tut 
 
 INTEREST 
 
 OF 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN 
 
 CONSIDERED , ' 
 With Regard to 
 
 Her COLONIES 
 
 And the A C QJJ I S I T I O N S of 
 
 CANADA and GUADALOUPE. 
 
 To which are added, 
 
 ORSERVATIONS concerning the Increafe of 
 Mankind, Peopling of Countries, 
 
 'As the veiy ingenious, ufeful, and Worthy- 
 
 Author of this Pamphlet [i?- n F -«, LL. D.] is 
 
 well-known and much elleemed by the principal Gentlemen 
 in England mid Jmrica; and feeing that his other Works 
 have been received with univerfal Applaufe ; the prefent 
 Produdlion needs no fmther Recommendation to a generous, 
 a free, an intelligent and publick-fpirited People. 
 
 LONDON, Printed, mdcclx. 
 
 BOSTON : Reprmted, by B. Mecom, 
 
 and Sold , at the New Printing-Office, near the 
 ‘Pown-Houfe. 1760. 
 
 [Price ONE. SUlhLlkc.] 
 
THE 
 
 IN T E R E S T 
 
 . 0 F 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN, 
 
 CONSIDERED 
 
 With Regard to Her COLONIES. 
 
 I Have perufed with no fmall pleafure the Letter 
 addrejfed to Two Great Men, and the Remarks 
 o'n that letter. It is not merely from the beauty,' 
 the force and perfpicuity of expreffion, or the 
 general elegance of manner ‘‘confpicuous in both, 
 pamphlets, that my pleafure chiefly arifes; it is ra¬ 
 ther from this, that I have lived to fee fubjefts of 
 the greateft importance to this nation publickly 
 difculTed without party views, or party heat, with 
 decency and politenefs, and with no other warmth 
 than what a zeal for the honour and happinefs of 
 
 our king and country m.ay infpire j-and this by 
 
 writers whofe underftanding (however they may 
 differ from each other) appears not unequal to their 
 candour and the uprightnefs of their intention. 
 
 But, as great abilities have not always the bell 
 information, there are, I apprehend, in the Remarks 
 fome opinions not well founded, and fome mif- 
 takes of fo important a nature, as to render a few 
 obfervations on them neceffary for the better in¬ 
 formation of the publick. 
 
 The author of the Letter, who mull be every way 
 belt able to fupport his own fentiments, will, I 
 hope, excufe me, if I feern officioufly to interfere; 
 when he conflders,, that the fpirit of patriotifm, like 
 other 
 
other qualities good . b^d, is catching ; and 
 that his long fijence fince the Remarks appeared 
 has m'^de us def^air o? feeing thp fubjefi: father 
 difcufled by his mafterly hand. The ingehioul and 
 candid remarker, too, who muft have been mifled 
 himfelf beforp.he.emp)pyed his {kill apd ,addi;efs to 
 hi&ad others, will certainly, iince-he declares ne ' 
 aims at no Jedu^ipn * be difpofed to excufe even 
 the weakeft effort' to prevent it. 
 
 ;:^4;nd furefy if^he general opinjons that ppffef^ ■ the 
 minds of tfe people may poffibly be of confeqUence 
 s,- -it muflr-be Lhofc Opinions 
 
 right.Ifthereis:da,nger,as the rpmarker fuppplpSjthat 
 ■^«pxtravag4nt'.expe6);ations’’may'embarrafs' ^‘-avir- 
 tqeus^ and abk; miniftry,” and'“ render the,pcgo- 
 eiatipn for peace a work of inhoite difficulty j ” f 
 there is no lefs danger that expedlations top low, 
 tlyio:. want of proper information, may hayeacpn- 
 trary effeft,- may make even a virtuous apd able 
 ' miniftry lefs anxipus, and lefs attentive to the ob¬ 
 taining points, in which the honour and intereft of 
 the- nation are eflentially concerned ; and the peo- 
 plejefs hearty in fuppprtingfuch a miniftry and its 
 meafures. . ' 
 
 The people of this nation are indeed refpefftable, 
 not for their numbers only, but for their under- 
 handing and, theirpublick fpirit : they manifeft 
 the ftrft, by their uniyerfal approbation of the late 
 pnident and vigorous meafures, and the confidence 
 they fo juftly repofe in a wife and good prince, 
 and an honeft and able adminiftration ; the fatter 
 they have demonftrated by the imrhenfe fupplies 
 granted in parliament unanimoufly, and paid 
 through the, whole kingdom with chearfulnefs. 
 ^nd fince to this fpirit and thefe fupplies our 
 yiftories and fucceffes” J haye in great meafure 
 ■ ■ ■ been 
 
 . - f.;^emarks, p. 6 -j- Remarks, p. 7. } Remarks, p. 7. 
 
[5 1 ; 
 
 |3.een, owing^, is it quite right, is it generous to fay, 
 wjth th,e remarker., that the people “ had no lhare 
 JU acquiring them ?” ■ The' mere mob he cannot 
 m'eah,' eVen'where he fp.eaks of the madnefs of the 
 people '-, for the rhadnefs of the mob muft be too 
 fee hie and impotent, arm’d as the government of 
 this country at prefent is, to “ over-rule,” * even in 
 the flighteft inftances, the “ virtue and moderation” 
 ,of a firm and fteady minifery. 
 
 . While the war continues, its final event is quite 
 uncertain. The Victorious of this year may be the 
 Vanquilhed of the next. It may therefore be too 
 early to fay, what advantages we ought abfolutely 
 to iiifift on, and make the /me quibus non of a peace, 
 If the neceffity of our alfairs lliould oblige us to 
 accept of terms lefs advantageous than our prefent 
 fucceffes feem to proqiife us, an intelligent people, 
 as ours is, muft fee that neceffity, and will ac- 
 quiefee. But as a peace, when it is made, may be 
 ' made haftily; and as the unhappy continuance of 
 the war affords us time to confider, among feveral 
 advantages gain’d or to be gain’d, which of them 
 maybemoft for our intereftto retain, if fome and 
 not all may poffibly be retained ; I do not blame 
 the public difquifition of thefe points, as premature 
 ,or ufelefs. Light often arifes from a collifion of 
 opinions, as fire from flint and fteel ; and if we 
 can obtain the benefit of the lights without danger 
 from the heat fometimes produc’d by controverfy, 
 why Ihould we difeourage it ? 
 
 Suppofing then, that heaven may ftill continue 
 to blefs His Majefty’s arms, and that the evpt of 
 this juft war may put it in our power to retain 
 fome.ofour conquefts at the making of a peace; 
 let us confider whether we are to confine ourfelves 
 to thofe poffeffions only that'were “ the objects for 
 which 
 
 f Remarks, p. 7. 
 
[ 6 i 
 
 vvhich wc began the war.”* This tht remarker 
 feems to think right, when the queftion relates to 
 ‘ Canada, properly fo called, it having never been 
 ‘ mentioned as one of thofe objedls in any of our 
 ‘ memorials or declarations, or in any national or 
 ‘ publick ad whatfoever.’ But the gentleman him- 
 felf will probably agree, that if the ceffion of Ca¬ 
 nada would be a real advantage to us, we may de¬ 
 mand it under his fecohd head, as an “ indemnifi¬ 
 cation for the charges incurred” in recovering our 
 juft rights; otherwife according to his own prin¬ 
 ciples the demand of Guadaloup can have no foun¬ 
 dation. 
 
 That “ our claims before the war were large 
 “ enough for poffeffion and for fecurity too,”f tho’ 
 it feems a clear point with the ingenious remarker, 
 is, I own, not fo with me. I am rather of the con¬ 
 trary opinion, and ftiall prefently give my rea- 
 fbns. But firft let me obferve, that we did not 
 make thofe claims becaufe they were large enough 
 for fecurity, but becaufe we could rightfully claim 
 no more. Advantages gained in the courfe of this 
 war, may increafe the extent of our rights. Our 
 claims before the war contain’d fome fecurity; but 
 that is no reafon why we fiiould negled acquiring 
 more v/hen the demand/ .of more is become rea- 
 fonable. It may be reafonable in the cafe of J- 
 merica to afo for the fecurity recommended by the 
 author of the letter, || tho’ it would be prepofterous 
 to do it in many other cafes; his propos’d demand 
 is founded on the little value of Canada to the 
 French-, the right we have to afle, and the power 
 we may have to infill on an indemnification for our 
 expences ; the difficulty the French themfelves 
 will 
 
 • Remarks, p. 19. f Ibid. || P. 30 of the Letter,, and p, 
 _ 2i:of tlie Remarks. 
 
[73 
 
 ■will be under of reftraining their reftlefs fubjefls in 
 Ammca from encroaching on our limits and di- 
 fturbing our trade ; and the difficulty on our parts 
 of preventing encroachments that may poffibly 
 exift many years without' coming to our know¬ 
 ledge. ' But the remarker “ does not fee why the 
 “ arguments employ’d concerning a fecurity for a 
 “ peaceable behaviour in Canada., would not be 
 “ equally cogent for calling for the fame fecurity 
 “ in Europe”* ’ On a little farther refleftion, he 
 mull I think be fenfible, that the circumftances of 
 the two cafes are widely different. Here we are 
 feparated by the beft and cleareft of boundaries, 
 the ocean, and we have people in or near every part 
 of our territory. Any attempt to encroach upon 
 us, by building a fort, even in the obfcurefb cor¬ 
 ner of thefe iflands, muft therefore be known and 
 prevented immediately. The aggrelTors alfo muft 
 be known, and the nation they belong to would be 
 accountable for their aggrelfion. In America it is 
 quite otherwife. A vaft wildernefs thinly or fcarce 
 at all peopled, conceals with eafe the march of 
 troops and workmen. < Important paffes may be 
 feized within our limits and forts built in a month, 
 at a fmall expence, that may coft us an age and a 
 million to remove. Dear experience has taught us 
 this. _ But what is ftill worfe, the wide extended 
 forefts between our fettlements and theirs, are in¬ 
 habited by barharous tribes of favages that delight 
 in war and take pride in murder, fubjefts properly 
 neither of the French nor Englijh, but ftrongly 
 attach’d tp the former by the art and indefatigable 
 induftry of priefts, fimiliarity of fuperftitions, and 
 frequent family’alliances. Thefe are eafily, and 
 have been continually, inftigated to fall upon and 
 tnaffacre our planters, even in times of full peace 
 between 
 
 * Remarks, p. 2'4. - 
 
[ s J 
 
 between the two crowns, to the certain dilnifiuti'6h 
 of our people and the cohtraftion of otif fettle- 
 ments * And tho’ it is known they are’ filpply’^d. 
 by the French and carry their prifoners to theihi, 
 we can by complaining obtain- no redrefs, as the 
 governors of Canada have a ready excufe, th’at fhfe , 
 Indians are an independent people, over whohi they 
 have no power, and for whofe aflions they are 
 ■ ■ ■'there- 
 
 * A very intelligent writer of that country, Dr. G/ar,?,'in hi^ 
 Ohjerwtions on the late and p-efeAt conduB of the Ft'ehch, &C. 
 printed at 1755, fays, . ’ ■ 
 
 ‘ The Indians in the French intereft are, upon all proper op- 
 ‘ portunities, inftigated by their priefts, wKo have generally the 
 ‘ chief management of their piiblick councils, to afts or hb^- 
 ‘ ftility againll: the Fnglijh, even in time of profound' pealce-bg- 
 ‘ tween the two crowns. Of this there are many undeniable 
 ‘ inftances. The war between the Indians and the cobnies of 
 
 * the Majfachufets-Bay axA Niw-Hampjhire, in 1725, by which 
 
 ‘ thofe colonies fuffered fo much damage; was begun by thfe 
 ‘ iniligation of the ; their fapplies.were, from them, and 
 
 ‘ there are now origlnd letters of feveral Jefuits to be, pro- 
 
 * duced, whereby it evidently appears,., that they were ejontid- 
 ‘ ually animating the Indians, when almdft tired with the'way, 
 
 ‘ to a farther profecution of it'. The' French not oiily-excifed 
 ‘ the Indians, and fupported them, but joined their owh fbfei^ 
 
 ‘ with them in all the late hoftilities that have been committed 
 
 * within His Majefty’s province of Nova-Scoiia. And frbih'an 
 ‘ intercepted letter this year from,the Jefuit at Penoh/edt, and 
 f from other information,; it is certaih that they have been ufihg 
 
 * their utmoft endeavours, to. eircite the Indians to new..a£b pi 
 
 * hoftility, againll His Majefty’s, colony of the MaJJdchufetsf 
 ‘ Bay, andfome have been committed.'—-TheF/-e;«'//n6t only 
 ‘ excite the Indians to afts of hbftilify, but reward theiit fbr'it, 
 
 ‘ by buying the prifdhefs of them; for the rafifoffl^'cf 
 
 ‘ leach of which they afterwards demand of us the price 'that is 
 
 * ufually given for a Have in thefe :colonies. They do this .un- 
 
 ‘ der the'lpecious pretence ,o'f fefciiihg. the pobhpnfoners'froih 
 ‘ the cruelties and'barbarities of themages ;• blit in- reali^ to 
 *: efteburage them to co'iitinue their' depredations,, as 'they'veaii 
 ‘by this'means get more by hunting the EngliJhPi'^ J^f'hunt- 
 f ing wild beafts; and the at die fame time me thereby 
 ‘ enabled to keep up a large body .of Indians entirely af the ex* 
 ‘ pence of the EngliJhP , ; ; ■ ■ 7 
 
[9 ] 
 
 therefore not accountable. Surely circumftances 
 fo widely different may reafonably authorife diffe¬ 
 rent demands of fecurity in America^ from fuch as 
 are ufual or neceffary in Europe. 
 
 ■ The remarker., however, thinks, that our real 
 depcndance for keeping “ France or any other na- 
 “ tion true to her engagements, muft not be in 
 “ demanding fecurities which no nation whilft.i/zi^- 
 “ pendent can give, but onour own 'ftrength and our 
 “ own viligance. ” * No nation that has carried 
 on' a war with difadvantage, and is unable to con¬ 
 tinue it, can be faid, under fuch circumftances, to 
 be independent ; and while either fide thinks itfelf 
 in a condition to demand an indemnification, there 
 is no man in his fenfes, but will, cateris paribus^ 
 prefer an indemnification that is a cheaper and. 
 more effedual fecurity than any other he can thihk 
 of. Nations in this fituation demand and cede 
 countries by almoft every treaty of peace that is 
 made. The French part of the ifland of St. Cri- 
 ftopher's was added to Great Britain in circumftan¬ 
 ces altogether fimilar to thofe in which a few 
 months may probably place the country of Canada. 
 Farther fecurity has always been deemed a motive 
 with a conqueror to be lefs moderate; and even 
 the vanquifh’d infift upon fecurity as a reafon for 
 demanding what they acknowledge they could not 
 otherwife properly afk. The fecurity of the.frontier 
 of France on the fide of the Netherlands., 'W!LS always 
 confidcred, in the negotiation that began at 
 denburgh, and ended with that war. • For the fame 
 reafon they demanded and had Cape Breton. But 
 a war concluded to the advantage of France has al¬ 
 ways added fomething to the power, either of, 
 Fra^ice or the houfe of Bourbon. Even that of 
 17335 which flie commenced with declarations of 
 B her 
 
 * Remarks, p. 25. , 
 
.[ 10 '] 
 
 her having no ambitious views, and which finilhed 
 by a treaty at which the minifters of. France re- 
 • peatedly declared that flie defired nothing for 
 herfelf, in effedl gained for her 'Lorrain, an indem¬ 
 nification ten times the value of all her North A- 
 merican poffeffions. 
 
