of penfions ; fo a part of it was adually that they determined to lay out a confiderable difburfed for that purpofe. The creditors oV fum of money to obftrud it. This fad is the ftate, however favourable to the union, ailerted by a perfon who was then in Holland, were not culpable for embracing fuch a lit op- and exerted his utmoft influence to prevent the portunity to enforce the payment of the debts Dutch from contraAing fo deep a ftam upon due to them by the government; and good their honour. Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 61— 5. policv, as well as jullice, conftrained the mini- Defoe, p. 482. Letter to a Friend on the fters to make every exertion for gratifying their Union, p. 7. " France," fays fir John Clerk, demands. From the llatement of the earl of " was much afraid of the union : there was a Glafgow, exhibited'to the commiflionersof ac- " conilant intercourfe of letters kept .up, and counts in the year 171 1, it appears, that a thou- " even money remitted from France, which fand pounds of the (nm remitted to Scotland, <' occafioned much dffTiculty in bringing about by the Englifli treafury, had been paid to the " the union. MSS. on Lockhart, p. 197. The 1 706. The cpifcopal form of religion as fettled in England, and tlie ^ ^^ ^' prefbvterian as fettled in Scotland, were fecured by previous acfts pafled bv the parliaments of both kingdoms ; which excluded the commiiTioners from intermeddling with a fubjea:, that had defeated every former attempt for uniting the two nations ; and UiX)n which, it would have been impoflible to have brought them to an agreement. 17th, 171 2, it appears that the fum of duke of Athole who was a violent oppofer of twenty thoufand pounds had been lent by her the union. Why may we not fuppofe, that majelly to the Scottilh treafury in the year the fums, Hated to the perfons who voted for 1706, while Godolphin was miniller; and, it, were upon the fame fcore ? Their doing fo, from the perplexed account given by him in never could be a reafon for v.-ithholding from the courfe of his examination, relative to the them any demand to which they were entitled, difpofal and repayment of that fum, there is independent of their votes, lirong ground for concluding, that it was dif- 2dly, The perfons, who were adivc in pro- burfed for the purpofe of influencing and re- moting the union, incurred confiderable ex- waiding members who voted for the union, pence in affembling and entertaining their de- Journals Commons, 2dMay 1712. Appendix ]>endents, and ufing other means, which cuftoin to Lockhart. Memoirs of Godolphin, p. 266. has eilablilhed, and the habits and expcaations But though this fad be admitted, it ought of the people render neceHary to facilitate to be obferved, that the public money was not bufinefs of public confequencc. Thus we given for the purpofe of influence, to fuch ex- lind, in the lill of receivers, the names of ma- tent, as reprefented by the authors above giH rates of burghs, and other perfons, who cited ; nor does it imply the criminality im- were in office, or had confiderable weight in puted to the minifters, and the fupporters of the country. Such were fairly entitled to in- the union in Scotland, by their contemporary- demnilication out of the funds of government. 3dlv, The pecuniary oppofition which the union encountered from foreign ftates impoied upon tlie minifters a neceflity fur employing Ii' U 2 24 C H A X. 1706 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ^' The perfons, appointed hv tlu- ciuecu to act as coininlirioncrs for Engkmd in the management ui" tiie treaty, \verc criRinguifficd for theh- political knowledge and experience ; and lu'mly attached to whig principles. The feleaion ^vas made in Scotland, with a cau- tious reipect to then- talents, their principles and tlieir intcreft in the country". The conduct and fuccefs of the 'duke of Qiieenlberry, her ma- jelly s connniilioner to the Scottidi parliament, while the union was dei^nding, relkaed the highell honour upon his abilities, and afcer- taincdthc^wifdomof adminiftration in preferring him to that im-- Dortant truil. From the commencement of the treaty, he never fuf- fered it to paufe or to languiilu By great perfonal addrefs, and a peculiar accommodation to the tempers and Interefts of leading men, he either obtained their fupport, or repreOed the violence of their oppofition. He was diligent in procuring intelligence of the mea- fures concerted by the adverfaries of the court, in different parts of the country, and prevented them by immediate intcrpohtion, or turned them to account by dextrous intrigue. He difcovered un- common fortitude, by perfevering in the difcharge of his duty, amidll: the threats and imminent dangers to which he was pcrfonally ex- pofed*^. The lame circumftanccs, which animated the whigs in prolecution of tlie treaty, cramped the efforts of the Engliih tories in oppofmg 4« «* lu naming the Scotch commlfTioners, ** the queen had no regard to cquahty, as to *< the number of noblemen, barons and burghs, «« but made the choice as ihc herfelf thought « fit, or as the duke of Queenlherry and the «' duke of Argyle advifcd her ; her chief de- *' fi.rn being to name perfons, that nn ould pro- «« bably ftand on what was called a revolution «♦ foot." Sir John Clerk's Journals of the Proceedings of the Scotcli Parliament at the Union. MSS. Lockhart of Carnwarth was the onlv cavalier among the Scotch commif- fioners.' The duke of Argyle was on fervlce in Plunder-,, and thcrtfure not named. The celebrated Daniel Defoe was greatly affifting to the commiffioners : iic attended the com- mittees of parliament, and made al! the caku- lations on the fubjed of trade and taxes. I Ic was likewife employed In anfwcring t!ie pub- lications againli the union ; and his treatilcs on that fubjed greatly contributed to en- lighten and imprefs the minds of judieioua and landid perfons in both countries. Life of Defoe. Chalmers. •♦^ Defoe, pafBrn. Carftare'9 Letters. Clerk's MSS. pafilm. it. Q^IJ E E N A N N E. It. The fuiplcions which the latter had propagated to the difcredlt of the whig minifters, for having been tardy and reludtant in pro- moting the Hanoverian fucceffion, muft now have rebounded upon themfelves, if they had fet their face againli a treaty, the principal objea of which w^as to fecure that event. Its political aim they pro- feKed to approve of; but inlinuatcd iurmifes of its unfavourable ten- dency, with refpecl to the intercft of the eftablifhed religion in Eng- land, in order to work upon the bigotry and enthufiafm of the people *\ The general anxiety for the proteftant fucceffion, they attempted to divert, by declaiming on the danger of their oven na- tional eftablifhment. The ill-timed, counterfeit zeal of the tories, not being feconded by the voice of the nation, the harangues of their leaders had no influence upon the legiilature ; and their protefts re- main upon record, as a fpecimen of the illiberality of their princi- ples, and the imbecility of their arguments**. c. The prudence and moderation of the minifters ot the church of Scotland, who liad a leading authority in the ecclenaiVical judicatories, may be affigned as a principal caufe of bridling popular violence, and facilitating the progrefs of the treaty. From the averfion to uniting with England, excited by the reli- gious prejudices of the members of the Scottiih church, the fituatioii of the clergy was, at that time, fmgularly delicate and critical ; and their influence, in whatever manner dircded, could not fail to be produdive of important effcds upon the flate of the country. If they had appeared indifferent to the confequences of the union, as afieaing their religion ; or if they had even difclaimed any appre- hcnfions of danger, they would have forfeited the confidence of their congregations, and loft their ufefulnefs. If, from a timid compli- ance, they had indulged too far the fcruples and jealouftes, or fediti- oufly inflamed the paffions of the populace, there can be little doubt of their having become fuccefsful inftruments in thwarting the plans of *3 Speeches of Nottingham, Rocheftcr, S:c. Annals Anne, vol. vi. p. 429. '♦* Journals Lords, February, paflim. 22^ 170b. Ge govern- 22$ I "j O'j. m HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. P. government. To tread in the flralght path of hitcgrity, and to rccon- clle their profeflional duties with their obhgations to their country, required no common fhare of prudence and moderation. To the praife of thefe virtues they ^vere fully entitled. They fcrupu- louily avoided any communication with thofe perfons who oppofed the union upon principles different from their own; and who, from motives of refentment and ambition, wiflied to make ufe of them as tools for harafling the government, and difturbing the peace of the country. The commifTion of the general aflembly, which had re- ceived fpecial inftrudions to attend to the fafety of the church, and continued to fit while the union was depending, inftead of expreffing any diftruft of parliament, or prefuming to didate to it, prefented a refpedful addrefs, requefling its particular attention to the interefts of the eftabUfhed church. In compliance with this defirc, the par- liament paffed the ad for the fecurity of the prefbyterian church, which gave entire fuisfadion to the moft refpedable members of the ecclefiaftical court. Finding, however, that the fcruples of many of their honell brethren were not removed, the commiUion ftill con. tinned to make their application to the flates, \mder the form of re- prefentation and petition, to provide remedies for thofe dangers, which the church might incur from certain articles of the treaty complained of *\ By this temperate condud, they prevented divi- fions among themfelves, and excluded every ground of external of- QJTEEN ANNE. ■2-} *» Defoe, p. 255' ^'- <''^9- ^iB. The ad- dreffcs of feveral of the prclbytcncs to the dates, agalnll the union, were in a virulent llrain, and highly difrtfpcaful to government. The miniilers judged h moft prudent to avoid taking any notice of thefe addreffes. In the additional inftrudions to the earl of Glafgow, htr majcilv's commiflioner to the general inemblv, March 1707, after the union had been agreed to, 1 hnd the following words : .. You may allow the affembly to approve of •' the books of the commiflion of the affem- " blv, though they contain the addrefTea made *' to the parliament concerning the union. " providing it be not mentioned in the faid «* approbation, that thefe books of the com- «' milTion contain tlic addrefles coucerning the *• union above mentioned, for which this fhall " be your warrant." Additional InitrucHons to David Earl of Glafgow, commiflioner to the general aircmbly, 2 2d March 1707. Paper OlTicc. It appears from this document, that the addieflcs of the prcfbyterics were con- hdered as fo difrcfpeaful to government, that the commiflioner did not think himfelf fafc in conniving at them without a fpecial warrant from the c^ueen for that purpofc. feace fence or reproach ; while they abftained from making any demands C H^A P. upon the parliament, except fuch as it could grant without relin- quilhing or endangering the treaty. 6. Among tlie caufes which contributed to the fuccefs of the union, it were an uncandid omiiTion, not to afcribe fomewhat to force of argument, and the didates of a fagacious and difmtercfted patriotifm. The advantages of the meafure to both the parties were (o ob- vious and important, that it was impofhble they could be over- looked or undervalued by any who were capable of judging without prejudice, or of feeling for the true and permanent intereft of their country. The union alone could for ever put an end to thofe in- ternal v/ars which had formerly occafioned the defolation and mifery of both kingdoms, and which might have been renew^ed wnth aggra- vated horrors, if the crowns had been feparated ^\ From domeftic peace and the accumulated force of the two nations, it wms eafily forefeen, that Great Britain w^as to derive new^ ftrength and re- fources, which w^ould render her more fecure againfl: the attacks of rival flates ; and enable her to rife in the fcale of empire. Both nations were to be delivered from the impending evils of a contra- verted claim to the regal fucceffion, and the fears which arofe from the danger of the proteftant religion *^ The ^^ Manv marriages had taken place between tlie inhabitants of both kingdoms, in confe- quence of tiie focial intercourfe opened by the union of the crowns, which, in cafe of a rup- ture by the failure of the treaty, would have created great diihatlion of affcftion and in- terefl. *' Both the conftitutlon and fucceffion in England muil have been expofed to the greatefl: danger, if the two kingdoms had con- tinued in a (late of political difunion. A cun- ring and ambitious fovereign might eafily have extended his prerogative, by playing the two kingdoms agaiuft each otlier. This experi- G Q ment had atlually been made under the reigns of Charles I. and II. The expedient of call- ing in the Scots had indeed rebounded upon its author, and proved fatal to Charles I. In the reign of his fon, it approached nearer to fuc- cefs ; and, had it not been for the loyalty of the Scots, and their firm adherence to the duke of York, who had become popular by refidlng among them, the whigs would have forced the bill of exclufion upon the king. In cafe of any rupture between the contiguous king- doms, France, and probably Ireland, would have interpofed on the fide of Scotland. A number of Scottlfh pre/byterian families, lately 2 traufplanted jzS If -i HISTORY or GREAT BRITAIN. The prefcnt condlt'ion of Scotland rendered her fiifceptlblc of penihar benetits, from a participation of the trade of England, and the iuture confolidation of their leginatures. By the union, all the fources of Englifli opulence, prolperity, and independence, were thrown open to her. She was to fliarc in every branch of a lucra- tive, extcnfive, and extending commerce ; while, by a conftant in- tercourfe with her fellow-fubjeas in England, ihc would quickly attain to more advanced proficiency in agriculture, manufaaures, and fciencc '\ But what above all was valuable, Scotland was to enjoy, in future, what Ihe never experienced before, a free confti- tution, and the vigorous and equal diipenfation of juftlce '\ Upon appreciating the benefits of the union to England and to Scotland, feverally, there can be little doubt that the balance of profit inclined to the latter ; but this did not arife from licr ftanding upon more greedy or unreafonablc demands, but merely from the inferiority of her condition, which afforded a wider fcope QJJ E E N ANNE. 229 tranfplanted into Ireland, chcrlfhed all the prejudices of their countrymen, and would have entered into their quarrel with as much zeal as if they had been on the fpot. The Roman Catholics would have favoured the lineal heir, who had a ftrong party in Scot- land. Perfuafive to the Union. Lond. 1702. ♦' The trade of Scotland was very incon- fiderable before the union. Her fliips were air of a light burden, and molUy employed in bringing wine from France. A ftiort Ac- count of Scotland, p. 21. Lond. 1702. " The Scots were fo fenfible of the benefits «• of the union, that, at the time of the rebtl- *♦ lion 1715, the pretender was obliged to " alter that part of his proclamation which '« promifcd to repeal the union, and to exprefs ** his intention of leaving it to the detcrmina- " tion of a free parliament." Clerk's MSS. ** la the remoter part3 of the country, the fittings of the courts of juftice were only oc- caiioual, and at diilant intervals. It appears, Irom the houfchold books of rich proprietors on the borders of England, and in the high- lands, that fums of n-.uncy were allowed, atid Hated in the account books of the ftew- ards, for fuppreiTrng thefts, recovering ftolen cattle, and convidling criminals. Such was the power of criminal affuciations, thar, when the commilHoners of judiciary were appointed to hold a diet, in any of thtfe fituations, a military force was appointed, by the privy council, to protect their perfons, and enforce their decrees. Minutes of Privy Council, paffim. ; particularly Warrant and Order by the Privy Council to the Earl of Mar, i9tli March 1702. The privy council interfered with the regu- lar difpenfation of juilicc, not only by taking cognizance of criminals in the firfl: inflance, and inflicUng arbitrary punifliments ; but alfo, in other cafes, by granting reprieves and ab- folving atrocious delinquents from the fen- tences of the criminal courts ; and this mii- judged and unfeafonable lenity, not lefs than excefllve feverity, contributed to thwart the courfc of juilice. fo! for melloratioa and improvement. Nor was the furplus of gam, CHAP, which was allotted to Scotland, fubftraded from the profit of Eng- ^--^^ land ; but was rather, like redundant ftock, laid out upon a well digefted fchcme, and calculated to open new treafures-of wealth to the perfons embarked in it . The treaty of union was opened at the Cockpit on the i6th April 1706, by the commiffioners of both kingdoms, appointed by the queen. The feveral articles having undergone an elaborate dif- cuffion, were agreed to on the 22d, and prefented to the queen on the 23d July '\ The treaty was firil laid before the Scottiili parlia- 3^ Oauber. ment, where every article was oppoicd by a confiderablc number of the members. Long and violent debates took place ; and, upon s° Striaurcs on the Union. There can be no doubt that England alfo derived commer- cial advantages from the union. The fifheries of Scotland were imparted to her. By the exportation of Britifh wool from Scotland, before the union, woollen manufaaurcs were eftabUlbcd "in Sweden, HoUand, and other places abroad, which were running hard in competition with Eugland. Perfuafive to the Union, p. 15' The cffcas of the union. In a moral view, though perhaps lefs obvious, are not lefs im- portant than thofe of a lucrative nature, and AviU be refleaed upon with the higheft fatis- fa6\ion by every friend to order and virtue. When we compare the liberality of our own times with that intolerai^t fpirit which generally pre- vailed before the union, and particularly rcn- dercd tl.e members of the two national churches bitter againft.each other, we cannot doubt of the union having contributed to this pleafing reformation of charaaer. The union ixhibit^d a legal example of toleration, by recognlfmg the authoiity, which prefuppofed the moral fitnefs of different religious eRa- bliHiments, and bound their adherents to li\c in peace and charity with one another. The habitual intercourfc of proteftants of dif- ferent communions, In confequence of the onion, has gradually effaced thofe prejudi:cs, which, for a confiderable time after, fettered the minds of individuals, and rendered them incapable of reliving the generous policy of the Icgiflature. But the effea of the union, in foftening and meliorating the manners of the united people, is not confined to the par- ticular inftance now fpecified. The hoilile ftate of England and Scotland generated ha- bits of rancour and ferocity, and produced depredations and crimes, more dcftruaive to the profperity of both communities, than the attacks of their natural and avowed enemies. The truth of this obfervation is particularly corroborated, by the faas which occur la border counties. The outrage and barbarity of our anceilors, in the adjacent counties to England, often defied and intimidated magifr terial Iiiterpofition, during the reign of the Stuarts in Scotland. After the union of the crowns, and a more regular difpenfation of juilice, the number of criminal trials, in the border diilrias, ftiU exceeded that of the inte- rior country. Since the union of the legiHa- tures, they have gradually decreafed, and tnc crime of murder feldom occurs. During ray refidence for twenty-four years in the town of Jedburgh, where the affizes are held, there has been only one trial for murder. 5' Defoe, p. 113- every J l^^o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. everv vote, protefts followed, the fubRance of which has been cx- preiled in the preceding pages. All objedions were at length over- ruled ; and the whole articles of the union were approved of by a majority of the ftates on the 14th January 1707. On the 22d of the fame month they were read in the houfc of commons in Eng- land, and voted by a great majority. A feeble oppohtion, and de- bates upon particular articles, followed by protefts, retarded the pro- grefs of this bufmefs for a few days in the houfe of lords. On the 4th of March, the treaty of union was agreed to there, and on the 6th, it was ratified by the royal aflent'*. After the ratification of the treaty w^as announced to the States in Scotland by the commiffioner, they eleded their reprefentatlves toferve in the firft parliament of Great Britain. After which, certain regu- lations were adopted for difpofmg of the equivalent agreeably to the purpofcs of its dellination. Several private ads were alfo pafTed ; and on the 25th of March, tlic commifTioncr adjourned the parlia- ment of Scotland ; which never met again ". The parliament of England had been prorogued beyond its ufual time of meeting, in the profped of receiving the afTent of the ftates in Scotland to the articles of union, concluded by the commifTioners at the Cockpit. But the debates there running out to a greater length than was expcded, and the fituation of the w^ar requiring a fpeedy fupply, the fecond fcffion was opened on 6th December 1706. Her majefty cxpreficd a devout fenfc of the glorious fuccefs that had attended the allied arms in the laft campaign ; and declared her Heady reiblution of puifuing the advantages ihe had gained, till fhe {hould reap the fruits of them by an honourable peace. Relying upon her parliament for adopting the fame fcntimcnts, ffie folicitcd 5* Defoe, p. 113. yJppcndtXy N^ I. 'J A fupply of eight months ccfs, a- niountipg to five huadrtd, fcventy-feven thou- fand, fixty-fix pound:,, four pennies Scots, {£. 48,088 : 16 ; 8.) was granted 8th No- vember 1706. fupplies QJJEEN ANNE. fupplies to carry on the w^ar in the moil effeclual manner for Im- proving the fuccefs already attained. She communicated to them the progrefs of the treaty of union, now depending before the par- liament of Scotland. The fentiments, contained in her majefty's fpeech, met with the full approbation of both houfes : they exprefled their congratulations on the unparalleled fuccefs of the lail campaign, and the high fenfe they entertained of the merits of the duke of Marlborough, w^ho, under Providence, had been the inftrument of promoting it. The houfe of lords, of which a great majority were favourable to the prefcnt miniflers, adverted to the univerfal fatisfaction of the people, upon the public declaration, made by her majefty In concert with the ftates, to the minifters of the confederate princes, that no nego- tiations of peace fliould be entered into, but in conjunction with all the members of the grand alliance '*. The commons not only gra- tified the minifters by granting more liberal fupplies than had ever been done before for the fervice of the enfuing year, but for de- fraying extraordinary fums, which her majefty had advanced to her allies, during the preceding campaign, wuthout any previous warrant from parliament ". Both houfes prefented their thanks to the duke of Marlborough for ills eminent fervices in the common caufe, and contributed to the farther aggrandizement and profperijy of his family. The lords ad- drcfted her majefty, that fhe w^ould be pleafed to extend th.e ho- nours, which llic had conferred on his grace, to his pofterity, by ad of parliament, as the method heft fuiting fo great an occaiion ; and the commons requefted that his penfion and cftatcs might be annexed to his titles. Her majefty w^as not backward In con- 2 1 f '* Journ. Lords, 5th Dtfc. " Her majelly had advanced fifty thou- fand pounds tt) the duke of Savoy for the better defence of Turin, and forty-feven thou- fand, five hundred pounds in loan to the em- peror, which were approved of by the houfe ■of commons. Journals Commons, 27th Ja- nuary. The total amount of fupplies, granted this feflion, was fix millions, one hundred thou- fand, four hundred and eighty-two pounds, eight {hillings and twopence. This was the largeft fupply that ever liad been granted by an Englilln parliament. ■ fenting 5tU D^( CHAP. X. i.-- — ■— — • 1706, 7. 28th Jan. ^d Feb. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. fentint; to meafures which had been fuggefted by her dlftinguifhcd favour for him, as well as by his eminent fervlces to the pubhc ; and the di'^nity of a dukedom, together with the manor of Woodftock, the ho'ulc of Blenheim, and a penhon of 5000I. per annum were entailed, by a£l of parliament, to his male and female ^efcendants A motion was made by the lords in oppofu.on, to mtroduce the nueftion of the union in the upper houfe, before it h.vJ obt.n.cd the nuifieation of the ScottiO, parliament ; but, as this mofon was ev. dentlv intended to oblhuft us fucccfs, by ra.nn. d.fficu t.es on th ,,,,; of religion, it v.as over-ruled. This in>portant bufme s was a^ LngtU brought forward in the form, which the u.n.fters judged th. .„oft favou^ble to its luceels, by an intimation from her majefty u, perfon to the two houfes, that the treaty, with a few alterations, had been ratiiicd by the Scottillt parliament. , r r 1 '1 After palhng an aa for the fecurity of the church of England, „, rcve,i>l articles of the treaty, as has already been mentioned, were conf.dered, and agreed to by a great m-ajoriry in both houles. A fupply was granted to her majelly for enabling her to pay the eqm- vallJ to Scotland, agreeably to the fifteenth article ot the treaty. Se- veral moti<,ns were made for adopting regulations to prevent the injuries .vhich might be fuftained by the revenue from an extraordinary irn- portation of foreign commodities into Scotland, previot.s to the .eaty taking effea; but thefe were waved, left they ihould be offeniive o the Scots. The laft parliament of England was piorogued on the 24th April 1707 ". 1- * ^r^nf.^rrffl titles on fomc of the ,. Journals Lords and Co„.n,o„s, Dccc.- P;!^— ^^^f^l Whig ..U.ft. ber, Januarv, pafTim. r , • 37 Her majcfty, before the meeting ot tins O U E E N ANNE. •^23 CHAP. XL Campaign i joy. -^Attempts and Offers made by the French King to procure Pcjce.—Difcouraged by the Englijh Miniffers.—Evenfs and Circunijlanccs tending to coimterad the Succcfs of the Allies, and to prolong the IVar.-— Early Succcfs of the Earl of Galway and the Marquis de Minas.—Thcy are de- feated at AImanx.a.—Succefs of Villars upon the Upper Rhine.— Count Merci defeats a Body of the French Troops at Offenburg.— Retreat of Villars.— At- tack on Toulon by Prince Eugene and the Duke of Savoy.— Caufes of its Failure. ^Naples fur renders to the Emperor.— The Duke of Marlbornrgh viftts the King of Sweden at Ravfiadt, and foftens his Rcfentmcnts againfl ihc Em~ peror.—Obfcrvations on the Campaign.— Na-val Affairs.--Embajjy of the Earl cf Manchcjler to Vienna and Venice. D REPRESSED by the misfortunes of the preceding campaign?, the French king had privately intimated his deiire of entering into a treaty for peace ; and the marquis d'Allegre, before the cam- paign was opened in 1706, prefented a memorial to the ftates on the fame fubjea. To this no attention being paid, Lewis folicited the king of Sweden, upon his return from Poland, to ofTer his mediation with the belligerent powers, which he declined, becaufe they had not joined in the application '. Thefe repeated attempts for bringing about a peace being rcpre- fented by the allies as infidious and hypocritical, the elector of Ba- varia, in name of the French king, addreffed letters to the duke of Marlborough and the field deputies, folemnly difclaiming all fmifter intentions, and propofmg that conferences fliould be immediately opened by the minifters of the feveral potentates engaged in tlic war, for re-eilabliniing the general tranquillity. But this propolal was alfo reiea:ed by the court of England and the dates, as not ap- • Iiillor\' of the Gertruydenbcrg Negotiation, p. 87. Lend. 1712. H h pcaring 2111 oa. 1706. m 234 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, pcarlng to them a proper means for o])talnlng a folul peace, without ^_ - - _t a fpcciiicatiiMi of prelimiiuiry articles \ ''''^* The court of France, probably with a view of removing this ob- i5Lh Feb. jedion, applied to the pope for his mediation, offering at tlic fame time to refign Spain and the Weft Indies, or Milan, Naples, and Sicily, to king Charles, with a harrier for the Dutch, and a compen- fation to the duke of Savoy for the walle made in his country. But neither were tliefe offers deemed a fufficient inducement for entering into fuch a negotiation '. The whigs were at great pains to reprcfent the condud of the Trench king, through the whole of thefc tranfadions, as infincerc, and as having no other objed than to gain time for repairing his ex- haufted forces, and to weaken the confederates by the internal jea- loufies, which would naturally be excited among them by the pro- poials he had made *. The various and perfeverlng applications of the French king for peace, as well as the preliminaries which he fuggeRed to the pope when follciting his mediation, are certainly ftrong arguments for in- ducing the belief of his fnicerity ; while it is perfedly confiftent with that belief, to admit that he wiflied to fow diffenfions among the allied powers, as the moft effedual means for procuring what he fo eagerly dcfired, or for flrengthenlng his own hands, if he failed in that objed. His application, firft to the Dutch, and afterwards to them and the EnglHh, exclufive of the emperor and the duke of Savoy, and laftly to the pope, as the common father of the church,^ mlght'very naturally Infufe into the breaft of the allies a fufpicion of artifice and ill deligns ; but the admiffion of this will not be con- fidered, by the impartial inquirer, as a fufficient ground for the ex- culpation of thofc minifters, who, abruptly and peremptorily, rejeded propofds, which might have been improved for the accompllfliment * Qu5ncy, torn. v. p. 272. * D- Hare's Letter to a Tory Member. J Tindiil, vol vii. p. 77. Lond. 171 1. ^^ O U E E N ANN E. 235 of an equitable and lading pacification. The Engliih minifters^ da- -, • covered an anxiety to conceal every thing relative to tlu5 buhnefs w---— from the notice and inveftigation of the public •. they would not fo much as permit the preliminaries offered by Lewis to enter into any of the newlpapers; which certainly afforded jull ground lor lui, peain- either that they were doubtful of the propriety of their own condua; or fecretly confcious of ading from other motives, than thofc which referred, purely, to the intereft of the nation '. There were many circumftances, befides the difpofitions of the prefent minifters, which, notwithftanding the wonderful fuccefs of the preceding campaign, difcouraged every hope of the war bong brought to a fpeedy conclufion. The fplendid viftories of the alhes were produdive of no other effeft, than a tranfient dimmut.cn of the military power of France ; and, from the immenfe multitude of a people' fubjefted to the uncontrolled difpofal of the fovere.gn, her armies now appeared upon the frontiers in as great force as they had done in any campaign fince the commencement of the war. While the uncommon abundance of the harveft afforded an ample ftock of provifions, the diftreffes of the French treafury were relieved by ex- adions and expedients, which could^ only take place under the moft abfolute and tyrannical government '. The prefent ftate of public affairs in Germany, as well as the pride and felfifhnefs of the emperor, excited a diftruft of his making any effeftual exertions for carrying on the war In that quarter where the allies were principally concerned. The difaffeftlon of his Hunga- rian fubjefts continued violent and irreclaimable ; and, if their con- dud had been equal to their ftrength and intrepidity, they now en- joyed the moft favourable opportunity for fliaking off all future de- 5 c 1 ,„ vol v»v o 300 mint bills was at firft confined to Paris, b::t I „ Xr isn : L™ if XIV. the popula- aftenvards extended to all the ei.ies and ,.„■ tlon of F™.celas cfti,nated at nineteen .il- vinces of ^-nce : they had fo hule cr^d lions. State of the War. Lond. .708. p. 4.- that they were d.fcounted at f.^tj per cent. ' Quimy, torn. V. p. 271. Hiiloiredc Monthly Mercurv, March I ;0,. L>;nii, lom. vi. p. 149. 