 In Ihort, fecurity and quiet of princes and ftates 
 have ever been deemed lufficient reafons, when 
 fupported by power, for difpofing of rights ; and 
 fuch difpofition has never been looked on ' as 
 want of moderation. It has always been the 
 foundation of the moft general treaties. The fe¬ 
 curity of Germany was the argument for yielding 
 confiderable pofTeffions there to the Swedes: and 
 the fecurity of Europe divided the Spanijh. monar¬ 
 chy, by the partition treaty, made between powers 
 who had no other right to difpofe of any part of it. 
 There can be no ceffion that is not fuppofed at 
 leaft, to increafe the power of the party to whpm 
 it is made. It is enough that he has a right to 
 alk it, and that he does it not merely to ferve the 
 purpofes of a dangerous ambition. Canada in the 
 hands of Britain^ will endanger the kingdom of 
 France as little as any other ceffion*, and from its 
 fituation and circumftances cannot be hurtful to any 
 other ftate. Rather, if peace be an advantage, 
 this ceffion may be fuch to all Europe. The pre- 
 feht, war teaches us, that difputes arifing in A- 
 merica, may be an occafion of embroiling na¬ 
 tions who have no concerns there. If the French 
 remain in Canada and Louifiana, fix the bounda¬ 
 ries as you will between us and them, we muft 
 border on each other for more than 1500 miles. 
 The people that inhabit the frontiers, are generally 
 ■ the refufe of both nations, often of the world morals 
 and the leaft difcretion, remote frpm the eye, the 
 prudence, and the reftraint of government. Injuries 
 
[ ” 1 . 
 
 are therefore freq^uently, in fome part or other of. 
 fo long a, frontier, committed on both fides. Re- 
 fentment provoked, the colonies firft engaged,'and 
 then the mother countries. And two great, na¬ 
 tions can fcarce be at war; in Europe, but fome 
 other prince or ftate thinks it a convenient oppor¬ 
 tunity, to revive fome ancient claim, feize fome 
 advantage, obtain fome territory, or enlarge fome 
 power at the expence of a neighbour. The flames 
 of war once kindled, often fpread far and wide, 
 and the mifchief is infinite. Happy it prov’d to 
 both nations, that the Butch were prevailed on 
 finally to cede the. New Netherlands (now the pro¬ 
 vince of New Tork) to us at the peace of 1674; 
 a peace that has ever fince continued between us, 
 but-;muft .have been frequently, difturbed, if they 
 had retained the poflrelTion of that country, border¬ 
 ing feyeral hundred miles on our colonies of Een- 
 fylvania weftward, ConneSicut^ and the Majfachufetts 
 eaftward. Nor is it to be wondered at that peo¬ 
 ple of different language, religion, and manners, 
 Ihould in thofe remote parts engage in .frequent 
 quarrels, when we find, that even the people of our 
 own colonies have frequently been fo exafperated 
 againfl each other in their difputes about boun¬ 
 daries, as to proceed to open violence and blood- 
 Ihed. 
 
 But the remarker thinks we lhall be fufficiently 
 fecure in America, if we “ raife Englijh forts at 
 ‘ fuch paflfes as may at once make us refpedable to 
 ‘ the French and, to the Indian nations.’ * The 
 fecurity defirable in America, may be confidered 
 as of three kinds; i. A fecurity of poflTefiion, that 
 the French lhall not drive us out of the country. 
 2. A fecurity of our'planters from the inroads of 
 favages, and the murders committed by them. 
 
 3. A 
 
 * Remarks, p. 25, 
 
3- A fecurity that the Britijh miion ftiall not be 
 oblig’d on every new war to repeat the immenfe 
 expenee occafiort’d by this,' to defend its poffeffions 
 ifi America. Forts in the mofb important pafles, 
 may, I acknowledge be of ufe to obtain ;the firft 
 kind of fecurity : but as thofe lituations are far ad¬ 
 vanc’d beyond the inhabitants, the expence of 
 maintaining and fupplying the garrifons, will be 
 very greats even in time of full peace, and immenfe 
 on every interruption of it-, as it is eafy forlkulk- 
 ing parties of the enemy in fuch long roads^tliro’ the 
 woods, to intercept and cut off our convoys, un- 
 lefs guarded continually by great bodies of men; 
 The fecond kind of fecurity, will not be obtain¬ 
 ed by fuch forts, unlefs they are connefted by a 
 wall like that of China, from one end of our fettle- 
 ments to the other. If the Indians when at war, 
 inarch’d like the Europeans, with great, armies, 
 heavy cannon, baggage, and carriages, the pafles. 
 thro’ which alone fuch armies could penetrate our 
 country, or receive their fupplies, being fecur’d, all 
 might be fufficiently fecurebut the cafe is widely 
 different. They go to war, as they call it, in 
 fmall parties, from fifty men down to five: Their 
 hutiting life-has made them acquainted with the 
 whole country, and fcarce any part of it is im- 
 pradlicableto fuch a party. They can travel thro’ 
 the woods even by night, and know how to con¬ 
 ceal their tracks. They pafs eafily between your 
 forts' undifcover’d; and privately approach the 
 fettlements of your frontier inhabitants. They 
 need no convoys of provifions to follow them; for 
 whether they are fhifting from place to place in 
 the woods,, or lying in wait for an opportunity to 
 ftrikeablow, every thicket and every ftream flir- 
 nilhes fo fmall a number with fufficient fubfifterice. 
 When they have furpriz’d feparately, and murder’d 
 and 
 
[ 13 ] 
 
 and fcalp’d a dozen families, they arc gone •with 
 inconceivable expedition thro’ unkno-wn -ways, -and 
 ’tis very rare that purfuers have any chance of com¬ 
 ing up with them.* In Ihort, long experience has 
 taught our planters, that they cannot rely upon 
 forts as a fecurity againft Indians: The inhabitants of 
 Hackney as well rely upon the tower of London 
 
 to 
 
 * ‘ Although the Indians live fcattered, as a hunter’s life re- 
 ‘ quires, they may be collefted together from almoft any dif. 
 
 ‘ tance, as they can find their fubfiftence from their gun in 
 ‘ their travelling. But let the number of the Indians be what 
 ‘ it will, they are not formidable merely on account of their 
 
 numbers; there are many other circumftances that give them 
 ‘ a great advantage over the Englijh. The Englip inhabitants, 
 
 ‘ though numerous, are extended over a large traft of land, 
 
 " 500 leagues in length on the fsa-fhore; and altho’ fome of 
 ' their trading towns are thick fettled, their fettlements in 
 ‘ the country towns muft be at a dillance from each other: be- 
 ‘ lides,' that in a new country, where lands are cheap, people 
 '• are fond of acquiring lai-ge trafls to themfelves; and there- 
 ‘ fore in the out fettlements, they mull be more remote: and 
 ‘ as the people that move out are generally poor, they fit down, 
 
 ‘ either where they can eafieft procure land, or fooneft raife a 
 ‘ fubfiftence. Add to this, that the Englip have fixed fettled 
 ‘ habitations, the eafieft and ftiorteft paffages to which the 
 ‘ Indians, by conftantly hunting in the woods, ai'e perfedtiy 
 ‘ well acquainted with; whereas the Englip know little or 
 ‘ nothing of the Indian country, nor of the paffages thro’ the 
 ' woods that lead to it. The Indian way of making war is by 
 ‘ hidden attacks upon expofed places; and as foon as they 
 ‘ have done mifehief, they retire, and either go home by the 
 ‘ fame or fome different rout, as they think fafeft; or go to 
 ‘ fome other place at a dillance, to renew their ftroke. If a fuf- 
 ‘ ficient party Ihould happily be ready to purfue them, it is a 
 ‘ great chance, whether in a country, confifting of woods and 
 ‘ ^amps, which ihf Englip 3xt not acquainted with, theene- 
 ‘ ray do not lie in ambulh for them in fome convenient place, 
 ‘ and from thence deftroy them. If this Ihould not \ie the cafe,, 
 ‘ but the Englip Ihould purfue them, as foon as they have 
 ‘ gained the rivers, by means of their canoes, to the iife of 
 ‘ which they are- brought up from their infancy, they pre- 
 ‘ fently get opt of their reach: farther, if a body of men were 
 
[Hi, 
 
 to fecure them againft highwaymen and houfebreak- 
 ers. As to the third kind of fecurity, that we fliall 
 not in a few years, have all we have now done 
 to do over again in America ; and be oblig’d to 
 employ the fame number of troops, and .fliips, at 
 the fame immenfe expence to defend our poflef- ^ 
 lions there, while we are in proportion weaken’d 
 here: 
 
 to march into their country, to the places where they are 
 ‘ fettled, they can, upon the lead notice, without great dif- 
 ‘ advantage, quit their prefent habitations, and betake them- 
 ‘ felves to new ones.’ Clark's Obfer-vations p. 13. 
 
 ‘ It has been already remarked, that the tribes of the In- 
 ‘ diatis living upon the lakes and rivers that run upon the back 
 
 * of the fettlements in North-America, are very numerous, 
 
 * and can furnilh a great number of fighting men, all per- 
 ‘ feftly well acquainted with the ufe if arms as foon as capable 
 ‘ of carrying them, as they get the whole of their fubfiftence 
 
 * from hunting; and that this army, large as it may be, can be 
 ‘ maintained by the French without any expence. From their 
 ‘ numbers, their fttuation, and the rivers that run into the 
 ‘ Englijh lettlements, it is eafy to conceive that they can at any 
 ‘ time make an attack upon, and confthntly annoy as many of 
 ‘ the expofed jE»g///^ 'fettlements as they pleafe, and thofe at 
 ‘ any diftance from each other. The effe&s of fuch incurfions 
 ‘ have been too feverely felt by many of the Briiijh colonies, 
 “ not to be very well known. The entire breaking up places 
 ‘ that had been fop a confiderable time fettled at a great ex- 
 ‘ pence, both of labour and money; burning the houfes, de- 
 ‘ ftroying the flock, killing and making prifoners great num- 
 ^ bers of the inhabitants, with all the cruel ufage they meet 
 
 * with in their captivity, is only a part of the fcene. All other 
 ‘ places tliat are expofed are kept in continual terror; the 
 ‘ lands lie wafte and uncultivated from the danger that attends 
 ' thofe that lhall prefume to work upon them: befides the 
 ‘ immenfe charge the governments mufl be at in a very inef- 
 ‘ fedlual manner to defend their extended frontiers; and all 
 
 * this from the influence the French have had over, but com- 
 
 * paratively, a few of the Indians.. To the fame or greater 
 
 * evils flill will every one of the colonies be expofed, when- 
 
 * ever the fame influence lhall be extended to the whole body 
 
 ‘ oftbem»’ Ibi 4 .p. 2 q, 
 
[ 15 ] 
 
 here: fuch forts I think cannot prevent this. Dur¬ 
 ing a peace, it is not to be doubted the French, 
 who are adroit at fortifying, will Kkewife erect 
 forts in the moft advantageous places of the coun¬ 
 try we leave them, which will make it more diffi¬ 
 cult than ever to be reduc’d in cafe of another war. 
 We know by the experience of this war, how 
 extremely difficult it is to march an army thro’ the 
 American woods, with its neceffary cannon and 
 ftores, fufficient to reduce a very flight fort. The 
 accounts at the treafury will tell you what amazing 
 films we have necelfarily fpent in the expeditions 
 againft two very trifling forts, Buquefne and Crovm 
 Point. While the French retain their influence 
 over the Indians, they can eafily keep our long 
 extended frontier in continual alarm, by a very 
 few of thofe people; and with a fmall number of 
 regulars and militia, in fuch a country, we find 
 they can keep an army of ours in full employ for 
 feveral years. We therefore fhall not need to be 
 told by our colonies, that if we leave Canada, how¬ 
 ever cifcumfcrib’d, to the French, “ we'' have done 
 “ nothing-,* we fhall foon be made fenfible our- 
 felves of this truth, and to our coft. 
 
 I would not be underftood to deny that even if 
 we lubdue and retain Canada, fome few forts may 
 be of ufe to fecure the goods of the traders, and 
 proted; the commerce, in cafe of any hidden mif-' 
 underftandihg with any tribe of Indians : but thefe 
 forts will be befl under the care of the colonies in- 
 terefted in the Indian trade, and garrifon’d by their 
 provincial forces, and at their own expence. Their 
 own intereft will then induce the American govern¬ 
 ments to take care of fuch forts in proportion to' 
 their importance •, and fee that the officers keep 
 their corps full, and mind their duty. But any 
 troops 
 
 * Remarks, p. 26. 
 
i i6 ] - 
 
 troops of ours plac’d there and accountable here, 
 would, in fuch remote and obfcUre places and at 
 fo great a diftance from the eye and infpeftion of 
 fuperiors, foen become of little confequence, even 
 tho’ the French were left in poffeffion of Canada. If 
 the four independent companies maintained by 
 the Crown, in New York more than forty years,' 
 at a great expence, confifted, for moft part of 
 the time, of faggots chiefly; if their ofEcers en¬ 
 joy’d their places as fine cures, "and were only, as a 
 writer * of that country ftiles them, a kind of mili¬ 
 tary monks •, if this was the ftate of troops polled 
 in a populous country, where the impofition could 
 not be fo well conceal’d; what may we expeft will 
 be the cafe of thofe that lhall be polled two, three 
 or four hundred miles from the inhabitants, in 
 fuch obfcure and remote places as Crown Point, 
 Ofwego, Buquefne, or Niagara? they would fcarce 
 be even faggots; they would dwindle to meer 
 names upon paper, and appear no where but upon 
 the muller rolls. 
 
 Now all the kinds of fecurity;we have mention’d 
 are obtain’d by fubduing and retaining Canada. 
 Our prefent polfelTions in America, are fecur’d; 
 our planters will no longer be malTacred by the 
 Indians, who depending abfolutely on us for what 
 are now become the necelTaries of-life to them, 
 guns, powder, hatchets, knives, and cloathing; 
 and having no other Europeans near, that can ei¬ 
 ther fupply them, or inlligate them againll us 
 there is no doubt of their being always dilpos’d, if 
 we treat them with common jullice, to live in 
 perpetual peace with us. And with regard to 
 France, Ihe cannot in cafe of another war, put us 
 to the immenfe expence of defending that long 
 extended frontier; we lhall then, as it were, have 
 our 
 
 * Douglafs. 
 
[ 17 ] 
 
 our backs againft a wall in America^ the fea-coaft 
 will be eafily'protected by dur fuperior naval 
 power s and here “ our own watchfuliiefs and our 
 own ftrength” will be properly, and cannot but be 
 fuccefsflilly. employed. In this lituation the force 
 now ernplpy’d in that part of the world, may be 
 fpar’dfor any other fervice here or elfewhere; fo 
 that both the offenfive and defenfive ftrength of 
 the Britijh empire on the whole will be greatly 
 increafed. 
 
 But to leave the French in pofTelTion of Canada 
 when it is in our power to remove them, and de¬ 
 pend, as the remarker propofes, on our own 
 “ ftrength and watchfulnefs”^ * to prevent the mif- 
 chiefs that may attend it,' feems neither fafe nor 
 prudent. Happy as we now are, under the beft 
 of kings, and in the proipeft of a fucceflion prO- 
 mifing every felicity a nation was ever blefs^d 
 with: happy too in the wifdom and vigour of e- 
 very part of the adminiftration, particularly that 
 part whofe peculiar province is the plan¬ 
 
 tations, a province tvtxj txm EngUJhmatt -Cttimih. 
 pleafure under the principal diredtioh'of a ‘noble¬ 
 man, as much diftinguifli’d by his great'capacity, 
 as by his unwearied and difinterefted-'application to 
 this important department; we cannot, we'Ought 
 not to promife ourfelves the uninterrupte,d con¬ 
 tinuance of thofe bleffings. The fafety Of a con- 
 fiderable part of the ftate, and 'the' intereft of the 
 whole are not to be trufted to the wifdom and 
 vigor of future adminiftrations, when a fecurity 
 is to be had more effedual, more conftant, and 
 much lefs expeiifive. They who can be moyed 
 by the appre.henfion of dangers fo remote as that 
 of the future independence of our colonies (a poiiit 
 I fhall hereafter confider) feem fcarcely coiififterit 
 / ■ C ' " with 
 
'[ i8 ]’ 
 
 with themfelves when they fuppofe we may rely on 
 the wifdom and vigour of an adminiftration for 
 their fafety. 
 
 I fhould indeed think it lefs material whether 
 Canada were ceded to us or not, if I had in yiew 
 only the fecurity ofpojfeffion in our colonies. I en-i 
 tirely agree with the Remarker, that we are in 
 Norlb America “ a far greater continental as well 
 “ as naval power ; ” and that only cowardice or 
 ignorance can fubjedt our colonies there to a French 
 conqueft. But for the fame reafon I difagree with him 
 widely upon another point. I do not think that our 
 “ blood and treafure has been expended,” as he in¬ 
 timates, “ in the caufe of the colonies " and that we 
 “ are making conquefts for them : ” * yet I believe 
 this is too common an error. I do not fay they are 
 altogether unconcerned in the event. The inha¬ 
 bitants of them are, in common with the other 
 fubjedls of'Great Britain, anxious for the glory of 
 her crown, the extent tf her power and com¬ 
 merce, the welfare and future repofe of the whole 
 Britijb people. They could not therefore but 
 take a large fliare in the affronts offered to Bri¬ 
 tain, and have been animated with a truely Britijh 
 fpirit to exert themfelves beyond their ftrength, 
 and againft their evident intereft. Yet fo unfor- ' 
 tunate have they been, that their virtue has made 
 againft them; for upon no better foundation 
 than this, have they been fuppofed the authors of 
 a war carried on. for their advantage only. It is a 
 great miftake to imagine that the American coun¬ 
 try in .queftion between Great Britain and France, 
 is claimed as the property of any individuals or pub- 
 lick body m America, or that the pofTeffion of it by 
 Great-Britain, is likely, in any lucrative view, to 
 redound at all to the advantage of any perfon there. 
 
 ■' On 
 
 ? Remarks, p. z6. 
 
[19 ] 
 
 On the other hand, the bulk of the inhabitants of 
 North' America are land-owners, whofe lands are 
 inferior in value to thofe of Britain^ only by the 
 want of an equal number of people. It is true the 
 acceffion of the large territory claimed before the 
 war began, efpecially if that be fecured by the pof- 
 feffion of Canada^ will tend to the increafe of the 
 Britijh fubjedts, fafter than if they had been con¬ 
 fin’d within the mountains: yet the increafe within 
 the mountains only, would evidently make the 
 comparative population equal to that of Great 
 Britain^ much fooner than it can be expefted when 
 our people are fpread over a country fix times as 
 large. I think this is the only point of light in 
 which this queftion is to be viev'ed, and is the 
 only one in which any of the colonies are con¬ 
 cerned. No colony, no poflefibr of lands in any 
 colony, therefore wifhes for conquefts, or can be 
 benefited by them, otherwife than as they may be a 
 means of fecuring peace on their borders. No 
 confiderable advantage has refulted to the colonies 
 by the conquefts of this war, or can refult from 
 confirming them by the peace, but what they muft 
 enjoy in common with the reft of the Britijh peo¬ 
 ple ; with this evident drawback from their ftiare 
 of thefe advantages, that they will necefiarily lef- 
 fen, or at leaft prevent the increafe of the value of 
 what makes the principal part of their private pro¬ 
 perty. A people fpread thro’ the whole traft of 
 country on this fide the Mijftjfipi, and fecured by 
 Canada in our hands, would probably for fome 
 centuries find ■ employment in agriculture, and 
 thereby free us at homeeffedlually from our fears of 
 American manufaftures. Unprejudic’d men well 
 know that all the penal and prohibitory laws that 
 ever were thought on, will not be fufficient to pre¬ 
 vent manufadlures in a country whofe inhabitants 
 furpafs 
 
: ■ . t ^° .y. ■ 
 
 furpafs the number that can'fubfift by the. hus¬ 
 bandry of it. That this will be the cafe in ' 4 inerica. 
 foon, if our people remain confined within the 
 mountains, and almoft as foon Ihould it be unfafe 
 . for them to live beyond, tho’ the country, be ■ ceded 
 to us, no man acquainted with political and com-< 
 mercial hiftory can doubt. Manufaftures are 
 founded in poverty. It is the multitude of poor 
 without land in a country, and who muft work for 
 others at low wages or ftai-ve, that enables under¬ 
 takers to carry, on a manufafture, and afford it 
 cheap enough to prevent the importation of the 
 fatne kind from abroad, and to bear the expence 
 of its own exportation. But nO man who can 
 have, apiece of land of his own, fufficientby his 
 labour to fubfift his family in plenty, is poor e- 
 nough to be a manufafturer, and work for a ma- 
 fter. Hence while there.is land enough in Ammca 
 for our people, there can never be manufadtures to 
 any amount or value. It is a firikirig obfervation 
 of a very able fen, that tfie. natural livelihood of 
 the thin inhabitants of a foreft country, is hunting; 
 that. of a greater number, pafiurage; that of a 
 middling population, agriculture,; and that of the 
 greateft, manufaSures; which laft muft fubfift the 
 bulk of the people in a full country, or they muft 
 be fubfifted by charity, or perifh. The extended 
 population, therefore, that, is moft advantageous 
 tolQr.eat.Eritam, will be beft effedted, becaufe only 
 effedtuallyfecur’d by our polfeHion of Canada,: So 
 far as the being of our prefent colonies in North 
 America is concerned, I think , indeed with ths. re- 
 marker^ that the there are not “ an enemy 
 “ to ie...afrehended^\ * but the expreffion is too 
 vague to be apjplicable to the prefent, Or indeed to 
 any other cafe. Algiers, funis, and frifoUi un- 
 ■■1: : i;., equal 
 
 .* Remarks, p. 27. 
 
... . ■ [ 21 . 1 
 4 qual as they are to this nation in power and num¬ 
 bers of people, are enemies to be ftill apprehended; 
 arid the Highlanders of Scotland have been fo for 
 inany ages by die greateft princes of Scotland and 
 Britain. The wild Irijh were able to give a great 
 deal of difturbance even to Queen Elizabeth, and 
 coft her more blood' and treafure than her war with 
 Spain. Canada in the hands of France has always 
 hinted the growth of our colonies; In the courfe 
 of this war, and indeed before it, has difturb’d and 
 yex’d even the beft and ftrongeft of them, has 
 found means to murder thoufands of their people, 
 and unfettle a great part of their country. Much 
 more able will it be to ftarve the growth of an in¬ 
 fant fettlement. Canada has alfo found means to 
 - make this nation fpend two or three millions a 
 year in America ; and a people, how fmall foever, 
 that in their prefent fituation, can do this as often 
 as we have a war with them, is methinks, “ an ene- 
 “ my to be apprehended." 
 
 . Our North American colonies are to be confi- 
 dered as the frontier of the Britijh empire on that 
 ’ fide. The frontier of any dominion being attack’d, 
 it becomes not merely “ the caufe” of the people im¬ 
 mediately affedted, (the inhabitants of that frontier) 
 but properly “ the catife" of the whole body. 
 "Where the frontier people owe and pay obedience, 
 there they have a right to look for protection. No 
 political prOpofitiop is better eftablillied than this. 
 It is therefore invidious to reprefent the “ blood 
 and treafure” fpent in this war, as fpent in “ the 
 “ caufe of, the cdlbhies” only, and that they are 
 “ abfurd arid' Ungrateful” if they think we have 
 d^dne nothihg unlefs We “ make cdnquefts for 
 “ them,” arid reduce Canada to gratify their 
 vain ambitipn;” &c. It will hot be a conqueft 
 for them, nor gratify ahy vhin ambition of theirs. 
 
 It 
 
[ '22 ] 
 
 It will be a conqueft for the whole, and all our 
 people will, in the increafe of trade and the eafe of 
 taxes, find the advantage of it. Should we be 
 obliged at any time to make a war for the protec¬ 
 tion of our commerce, and to fecure the exporta¬ 
 tion of our manufaftures, would it be fair to 
 reprefent fuch a war merely as blood and treafure' 
 •ipent in the caufe of the weavers of l''o'rkJhire, 
 Norwich, or the Wefi, the cutlers of Sheffield, or 
 the button-makers of Birmingham ? I hope it will 
 appear before I end thefe llieets, that if ever there 
 was a national war, this is truly fuch a one: a 
 war in which the intereft of \h.t whole nation is di- 
 refljy aud fundamentally concerned. 
 
 Thofe who would be thought deeply {killed in 
 human nature, affeft to difcover felf-interefted 
 views every where at the bottom of the faireft, the 
 molt generous condudt. Sulpicions and charges 
 of tins kind, meet with ready reception and belief 
 in the minds even of the multitude; and therefore 
 lefs acutenefs and addrefs than the remarker is pof- 
 feffed of, would be fufficient to perfuade the na¬ 
 tion generally, that all the zeal and fpirit manifefted- 
 snd exerted by the colonies in this war, was only 
 in “ their own caufe” to “ make conquefts for 
 “ themfelves,” to engage us to make more for 
 them; to gratify their own “ vain ambition.” But 
 ihould they now humbly addrefs the mother country 
 in the terms and the fentiments of the remarker, 
 return her their grateful acknowledgments for the 
 blood and treafure Hie had fpent in “ their 
 ‘‘ caufe,” confef? that enough had been done 
 “ for them allow that “ Engliffi forts raifed in 
 “ proper palTes, will, with the wifdom and vigour 
 “ of her adminiftration” be a fufficient future pro- 
 tedtion; exprefs their defires that their people may 
 be cpnfined within the mountains, left if they are 
 fufered 
 
' [ ^3 3 
 
 fufFered to fpread and extend themfelves in the 
 fertile and pkafant country on the other fide, they 
 fiiould “ increafe infinitely from all caufesf “ live 
 “ wholly on their own labour” and become indepen¬ 
 dent ; beg therefore that the Fre^tch may be fufFer¬ 
 ed to remain in polfeffion of Canada^ as their neigh¬ 
 bourhood may be ufeful to prevent our increafe 
 and the removing them may “ in its confe- 
 “ quences be even dangerous *. ” I fay, fhould 
 fuch an addrefs from the colonies make its ap¬ 
 pearance here, though, according to the remarker^ 
 it would be a moft juft and reafonable one; would 
 it not, might it not with more juftice be anfwered •, 
 We underftand you, gentlemen, perfeftly well: 
 you have only your own intereft. in view: you 
 want to have the people confined within your pre- 
 fent limits, that in a few years the lands you are- 
 pofielfedmf may increafe tenfold in value! you 
 want to reduce the price of labour by increaling 
 numbers on the fame territory, that you may be 
 able to fet up manufaftures and vie with your mo¬ 
 ther country! you would have your people kept 
 in a body, that you may be more able to difpute 
 the commands of the crown, and obtain an inde¬ 
 pendency. You would have the French left in 
 Canada^ to exercife your military virtue, and ihake 
 you a warlike people, that you may have more 
 confidence to embark in fchemes of difobedience, 
 and greater ability to fupport them! You have 
 tafted too, the fweets of two or THRaE millions 
 Sterling per annum fpent among you by our fleets 
 and forces, and you are unwilling to be without a 
 pretence for kindling up another war, and thereby 
 occafion a repetition of the fame delightful, 
 clofes! But, gentlemen, allow us to underftand 
 our 
 
 * Remarks, p. 50, 51. 
 
[ H ] 
 
 our intereft a little likewife; we lhall reijioye thi^ 
 French imm Canada you may live in peace, 
 and we be no more drained by your quarrels. 
 You lhall have land enough to cultivate, that you 
 may have neither neceffity nor inclination to go in¬ 
 to manufaftures, and we will manufacture for you, 
 and govern you. 
 
 A reader of the remarks may be apt to fay; if 
 this writer would have us reftore Canada on prin¬ 
 ciples of moderation, how can we confiftent with 
 thofe principles, retain Guadaloupe, which he repre- 
 fents of fo. much greater value! I will endeavour 
 to explain this, becaufeby doing it I lhall have an 
 opportunity of. Ihowing the truth and good fenfe 
 of the anfwer to the interefted application I have 
 juit fuppofed. The author then is only apparently 
 and not really inconfiftent with himfelf. If we can 
 obtain the credit of moderation by reftoring Cana¬ 
 da^ it is well : but we Ihould, however, reftore it 
 at all events; becaufe it would hot only be of no 
 life to us, but “ the polTeffion of it (in his opinion) 
 “ may in its confequence be dangerous*.” as how ? 
 Why, plainly, (at length it comes out) if the French 
 are not left there to check the growth of our colo¬ 
 nies, “ they will extend themfelves almoft without 
 “ bounds into the inland parts, and increafe in- 
 “ finitely from all caufes;—becoming a numerous, 
 “ hardy, independent people, poflefled of a ftrohg 
 “ country, communicating little dr not at all with 
 “ England, living wholly on their own labour, and 
 “ in procefs of time knowing little and enquiring 
 “ little about the mother country.” In ftiort, ac¬ 
 cording to this writer, our prefent colonies are 
 large enough and numerous enough, and the French 
 oughtto be.left in America to prevent their 
 increafe, left they become not only ufelefs but 
 dangerous to Britain. I. 
 
 * Remarks, p. 50,51. 
 
[ 25 ] 
 
 I agree with the gentleman, that with Canada in our 
 pofleffion,our people in America m\\ increafe amaz¬ 
 ingly. i know that their common rate of increafe, 
 where they are not molefted by the enemy, is doubl¬ 
 ing thdr numbers every twenty-five years by natural 
 generation only, exclufive of the acceffion of fo¬ 
 reigners.* I think this increafe continuing, would 
 probably in a century more, make the number of 
 Sritijh lubjedts on that fide the water more ntime - 
 rous than they now are on this; but I am far from 
 entertaining, on that account, any fears of their be¬ 
 coming either ufelefi- or dangerous to us; and I look 
 oh thofe fears to be merely imaginary and without 
 any probable foundation. T\i^remarker is referv’din 
 giving his reafons, as in his opinion this “ is not 
 a fit llibje,ft for difcuflion.” I ftiall give inine, be- 
 caufe I conceive it a fubjeft neceflary to be dif- 
 culTed; and the rather, as thofe fears, how ground- 
 lefs and chimerical foever, may, by poffeffing the 
 multitude, poffibly induce the ableft mirtiftry to 
 conform to them againft their own judgment, and 
 thereby prevent the afluring to the Britijh name ahd 
 nation, a ftability and permanency that no man ac¬ 
 quainted with hiftory durft have hoped for, till 
 our 
 
 * The reafon of this greater increafe in Akmcd than in Eu¬ 
 rope, is, that in old fettled countries, all trades, farms, officesj 
 and employments aj-e full, and many people refrain marrying 
 till they fee an opening, in which they can fettle themfelvesj 
 with a reafonable profpeft of rnaintaining a family: but in 
 merica, it being eafyto obtain land which with moderate la- 
 bbiir will afford fubMence and fomething to fpare, people 
 marry more readily and earlier in life, whence arifes a nume¬ 
 rous offspring and the fwift population of thoffe countries. ’Tis 
 a common error that'we cannot fill our provinces or increaifp 
 the number of them, without draining this nation of its pebjple. 
 The increment alone of ouT prefent colonies is fufficient for 
 both thofe purpofes. 
 