'Ihc circulation of Hh 2 pendence Rs CH \ XL 170: HISTORY OF ORFAT BRITAIN. ^- peiulcncc upon the houfe of Auflria. The prefcnt rcfiJencc of the king of Sweden in Gernumy, his unrcuiitting adivity, Iiis vaft am- bition, and his jcaloufy of the emperor in cvcrv call' wlicro ilielr intercfts feemed to interfere, impreffcd the hitler with uneafy appre- henfions for the fafety of his liereditary dominions ; and threatened to impair the general profperity of the confederates '. The Hates of Germany, deiblated and impoveriilied by the con- ftant ravages of the war, furnilhed with rehidance a dciieient pro- portion of men and eontributions. The army on the Upper Rhine, inftcad of 40,000, the number agreed to l)y the aHembly at Ileil- brun, amounted to no more than 28,000 men ^ By the death of prince Lewis of Baden, tliat nrmy was not only deprived of an al)ie and experienced leader, but the appointment of the marquis of Ba- reith to the principal command, whofe age and infirnjitics ren- dered him unfit for acVion, introduced a diffidence among tlic infe- rior commanders, and a general relaxation of difcipline '". The propofals for a peace made by the French king to the duke of ^Larlborough and the dates, without adverting to the emperor, feems to have awakened the jealoufy of that prince, and induced bim to liflcn to overtures for evacuating Lombardy, a meafure wliich enabled the French king to fend additional reinforcements into Pro- vence and Spain ". From thefe feveral caufes the campaign 1707 was more unfortunate for the allies, than any that happened in the courfe of this war. The earl of Galway and the marquis de NFmas, with the Dutch, En'T-liflu and Portueuefe troops, took the field on the i6ih of April, " Hiftoire de Charles XII. torn. I. p. 534. quate to the fervlce required of liim. Hlftoire dc Louis, torn. vi. p. i 3 i. 1 70. *' Hare's Letter. The treaty confifted of 9 Barrc, torn. x. p. 51 1. 524. no lefs than forty-three artieles ; the moil im- *"" Prince Lewis had Acquitted himfelf with portant of which was, that all the French and great ability as a general againll the Turks : Sp:\m{\i troops, placed in the feveral garrifons if his condua was not equally briUiant in this of Sabiunetto, &c. Ihould be allowed a fafe war, it ought to be imputed, in fome meafure, pafiage into France ; in confequenceof which, to his never having been furnimed, by the Im- twenty thoufand men were added to its armies perial court, with force and equipments aJe- t'^i the frontiers. and QJJ E E N ANNE. and began their operations with flattering fuccefs. After deftroying the enemy's magazines at Caudette, Yecla, and Montalegre in new CaiVile ; and compelling the French army to retreat farther into tlie country, they returned to lay fiege to the caftle of Villena, on the frontier of Murcia. Before the befiegers had made any confider- able pro-refs in their operations, they were informed of the ap- proach o^ the duke of Berwick, and there feemed to be no alter- native, but to give him batde, or to abandon the kingdom of Va- lencia to the fury of an incenfed enemy. Though his army was already fuperior to that of the allies -, yet as the duke of Orleans was on his march to join him with a large reinforcement, there was a neceihty for making the attack without delay. Quitting the iiege of Villena, the confederates marched towards Almanza where the duke of Berwick was encamped •^ When he heard ot their bemg near he drew up his army in readinef^ to receive them. The difpo- luions, made by the confederate generals, were ikiltul and malierly ; and notwithftanding their inferiority, the Engliili and Dutch m the left wing were vidorious, penetrated into the enemy's lines, and purfued^'them as far as Almanza ; but not being fupporred by the Poituguefe on the right, they were intercepted by the enemy, and, after !an obRinate conflia, were overpowered by a conftant luc- celhon of frem troops. Several regiments were cut to pieces, and the reft of the army put to flight. Above Ave thoufand men, m- cluding a great number of the officers of the allied army, fell in battle r aud four thoufand who had fled to the adjacent mountains, 237 1707. 24th April. »* This army was far inferior to what had been computed when the allied generals in Spain concerted the campaign. The troops, bi-ought from England by lord Rivers, were fo much weakened and reduced by the tediouf- ncfs of the voyage, that not above four thou- fand were fit for fervice. In the general coun- cil at Valencia, December 1706, it had been iigrced, that all the forces of the confederates iheu in the kingdom of Valencia, and likewife thofe expefted from England, (hould aft in one body ; but king Charles, being afraid of the French making an attack upon Catalonia on the fide of Ro^jfillcn, departed from this agreement, and drew off fix of the bell Spanish re^riments ; fo that the earl of Galway's army did not exceed fixteen thoufand men. Annals Anne, 1 707. Appendix, N^ II. Monthly Mercury-, May 1707. "J Almanza is a fmall town m New Laltiie. exhaufted 238 l&r 2 2(1 Ma V. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. exhauflcd with hunger and fatigue, furrendercd to the conqueror without rcfiftaucc. After this unfortunate battle, the carl of Gal- way retreated into Catalonia, and joined the royal army under king Charles ; the kingdoms of Valencia and Arragon again fnhniitted to king Philip, and the duke of Orleans doled a fuccefsful campaign by taking the cltv and caflle of Lerida in Catalonia ". The cities of Serpa and Moura, in Portugal, and Civldad-Rodiigo, in Leon, wnth the garrifons which defended them, alto fell into the hands of the French during this campaign". The fuccefs of the French on the Upper Rhine was dill more dif- couran-inp- to the allies, becaufe it was lefs expecf ed, and, being nearer the emperor, was more threatening to him than the decline of his brother's intereft in Spain. Marflial Villars, at the head of an army which confided of the choice troops of France, marched from Alface, and, having by feigned attacks diftraaed the attention of the Germans pofted on the other fide of the Rhine, he tranfported a large detach- ment over the river at Neuburg, from which the Impcrialifls fled with great precipitation. The marflial, after having defeated an ad^ vanced body of German cavalry, came to Buhl, and was making preparations for entering the enemy's lines there ; but the prince of Bareith, intimidated by the fuperiority of his numbers and his fuc- cefs, retreated with all his troops under the cover of a mift, leaving immenfe ftores of every kind, which fell into the hands of the enemy ". The Germans were defeated in fucceflive attempts to flop the progrefs of the French, who overran a great part of the circle ot Suabia, pillaged the principal towns, and laid the country under contributions '\ It was now apprehended, that the adivity and QJLJ E E N ANNE. 239 k •■♦ Berwick, vol. ;. p. 354—7- Monthly Mercury, April. The town was taken by ftorm on the 13th Odtober, and given up to pillage. The monks, who had acknovvkdgtd king Charles, were put to the fword. The garrifon retired to the callle, where many of the citizens fled, and ftood out till the lllh N'ovember, when it capitulated. " Lettres Hiftoriques. July. •* Quincy, torn. v. p. 296. Villars, torn. iii. p. 14. '' Id. p. 41. This camp.-ugn of Villar?, otherwife fo brilliant, was ftained with depre- dations and opprefhons, which reduced the people to the moil extreme wretchcdnefs. St. Simon, torn. vii. p. 253. fuccefs fuccefs of Villars would undo all the advantages which had ac- ^ ^^^ i:-* crued to the allies from their vidory at Hochftet, by reftoring the eledor of Bavaria to his dominions, and forcing the adjacent circles to accept of a neutrality. Although Villars was not in force to ac- complilh fuch defigns, his fuccefs might have been puflied to greater extent, had it not been for two fortunate incidents, which increafed the force of the allies, and weakened that of their opponents ". The eledor of Flanover was prevailed upon by the joint impor- tunity of the emperor and the queen of England, to undertake the command of the Imperial army ; and brought along with him a large and well difciplined reinforcement of Pruffian and Hanove- rian troops. The reputation he had acquired as a general infplred the inferior commanders with confidence; and reftored military dif- cipline, which had been relaxed to an extreme degree in the German army '\ The other event, favourable to the Germans, was the attack made upon Toulon, which drained the army of Villars by the large de- tachments which were ordered to march into Provence *". The firft exertion of the Germans, under the aufpices of their new general, was attended with fignal fuccefs. Count Merci was fent to attack a body of French troops pofted near Oflenburg with ' the intention of making an incurfion into Suabia ; he came upon them by furprife ; eight hundred of them fell, and the reft were put 241^ Sept. to flight after a fhort refiftance. Villars was now compelled to re- trace the ground through which he had pafled with fuch rapidity and triumph ; and to place his army in winter-quarters on the other fide of the Rhine *'. " Tindal, vol. vii. p. 24. The author of enterpnze mufl have been fruitkfs. Villars, the Memoires de Villars mentions the marquis vol. iii. p- 65. of Bareith's having entertained this apprehen- fion, without confidering that Villars was not furnifhed with artillery, &c. ncceflary for the fiege of Ulm, and accommodations for eila- bliflung himfdf there, without which fuch aa 14 '"^ Hiftoire de Louis, torn. v*. p. 153. *^ Villars, torn. iii. p. S^, 6. "' Id. p. 108, 9. Hiftory of Europe, 1707. The m 240 IIISTORV OF GREAT liUlTAIN. * Tlie renewed force of the Freiicli king, after repeated defeats which he had fuftained on the frontiers and in Germany, excited a general dehre among tlic allies of invading his rative dominions. As it was onlv on the Mediterranean coail that tlicir naval .md inih- tary force could ad in conjundion, fo it was evident tliat fuccels m that quarter would redound effeclualiy to their common advantage, by giving the fevereil blow to the maritime i)0wer of France; and by cutting oft' her commerce with the Spaniih Weft Indies, which furniihed the principal reiburces for maintaining the war. It was therefore concerted between England and the States that prince Eugene and the duke of Savoy, at the head of the Italian army, mould pafs the Alps and enter into Provence ; that they ihould make feveral feints for concealing their true dcfign from the enemy; and afterwards defcend to the mouth of tlie Var, where the fleet under Sir Claudfley Shovel would furniai them with provifions and artillery ; and from thence proceed with the utmoil difpatcli to inveil Toulon. The firft part of this plan was executed with a facility winch ex- ceeded the cxpedations of its projedors ; and the Italian army, fe- conded by the Englifti feamen, \>^o difplayed allonilliing intrepi- 30th June, dity, forced their paifage over the Var in the face of entrenchments, which appeared impregnable ". Owing however to the fL>bfequent rcmilTnefs of the duke of Savoy in profecuting his march, or to un- avoidable impediments in a country, where provifions were fcarce, and the roads narrow and rugged ; not only the inhabitants of the neighbouring dillric^s, but numerous reinforcements from the dillant provinces, had reached Toulon ; and, with unremitting la- bour, ereded ftrong fortifications on the hills adjacent to the city ". The confederates made themfelves maftcrs of fome of the enemy's Fi' -'^ sir C Shovel ordered five Hups c.f war were fo much ftruck with this unexpeaed and to enter the mouth of the Var, where they bold attack, that they threw down their arms began to cannonade the French h'nes ; after and. abandoned ihcir^ works. v^hkhy fix hundred feamen bndul in open *^ Jj^J^encLx, JSXU. btjats, and advanced againil tke enemy, who )o{ls : l-O' ; QJJEEN ANNE- 241 pods : they failed, with the lofs of many men, In their aflaults upon others ; while the French force, gathering from every quarter, threatened in a few days to render the retreat of the affailants im- pradicable. Delifting from all farther attacks, they ilruck their tents under cover of the night, and conduded their march with fuch 15th Aug, alertnefs and regularity, as to elude any moleilation from the pur- fuit of the enemy **. This expedition, though it failed of its ultimate .defign, was pro- dudive of very confiderable damage to the French. Eight of their capital fhips were deftroyed, feveral magazines blown up, and a hun- dred and fixty houfes burnt in the town. The devaftation-s com- mitted by the allied army in their march through Provence were eftimated at thirty millions of livres ; and the town and caftle cf;^-^'2jo,cc^^ Sufa were taken by the duke of Savoy in his return, which formed a ftrong barrier between his dominions and Dauphiny *^ The mif- carriage of the attack upon Toulon, for which various reafons were aifigned, was principally owing to the inflexible obllinacy of the emperor in profecuting the conquefl: of Naples, in oppofition to the remonftrances of England and the States *^ If the force occupied there had been joined to that of the allies, Toulon would probably have fallen into their hands, while the fubmiffion of Naples, from the prefent difpofition of its inhabitants, mull have been a certaia confequence of that event. *♦ Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. p. 155. Their retreat was greatly afTiilcd by the fleet. Admiral Dilkes advanced into the creek of Fort St. Lewis, with five bomb vefTels, and all the boats of the men of war, fupportcd by the light frigates, and bombarded the town and harbour, which diverted the French army, for a confiderable time, from purfuing the confe- derates. London Gazette, N° 4352. Gregg, who was executed for treafon, confefTed that he fent a copy of the queen's letter to the em- peror, relative to the project againft Tou- lon, to monfieur Chamillard, which made the French more forward in taking meafures for ■ I 4fUt I its defence. Gregg's Examination. *' Idem. Tindal, vol. v;i. p. 29T. '* Dutch Envoy's Memorial. Letter to a Tory Member, p. 12, 13. The empero' not only failed in his engagements to the al- lies to fupport tliiri expedition, but embraced the opportunity of attacking Naples, becaufe it could not receive any tilTutance from the French and Spaniards. Life of Bolingbrokc, p. III. He was jealous of the aggrandize- ment of the duke of Savoy, and wanted to get poifeffion of Naples to prevent its beiig trrsnf- ferred to him at a general pence. Sunderland's Letter. Cole's Collection; p. 45 7. Lond. 173?. i ■ : The J !l 143 17c I • lotK Sept. ' HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. The cardinal PignadUi, archViH^op of NapJcs, and the duke of Monteleon, hU brother, had entered into a conlpiracy for dehveru.g the city into the hands of the Germans, upon certain conditions, to which the court of Vienna h.d lecretly agreed ". Tlie Neapohtans in -enera! were fo much di(\M,fted with tlie feverities of the French eovernn^ent, that tl,e few friends of l^hilip, when count Thaun ap- proached, finding it in vain to attempt any refiftanee, lecretly con- veyed all their treafure to Gaeta, whither they afterwards hed thon- felves The nei'^hbouring towns, garrifoned with French troops, followed the example of Naplc. ; and count Thatn. hmlhed lu, profperous career with the f.ege of .Gaeta, which was taken by The duke of Marlborough promoted the intercfts of the confede- racy by the fucccfs of his negotiations, more than by the efleds of 'his generalfliip during the campaign 1707. Whl'e the king of Sweden remaine.) in Saxony, at the head of a powerful army, flulhed with viaory, and impatient to fignalize themfelves in the lervice ot ^ general who was their companion in every hardlhip and danger, his alliance was courted by the French king, and the eledor ot Ba- varia with the moft afTiduous attention and importunity '. 1 he violent difpleafure which Charles exprelTcd at the condud of the emperor" was extremely (lattcrlng to their wilhes, and would pro- I'U *^ Tht principal conditions were, that all the privilege;,, iaipulaltxl to the Neapolitans, by Charles V. fhould he conrirmed ; and that all offices, civil and ccclehaftical, fhould be confined to Neapolitans. Q^incy, torn. v. p. 35f>- »» Hidoire de Louis, torn. vl. p. 162. " Barrc, torn. x. p. 504- The I'rench ting notiBed to the lung of Sweden his in- tention 01 invading Scotland, with a memorial, urgincr the juft tkle of James to the crcwu of Engknd. Jackfoa's Letter to Mr. Boyk, Stockholm, 21(1 March 1708. MSS. 3° Charles complained of an ihlult offered to bis envoy by cuuot Ztbcr, chamber'ain to his Imperii maiefty ; and required the de- liver) of the Ruiruui troops, which, after hav- ing invaded Saxony, were received into the Germa.t army in the Upper Rhine : he avadcd himfelf alfo of the prefent crifis, to make feveral demands relative to his private intereil ; and to obtain, for the proteilants in Sileha, the free exerciff of their reh^nun. Tindal, vul. vu. 257. lie ^^'3^ difpleafed, becaufe the mi- niller of Auguftus had produced his cumnuf- (ion to the Imperial chamber at Wetzlar, under the arms and title of Poland. Lord Raby's Letter, to Mr. Boyle, 2l(l, 28th April. MSS. The interpolition of the queen cf LnglauJ and the States, at kngih, ever. «am< trUEEN ANNE. bab'v have fixed his refolutlon in their favour, had he not, at the C fame time, been cxafpcrated againft the Car for having over-run Poland, and comy.elled btaniOaus to abdicate his crown. While the young 'monarch was wavering between diftraaing objeds ot reknt- ment^nd ambition, it was hoped, that t!ie prefence and addrels of the duke of Marlborough might be fuccefsfuUy employed for recon- ciling him to the intcreflG of the allies. After coufultlng with the duke of Hanover, who was intimately acquainted with the temper of Charles, and had acquired an early alcendancy over his councils, Marlhorough repaired toRanlUdt where the king was". He lecured 2 the innucnce of the Swcdilh minillers by the piomife of pecuniary rewards. He had repeated interviews with Charles hlmfelf, and, by infinuating addrefs and fpecious arguments, enforced by his two con- ■fidential mintrters, he foftened bis rcfentment againft the pmperor, and couiirmed his purpofc of profecuting hoftllities againft the Czar". Having thus elfeaually difcharged his duty as a ftatefraan, the duke returned to the H.gue, and after confulting with the deputies, all fumed the command of the confederate army near Hall". A nore uninteiefting campaign does not occur in the annals of the German war. No battle, no ftrataRem, no incident of i.npcrt- ance, to attrad the attention, and gratify the curiofity of the reader. 243 U 7th April. 2 III MaT. came the obllinacy of the emperor, gratified the pride of Charles, and prevented a rupture, vhich might have proved fatal to the confe- deracy. Tindal, vol. vii. p. 259. 3' ITanovcrian Papers, 1706, 1707. 31 Leu i-.res. The following anecdote given by Voltaire, is a ftriki-ig proof of the diicern- ment and addrefs of the duke of Marlborough. " Marlboroigh, who had learned from long •' experience the art of penetrating into cha- «« raaers, and difcoverir.g the connexion «» between thoughts, words, and geftures, «« fixed his eyes attentively npon Charles. «♦ When he fpoke to his majcity of war, he " perceived in him a natural avcrfion to «' France ; and that he was plcafed when he " talked of the conquefis of the allies. His *« grace then introduced the name of the " czar, and obferved, that the q'es of Charles «« kindled at the found : he farther reurarked, *< that a map of Mufcovy was lying on the " table. The duke wanted no more to be " convinced, that the real objecl of the king's " ambition, was dethroning the czar, as he *♦ had already done the king of Poland.'* Hiftoire du ciiarK- XII. torn. i. p. I 35. 33 T'le confederate army confilted of rinety- feven battalions, and one hundred and fixty- f Air fquadrons of horfc and dragoons ; that of the euem.y, of one hundred and two battalions^ and one hundred and ikty-cight fquadrons. Lediard, vol. i. -p. ^^2. li 2 The IP 14* «44 It . I « ' C II A XI. 1707. I' I M HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. The dulce of Marlborough hung upon the French v.-ith indefati- gable perfevcrance, and followed them from camp to camp through Brabant to Tournay ; but the vigilance, the precaution nnd celerity of the duke of VendofmCj eluded every fchemc for bringing him to battle '\ Although the French had no fleet of remarkable firongth at fca during the fum.mcr, yet the trade of England fuffered exceedingly by the number of their privateers ; and above twenty of the Weil India and fifteen of the Baltic fhips were captured by monfieur Forbin, who commanded the Dunkirk fquadron ". The Englilh navy fuf- tained a fevere blow by the wreck of four fliips of war returning from Portugal, on the rocks to the weft of Scllly. All the crews perifhed, and in that number the brave admiral, Hr Claudiley Shovel '". The only fuccefs at fea, anfwerable to the expectation of the Englifli, was that of captain Underdown, upon an expedition a^^alnft the French fiflieries in North America. Some of the frigates which proteded the trade were taken, and the reft, together with the o-reateft number of the fiftiing boats, and ftorcs of fi(h and train oil, amounting to a very confiderable value, burnt and deftroyed ''. After the conclufion of this campaign, an attempt was made by the court of England to prevail upon the republic of Venice to join the grand alliance. At the commencement of the war, the fenate had refolved, with the approbation of the emperor and the French king, to maintain a ftrid neutrality. The armies of both were per- mitted to march through the Venetian territories, and to purchafc provifions for ready money, upon the condition that they were not 2* Ledmrd, vol. i. p. 491. The duke, after ^s j^ives of the Admirals, vol. iii". p. 16R. contuiuing two montlis at his camp at Md- ^s j^j, p, ,-8. Sir Clatuiney 81iuvtl liad ^ert, afterwards pafTed the Dyle with the in- ralfed himfelf from a low ilation, purely ))/ tention of attacking the enemy at their camp merit ; no m.an iinderflood the affairs of tlie at Gemblour^ ; but they, hearing of his being navy better, or was more beloved by the in motion, fled with precipitancy towards failors : he had alio the merit of never cnter- Flcurs- Military Hiilorv of Marlborotigh, ing into any fac"\ion. MSS. Charafters. p. 316. J^J^ctulix, N^Xill. '' Tiudal, vol. vii. p. 303. to QJJEEN ANNE. to ufe violence againft the people, or to enter into any of the towns. C It was, however, impofliblc to reftrain the inhabitants from giving occafional affiftance to the commanders as they pafted, or the armies from committing depredations in the country, inconfiftcnt with the engagements which had been entered into between the fenate and the contending powers. This gave occafion to reciprocal complaints and remonftrances, and both the emperor and the French king were llriving, fometimes by intrigues, and fometlmes by threats, to in- duce the Venetians to take an open and decided part in their fa- ^49 H A P. xr. 1707. vour The Venetians were not without alarm from the ambition of Lewis, and probably wilhed the allies to fucceed in reducing his power ; but the imprudent violence of the emperor, in forcing the importation of provifions for his armies through the gulf of Venice, and bringing hoftilities into their ports, fo much provoked them, that they ftill ftood aloof, and were determined not to interpofe for his advantage '\ In this fituation the folicitation of England feemed to be the only expedient for inducing them to coalefce with the con- federacy, and the importance of this objed was earneftly urged by the duke of Marlborough*", whofe advice was implicitly followed in every thing relative to the war. The earl of Manchefter was ac- cordingly appointed ambaflador extraordinary to the republic of Venice, and left England early in 1707. After his departure the miniftry received information of the emperor's defign to reduce Naples, which occaftoned inftruclions being fent to him to take Vienna in his way to Venice ; and, in name of the queen of Eng- land, to ufe the moft prelTing inftances to perfuade the emperor to abandon, or at leaft to poft^pone a defign, inconfiftent with the pro- ject which the allies had formed of invading Provence. Tiie carry- ing this into execution became more than ever important after the fatal battle of Almanza, as it feemed to be the only expedient to retrieve the aftliirs of king Charles, by obliging the French king to 38 Cunningham, vol. i. p. 2i6. "" Letter of the Duke ot Marlborough to 3i> Id. p. 305. Earl of Manchefter's Let- tlie Duke of Shrewfberry. London, January tcr to Sunderland. Venice, 5th Augull j to I2lha 17041 &C. JMSS. Godolphin, September 1707. Cule. withdraw 246 m If ^ i % I * 11 i«*,t I- * C H \ Xi. i7-\ -»ul S.-i p = HISTORY or GREAT BIUTAIN. withdraw his troops from Spain. Theearl arrived at Vienna in the I.eginnlng of April, and continued there till the end of May ; and, together with the Dutch envoy, ufed both intreaties and threatenings to nccompUft the objca of his miffion. He was fometimcs flattered with hopes of fucccfs, but at length found, that neither a regard la honour, nor to his brother's caufe, could move tlie refolution of ihe emperor, where r.r.v immediate profpcft of advantage to himfelf in- terfered ; and fic-.ni this difappohuinc.t the allies had but too good reafon t>. anticipate the fatal ilfue of the expedition againll Toulon". Tl-.r earl of Manchefter, after his arrival at Venice, propoled to the fenate to take a part <,f their troops into the pay of Kngland for af- fiftin-v in the Italian war, and offered them conditions extren>e,y favourable to the trade of the republic After many debates upon this fubjec^, his propofals were rejected by a majority ; and it was determined to adhere rigidly to the neutraliry which they had lutherto ohferved. The king of France, upon being inlormed of the earl ot Manchefter's dcfign, had commnniealed to the Venetians his purpofe of invading Scotland, with the hopes of bringing abot.t a revolatioa in the Eno-Uni government ; and the Impreflion which th.s made upon the Venetia.is rendered them more backward to take any part in the alliance, which fo materially depended upon the internal tran- quillity of England. , r TV* 1, A The condna of the Imperial court, while tb.c earl of Manchefter was negoclating with the Republic, affords a glaring example o' fcl- ftflmeis and ingratitude. Although the acceihon o! the Venetians ,0 the confederacy would have been prolitable ». tl>c emperor, urore than to any of the alhes ; yet fo jealous was he of its he.ng ob- tained by the interceihon of England, that he inttruaed h,s ambaf- fadors, to intimate to the fenate his great dilpleafure for their having prcfumed to treat with the queen of England, before they had con- fulted with him about the difpofal of their troops '\ .. I,.„er.ofO,eE„rlofM.„Kl,.il.r. I.oul S,.ndc,W. Venice, ..ft Oadcr .707,^0. <,„„,,a..„ul, and Mr. H..U-y. MS. CoW. Col!.a..n. *' l,.-mrs of the Eail of Mautlullcr to Q__UEEN ANNE. =47 C li A V. XII. R,vUw of the Slate of Parlies from the Acceffm of the Sjjeen.-Thc Duke of •Marlborough's Separation from the Tories.— Cireumjlnnees favourable to the Rcftoration of the Whigs. -Characlcr of Mr. Harlcy-of Mr. St. Joh,:-of the Duke of Marlborough-of Lord Codolfhin.-lnereaft of the Pou-er of the IVhigs durirg the Second Parliament.— Lord Halifax and Lord Somers fup. prt Minilhy.-Thcir Charaaers.-Caufcs of the Decline of the Whig /«- tereJi.-Conduc'f and Cbaraclcr of tl:e Duchefs cf Marlbcrough.-hirigues of Mr. Harlev, and Mrs. MaP--am.—Ohjeawns to the Mcafurcs of the Mint. Jlers.-rh- Sueen alienated from them.— Wijhcs fir Peace.-Mr. Harlem's Influence increafes-is fu.idenly overturncd.-Vk.vs of the Court of St. Ger. ,na,ns, and its Corrcfpondents.-Ajfa,rs ,n Ireland.-Fird S.Jion of Parha. ment thcr-e — Second — Third, THE ftruggles and fortunes of parties conflitute an inaruaivc and amufmg branch of the liiflory of every free ftate, and were fmo-ularlv interefting during the reign of queen Anne. Having only adverted" to this fubjea incidentally in the preceding pages, that I mi"ht not interrupt the narrative of public tranMions, I fliall now cnt!-r more minutely into a detail of the intrigues of the cabinet, and delineate the charaders of the principal aaors there, in order to convey to the reader a true idea of their political condua and gene- ral merits. This difcufhon will afford an opportunity of contem- plating the mighty influence of frivolous incidents and unfufpeacd caufes, in regulating the great affairs of flatc, while it exhibits morti- f.-ing examples of the inconfiftency of human charaaer, and the meannefs and weakncfs which are often blended with the moft flrin- inp; talents. Althou-h the earl of Marlborough had early enlifted with tae torics, veT he was too fagacious not to dlfcern, at the commence- ment of this reign, the ftrongeft reafons for breaking ofi lu= con- nexion 14 CH AP- % ^ «•■'*•■<'"■•«■ • €th May, 1702. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIX. nexioii with tliat party, and rcflralmng Its Infliiencc in the cablncr. Nothing lefs than an ablohite alccndant there couki cniure the con- thiuance of the war, and procure liberal grants nccclTary for carryuig it on to fuch an extent, as correfpondcd with the ambitious projed^ which he had formed. The earl of Rocheller, who afpired at the office of prime minifter, explicitly difapprovcd of the Englifli taking a leading part in the war ; and though complaifance to the queen, and their recent condemnation of the partition treaty, reflraincd the tories from coinciding avowedly with his opinion, yet it was iui- pedled, that they w^ere not cordially fiivourable to continental poli- tics '. If the influence of Marlborough over the mind of the (}ueen had not alone been fufficient to difappoiiit the ambition of his rival, yet lord Rochefter could not w^lth propriety have been placed at the head of adminiftration, when the tenor of public meafures was re- pugnant to his declared opinion ; nor intrufted with the manage- ment of the treafury, w^hen it was to be expended in fupporting mea- fures which he had condemned. As the talents of lord Godolphin ' -were w^ell adapted to the management of the finances, (o the interefl of his family w^-^.s now interwoven with that of the carl of Marl- borough, to whom he became obfequioufly devoted. Lord Godolphin being appointed to the office of lord high trea- furer, and the earl of Marlborough made commander of all the forces in the pay of England, it only remained, that they fliould exert their united intercft, under the aufpices of the fovereign, to re- concile the majority of parliament to their fiivourltc mcaiurcs. The courtly principles of the tories were but a flender fecurlty for their adherence to the minifters ; and the ardour of their loyahy abated when they found that the queen wms more flow and reludant than they expcded, in ralfmg them to the exclufive poffefllon of power. When the earl of Rochefter Vv-as difmiifed, they began to rally under the ftandard of oppofition. QJJEEN ANNE. 249 Other Side of the Qu'; ft ion, p. 176— i8c. London, 1742, This : This crifis of affairs prcfented to the whigs an uncxpedcd oppor- ^ H A r. ■ tunity of emerging from tliat depreffion into which they had funk at the beginning of the reign. Their principles led them to vindicate ' and fuppott the grand alliance ; and their fituation, apparently defpe- ratc while they were witliout any interefl at court, induced them to render their afliftance to adminiftration upon eafier terms than their antagonlfts, who ftood upon tlie high ground of royal patronage. The^'whigs were willing to fcrvc in hope, to truft to the generofity of their employers for diftant reward ; and to fpare them the difagree- able neceffity of coming to a fudden rupture with fuch of their old friends as were difpofed to fupport their meafures; or of cucnding their miftrefs, by precipitating changes, and pufhing preferments to which {he was averfe \ With a prudent regard to tliefe circum- fiances, the ruling members of the cabinet adjufted their arrange- ments, and extended their political influence. They began with felecling, as the objects of promotion, perfons of ambiguous con- nexion,^ and fuch of the whigs as had aded with greater modcraliou than the reft of the party, and who, at the fame time, enjoyed the good opinion of the public. There vvas not any peribn whatever, who now appeared in the political circle, more fortunate in the pofleffion of thefe qualifications than Mr. Harley, the fpeaker of the houfc of commons. He had been diftinguiihed by his early and adivc zeal for the revolution ' : the detedlon of enormous corruption, brought home to fome of the minifters in the preceding reign, was principally owing to his pa- triotic inveftigation " : he was a zealous fupporter of the bill for tri«- ennial parliaments: he had difcovered great knowledge in the finances when he aded as a member of the committee for inrpcding ■ the public accounts ; and by preparing a fcheme to make good the » Condua of t!:c' Duc'hefs of Marlborough, * He had been vcr)- aclivc In the buihiefsof ^.,/r,„ the crplians of the city of London, 1692, ^ j 3 He joined live prince of Orange with a and contended lor tne reduction oi tlie Inlh troop of liorfe raifed at his own expence. grants. ' K k iicfi- f\l I (I I- if. 1 6th May, 1704. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. cleficlcndes of the revenue, which had a fcafonablc cfTed in reiloi ing public credit. But what above all railed Mr. liarley's merit, in the dliniatlon c^f the whigs, was his zeal for the extenlion of the protei- tant fettlemeni, and his propofing, at the lame time, regulations of government, and limitations of prerogative, which, had tlicy been obtained, would, in their opinion, have exalted the Britifli confli- tution to the fummit of perfedion, When parties run high, few, who have appeared long in a public charaOer, are io fortunate as to efcape the reproach of verfatility; but the friends of Mr. Harley afTcrtcd, that if ever he had left the whigs, it was only wlicn^ they departed from their own conftitutional ground, as in the cafe of their voting for the attainder of fir Johm Fennick, and of their oppohtioii to difbanding the army \ In tellimony of his diflinguiflied merit he was chofen fpeaker of the houfe of commons in the two laft par- liaments of klngWilliam, and was again preferred to the fame honour in the firfl of the queen ; nor was there any perfon, wlio, on account of his moderation, experience in bufmefs, and difcernment of cha- raders, fecmed better qualified for managing that alTembly. The perions, who direded the councils of the queen, foon found a fair opportunity for afTigning to him a high ftation in the miniftrv, ia confequence of the voluntary refignaticn of the fcals by the earl of Nottincham *. 251 ' Hlilory of the lafl Mlniftiy and Parlia- ment. *> Tmdal, vol.vi. p. 4. Mr. Harley 's reputa- tion did not keep pace with his preferment ; nor did his merits as a minifter aiifwer the high ex- peaations excited by the dillinguiftied hgure which he made in the earher ilages of his po- litical career. The moderation which he affeded, and the trimming which he pradifed under that pretext, flattered the hopes, and procured the good opinion of individuals and parties in oppofite interefts ; but afterwards in- volved him in perplexity, when he obtained the reins of adminiflration ; and, as he was unable to gratify the dem.ands of any, he became ob- noxious to the rcfentment of every party. rirmnefs, and promptitude of decifion, arc eflVntial propcriits in the character of a prime miniller ; but the want of them is not fo eafily difcovered in the candidate for t^at pre-emi- nence, while he remains in the fubordinate de- partments of office. 'iMic dependents and under-adors in adminiilration have little fcopc for deliberation, and are expefted to purfue and defend the meafures wiiich their fupeiiors fuggell ; but, from the moment a peifon id intruded with the primary diredtlon of affairs, his irrefolution or incapacity for decifion can no longer be concealed from his collengues, and feldom fail to expofe him to their con- tempt Mr. QUEEN AN N E. Mr. St. John w^as appointed fecretary at war, on the 2otli of April ^ ^!/^ ^ 1704, The pregnant abilities of Mr. St. John had attraa:ed the -— -.— flattering attention of his tutors during the courfe of his academical ftudies. The quicknefs of his conception, and the wonderful ftremxth of his memory, counterbalanced the great difadvantages which he lay under from extreme diffipation, and the unbridled pur- fuit of plcafure. His clafhcal tafte, his erudition and vivacity, pro- cured him a liigh reputation in the literary world ; and excited a general expedation of his making a Ihining figure in public life. Nor was this expe^lation difappointed. His clear and compre- henfive views of bufinefs ; tlie dignity and eloquence with which he acquitted himfelf in debate ; the fplendor and fluency of his expref- fion, and the gracefulnefs of his manner, recommended him to the notice of every party as foon as he began his political career. Al- though different teftimonies have been tranfmltted to us, v;ith refped to the prejudices which he had imbibed in early life, both' b/gb church and puritanjiical zeal having tainted his'immediate anceftors \ yet, as he had joined the tories in arraigning the partition treaty, and had entered warmly into the defence of their favourite bill againft occafional conformity, he was marked as one of their partifans. He had formed an intimate connedion wnth Mr. Harley, and entertained a high admiration of the duke of Marlborough, wdiich difpofed him cordially to take a part in an adminiflration in which they were united '. The accompliiliments of a courtier and ilatefman the duke of Marlborough polleired in a degree inferior to none of his contempo- ^ ?Iis grandfather and grandmother were difciples of Dr. Barges, wliofe diilinguiflied popularity among the prefbyterians, after- wards cxpofed him to tlic fury of the high church mob. Lord Bolingbroke himfelf ac- knowledges his early connexion with the dif- fenters ; and, in a letter to Mr. Pope, men- tions his having been condemrtd, when a boy at fchool, to read a foho volume of Dr. Man- ton, a puritanical divine, \\\\q compoied a hundred and nineteen fermons upon the hun- dred and nineteenth pfalm. Letters to Mr. Pope, &:c. p. 526. printed 1753. Mr. St. John was chofen mtu-bcr for Wot- ton-Baflet, in Wiltflu're, in the year 1700, and continued to reprefent that burgh \n three fuc- cefTive parliaiiicnts. * Life of Bolingbroke, paffim. K k 2 raries, t' 52 HISTORY OF" GREAT BRITAIN'. ^ rarles, while his military talents raifed him far above all riv.ililiip and competition. The natural advantages of a fme figure and dignlticd mien, embellilhed with all the graces of the court, to which he was introduced at an early ilage of life, before his more uiclul qualifi- cations w^ere difcovered, made lord Churchill the firft objeCl: of no- tice and admiration in every polite circle. Wliilc theie exterior ex- cellencies recommended him as the iitiell perlon to be employed on bufmefs of compliment at foreign courts, his fafcinating addrefs, liis political knowledge, and his acute penetration into charaders, ren- dered him the moft able and fuccefsful negotiator in tlie more weiirhtv affairs of flate. : The early proficiency of lord Churchill in every branch of war- like icience, and his meritorious exploits in the ilation oi^ a fubaltern commander, had excited a general expectation of his afcending to dilVmguiihed fuperlority in die line oi hi.s profefhon ^ I'hc hiftory of ten eventful campaigns demonflrated, that nothing was expected from him which he did not perform ; and that there was not a iingle accompliilimcnt of a general, in wliich he did not excel. His com- prehenfive and various capacity was equally adapted to complicated and detached ohjecls. hi the feveral departments of plan and (Ira- tagem, and of cntcrprife and action, he was alike fuccefsful. The general arr.mgement of the campaign, and the difpofitions which he made in tlie day of battle ; his choice of ground, his compofure and prefence of mind in the ]ie;it oi an engagement, his improvement of vidory, and his ready expedients under bad fortune, for a defeat he never knew, were all evidences of fuch diverhty of talents, and fuch a ftupendous pitch of military genius, as never have been fur- paifed by thofc of the greateft commanders in ancient or modern times. -^' , ^ Captain Churchill was diftlngxiinicd among tra• Q^l^ E E N ANNE. 253 The profefllona! condua of the duke of Marlborougli exhibits the C H^A P. moll favourJ:>le view of his virtue as well as of his genius. Among the various hollile operations which he direded, during fo long a fcrvice, no example occurs of any propenfity to wanton feverity. He was a merciful and generous conqueror, and ftudied, more than any commander before his time, to reconcile the aPfeclions of vanquifhed • Hates by kindnefs and lenity ; and to mitigate the fufferings of his priibners, by providing them with medicine, attendance, and every palliative of which their fituation could admit. Thus far we admire and praife : but, as all human charaders are imperfed, fo it cannot be denied, that the admirable endowments, and good difpofitions of the duke of Marlborough, were counterbalanced by a more than common alloy of meannefs and depravity. Self-intereft was his rulin*^ paflion, and when its ol^jed interfered, perverted his talents, and degraded his condud. His ini^ratitude to king James, political prejudices apart, will be condemned bv every feeling and honourable heart. If he ever after- wards felt any kind inclinations towards the perfon or family of Ids xmfortunate benefador, they were quickly controlled by motives of i>arty refentmcnt, or pcrfonal aggrandizement ; wliich, notwith- ihmdin^-^ renewed profefhons of his attachment to tliem, rendered him tlic principal inilrument of conhrming their exile and de- gradation. Althou>di the abilities of lord Godolphin were not fo brilliant and extenfive as thofe of the general, yet they were far above the com- mon level, and admirably adapted to the fphere in vs'liich he aded. His talent for diftind; arrangement, his continued applicadon to buhnefs, and his untainted integrity in office, rendered him the htteft perfon for fuperintending the treafury. He acquired great method and order in the management of that department, and by the regu- larity and cxadnefs of his payments, he raifed the public credit to a hi-her pitch than had ever been known before. Under his diredion the 254 HISTORY OF CR BRITAIN. C H A P. ""•V the oeconomy of the exchequer was exceedingly improvcc! ; nnd he ' had fo entirely gained the confidence of the monied men, that fupply was never wanting for the execution of any project adopted for the fervice of government '^ From the behaviour of the tories to the duke of Marlborough in the ill ft parliament of queen Anne, it appeared that they 'vvcrc di- vided between hope and fear, between courtefy and rcfcntment. They were fometimes inclined to carefs and cajole j but oftencr to affront aiul tlilappc^iiU him. While they acknowledged hi'; fcrviccs ill the ih-onge(l cxprelfions of gratitude, they obilrudcd a:iJi retarded thofc pecuniary rewards wliich the queen wiihed to confer upon him. Tliey afterward encouraged iiupiirics tending to the criuii- nation of his minifterial friends, and the injury of his own reputation. Thus the feveral queftions, relative to the ncglcet of the war in Spain, the lofs of ilie battle of Almanza, the m.ifcarrlage of tlic expe- dition on the Mofclle, tlie deficiency oi" ilie allies in furnifhini^ tlielr quotas, and the beneficial flipulations granted to the Dutch, were evidently agitated with a view to difparage the plans of the minl- ftcrs, and to cxpofe their partiality to the intereft of the duke of Marlborough. They embraced every opportunity of introducing rival lieroes, to captivate an-l diviile popular admiration. They put the fuccefs of fu* George Rooke and the uukc of Marlborough upon the fame level ; and magnified the exploits of the carl of Pcter- boroup.:h, fur tiie purpofe of detracting from the higli lame of the envied commander. Such condu(fl, as miglit naturally Iiavc been expected, only ftimulated his exertions for accompli (hi n-; the com- plete overthrow of the party which fet its face againfi: him". *" Burnet, vol. If. p. 831. vol. v. p. 870. " mifed." MSS. Chara«5lcr of Lord Godol- OtKer fide of tht; Queflion, p. 295. His de- pliin. Letters from the Earl of Shaftcf- portment wa ^ rather folemn and forbidding, bury to Robert Molefworth. London 1721, and he was diificult of acccfs ; but, as he was paffiin. the fame to all desrrees, he did not lofe in " Journals Lords and Commons, pafllm. cfteem by this. " He was a perfon of ftrld Letters on the Hiftory of England, vol. if. " honour, and ufually did more than he pro- p. iii, i!2. Lond. 1780. After QJJEEN ANNE. •«« After the difTolution of the firft parliament, the whig intereft ad- ^ hap. vanced apace, and derived advantage from the very meafures which ^^.-^ were employed for its deftrudion. Sober, difcerning men were al.irined by the headitrong and violent proceedings of the tories'*. Their moderate friends forfook them ; and hence the origin of what was called a miMe party, compoied of individuals who liad ar- ranged themfelves under oppofite ftandards, but who never had been engaged in the heat of the conteft on either fide '\ Some of the whigX however, (till retained a jealoufy of the duke of Marlborough and^'lord Godolphin ; and though they did not oppofe important queftions relative to the war, yet they did not accept of employment, or wiili to be confidered as the took, of mlnilters who had ac quired too great an afcendant in the councils of the fovereign \ This occafioned a dilVmclion to be made between the new and the cU whigs. Thofe who fupported not only the meafures, but the perfonal interefts of the minilters, were called ^lew whigs j and tliofe who kept aloof from the tories, and generally voted with the mini- iters, though not anbciated with them in office or private confultation, were called the oA/ whigs". In proportion as the whig intereft w^as promoted by the miniftcrs at home, it was favoured by the allies abroad. The merits of the duke of 'Marlborough, highly prized by them, muft naturally have given them a bias to the party with which he was conncded, with- out any refpeft to its principles, or its influence in the domeillc policy of England. But wlu n the tori imroduccd parliamentary inquiries into the condud of the allies, and loaded them with cen- fure for tlie purpofe of obliciuely fubverting the reputation of the eneral, this naturally fnggeiled to both the plan of a joint interefl . rr to - Supplement to the Faults on both Sides, Peter King obferved the fame condua. Lord ^^ , Conlngfby, Mr. Craggs, Mr. Peyton, &c. were D. 7. Lond. 1710. ^ ° ^ r • I 1 /-. ] 1 1 • o ^ .3 Cunningham, vol. I. p. 328. Servilely obfequ.ous to lord Godolphm. Cun- '* Lord Somers was the moil dlRInguifhed ningham, vol. i. p. 400-460, &c. pcM-fon of this dcfcriptfon. Mr. Edward Wort- - Cunamgt.am, v.l i. p. 462. Hiflory of ley, Mr. Hampden, f.r Jofcph Jekyl, and fir the Odober Uub, f. 12. and 45* HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, and reciprocal defence. The minifters ftood forth as the apologlils ^ V- -^ for the allies, as often as their fidelity and honour were attacked, or any fpecial concern of theirs was to be promoted ; anil tlic allies, in their turn, recompenfed their defenders, not only by niuniiicent prefeiils, but by doing all they could to jM'op liic vvhlg niiniilry, and to encourage and (Irengthcn its partlfans '^ Independent of any hoflility, either foreign or miniflerlal, tlic con- ducTl: of the tories themfelves was fuflicicnt to account for tlie entire extinction of their interefl with tlic court. The nu^afurcs ^vliich they purfued, after they had loll their power, exhibited the moll fliameful inconfiftcncv, and the arguments and exprefhons, adduced by thein to eiiforce thefe meafures, were a grois violatifui of tliat rc- fpc<^ and tenderncfs, which were due to the dignity and fex of the fovereign. It i^ no wonder, that fuch treatment quenched every fpark of affcLlion for the party wlilch ibe hrft favoured ; and that Ihc became Icls referved in calling off Inch of tlic Tories as ihe had liitherto retained in her fervice. The earl of Roehcfler, the carl of Jerfev, the earl of Nottingham, fu- Edward Seymour, hr Nathan Wright, and fir Charles Hedges, all of them notable men of that party, were fuccefhvcly turned out of their places '\ i-'oj, 6. The whig intercif became more popular and vigorous from being crp( ufed bv fome perfons of talents and experience, whole former fervices had obtained the public confidence, which v/as the more confirmed, becaufe they did not now participate of the emoluments of the ftate. Of this defeription, none flood higher than lord Hali- fax and lord Somers. The merit of delivering tlie nation from an impending bankruptcy, and reftoring the vigour c-f public credit in the late reign, was juRly imputed to the lalxjrlous Ingenuity oi lord Halifax. He had alfo been the principal inftrumcnt of advaneing the credit of the bank of England ; and projeding the fcheme of the new Eaft India Company, which had materially contributed to the '« The efl'cdts of this affoclation were ftill '^ Cciuhift of the Duchcfs of Marlbo- morc cunfpicaous at the clufc of the war. rough, p. 145, &c. paffim. rell'vf Q^UEEN ANNE. relief of government at a time of extraordinary cmbarraffment and cIifEculty. Akiiough he had been difgraced by the queen, and ftruck out of the na of privy counfellors, yet he never entered into wanton or indilcriminato oppofition, or adopted that virulent fpirit which now appeared in many who liad been the firll objects of royal favour, becaufe they had not fucceeded to tlie utraoft of their expeft- ation in proiiting by that diftindion. As lord Hahfax's abihties as a ftatefman rendered his affiftance an important acqulfnioa to the party to which it was given, fo his known zeal for the protcilant fettlemcnt infpircd its friends with a confidence in the prefent mini- fters, which they could not have obtained on the feore of their per- fonal merits or reputation ". Lord Somers, who had lived in retirement at the beginning of this reign, now began to affift in the councils of adminiilration No perion ftood higher in the public opinion than he did for abilities probity, and a fteady adherence to the principles which he profciTed at his outfct in public life. He had uniformly oppofed tiie arbitrary meaiures of Charies and James. He was the principal inflrunu-i- in perfuading the commons to fettle the crown upon king William After the death of the duke of Gloueefter, he projeftcd the bill for extending the proteftant fettlement; and he never let ilip any oppor tunity to ftrengthcn and corroborate that deed. As a judge' he was diftinguiflred for his gentlenefs, patience, and impartiality! None ever excelled him in difcriminating and arranging the eflential branches of a eaule ; in placing intricate points in a per/picuous hght, and levelling them to ordinary comprehcnfion. A clear under- ftanding, and a profound knowledge of the hiftory and laws of Eng land, flamped a fuperior authority upon his opinions relative to affairs of ftate, which did not efcape the difcernment of king Wil- He was a zealous patron of learned men • fir Jfu^r M^,..^^^ n ..d p„n.„«. a ,„.. L.e of Hlerary ..rit! fd^tw.!!^ ' ""^^^ ^f™™"" "''"''■• Addjlon, Pnor, Locke, Steele, Congreve, and ^57 CHAP. XI T. 1705,6. LI lia m, ^53 eHA?. XIL X705, 6. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. Ham, who confided more in liini tlum any oilier counlcUor. The efled of this authority was, iiiJccd, in feme degree, impaired by tlie dillidence and modefty with which he delivered his opinions in council, for it was the weaknefs of lils cliarader too readily to yield his own better judgment to that of his colleagues, whn were neither fo diruaterefled, nor well informed ". In the fccond parliament of ir/is reign, tlie whig intercfl carried all before it ; and had fpread fo far, and ftruck fo deep a root, that it feemed beyond the hazard of being overturned again during the lifr; of the queen. Nothing, however, is more precarious tfian political power, and the very influence by wliicli it has been nurtured and reared often proves the occafion of its fubverfion and ruin. This obfervation will be illuilrattd by a detail of the fccret caufes, whiicli nearly deftroyed the whig intercR, wlien it had juft reached the hun- mit of profperity ; and which, though their operation was counter- aded and fufpended by unexpcdcd incidents, again refumed their energv, and finally prevailed. The condud and demeanor of the duchefs of Marlborough gra- dually alienated the confidence, and at length exafperatetl the fpirit of her affedionate and bountiful miftreis. There arc few who have attained either inch proficiency in fc^lf-denial, or fuch refinement of fricndlhip, as to become indifierent to thofe ceremonial attentions, which are the cuftomary appendages of high rank and authority. Nor, on th.c other hand, are there many who perfec'lly underRand the proper fcafons and boundaries of familiarity, or who know how '' I>orcl vSomcrs publifhed feveral political parnplilcts in tlic early part of his life, wliich were diftinguiilieJ by corre^neft. of llyle, and pcrfpicuity and force of argumcHt. During his retirement at the end of the late, ami the be- ginning of the prtfent reign, he devoted iiini- felf entirely to fludy, and the gratification of that cxquifite tafte for polite literature and the fine arts with which he was eminently en- dowed. He had the honour of being prcfi- dent of the royal foeicty at a time when it was compofed of fome of the molt illuftrious ge- niufes that ever did honour to human nature. Walpole's Catalogue of Royal and Noble Author-. Molofworth's Lettcre^. MSS. Letters of Luid SomcrS to the Duke of Shrcwibcrry. to QJJEEN ANNE. to attemper the habits of juvenile friendiliip with referve and modeftv, C bctitting the changes which have ariien from the lapfe of time or in- cidents of fortune. In this undetinable, though important fcience, the duchefs of Marlborough was lingularly deficient. She did not confider that the afflibility of intercourfo in whicli ihc had been in- dulged by her millrefs, at a period when the heart is open and devoid of care and artifice, and which had been afterwards cherifhed by lyrnpatlictic difappointments and hopes, could not be continued with propriety, and without giving offence, at the age of gravity and bu.- lineis, within the walls of a court, and between the fubjed and tlie fovereign. Though the duchefs fliared in the exaltation of iier mif- trelb by the favours heaped upon her family, flic was obftinatelv te- nacious of tlie privileges of ]\h\s. Freeman ; and expeded to find, in a royal friend, the lame undignified cafe, unguarded franknefs and tolerance of contradidion and rebuke, which fhe had experienced in the condcfcending and affedionate Mof-lcy '\ But impertinent fa- miliarity, which flows from iiulifcretion or mere error of judgment, was not the fole or the principal caufe of difgufilng the queen] and undermining the infiuence of the favourite. By unexampled greedinefs of difpofition and impcrioufhefs of temper, the bounty of the frluid was abuled, the liberty of the miftrefs invaded, and the ferenity of her domellic enjoyment diifurbed. A profufion of kind- nefs, which was rather an evidence of t!ie weaknels than the gene- rofity of the queen, only fcrved to infiame the avarice and multiply the demands of her rapadous dependent. Prelents, honours, orTices, 2^:9 HAP. xn. *^ *' The princefs grew unealy to be treated •* by me with the form and ceremony due to *• her rank ; nor could fhe bear from me the *' found of words which implied diliance and " fupcrioiity. This made lier one day pro- '« pofe to me, that whenever I fliould happen *' to be abient from her, we might In all our " letters write by feigned names, fuch as ** would import nothing of diilinclion of rank Li 2 " between us ; jlTorly and Freeman were tlie *' names her fancy hit upon, aud fhe left me " to chafe by which of them I would be *' called. My frank temper led me to pitch " upon Freeman, and fo the princefs took the *' other : and from this time Mrs. Morley and '* Mrs. Freet7hin began to conve-fe as equals, ♦« made fo by affectionate friendfliip." Con- dud of the Duchefs of Marlboro u^rh, p. 14.. were 26o HISTORY or GREAT BRITAIN. C HA P. ^y^j-g accumulated upon her and her hufband, beyond any precedent oi roval niiinihcence "". The relations, the dependents, the favour- ites of tlie favourite, were preferred in every competition for the patronage of the fovereign. But when this did not fuffice; when the (hicliefs of Marlborough aimed at cngroflTnig all the prerogatives of royalty, except the title ; when flic intermeddled in the difpofal of every important office in the army, tlie navy, the treafury ; and was angry becaufe the queen rcferved for herfelf the ecclefiaflical appoint- ments '*, in which flie was confcientioufly interefled ; when the whole fyftem of public mcahires was to bend to the counfels and interefl of a junto ; when the fovereign was not permitted to have any opinion or prejudice of her own ; when terror was added to tyranny, and angry threats chaftiied every attempt to exercife her right and afcertain her independence ; we need not wonder that in- dignation fucceeded affeclion, and that the queen grew impatient for an opportunity of being liberated from a bondage, aggravated by "' yl Statement of the OJfices and Emoluments enjoyed by the Duke of I\Iariborough. Per Annum. Henipotentiary to the States, £. 7,000 General for the Engh'fli forces on Mr. How's ellablifhment, - - 5,000 General in Flanders upon Mr. Brydge's eflablifhment, - - - 5,000 Mafter of tiie ordnance, - - 3>C0O Travelling charges as mailer of the ordnance, - - - 1,325 Ci'lonel of the foot-guards, being twenty-four companies, - - 2,000 Penfion, 5,000 From the United States a' general of their forces, - . . . lOjOOO From the foreign troops in Englifh pay, fixpeiice per pound, - - 15,000 For keeping a tabic, . - - i ,000 Offices y IS^e. of the Dttchep. Keeper of the great and home parks, £. 1,500 Miflrefs of the robes, £• 1.500 Privy purfe, _ . - 1,500 Groom of the Role, 3,000 Penfion out of the privy purfe, 2,000 /'•9.50O The ftatcs-general, after the battle of Blen- li.'m, prefented the duke a bank bill of ;{,'. 50,000. The eilatc of Woodllock, the houfe of Blenheim, and pictures and jewels, of immenfe value, were prefented to him and the duchefs by the queen, and /". 5,000 was granted, by way of portion, to each of the duke's daughters. The prefcnts which the duke received from the emperor, the king of Prufiia, the eleftor of Hanover, and other courts, which cannot be fo precifely calcu- lated, amounted to an immenfe fum. Collins's Peerage, vol. i. p. i-;~. ** Condu6l of the Duclieh of Marlbo- rough, p. 174. Memoirs of the Conducl of her late Majefty, p. 17. Lond. 1715. the Q^UEEN ANNE. the empty name and formality of power, and by a bitter fcnfe of ^ the ingratitude of the pcrfon who had forged her chains ''. Various circumflances had been gradually confpiring to accelerate the crifis, fo ardently wifhed for by the fovereign. Mr. Harley was too confcious of the fuperiority of his own abilities, and had ac- quired too great a flock of independent reputation, to continue a fubordinate member of any adminiftration. It was his favourite maxim, that the name of party ought to be aboliflied, by felecling for the public fervice, indifcriminately, the wifcfl: and mod virtuous perfons, whatever their political denominations or connexions might be '* ; a maxim, which, though it be founded on fpecious arguments, can only be conflrued as a doubtful teft of the liberality and inde- pendence of the perfon who holds It, as it may be made fubfervient to private ambition, as often as to general utility. It has been infi- nuated, that Mr. Harley was not infenfible to feelings more ignoble than thofe of ambition ; and that the contempt and indignity, with which his affiduous civiHties to the duchefs of Marlborough were repaid, contributed, in no fmall degree, to his feparation from the junto ^\ and to that marked animofity againft the Marlborough family, which appeared in the future courfe of his political life ". From whatever caufe it arofe, there can be no doubt that, after the meeting of the fecond parUament, Mr. Harley began to cherifli the idea of inde- -61 H A r. Xil. ^' Other Side of the Queftion, pafTim. Me- moirs of the Conducl: of her late Majefty and her MiniilcTS, p. 16, &c. Pamphlets of the times. *-^ Other Side of the Queflion, p. 223. Appendix y N° XV. '^' Under the defignation of the Junto, I refer to the duke of Marlborough, the earl of Godolphin, and their adherents in the cabinet, after the dlfmiffion of the earl of Nottingham and the earl uf Rochefter. This name M-as firft given to th( whig lords, who oppofed the meafures of government for fome time after tlic meeting ^::>i the fecond parliament of the queen, becaufe they fufpecled that the per- fons above mer.u'oned were ft:ill addided to tory principles. The rejedlion of the bill againft occafional conformity, the meafures purfued for fecuring the proteflant fucceflion, and at length the important tranfadion of the union, removed entirely the fufpicion of the old whigs, who ever after atled in concert with the general and treafurer, both while they continued in pov>er, and after they virere deprived of it. Condud of Parties, p. 8. 14. 1712.^ "^ Cunningham, vol. i. p. 461. ConJudl of the Duchefs of Matlborough, p. 191, 5: c. pendent 262 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 1706. ^ YT^ ^' P^^^^^i^t influence, and to project :i complete change of adniini- A. 1 1. firatlon. Many circunillanccs concurred to (Operate nG:ainll the in- terefl of thofe who were now in place, and to Hatter his expedlations of fiiccefs. He was no itranger to the uneailneis which the queen dhcovered under the abufc and tyranny of a domineering favourite ; and he knew that Hie had grown weary of the war wliich uplield the autho- rity of tlie pretent rniiiiiKTs ''. I'hc repeated defeats ol the armies of the Trench king, and the exiiaulled Hate of his finances, afforded ground to hiope, that overtures would foon be propoied by him, whicli, v.hli tilt: afji'lance oi the moderate or mitiille jKirty in both houfes, might be made the bafis of a general paciiication ^\ This partv had lately acquired ilrength and popularity from tlie rclult of feveral parliamentary diicufl^'ons, nearh' affctlling the conduct ot tlie miniflers. From the inquiries which had been often introduced in parliament, with refped to tlie conducl ol" the allies, and the general management of affairs in Spain, it appeared that an unju!Vilia])le pre- ference had been given to the war in the Netherlands, redounding diredly to the proiit and fame of the general, and the benetit of the allies. The negle^l of the fleet was a confiant topic of complaint. The heavy lolfcs, which the mercantile interell incurred by th.e cap- ture of their fhips, excited difcontents; while feeble and abortive expeditions againft the colonies of France and. Spain afforded no ba- lance of confolation, from any profped of the future extenhon of trade. The exportation of fpecie for paying the Rnglilh troops on the continent, from which no part of it returned, threatened a defi- ciency of caih at home, Vvdiile the allies were enriched by its in- crcaiing circulation among them. Thcfe complaints, from being long and vehemently infiffed upon, and greatly exaggerated, came at length to make a deep impreflion not only upon the body of the *^ Memoirs of the Conduft of her late Majcfly, pafTim. ^s Tindal, voh vii. p. 137. pcoipe, QJJEEN ANNE. people, but upon difpaffionate, ref5eding perfons, firmly attached to the welfare of their country ''. There are few examples of party men being fo candid and gene- rous as to diifinguifli between w^ell founded and imafrinary, or ra- tional and popular objedions to the condud of their antagonifls ; or to decline the ufe of any weapon, though lefs fair and honourable, that may be fuccefsfully employed for the promotion of their own political fuperiority. The danger of the church we can liardly iup- pofe to have been ferioufly apprehended by any peribn of found underftanding ; but it was well adapted for inflaming the paflions of thofe who were attached to ihc eRablidiment, and therefore artfully called in as an auxiliary for demoliiliing the minifterial fabric vv'hich the favourite had ereded ^°. The enemies of adminiftration were not witliout hopes of de- riving flrength from the difaflection and apoftacy of Individuals of that very party in wdiofe fupport the ruling politlcans confided ". Some of the whigs began to grow impatient for the recompence of their fervice ; and many of them entertained doubts with rcfped to lord Godolphin's converfion to their principles. The ad: of [ecu- rity in Scotland, afcribed to his influence, was confidered as an indi- red and infidious meafure for defeating the Flanoverian fuccefhon^*. In order to remove every fufpicion againfl himfelf, as well as to reclaim the revolted whigs, lord Godolphin was under the neccflity of clearing the adminiftration from every remnant of toryifm '\ Sir Charles Hedges was difmiffed, and Lord Sunderland made fecrctary of ftate in his room ; and the inferior offices of government were difpofed of according to the fame political diicriminaticn. In tl-e lift of new promotions, however, there appeared the names of per- 263 CHAP. XII. Dec. 1 707. '' Life and Hiftory of Qiicen Anne,p. 25c. p. 12. .Tx)nd. 1711. Lond.1749. Great Britain's Union. Somere's '' Id- Faults on both Sides, Somers vol. xy. Colkdion, voh XV. p. 105. P- ^07. Macpherfon's State Papers, 1 704— 6. 3'^ Secret KillurjofthclatcMinillr)', p. 4. 33 Secret Hiftory of the Oaober Clubj 27. Lend. 1 7 15. p. 23, 2^. Memoirs of Godolphin, p. u?' J* Secret Hiilory of the Oaobcr Club, Load. 1714. fons \ 264 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C HA XI ^ P- fons who Iiad been conficlercd as unfriendly to the church, and the J principal patrons of the dilFentcrs in tlie preceding reign '*, and hence tlie cry of the church being in danger broke out with re- newed fury. Many of the lower order of the clergy made it the fubjcdt of tlieir public difcourfes ; and pamphlets were circulated to fpread tlie inflammatory poifon. Events, which occurred within the walls of the palace, became every day more favourable to the party, which confpired to under- mine the power of the junto. Prince George of Denmark, who had, during the fuft years of this reign, fupported the influence of the favourites, mortilied with a fenfe of his real infignificance, not- wkliilanding his nominal dignity and relative grandeur, fympathized >A^ith the feelings of his con fort ; and grew difpleafed with his col- leagues, who fuperfeded Ids authority, and proflituted it to the pri- vate intereft of their miniilerial friends ^\ ^ The queen, nurtured in all the bigotry of high church principles, was but too fufceptiblc of the epidemical panic foftered by the party in oppofilion. She had warmly patronifed the bill againft occafional conformity ; and thougli her zeal had cooled, on account of the per- fonal indignities which fllie received from fome of the tories, the fmallefl fpark was fufficient to rekindle it, and to alienate her con- fidence from minifl:ers, who feemed averfe or even indifferent to an intereft which was fo dear to her. It is but candid, at the fame time, upon the tcftimony of thofe who had bcft acccfs to know the genuine fentimcnts of the queen, to give her credit for motives of difguft with her miniftcrs, more praifc-worthy than thofe which proceeded from perlbnul refentment or enthufiaftic zeal. The joy, which Ilie derived from the triumph of her arms, was far from being pure and untroubled. Illuminations, procefllons, and all the exterior and tumultuary demonftrations of popular joy and congratulation, formed a poor rccompencc for the grief with which ilie was afflidcd, 3'' Cuniung!;am, -vol.!. p. 351. 35 TliiJal, vol. Yu. jj, 322. Oli Q^UEEN ANNE. on account of the profufion of the blood of her fubjccts, and the C havock of the human fpecies, which w^erc the price of every viclory. Under thefe imprefllons, fhe ardently wuflied for a peace, to which the inclinations of her minifters were far from being fivourablc '\ From the feveral caufes now mentioned, the fovereign, as v'd] as a numerous and refpe<5lable body of her fubjeds, were in their hearts ill affeded to that combination which had fo long ruled in the cabi- net. But the inclinations of the fovereign, who was naturally timor- ous and referved, might long have remained fmothered within her own bofom, if domeftic occurrences had not prefented an oi)portu- nity of making them known, and of concerting meafures for break- ing the yoke with which llie ^vas galled. The duchefs of Marlborough, from that jealoufy which is naturally infpired by the confcioufnefs of abufed indulgence and perverted power, was careful to exclude, from accefs to her miftrefs, every perfon whom ihe had not pre-engaged in her own intereft by the ties of gratitude, or the hopes of reward. Mrs. Abigail Hill, io much celebrated for her intrigues in the cabinet, was confidered, on account of near afFmity and obligations to the duchefs, to be immutably de- voted to her intereft. The mother of this Jady, reduced to llrait- ened circumftances, had made application for the patronage of the duchefs of Marlborough, who was her coufm, and wdio not only re- lieved her immediate wants by pecuniary fupplies out of her own purfe, but, by interefting the princefs Anne and the duke of Marl- borough in her behalf, placed her four children, two fons and two daughters, in eafy and independent circumftances. Mrs. Abi-ail, the eldeft of the daughters, was taken under her grace's own imme- diate protedion ; and afterwards eftabliflied in the ftation of a bed- chamber, or drefting maid, in the fervice of the princefs Anne '\ The difpofuions of this young lady, very unlike her own, were well icilv L^lTf^^^■l^" ^'"^"^ "^ '"' ^''' ^^'- " ^^"^"^ ^^^^^^ ^"^^^^^ of Marlborough, jUtyandherMiuifterg, p. 9. 12.14. 27. I??, &c. 2or M m fitted 266 C H A ?. XII. 1707. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. fitted to CIO credit to the recommcndatiori of h'r patroaefs, and at the lame tune to cnrurc her accjulcrcencc and tidelity in tfic ir:, on of a dependent. She was modell, unaifumuig, hvely, and diiccrning ^*. TIic demeanor of Mrs. Mill every day gained upon the alTecTion of the queen, and at length obtanied the coniidence ot her heart. In the meeknef^ and humblenefs of her difpofition, her majelly found a retreat from the perturbation, to \vhich ilic was expofed from the infolence and rudeneis of an ungrateful ferv-ant. Mr. iiarley was the couCn of the young lady's father, but had overlooked his rela- tions during their depreded fortune^''. Having frequent accefs to the queen upon the bufniefs of his oifiee, he occafionaily met with Mrs. Hill, and was nor backward now in recognifing her as his couiin. She had at this time begun to lofe ground in the good opinion and favour of her early patroneis, having deviated from that relpcd to which the latter thought herielf entitled, by giving her hand to Mr. Mafliam iecrctly, and wltfiout the confent of the duchefs. Reciprocal interell and feelings fuggefted, to the fecretary and the new minion, the idea of making a common caufe, and unit- in<>- their efforts for overturning the intereft of the duke of Marlbo- rouf^h and the earl of Godolphin *". Mrs. Mafliam had daily opportunities of infufmg into the royal bread favourable imprcffions of Mr. Harlcy, and of introducing him privately in<-o her prefence. The fruits of thefe impreilions and good ollices, flie expeded to im- 3* Somers, vol. ii. p. 310. Other Side of the Q^iL'ftion, p. 304. ^9 Cundutt of the Duchefs of Marlborough, p. 178. ♦"' Idem. The author of the Tranfac'^ions during the Reign of Queen Anne rcprclents the duke of Haniilton as the original mover and advifer of all that now pailVd in the cabi- net. " He made ofltr of his ferviccs to the " queen, tUrou^^h Mrs. Ma(ham, for extrlcat- ** iiig her from the bondage in wliieli fhe was " held by the junto : he advifed her to turn " out lord Godolphin, and recommended Mr. " Harley as his fucctffor ; he obtained the " (jueen's coniidence, aid frequent ami long ** 'wcrr the prtrmtc (i:uUnu-''s^ tu which he teas *' admitted to the evident difquirtudc of the mini- *^ Jierlal Junto.'" P. 53. 70 .96. The name of the the di'ke of Hamikuii, fo far as I have foinid, does not once occur in any of the hillo- rics of the cabinet politics at tliis period ; and it feems Ihangc, that the duchefs of Marl- borough, who was fo penetrating and vigilant, did not dete<^t his interpofition, or evcu enter- tain the fmulkll iuipitiuu vi it. -^ prove QJJEEN ANNE. prove for promoting the ambitious hopes ^vhic]l fhe now cherlilied of becoming the prime favourite of her royal miftrefs, inflead of continuing a fervile dependent upon her relation; and, what was ilill more defireable than perfonal aggrandizement, of having it in her power to reward the perfon wjio was the objea of her affedion with diftinguiibed honour. The fuccefs ol" tlie plan anfwered the wifbes of its projedors. Mr. Harley was often admitted, clandeflinelv, to convcrfe with the queen*'. She was pleafed with the ficetioulnefs of his manners, entertained a high refped: for his political opinions, and was well difpofed to prefer him to minifleriai confidence, as foon as fbe could find the opportunity of purfuing her own 'in- clination. Mr. Harley was Iiappy to difcover, that the fentiments of the io^ vereign coincided with his own ; and that, above all things, peace was the ardent defire of her heart, as effential to her own freedom, and the public welfare. From the flgnal merits and fuccefs of the duke of Marlborough, ivhich fo well entitled him to the fupremc command in the army, it was not likdy that any change of miniftry could be effeded during the continuance of the war, which rendered bis friends lefs difpofed to liften to the offers of peace made by the French king *\ Mr. Harley, though he ftill profefTcd great deference for the ge- neral and the treafurer, exerted his utmoft addrefs in courting thofc men who had credit for moderation both among the Whigs and the Tories ". There were many, at this time, well difpofed to rally J' V'f'S'"'"' i"""'?"" """^ '■"■'' '''''- "'■"' = Pnvy cou„fcl!or witlu,.. loavc. Life covered by the ,mprudc„t inattention of prinee of Bolingbroke, p. , , 7 faS: '"-n"" ^°"'"f,'''"'"y "f "■- -- Mrs. Maftam eould not reftrain herfclf hTo 7 u7 •^'^""''\"'. ^"^y^l- »•'>-•' confequence to which Ihe had attained. When t'r:;;l;:hitir :;::!f:^.:it::f t,; t'TSd^^z-'^^xr/--^ "-r V"^ ore^/„ne1 " f "^ ' "', 7'"''' ™' " ""'<"T "' "- '^'"^ ^UMr.; p. .jV po „t Ico:: ; '17' "■' '^;' '° "^ r '■ '^-''"« ^^ "^^ ^uchef. .nuidLsK po..ant ailco\cr> oi the queen's converHng p. 191. uj^. ^^^2 under 267 C IiAP.' xri. 1706,7. cGS HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. CHAP, tinder tlie ilandard of a new political leader. The accompliOimcnt XII. , of a peace was the meritorious bond of their union, and had the full approbation of the fovereign '^*. The illuftrlous fuccefs of th^^ duke of Marlborough, in the campaign 1706, raifed new obdacles to all their endeavours, and brought about inch nieafurcs In the fuc- ceeding feflion of parliament, as were calculated to prolong the war, and confnm the power of the exiiling adminillration "'. Not trufl- ing altogether to the cfll'Cls of parhamentary refolutions, they judged it neceffary to auguient their ofTicial (Ircngth, and to call forth the full exertion of the Whig interefl:''^ In profecution of this defign, the dihnifhon of Sir C-harles Hedges, fecretary of ftatc, and the appointment of the earl of Sunderland to that oflicc, were propofed to the queen, and occafioned the fn-ft open firuggle between Mn Harley and the duke of Marlborough, or between that party in the adminillration, which adviied the queen to peace, and that which was bent on the continuance of the war. The queen was extremely averfe to the difmlilion of iir Charles Hedges, but the importunity and tlireats of the fadlion, whofe fervices were deemed indifpcnfable in tlie prcfent ilatc of public affairs, conftraincd her to comply with their arrangement ^\ But though the influence of Mr. Harley and his friends was thus odenfibly baffled, it was not fuppreffed ; and manv eircumftances concurred to accelerate the crifis for the mani- feilation of its fuperiority and triumph. yl Dec. 1706. ** Otlicr Side of the Queflion, p. 39R. Tlie part which Mr. Harley was now ad^ting, exhibits a fcene of difTiinuhition and duplicity, for which neither his fympathv with the fove- rcic their iiifluencc with the (^uccn. Jppcm!lx, N'^^ XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. *' Journals, Lords and Commons, Septem- ber, December 1707, January 1708, paliim. •^^ Tindal, vol. vii. p. 188. •*' Conduftofthe Duchcfs of Marlborough, p. 160. If we may believe the duchtfs of Marlborough, the duke and the earl of Go- dolphin did not approve of lord SuncUrland's ])romotion, biit were prefTed by the Whigs to urge it. Condudl of the Duchefs of Marlbo- rough, p. iCi\. It is difficult to bch'cvf that tlu' ('.uke was fincere in oppoling the prefer- ment of his own fon-in-law, cfpccially as his lady was for it. * The ^ . Q^UEEN ANNE. The difguft of the queen at the duchefs of Marlborough was flUl farther increafcd by the keen part the latter had taken in tlie late contcft in the cabinet, relating to the difmiflion of hr Charles Hedges. Confcious of having forfeited all pretenfions to the con- fidence of her miftrefs, (he had recourfe to menaces and recrimin- ations, to deter her from yielding to the ftrong impulfe of her owa judgment and affedions "'. The campaign 1707, after expedatlon had been wound up to the higheft pitch, having proved unfortunate for the alHes, and, bv add- ing nothmg to the glory of the duke of Marlborough, detraded from his influence and popularity, and brought upon him the re- proach of fober and receding men, for having let Hip an opportu- nity of making peace upon more honourable terms, than were likely to be obtained by the prolongation of the war. The animofity of parties became now fo iliarp and Impetuous, that It was evident no reconciHation could take place between them; and from the circumftances already mentioned, the Tories would cer- tainly have prevailed, if an extraordinary event had not occurred, which undefervedly brought difgrace upon Mr. Harley, and added new ftrength and fecurity to his antagonills. To mvalidate the forcible arguments for peace, which were everv day gaining ground, endeavours were ufed to bring fulpicions upon the party who were friendly to it, by giving them the odious appel- lation of the FreNch faaion ; and infmuating that fome of them held a correfpondence with the court of St. Germains '\ The rumour of 269 *^ Condua of the Duchefs of Marlborougli, p. 165. *'' Oldmixon, pafTim. The wnnt of can- dour in partifans is at all times remarkable, but never was more fo than in tin's reign. Tlie two great parties, V^higs and Tories, were nearly equal, and alternately triumphed. The minor parties were the Jacobites, including the Roman Catholics ; and tlie Republicans. The former, in every great firuggle, fupported the Tories ; and the latter, namely the Rcpubli- caus, fupported the Whigs. Hence the great parties came reciprocally to afpcrfe each other, with the odious name of the minor, or fubaltcrn one, adventitioufly attached to it. The fubdivificJns of parties were almofl innu- merable ; there were State Whigs and Church Whigs, State Tories and Church Tories, King W^ill'am's Tories and King James's To- ries ; Court Whigs and Country- Whigs, King Wilham's Churchmen and King James's Churchmen. Dangers of Europe, p. 21. London, 1702. aa C H A r. xir. Iiih Feb. 1708. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. an intended invafion of Scotland by the Pretender, and the certainty of his having many friends there, gave a eolour to every inrmile propagated to the difadv^mtage of thofe who oppofed tJic niinillcrs. While the minds of the people were agitated with alarm, a letter from one of Mr. Harley's fecretaries, difeovering to the court of Trance the plans of minillry relative to the war, was intercepted by the duke oi: Marlborough, and tranlniitted to the court of l''ngland ^^ Althou^>-h the circumftanccs of this affair were inveiligated with rigid fcrutiny, and no Ihadow of crimination appeared againll the iecre- tary; although Gregg, when tampered with in prilbn, uniformly acquitted his mafter, and folemnly conhrmed his teRimony with his dying breath ; yet the torrent of fufpicion run fo ffrong againll Mr. Harley, that he and ail his friends were forced to relign their ofhees, and to rclitupiilh to the Whigs the complete undifputed monopoly of adminiHration ^'. 1 he queen had the mortification to fmd, that after reaching the verge of emancipation, ihe was again thrown back into captivity, which was not likely to be alleviated by her recent efforts to cfcapc from it. Neither the meafures of adminiflration, nor the public condudl of either party, recited in the preceding chapters, exhibit any fymptoms of favour to the exiled prince. On the contrary, almoft in every feffion of parliament, fomcthing was done, which, by immediate or remote confequence, promoted the fecurity of tlic protcllant fuccef- fion, and the intcreft of the houie of Hanover. Hence the in- trigues of the Pretender, like a proliibited or contraband trade, were '" Journals Lords, J 8th March 1708. It appeared upon his exan.inat:on, that Grce;g had fcnt diiiercnt letters to Monfttur Chanii!- lard, informing him of the proceedings oi parHamenl relating to the augnuntatiun ol our troops ; and that he liad incloi'ed a copy of a letter from the queen to the emperor, Sic. s* Tindal, vol. vii, p. 371. Cunningham, vol. ii. p. I 33. M • Ih nry St. John, fecietary at war; hr Thomas Maufel, comptroller of the houfcholdi and llr Simon Harcourt, attorney- general, who had come in wltli Mr. Harley, laid down their refpeotive employments upon his difmiflion. Mr. Walpole, whofe political life afterwards bicaiue fo interelling, was now- introduced into office by being appointed Mr. vSt. John's fuccelFor. Mr. Henry Boyle was made a member of the privy council, and appcMnteJ one ot licr niajelly's principal fccrctuncb of ilate in room of Mr. Harley. carried .'i*sV QJJEEN ANNE. carried on in a clandcftine manner, and with great rlfk and danger to the perfons engaged in them. But neither from this circumflance arc we free to conclude, that profeihons of friendlhip made to him were more fmcere and more to be trufted, than thofe which were made to the heirs deftined by the ad of fettlement. Con- iidering the natural pretenlions of the exiled prince to the crown, his aflinity to the reigning fovereign, the variablencfs of fadions, and the contingency of all political fchemes, his friends had no rea- fon to look upon his caufc as defperate ; nor is it to be fuppofed, that thofe who were guided folely by intereft could be indifferent as to the opinion entertained at the court of St. Germains concerning their private fentiments and attachments. Agreeably to this obferv- ation, we ought to be fcrupulous about admitting, promifcuoufly, the moff folemn profefflons of friendfhip to either of the rival families, and far lefs verbal declarations, repeated at fecond hand, as authentic documents of the true principles and wiihes of the perfons to whom they are afcribed. The real ftate of what may be called clandeffine politics, which has been brought to llglit by late publications, is a fubjed of confiderable intereff, not only becaufe It gratifies curioflty, but becaufe it materially conduces to a juff appreciation of charaders' and the explanation of public tranfadions which fall witiiia the period of this hiflorv. From the general fubffance of the Stuart papers, coincident with the period already treated of, it appears, that the court of St. Ger- mains did not entertain confident expedatlons of placing the prince on the throne of England, during the life of his fifter, and that their intrigues were principally intended for fecuring to him the fuccelfion at her death. For this purpofe, the agents of James were inffruded to keep ahve the hopes of his friends by affurances of his unfhaken and grateful attachment to them 3 of his firm and refolute purpofe to maintain his right ; and to reprefent, in the ftrongeft view, all thofe circumftances arifmg from the ilate of domeffic and fordgn affairs, which feemed favourable to his ultimate fuccefs. Great pains were C H A P. XII, C li A P XII. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. • were tdkca to inculcate general imprcfTions of the goodnefs of his diipofitions of the foiuuhicrs of his pohtical principles, and parti- cularly of his veneration for the Britifli conftitution ^\ The names of the duke of Marlborough and of lord Godol[)lun frequently occur in the memorials drawn up at the court of St. Gcr- mains, and in the letters written by its agents to their Englilli iViends. The good oflices of thofo noblemen are lomctimes fuppofcd or taken for granted from the obligation of their repeated promifcs and de- clarations, but more frequently doubts are exprelfed concerning their fidelity and affcdlion. No letter from the duke of Marlboroui*4i or ]ord Godolphin is inferted in the collcdion of the Stuart papers hi- therto publillied; nor indeed is there the moll dillant reference to any letter or paper tranfmittcd to St. Gcrmains in their name, or to any voluntary declaration or promife of friendihip made by them within the period already illudrated ". The 5^ Macphcrfon's State Papers, 1702, 3, 8ic. palTinu The (Irongell afl'iirances were given of tlie refolution of the exiled prince to govern ilriclly according to law if he ftiould have the good fortune to return to England ; and, though no hope is fuggeded of hij re- nouncing the Roman Catliolic faith, yet he folemnly pledges hinifclf to confent to evtry provifion for the fafcty of tlie eilablilhed cliurch, with the laudable exception of ab- ftaining from the perfecution ot any i'ctX. 5! The author of the Tranfaclions during the Reign of Queen Ainic, refers (p. 59) to a letter from lord Godolphin to the court ot St. Gcrmains, re-afiuring them of his uru/imi- wfhed attachment to their caufe ; and to arothcr from the duke of Marlborough, " iu u hit h *' he renewed his hypocritical profeflions of *« zeal for the Pretender : he had even the *' barefacednefs to attribute the rcjcrtion of ** the pro})ofal for peace, lately m.ade by the •' French king, to their not comprchend- *< ing any ILipulaiion in that j)iincc'.s belialt." Mr. Hamilton does not mention the date of ihefc letters. 1 am informed by principal Gordon of the ^^cottli college, Paris, who has had the op- portunity of inquiring minutely about this iubjeft, that the duke of Marlborough never wrote a fmgle letter to St. Gcrmains in his own hand, except one. They were all figned by him, but fciit back, after copies of th.cni were made out. From the general ftrain of the Stuart papers, it appears that tlie duke of Marlbo- rough and the earl of Godolphin had become exceedingly cautious and referved in exprcfiirg their attachment to the exiled family ; and tluit the latter cfpecially conducted himfelf with a ihynefs and myitery, which ahnoit ex- tinguifhed every hope of his future good olH- ces. See Extra<^s from Lord Caryll's Let- ters, February, March, and April 1703 ; from the fame, May 1 704, Odober, November 1705, and Marcli, &c. 1705. It was coiifidercd as an unfavourable fvmp. tom of lord Godolpliin's ihYpolition, that he had not employed his official influence as far as he might have done, confidently with his ow n fafcty, fur procuring the arrears of the queen's jointure. Idem. The inveterate holtihtv of the duchefs of 4 Marlborough QJJEEN ANiNE, -73 . The condu(fl: of tKe duke of Marlborough and lord Godolphin, CHAP, witli refpedt to the court of St. Germains, will not be admitted by fuch as have impartially inquired into it, either as any true criterion of their principles or attachments. They certainly had a bias for the abdicated family; but their own intereft was the compafs by whicli they uniformly fleered their political courfe. Like the ma- riner, who launches into the ocean without any preclfe deftination, determined to enter whatever port he can make with the faireft pro- fped of gain, they meant to referve themfelves entirely for political cafualties, not more certain, than the variable elements which retard or accelerate the progrefs of the mariner, and finally blaft or promote his hopes. In their intercourfe with the friends of the unfortunate prince, they were cautious not to furnifh any grounds for future re- fentment or exclufion againft themfelves; they faid as much as might have been interpreted an evidence of the conftancy of their attachment, provided it could be conneded with adual fervices, which the criiis of events might afterwards render it their intereft to perform. The influence, and endeavours of the agents of James in England, were direded to forward fuch meafures as appeared moft favourable to the intereft of that party, which they believed to be beft af- feded to him, and to thwart fuch as tended to ftrengthen the friends Marlborough to the family of Stuart is men- tioned as deflrud^ive of all hopes of afliftance from her hufband, though his inclinations had been more favourable than they really were. Caryll's Letters, April, May, &c. 1705. For thefe rcafons, as well as from former experi- ence, the agents of James exprefs a diftruft in the friendihip of Marlborough and Godolphin (Id. Auguif, Ociober, December 1702, April, &c. 1704 ai.d 1705) ; and they found their conclufions upon this ftriking fadl, that they were the authors of thole very meafuns which militated againll the fuccefiion of the prince upon the event of the queen's death ; and that they pofTefTed ilic power, \{ they N really had the inclination of reftoring him. Id. November, &c. 1706, February, &c. 170 / • We find an extracfl from Carte's Memo- randum book, containing an anecdote of lord Godolphin's having exprefTed to the earl of Arran his fincere friendiliip for the king, and his being turned out before he had reilored him. Carte was a man of a violent temper, credulous and fanguine ; and his anecdotes, as I have been told by principal Gordon, are not generally credited by the friends of the houfe of Stuart. See alfo Biographia jiritannica, article Carte. a of «74 C 1 1 A ?. XII. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. of the houfe of Planover, and to Increafe the Iccurities for its fiic- ceflion '\ Thck agents cxprefTed great fatisfadion in the predomi- nant power of the torles at the commencement of this reign, as if i^ had been propitious to tliclr hopes : they entered with anxioii'^ foli- citudc into the attempts for prolonging tlie period of taking the oath of abjuration, and promoting the bill againft occafional conformity; and were deeply mortified by the milcarriage of tlicfe m ea fu res '*. Their mofi: vigorous exertions were employed for promoting the ad of fecurity in Scotland, and preventing the union '\ , The act of fettlcmcnt alone, not only went far to cnfure the fuc- ceflion of the houfe of Hanover, but gave fuch a turn to the ftream of public meaiurcs and party intrigues, as contributed to the pro- grcfTive accumulation of its fccurities. The tories, confcious of the ill impreflions, with reiped to their principles, which had obtained at the court of Hanover, and lying under the conlhmt fufpi- cion of the people at Iiome, ftrove to outdo the whigs, not only by the oflentation ofzea^,but by the promotion of efficient meafures for fencing the proteftant fucceflion. The fuipicion of a ccniipiracy in Scotland rendered the friends of the pretender more timid and re- ferved ; ftifled the afFedion of the queen, and probably prevented her connivance at clandeftinc meafures and intrigues for paving the •way to the fucceffion of her brother ". The war gave occafion to frequent interviews and communi- cations between the elcdoral court and the duke of Marlborough, which produced reciprocal declarations of cfleem and friendihip ; and, together with the turn of domeftic politics, opened to him and his friends the moft certain profpeds of advantage from their fteady adherence to that interefl: which they profeflcdly efpouled ''. '•* Stuart's Papers, 1704. '' The friends of the houfe of Hanover en- tertained the fame opinion of thefe meafures, and were as anxious to prevent them, as the agents v( James were to promote them. Ha- noverian Papers, pafTini. 5^ Stuart's Papers, 1707. ^^ Id. 1703, 4. *^ Hanoverian Papers, 1 704, 5, 6. The QJJEEN ANKE. 275 The affairs of Ireland, during the early period of this rc'ign, afk^rcl C HAP. the hillorian no variety of interefting materials. While a Ipliit oi infurredlon was fomented among the Roman catholics, by the ex- treme jealoufy and rigour of the government, the protcftants were far from being profperous or contented v/ith their civil condition. The reftricHons impofed upon trade, and the non-refidencc of the moft wealthy proprietors, occafioned a general languor in manufac- tures, and increafed the number and hardihips of the poor. The frauds and oppreffions, committed by the truftees on the forfeited cftates, invaded the property, and foured the difpofuions of fome of the iirmeft friends to the proteftant intereft. The inquiries con- cerning^ the charaders of landholders, and the tides by which they held their eftates, were conduded with an invidious fcrutiny, which expofed many loyal fubjeds to the vexation of dilatory and expen- five litigation '\ The benefit of the moft lucrative purchafes was engroffed by corporations and private peribns in England, who re-, turned no part of their profits to the country from which they were drawn *'. In this fituation, Ireland might have proved an alluring fcene for the intrigues of the court of St. Germains, if a dread of being over- powered by the Roman catholics had not kept the proteftants in continual awe; and made them cUng to the fifter kingdom as th^, only fourcc of protedion. Hence they maintained the firm lan- guage of loyalty, and imputed their grievances to the mal-admini- ftration of deputies, rather than to any ill intention of the court and minifters. Their complaints were therefore pointed folely againfl the former, who, in their turn, recriminated and reprefented the freeholders as backward to co-operate in the detedion of guilt, and even as beginning to cherifh thoughts of independence on Eng- land *'. Conformable to the general difpofuions of the freeholders • '» See Reprefentatlon of the Commons, Anne, p. 96. 20th Odober 1703. ^' Tindal, vol. v. p. 288. *" Hiftory of the Life and Reign of Queen N n a were 2^6 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. were the meafures purfued by their reprefcntatives In the three {ef" fions of parliament, which met at diftant intervals withia Ui. period I have furveyed. J 703. In the firft feflion, which opened under the lieutenancy of the duke of Ormond, on the 21ft Sept. 1703, the commons unani- moufly made choice of Allan Broderick, her majefty's folicitor ge- 2 ♦TiScMt neral, to be their fpeaker, and addrelTed the queen, and the lord 20th Oa. lieutenant, in the warmeft expreflions of loyalty ; but complained of thofe mifreprefentations of the condud of the freeholders, which had been tranfmitted to the court of London. They difavowed all thoughts and defire of independence, and in the moft explicit terms * acknowledged the crown of Ireland to be annexed to that of Eng- land. While they declared their abhorrence of the proceedings of the truftces on the forfeited cftates, they guarded againft any reflec- tions difrefpedful to the authority under which they a6led '\ The commons formed refolutions in the fpirit of their addrefs, and cen- fured fome of their own members for having been acccflary to the calumnies of which they complained''. They cheerfully granted 1703. the fupplies necelTary for defraying the expences of the eftablilh- ment, and acquitted themfelves with fidelity to their conftituents, by objeding to fome erroneous ftatements of public accounts ; and by cutting off unmerited and extravagant penfions, which faved the nation above a hundred thoufand pounds per annum **. They fol- lowed the fteps of the Englifli parliament for fecuring the proteftant ** Journals of the Houfe of Commons of Ireland, 25th, 29tli September. •^ Id. 26th October, 2d November. Mr, Francis AnncOy one of the members, who came under this cenfure, was expelled the houfe ; Mr. Trenchard fled to England ; Mr. Hamilton died before the meeting of the fef- fion. '* Id. 30th September 12th, 14th, 19th, 2 2d, 25th Odobcr, 10th November. They tottd a fupply of a hundred and fifty thoufand f oujids per aniium for two years from Mi- chaelmas 1703. A tax of four Shillings per pound was laid on all fuch penfions and grants as had been found an unnecelTar)' charge to the revenue. They prcfented an addrefs to the lord-lieutenant, complaining of the mif- chiefs under which the kingdom laboured by the abfence of judges, comrrilTiuners of the re- venue, and others holding offices which re- quired perfonal attendance, praying that all fuch in future might be required to attend upon their duty or removed. fucceflion ; QUEEN ANNE. - ^77 fueceffion ; and brought in bills for extending the oath of abjuration, C HA P. and making it high treafon to impeach the fueceffion, as hmUed by ^^^^^^^ former ads of parliament. The ruling fpirit of both houfes was October. confpicuoufly maniiefted by the tenor of their proceeding, agamft the Roman catholics. A bill paffed in the upper houfe for prevent- ing popiih priefts coming into the kingdom, and readily obtaured the approbation of the commons. But not thinking this iufi^cient the latter brought in a bill to prevent the growth of popery, which, m l^^l. Sept. the certainty of its execution and the feverity of its eiTeds, exceeded that of England in the year 1700; and to atteil the ardour of their zeal after it had been paffed by the lords, the whole houfe attended the prefentation of it to the lord lieutenant -. To juRify the feve- rity of this acT, a petition was prefented to the lord mayor and citi- zens of Limerick, complaining of the injuries which they fuftan.ed from the number of the Roman catholics there ; and it was at the fame time reprefented from different parts of the country, that a correfpondence was carried on between the Roman cathohcs and the pretender, to the great danger of the proteftant fettlement. A profecution was inftituted by the commons againft the publifher of «3thNav. the memoirs of the late chevalier, which had contributed to mflamc the enthufiafm, and animate the hopes of the difaffeded. The fud- den adjournment of the parliament interrupted the career of their anti-catholic zeal ; and excited a fufpicion that it did not meet with the approbation of the lord lieutenant. ^ The EngliOi miniftry, from motives of policy as well as jultice, were unwilling to furnifh their Roman catholic allies, at this time. jytli. ftf In order more effcaually to prevent the children of Roman catholics being fent abroad and educated In the Roman cathohc religion, agreeably to a former aft of the fevcnth of king William, it was to be enafted, that, upon the fuppofition of any chUd being fent abroad, any of the judges of her majefty's courts, or any two juftices of the peace, fhould be empowered to require the parents or guar- dians to produce the faid child within the ipace of two months ; and, that if this was not donc^ they fliould be deemed couvided, and incur all the penalties prefcribed by the former aft. Severe penalties were to be inflicted upon pro- teftants who married papifts ; and that no Roman catlK)lic family of fortune might re- main, it was to be alio provided, that all tilatcs ihould be equally divided among the children of papifts. Journals Commons, 19U1 Novem- ber. With jjjtl Feb. 1704. 