[ 26 ] 
 
 am American pofleffions opened the pleafing pre- 
 
 ^e6t. 
 
 The remarker thinks that onr people in Ame¬ 
 rica^ “ finding no check from Canada^ would ex- 
 “ tend themfelves almofl; without bounds into the 
 “ inland parts, and increafe infinitely from all' 
 “ caufes.” The very reafon he affigns for their fo' 
 extending, and which is indeed the true one, their 
 . being “ invited to it by tjre pleafantnefs, fertility 
 and plenty of the country,” may fatisfy us, that 
 this extenfion will continue to proceed as long as 
 there'remains any pleafant fertile country within 
 their reach. And if we even fuppofe them con¬ 
 fin’d by the waters of the Mijfiffipi weftward, 
 and by thofe of St. Laurence and the lakes to the 
 northward, yet ftill we fiiall leave them room e- 
 nough to increafe, even in the fparfe manner of 
 fettling now praflis’d there, till they amount to 
 perhaps a hundred millions of fouls. This muft 
 take fome centuries to fulfil, and in the mean time, 
 
 . this nation muft necefiarily fupply them with the 
 manufadlures they confume, becaufe the new fettlers 
 will be employed in agriculture, and the‘new fettle- 
 ments will fo continually draw off the fpare hands 
 from the old, that our prefent colonies will not, 
 during the period we have mention’d, find them¬ 
 felves in a condition to manufadture even for their 
 own inhabitants, to any confiderable degree, much 
 lefs for thofe who are fettling behind, them. Thus 
 our trade muft, till that country becomes as fully 
 .peopled as England, that is, for centuries to come, 
 be continualfy increafing, and with it our naval 
 power; becaufe the ocean is between us and them, 
 and our Ihips and feamen muft increafe as that 
 trade increafes. 
 
 The human body and the political differ in' 
 this, that the firft is limited by nature'to a certain’ 
 ftatur||j 
 
. , I 27 1 . \ 
 
 ftature, which, when attain’d, it cannot, ordinarily, 
 exceed; the other by better government and more 
 prudent police, as well as by change of manners 
 and other circumftances, often takes frelh ftarts of 
 growth, after being long at a Hand',; and may add 
 tenfold to the dimenfions it had for ages been con¬ 
 fined to. The mother being of full ftature, is in 
 a few years equalled by a growing daughter: but 
 in the cafe of a mother country and her colonies, 
 it is quite different. The growth of the children 
 tends to encreafe the growth of the mother, and fo 
 the difference and fuperiority is longer preferv’d. 
 
 Were the inhabitants of this ifland limited to their 
 prefentnumber by any thingin nature, or by un¬ 
 changeable circumftances, the equality of popu¬ 
 lation between the two countries might indeed, 
 fooner come to pafs : but fure experience in thofe 
 parts' of the ifland where manufaftures have been 
 introduced, teaches us, that people increafe and 
 multiply in proportion as the means and facility of^ 
 gaining a livelihood increafe; and that this ifland, 
 if they could be employed, is capable of fupport-' 
 ing ten times its prefent number of people. In 
 proportion, therefore, as the demand increafes for 
 the manufadlures of Britain^ by the increafe of 
 people in her colonies, the numbers of her people 
 at home will increafe, and with them the ftrength 
 as well as the wealth of the nation. For fatisfaftion 
 in this point let the reader compare in his mind the 
 number and force of our prefent fleets, with our 
 •fleet in queen Elizabeth’s, time * before we had 
 colonies. Let him compare the ancient with the 
 prefent ftate of our towns and ports on our weft- 
 ern coaft, Manchefter, Liverpool, Kendal, Lan- 
 cafter, Glafgow, and the countries round them, 
 that trade with and manufafture for our colonies, 
 not 
 
 ^ ^ Forty fail, none of more .than 40 guns. 
 
not to mention Halifa}{, Sheffield and Bir¬ 
 mingham, ^ndconfider what a difference there is in 
 the numbers of people, buildings, rents, and the 
 value of land and of the produce of land, even if 
 he goes back no farther than is within man’s me¬ 
 mory. Let hirn compare thofe countries with o- 
 thers on this fame ifland, where manufaftures have' 
 not yet extended themfelves, obferve the prefent 
 difference, and refleft how much greater our 
 llrength maybe, if numbers give ftrength, when 
 our manufafturers fhall occupy every part of the 
 ifland where they can poffibly be fubfifted. 
 
 But, fay the objeftors, “ there is a certain diflance 
 from the fea, in America, beyond which the ex¬ 
 pence of carriage will put a flop to the fale and 
 Oonfumption of your manufaftures; and this, with 
 the difficulty of making returns for them, will 
 oblige the inhabitants to ihanufafture for them¬ 
 felves ; of courfe, if you fuffer your people to ex¬ 
 tend their fetdements beyond that diftance, your 
 people, become ufelefs to you : ’’ and this diftance 
 is limited by fo.me to 200 miles^ by others to the 
 A^alachian mountains. Not to infift on a very 
 plain truth, that no part of a dominion, from 
 whence a government may on occafion draw fup- 
 plies and aids both of men of money, tho’ at too 
 great a diftance to be fupply’d with manufadlures 
 from fome other part, is therefore to be deem’d 
 ufelefs to the whole; I fhall endeavour to fhow 
 that thefe imaginary limits of utility, even ■ in point 
 of commerce, are much too narrow. 
 
 The inland parts of the continent of Europe, are 
 much farther from the fea than the limits of fettle- 
 ment propofed for America. Germany is full of 
 tradefrnen and artificers of all kinds, and the go¬ 
 vernments there, are not all of them always fa- 
 ypurable to the commerce of Britain,, yet it is a 
 well- 
 
I ■ [ 29 ] ■ 
 
 well-known faft, that our manufactures find their 
 way even into the heart of Germany. Afk the great 
 manufacturers and merchants of the Leeds, Shield, 
 Birmingham,Manchefter 2eadiNorwich goods, and they 
 will tell you that fome of them fend their riders 
 frequently through France or Spain and Italy, up to 
 Vienna, and back through the middle and northern 
 parts of Germany, to fhow famples of their wares . 
 and collect orders, which they receive by almoft 
 every mail, to a vaft amount. Whatever charges 
 arife on the carriage of goods, are added to the 
 value, and all paid by the confumer. If thefe na¬ 
 tions over whom we have no government, over 
 whofe confumption we can have no influence, but 
 what arifes from the cheapnefs and goodnefs of our 
 wares; whofe trade, manufactures, or commercial 
 connexions are not fubjeX to the controul of our 
 laws, as thofe of our colonies certainly are in fome 
 degree: I fay, if thefe nations purchafe and con-, 
 fume fuch quantities of our goods, notwithftand- 
 ing the remotenefs of their fituation fj-om the fea 5 
 how much lefs likely is it that the fettlers in Ame¬ 
 rica, who muft for ages be employed in agricul¬ 
 ture chiefly, Ihould make cheaper for themfelves 
 the goods our manufaXurers at prefent-liipply 
 them with; even if we fuppofe the carriage five, fix, 
 or feven hundred miles from the fea as difficult and 
 expenfive as the like diftance into Germany : 
 whereas in the latter, the natural diftances are fre¬ 
 quently doubled by political obftruXions, I mean 
 the intermix’d territories and claffiing interefts of 
 princes. But when we confider that the inland parts, 
 of America are penetrated by great navigable rivers -, 
 that there are a number of great lakes, communi¬ 
 cating with each other, with thofe rivers and with 
 the fea, very fmall portages here and there ex- , 
 cepted '■ 
 
cepted •, * that the fea coafts (if one may be al- 
 Iow!d the expreffion) of thofe lakes only, amount 
 at leaft to 2700 miles, exclufive of the rivers tun¬ 
 ing into them -, many of which are navigable to a 
 great extent for boats and canoes, thro’ vaft trafts 
 of country -, how little likely is it that the expencp 
 on the carriage of our goods into thofe countries, 
 flxould prevent the ufe of them. If the poor In -, 
 dtans in thofe remote parts are now able to pay for 
 thelinnen, woolen andiron wares they are atpre-' 
 fent furnilh’d with by the French and Englijh tra¬ 
 ders, tho’ Indians have nothing but what they get 
 by hunting, and the goods are loaded with all the 
 impofitions fraud and knavery can contrive to in- 
 hance their value -, will not induftrious Englijh 
 'farmers, hereafter fettled' in thofe countries, be 
 much better able to pay for what lhall be brought 
 them in the way of fair commerce ? 
 
 If it is aflced, what can fuch farmers raife, 
 wherewith to pay for the manufaftures they may 
 want from us ? I anfwer, that the inland parts of 
 America in queftion are well known to be fitted for 
 the produdtion of hemp, flax, potafli, and above 
 all, filk ; the foutherri parts may produce olive- 
 oil, raifins, currans, indigo, and cochineal, Not 
 to mention horfes and black cattle, which may ea- 
 fily be driven to the maritime markets, and at 
 the 
 
 • From New York into lake Ontario, the land carriage 
 of the feveral portages altogether, amounts to but about 27 
 miles. From lake Ontario into lake Erie, the land carriage at 
 iVita^ara is but about iz miles. All the lakes above Ma^am 
 communicate by navigable ftraits, fo that no land carriage is 
 neceffary, to go out of one into another. From Pref^u'ijle on lake 
 there are but 15 miles land-carriage, and that a good wag¬ 
 gon road, to Beef River a branch of the Ohio, which brings you 
 into a navigation of many thoufand miles inland, if you take 
 together the Ohio, MijJiJJipi, and all the great rivers and 
 branches that run into them. 
 
the lame time affift in conveying other commo¬ 
 dities. That the commodities firft mention’d, 
 may eafily by water or land carriage be brought to 
 the fea ports from interior America, will not feem 
 . incredible, when we refleft, that hemp formerly 
 came from the Ukraine and moft fouthern parts of 
 Ruffia to Wologda, and down the Bwina to Arch¬ 
 angel, and thence by a perilous navigation round 
 the North Cape to England and other parts of Eu¬ 
 rope. It now comes from the fame country up the 
 Dnieper and down the Buna with much land car¬ 
 riage. , Great part of the Riijfia iron, no high- 
 priced commodity, is brought 3000 miles by land 
 and water from the heart of Liberia. Furs, [the 
 produce too of America'] are brought to Amjler-dam 
 from all parts of Siberia, even the moft remote, 
 Kamfchatfia. . The fame country furnilhes me with 
 another inftance of extended inland commerce. It 
 is found'worth while to keep up a mercantile com¬ 
 munication between Peking in China, and Peierf- 
 burgh. And none pf thefe inftances of inland com¬ 
 merce exceed thofe of the courfes by which, at 
 feveral periods, the whole trade of the Eaft was 
 carried on. Before the profperity of the Mama- 
 luke dominion in Egypt fixed the ftaple for the 
 riches of the._Eaft at Cairo and Alexandria, whi¬ 
 ther they were brought from the Red Sea, great 
 part of thofe commodities were carried to the cities 
 of Cajhgar and Balk. This gave birth to thofe 
 towns, that ftill fubfift upon the remains of their 
 ancient opulence,amidft a people and country equal¬ 
 ly wild. From thence thofe goods were carried down 
 idaeAmu, the ancient Oxus, to the Cafpian fea, and 
 yyp the Wolga to Ajlrachan, from whence they were 
 carried over to, and down the-Don to the mouth 
 of that river, and thence again the 'Penetians dired- 
 ly, and the Genoefe and indireftly by . way 
 
 ■ ' . O'.-. of 
 
[ 32 ] 
 
 of Kaffa and TreMfonde, difpers’d thcrh thro’ the 
 Mediterranean and foine other parts of Europe. 
 Another part of thofe goods was carried over-land 
 from the Wolga to the rivers Buna and Nem-, from 
 both they were carried to the city of Wifiuy in the 
 Baltick, fo eminent for its fea-laws ; and fr6m the 
 city of Ladoga on the Neva, we are told they werfe 
 even carried by the Bwina to, Archangel, and from 
 thence round the North Cape .' 
 
 If iron and hemp will bear the charge of. carriage 
 from this inland country, other metals will as well 
 as iron*, and certainly filk, fince 3d. per lb. is not 
 above i per cent, on the value, and amounts to 
 L.i^perxm. 
 
 If the growths of a country find their way out 
 of it, the manufaftures of the countries where they 
 go, will infallibly find their way into it. , They who 
 underftand the ceconomy and principles of manu¬ 
 factures, know, that it is impoffible to eftablifti 
 them in places not populous; and even in thofe 
 that are populous, hardly poffible to eftablifti' them 
 to the prejudice of the places already in, poffef- 
 fion of them. Several attempts have been made in 
 France and Spain, countenanced by the Government, 
 to draw from us and eftablifti in thofe countries, our 
 hard-ware and woolen manufactures, but without 
 fuccefs. The reafons are various. A manufacture 
 is part of a great fyftem of commerce, which takes 
 ,in conveniences of various kinds, methods of pro¬ 
 viding materials of all forts, machinnes for expedit¬ 
 ing and facilitating labour, all the channels of cor- 
 reipondence for vending the wares, the credit and 
 confidence neceflary to found and fupport this 
 correfpondence, the mutual aid of different arti- 
 zans, and a thoufand other particulars, which time 
 and long experience have gradually eftabliftied. A 
 part of fuch a fyftem cannot fupport itfelf without, 
 the whole, and Ijefore the whole can be obtained 
 the 
 
the part perifhes. Manufadures where they are in ' 
 perfedion, are carried on by a multiplicity of hands, 
 each of which is expert only in his own part, no 
 one of them a mafter of the whole; and if by any 
 means fpirited away to a foreign country, he is loft 
 without his fellows. Then it is a matter of the ex- 
 tremeft difficulty to perfuade a complete fet of 
 workmen, flcilled in all parts of a manufadlory, to 
 leave their country together and fettle in a foreign 
 land. Some of the idle and drunken may 
 be enticed away,' but theie only difappoint 
 their erhployers, and ferve to difcourage the under¬ 
 taking. If by royal munificence, and an^ expence 
 that the profits ofthe trade alone would not bear, 
 a coniplete fet of good and fkilful hands are col- 
 lefted and carried over, they find fo much of the 
 fyftem imperfed, fo many things wanting to carry, 
 on the trade to advantage, fo many difficulties to 
 overcome, and the knot of hands fo eafily broken, 
 by death, diffatisfadlion and defection, that they and 
 their employers are difcouraged together, and the 
 projedl vanilhes into fmoke. ' Hence it ■ happens, 
 that eftabliflied manufadlures are hardly ever loft, 
 but by foreign conqueft, or by fome eminent inte¬ 
 rior fault in manners or government; a. bad police 
 oppreffing and difcouraging the workmen, or reli¬ 
 gious perfecutions driving the fober.and induftrioua 
 out ofthe country. There is in lhort,;fcarce a 
 fmgle inftance in hiftory of the contrary, where, 
 manufactures have once taken firm root. They 
 fometimes ftart up in a new place, .but are general¬ 
 ly fupported like exotic plants at more expence 
 than they are worth for any thing but curipfity, 
 until thefe new feats become the refuge.of the ,ma- 
 ' nufadlurers driven from the old ones. The con¬ 
 queft of and final reduction of the 
 
 Gwi^^empire, difperfed.many curious, .manufadtu- 
 E , rers , 
 
rers into different parts of Chrifiendom,, The for¬ 
 mer conquefts of its provinces had before done the 
 fame. The lofs of liberty in Verona, Milan, Florence, 
 Pifa, Pifioia, and other great cities oi Italy, drove 
 the manufafturers of woolen cloth into Spain and 
 Flanders. The latter firft loft their trade and ma- 
 hufadturers to Antwerp and the cities of Brabant, 
 from whence by perfecution for religion they were 
 fent into Holland and England. The civil wars 
 during the minority of the firft of Spain, 
 which ended in the lofs of the liberty of their great 
 towns, ended too in the lofs of the manufadtures of 
 ■ Toledo, Segovia, Salamanca, Medina del Campo, ^c. 
 The revocation of the t^xQcoi Nantes, communi¬ 
 cated, to all the Proteftant parts of Europe, the 
 paper, filk, and other valuable manufaftures of 
 France, almoft peculiar at that time to that country, 
 and till then in vain attempted elfewhere. 
 