1685. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. witli any ground for complaining of their fcverity to that fc6l, which might have provoked a retaiiation iipoa the foreign proteftants. That tliev rnlf^ht defeat the bill which had been prefented to the lord heu- tenant, without appearing to the Irilli protcftants to have llackcned in their zeal againll popery, a claufe was inlertcd by the council, re- quiring all perfons in ofFicc in Ireland to take the facrament accord- ing to the teil: iiCt paffcd in England. The mini Hers cxpeQed, that the bill would have bcin rcju'Llcd with this (pialification, for the fake of the protcflant diOenters, for whom tlie commons had of late pro- fcfTed great charity and kin(lnef<^. But antipathy to the Roman ca- tholics prevailed, and the bill took place contrary to the wifhes of the mnultry . The parliament was prorogued on the 4th of March to the 25th of Sept. 1704. Althoueh, from local fituation, the attention of tlie Iridi free- holders was principally occupied about the Roman catholics, yet from the connexion manv of them had witli England, it was hardly to be expeded that they could efcapc fome tinClure of the party fpirit which raged there. The carl of Clarendon, himfelf a keen partifan, had, during his adminiifration, liUroduced the dlllindion between whig and tory, till then unknown in Ireland. As he fcl- dom refided in that country, and as his government was unpopular, he made fmall progrefs in his fchetne of fubdividing parties; and protejlant and 'whig continued to be undcrftood as fynonimous terms There were, liowevcr, feveral clergymen of high church and tory principles, who had been promoted to benefices under the patronage of the earl of Clarendon, and aftewards under that of his brother, the earl of Rochefter ; and the removal and difgrace of the latter rendered them readily dlfpofed, when an opportunity lliould *■ Tindal, vol. v. p. 302. Several bills were fupprcfTcd. An a(ft pafTcd for natural- were brought in for the improvement of the ifing proteilant ftrangtrs, and another for re- country, encouraging mannfaftures, and ex- ducing the intercil of money to tight per tending the trade of Ireland ; but meeting cent. Journals Commons, pallim. v,iih no cncouragemeut from tlic minirtry, occur, Q^UEEN ANNE. 179 occur, to purfuc that fadious condud which was exemplified by ^\^^' many of their brethren in England ''\ ^ ^— ^^ The proceedings of the next felTion of the Irifli parliament, which 1705. was opened by the duke of Ormond, on the loth of February 1705, entirclv corrcfponded with the views and wiihes of the Lngliih mmi- llry. 1 he commons congratulated her majefty upon the fuccefs of her arms under the duke of Marlborough ; and declared their firm refolution, iliould any difference arifc between England and Scot- land, to adhere to the former, and to maintain the fucceffion in the proteftant line, againft all v/ho attempted to difunite tlie two king- doms. An ample fupply was voted for fupporting the "^-^^^"^^"^y l^^]^^^;^ branches of the eftablilhment for two years, commencing the 29th September 170^, and ending the 29th September 1707. A bill, which originated with the commons, for the improvement of hempen and flaxen manufadures, afforded to the higli ch.urch clergy the opportunity they wiihed for, of difcovering a congenial fpirit with thofe of the fame party in England. The convocation, without permif- fion pr.v'.oufly afked, prefented a memorial to the commons, remon- flrating againft the limitations of their tithes, which was one of the ob- jeds of the new bill; and defircd that it might not pafs till the reafons they had to offer againft it were heard. The lower houfe, confider- ing this as an attack upon their legiflarivc authority, refolvcd, that ^7^5- they were the only reprefentatives of all the commons in Ireland, intrufted with the civil rights of the clergy as well as laity; and that no pcrfon or body of men had a tide to be heard againft any bill, but after leave obtained by petition''. The memorialifts -not meet- inc;, at this time, with countenance from any of the laity of rank and influence, abandoned a difpute which might have proved hurt- ful to their charaders and intereft. They formally difavowed any ^^^J;^'J;4'f'^ intention of invading the rights of the houfe of commons ; and pleaded their want of experience, from the long fufpcnfion of con- •' Tindal, vol. v. p. 282, 3. 14 *^ Journals Commons, 12th March. vocations. C H A XII. r?th July, 3707. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. P' vocations, as an apology for the improper method of makuig their application in an affair that fo nearly concerned the lights of the church. This fuhmilTion, on the part of the clergy, fcems to have arifen from their being overawed by the minifterial authority, rather than from any renunciation of thofe principles which had originally betrayed them into the conteft. For, while the houfc of commons were ufmg their endeavours to mitigate the grievances of the \no- teftant dilTenters, and to unite all the different protefiant kCts in one intereft, the clergy of the above defcription were doing all they could to counteradl that meritorious defign, both in their colledive and private capacity. This condud: induced the commons to enter into fuch refolutions as were cxpreffive of their difplcafure, and their apprehenfions of the dangerous confequences of promoting any jea- loufy or mifunderllanding among the proteftants, while they teilified at the fame time their zeal for the peculiar honour and intercfl of the effabliihed church '*. On the 15th of June, the parliament was prorogued to the 30th ; and afterwards from time to time, to the iff of July 1707. The decided fuperiority of the whigs in England, together with the prudent attention of adminiftration, checked the progrefs of to- ryifm, and overawed the efforts of its ecclefiaftical champions in Ireland. We hear nothing of the interference of the convocation during the next feffion of parliament, w^hich was opened by the earl of Pembroke, as lord lieutenant ; and both houfcs proceeded without interruption in that courfe of bufmefs, which was fuggefted by their prefent feeUngs, and by motives of public intereft. QJJ E E N ANN E. 281 *» Journals Commons, 2 5th May, i ft June. Tindal, vol. vi. p. 166. The extreme opprcf- fion and miff! y, endured hj the Irilh, cannot be reprefentt.lanci. '^ Journals Commons, 24th Odober. '^ Confequences of the Union w^'lh Scot- laud. London, 1706. glory 1707. Q^U E E N A N N E glory whldi flic had acquired by accompliflnng the iinlon of th.e ^ 5j^_ i*' Britlfli kingdoms, and hinted at a more comprehcjifvc union, which ■ would farther redound to the ftrength and luftrc of her crown '\ ^ Tf it was thcdefirc of the Irifli freeholders to be incorporated wuh Bri- tain, which from the above proceedings we may infer to have been the cafe, it offered the Englifh minifters the moft favourable oppor- tunity for exalting the Britiili empire to its utmofl pitch of power and glory, bv the confolidation of all its members. But the nVi- nifters, fuppofmg the intereft of the proteftant freeholders in Irdand to be I fufhcient pledge for the fupport of the Hanoverian fucceilion, the darling objed of their policy, had not the liberality to grant their fdlow fubjeds thofe benefits, which they confidered as a dedudion from the dignity and profit of the fifler country ; nor had they the forefight to difcern, that, in proportion to the fecurity of her inter- nal government, and the increafe of her opulence, Irdand would naturally lofe a fenfe of her dependence ; call in queRion the fupre- niacy of the Britifh leglflature ; and become adverfe to a meafure, which, had it been adopted at that crifis, mufl have redounded dTen- tially, at this day, to the flrength and profperity of all the united kingdoms. On the 30th of Odober the parliament was prorogued to the 6th of May 1708 '^ rv The lord,, in their addrefs to the queen, lefTenin^ the fees of the <^^f ^ °" ^^^'^^f f "^^ did not refer o the fnbiedl of the union, an act for the amendn.ent of the law, and the % 11 Jli n .ic They thou.rht, per- better execution of juftice ; an a^t empowermg Tmdal vol. n. p. 315- .^ > ^'°"f^;^ ^ :,ft;,,, ,f p.ace to determine difptxtcs betweeu hap. that_ the peers ^' ^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^ters and fer^•ants, and to punifh diforderly bad bargam, and were af aid of expuiencmg ^ effedually prevent- .he fame fate if the umon had been extended to '^^ ^^ ^^ -^ --^--g children t' A fttpply of one hundred and thirty-five againft the confent of parents. }^^^^ thoufand Z^s was granted for one year and particularly, becaufe the perufal^of thon^v^ th Several ufeful acts were palTed this fcffion, confideration. of which thcfc weie the principal. An act for O O 2 3 A ii J ii, HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. >i. • /^/' CHAP. XIII. Effl'cls cf the Union on the Temper of the People in both Kingdoms. — Fir/} Far» Uament if Great Britain. — The ^/een*s Speech. — Inquiry cf the Lords into the State of the Navy — cf both Houfes ivith refpccl to the Management 'f the War id Spain. — Fraitdident Practices of fomc Merchants after the U?}ion, — brought before the Parliament. — Acfs (f the ScottiJJi Parliament repealed. — The Privy Council in Scotland abolifjcd.— Report to the Houfc cf Lords concerning Gregg. — Mc/Jiige of the f^iccn relative to the Inva- fiQn. — Meafures purfued on that Account. — Supplies. — Parliament difohed. — French Prophets. — Campaign 1708. — State cf the Confederacy. — Jcaloufes and Difdgreenioiis fuhfifting among its Alembers. — Circumftwifcs favourable to the Military Exertions of France. — Preparations for invading Scotland.—* A French Fleet fails for the Coafl cf Scotland,— purfued by Sir George Bvug^ -^returns to Dunkirk. —Ghent, &'c. taken by the French. — AFjions cf the Count Chemeraulf, — of the Dukes cf Burgundy and Vendofne. — Battle ofOude- vard'e. — The Lines of l^res and Lys dcjlroycd by the Confdtrates, — zvho raife Contributions in Artois and Picardy. — Progrefs of the French in Dutch Flanders. — Leffingen, 'isfc. taken by the French. — Bruffds invefled by the Eleclor of Bavaria, — Ghent retaken by the Duke of Marlborough. — Campai'^fi en the Upper Rhine, — in Italy, — /// Spain, — i.'i Portugal. — Difputes bet-iL'ce?i the Pope and the Emperor. — Naval Ajfairs. — Death of Prince George cf Dcn?nark. — IFts Charader. ^T^IiE affairs of two nations, hitherto divided and often hoftile to each other, but now incorporated by the conk)lidatI()ii of their leglflature and interefts, form a new epoch in our hiilory. The union, which produced this happy effect, was not at firil feen in the fame favourable liglit by the two contracting parties ; a'.ul was lead approved of by that which was evidently to eni<.y ilie largcft Ihare of its benefits. As foon as the treaty had obtaincil tiie ratification of the Englifh parliament, a iullenncfs and jealoufy began to work on tUc minds of the people in Scotland, as if they had been over-reached and QJJEEN ANNE. and degraded by the treachery of their conilltuents, and the artifices of the court. While the Jacobites and epifcopalians confidered the political coalition of the two kingdoms as the ruin of all their hopes, tlic wlilgs and prefbvterians indulged ominous apprehenfions of its confcquences, with refpedt to their religious cftablilhmcnt, and the independence of the Scottiih nation '. In England, on the other hand, it occafioned general rejoicing; and the duke of Q^ieenfberry, wlio had been threatened and exe- crated by the populace in his own country for his adivity in pro- moting the treaty, was efteemed, by every order of men, as the dif- tln^-uidied benefador of the united kingdoms \ The ofncial arrange- 1«J CHAP. XIII. 1707, ' No vifible effetl immediately followed the union in England ; but in Scotland, new taxes, commercial regulations, and the introduftion of revenue officcrb, who were men of low fta- tion, and from another country, conveyed, at firft, an unfavourable imprtfTion of the treaty. Letter from a Scotch Gentleman in London Lo his Friend, p. l8. Edinburgh, 171 i. The delay of fending the equivalent money afforded the difaffefted a handle for perUiading the people that it never would be paid. In the teginning of Auguft, the money came to Edinburgh in twelve waggons, guarded by a party of dragoons, which, inftead of appeaf- Ing the tumultuar)^ fpivit of the people, gave occafion to new clamourp, as if they had been mfultcd with the ollentatlous parade of corrup- tion. It was now fald, tliat the price of their freedom was too manifeil to be called in quef- tion. The mob followed the waggons v,ith reproaclies and curfes ; and threw Itones at the horfes, and drivers; of whom fome were dan- geroufly woiuidcd. Defoe, p. 5S9. * The lit of May, in obedience to the royal proclamation, was celebrated through Eng- land as a public thankfgiving for the union, but was obferved by many parifhes in Scot- land in the fpirit of religious failing and hu- miliation as if that fatal event had been a mark . f the judgmcut of Divine Providence. ♦' In April, the duke of Queenfberry fet «* out for Loudon with a great equipage : I <- had an invitation from him to attend him to <' London in one of his coaches, which I " accepted of. I can therefore bear teftl- <' monv that he was quite otherwife treated in " England tlian he had been in Scotland. *' Here he had many times been in peril of <* his life from an unruly mob that had been '* inftigated againft the union and its well- " wilhers ; whereas in England he was every '« where carclfed, and received with great ac- '< clamations of joy. At Berwick, Newcaille, '< Durham, and other cities, as he pafTcd, he " \ras waited on and complimented by the " chief mag ftrates. Every where the people " running together teftified their joy on the " happy event, in which he had been fo inflru- " nental. All the Scots in his retinue were «< likcwife treated with the utmoft civilities. '» So tliat all of us had the greateft reafon " inKi'.:inable to expccl fuccefs \a tlie tranfac- " tion we had jull come from iininilng. At " Barnet, Highgate, and other places, within " twenty miles of London, all ihe queen's *' miuillers, all the peers, and commons of " parhament waited upon him in their coaches ; " fo that I am perfuaded there never was fo " great and joyful a concourfe of peoj^le (t^in ** ii'.ice the entry of king James the Sixth of « Scotland on the union of the crowjis." Sir John Clerk's MSS. nicnts. 2 86 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. C H A P XIII. 1707, 6i\i yov. ments, adapted to the new eftibliflimcnt of government in Scotland, were modelled agreeably to his diredion ; and the public bufnicfs there conduaed according to his advice \ lie was afterwcrds made one of the principal fecretarles of itiite, and honoured with an Eiig- liih peerage. The firfl: parliament of Great Britain was opened on the 2 ;d October 1707*. The ufual forms, upon the nict-ting of a new par- liament, were obferved upon tliis occafion : Mr. Smith was agani eleded fpcaker of the houfc of commons, and approved of by the queen. Her majefty cxprefled her fatlsfadion at meeting the rcprefent- atives of her fubjeds from both kingdoms, prepared to render the union anfwerable to their well grounded hopes, to wliich nothing could contribute more, than convincing friends and enemies, that it had not only improved their abilities, but conhrmed their refolutions to carry on the war. The attempt upon Toulon, though it had not produced its defired effecl, was reprefented as fervlceable to the com- mon caufe, and the recent fuccefs in Italy, as compeniliting for the lofTes in Spain. Affairs on the Rhine, flie obferved, were in r fair way of being retrieved by the eledor of Hanover, who had accepted the command of the army there. The various and prcding occafions for fupply were enumerated. She recommended to their immediate confideration thofe matters, which, by the articles of the union, had been referred to the difcufFion of the Britifh parliament ; and pro- mifed that nothing fliould be wanting, on her part, to fecure to her people all the bleflings expedcd from that glorious event. The commons, after excluding feveral members In office, difqua- icihNov. fied by late ads of parliament, unanimoufly voted an addrcfs ot thanks, and promifed their utmofl efforts to promote the feveral ob- ' Clerks MSS. parliament, then cxldinrr, tcj^ctlier with the * By thf twenty-fpcond article of the unJon, fixt; en peers and the reproft-ntativc; of the the queen was tmpowt r^d to declare the En^- commons of Scotland, to be the firfl parliament ii(h peer?, and the coramt^ns of the EngUih of Britain. 14 J<^^1S QJJEEN ANNE. jeds recommended by her majefty. The lords were not equally forward in adopting the ordinary forms of complaifance ; and the queftlon for the addrefs was poftponed to that for confiderlng the flate of the nation with refped to the fleet and trade of Great Britain. Iincouraged by this early Indication of their bad temper, feveral merchants and traders of the city of London prepared a petition, complaining of the great lofles which they had fuftained by-the neg- led or mifcondud of the admiralty, and prefented it to the upper houfe on the day appointed for refuming the queftion on the ftate of the nation. After a long debate, in which the mifmanagemicnt of the fleet was feverely cenfured, not only by the members in oppo- fition, but by fome of the friends of adminift ration ", the refolution was unanimoufly adopted of appointing a committee to inquire into the evidence of the fads contained in the petition of the merchants, and to report to the houfe ^ From the reports of the committee, founded upon the infpcdion of all the papers relative to this bufmefs, and the declarations upon oath of the perfons concerned, it appeared, that the lofles of tlie mer- chants during the war furpaffed example ; that they were owing to the de^ay and infufl^iciency of convoys; the want of cruizers in the channel ; the arbitrary proceedings of the captains of the navy in preflTmg men ; and the mofl: fliameful extortion and fraud charge- able upon the commanders of the convoys '. This report was tranf- mitted to the lord high admiral, and fent back with anfv^^ers, which, inftead of fatisfylng the inquirers, furnlfhed new ground of cenfure, by rcfledin<7 on the mifmanagement of the naval department in the late reign '. The final determination of the lords, however, was not 2S7 C TI A P. XIII. 17C7. 1 2 th Not. 19th, 5 The earl of Wharton and lord Somcrs it was refolvcd, that, bcfidts fhins of war and wcvQ of this number. Tindal, vol. vii. p. 342. convoys, a fufficieiit number of criuV.cra ihould * A committee was alfo appointed for re- be appointed in proper llations. cciving propofals to encourage privateers in ^ Journals Lords, 17th December, p.-iflim. the Wrfl Indies; feveral refolutions for that * Id. 9th January, 17th February 1708. pujpofe were reported by the committee j and anfwerable I« u h r Ob C H A P. XIII. L— — .,.— ..^ 1707. HISrORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. anlwerable to the ardour v.-itli which they enteretl upon this biifmcrs. For the only meaiure \vhich they adopted, was an addrcfs and rc- prekntation to the queen, containuig the reports of the coniniiitce with the lord high admiral's anfwcrs and tlicir rc])hes ". The different intcreRs and attachments of the perfons, who en- tered with equal keennefs into the inquiry, rendered it diflicuk lor them to agree in tliat fpccific crimination, which alone could have produced adequate redrefs for the evils complained of. The prince of Denmark, labouring under bodily indifpofition, and dehclent in the talents and experience requifite for the dlflicult and complicated duties of his appointment, had devolved the buhnefs of the admi- ralty upon a council of liis own nomination, which was entirely under the management of admiral Churchill, the duke of Marlbo- rough's brother. Hence it w^as naturally fufpeded, that the interefts of the navy wxre facrificed to the continental war, fo pectdiarly inte- refling to the general. Some, who approved of the inquirv from the bell motives, were convinced that the fads which it had brought to light did not afford any foundation for cenfuring minillers indifcri- minately ; while the friends of the duke of Marlborough were equally unwilling to admit any conclufion injurious to his reputation, and that political fyftem wdiich he had always fupported '". All were fen- fible of the fmgular delicacy of their fuuation with reipedl to the prince of Denmark ; and how diilicult it was to make a diftindtion between him and his council, or transfer the cenfure from the one to the other. The council had no conftitutional exiitence or authority : it ' Journals Lords, 25th Fcbriiarj'. One thoufand, one hundred and fixty merchant {hips had been taktn in the courfc of the war. The revenue had fuflaintd a lok of one iuin- (drtd and fifty thoufand poundc within tlie fpace of one year, in confequcnce of the capture of Britifh trader?. The French piivatcers had taken many prizes in figlit (^f the Britifh coaft. The exorl itant premiums exacted by thf cap- tains cf Cunvoys, compelled tht ratrchantOKn to fail unprotefted ; while, from the prcfTing their men, without any rej^ard to circuni- (iances, they were fomttimes forced to employ French prifoners, and to pay fuch evoibitant wages as annihilated the profits of their trade. Journals Lords, 17th December; Juurnals Commons, 1 6th February. '° Jcjurnals Lords, pafiim, /Ippendlsf N XXIL XXIIL XXIV. QJLJEEN ANNE. was created by the prince and entirely dependent upon him ; and therefore he alone could be refponfible for the errors oi which it v/as accufed. This confidcration feems to have been the principal caufe of enervating a meafure which fet out wdth fo bold an afpcdl j and a tendernefs fc:r the fovereign, not only prevented any infinuations dif- refpeclful to her confort ; but was the occafion of inferring, in the reprefentation to the queen, a difavow^al of any reficclions upon the conduct of his royal highnefs". The complaints againft the admiralty were likcwife introduced ia the houfe of commons, and the ftate of the nation v>ith refped to the navy confidered ; but owdng to the eaufes already mentioned, which had a more powerful influence there, its proceedings were partial and dilatory ; and the conclufions in which they terminated, flill lefs precife and efiicient '*. An inquiry into the management of the %var occupied a great part of the attention of both houfes ; and, more than any other fub- je£l that occurred in the courfe of this feffion, gave an infight into the tempers and view^s of parties. The Tories contended, that the fyftem of the war, hitherto profecuted by the court of England, con- tradided the very end for which it had avowedly been undertaken. As the primary objed of it was, to veft the Spanifh monarchy in the houfe of Auftria, it ought to have been pufhed with the greateft vigour In a quarter where this objed could have been moft certainly and fpeedily obtained. Recent experience enforced this conclufion, as the a£live bravery of the earl of Peterborough, at the head of a body of troops, inconfiderable and ill equipped, had nearly accom- plifhed, in one campaign, that fuccefs which could never be effected " Tindul, vol. vii. p. 347, &c. Journals captain Ker, who commanded one of the con- Lords, 25th Februarv. voys ; yet neither of the houfes carried their '* Journals Commons, paflim. Although cenfure farther than addrcfling her majcfty not there appeared the fulleft evidence of fraud, to employ him for the future. Journals Lords, extortion, and breach of trufl committed by 7th; Journals Commons 24th February. C \l A P. XIIL Pp by was ^9 o HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. •I * ;1 i)C7, 0, CHAP, by the mod: ipleiidid vldorlcs in Germany, purcliafed at an immenfc ^^^^' profuAon of blood and treafure. The duke of Marlborough and his friends juftified the plan on which the war had been conduded ; and even inlifted upon the ne- ceffity of augmenting the military force of the allies in Flanders. As the French king alone had maintained his grandlbn in the ufurpatioii of the Spanifh throne, it was evident, that the intercll of his rival, kin^ Charles, could obtain a firm and permanent eftabliihment, only by reducing the power of France ; for which purpofe it was necef- fary to carry on an ofTenfive war on its frontiers, and to extend it as opportunity offered, into the interior of that kingdom. The ftrong places in Spain might be fecured by the twentieth part of the force that was requifite for defending the forts in the Netherlands. If the latter were loft, the government of Piolland would be compelled to relinquifh their connexion with the grand alliance, and give way to the fadlion which had reludantly entered into the war. The com- parative lofs of men and expence, incurred in the refpedivc de- partments of the war, had been grofsly miftated ; for, while the tranf- portation of troops into Spain amounted to fourfold the expence of conveying them to the neighbouring continent, a far greater propor- tion of them were rendered unfit for fervice, or periflied inglorioufly in confequence of difeafes occafioned by a tedious voyage, unwhole- fome provifions, and the fultrinefs of the weather peculiarly noxious to the natives of a northern climate '\ When political meafures happen to be Implicated in the caufe of parties, the difcuffion of them is feldom purfued with that difcrimina- tion and impartiality which is due to the public intereft and the cha- rader of individuals. An objed of the higheft national moment was treated as if it had been the petty concern of two rival generals. The " Annals Anne, p. 296. Tiudal, vol. \n. p. 364. Letter to a Tory Member on the Management of the War, p. 24,5. names QUEEN ANNE. 291 names of the earl of Peterborough and lord Gdway were often uUio- ^ H A^P- duced : the exploits of the former were magnified by the Tories ; ^~- and the ill fuccefs of the latter imputed to mifcondua, which was not warranted by any evidence produced '". However different the motives of individuals interefted in thcfc debates on the management of the war, it is fomewhat remarkable that the bufmefs was brought to an iffue, which was confidered by the oppofite fadions as equally fubfervient to their refpedive views. Both houfes agreed in an addrefs to the queen, reprefenting tliat no 23d Dec peace could be fafc or honourable, while Spain and its colonies were under the power of the houfe of Bourbon ; and befeeching her ma- jefty to ufe her influence with the emperor, to fend powerful fuc- cours to his brother. By this addrefs, an obftrudion was thrown in the way of the peace, towards which the king of France had made earneft advances, an effed highly acceptable to the junto ; while the Tories were gratified with the hope of the war's being conduded, in future, agreeably to the plan which they had recommended, both from confiderations of public good, and the profped of fliaking the (lability of the prefent adminiftration. The friends of the earl of Peterborough, during the difcuffion oi the queftion relative to the affairs of Spain, difcovered great folici- tude to obtain a vote of thanks in the houfe of lords for the meri- torious fervice he had performed there ^ The party in power were aware, that the movers of this queftion had other views than thoie" which referred ftmply to the honour of their hero, and that yielding this point would have given too much countenance to thofe fenti- ments, with refped to the management of the war, whlcli were brought forward in every ftage of this debate. As the duke of Marl- .. The dil^ovcnes anHng ^om thl. inquuy nine thcutand men for the ^rvice of the can. accounted for the misfortunes of lord Galway. ficers. ^ /Uthough the parliament had voted tv^•cnty- -'' AnnuiS Anne, p. .^514- Pp 2 boroudi 2C). HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. i"07, i>- p^ C H A P. borou<^h had prevailed in the late ftruggle among the members of the cabinet, his enemies began to defpair of fupplantlng liim by any other means, than either putting an end to the war, or changing the fcenc of aiSlion. Every fiiccefhvc campaign crowned him witli frcHi laurels ; and flrcngthened his prctcnfions to that afcendancy, which he had long held in the councils of the fovereign. A vote of thanks to the earl of Peterborough would have communicated new import- ance to the theatre of his exploits, and given an additional fandion to the propofition on which the tory lords were fo flrenuoufly bent, that the ftrefs of the allied arms ought to be fhifted from Germany and the Netherlands to Spain '^ Not contented with oppofnig the honour clahned in behalf of the carl, the leaders of adminiftration frequently introduced into the de- bates infmuations difrcfpedful to that nobleman ; and endeavoured to give fuch a diredion to the inquiry, as tended to difclofe ex- amples of his indifcretion and infolence in the very fcene where his merits fhone with the moft confpicuous luftre. Cooluefs, mode- ration, and prudence, are virtues which more frequently belong to charaders and talents of an ordinary ftandard, than to thofe which are eccentric and aflonifhing. The intrepidity, the difpatch, the fuccefs of the earl of Peterborough were undeniable, but he was haughty, impetuous, headftrong, and impatient of fubordination ; and often aded in oppofition to the counfels which he could not over-rule. His arrogance difgufted his colleagues, and repeatedly gave ofience to king Charles ; and if the merit of his fervices had not far outweighed his delinquencies, there can be little doubt, that the rigid and ordinary interpretation of military law would have authorized the fevercft cenfures which his enemies wifhed to inflid'^ But, as he had many friends in the houfe and great popularity, it was deemed moft expedient to dcfift from the plan of inftituting any formal inquiry into his condud ; and to leave it with the public, *' Oldmlxon, vol. !j. p. 398. »' Tindal, vol. vii. p. 395. coolly fc't QJJEEN ANNE. coolly to appreciate his merits according to the fads brought to light, without any bias from the interpofition of his peers, either in the way of cenfure or applaufe ' . From the inveftigaiions now recited, it appeared that the great deficiency of the force employed in the Spanifh fcrvice, was owing principally to the failure of the allies, who did not fend their ftipu- lated proportion of troops into that quarter. The commons tlicre- fore repeatedly addrelTcd her majcfty, that fiie would lay before them a (late of the efll^dive men maintained by the king of Spain, and by the king of Portugal. With the former part of this requeft ilie com- plied ; but with refped to the latter, fhe declined to make any ftrid inquiry into the condud of his Portuguefe majefty, as the enemy were now ufmg their utmoft diligence to draw him off from the alliance ". '• - ' r i • i_ In order to form a clear apprehenfion of the meafures which were adopted by the firft Britiih parliament, relative to the trade of Scotland, it is necelfary to mention a tranfadlon which happeno4^ there, in'the interval between the i6th of January, when the treaty obtained the final approbation of the ftates, and the ift of May, ..dien it became obligatory on the fubjeds of both kingdoms. By the fourth article it was ftipulated, that all the fuhjeds of BHtaia fliould enjoy equal freedom of trade in every part of the united king- doms. It was hardly to be expeded, that either the profped of fu- ture advanta-c, or the ftrid point of honour, would reftrain merce- nary adventurers from entering into fpeculations of gain, fuggefted by an ambiguity and referve, unavoidable in regulations which re- ferred to a cafe^entirely new, and which were to be produdive of fuch an eflential change in the commercial interefts of both nations. As foon as the treaty had pafl^ed in the parliament of Scotland, large troops winch he had engaged to furn-'fh at h'n own expence, but of thofc for which he re- ceived a fublidy. Hillorj- of Impeachments, p. 272. Lond. 1711. quantities C IT A P. XIII. 1707, 8. »" Journals Lords, pafum. '9 Letter from Paris^, 7th November 1707. Lamberti, torn. xiv. p. 184. The king of Porlugul not only fell Ihort of the number ot i8ih Dec. 12th Jan. 3d Feb. ■294 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 1707, 8. CHAP, nuantlties of foreign goods were commlfTioned, and foreign flilps freighted to carry them to Scotland, with the defign of tranfporting them into the neighbouring country, after the commencement of the imlon, taking it for granted, that under the protea:ion of the above article, they would be free from the Engliili duties ''. I'he fair traders, who formed the moft opulent and refpedablc clafs of mer- chants in England, gave in a reprefentation to the houfc of commons before the union had yet taken effect, fetting forth the injuries arif- ing from thefe illicit pradiccs, with refped to the public revenue, as.^ well as their own private fortunes. On the ground of this repre- fentation, a bill palled in that houfe to fubjed all tlie goods imported into Scotland, under the circumftances defcribed, to the prohibitions and the duties enaded by the Englilh parliament. This bill, after an impartial and full difcufhon, was rejected by the lords, not on account of any objedion to its principle, or to the fads on which the complaints of the London merchants were founded, but merely from m honourable fcruple with refped to the competency of the Englifh parliament, in its feparate capacity, to explain or determine any queftion, relative to the articles of the union, which had been framed and ratified by the legiflatures of the two refpedivc kingdoms ". Prefuming, from the referve on the part of the lords, that their fpe- culation was likely to fucceed, the proprietors fent their cargoes to London immediately after the commencement of the treaty, with certificates of their having been landed in Scotland before it had taken place ". The cuflom-houfe officers feized both the fliips and the goods, fome of them being contraband by the ftatute which pro- '^ Thefe goods chiofiy coiifiilcd of wines, the union, and fo to obtain the advantage cf brandies, fait, linfced, iron, timber, and deals, the drawback. Defoe, p. 569. Not only the Scotch, but Englilh, Dutch, ^' Journals Commons, 7th; Lords, a4tli French, and Jewiih merchants were concerned April. Defoe, p. 571. in thefe adventures. Defoe, p. 568. *' A fleet of no lefs than forty fail, loadtd The tobacco was fcnt to Scotland in fnch with the commodities abovemcntioned, arrived immenfe quaniitie.s thai it was evident the de- in the Thames, jign was to return it again to England after hibitcd 1707, 8. QJJ E E N ANNE. 29, hibitcd all trade with France ". When this was made known in C hap, Scotland, great dilTatisfadlon was expreffed by every clafs, as if the articles of the union had been violated under the eye of the miniilry; and a petition was prefented to her majefty by the convention of royal burghs, entreating her interpofition, to prevent the great lois and injuffice which the merchants in Scotland would fuftain by the forfeiture of their Oiips and cargoes. Her majefty laid this petition before the privy council, which, after mature deliberation, agreed that the fubjed of it fliould be referred entirely to the decificn of the Brltiffi parliament. In the mean while, that the goods in queftion might fuftain no damage, the owners were permitted to land them on the condition of their agreeing to fubmit their cafe to the fame refpedable arbitration. Some acquiefced in this propofal, but the majority rejeded it, which reduced the officers of the crown to the neceffity of having recourfe to the ordinary forms of law, for keeping a profecution open, that the merchants might be anfwerable for the pay- ment of the duties, if it fliould be found expedient to exad them, after the cafe had been maturely inveftigated by the united legiffature '\ The bufmefs was brought into parliament early in the fefflon by a petition from the owners of the goods to the houfe of commons j ^vhlch being confidered by a grand committee, it was unanimoufty 226 Nor. refolved to addrefs the queen that flie would be pleaied to order her attorney-general, to difcharge the feveral informations exhibited in the court of exchequer relating to goods imported into Scotland before the ift day of May 1707. The rcfohition of the houfe of commons in this bufinefs met with her majefty's hearty appro- bation, and was immediately complied with. An example of fuch lenity and indulgence towards the Scots was a happy prefagc of the kindnefs and liberality to be expeded from their fellow fubjcds, in cyery dubious queftion concerning their interfering interefts. a4tU. «3 Notwithftanding of the war, ScoUand had hitherto carried on a trade with France. »♦ Defoe, p* 57I1 &c. Appendix, p. 626. Thg tgS C H A P. XIII. 1707, 8. iSth Dec. ,') i^ IIlSrORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. The attention of the Brltlfli parliament was next dircclccl to tliofc objeas which related to the political fituation, and internal govern- ment of Scotland. An aa was paOl-d for repealing and declaring the determination of txvo ads paiTcd in tlie parliament of Scotland, namely, the ad of fecurity, and an ad anent peace and war ". l>oih were virtually fupcrfedcd by the union, which communicated to Scotland thofe rights and privileges, which it was the ohjca of theie ads to obtain ; and flill more explicitly by the 25th article of the treaty, which declared, tluit all former laws, in either kingdom, in- conliilent with its terms and conditions, Hiould ceafe and become void ; but a formal and literal abrogation of them was deemed expe- dient, to remove the uneafy apprehenfions, which they had excited in EngUuid **. The reludancc of minifters to abolidi the ScottiQi privy council arofe from a narrow and felhih policy, very unlike that which marked the general tenor of their condud and proceedings refpeding the union. In the records of the privy council of Scotland, after the jundion of the crowns, we meet with more frequent examples of the groii perverfion and abufe of delegated power, than occur, perhaps, in the hiftory of any nation, polTefling a regular and eftablifhed govern- ment. The fundions and proceedings of the ordinary judicatories were often fufpended ; and their decifions overawed and controlled, by the indefinite prerogatives of a tribunal, which was a ftanding engine of regal, and ariftocratic opprefTion. Its unlimited continu- ation, or the application of its authority to any arbitrary purpofc, were ideas which certainly never entered into the minds of the pre- fent minifters ; but fpecious grounds of policy, and motives of party « By the aa nnent peace and war, (i6th ing war Nrlih nny prince, d:c. without confent Septemher .703,) It wa. ckclare.], that aft.r of j armament ; and that no d clarat.on w>t v- hef r..ajeay's acceafc. and failing heirs of her oat fuch confcat, lh.U be buidmg uu the iub- body,nopcrfun,lKingkingorqu<-eaotScot. jea» of Scotland Sand or England, (hall have the power of mak- frndal, vuL vu. p. 356. J. iiUcrefl, II QJLTEEN ANNE. intercft, rendered them anxious to prolong the cxillcnce of a court, which was capable of ading with greater promptitude and vigour, than could be expeded from the new magiftrate.^, who were to iup- ply its place, under fuch reilridions and refponfibility as were con- genial to the lenient fpirit of the Engliih conftitution ". Tlie dif- tance of Scotland from the feat of government, the continuance of the war, the recent detedion of confpiracies, and the turbulent fpirit of the Scots, which was ready to make the lalutary innovations attending the union a pretext for infurredion, required a deputation of power more ample and free, and in criminal matters a procedure more prompt and vigorous than was necelTary in the neighbouring kingdom, where the people had been long inured to habits of order and"" civilization, and were more immcdiatdy under the control of the fupreme magiftrate. Thefc arguments, however fpecious, were treated with lefs refpcd, becaufc the perfons who laid fo great a flrefs upon them, were not unmoved by perfonal confiderations ; and wiflied to retain the Scot- tifh privy council, as the moll effedual inftrument for fupporting their own political influence in that country ; and particularly for moddling the eledions which were to take place at the rife of the prefent feffion of parliament^''. The motives wliich induced feveral of the Scottifh nobility to oppofe the abolition of the privy council, were neither fo ambiguous, nor fo plaufiblc and decent, as thofe which were afcribed to the Englifh members v.-ho voted upon the fame fide. Although m.oft of the families of diilindion in Scotland had, in their turns, fmarted under its defpotic arm, yet they were unwilling to fubmit to that encroachment upon their own hereditary jurlfdidion:^ which was to follow upon the extindion of this branch of executive government "\ Lord Somers exerted himfelf with un- common ardour and diligence in promoting a meafure fo eflential to the liberty of Scotland ; and as he had been principally ufeful in aJ- *7 Earl of Loudouu'5 Letter to Carftarcs, '' Life of Argylc, p. 155. 30th December 1708. '' Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 135, 6, 9. QLq vifmg 197 XIII. X707,8. ^i k A ;^_A^.» C9^ HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. I'JO-Jy 6. Ilth Dec. w CHAP. ^,inng and direding all the previous fteps of tlic treaty of union, to ^^"' his perl'evering and confiilcnt patriotifm, pofterlty aands indebted for the fpeedy diflblution of a tyrannical jmifdidion, which might long have intercepted the moll fubllanlial benefits of that meiitorious tranfadion '\ The bill ior rendering the union more complete, by fu])ieaing the afiairs oi^ both nations to one privy council, after having padcd in the houfe of commons, was carried in tlie houfj of lords only by a majority of hve votes ". ^ ^^^^^ 3^ Minutes of Lord Somers's Speech. Hardwick's Colleeuon, vol, n. p. 473- 3' Journals Commons, 6ili ; Lords, 25t]i February. By thb aft the ScoLtifa privy councd xvas to terminate on the lit of May 1708. The powers of julllces of peace were made the fame thioughout the whole united kingdom ; and, for tlie better admlnlllration of juilicc, the lords of juftltiary were appointed to make circuits twice in the year; the writs of tlie elcftion of members were to be direfted to the Sheriffs of the counties, and the returns to be made in like manner as in England. Afts were hkewife piificd this fcHTion for regi'.lating the elections of the peers, for clla- UKhingacourtofexchequcr in Scotland, and fur further dircfting the payment of the equivalent. A proteft was entered in the houfe of lords ao-ain{l the hill for rendering the union more complete. The firft rcafon referred, merely, to the difordcr that would arife from the pre- mature difTolutlon of the privy council ; but the fecond, to the new powers conferred upon the julUces of peace, as encroaching upon the twentieth article of tlie union, which provided, that all heritable jurifdiftions (hould be re- fcrved for the owners thereof as enjoyed by the laws of Scotland. The juitlces of peace, agreeably to the laws of Scotland before the union, were appomted by the privy council ; and their powers were confiderably enlarged by the 12th and 38th zas of the Scottlfli parliament, in the time of Cliarks the Second. Having been found too much fubfer^icnt to the arbitrary dictates of their couftituent?, they were laid afide at the revolution ; and confequently the adminiilra- tion of petty juilicc remained with the hcredi- tarv mar'iftratcs, flieriffs, llewarts, and the proprietors of great eftatts, accorduig to the riehts and ufsges of their liiperioritica. De- foe, p. 593, &:c. As there can be no doubt of the expediency of reviving the inib'tution of jiiftlces of peace, fo the eitential alteration which had taken place in the political condition of Scotland flnit up the fource, from w^hich the corruption and mal-adminiltration of tiiis defcription of magillrates were originally derived. The privv council exiiled no more : it was neceffary therefore, that thev, as will as the juftices in England, (liould receive their commiflions from the lord chancellor. The alterations introduced into Scotland, with refpeCt to the exciie, cultoms, and com- mercial laws, gave rife to a new fpecies of civil crimes, of which it was neceflary that the new iulllces fhould be empowered to take cogni- zance. If according to thr model of Eng- land, the powers of the Scottifh julllces were farther enlarged, it was fo evidently fubfervi- cnt to public order and pe?.cr, that none but fuch as were iuiluenccd by felhai motives could objeft to it, upon the fcore of its deviating fiom a riir'd and literal adherence to the twentieth article of t^ie union; and even this objeftion was in a great m.tafure obviatt-d by a claufe in the ac'l, "that, in the fclTions of *♦ the peace, the metht)ds of trials and judg- " ments (Irall be according to the lawb and^ " culloms of Scotland." Suttites at Large, vok iv. chap. vi. 1707. The novelty of the iuflitutioi:, the jcaloufy of Q^U E E N AN N E. A bill pafled in both houfes for fetding the militia in Scodand. Bclidcs the advantages to Scotland exprefsly ftipnlated by the treaty of union, it was exp(^a2d that other public improvements and bene- fits would afterwards be promoted in that eountry by the united Icgillature. A militia had been always reckoned, by the Scottifh patriots, as an effential fecurity for their liberty and independence ; and as their army was now modelled according to the plan of that of England, fo it was taken for granted that a militia was to be efta- blifhcd in Scodand upon the fame footing in both kingdoms. But while the bill was depending, the attempt of tlie pretender to invade Scotland, excited a general fufpicion that it would be unfafe to truil the people in that country with arms, and prevented the bill bemg prelcnted for the royal aflent. A committee of the lords was appointed to examine Gregg, con- vided of high treafon, and other fufpeded perfons who had been employed by Mr. Harley for procuring intelligence from France. Although no evidence appeared upon the face of thefe examinations, tending to the crimination of the fecretary, yet the report of the houfe was worded in fuch a manner as to impute blame to him, by infmuating that his indolence and careleffnefs had been the caule ot betraying the fecrets of government. A melTage was fent by the queen to both houlcs, informing them of preparations carrying on at Dunkirk, for an immediate invaiion of England by the French and the pretender, which was anfwered by a ioint addrefo from the lords and commons, expreffing their fer- vent loyalty, and wiliingnefs to concur in every meafare for ddcnd- log CHAP. XIII. 1707>S. P 2Sih Ian, iSth March. 41 a. 5th. of the hereditary magiftrates, and the perfons firft appointed to the offices of juftices, being ignorant of the laws of England, which ^vere now in many cafes to regulate their decifions, prevented them, lor a long time after the union, from difcharging their duty with the diligence, independence, and energy, which was neceffary to render their office as ufeful as wa^ intended f ithcr to the fovereigu or their fellow citizens. " Tlie juftices of peace, who were by the '< above aft to have fupplied the place of the *« privy council of Scotland, neither under- '* ftood their duty, nor were billing to exe- *' cute their oftices as was expeded. They " Were in a good meafare ftrangcrs to the «' iav.s by which they were chiefly to aft; " and in fom.e fhircs of Scotland, they feldom " or never n-.ct." Sir John Clerk's MSS. iug 3 CO HIbTORY OV GREAT BRITAIN. QJJ E E N ANN E. 301 CHAP. XIII. 170J, 8. Mi*'. inp- licr maicfty'b title and perfon. The habeas corpus was fiif- peiided ; a proclamation was iilued for apprehending the pretender and his adherents ; for taking proper Heps to guard againft thic dan- gers arifmg from popiOi rccufants ; and becaufe fome of tlie high- land chieftains lay under the imputation of difafiedtion, a bill was brought into the houfe of commons to diicharge the clans from their vaiTalage ; and orders were lent to the earl of Lcven, com- mander of the forces in Scotland, to apprehend all fulpeckd peribns. The alarm, occafioned by thele meafures, was but of fhort duration ; and within the fpace of a few days, the parliament had occafion ta prcfent thanks to the lord high admiral for his difpatch in fending out a fleet which prevented the intended invafion. The houfe of lords teftiiied their relpea for the memory of king 29th March. WiUiam, by addreihng her majefly to appoint commiffioncrs to make out a ftatement of his peribnal debts, that proper meafures might be adopted for difcharging them. Her majelly returned a favourable anfwer, but it does not appear that any efFedual progrefs was made in a bufniefs in which the honour of the nation was fo deeply con- cerned. The commons, by various meafures, during the courfe of this fcfTion, difcovered a zeal for advancing the commercial intereft of the nation. They addreOcd her majefly to ufe her entreaties with the emperor to obtain the repeal of a prohibition which he had un- gratefully impofed upon the importation of Britiih woollen manu- fa£lures into his dominions in Stiria. They brought in a bill to prevent the continuance of collufive pradices with refped to bring- ing French wines into the ports of England, under the pretext of their being prize goods, to the injury of the Portuguefe trade, fo be- neficial to the nation '\ Proper regulations were adopted for pre- venting frauds in the manufadure and fale of woollen cloth, and for the encouragement of its exportation; and a new ad was pafled 2Ct}l, 23d i9*KNov. i^ih Dec. J* Tills bill was not cirrlcd through before ihc end of the fcflion. C H A P. Xill. 1707, s. iSth March. for fecuring the trade of the American colonies ". The houfe of commons gave another inflance of their indulgence to the prejudices of the Scottifli nation, by recognifmg the merits of Mr. Paterfon, the original projedor of the Darien company. They rcfolved, that he was entided to payment for all the fums due to him by the pro- prietors ; and alfo to a recompence fuitable to Ids public fervices ; and the committee, appointed for direding the payment of the equi- valent monev, was empowered to receive a claufc for that purpofe. The commons feem rather to have difplayed an officious zeal for orthodoxy, by expelling Mr. Afgil, one of their members, becaufe he had publifhed opinions contrar^^ to thofe v,diich were generally re- ceived bv the chriftian church : and the book which contained them was ordered to be burnt by the hands of the common hangman ^\ iSth Dec. All the fupplies demanded for the public fervice were cheerfully granted, and amounted to the fum of fix millions, twenty-one thou- fand, nine hundred and tv.^enty-fix pounds, fix fldlllngs, and a penny; of which fum, one million and two hundred thouland pounds was advanced by the united Eaft India company, upon pafling an ad to renew their charter for fourteen years. This lefTion was clofcd on the ill: of April, and the parliament dilTolved upon the r^th. Its proceedings, upon an impartial review, appear to be entitled to a high degree of praife. No parliament, during this reign, maintained greater moderation and unity in the dilcuffion of various bufinefs of the higheft national importance ; and, to the gencrofity and difpatch of the commons, in granting the fnpplies, the fubfe- quent fuccefs of the Britifh arms is in a great meafure to be imputed; ^' Statutes ul Larg-e, vol. iv. 1707- time lying in the Fleet prifon for rkbt, and had '* Tiie proporitiou afTerted by Mr. Afgil petitioned the houfe to be relieved on the fcore was, that, according to the covenant revealed of privilege. It was probably with the view in the fcriptures, man may be trandatcd into of getting vid of this petition, and the diiclaim- eternal life without pafTing through death. As ing connexion with a perfou, whofe embar- this propofition could not be produaivc of bad raffments had brought him under reproach, influence upon pradice, fo it was defended more than from any motive of religious zeal, with great ingenuity, and every mark of fin- that the houfe infliaed fuch a fevere feutence. cerity by the author. Mr. Af^il was at this Bic^graphia Batannica,' article Afgil for ncr 302 !.; ^ C H A P. XII J. 1707, 3. Pictcnfions of the French prophets. HISTORY OF GREAT DRfTAIN. nor oiic;1it we to overlook tlic (liii<^cncc with w!;icli botii houics inquired into abiifes and milcarriages injurious to the public, thougli it niuil: be acknowledged, that their final determinations fell ihort of that preciiion and energy which v.-ould liave been neceilarv tor over- awing delincjucnts, and preventing the repetition of bniruir oflcnces. But, what above all recommends this parliament to the gratitude of poilerity is the memorable tranfadion of the union, which never could have been accompliihed without a laborious nnd palienl in- veRIgation of facls, and the moil comprehenfive views of tlie poli- tical interells of Britain. About the end of the year 1706, fever^l Frrncli proteilants, from the country of the Cevenncs, arrived in England. Ihey were gene- rally treated with tendernefs and indulgence ac, fuflerers for conlciencc fake, till the extravagant pretenfions and frantic behaviour ol' fome of their leaders difturbed the public peace, and at length required the interference of the civil magillrate. Elias Marion was the prin- cipal ador in this ftrange fcene of enthufiafm or imp;)llure ; f r it is difficult to decide, whether he was the dupe of his own delirious imagination, or only ading a part in order to gratify a fpurious am- bition by rendering himfelf the objedl: of popuhu" admiration. He pretended to be the infpired meflenger of heaven, and to have re- ceived authority to denounce judgments, and foretell future events. John Cavalier and Durand I'age, only put in their claim as fubordi- nate inftruments in Marion's commiflion ; and co-operared in atteil- ing his authority, and propagatihg the dodrines revealed to him by the Spirit of God. Although the topics infilled upon by thele felf- commiihoned prophets were frivolous or unintelligible ; their ex- preffions coufuied, abrupt, and incoherent ; and the attitudes and motions with which they were accompanied, wild and eccentric '' ; but, " Nothing could be more ludicrous and fuddcnly proAiate on the ground as If they fantaftical than the attitudes and exprcfTions had been thrown down by external force ; •f ihefe prettadtd prophets. Thty often fell and contiuutd ir.clionlefs, and apparently dead iOT I QJJEEN ANNE. but, at the fame time, fuch as might have been acquired by artifice and habit ; yet they met with wonderful fuccefs in colleding a mul- titude of followers of low rank, and even in making a few profelytes refpedabie for Ration and charader. The miniflers and elders of the French chapel in the Savoy began to be uneafy on account of thefe Irregularities, left they fhould bring reproach upnn their own congregation, and give authority to preju- dices, unfavourable to the proteftant refugees, which lome of the eftabliilied church difcovered a ftrong inclination to foment. The leadin"- members of that congregation applied to the bilhop of Lon- don, as their ecclefiaftical fuperior, that they might be enabled to take effedual meafures for fupprelhng an impofture, fo injurious to their own particular credit, and the intereft of the reformed religion in general. Having received powers for this purpofe, they fummoned the three perfons already named, to appear befoi-e them, and give an account of their pretenfions Elias Marion only appeared, and with a fullen obftinacy maintained his claim to divine illumination. The commifhoners condemned his pretenfions as blafphemous and dangerous ; and ordained their fentence to be entered in their re- -3 C HAP. XIII. 1707, 8. 2d January 1707. for a confiderable time. The firft fymptoms of their returning to life were indicated by licavy fighs and groans, \NhIch were foon followed by vociferation and loud {lirleks : broken fentences were then dropt, after ftiort intervals, in itrange and unnatural founds, wliile the pcrfuns ihemfelves feemed to have no more apprehenfion or confcloufnels of what they uttered than inanimate macliUiCS. Upon other oceafions, they appeared to be violently and rtluaantly conllraincd, to announce the dictates of the Spint, contrary to their own inclinations ; and, in that cafe, their diiVourfes Avcre delivered with varied modulations of voice, as if diiferent peifons had been fpcakeis ; the Spirit all the v>hile commanding and threaieuing ; the agents, coniradlcting and ftttmg him at defiance, till at length, ex- haulled in body and mind, the latter, in feeble accents, furrendered themfelves implicitly to the counfels of omnipotent wifdom, proftfii^.g their deep affliction and penitence for having, vainly and impionfly entered into fuch an un- equal contcll. Not orily the original founders of the prophc^ic feft, but feveral of their dif- clpics, of both fcxes, and even chddren, be- came principal actors in thefe enthufiallic freaks. See t' o cafe of Samuel Kalmer, London, 1718. Cunningham, vol. ii, p. 81. To fuch extreme au or.c Kaimcr, p. u, charge, QJJEEN ANNE. charge, which certainly can derive no credit from internal evidence, as it is not eafy to conceive means more unfit for the end propofed, than thefe which w^re now adopted, or a more unaccountable and difcordant affociation, tlian that w^hich was fuppofed between the difguifed Intentions and the palpable offences of thefe wretched and contemptible fanatics ^^ The events of the campaign 1707 equally difappointed the fears of France, and the hopes of the allies. That after fo many defeats, fuch immenfe lofs of men, and the embarraffment of her finances, the balance of fuccefs fliould have inclined to France ; and that flie flionld ftill be able to meet her combined opponents, almofi in every quarter, witli an augmented and fuperior force, are fads of fo ex- traordinary a nature, that they ouglit not to be paffed over wdlhour attending to the caufes from which they arofe. All political affociations, compofed of ftatcs whofe forms of go- vernment are diffimilar, and whofe interefts fometlmes interfere, and often run counter -to each other, neccffarily contain latent caufes cf imbecility and diflblution. Although their peculiar prejudices may be fuppreffed, and the profccution of tlieir feparate advantages fuf- pended, under the recent impulfe of fympathetic alarm or refent- mcnt, yet the ftrength of thefe feelings afterwards decline from the familiarity of the objects which firft excited them ; and the native fentiments and habits of the feveral united parties gradually refume their wonted fvvay. In the courie of deliberations, and in the very fcene of action, competitions and rivalfhips fiart up, whicli roufe the pride and animofity of the citizen to the prejudice of tlie general and allied interelf. The precarious fortune of war, a defeat or a vidory, operates unequally, with refped to the interefts of the va- rious confederate powers ; and iuggefts peculiar fears and hopes, which were not foreleen or attended to at the formation of their union. Plans of appropriate advantage are clandcfiinely rficrifhcd 3^i C H A P. XIII. 1707, ^. '• ShaU(bury's Effay on EnthuCafiiu R r ^md Cain]»aiija 1708. .>o6 C ! I A HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. ^'- and piirfned ; open dilcords and jcaloiifics perplex their councils, and enervate their joint efforts againil the common enemies, whofe power and reiburces are often regenerated by the very extremity of diftrels to wliich they have been reduced. I'hefe obfervations are founded upon tads, whicli enter into the period immediately under our review. Various incidents, during the tv/o preceding campaigns, liad dif- clofed the interefted views of iome members of the confederacy, and expofed their fmothered jealoulies of each other. The feliiihncfs and infolence of tfic emperor, though he had the greatell flake in the war, became highly offenfive to all the reft of the allies. By confenting to the evacuation of the Milanefc, and profecuting his defi^n ae;ainft Naples, he had difappointed the exertions of the alUed powers m Provence, and in Spain. He difcovered the utmoft un- wilfnignefs in contributing to tlie aggrandizement of his brother, when it trenched upon his own autliority • and it was only, after long delay and repeated fubterfuges, that he yielded to the entreaties of the German ftates, by transferring to him the duchy of Milan '■. Nor did it require Icfs addrefs anvl importunity from the queen cf Eno-land and the Hates of Holland, to prevail upon him to perform his father's l\ipulations to the duke of Savoy, by ceding to him Va- lencia and Alexandria, with their dependent territories, the very nbjed which had allured that prince to renounce his connexion with the French king''. Threatened with the difniembermcnt of his native dominions by the Hungarian infurgents, Jofeph difplayed at once tlic imprudence of his policy, and the intemperance of his an\bition, by reviving obfoiete and dubious claims of fovereignty over many fiefs in haly, whofe proprietors were unable to produce authentic titles ct the '^ranrs made to their anceftors, from whom they had delcendcd throu;4\ many intervening generations. This barefaced and ill- 39 Letter of Manclicfter to Sundeilai.d, *" Meadows' Lttrer to I^oylc, Vienna, 29th 13th January 170S. Letter of Cardoncl to April 1708, Sunderland, '2d Oaober 1707. ' . timed QJJ E E N ANNE. timed ufurpation affected fome of the moll populous dates; and ^ though they were not in a condition to refift by any other weapons than thole of argument and remonilrancc, it exafperated their fpirits againft their opprcifor, and rendered them fecretly difaffeded to the confederacy with which he was united *'. The circles of Germany not only availed thcmfelves of every pre- text for withholding or reftricfing their contributions to the war, but complained of the emperor's having failed in aPfording them the proteAion h.e had promifed ; and became fufpeded of a flrong in- clination to accept of the neutrality, fo often urged by the French ing . Wliile England was made the dupe of her allies, by augmenting her military force ; and lavifliing fubfidies among them with unex- ampled profufion ; il-ie did not efcape the reproach of fnatching, clandeftinely, at unfair advantages for herfelf The jealoufy of the united ftates in particular was excited by the difcovery of a com- mercial treaty, highly favourable to the trade of England, to which Mr. Stanhope had fecredy procured the confent of king Charles, in the extremity of his affairs during the preceding campaign "'. The heavy exadions impofed upon the towns of the Spanifli Netherlands by the rapacious delegates of the allies, contrafted with the mild government of the eledor of Bavaria, who had prefided there after the peace of Ryfwick, difpofed them to liften, with a fa- vourable ear, to his inftigations for revolting againft their prefent mafters, as foon as it could be attempted with any profped of fuccefs *\ *' Barre, torn. X. p. 539. " of Spain. Ti'ndal, vol. vIL p. 233, note. *- Id. p. 524. '*"^ Berwick, vol. ii. p. i. Lediard, vol. ii, *^ By this ireaty, it was agreed, that the p. 17. The elector was magniiicent, a great fiibjcfts of Great Britain fliould poifefs the admirer of the ladie?, and a bigot to the ca- fame privileges of a free trade to tlie Spanifli tholic religion ; which engaged the affedlions Indies as the fubjcds of Spain ; and that the of all ranks. Hillory of the Campaign 1708. French (hould be entirely excluded from all Lond. 1709. kind of trade withiu the dominions of the king R r 2 Tlic HAP. XIIL 1708. 3o8 vH Mr. Palmer, reH- dent at Berlin, to Mr. Secretary Bo) le. Ab- llracft of Mr. Palmer's Letters from Berlin to ?4r. Secretary Boyle. MSS. 55 ViUars, torn. iii. p. 119. Forbin. mouth ^1 1 . I C II A P. XIII. 1 70S. 24th March. 7 th ApvH. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. mouth of tlie Frith or' Forth, which the commander intendctl to enter and to land the troops at Dunbar or Lcith ; but be'mg informed of tlie near approach of fir George Byng, with :, ilcct far fuperior to his own, he {leered along the north coail of ScctLand. Sir George purfued and took tlie SaUaniry, an Fnglilli prize in the Frcueli fer- vice ; and hnding it impoflihic to come up witli the reft, he re- turned, :\m\ h\y at anchor in the road of Lcith, Cu] he received in- telhgenee of Forbin's having got hack to Dunkirk '". The effecU of this abortive expedition evince, that the expeaa- tions founded upon it were far from being vifionary and prefump- tuous ; and that, if it had been conchided with wifdom,and fuftained by an'adequate force, it might have proved extremely injurious to England and her allies. The court was appaUed, and a panic and conl'ufion fpread over all the kingdom. The reinforcements, deilined for Spain, w^erc countermanded ; feveral regiments were ordered to march with tlie utmoft difpatcli into Scotland ; the Englifh troops in the Netherlands were direded to be in readinefs to embark at Oilend for England ; and an unprecedented run upon the bank alarmed the exchequer, and difturbed the foreign remittances '\ The allies had obtained certain information of the French king^ intention to pufti the war with the greateft vigour in the Nether- lands ; and that the invafion of Scotland had been projcded with a view to draw off the Fnglidi forces from that quarter, lliough that expedition had failed, the hopes of Lewis were ftill upheld by the fuperiority of his army, and by his conhdence in the luccefs of his intrigues, carried on for recovering the towns in the Spanifli QJJEEN ANNE. 3^3 5+ Lockhavt, 369. Letters of Berni'ere. Hooke, p. 137- Quincy, torn. v. p. 479. 482. Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. p. 186. Letter of De Gace to M. Chamillard. Sir George's fleet conniled of forty fliips of tlic line befidts frigates. 