 To be convinced that it is not foil and climate, 
 or even freedom from taxes, that determines the 
 refidence of manufafturers, we need only turn our 
 eyes on Holland, where a mdltitudc of manufac¬ 
 tures are ftill carried on (perhaps more than on the 
 fame extent of territory any where in Europe) and 
 fold'on terms upon which they cannot be had in any 
 other part of the world. And this too is true 
 ofthofe growths, which by their nature and the 
 labour required to raife them, come the neareft to 
 manufadlures. 
 
 As to the common-place objeftion to the North 
 American fettlements, that they are in the fame 
 climate and their produce the fame as that of 
 land •, in the firft place it is not true it is particular¬ 
 ly notfo of the countries now likely to be added to 
 our fettlements; and of our prefent colonies, the. 
 produdts, lumber, tobacco, rice, and indigo, great 
 articles of commerce, do not interfere with the pro- 
 dufts 
 
du£ts England: in the next place, a man mufl; 
 know very little of the trade of the'world, who 
 does not know, that the greater part of it is car- 
 , ried on between countries whofe climate differs very 
 little. Even the trade between the different parts 
 of thefe Britijh iflands, is greatly fuperior to that 
 between England and all the Wefi-India iQands put 
 together. 
 
 If I have been fuccefsful in proving that a con- 
 fiderable commerce may and will fubfift" between' 
 us and our future moft inland fettlements in North 
 America^ notwithftanding their diftance, I have 
 more than half proved no other inconveniency will 
 arife from Iheir diftance. Many men in fuch a 
 country, muft '■'■know^ mxA “ think'" and muft 
 “ care" about the country they chiefly trade with. 
 The juridical and other connexions of government 
 are yet a fafter hold than even commercial ties, and 
 fpread direXly and indireXly far and wide. Bufi- 
 nefs to be folicited and caufes depending, create a 
 great interCourfe even where private property is not 
 divided into different countries, yet this divifion 
 will always fubfift where different countries are ruled 
 by the fame government. Where a man has landed 
 property both in the mother country and a pro¬ 
 vince, he will almoft always live in the mother 
 country: this, though there were no trade, is 
 ftngly a fufficient gain. It is faid, that Ireland 
 pays near a million Sterling annually to its abfen- 
 tees in England: The ballance of trade from Spain 
 or even Portugal is fcarcely equal to this, 
 
 Let it not be faid we have no abfentees from 
 North America. There are many to the writer’s 
 knowledge •, and if there are at prefent but few of 
 them that diftinguifh themfelves here by great ex¬ 
 pence, jt is owing to the mediocrity of fortune a- 
 mong the inhabitants of the Northern colonies •, and 
 
[ 36 ] 
 
 a more equal divifion of landed property, than in 
 the Wefi-India iflands, fo that there are as yet but 
 few large eftates. But if thofe v/ho have fuch 
 eftates, refide upon and take care of them them- 
 felves, are ihey v/orfe fubjects than they would be 
 if they lived idly in England? Great merit is ^f- 
 lumed for the gentlemen of the Weft-Indies*, on . 
 the fcore of their refiding and fpending their mo¬ 
 ney in England. I v/ould not depreciate that me¬ 
 rit ; it is confiderable, for they might, if they 
 pleafed fnenc) their money in France: but the dif¬ 
 ference between their fpending it here and at home 
 is not lb great. What do tney fpend it in v/hen 
 they are here, but the produce and manufaclures of 
 this country; and would they not do the fame if 
 they were at home ? is it of any great impor¬ 
 tance to the Englijb farmer, whether the Weft-India 
 gentleman comes to Lowisw and eats his beef, pork, 
 and tongues, frelli, or has them brought to him 
 in the Weft-Indies faked ; whether he eats his En- 
 glifto cheefe and butter or drinks his Englijh ale at 
 London or in Earbadoes ? Is the clothier’s, or the 
 mercer’s, or the cutler’s, or the toy-man’s profit 
 Icfs, for their goods being worn and confumed by 
 the fame perfons refiding on the other fide of the 
 ocean ? Would not the profits of the merchant 
 and mariner be rather greater, and fome addition 
 made to our navigation, Ihips and feamen ? If 
 the Noph American gentleman ftays in his own 
 country, and lives there in that degree of luxury 
 and expence with regard to the ufe of Britifto manu¬ 
 factures, that his fortune entitles him to; may not 
 his example (from the imitation of fuperiors fo na¬ 
 tural to mankind) fpread the ufe of thofe manufac¬ 
 tures among hundreds of families around him, and 
 occafi..n 
 
 • Remarks, p. 47* 4S, y<:. . . 
 
occafion a much greater demand for them, than 
 it would do if he Ihould remove and live in London ? 
 
 However this may be, if in our views of im¬ 
 mediate advantage, it feems preferable that the 
 gentlemen of large fortunes in North America 
 Ihouid refide much in England^ ’tis what may furely 
 be expefted as fall as fuch fortunes are acquired 
 there. Their having “ colleges of their own for 
 “ the education of their youth,” will not prevent 
 it: A litde knowledge and learning acquired, in- 
 creafes the appetite for more, and will make the 
 converfation of the learned on this fide the water 
 more ftrongly defired. Ireland has its univerfity 
 likewife; yet this does not prevent the immenfe 
 pecuniary benefit we receive from that kingdom. 
 And there will always be in the conveniencies of 
 life, the politenefs, the pleafures, the magnificence 
 of the reigning country, many other attradions be- 
 fides thofe of learning, to draw men of fubftance 
 there, where they can, apparently at leaft, 
 have the bell bargain of happinefs for their 
 money. 
 
 Our trade to the Weft-India iflands is undoubt¬ 
 edly a valuable one: but whatever is the amount 
 of it, it has long been at a Hand. Limited as our 
 fugar planters are by the fcantinefs of territory, they 
 cannot increafe much beyond their prefent number; 
 and this is an evil, as I lhall Ihow hereafter, that 
 will be litde helped by our keeping Guadaloup. 
 The trade to our Northern Colonies^ is not only 
 greater, but yearly increafing with the increafe of 
 people: and even in a greater proportion, as the 
 people increafe in wealth' and the ability of fpend- 
 ing as well as in numbers. I have already faid, 
 that our people in the Northern Colonies double in 
 about 25 years, exclufive of the acceflion of ftran- 
 gers. That I fpeak within bounds, I appeal to the 
 authentic 
 
[ 3S ] 
 
 authentic accounts frequently required by the 
 board of trade, and tranfmitted to that board by 
 the refpeftive goyernors; of which accounts I fhall 
 feledf one as a fample, being that from' the colony 
 of Rhode-IJland *; a colony that of all the others 
 receives the leaft addition from ftrangers. Foy 
 the increafe of our trade to thofe colonies, I refer 
 to the accounts frequently'laid before Parliament, 
 by the officers of the cuftoms, and to the cuftom- 
 houfe books: from which I have alfo feleded one 
 account, that of the trade from England, (exclufivc 
 of Scotland) to Penfilvanid\-\ ■, a colony moft re¬ 
 markable 
 
 • Copy of the Report of Governor Hopkins to the Board of Trade, 
 on the Numbers of People in Rhode-IJland. 
 
 In obedience to your lordiTiip’s commands, I have caufed the' 
 within account to be taken by officers under oath. By it there 
 appears to be in this colony at this time 35,939 white perfons, 
 and 4697 blacks, chiefly negroes. 
 
 In the year 1730, by order of the then lords commiffioners 
 of trade and plantations, an account was taken of the number 
 of people in this colony, and then there appeared to be 15,302 
 whit? perfons, and 2633 blacks. ■ 
 
 Again in the year 1748, by like order, an account was taken 
 of the nmber of people in this colony, by which it appears 
 there were at that time 29,755 perfons, and 4373 
 blacks. 
 
 Stephen Hopkins. 
 
 Colony of Rhode-IJland, 
 
 Dec. 24. 1755. 
 
 •}• An Account of the Value of the Exports from England to PenJyU 
 vania, in one Tear, taken at different Periods, viz. 
 
 In 1723 they amounted only to L. 15,99:1 : 19 : 4 
 1730 they were 48,59? ‘-7=5 
 
 1737 s 6 »^ 9 P ‘6:7 
 
 1742 75,295 : 3 5 4 
 
 1747 82,404 : 17 : 7 
 
 1752 201,666 : 19 : II 
 
 1757 268,426 : 6 : 6 
 
 K. B. The account for 1758 and 1759 are not yet com- 
 pleated; but thofe acquainted with the North American 
 trade, 
 
.[ 39 - ] 
 
 markable for the plain frugal manner of living of 
 its inhabitants, and the moft fufpefted of carrying 
 on manufadtures on account of the number of Ger- 
 mn artizans, who are known to have tranfplanted 
 themfelves into that country, though even thefe, 
 in truth, when they come there, generally apply 
 themfelves to agriculture as the fureft fupport and 
 moft advantageous employment. By this account 
 it appears, that the exports to that province have 
 in 28 years, increafed nearly in the proportion of 
 17 to I ; whereas the people themfelves, who by 
 other authentic accounts appear to double their 
 numbers (the ftrangers who fettle there included) 
 in about 16 years, cannot in the 28 years have ii^- 
 creafed in a greater proportion than as 4 to i : 
 the additional demand then, and confumption of 
 goods from England, of 13 parts in lymorethjn 
 the additional number would require, muft be 
 owing to this, that the people having by their in- 
 duftry mended their circumftances, are enabled to 
 indulge themfelves in finer cloaths,' better furni¬ 
 ture, and a more general ufe of all our manufac- 
 mres than heretofore. In faft, the occafion for 
 Eyiglijlo goods in North /mertca, and the inclination 
 to have and ufe them, is, and muft be for ages to 
 come, much greater than the ability of the people 
 to pay for them they muft therefore, as they now 
 do, deny themfelves many things they would other- 
 wife chufe to have, or increafe their induftry to 
 obtain them; and thus, if they Ihould at any time 
 manufacture fome coarfe article, which on account 
 < of 
 
 trade, know, that the increafe in thofe two years, has 
 been in aflill greater proportion ; the laft year being 
 fuppofed to exceed any former year by a third ; and this 
 owing to the increafed- ability of the people to fpend, ^ 
 from the greater quantities of money circulating among 
 them by the war.' 
 
[ 40 .] 
 
 of its bulk or fome other circumftance, cannot fo 
 well be brought to them from Britain^ it only 
 enables them the better to pay for finer goods 
 that ptherwife they could not indulge themfelves 
 in : fo that the exports thither are not diminilhed 
 by fuch manufacture but rather increafed. The 
 fingle article of manufacture in thefe colonies men¬ 
 tioned by the remarker, is hats made in New Eng¬ 
 land. It is true there have been ever fince the 
 firft fettlement of that country, a few hatters 
 there, drawn thither probably at firft by the 
 facility of getting beaver, while the woods 
 were but little clear’d, and there was plenty of 
 thofe animals. The cafe is greatly altered now. 
 The beaver Ikins are not now to be had in 
 New England, but from very remote places and 
 at great prices. The trade is accordingly declin¬ 
 ing there, fo that, far from being able to make 
 hats in any quantity for exportation, they cannot 
 fupply their home demand; and it is well known 
 that fome thoufand dozens are fent thither yearly 
 from London, and fold there cheaper than the in¬ 
 habitants can make them of equal gohdnefs., In 
 faft, the colonies are fo little fuited for eftablilhing 
 of manufactures, that they are continually lofing 
 the. few branches they accidentally gain. The 
 ' working brafiers, cutlers, and pewterers, as well 
 as hatters, who have happened to go over from 
 time to time and fettle in the colonies, gradually 
 drop the working part of their bufmefs, and im¬ 
 port their relbeCtive goods from England, whence 
 they can have them cheaper and better than they 
 can make them. They continue their ihops in¬ 
 deed, in the fame way of dealing, but become fel¬ 
 lers of brafiery, cutlery, pewter, hats, &?<:. brought 
 from England, inftead of being makers of thofe 
 goods. . , 
 
 Thus 
 
Thus much as to the apprehcftfion of our colo¬ 
 nies becoming ufelefs to us. I lhall next confider 
 the other fuppolitionj, that their growth may ren¬ 
 der them dangerous. Of this I own, I have not 
 the leaft conception, when I confider that we have 
 already fourteen feparate governments on the ma¬ 
 ritime coaft of the continent, and if we extend our 
 fetdements lhall probably have as many more be¬ 
 hind them on the inland fide. Thofe we now have, 
 are not only under different governors, but have dif¬ 
 ferent forms of government, different laws,-different 
 interefts, and fome ofthem different religious per- 
 fuafions and different manners.- . Their jealoufy of 
 each other is fo great that however neceffary am 
 union of the colonies has long been, for their com¬ 
 mon defence and fecurity againft their enemies, and 
 how fenfible foever each colony has been of that 
 neceffity, yet they have never been able fo effedt 
 fuch an union among themfelves, nor even to a-* - 
 gree in requefting the mother country to elfablifh it 
 for them. Nothing but the immediate-command 
 of the crown has been able to produce eVen the 
 imperfed union but lately feen there, of the forces 
 of fome colonies. If they could not agree to unite 
 for their defence againft French and Indians^ 
 who were perpetually haraffing their fetdements, 
 burning their villages, and murdering their people 5 
 can it reafoiiably be fuppofed there is any danger 
 of their uniting againft their own nation, which 
 proteds and encourages them, witft which, they 
 have fo many connedions and ties of blood, in- 
 tereft and affedion, and which ’tis well known they . 
 all love much more than they love one another ? In 
 Ihort, there are fo many caufes that muft operate 
 to prevent it, that I will venture to fay, an unioSt 
 amongft them for fuch a purpofe is not merely im¬ 
 probable, it is impdfible j and if the union of 
 - . F the 
 
[ 42 ] 
 
 the -whole is impoflible, the attempt of a part 
 muft be madnefs: as thofe colonies that did not 
 join the rebellion, would join the mother country 
 in fupprefling it. 
 