55 Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 154- Hooke, p 218. Sir Jol.r. Clerk, who was in London at this time, fajs, "that the confternation *' was very great, and the reafon of it was, *' the great men were jt'ah)us of one another ; " for nohody imagined that the pretender *' would venture over, merely for ihc encou- *' ragemcnt he had in Scotland." Sir J. Clerk's MSS.. The French endeavoured to keep alive this panic, by giving out, that Forbin was again to invade Scotland. Day- role's Letters to Mr. Boyle, pafiim. MSS. Nethcr- 170ft. I2lh April. Netherlands, which had been fubducd by the confederates. It was ^ HA p. ' . -^ . XIII. therefore determined, at a private confultation held at Treves, be- tween the duke of Marlborough, the deputies of the States, and prince Eugene, that the principal operations of the allies fliould be directed, in the moft effed:ual manner, for counterading the plans and diflippointing the expedations of Lewns ; and that the combined army, in the Netherlands, fhould be augmented by as many of tlie Imperialifts as could be fpared from the fervice on the Upper Rhine, by all the HefTians and Saxons in the pay of Britain, and the troops of the eledtor palatine '^ As this plan, how^ever wifely concerted, tended to diminiili the emperor*s army on the Upper Rhine, and to expofe his frontiers, it was forefeen that objedlions would be made to it both by him and the eledtor of Hanover, whofe reputation, as a general, depended upon the force under his command. But thefe w^ere happily fur- mounted by the Interpofition of the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene. The former waited upon the eledor, and the latter vifited the court of Vienna ; and, by addrefs and arguments, prevailed upon both to acquiefce in their fcheme of the war as moil conducive to the united interefts of the allies ", The duke of Marlborough, on his return from Hanover, repaired to the camp at Billinghen, which he appointed for the rendezvous of the troops. Though it had been fecretly agreed, that prince Eu- a6th May. gene was to join the duke with a large reinforcement, yet it was given out that the former was to ad with a feparate army on the Mofelle, which obliged the duke of Berwick to remain there with a confiderable force *\ The duke of Vendofme, having afTcmbled the French and Spanifh troops at Mons, advanced to Soignies, within a -^ Lcdiard, vol. ii. p. 10. The elcftor en- to this plan, on account of his fon's commen- gaged to employ all his troops in the fervice cing his military career under the aufpices of of the confederates, upon the condition of the fuch an illulln'ous patron and example as the emperor's invciling him with the palatinate, of duke cf Marlborough. Hanoverian Papers, * whicli he had deprived the cleftor of Bavaria. 1708. " Dayrole's Lettus to Mr. Boyle, 17th, '« Military Hiflory of Prince Eugene, 24.th April, I ft May, MSS. The eleclor of p. 339. Lcdiard, vol. if, p. 14. Hanover would be the more eafily reconciled Sf few 1 i' 3^4 CHAP. XIII. I yOB. 5t.l1 J'^b'- HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. few leagues of the confederate army, and was joined by the duke of Burgundy, appointed to the chief command ''. The two armies continued for fcveral weeks in a ftate of inadion, fometimes ihlfting their camps, and often approaching fo near as to induce the duke of Marlborough to cxpcil an engagement, which however w^as artfully avoided by the French. On the 5th of July, a finall party of the French troops got pof- felhon of the town of Ghent, by a (Iratagem which probably never would have been attempted, had not they been encouraged by the previous alTurance of a fivourablc reception from the inhabitants. Half a dozen of foldicrs, pretending to have defertcd from the French camp, were admitted into the town by the citizens, whofe turn it was to be upon guard ; more followed upon the fame pre- text, and at length the brigadier, who had formerly been a magi- ftrate in the place, entered with a fmall body of troops, and, by mere threats overawing all refiftance, took poffeffion of the town in the name of king Philip '". The governor of the caftle alfo furrendered it upon terms of capitulation. The fame detachment next pro- ceeded to Bruges, where the gates were thrown open to them ; and fort Plaffendal, on the canal leading from that town to Oftend, was taken by affault *". The duke of Marlborough, fufpeding the enemy's intentions, had fent out a detachment to cover Ghent ; but the rapidity of their conquefts outran and frullrated any defenfive interpofition. This fuccefs of the French opened the near profped of their becoming mafters of Dutch Flanders ; and they commenced a predatory war in the adjacent dillrias''. While the duke of Vendofme was profecnting thefe conquefts, the count Chemerault was occupied in breaking down the bridges over the Dender and the Schelde, and had reached Oudenardc, the only Life of Ar- »9 Qumcy, torn. v. p. 4^0. ^ *° St. Simon, torn. vii. p. 35B. gyl^'» P- 5^' •• History of the Campaiga lycB, p. 65. remaining QJT E E N ANNE. 3ii CHAP. I 1708. remahihig paflage over the laft. The capture of this city muft have cut off the communication of the allies wnth Mcnin and Courtray, and fecured to the French the whole country lying between the Schelde and the Lys '^\ An event, fo threatening to the confede- rates, was prevented by monfieur de Chanclos throwing himfelf Into the town with a reinforcement of troops ; and by the confede- rate army advancing with uncommon difpatch to Herfelingen, and getting poffeffion of the camp of Leffmes, which the French in- 19th July, tended to occupy for covering the fiege of Oudenarde '*. Warm difputes now took place between the French generals, with refpecl to the plan to be adopted in confequence of this difappointment, and produced fluduation and animofity, which overturned all their early fuccefs, and afforded an illuftrious triumph to the confederate armv. The duke of Vendofme was of opinion that the moft important objed was to prevent the confederates from paffmg the Dender • and the duke of Burgundy thought it more expedient to retreat to Ghent''. The French had paffed the Dender with the intention, as it fhould feem, of carrying into execution the firfl propofal ; but this belnr ftill oppofed by the duke of Burgundy, feconded by the ma- jority of commanders, who proftituted their fentiments to flatter the vanity of a young general of royal blood, orders were fuddenly iffued for the army to pafs the Schelde, and make good their retreat to Ghent ''. By this lofs of time on the part of the French, and uncommon expedition on that of the confederates, tlie latter wxre enabled to pafs •^ Quincy, tom. v, p. 493. vii. p. 312. 346. _^* Hillory of the Campaign, p. 9. Le- '* Letter to Horace Walpolc, 12th July diard, vol. ii. p. 22. Oudenarde, the metro- 1708, MSS. The accounts of the different polis of the diftric^ of that name, is fn the earl- hillorians, relative to this affair, are fomewhat dom of Flanders, and f.tuated upon the Schelde, obfcure ; and what I have faid is rather matter thirteen miles fouth cf Ghent, and thirteen of conjcfture, than plainly warranted by any N. W. of Aith; thirty-lix weit of Bruilcls, of them. Compare Quincv, tom. v. p.'494. and thirty.feven north of Muns. Ufc of Eugene, p. 90. Lediatd, vol. ii. p. 25. 5 Qumcy, tom. v. p. 494. Id. Military Hilknre de Louis, lorn. vi. p. 188. ilidory of Eugene, p. 50, St. .Simon, tom. S{ 2 the lO HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. lyoiji. C H A P. the Schelde witli lirtle obftriiclloii, and to c^et between the French XIII *^ army and their lines, which run from Lille to Toiirnay ^''. In con- iequencc of this pofition of the aUies, an engagement was no k)nger a matter of choice to the enemy, whofe fuperiority of numbers in- fpired them with the hopes of fucccls, but the fame jealoufy between the generals, which induced the neceihty of their engaging, Hill con- founded their plans, with refpea to the difpofition of the troops ; jnhjuly. and difconcerted them in the moment of adion. The French began the attack, and then withdrew from it. The generals alternately duvarted the orders of one another after its commencement; and, from thefe circumllances, the allies, though they experienced various fortune in the courfe of the engagement, derived a decifive advan- tac;e • and the evening coming on completely eftabliihed their tri- umph, by the multitude of prifoners which fell into their hands ^'. Prince Eugene, with a detachment from the army of the Rhine, had previoufly joined the duke of Marlborough at Lefhncs, and Ihared in the glory of this vidory. The eledoral prince of Ilanover, and the chevalier de St. George, fought with great valour on oppofite fides at the battle of Oudenarde ; and, in the decifion of that event, they experienced a prefage of the ifTue of a perfonal competition far more important, which was to continue during their lives"'. After *' Hiflory of the Campaign, p. 9. Qn'm- cy, torn. V. p. 495. The French army con- riikd of one hundred and twenty-four batta- lions, 2nd one hundred and ninety-feven fqua- drons; that of the confederates, of one hun- dred and twelve battalions, and one hundred and eighty fquadrons. Lediard, voL ii. p. 25. The author of the Life of Eugene fays, that the latter was not inferior to the former ; and that, though it did not confifl of as many bat- talions, it h.ad full as many men. Military IliP.cny of Eugene, p. 92. '* Id. Torcy, vol. i. p. 114. Lcdiutd, Tol. ii. p- 25. I'he battle of Oudenarde was fo iircgtilar, an^iincy, torn. v. p. 520. Amon^ many and above all, valuable as the kev to France bnive exploits performed by the beiicgers, ttut on that fide. Prince Euj^ene had fifty batta- of ^^eneral Webb deferves to be particularly lions, and the duke of Marlborough fixty-five diiiiuguifhtd. Wilh a detachment of the al- thuufaiid men under his command. lies, coufiiling of not more than lix ihoufaud men, CHAP. XIII. I2th Oc\. 1 7 Co. 23d Nov. lation after a fiege of three months, and the citadel two months after the town. The allies paid dear for this conqueft ; not lefs than twelve thoufand of their troops were cut off, or perifhed in conle- quence of wounds and difeafe '\ While the allied army was occupied before Lifle, the French ob- tained poillfiion of Leffmghen and fort Dixinud '^, and the eledor of Bavaria advanced to Bruffels, invited by private affurances of the favourable difpofitions of the inhabitants ". Finding himlelf dii- appointed, he endeavoured to prevail by force, and began to bom- bard the city ; but upon receiving intelligence, that the duke of Marlborough and prince Eugene had pafled the Schcldc, and were approaching to raife the fiege, he fled with precipitancy to Namur, leaving his cannon and ammunition^*. The duke of Marlborough clofed this memorable campaign with tlie fiege of Ghent, wdiich furrendered on the third day after it was 24^^^ l^cc. attacked. Upon the news of this event, the French evacuated Bruges, Plaflendal, and Leflinghen, fo that the fuccefs of the allies in the Netherlands was without any alloy or drawback at the end of the campaign 1708"'. The greatefl: admirers of the duke of Marlborough, who are cir- cumftantially acquainted with his hifl:ory, muft candidly acknow- led'^e, that his good fortune, as well as his merit, furpafled that of any other general ; and that he was fignally indebted to the former for the fucccfbful conclufion of this campaign. After the retreat of men, he engaged, 27th September, a body of French troops, amounting to twenty-four thoufand, under the command of the count de la Motte, at Wynendalc, which had been fcnt to intercept a great convoy of ammunilion from Oilend to the camp of the beficgers. The battle lafted two hours, after which the French retreated, leaving between four and five thou- fand dead upon the field. Nine hundred of the confederates were killed and wounded. Hiftory of the Campaign, p. 47. ^5 LeJi;ird, vol. ii. p. 85. ic6. Quincy, torn. V. p. ^^o. Duiing this dcgCy Auver- querque, commander of the Dutch forces, died in the camp, having been indilpofed forfever»iI months before. He had fpont fifty campaigiis in aftive fervice, in every^ one of which he ac- quitted himfelf with great honour. '* Quincy, torn, v, p. jSS. ^^ Id. Barre, torn. x. p. 532. '* Kane, p. 81. Lediard, vol. ii. p. 54. ''* Lediard, vol. ii. p. 121. Hiiioire dc Louis, torn. vi. p. 279. the 320 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIX, r HA? \IU. 1708. the eledor of Bavaria from Bniilcis, the Frcncli king Out peremp- tory orders to the duke ci^ X'ciidofinc to condiicl his anny iino winter quarters, not thinking it poihble that the duke of Marlbo- rough could fo far deviate from his wontrd precaution, as to rifk 26ih Dec. any enterprife of importance at fuch an advanced iealon *"*. Not only the failure of the attenipt, hut tlie lofs of a great part of liis army before Ghent, muft liave been the conlcqucnce of a change in the weather, an event which was highly probable, and from which, after all, he efcaped by the narrowed chance. For no fooner were the articles figned, than the fevered froll ever remenibcred tliere fet in, and, within the fpace of twenty-four liours, the rivers were frozen lb hard as to bear loaded waggons, and the feet of the horfes w^ere frozen to the ground ". The campaign on the Upper Rhine pafled without any enterprife upon either fide worthy of record. The fuccels of the allies m Flanders brought demands upon the eledor of Bavaria for large draughts from his army, which reduced it to an equality w^ith tliat of the eledor of Hanover ; fo that the exertions of both were con- fmed merely to the fortifying of their lines, and guarding agaiull the dangers of Qratagem or furprife. The great preparations made by the duke of Savoy, during the winter, flattered the allies with fanguine hopes of his adivity in the campaign 170S. It was even expeded that he would have formed a jundion with the German army on the Upper Rhine, and made an imprefhon on the dominions of France, on the fide of AHace '". The gratification of his private intereft, by making eOcdual his de- mands upon the allies, was dearer to him than cither perfonal glory, •^ Berwick, vol. li. p. 51, 2. fnow fell in that period ; a great proportion of «» Cunningham, vol. ii. p. 192. Salmon, the cattle and Hieep, and ir.oll c.f the birds. vol.xxvi.p.3. This was the ievereilfeaion over pcrifiicd ; and the fi.mmer which followed, all Europe, remembered by any perfon then being cold and wet, the crop was fcanty, and living, la England, the froil began the mght a general fearcity prevaded. before Chiiilmas, and lalled with ihort Inter- " Cunninghan., vol. 11. p. 193. vals for three months; great quantities of QJTEEN ANNE. or the profpenty of the common caufe ; and proved the occafion ^ both of abridging the period of his fervlces, and of direding them . — to objeds which redounded principally to his own fecurity and advantage. He did not put his army in motion till the end of July, wdien he made a feint of penetrating into Dauphiny, which drew the attention of the marfhal de Villars to that quarter, and rendered it eafy for the duke to take the forts of Exilles and Peroufa, and to make himfelf maftcr of the vallev of St. Martin and Feneftrelle, which covered Piedmont '^ When vre confider how fliamcfully the affairs of kino; Charles w^ere negleded by the reft of the allies, we are rather furprhcd that lie fliould have been able to preferve the fmallefl: remnant of autlvr- rity in Spain. The emperor, far from diieovcring any favour to his brother, did not even afibrd the fuccours due to him, cither upon the footing of juilice, or from a fair calculation of the beneiits w^liich he himfelf might have reaped by obliging France to employ a greater proportion of her force in the diftant country of Spain. So partial was the miniftry to the w^ar in the Netherlands, or rather to the cnterprifes of the duke of Marlborough wherever they were con- duded, that the very troops, deftined by the parliament for the Spa- nifli and Portugnefe fervice, wxre countermanded after embarkation, and tranfportcd to Ofhend to augment the army at Lifle '*. Fortune ^ /* 1 HAP. V I TT H cr " Villars, torn. m. p. 126. Hiilioirc dc Louis, torn. vi. p. 201. Some hiitorians afcribe the duke's delay in taking the field to the feverity of the weather. As it is exprefsly mentioned by the gi eater number, that he was refolved not to a6l till the emperor ia- vtiled him with Montferrat ; that he de- manded his fubfidy to be paid by the Englilh and l')uteh before quitting his winter quarters ; and that he, at this time, fell under the fufpi- cion ot the alh'es, in fo nuich that the Engliih envoy at Turin, probably by the duke's re- queft, pledged himfelf for his fidelity, I think rayfelf warranted for the conihutlion I have put upon hL» conduct. See Quincy, Tindal, Hifloire de Louis, &c. particularly Cun- ningham, vol. ii. p. 192. Salmon, vol. xxvf. p. 7. ^■^ Life of Argyle, p. ^^. The command- ers in Spain complained heavily of the difrc- fped which they met with from the minifters in England. The ofiiccrs whom they ap- pointed upon the fpot, as the fitted, from their experience, for the fervice allotted them, were often fupcrfeded by raw ones fent from Eng- land. Letter from General Carpenter to Mr. St. John, 17th November 1707 ; from Ge- neral Stanhope to Mr. Walpole, Sec. MSS. The Spanilh and Portuguefe horfe were in poor condition ; nor were magazines provided t and 1708. -) > •> I7c8. Jaly. Auguft. Oclo jbcr. IH.srORY OF GREAT BRITAIN'. Fortune was f.ivoutal.lc to Charles ibis campaign. The vlgU.xnt ■in(i prudent conduft of tlie prince of Darmlladt kept the duke ot Koaillcs .It bay, and prevented hinr from .attempting hollihties on the iide of Girona, and the troops, .afters ards detached from his army into Provence, utterly difabled him from profecutinp an otlcni.vc w.ar The iuccels of fir lohn Leake, in taking and dllpcrlmg the Ihips loaded with provilions for the l>rincipal army commanded by the duke of Orleans, cramped the operations ot the latter, and re- (Iriaed his fuccefs to the taking tl>e to^vns of Tortola, Denu, and Alicant, and rav.aging the furwunding country ". Thefe advantages of the French in Spain were counterbalanced bv the reduaion^f Sardinia and Minorca. The city of Caglian furrendered to hr J. Leake and the Conde de Fuentes, alter a few bombs had been thrown into it; upon which all the deputus of the ftatcs fubmitted to king Ch.arles, and gave a feafon.able proof of the.r fmeerity, by furnifting a Large fi.pply of n,oney tor h..s ferv.ce . As major-gener.l Stanhope had the honour of projedlmg the expe- dition againll Minorca, fo the fuccefsful execution ot >t was prmci- pally owing to his condud and valour ■'. and furnlfhed with fultable nectffun'cs for the campaign. I.tttcr from General Carpenter to Mr. Walpolc, Barcelona, loih April 1708. MSS. The abfence of officers in England w^s alfo a great prejudice to the fervice m Spain. " That matter," fays general Stan- hope, " is become fo great a nuifance, that I «• mull earneftly recommend it to you, to en- »' dcuvuur to remove it by all pofiible means, «♦ and to procure the officers to be fent to their ♦ poilsas fafl as you can, which would eafe you from being importuned by their friends for preferment to thofe who arc lea(t dc- ferving of it, and make others ferve with «' more cheerfulnefs." Letter from General Stanhope to Mr. Wulpole, Barcelona, 26th June 5708. MSS. Tlie inadequacy of pay is alio often comijlained of bv the commander^. Letters fvem the fame, pallinu MSo. 4* «< "5 Lives of the Admirals, vol. iii. p. 19I. Tindal, vol. viii. p. 106. The confidence of king Phihp was now withdrawn from the duke of Orleans, from a jealoufy that he had a vitw of obtaining the crown of Spain for himfelf, Piiilip imparted his fufpicions to his grand- father, and the duke was fuon after recalled, Vokaire'& Age, vol. i. p. 34«J- Duclos. torn, u P- 3'- "■^ Lives of the Admirals, vol. m. p. icj^, ^1 Id. p. 194. T!\c aiithor of theLifeof Sir John Leake contends, that hr John was the firft projeftor of this expedition ; which, however, according to the general fenfc of the nation, was afcribed to general Stanhope. It is cer- tain that the general had great expectations from the vigorous co-operations of v.r John Leake; aad it appears, from the event, iK«t li.cfc wcie iwt difappointed. Letter from General OUEEN ANNE. 2^'^2^ Little was done In Portugal this feafon. The marquib de Fron- tclra, at the head of the Portuguefe and Engllili troops, oppofcd the French and Spanirti army, commanded by the marquis de Bais in Andahilia, and ofiercd him battle, which he declined. Moura and Serpa, abandoned by the Spaniards, were occupied by the Portu- guefe, and put in a (late of defence; after which the latter made a fuccefsful irruption into Andalufia ". The pope having difcovered a great partiality to the Frencli In- tereft, the emperor renewed feveral claims upon his dominions, which induced him to make preparations for his defence. The Im- perial troops entered the ecclefiaftical ftates, and made great ravages there ; and the Englhh fleet appearing at the fame time upon the Italian coaft to fecond their allies, his holinefs was reludantly con- ftraincd to fubmit to the demands of the emperor, and to acknow- ledge his brother as king of Spain ''. The naval affairs of England were profperous during this cam- palgn. In conlequcnce of the late inquiry in parliament concerning the management of the navy, greater attention than formerly had been paid to provide the merchant iliips with convoys, and their lofs was inconfiderable. Commodore Wager watched the Spanlili galleons with pcrfeverlng vigilance • and at length came up with them at Carthagcna. An fc> *■ * ^ engagement enfued, in which the Spanilh admiral ibip blew up, and the rear admiral flruck to the Englifli '\ Prince George of Denmark, having languifhed for feveral months under a complicated dlforder of afthma and dropfy, expired on the sSth Oaober 1708, in the 56th of his age. This prince was more dlRinguiilied by the goodnefs of his difpofitions, than by any natural ©r improved talents. He was modefl:, interfered little in pubhc affairs during the three preceding reigns, and never devoted himielf General Stanhope to Mr. Walpolc, Barcelona, *'' Hiftoire de Louis, torn. vi'. p. 203. 26th June, 1708. MSS. Walpole Papers. »» Idem. »' Id. 205. T t 2 to CHAP. XIIL 170b. ; I il May. C H A P. xni. I 1% 1708. HISTORY or GREAT BRITAIN. to any partv. A'.thouph he felt a r.'.rtuiiiy ^ r the Tories on ac cotmt'of their lervices to the priacds yet his gratitude never be- " trayed hun into any excels of complailanec to then, inconl.llcnt with propriety and lionour •. for he maintaiued, perhaps, as much as was poffible in his Ration, a neutrality in all thofe dilputes which related merely to the intereils of coutendin- faaions ; and in the general tenour of liis condud, dilplaycd a prudent accommodation to the ftate of public aOairs. The important Ration <.i iovd h.gh admiral, to which ho was promoted at the queen's acceihon, rather detraacd from tliat eftcem to which his piis e.te virtues v.ould have entitled him, had he been contented with mere honorary dignity. His inexperience in bufmcrs, his ignorance of the characters of nren and of Kuglilh manners, and a dlihdcnce of his own abilities which ought to have reilralncd him from accepting any public oflice, ren- dered him entirely dependent upon th.e advice of others, who abufcd tlic afcendcncy they had acquired over him to the prejudice ot that department with which he was intruded" . QJJ E E N ANNE. 32s »' The earl of Pembroke was promoted, 25th November, to the office of lord high ad- miral, and the earl of Wharton fucceeded him as lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and lord Somers as prefident of the council. One very important regulation was mtro- duced into the naval fervicc during the prince's adminiftration ; namely, the preferring the captains of the navy to the rank of admirals according to feniority. This was imputed to tlic advice of fir David Mitchel, one of the prince's council, who had been prtfTed into the fervice when a boy ; and having rifen to the higheft rank without any recommendation but merit, employed his influence to reward it in others. MS. Charaaers. CHAP. XIV. Clrcumjtances favourable to the Whigs at the General EIe(f!ion,— Second Parlia- ment of Britain.— Addrejcs.— -Partiality of the Whigs in deciding the Contro- verted Eledions. — Cafes from Scotland— of Lord Haddow—of the Duke cf ^eenfhcrry.— Bill fur the Naturalization of Foreign Protcftants. — Argu- ments.— The Trcafon Lazvs of England extended to Scotland. — Supplies. — The Army augmented.— The Duke of Marlborough thanked— General Webb thanked.— A remarkable Addrefs to the ^een.—A Pamphlet againfi the Tcji condemned.— Aft for preferring the Privileges of Foreign Ambaffadors.— Sin- gular Circumfiances which gave rife to it.— Ad againfi laying Wagers on the Events of the War.— Ad of Grace. — Parliament prorogued.—The Convo- cation not permitted to proceed in Bufnefs.— Campaign ijog.—Diflrefs of France— renders the King anxious for Peace—Negotiations for that Purpofe. —Conferences between the French and Dutch Miniflers at the Hague. — The Duke of Marlborough and Lord Townfjcndfent there as Plenipotentiaries for England. — Extravagant Demands of the Dutch and Englifh.— 'Preliminaries — objeded to by the French King. — Exertions made by France for continuing the War.— Motions of the Confederate Troops under the Duke of Marlbo' rough.— Siege of Tournay. — Operations of Villars. — Progrefs of the Duke of Marlborough after the Surrender of Tournay. — Siege of Mons. — Battle of Malplaquet. — Mons taken. — Campaign on the Upper Rhine — in Italy — in Spain. — Naval Affairs. — Renewal of Negotiations for Peace. — The Barrier Treaty. V ARIOUS clrciimftances concurred to render ilic influence of cHAP. the Whigs, in tlie courfe of the eledions, more powerful than it had hccn at any former period fmce the commencement of this rclgn. Their late triumph over their antagonifts fecmed to give them a ihibility independent of the fovereign; and the difpofal of jilaces, vacant by difmifhon and tlic death of prince George, en- abled them to augment their llrength, and to confummate the union of i7oy. 3i6 CHA XIV, 17. : . ') IIISTORV or CRLAT iMUTAiK. r. of admliuaratlon '. The recent attempt of an liu-.,nn>i, and the de- ' tcaion of confr-iracles, fth«ulatod tlie friends of the protcftant fuc- ccffion to cK.it ihcir uitereft in fuppoit of the v hig candidates, who were known to be anxloufly vigilant for its fecurlty '. The infln- rncc of the court was now entirely occupied by the junto, which had driven from the prefencc of the qnccn thole fecret councilors who .night have availed themfelves of her nainc !or oppol.ng the eleaions <'f miniftcrial favoinites. The inclinations of the minifter. were lefs confnlted in the Scottdh eleaions The pre-eminent influence of tf.e duke ot (^■eenibcrry had given offence to fome of the nobility, who had been highly ler- viceable to the court by their exertious to promote the unu,n ; and was now refcnted by a keen oppohtion to tlie candidates reeom- mended bv him '. In the lift of the rcprcfentatives from Scotland, there were the names of feveral commoners hoftile to the prelent adminiftration ; and even of perfons fufpeaed of being unfriendly to the revolution fettlemcnt ; but their innueace was not lelt in the fcalc againft the weight of whig intcrcft. Her majefty being rendered incapable of attending .0 public duty bv her late domeftie affliaion, commifTioners were appointed for re- t, efenting her perfon during the cnfuing felTion of parliament, which Lmenced on the ,8th November 170H'. The commons made choice of fir Richard OnOow for their Ipcakcr, whole experience, „cat abilities, and .cal for the protcftant luccefhon, as well as his independent fortune, rendered him eminently qualil.ed (or that high Ut on The chancellor, after having fignilied her majefty s entire • Life of Bolingliroke, p. I23- * In fome counties, the xvhlK members re- celved the thanks of their conllituents ; and, upon their being re-ekaed, Inllrualons u-ere given them in conformity to the ^vh.g prin- ciples. Impartial Vltw,&c. p. 12 1- 3 Tiudnl, vol. vili. p. 166. Cunnn.gham, vol. ii. P- 7^- , lit * The archbliliop of Canterbury, the lord high chancellor, the lord high treafurer, the lord fteward of her majeRy's houfehold, and the grand mafter of the horfe, were appomted, by u commlfTion under the great leal, to re- prcfcut. the royal perfon. fatis- QJ.T E E N ANN E. fansfadlon with this choice, addrefled both houfes In her name to tlie following purpofe. The great fuccefs of the iail: campaign was ^ mentioned as tending to reduce the power of France, and to attain a durable peace. The vigorous proiecution of the 'war, and unani- mity in all their proceedings, were recommended as the moft effec- tual means for obtaining thefe defirable ends. The extended con- quefts of the allies w^ere urged as an argument for more liberal Uip> plies, and the augmentation of the army. The profecution of fuch meafures, as might Hill f^irther contribute to the improvement of the union, was fuggefted ; and particularly bringing the criminal laws of both kingdoms to a nearer agreement ; and fettling the militia on the fame footing. Her majefty gave them the ftrongeft allurances of her Inclination to concur in every propofal for the benefit of trade and manufactures ; and expreffed her hopes to defeat the dc- figns of the pretender, and all the enemies of the union and protedant fuccefTion. Both houfes prefented addrefles to the queen, exprefHng condo- lance with her domeftie afflidion, and congratulations upon the public fuccefs. The partiality of the Whigs, in every decifion relative to the elec- tions, was ftiameful beyond any former precedent ^ ; and muft have fixed an appropriate ftain upon the charader of the party, had it not afforded their opponents a pretext for retaliating, in their turn of power, now approaching with a celerity which they themfelves little expelled. In the appeals from the eledfions in Scotland, two cafes occurred of diftinguifhed importance, in the decifion of which party matters were not fuppofed to have any influence. Lord Haddow^ and lord Johnftone, both of them eldeft fons of peers, were returned as repre- ' Sir Simon Harcourt was dlfmined from which no proof was even adduced. Cun- hls feat, though he had a clear majority of the ningham, vol. ii. p. 218. Appeiicix to An- votes of the eledors in the burgh of Abing- nuls of Anne, 1708, N"2i. ton, upon the charge of indirect practices, uf fcntatlves 3^7 C H A P. XIV. / .3 ~ --^ HISTORY or GREAT BRITAIN. XIV. lyoy. June. 1 C H A P. fentatlves from the commons ; and after a full ducuffloii of the Scot- , tiOi laws, which regulaud the ilcaions previous to the union, were rejeacd upon the ground of incapacity '. The other cafe related to the privilege of the Scottidi peers. The duke of Qucenfberry, during the interval of pirlianKMl, had been created an Englilh peer; and at the elcdion of the peers in Scotland had voted both for him- klf and as a proxy. Some of tlie difappointed candidates, who were prcindiccd by his votes, objeded to his right, and brought the queftion'bcfore the houfe of lords. It did not efeape the Enghfli coinmHiloners at the union, that a peculiar advantage was given to thofc who were peers of bulk kingdoms, by recognifing their privi- lege to vote in the eledlion for the rcprefentatives of the Scottini peer- age ; but liiis point had becu yielded, becaule few of the nobility came under that defcriptlon ; and it was taken for granted that their number was incapable of any future incrcafe. If the crown was lldl to retain the power of conferring the double prerogative, both ot a pcrlonal and rci>rcientative voice in the Icgiflature, it ^vould not only create a ureat inequality of political inP.ucnce among the men,!K,s ol the fame^legillative body, but abridge the rights of the eleding, and rcprefentcd peers. From tb.c force of this argument, a majority of ,,aja„. the houfe of lords agreed to fet ahde the duke of Queen(berry-s votes '. of-pcc-s wcr. ineligible acc.r "^ ?^ berr,- ; yet it Ihould fee,,, of the Scot.,ib pa,lian„e„t : l,ad.tnot bee., for '' ;^;;f X/j,,^; had bee,, extremely this reftraint, the peers of Scotland, fro,n the "-'""^ E"™" ^^^„ ,^,^., „,i,,d ,ft„ «.e„t of their jurifJie^ions and „penor,t,e , * '* ^J'^^,"^;,";;,,,, and dilTe,ently de- «„uld have moncpoli.ed the roht,cul po.ver an „,urwl of e ,.__^y ,^^^ ,^^ ^^^ ^^^^ _^^^_ " '"b?'