 When I fay fuch an union is impoflible, Ij mean 
 without the moft grievous tyranny and oppij^elTion. 
 People who have property in a country which th6y 
 may lole, and privileges which they may] endan¬ 
 ger ; are generally difpos’d to be quiet; and even 
 -to bear much, rather than hazard all. While the 
 government is mild and jufl:, while important civil 
 and religious rights are fecure, fuch fubjefts will, 
 be’dutiful and obedient. The waves do not rife, 
 but when the winds blow. What fuch an admini- 
 llration as the Duke of Alvah in the Netherlands, 
 might produce, I know not; but,this I think I 
 have a right to deem impoflTible. And yet there 
 were two very manifeft differences between that 
 cafe, and ours, and both are in our favour. ' The 
 firft, that Spain had already united the feventeen 
 provinces under one vifible government, tho’ the 
 ftates continued independent: The fecond, that the 
 inhabitants of thofe provinces were of a nation, not 
 only different from, but utterly unlike the Spa¬ 
 niards. Had the Netherlands been peopled from 
 Spain, the worft of oppreffion had probably not 
 provoked them to wifh a feparation of govern¬ 
 ment. It might and probably would have ruined 
 the country, but would never have produced an 
 independent fpvereignty. In faft, neither the very 
 worft of governments, the worft of politicks in 
 the laft century, nor the total abolition of their re¬ 
 maining liberty, in the provinces of Spain in 
 theprefent, have produced any independency that 
 could be fupported. The fame may be obferved 
 oiFrance. And let it not be faid that the neigh¬ 
 bourhood pf thefe to the feat of government has 
 . • ~ , prevented 
 
, f 43 ] 
 
 prevented a reparation. While our ftrength at 
 fea continues, the banks of the Ohio (in point of 
 eafy and expeditious conveyance of troops) are 
 nearer to London, than the remote parts of France 
 znd. Spain to their refpeftive capitals; and much 
 nearer than Connaught and Ulfier were in the days 
 of Queen Elizabeth. No body foretels the difib- 
 lution of die Rujfian monarchy from its extent, yet 
 I will venture to fay, the eaftern parts of it are al¬ 
 ready much more inacceffiable from Feterjburgh^ 
 than the country on the MiJJiJfipi is from London ; 
 
 •I mean more men, in lefs time, might be con¬ 
 veyed the latter than the former diftance. 9 'hc 
 rivers Oby, Jenefea and Lena, do not facilitate the 
 communication half fo well by their courfe, nor are 
 they half fo prafticable as the American rivers. To 
 this I lhall only add the obfervation of Machiavel, 
 in his Prince, that a government feldom long pre- 
 ferves its dominion over thofe who are foreigners 
 to it; who on the other hand fair with great eafe, 
 and cpntinue infeparably annex’d to the govern¬ 
 ment of their own nation, which he proves by the 
 fate of the Englijh conquejis in France. 
 
 Yet with all thefe difadvantages, fo difficult is 
 it to overturn an eftabliflied government, that it 
 was not without the affiftance oi France zndi Eng¬ 
 land, that the United Provinces fupported them- 
 felves; which teaches us, that if the vifion'ary dan¬ 
 ger of independence incur colonies is to be feared, 
 nothing is more likely to render it fubftantial than 
 the neighbourhood of foreigners ,at enmity with the 
 fovereign government, capable of giving either 
 • aid or an afylum, as the event lhall require; Yet 
 agaihft even thefe difadvantages, did Spain pre- 
 ferve almofl: ten provinces, merely through their 
 want of union, which indeed could never have 
 taken place among the Qthers, but for caufes, fome 
 
of which are incur cafe irnpoffible, and pthers It it 
 impious to iuppofe pioffibie. 
 
 The Romans well underftood that policy which 
 teaches the fecurity arifmg to the chief government 
 from feparate ftates among the governed, when they 
 reftored the liberties of the ftates of Greece^ (op- 
 prelTed but united under by anediftth'at 
 
 every ftate ftiould live under its own laws* They 
 did not even name a governor. Independence of 
 mch'other, and feparate interefis, tho’ among a 
 people united by common manners, language, ’ and 
 I may fay religion, inferior neither in wifdpm, 
 bravery, nor their love of liberty to the Romans 
 themfelves, was all the fecurity the fovercigns wilh- 
 ed for their fovereignty. It is true, they did not 
 call themfelves fovereigns; they fet no value on the 
 title ; they were contented with pofleffing the 
 thing; and poflefs it they did, even without a ftand- 
 ing army. -What can be a ftronger proof of the 
 fecurity of their pofleffion ? And yet by a policy ft- 
 milar to this throughout, was the Roman world iub- 
 dued and held : a world compos’d of above an 
 hundred languages and fets of manners different 
 from thofe of their mafters.-f- Yet this dominion 
 ,'was unfhakeable, till the lofs of liberty and cor- 
 ruptiomof manners overturned it. But 
 
 * Omnes Gracorum ciwitates, quis in Europa, qutsque in AJta 
 ^ent, libertatem ac fitas leges halereni, ISc. Liv. lib. 33. c. 30. 
 
 t When the Romans had fubdu’d Macedon and Illyricum, 
 they were both form’d into republicks by a decree of the fe* 
 Jiate, and Macedon was thought fafe from the danger of a re¬ 
 volution, by being divided, into a divifion common anjong the 
 Romans, as w? learn from the tetrarchs in fcripture. Omnium 
 frimum'liberos ejfeplacebat Macedoms atque Illyrios ut omnibus 
 gentibus apareret; arma popisli Romani non liberis fervitutem, fed 
 contra fer-vientibus. libertatem afperre- Ut et in libertate gentes 
 sguce ejfent, tutam earn fibi perpetuamque fub tutelar populi Romani 
 tjfe: quee fub regibus wi-verent, & in prefens tempus mitiores 
 
 tosjujiiorefque refpetlu populi Ramani habere fe-, ft quando lef 
 
[ 45 ] 
 
 But what is the prudent policy inculcated by 
 the remarker., to obtain this end, fecurity of domi¬ 
 nion over our colonies; It is, to leave the French 
 m Canada, to “ check'^ their growth, for other- 
 wife our people may “ ihcreafe infinitely from all 
 ‘‘ caufes.” * We have already feen in what manner 
 the French and their Indians check the growth of out 
 colonies. ’Tis a modeft word this, check, for 
 maffacring men, women and children. The wri¬ 
 ter would, if he could, hide from himfelf as well as 
 from the public, the horror arifirig from fuch a 
 propofal, by couching it in general terms: ’tis no 
 wonder he thought it a “ fubjeft not fit for^if- 
 “ cuffion” in his letter, tho’ he recommends it as 
 “ a point that Ihould be the conftant objedt of the 
 
 minifter’s attention!”--But if Canada is re- 
 
 Ilored on this principle, will nos. Britain be guilty of 
 all the blood to be Ihed, all the murders to be 
 committed in order to check this dreaded growth 
 of our own peopleWill not this be telling the 
 French ip plain terms, that the horrid' barbari¬ 
 ties they perpetrate with their Indians on our colo- 
 nifts, are agreeable to us •, and that they need not 
 apprehend the refentment of a government with 
 whofe views they fo happily concur^ Will not the 
 colonies view it in this light ? Will they have rea¬ 
 son to confider themfelves any longer as fubjects 
 pnd children, when they find their cruel enemies 
 halloo’d upon them by the country from whence 
 they Iprung, the government that owes them pro- 
 tedlion 
 
 lum cum pofulo Romano regihus fuiffet fuis, exfUim ejus mBorlam 
 
 ■Romanis, fihi lihertaUm allaturum credmnt.- - In quatuor regio- 
 
 nes deferihi Macedoniam, iit fuum quaque concilium haheret, fla- 
 ’cuit; £ 5 f dimidium tributi quam quod regibm fene foliti erant, po- 
 pulo Romanopendere. Similia his & in Illyricum mandata. 
 
 Liv. lib. 45. c. i8. 
 
 * Refflarks, p. 50, 51. ~ ’ 
 
. [ 46 r. 
 
 teftion as it requires their obedience ? Is not this 
 the moft likely means of driving them into the 
 arms of the- French^ who can invite them by an 
 offer of that fecurity their own government chu- 
 fes not to afford them ? I would not be thought to 
 infinuate that the remarker wants humanity. I know 
 how little many good-natured perfons are affefted by 
 the diftreffes of people at a diftance and whom they 
 do not know. There are even thofe, who, being 
 prefent, can fympathize fincerely with the grief of 
 a lady ontheTundden death of her fovourite bird, 
 and yet can read of the finking of a city in Syria 
 wi|> very litde concern. If it be, after all, thought 
 neceffaiy to check the growth of our colonies, give 
 me leave to propofe a method lefs cruel. It is a 
 •method of which we have an example in feripture. 
 The murder of hufbands, of wives, of brothers, 
 fillers and children, whofe pleajGng fociety hag 
 been for fome time enjoyed, affefts deeply the re- 
 fpedlive furviving relations: but grief for the death 
 of a child juft born is fhort and eafily fupported. 
 The method I mean is that which was didlated by 
 xht Egyptian ^oXicy, when the “ infinite increafe” 
 of the children of Ifrael was apprehended as dan¬ 
 gerous to thej ftate.* Let an aft of parliament, 
 then be made, enjoining the colony midwives to 
 llifle in the birth every third or fourth child. By 
 this means you may keep the colonies to their pre- 
 fent fize; And if they were under the hard alternative 
 of fubmitting to one or the other of thefe fchemes 
 for 
 
 * And Pharoah faid unto his people, behold the people of 
 the children of Ifrael are more and mightier than we; come 
 on, let us deal ^wifely with them; left they multiply and it come to 
 pais that v.’hen there falleth out any war, they join alfo unto our 
 enemies and fight againll us, and fo get tiiem up out of the land. 
 —^And the ang fpaketo the Hebrew midwives, iftc. 
 
 l^xodus, Chap. i. 
 
for checking their grow^th, I dare anfwer for them? 
 they would prefer the latter. , ■ ’ 
 
 But all this debate about the propriety or im¬ 
 propriety of keeping or reftoring Canada, is poffi- 
 bly,too early. We have taken the capital indeed, ' 
 but the country is yet far from being in our pof- 
 feffion ; and perhaps never will be : for if our 
 
 M-rs are perfuaded by fuch counfellors as 
 
 the remarker, that the French there are “ not the 
 worft of neighbours,” and that if we had con¬ 
 quered Canada, we ought for our own fakes to re- 
 ftore it, as a check to the growth of our colonies, I 
 am then afraid we lhall never take it. For there 
 are many ways of avoiding the completion of the 
 conqueft, that will be lefs exceptionable and lefs o- 
 dious than the giving it up. 
 
 The objeftion I have often heard, that if we had 
 Canada, we could not people it without draining 
 Britain of its inhabitants, is founded on ignorance 
 of the nature of population in nevy countries. 
 When we firft: began to colonize in America, it was 
 neceffary to fend people, and to fend feed-corn ; but 
 itisnotnowneceffary that weflaould furnilh, for a 
 new colony, either one or the other. The annual in¬ 
 crement alone of our prefent colonies, without di- 
 minilhing their numbers, or requiring a man from 
 hence, is fufficient in ten years to fill Canada with 
 double the number of Englijh that it now has of 
 French inhabitants.* Thofe who are proteftants 
 among the French, will probably chufe to remain 
 tinder the Englijh government; many will chufe to 
 remove, if they can be allowed to fell their lands, 
 improvements and effeifis ; the reft in that thin- 
 fettled 
 
 * In fadl:, there has not gone from Britain to our colonies 
 thefe 20 years part, to fettle there, fo many as lo families a 
 year; the new fettlers are either the offspring of the old, or 
 emigrants from Gemany or the north of Ireland^ 
 
[,48 ] 
 
 fettled country, will in lefs- than half a century, 
 from the crouds of Ehglijh fettling round and 
 among them, be blended and incorporated with 
 our people both in language and manners. 
 
 In Guadaloupethe. cafe is fomewhat different; and 
 though I am far from thinking * we have fugaf- 
 land enough j, I cannot think Guadaloupe is fo de- 
 firable an increafe of it, as other objefts the enemy 
 would probably be infinitely more ready to part 
 with. A country fully inhabited by any nation is 
 no proper polTeffion for another of different lan¬ 
 guage, manners and religion. It is hardly ever 
 tenable at lefs expence than it is worth,—But the 
 ifle oiCayenne, and its appendix EquinoSial-France, 
 would indeed be an acquifition every way fuitablc 
 to our fituation and defires. This would hold all 
 that migrate from Barbadoes, the Leeward IJlands, 
 or Jamaica. It would certainly recal into an Englifh 
 government (in which there would be room for 
 millions) all who have before fettled or purchafed in 
 Martineco, Guadaloupe^ Santa-Cruz or St. John’s ; 
 except fuch as know not the value of an Englijh 
 government, and fuch I am fure are not worth 
 recalling. 
 
 But fhould we keep Guadaloupe, we are told it 
 would enable us to export f. 300,000 in fugars. 
 Admit it to be true, though perhaps the amazing 
 increafe of Englifo confumption might ftop moft of 
 it here, to whofe profit is this to redound ? to 
 the 
 
 • Remark, p. 30, 34. 
 
 t It is often faid we have, plenty of fugar-land Hill uneiir-; 
 ployed, in Jamaica; but thofe who are all well acquainted with 
 that ifland, know, that the remaining vacant land in it is gene¬ 
 rally fituated among mountains, rocks and gullies, that make 
 carriage impraftiable, fo that no profitable ufe can be made 
 of it unlefs the price of fugars Ihould fo greatly increale as to 
 enable the planter to make very expenfive roads, by blowing-- 
 up rocksj erefting bridges, (jff, every 2 or 300 yards.' 
 
4 , L j 
 
 '■|fhe profit of the French inhabitants of the ifland: 
 except a fmall part that fhould fall to the lhare of 
 the purchafers, but whofe whole purchale- 
 , money muft fifft be added to the wealth and cir¬ 
 culation of France. 
 
 I grant, however, much of this 300,00.0 
 ifrould be expended in Britijh manufaftures. Per¬ 
 haps, too, a few of the land-owners of Guadaloupe 
 might dwell and fpend their fortunes in Britain., 
 (though probably much fewer than of the inhabir 
 tants oiNorthAmerica). I admit the advantage arifing 
 to us from thefe circumftances, (as far as they go) 
 in the cafe of Guadaloupe, as well as in that of oui- 
 other Weft India fettlements. Yet even this con-- 
 fumption is little better than that of an allied na¬ 
 tion. would be, who Ihould take our manufadbureS 
 and fupply us with fugar, and put us to no ex¬ 
 pence in defending the place of growth. 
 
 But though our own colonies expend among us 
 almoft the whole produce of our fugar, * can we or 
 ought we to promife ourfelves this will be the cafe 
 of Guadaloupe. One 100,000^. will fupply them 
 with Britijh manufadtures; and fuppofing we can 
 effeftually prevent the introduftion of .thofe of 
 France, (which is morally impoffible in a country 
 ufed to them) the other 200,000 will .ftillbe-fpent 
 \n France, in the education of their children'.and 
 fupport of themfelves; or elfe be laid up .there, 
 where they will always think their home to be.’ 
 
 ' Befides this confumption of Britijh manu&c- 
 tures, much is faid of the benefit .we lhall have 
 from the fituatipn of Guadaloupe, . SiCidi we are .told 
 of a trade to-Xht Caraccas .zxA Spanifi Main. -In 
 what refpeft Guadaloupp is better .fituated for this 
 trade than Jxmaica, or even ^any of .our other 
 iflands, I am^ialols-to guels, d Iwlieve it.to be 
 f i:. r ■_-§ .not 
 
 *'Remarks, p. 4.7. 
 
not fp well fituated for thatof the windward coafl:| 
 as Tobago and St. Lucia., which in this as well as 
 other relpefts, would be more valuable pofleflions, 
 and which, I doubt not, the peace, will fecure to us. 
 Nor is it nea’-ly fo well fituated for that of the reft of 
 tfie Spanijh Main as Jamaica. As to the-greater 
 fafety of our trade by the poffeffion of GuadaloUpe^ 
 experience has convinced us that in reducing a 
 fingle iQand, or even more, we ftop the privateer¬ 
 ing bufinefs but little. Privateers ftill fubfift in 
 equal if not greater numbers, and carry the veffels 
 into Martinico which before it was more conveni¬ 
 ent to carry into Guadaloupe. Had we all the Ca- 
 ribhees, it is true, they would-in thofe parts be 
 without fhelter. Yet upon the whole I fuppofe it to 
 be a doubtful point and well worth confidera- 
 tion, whether our obtaining pofleffion of all the Ca- 
 ribbees, would be more than a temporary benefit, as 
 it would necelTarily foon fill the French part of Hif- 
 paniola with French inhabitants, and thereby ren¬ 
 der it five times more valuable in time of peace, 
 and little lefs than impregnable in, time of war; 
 and would probably end in a few years in the uniting 
 the whole of that great and fertile ifland under a 
 French government. It is agreed on all hands, that 
 our conqueft of St. Chrijiopher’s, and driving the 
 French from thence, firft furnifh^d Hifpaniok with 
 Ikilful and fubftantial planters, and was confequently 
 the firft occafion of its prefent opulence. On the 
 other hand, I will hazard an opinion, that valuable 
 as the French pofTcfrions in the Weft Indies are, and 
 undeniable the advantages they derive from them, 
 there is fopaewhat to ^)e weighed in the oppofite 
 fcale. They cannot. at prefent make war with 
 England, without expofing thofe advantages while 
 divided among ..the. numerous iflands they mow 
 have, much more than they would, were theypof- 
 fefled 
 
[ 51 } - 
 
 fefied of St. Domingo only •, their own Ihare of which 
 would, if well cultivated, grow more fugar, 'than 
 is now grown in all their India iflands. 
 
 I have before faid I do not deny the utility of 
 the conqueft, or even of our future polTeffion of 
 Guadaloupe, if not bought to dear. The trade of 
 the Wefi Indies is one of our moil: valuable trades. 
 Our poircfllons there deferve our greateft care and 
 attention. So do thofe of North America. I fhall 
 not enter into the invidious taflc of comparing their 
 due eftimatipn. It would be a very long and a 
 very difagreeable one, to run thro’ every thing 
 material on this head. It is enough to our prefent 
 point, if I have Ihown, that the value of North 
 America is capable of an immenfe increafe, by an 
 acquifition and meafures, that muft necelTarily 
 have an effeft the direft contrary of what we have 
 been induftrioufly taught to fear; and that Guada- 
 loupe is, in point of advantage, but a very fmall ad¬ 
 dition to our Weft India poffelTions, rendered many 
 ways lefs valuable to us than it is to the French, who 
 will probably fet more value upon it than upon a 
 country that is much more valuable to us than to ' 
 them. 
 
 There is a great deal more to be faid on all the 
 parts of thefe fubjefts ; but as it would carry me 
 into a detail that I fear would tire the patience of 
 my readers, and which I am not without appre- 
 henfions I have done already, I fliall referve what 
 remains till I dare venture again on the indulgence 
 of the publick. 
 
 % 
 
 4 -, 
 
I N Confirmation of the Writer’s Opinlori con¬ 
 cerning Population^ ManufaRures^ ''&c. he has.. 
 thought it not amifs to add an Extraft from a 
 Piece written fome years fincc in America., \trhere 
 the Fa£ts muft be well known, on wEich the Rea- 
 fonings are founded. It is intitled '' ■ 
 
 Observations concerning the 
 
 Ihcreafe of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, 
 fsfr. YJniitnm Penfylvania, 1751. 
 
 1. ^I^ABLES of the proportion of marriages to births, of 
 X deaths to births, of marriages to the numbers of in¬ 
 habitants, eff.. formed on obfervations,made upon the bills of 
 mortality, chriftenings, tsfc. of populous cities, will not fuit 
 &untri'es; nor will tables formed on obfervations made on 
 full.fettled old countries, as Europe, fuit new countries, as A- 
 mericd. 
 
 2. For people increafe in proportion to the number of marri¬ 
 ages, and that is greater in proportion to the eafe and conveni¬ 
 ence of fiipporting a family. When families can be ealily fupi 
 ported, more perlons marry, and earlier in life. 
 
 3. In cities, where all trades, occupations and ofEces are full, 
 many delay marrying, till they can fee how to bear the charges 
 of a family; which charges are greater in cities, as luxury is more 
 common; many live fingleduring life, and continue fervants to 
 families, journeymen to trades, iAc. hence cities do not by na- 
 :^ural generation fupply themfelves with inhabitants; the deaths 
 are more than the births. 
 
 .4. In countries full fettled, the cafe muft be nearly the fame ; 
 ^1 lands being occupied and improved to the heighth; thofe 
 who cannot get land, muft labour for others that have it; whep 
 labourers are plenty, their wages will be low; by low wages 3 
 family is fupported with difficulty; this difficulty deters many 
 from marriage, who therefore long continue fervants and fingle.—i 
 Only as the cities take fupplies of people from the country, and 
 thereby make a little more room in the country, marriage is a little 
 more encouraged there, and the births exceed the deaths. 
 
 5. Great part of Europe is full fettled with hufbandmen, 
 jnanufafturers, and therefore cannot now much increafe 
 in people: America is chiefly occupied by Indians, who fubfift 
 
 moftly by hunting.^-But as the hunter, of all men, requires 
 
 the greateft quantity of land from whence to draw his fubfiftence, 
 (the hufbandmen fubfifting on much lefs, the Gardener on ftill 
 - . ' kfs,' 
 
r 53 3 ' 
 
 lefi, and the manufafturer requiring leaft of all) the Eurepeatu 
 found America as fully fettled as it well could be by hunters; yei 
 thefe having large trafts, were eafily prevailed on to part with 
 portions of territory to the new comers, who did not much inter¬ 
 fere with the natives in hunting, and furnilhed them with many 
 things they wanted. 
 
 6. Land being thus plenty in America, and fo c^eap as that a 
 labouring man, that underllands hufbandry, can in a Ihort time 
 fave money enough to purchafe^ a piece of new land fufficient 
 for a plantation, whereon he may fubfift-a family; fuch are 
 not afraid to marry; for if they even look far enough forward 
 to cohftder how their children when grown up are to be provid¬ 
 ed for, they fee that more land is to be had at rates euually eafy, 
 all cirmcumftances confidered. 
 
 7. Hence marriages in America are more general, and more 
 
 generally early, than in Europe. And if it is reckoned there, 
 that there is but one marriage per amo^. ;l.oo perfons, 
 
 perhaps we may here reckon two; and AinEurope they have but;, 
 four births to a marriage (many of their marriages being late) 
 we. may here reckon eight; of which if one half grow up, and 
 our marriages are made, reckonjng one with another, at twenty 
 years of age, our people mull at lead be doubled every twenty 
 years. 
 
 8. But notwithftanding this increafe, fo vail i^ the territory, 
 of North America, that it will require many ages to fettle it ful¬ 
 ly ; and till it is fully fettled, labour will never be cheap here, 
 where no man continues long a labourer for others, but gets a 
 plantation of his own; no man continues long a journeyman to a 
 trade, but goes among Ihofe new fettlers, and fets up for himfelf, 
 iAc. Hence labour is no cheaper now, in PenJUvania, than it was 
 thirty years ago, tho’ fo many thoufend labouring people have 
 been imported from Germany and Ireland. 
 
 9. The danger therefore of thefe colonies interfering with 
 their mother country in trades that depend on labour, manufac¬ 
 tures, iSc. is too remote to require the attention of Great Britain. 
 
 10. But in proportion to the increafe of the colonies, a vail 
 demand is growing for Britijh manufadlures; a glorious market 
 wholly in the power of Britain, in which foreigners cannot inter¬ 
 fere, which will increafe in a lliort time even beyond her power 
 of fupplying, tho’ her whole trade Ihould be to her colonies. * *. 
 
 •. 12. ’Tis an ill-grounded opinion that by the labour of 
 Haves, America may poffibly vie in cheapnefs of manufac¬ 
 tures with Britain. The labour of Haves can never be fo cheap 
 here as the labpur of working men is in Britain. Any one may 
 compute it., Interell of money is in the colonies -from 6 to lo 
 per Cent. Slaves .pne with another coll 30 /. Sterling prr head. 
 
 Reckon 
 
Reckon then the intereft of the firll purchafe of a flave, the in- 
 lurance or rifque on his life, his cloathing and diet, expences 
 in his ficknefs and lofs of time, lofs by his negleft of bufinefj--'' 
 (negleftis natural to the tnan'who is not to be benefited by his 
 own care or diligence) expence of a driver to keep him at work, 
 and his pilfering from time to time, almofi; every Have being 
 from the nature of flavery a thief, and compare the whole 
 amount with the wages of a manufadiurer of iron or wool in En¬ 
 gland, you will fee that labour is much cheaper there than it ever 
 can be by negroes here. Why then will Americans purchafe 
 flavesBecaufe flaves may be kept asjongas'a manpleafes, or 
 has occafion for their labour; while hired men’are continually 
 leaving their matter (often in the midft of his bufinefs) and fet¬ 
 ing up for themfelvbs. § 8. 
 
 13. As the increafe of people depends on the encouragement of 
 ’marriages, the following things mutt diminifh a nation, wx. i. 
 The being conquered; for the conquerors will engrofs as many 
 ofllces, and exadl as much tribute or profit oh the labour of the 
 conquered, as will maintain them in their new ettablilhment; 
 and this diminilhing the fubfiftence of the natives, difeourages 
 their marriages, and fo gradually diminilhes them, while the 
 foreigners increafe. 2. Lofs of territory. Thus the Britons be¬ 
 ing driven into Wales, and crouded together in a barren coun¬ 
 try infufficient to fupport fuch great numbers, diminifhed till the 
 people bore a proportion to the produce, while the Saxons in- 
 creafed on their abandoned lands, till the ifland became full of 
 Englijh. And were the Englijh now driven into Wales by fome 
 foreign nation, there would in a few years be no more Englijh- 
 men in Britain, than there are now people in Wales. 3. Lofs 
 of trade. Manufaftures exported, draw fubfiftence from foreign 
 countries for numbers; who are thereby enabled to marry and 
 raife families. If the nation be deprived of any branch of trade, 
 and no new employment is found for the people occupy’d in 
 that branch, it will foon be deprived of fo many people. 4.' ■ 
 Lofs of food. Suppofe a nation has a filhery, which not only 
 employs great nunibers, but makes the food and fubfiftence of 
 the people cheaper: if another nation becomes matter of the feas, 
 and prevents the filhery, the people will diminilh in proportion 
 as the lofs of employ, and dearnefs of provifion makes it more 
 difficult to fubfifl: a family. 5. Bad government and infecure pro¬ 
 perty. People not only leave fuch a country, and fettling abroad 
 incorporate with other nations, lofe their native language, and 
 become foreigners; but the induftry of thofe that remain being 
 difeouraged, the quantity of fubfiftence in the country is lellen- 
 ed, and the fupport of a family becomes more difficult. So 
 heavy taxes tend to diminilh a people. 6. The introduftion 
 of flaves. The jiegroes brought info the Englijh fugar illands. 
 
[ 55 ] - 
 
 have greatly diminillied tlie whites there; the poor are by this 
 means deprived of employment, while a few families acquire 
 vaft eftates, which they fpend on foreign luxuries, and educating 
 their children in the habit of thofe luxuries; the fame income is 
 needed for the fupport of one, that might have maintained one 
 hundred. The whites, who have flaves, not labouring, are 
 enfeebled, and therefore iiot fo generally prolific ; the Haves 
 being worked too hard, and ill fed, their conftitutions are bro¬ 
 ken, and the deaths among them are more than their births ; 
 fo that a continual fupply is needed from Africa. The northern 
 colonies having few Haves, encreafe in whites. Slaves alfo pe¬ 
 jorate the families that nfe them ; the white children become 
 proud, difgufled with laljour, and being educated in idlenefs, 
 are rendered unfit to get a living by induftry. 
 
 14. Hence the prince that acquires new territory, if he finds 
 it vacant, or removes the natives to give his own people room' 
 the legiflator that makes effedtual laws for promoting of trade, 
 increafing employment, improving land by more or better tillage, 
 providing more food by fiiheries, fecuring property, iAc. and 
 the man that invents new trades, arts or manufaftures, or new 
 improvements in hufbandry, may be properly called Fathers of 
 their Nation, as they are the caufe of the generation of multitudes, 
 by the encouragement they afford to marriage. 
 
 15. As to privileges granted to the married, (fuch as the jus 
 trium. liberorum among the Romans) they may haften the filling 
 of a country that has been thinned by war or pellilence, or that 
 has otherwife vacant territory, but cannot increafe a people be¬ 
 yond the means provided for their fubfiftence. 
 
 16. Foreign luxuries and needlefs manufaftiires imported and 
 
 ufed in a nation, do, by the fame reafoning, increafe the people 
 of the nation that furniihes them, and diminifli the people of the 
 nation that ufes them.-Laws therefore that prevent fuch im¬ 
 
 portations, and on the contrary promote the exportation of 
 manufaftures to be confumed in foreign countries, may be called 
 (with refpeft to the people that make them) generative lavis, ' 
 as by increafing fubfiftence they encourage marriage. Such 
 laws likewife ftrengthen a country doubly, by increafing its 
 own people and diminilhing its neighbours. 
 
 17. Some European nations prudently refufe to confume the 
 manufaftures of Eaft-India They ftiould Jikewife forbid them 
 to their colonies; for the gain to the merchant is not to be 
 compared with the lofs by this means of people to the nation. 
 
 18. Home luxury in the great increafes the nation’s ma- 
 
 nufafiturers employed by it, who are many,, and only tends to 
 diminilh the families that indulge in it, who are few. The 
 greater-the common fafliionable expence of any rank of people, 
 the more cautious they ai-e of marriage. Therefore luxury ftiould 
 never be fufiered to become common, i 
 
' f 55 ] ' _ 
 
 19. The great increafe of offspring in particular families,' is 
 not always owing, to greater fecundity of nature, but fometimes 
 to examples ofinduftry in the heads, and induftrious education; 
 by which the children are enabled to provide better for ihem- 
 felves, andtheirmarryingearly is encouraged from the profpeft 
 of good fubliftence. 
 
 20. If there be a fed therefore, in our nation, that regard 
 frugality and induftry as religious duties, and educate their 
 children therein, more than others commonly do; fuch feft 
 muli: confequently increafe more by natural generation, than any 
 other feft in Britain .— 
 
 21. The importation of foreigners into a country that has as. 
 
 many inhabitants as the prefent employments and provifions for 
 fubfiftence will bear, will be in the end no increafe of people, 
 unlefs the new comers have more induftry and frugality than the 
 natives, and then they will provide more fubfiftence and in¬ 
 creafe in the country; but they will gradually eat the natives 
 out.—Nor is it neceffary to bring in foreigners to fill up any 
 occafional vacancy in a country; for fuch vacancy (if the laws 
 are good, § 14,16) will foon be filled by natural generation. 
 Who can now find the vacancy razditinSmueden, France, or other 
 warlike nations, by the plague of heroifm 40 years ago; in 
 France, by the expulfion of proteftants; in England, by the 
 fetdefiient of her colonies; or m Guinea, by 100 years exporta¬ 
 tion of Haves that has blackened half America ? -The thinnefs 
 
 of the inhabitants in Sjiain, is owing to national pride and idle^- 
 nefs, and other caufes, rather than to the expulfion of the Moors, 
 or to the making of new fettlements. 
 