!'" la concerning the ekaicn of See Blaek«o,,e;s Commentaries, publilhed by the peers i„ Scotland, it ^as e.prefsly pro- Chriil,a„, voh .. p. 97- , idee', that fncb peers of Scotland, as were alfo ■ QJJEEN ANNE. A bill was introduced in the houfe of commons, 5th February, for the naturalization of foreip;n protcftants. As few queftions are more intimarely connected with the principles of morality and jurifpru- dence, io the debates upon it run out into great length ; and intro- duced a variety of intereiling and ingenious topics. The inilinctive benevolence of tlic heart, independent of any argumentative difcufFion, naturally excites unfavourable fufpicions againft that policy which fetters beneficence, or excludes any de- fcriptlon of men from a full participation of tlic advantages of the community with which they happen to be blended. The principles, the lufFerings, and tlie n:ierits of foreign protefiants, fuggefled the moil powerful reafons for recognifmg them as fellows-citizens ; and for imparting to them all the benefits of the Britifh conftitution. They had renounced the endearments of their native land for the fake of that religion, which was the bafis of the profperity and glory of England ; and which had been a principal objccfl of her laws, policy, treaties, alliances, and wars, for the two preceding centuries. The protedion which England had hitherto vouchfafed to foreign refugees, fo honourable to herfelf, had been amply requited by the fubilantial fervices wliich Ilie had received from them. By their invention and induilry many valuable manufadurcs had been intro- duced and improved, which extended the commerce of England, and turned the balance in lier favour to the prejudice of France. To their exertions the revolution fctticmcnt liad been deeply indebted, as they were the foremoil to fupport the credit of the new govern- ment by dcpofiting their money in the funds', fo that it would be ungrateful to withhold the happy fruits of it from their friends who had lately arrived in England. Tliat the increafc of population con- iVituted the true llrcngth and riches of a nation had been generally admitted as a found political maxim ; and it was peculiarlv fortu- 329 CHAP. XIV 1708, 9. 8 The foreign proteilants, accordini^ to a part of tlie whole {lock, moderate Cfnrsputation, had a inilh'on and a p. ^02, half in the funds, which was then above 3 20th U n Annals Anne, 1708, nate C IT A l\ XIV. 1708, y. '^ ;| • HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. nate tor Britain, that, by the accefTion cf acw inhabitants (hio. had the opportunity of repairing the wailc uccalioned by a lone; and de- ftrudive war. Tiie example of the Dutch % who bell undcrftood the intereft of a comnn.crcial nation, and of the king of Prufha, a la- gacious prince, who gave every encouragement to foreigners to fettle ia their dominions, upbraided the hefitation of the BritiQi Icgiilature about adopting a mcafurc, recommended by the ftrongcR motives of generohty and prudence. The oppofers of this biil contended, that the Britifli conftitutioa would be endangered by the iniluY of a multitude, who, from inde- lible prejudices, might be cxpeded to retain a fecret prediledion for the laws and intereffs of thofe foreign Hates from which they came; that a llagnation in the fale of manufadures, occafionad by the war, left no profped of fubfillence to adoptive citizens, but by encroach- ing upon the employments of the natives, who would thereby be conf]gned to idlenefs and poverty ; that a general naturalization bill would allure an hofl of mendicant ftrangers, who muft foon become an infupportablc burden upon the parilhes, already opprelTcd by an enormous tax for the maintenance of their own poor '° ; that the cuftoms would fuftain a conliderable diminution by the lofs of the additional duties, now exaded from alien merchants "; and that the national Rock would be impaired by their transferring, to their relations abroad, the eflates which they acquired under the boon cf Britifh freedom '\ « The States of Holland, hearing of the naturah/.ation bill in England, publifhcd a pla- card for the general naturalization of foreign proteRantSj declaring that none of their rela- tions in France fhould have any right to claim their effeas after their death. Monthly Mer- cury, July, Odober, 1709. *" The expence of maintaining the poor in England, at the time of the union, amounted to above one million per annum. Enquiry into the Reafonablenefs of the Union, p. 113. *' Certain duties for package, cvc. of the goods of all merchants, who were ftrangers, had been granted to the city of Eondon by divers royal charters and ads of 1 arliament ; upon which account the city petitioned the commons to be heard by their council againlt the bill, which was granted ; but, upon exa- mination, the duties were found to be fo in- coididerablo, that this objection had no influ- ence in obflruAing the bill. Journals Com- mons, 18th February 1709. '^ Tiudal, vol. viii. p. 168. Salmon, vol. XXV i. p. 22. The Q^UEEN ANNE. 33^ The bill was carried by a great majority in the houfe of com- ^^?jy ^* mons : it met witli oppofition in the houfe of lords, and a few en- ^ » . . 1708, 9. tered their diifent againR it '\ An inquiry into the ftate of the nation, as it had been fuggefted 2jth Feb. by the intended invaiion, fo it was v,cll calculated to furnifh the party in oppofition with fpecious grounds for arraigning the con- dud of adminiftration, and fubverting their credit with the people. In the houfe of commons, the debates upon this fubjed were con- duded with temper and moderation, and accompanied with empha- tical teflimonies of refped for the perfons in power. The oppohng lords expatiated upon the danger of the nation, from the machina- tions of foreign enemies, and from internal treachery ; and even infmuated that fome of the minifters were not only culpable for their remiflnefs, but for a clandeftine co-operation with the principal agents in the late confpiracy '*. The minifters were charged, diredly and openly, with having been negligent in procuring information ; dilatory in forming and executing proper meafures of defence ; and notorioufly criminal on account of the deficiency of troops and war- like (lores in Scotland. Thefe charges were confidently advanced, and propagated with great induftry among the people in periodical ■ *' Journals Lords, February. ** Lord Heverlham's Speech. It has been alTerted by fome late hiftorians, that the mar- quis of Annandale had at this time in his peffcfilon a kttcr written by lord Godolphin to the court of St. Germains ; and that he was prevailed upon to deliver it to the carl of Wharton ; and that both thefe noblemen turned this difcovery to their private advan- tage ; the former, by obtaining the minifterial influence in fupport of his election as one of the peers from Scotland ; the latter, by ob- taining the appointment to the lord-lieute- nancy of Ireland. I'he act of grace, which took place this fcfiion, has been rtj)reftnted to be the etfccl of this difcovery, as it was the only means of fcreeniug the treafurer from the vecgcaocc of the iaw. Macphcrfon, vol. ii. u p. 371. Hamilton's TranfaSions, p. ill. The premiums, conferred upoji thefe two noblemen, will hardly account for the fup- prcfTion of fuch an interefting fecret ; for> though the a£l of grace might favc the trea- furcr's head, his character was ftill at the mercy of the truftecs. Tiie bare mention of the faft, and the induftrious propagation of it in the private circles of company, would have brought upon him fuch a torrent of reproach, as mull have fwept him and all liis friends from the feats of power. The earl of What' ton was not diftinguifhed for fleadinefs of prin- ciple, delicacy of honour, or warmth of friend- fliip ; the onlv motives which can account for his profound filence upon this fubjeA, and the queitionable fhnpc in whicli it hab been tranf- mitttd to us. U 2 publi- », %J -J »-ir. . .4 fi C H A P. XIV. 1708, y. HibTi^RV or URRAi" BRITAIN. publications; but thcv were not lui^poiicJ with fumdent proof, nor was the buiineis brought to any dcluiitivc couchirion in the houfe of lords. The commons entered into rciolutions, exprcihve of their de- cidcd approbation of tlie uicafurcs and condua of the minillcr.s with refpedl to the invafion ". Ahhough this inquiry was not produaivc of the effeds Intended by thofc who moved it, yet it opened fuch difcoveries of the arbi- trary treatment c( individuals in Scotland wlio li:ul fallen under fuf- pici'on, as fuggefted alterations in the trealon laws of tli.a kingdom, equally necelFary for maintaining the liberty of the fubjea, and the fafety of the government. Upon the news of an invalion, many perfons had been apprehended without any iuilicient prefumption of guilt luiving appeared againft them, and fome of them carried pri- loners to London, which cxpofed them to great expence and incon- venience ''. Others had been brought to trial in violation of thole forms, which, according to the opinion of refpcdable Scottidi law- yers, were indifpcnfable in criminal cafes. It was hence inferred, that'the minifters in Scotland had made the public apprehenhons fubfervlcRt to their own perfonal rcfentments ; and that unwarrant- able feverlties had been excrcifcd againft their political opponents and private enemies. But whatever foundation there might be for thefe afperhons, it was evident, from a diiagreement in the opinions of thofc who were heft acquainted with the laws and proceedings of the judicatories in Scodand, that the former were fo ambiguous, and the latter fo vague and fiuauating, as cafdy to become inftruments cither of favour or opprefhon, according to the wilhcs and imerefts of miniilc^s". On thefe grounds a refolution was formed in the houfe 1. »s Journals Commons, ictK March. '«^ Thf duke of Ciordon, the marquis of Hunlly -, the earls cf Scafurth, Errci, Nithf- tlale, Marflial, Murray ; lords, Stormont, Kd- i\th, Drummond, Nairnc, Belhaven, Sinclair, b. fulcs many gentlemen of great fortune and jjJluentf iu ScolUud, were brought to Lon- don as (late piiioncrs, April and Jane, 17GR. '^ The court of julliciary was of opi- nion, tliat ilif name:' of the witneffes ought t(.) be intimated to the prifoners fifteen days before their trial ; and lir James Stewart, the lord advocate, afferted that this was unncccirsry : tlity complained of each other to QJJ E E N A N N K. houfe of lords for altering the treafon Laws in Scotland, and w'^ carried into eliec\ by the acl for improving the union of the two kingdoms. The purport of it was, to abrogate the Scottidi laws, and to introduce thofe of England in all future trials for treafon. This Innovation was fpeclouHy oppofed as a violation of the union* by encroaching upon the powers of the court of jufticiary ; and thus tending to excite alarm i;i the breafts of the Scots, left ,the whole fyftem of their laws fiiould be gradually overturned, contrary to the ftipulations of the treaty. Suppohng that an alteration, i'o material as that now propofed, could be effected without infradion of the moft folemn engagements contraded by the Englilh Icgifla- ture, it v/as alferted, that the treafon laws in Scodand w^ere prefer- able, in many relpee'ls, to thofe of England ; and that the dignity of the former nation, and the intcreft of the two kingdoms, w^ouid be heft confultcd by a judicious feledion from both '*. A few amendments upon tins bill were made in the houfe oi comnnons ; which, though the fame in fubftance with what had been moved and rejecfted by a confiderable majority in the other houfe, were after- wards unanimoudy adopted, becaufe the bill was deemed effential to the fccurity of the Hanoverian fuccellion ". In compliance vnth her majefty's recommendation at the opening of this feffion, a bill was again brought in and read in the houfe of commons for regulating the militia in Scotland; but, as it never went 333 CHAP. XIV. 1708, 9. Iithandi2;U March, "to the queen, and juflificd their complaints in printed memorials. Tindal, vol. vni. p. 182. Bcfides this ambiguity, there were glaring deficiencies in the treafon laws : 1 ft, No time was prefcribed for the purfuer to infill upon the trial. 2d, It was competent to admit witnefies inadmiflible in other cafes ; namely, women, fawo/i, impuleres Isf focii cri- miniu Mackenzie's Criminal Law, Title vi. •" Letter from a Scotch Gendeman in Lon- don to his Friend in Edinburgh, p. 7. *» Id. Journals Lords and Commons, paf- 14 fim. The principal amendm.ents were, that no eftate in Scotland fliould be forfeited upon a judgment of higii treafon ; but this peculiar iadulgence to Scotland was not to take place till after the death of the pretender ; nor, upon the fuppofition of that event happening during the life of the queen, till three years after die houfe of Hanover fiiould fucceed to the crown. It was provided, that three of the judiciary judges fliould be named in the com- nuTiion of oyer anth Dec. cions which their opponents now indunrioiilly dilTemin.itcd c:.f their being enemies to the ecclefiaftical eftabhaiment '\ An aa was pafTed on tlie 13th February for prcfervlng the privi^ leges of ambailadors and the minirters of foreign princes. This ad arofe from an iiidignilv offered to the Ruffian and>affador, udiich occafioned no fmall trouble and vexation to the court of Loudon ; and became intcrefting to all the Rates of Europe, as it was the means of dlfcovering the headftrong humour, the proud ipu'it, and tlie expanding ambition of a young prince, who now began to emerge from the obfcurity and barbarifm of his anceftors. The count de Mattneof, the Ruffum ambaffador, had been arrefted in the ffreets of London, on the ziR June 1708, at the iuRance of fomc tradefmen, to whom he owed fmall accounts ", and having flruggled in his own defence, was dragged to a fpunging houfc, where he re- mained for feveral hours, till he was releafed upon bail. Me imme- diately wrote a letter to the fccrctary of Hate, complaining of the grofs infult which he had endured ; and demanding iati>fadlion by puniihing the aggreffors with ilic utmcft feverlty. Great addrcfs was employed by the court to appcale him, and every regular ftep taken to profecute the offenders ; but tlie ambaffidor, implacable and ferocious, and inlHgated by the rell oi the foreign minillers at Lon- don, would hear of no propofal o( delay or compromife. He left the kingdom with difguil and menaces, and quickly infufed the in- dignation whicli he felt into the brcail c f his fovereign, who was the more jealous of his princely dignity from the novelty of his preten- fions to it; while he anticipated that fupericrity to which he was foon to alcend in the fcalc c-f potentates, from the vaft extent of his dominions, and the fuccels of. thole lofty projcds which inceffantly occupied his ardent and bufy mind. Llis dllpleafure was notified in *^ Salmon, vol. xxvl. p. i S. orders d.at i\m (um MA be difchargcd thf .. The fum for which the arnbaffavlor ^vas next day. Addifon's Letter to ihc Eavl of arrcftcd was below a hun.lrcd pounds : he ufed MaacheiUr, July 2 5d, 17C8. io be puuiftual in his payments, and had given * au QJTEEN ANNE. an angry letter to the queen, magnifying the outrage which he had fuiLiined in the pcrfon of his ambafiador; inhiling that a capital pu- nilhment ihould be inflided upon all tiie perfons concerned in it ; and threatening leprifals if his demands were not complied with. It being found impoffible to gratify the czar in conformity to the exift- ing law of England, he was at length prevailed upon, by tlie moft flattering importunity, and the uncommon civilities of the Britiili court to two young princes who were his relations "', to accept of her majefty's expreiTions of deep concern for what had happened, and her promifes fpeedily to purfue the mod: cfiedlual m.eafures for fupply- ing the deficiency of the Englilh laws, as the terms of his main- taining, in future, an amicable eorrefpondence with the Englifh na- tion. To tellify her fincerity, the a6l now" mentioned was framed and intimation of it made to the Ruffian court by the Englilh am- baffador, with a formality and pomp highly grateful to the haughty difpofition and afpiring views of his czarilh majeilv^'. The fondnefs of the Engliili nation for gambling difccvered itfelf at this time by fuch pradices, as were not only ruinous to the for- tunes of individuals, but pernicious to the community. Wa^-ers were often laid upon the events of the war, and as this had an ob- :vious tendency to induce individuals to form attachments, and to purfue fchemes repugnant to the welfiire of the country, and even to tempt profligate men to carry on a eorrefpondence with the encmv juft grounds were thereby afforded for removing the temptation, by paffmg an ad to prohibit, under the fevereil penalties, wagers from being laid relative to public affairs. '* Upon the arrival of the Mufcovlte lords In London, the queen gave orders that they ft.ouId bo entertained at her charge, and at- trndcd by her cfllcers. Montlily Mercury, Jan. 1709. *'' Tindal, vol. viii. p, KjC. 2C2. The per- funs concerned in the arreit of the Ruffian ^flibafiadcr were profecuted la the court of X queen's bench by the attorney-general ; and, after trial, convffted of the fads by the jury ; but they were not brought up to receive judg- ment } becaufe no punifhmeut, that could have been inflided by the law of England, would have been thought an adequate reparation by the czar. Blackllonc's Commentary by Chi if- tian, vol. i. p. 255-. X ■ The 337 CHAP, XIV. 1708, 9. 2 1 il April, C IT A V. xn. I -^ — J 1708, y. 5 ! fl April. HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. 71ic liberality of tlic Englifli mlniflers to Scotland was again ma- nifefted by pailing an act for allowing the drawback upon the ex- portation of beef, iilh, and pork, which had been c ired with foreign fair, imported there before tlic ill of May 1707 ". The inveftigation of confpiracies, fuggefted by the late attempt of the pretender, led to dilcoverics which might have warranted profe- cutions, deeply aflecling the fortunes and honour of fome indivi- duals conneded with every party. The impending danger of fuch profecutions impofed ilrong temptations upon thofe who were con- fcious of guilt, to continue their endeavours for promoting that event v.hicli alone could enfure their perfonal fafety. Hence it was reprefented to her majefty by her minillers, that a remilTion of pall crimes was the mod generous and the wifefl meafure fhe could purfuc both for the public peace and the fecurity of her own perfon and government. An ad of grace was therefore fent to the houfe of lords on the 20th of April, and was confnmed with the utmoil difpatch by both houfes; which clofed the buiinefs of this feflion. After a fpeech from the lords commilhoners, in her majefty's name, exprcfling her full approbation of their proceedings, the chancellor prorogued the parliament to 19th May 1709. The convocation had been fummoned to meet with the new par- liament, but by fuccelhve prorogations was prevented from entering upon buimefs. Some violent publications, in exculpation of thofe meafures of the lad convocation which were mod ofTenfive to her majcily, had gained many proielytcs among the laity, as well as the clergy. The majority of the members returned to the prefent con- vocation were known to be of the fame principles with their prede- celTcrs, and would probably have difplayed, if an opportunity had been afTcrded them, the fame captious temper, and the fame con- tempt of thiir fuperiors j nor in fuch circumilances duril the minl-^ *' JournaU Commons, 2 1 fl. February. ftcrs QJJ E E N A M N E. 3j )9 Hers have hazarded an appeal to the people, Vv'lio \v:rc nqw en- ^' ^^^ ^• flamed by the bafe artifices, and reillefs adivity of the high churcli l zealots 19 The fi^uatlon of France, after the conclufion of the campaign CampaJga 1708, exhibited a complete piclure of wretchednefs and defpond- encY. The allies had become mailers of moil of the droiig towns on her frontiers ; and threatened to penetrate into tlie interior pro- vinces, depopulated and incapable of defence ^^ A ccmpiication of domeilic calamities co-operated with the ill fuecefs of their arms, and portended the near approach of others ftill more dreadful The fiid- den viciihtudes of froil and thaw dellroyed the fpringing corn and vines, while, from the fcantinefs of the preceding crop, every city and province w^as threatened with impending famine". Tumults and infurredions broke out in the principal towns: the highways were infefled with robbers, and the univerfal fubverfion of order was only reftrained by the prefence of that military force, which was de- fined for the profecution of the war '\ The French minillers had already exhaufted every invention for raifmg new taxes and encreafmg their produce ; and by forcing tlie circulation of ficlitious money, had ilill, in fome degree, maintained their internal commerce. But now, when fcarcity at home obliged them to refort to foreign markets, the people felt the extremity of dillrefs. The public bankruptcy was evident to furrounding nations, and, more than the mod fplendid victories, encouraged the hopes of their enemies. r *• Annals Anne, p. 257. 2° Torcy, vol. i. p. 213. Lond. 1757. 3' Quincy, torn. vi. p. 132. The efFeds of famine, with refpeil to depopulation, are ftrongly illuftrated by the following fads. The births in Paris, v.hicli had amounted to fixtecn thoufand, nine hundred and ten, in the year 1709, in the year 1710, did not cxc9pd j;i;irteen thoufand, fix hundred and thirty- four ; and in 171 1, they rofe to fixteen thoufand, fire hundred and ninety-three. The number of deaths in Parig, in 1709, was twenty nine thoufand, two hundred and eighty-cigiit ; in 17 10, twenty-three thoufand, three hftndred and eighty-nine ; in 171 1, and feveral fucceed- ing years, it did not exceed fixtcen thoufand. In the year 1709, the number of marriages decreafed in the proportion of one-fourth, com pared with ordinary years. Buffbn's Supple- ment, torn. iv. p. 278. Hiiloire de Louis, torn, vi, p. 305. 3t X X 2 la 340 HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIX. C II A P. In tliefc deplorable circiimflanccs the court and the people coalefced In the fame wiihcs and views. Peace, upon any terms, was the only expedient for refcuing a perifhing multitude, and eftabJlfliing a tot- tering throne. The intoxicating chimera of univerfal empire va- nifhcd : the queflion was not now, whether France ihould l)e viclo rious, or how far flits fliould extend licr dominion, hut whether flie fhould cxiil: as an independent kingdcin, and bear a name among the nations ^\ TIic French king availed himiclf of the preferred interpofition of monfieur Pettchmn, rcfidcnt of the duke of Holllcin Gottorp at the Hague, to communicate to Heinfius, the grand penfionarv, and Vandcr Duffen, the pcnfionary of Gouda, his earnefl defne of re- newing negotiations for peace. Intimation was at the fame time made to them by monfieur Bcrgheick, the Spanifli minifler at Paris, that he had received inftrudlions from his maflcr, to offer the States whatever conditions they fliould demand for the fecurity of their trade, cxpeding by this enticement to obtain their confent to king Philip's remaining in the podeinon of the throne of Spain. The anfwer returned by the penfionaries to this intimation was peremp- tory and explicit : and as Pettekum had already informed the French king, that no propofitions for peace would be accepted by the confe- derates, w^ithout the entire furrender of the Spanifli monarchy, fo a fliort memorial to the fame effect was now figned by Vandcr Duflcn, and tranfmitted to Bcrgheick ^*. The French king at length con- fented to enter into a treaty upon this bafis, without the acceflion of his grandfon. Rouille, prefident of the great council, was ap- pointed his plenipotentiary, and, having been furnifhed with a pad- port from the States, purfucd his journey with great fecrecy, and -^ Duclos, torn. i. p. 13. «< Spain and the Indies, of the Milancfo and 3* As this memorial was often referred to in " the Netherlands, together with what lias the negotiations, it h neceffary that the reader *' V-ieen added, as alio a favourahle treaty of flionld attend to it : " The count of Berg- " commerce, there can he no talking to him ** heick mull know, that unlefs he makes the '' with any conlidence upon the other preli- ♦♦ fame oflVi", as thole heretofore made, of " minary artieki.." Torcy, vol. i. p. 121. arrived QJJ E E N A N N E. 341 35 Torcy, vol. i. p. 148. 3*^ Idem. p. 126. 149. 37 Letter from Mr. Boyle to the Duke of Marlborough, 18th, 24th May. MSS. Mr. Boyle, in a letter to the duke of Jlarlbo- rough and lord Townihend, I 8th May 1 709, mentions her majefty's great fatisfacHon at the concurrence of the minillers of the States, in making fuch demands on the part of Great Britain, as her n.ajeily thought nectfTary for the advantage of hcrfelf and Ivjr people; and particularly for having infilled upon New- foundland and Hudfon's Bay being made an article in the prelimiinaries, &c. In another letter from Mr. Boyle to the duke of Man- chefter and lord Townfhend, of the 24th May, her majefly expreffes an equal concern for gratifying the defires of the duke of Savoy. '^^ They were not mentioned in the memo- rial, and therefore ^fuppofcd not to be ex- cluded. 1709. arrived at Stryenfe Sas, oppofite to Moerdike, on the ijtli xVIarch ^ ^iv^' 1709, where he was received by Vander Duffen, and de Buys the penfionary of Amftcrdam "\ At the opening of the conferences, the Dutch deputies examined Rouille's commiffion, with which they were perfedly fatisfied, but at the fame time acknowledged, that they had not themfelves re- ceived any correfponding powers from the Slates, as the neceffary delay and formalities in obtaining them would have made the buii- nefs too public, and perhaps thwarted its fuccefs '". They profeffed, in name of their conffituents, an earneil deiire for peace; but infl- nuated that the inclinations of the reft of the allies were more doubt- ful, and that a generous attention to their interefts would be neceffary to bring the bufmefs to a fpeedy and fortunate conclufion. Agreeably to thefe hints, demands were brought forward, during fucceffive con- ferences, in behalf of the emperor, the queen of England, the king of Pruffia, and the duke of Savoy, which were not comprehended ia the inftrudions of the French plenipotentiary '\ Under the fame pretext of being rcftrained by a refpedl for their allies, the deputies excluded thofe conceffions in fivour of king Philip, which Lewis had underffood to be tacitly implied in Vander Duffen's memorial ''. For they plainly told him, that they would not be fatisfied with tlic renunciation of Spain, the Indies, the Milancfe, and the Netherlands, unlefs the port towns on the coaft of Tufcany were added, which, togethei with Naples and Sicily, Lewis expedcd to refcrve as a fcanty compenfation to his grandfon for the facrifices he was to C H A XiV, 1709. HISTORY OF GREAT DRirAiM. P. make. The deputies feemccl willing, Yo far as depended upon tlic States to conilgn Naples and Sicily to the duke of Anjou, but dc- cllned treating definitively upon that point, led lome of the allies fhould objea to it j they promlfcd, however, that if thefe Impor- tant conditions were accepted by the French king, they woidd ufe their utmoft endeavours to procure an eftabliihmcnt for the depoicd monarch ". • An account of thcfc conferences, after they had been continued for feveral days, was tranfmltted by Rouillc to the court of France*"* He now received Inlbuaions to confent to feveral oi the propo- fitions which had been unexpededly brought forward by the dipu^ ties : he was authorized to defiil from his hrft requifulon of annex- . Ing Sardinia and the ports on the Tufean coall to the two kingdoms of Naples and Sicily ; to give entire fatisfadlon to the Engliih whh refpecl to the proteRant fucceffion ; to make additions to a barrier for the States, upon the condition of an ecpilvalent for lomj oi the towns to be furrendered for that purpofe ; and to rcferve other dif- puted articles to be adjulled at a general treaty ". Although thefe concedions feemed to be lavourably entertained, other clrcumftances now occurred, which threatened to perplex the negotiation, and to remove the ilfuc of it to a great diftance. The deputies themfelves were not fcrupulous about obferving that fccrccy which they had recommended to Rouillc, as cflTential to the accom- plifhment of the treaty, and the dliclofure of what had palfed in the conferences excited the jealoufy of the leading men in the other provinces, as if de Buys and Vander DiiiFcn had prefumcd too far by entering into bufmefs of fuch general concern, without their pre- vious knowledge and confent. The miniilers of the allied powers 39 Torcy vol.;. pamm. Tl.c Dutch i!c- Philip: but t^e court of England was not puties at he outU-t of the eu.fcrcnc.s, had only dilpkafVd with th. conccffion, but an.'ry ^Ln left to thcn^fdves, wouUi probably at the ^cpune. for hav.ng thought ot u. have been well pleafcJ to procure a peace Jfpend:^:, N XXV. upon the coadit.ou of difmcmbcring the Spa- - lorcy, p. 1,8. cllh monarch V, aud giving a part of it to kuig icon H Q^U E E N ANNE. 343 1709. {bon caught the fame fpirit, and openly threatened to difavow any C HA p. meafures, concerted betw^een the French court and fuch a partial reprefentation of the confederate body **. The impreffion of thefe threats upon the negotiating deputies w^as obvious in every fubfe- quent conference : they became more guarded and untraclable ; and even drew back from certain points which had been nearly brought to a conclufion '". In the meanwhile, the French king did not efcape the fufplclon of being fecrctly pleafed with thofe obftacles wdiich were likely to thwart negotiations into w^hich, it w^as fuppofed that he had entered with reludfance. By the miniflers In England, his offers w^ere repre- fcnted as an infidious attempt to divide the confederates, or to lull them into fecurity, wdiile he was exerting the utmoft force of prero- gative to recruit his fliattered armies; and even concerting meafures to prevent the abdication of his grandfon, which was the preliminary con- dition of the treaty''*. Conftrained by the ruined condition of the country to wifli for peace upon any terms, feveral perfons of the firfl diftindlion in France were fecretly jealous of the invincible ambition of their fovercign, and of his fmcerity in going as far as he ought, to reftorc tranquillity to his exhaufted fubjeds "'. To remove thefe objedions, and to transfer the odium of prolonging the w^ar to his enemies, the French king adopted the refolution of fending the mar- 29th ApriU quis de Torcy, his minifter for foreign affairs, into Flolland, with authority to make a direct application to Fieinfms, and to bring under the public view the important bufmefs, which had hitherto been tranfaded in fuch a clandeftlne manner as to give too much ground for fufpicions, and to render It impoffible to judge of the intentions and condudl of the parties concerned *^ The marquis, upon his arrival at the Hague, w^as privately introduced to Heinfuis, who entered confidentially into converfation with him upon the prin- May*. •** Torcy, vol. i. p. 172. Member. *3 III. paflim. "^^ Torcy, vol. i. p. 217,. ** Dr. Marc's Tiurd Letter to a Tory ** Id. v. 225, cipal c n A r, XIV. 17^9- HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN. cipal topics of the negotiation, but fllll referred him to Vander Duiren and dc Buys, who had acquired a refponfibriity by the Heps which they had ah^eady taken in this bufiiicfs ". To them dc Torcy was next introduced, and permitted to iciui for Rouille, whofe commiffion was not fuperledcd by h/is ov.u ; after which the various fubjeds, already treated of; were rcfumed, Heinfius and dc Torcy now taking a principal fhare in every conference. Aware of the afeendancy which the duke of Marlborough had acquired in the councils of the States, the French plenipotentiaries were anxious to . liave feme points fettled before his return to the coiuinent, and * threw out advantageous offers with refped to the barrier and com- merce of Flolland, which they imagined it would be diificult for tlic deputies to rejea without incurring the refentment of their conili- tuents*'. The deputies were prepared for this fnare ; and, as ottcn as the plenipotentiaries fuggcfted fuch ftipulations as regarded the peculiar interefts of the States, they always obtruded the demands of their allies, enlarged fo f^ir beyond the forefight of the French ca- binet, that they exceeded the utmoft conceffions which her minifters were empowered to offer '^^ The French plenipotentiaries, now con- vinced that it was not in the power of the prefent treaters to bring any matter whatever to a final conchifion, became no lefs impatient than the deputies for the arrival of the dnke of IvLirlborongh ; and, as thev were inftruded to offer him a liberal prefcni in name of their maflcr, did not dcfpair of rendering him the inRrument of that pacification, which, they believed, lie had hitherto obftruded '\ *'TorcY vo^ i p 2^3- tluke of Ma.lliorough two mHlIons of livres 4" The duke "of Marlborough wa. nt the {£. 83,333 : 6 : 8) on the condition of his le- Hajrue at the beginalnjr of the conlcrcnccs curing the kingdoms of Naples and Sic.ly tor betwcci>Rouille,VanderDufren, and de Buys; his granJ/on ; and the prcmuim was to in- and thou-h he did not take any part in them, creafe, in proportion as more was obtamed, to yet as it'liftervvards appeared, he was well ac- the fum of tour miUions of livres. Torcy, quainted with all that paffed. vol. i. p. 299, 300. Although Torcy repre- 49 'i'orcv, v(,l. i. p. 259. 26S. 273. fonts the reception which he met with from J" After ih<- anival (,t dc Torey, the con. tlie duke as polite and even flattering, he dul r.renres were carried on at the Hague. The not find him dilpofcd to accept cf h,s off