 22. There is in Ihort no bound to the prolific nature of plants 
 or animals, but what is made by their crowding aud interfering 
 with each other’s means of fubfiftence. Was the face of the 
 earth vacant of other plants, it might be gradually fowed and 
 overfpread with one kind only; as for inftance, with Fennel; 
 and were it empty of other inhabitants, it might in a few ages 
 be repleniftied from one nation only; as for inftance with Eng- 
 lijhmen. Thus there are fuppofed to be now upwards of one Mil¬ 
 lion Englifi fouls in North America, (tho’ ’tis thought fcarce 
 80,000 have been brought over fea) and yet perhaps &re is not 
 one the fewer in Britain, but rather many more, on account of the 
 employment the colonies afford to manufafturers at home. This 
 million doubling, fuppofe but once in 25 years, will in another 
 century be more than the people of England, and the greateft 
 number of Englijkmen will be on this fide the water. 
 
 What an 'accellion of power to the empire by fea as 
 well as land ! What increafe of trade and navigation ! What 
 numbers of fliips and feamen,! We have been here but little 
 more 
 
more than loo years, and yet the force of our privateers in the 
 late war, united, was greater, both in men and guns, than 
 that of the whole Briiijh navy in queen Elizabeths time. ——. 
 How important an affair then to Britain, is the prefent treaty f 
 for fettling the bounds between her colonies and the French, and 
 how careful Ihould Ihe be to fecure room enough, ffnce on the 
 room depends fo much the Increafe of her people ? 
 
 '23. Inline, a nation well regulated is like a polypus; J take 
 away a limb, its place is foon fupply’d; cut it in two, and each 
 deficient part lhall Ipeedily grow out of the part remaining. 
 Thus if you have room and fubfiftence enough, as you may by 
 dividing, make ten polypufes out of one, you may of one make 
 ten nations, equally populous and powerful; or rather increafe 
 a nation tenfold in numbers and ftrength. ***'****** 
 
 t I7SI- t 4 n.mer-mfeilj’well-knovjnto naturalip^ ' 
 
 % % % % % 
 % % % % 
 
 ^ ^ % 
 
 % % 
 
 H 
 
E s8 ] 
 
 S INCE the foregoing fheets were printed off, 
 the writer has obtained accounts ofthe Exports 
 to North America, and the India IJlands, by 
 which it appears, that there has been fome increafe 
 of trade to thofe as well as to North Ame¬ 
 rica, though in a much lefs degree. The follow¬ 
 ing extraft from thefe accounts will Ihow the reader 
 atone view the amount of the exports to each, in 
 two different terms of five years; the terms taken 
 at ten years diftance from each other, to fhow the 
 increafe, viz. 
 
 Firft Term, from 1744 to 1748, inclufive. 
 
 Northern Colonies, Weft India Iftands, 
 
 3744—.C-640.II+ 12 4 — 
 174s-534.316 25 — 
 
 3746 -754.945 4 3 — 
 
 3747 -726,648 5 5 — 
 
 ■1748-830,243 16 9 — 
 
 ->^•796,112 17 
 
 —503,669 19 
 
 —856,463 18 
 
 Total, 3,486,268 1 2 Tot. 3,363,337 10 10 
 Difference, 122,930 10 4 
 
 ^.3,486,268 I 2 
 
 Second Term, from 1754 to 1758, inclufive. 
 
 Northern Colonies. Weft India Iftands. 
 
 1754--1,246,615 1 II- -685,675 3 o 
 
 1755 -1,177,848 6 10-694,667 13 3 
 
 1756 -1,428,720 18 10- 733.458 16 3 
 
 1757 -1,727,924 2 10-776,488 o 6 
 
 1758 -1,832,948 13 10—-877,571 19 II 
 
 Total, ;C. 7,414,57 4 3 Tot.^.3,767,841 12 II 
 Dift'erence 3,646,215 ii 4 
 
 jC-7.414.057,4 3 
 
 I» 
 
[ 59 '] . 
 
 Inthefirftterm, total for Weft India IJlands, 3,363,337 'lo lo 
 
 In the fecond Term, - - - - 3,767,841 iz ii 
 
 Increafe only ^^.0,404,504 z i 
 
 Vn the lirft Term, total for iVsrrZifrB Co/wm, 3,486 ,z68 1 z 
 
 Inthe fecondTerm, ditto, _ - - - 7,414,057 4 3 
 
 Increafe, ,31 
 
 By thefe accounts it appears, that the Exports to 
 the Weft India Iftands and to the Northern Colonies 
 were in the firft term nearly equal; the difference 
 being only 122,936/. lOJ. n^d. and in the fecond 
 term, the exports to thofe iflands had only increafed 
 
 404,504/. 2S. id. -Whereas the increafe to the 
 
 Northern Colonies is 3,927,789/. 3^. id. almoft 
 Four Millions. 
 
 Some part of this increafed demand for Englijh 
 goods, may be afcribed to the armies and fleets we 
 have had both in North America, and the In¬ 
 dies ; not fo much for what is confumed by -the 
 foldiery; their cloathing, ftores, ammunition, &c. 
 fent from hence on account of the government, 
 being (as is fuppofed) not included in thefe ac¬ 
 counts of merchandize exported; but, as the war 
 has occafioned a great plenty of money in America, 
 many of the inhabitants have increafed their ex¬ 
 pence. 
 
 Thefe accounts do not include any exports from 
 Scotland to America, which are doubtlefs proportion- 
 ably confiderable; nor the exports from Ireland, 
 
 THE END, 
 
Advertlfement. 
 
 tately puUiJhedin'Lon^.on, and to he fold 
 ■■ by faidMecom (Price %f. L. M.) 
 
 [Afcrib’d to Mr. F.^ 
 
 A n Hifiorkal Review of the 
 Conftitution and Government of' 
 Pensylvania, fromdts Origin 
 fo far as regards the feveral Points of Con- 
 troverfy which have, from Time to Time, 
 arifen between the' feveral Governors of 
 that Province, and their feveral JJfemhlies: 
 Founded on,authentic Documents. Dedi¬ 
 cated to the Right Honourable ARTHUR 
 ONSLOW, Efq. Speaker of the Plonour- 
 able Houfe of Commons, 
 
 Thofe who woiUd give up Essential Liberty 
 to purchafe a little Temporary Safety, de- 
 ferve neither Liberty nor Safety. 
 
 In the Dedication. thefe Words : 
 
 “ The Caufe we bring is in Fad the 
 “ Caufe of all the Provinces in one : It 
 “ is the Caufe of every Britifh Sub- 
 “ jed in every Part of the Britifh Domin- 
 ions. It is the Caufe of every Man who 
 “ deferves to be-free every where.” 
 
 To the above Rotation from the dedication, the follow¬ 
 ing Paragraphs are added, as a Specimen of the 
 Author’s Ability to handle and apply thofe authentic 
 documents in an accurate and juft Manner. 
 
 “'pO obtain an infinite Variety of Purpofes, by a 
 few plain Principles, is the Charafteriftic of 
 Nature. As the Eye is aflefted, fo is the Underftaiid- 
 ing : Objefts at diilance ftrike us according to their 
 Diihenfions, or tlie Quantity of Light thrown upon 
 them ; near, according to their Novelty or Familiar¬ 
 ity ; as they are in motion or at reft. ’Tis the fame 
 with 
 
with Aftions. A Battle is all Motion ; a Hero all 
 Glare : While fuch Images are before us, we can at¬ 
 tend to nothing elfe. Solon and Lycurgus would make 
 no Figure in the fame Scene with the King of PruJJia ; 
 and we are at prefent fo loft in the military Scramble 
 on the Continent next us, in which it muft be con- 
 fefted we are deeply interefted, that tye have fcarce 
 Time to throw a Glance towards America, where we 
 have alfo much at Stake, and where, if any where, 
 our Account muft be made up at laft. Introdull. 
 
 “ We love to ftare more than to refleft, and to be 
 indolently amus’d at our Leifure, than to commit the 
 fmalleft Trefpafs on our Patience by winding a pain¬ 
 ful tedious Maze, which would pay us in nothing 
 but Knowledge. IntrodnBkn. 
 
 “ Surely, to a Nation born to Liberty like This, 
 bound to leave it unimpair’d as they received it from 
 their Fathers in Perpetuity to their Heirs, and inter¬ 
 efted in the Confervation of it in every Appendix of 
 the Empire, the Particulars of inch a Conteft 
 cannot be wholly indiflerent. Intro. 
 
 “ On the contrary, it is reafonable to think,the firft 
 Workings of Power againft Liberty, and the natural 
 Eftbrts of unbiaffed Men to fecure theraf^lves againft 
 the iirft Approaches of Oppreflion, muft have- a cap¬ 
 tivating Power oyer every Man of Senfibility and 
 Difcernment amongft us. Introd. 
 
 “ It is a known Cuftom among Farmers to change 
 their Corn from Seafon to Seafon for the Sake of filling 
 the Buftiel: And in Cafe the Wifdom of the Age 
 Ihould condefcend to make the .like Experiment in 
 another Shape, from hence we may learn, whither 
 to repair for the proper Species. ' Intro. 
 
 “ Courage, "Wifdom, Integrity and Honour are 
 not to be meafured by the Sphere affigned them to 
 adt in,- but by the Trials they undergo, and the 
 Vouchers they furnilh : And if fo manifefted, need 
 neither Robe.s, or Titles to fet them off. Intro. 
 
 From the Body of the Book. . 
 
 “ There is fomething in Connexion and Depend- 
 ance which gives afecretBiafs to all we think and 
 wilh, as well- as what we fay : And in all Difputes 
 this muft be duly allowed for on both Sides. 
 
 “ Men who want a prefent Convenience muft not 
 be over-folicitous about future Contingencies ; and, 
 in geiieral, we chufe to be blind to fuch Obftacles as 
 we fear We have not Strength enough to remove. 
 
 “ Though Proteaion is the Reafon, and, con- 
 fequently 
 
feguendy fliould be the End of Government, we 
 ought to be as much upon our Guard againil our 
 Proteftbrs as againll: our Enemies. 
 
 “ Power, like Water, is ever working its own 
 Way; and wherever it can find or make anOpening, is 
 altogether as prone to overflow whatever is fubjecl; 
 to it. , 
 
 “ And tho’ Matter of Right overlooked, maybe 
 reclaimed and re-afliimed at any Time, it cannot be 
 too foon reclaimed and re-aflumed. 
 
 “ To unite the Subtilty of the Serpent with the 
 Innocence of the Dove, is not fo eafily doneasfaid. 
 
 Speaking of a Party-Difpute, the Author fays - 
 
 “ Thus Heat kindled Heat: Animofity excited 
 Animqfity; And each Party refolving to be always 
 in the Right, were often both In the Wrong. 
 
 Speaking in fiifiification of the Condticl of the fe-veral 
 AJfemblies, in a certain Hifpute, he fays, “ Men they 
 were : Pallions and Interefts they confequently had : 
 And if they were fometimes carried away a little too 
 far by them, it is obvious the Paflions and Interefts of 
 others worked up the Ferment lirft, and never re¬ 
 lented to the laft. 
 
 ^ “ It is true, an over-rigid Performance of Condi¬ 
 tions is not to be expedled of Government, and fel- 
 dom can be exafted from it. But then if the Repre- 
 fentative Part is not tenacious, almoft to a Fault, of 
 ■ the Rights and Claims of a People; they will in a 
 Courfe of Time lofe their very Pretenfions to them. 
 
 He alfo affirms, that “ Of all political Cements, 
 Reciprocal Intereft is the ftrongeft ; And the Subjefts 
 Money is never fo well difpofed of as in the Mainten¬ 
 ance of Order and Tranquility, and the Purchafe of 
 good Laws. 
 
 ‘Tonuards the Conchifion are the following Paragraphs. 
 
 “ The True State of Penfypuania is now before 
 , us.—It is apparent the Aflemblies of that Province 
 have afted from the Beginning on the defenfive only : 
 The Defenfive is what every Man, by the Right and 
 Law of Nature, is intitled to.— Jealoufy is the firft 
 Principle of Defence ; If Men were not to fufpeft, 
 they would rarely, if ever, be upon their Guard. — 
 Magna Charta is apparently founded upon this Prin¬ 
 ciple ; nay, provides. That Oppofition ftiould be 
 always at Hand to confront and obviate Dangfer. — 
 Penn, the Founder of the Colony, founded it upon 
 Magna Charta : And, as we have feen, the Birth- 
 Rights of his Followers were rather enlarged than 
 diminilhed 
 
' diminilhed by his Ihftltutibns.-- That the latter 
 of his aftive Life, therefore, was employed in under-; 
 mining his own Foundations,. only ferves to excite 
 ourConcerir, That fo few ihonld be of a Piece with 
 themfelves; and to make him anfwerable in Part for 
 the Trefpafles of his Heirs. • 
 
 “ Fatally verified, however, we fee, both there and 
 every where elfe, the Fable of the Jx, which having 
 been gratified with as much Wood only as would ferve 
 it for a Handle, became immediately the Inftrument 
 to hew down the Foreft, Root and Branch, from 
 whence it was taken. 
 
 “ It is as apparent, on the other Hand, That thefc 
 Vfoprktaries have afted an offenfive Part ; have fet 
 up unwarrantable Claims; have adhered to them by 
 Infiruftions yet more unwarrantable j have availed 
 themfelves of the Dangers and Diftrefl'es of the Pro¬ 
 vince, and made it their Bufinefs (at leail: their Depu¬ 
 ties have) to increafe the Terrors of the Times, pur- 
 pofely to unhinge the prefent Syftem j and, by the 
 Dint of AlTumptions, Snares, Menaces, Afperfions, 
 Tumults, and every other unfair Pradtice whatfoever, 
 would have either bullied or wheadled the Inhabitants 
 out of the Privileges they were born to : Nay, they 
 have adtually avowed this perfidious Purpofe, by a- 
 vowing and dilperfing thofe Pamphlets in which the 
 faid Privileges are infolently, wickedly, and foolilhly 
 pronounced repugnant to Government, the Sources 
 ofConfufion; andfuchas, having aiifwered the great 
 End of caufing an expeditious Settlement, for which 
 alone they were granted, might be refumed at Plea- 
 fure, as incompatible with the D/cS'a/oWa/Power they 
 now challenge and would fain exercife. 
 
 “ And This being the Truth, the plain Truth, 
 and Nothing but the Truth, tliere is no need to'di- 
 re£t the Cenfures of the Public ; which, on proper 
 Information, are always fure to fall in the rightTlace. 
 
 “ The Parties before them are the Two'Proprietor- 
 
 ries of a Province, and the Province itfelf.-And 
 
 Who or What are thefe Proprietaries ? In the' Pro¬ 
 vince unfizeable Subjedts and unfufficient Lords.—— 
 At Home, Gentlemen, ’tis true, but Gentlemen fo 
 very private, that in the Herd of Gentry they are 
 hardly to be found -Not in Court; not in Office; 
 not in Parliament. 
 
 “ And which is of moft Confequence to the Com¬ 
 munity ; Whether their private Ejiaie lhall be taxed,. 
 . or the Province lhall he/aved? 
 
 « Whether 
 
“ Whetlierthefe Two p.i rate Gentlemen, in Vir- 
 tne of thejr abfolute Proprietaryjhip, fhall convert fo 
 'many Fjlhnu-Suhjecls, born as free as themWves, 
 ■into Vajfals ? Or, Whetlier fo noble and ufeful a 
 Trovi.iccr fhall for ever remain an Af;l:im for all that 
 wifh'tr remain as free as the Inhabitants of it b.ave, 
 iitlierto, made a Shift to prefen’e themfelves r 
 
 Sab Judicc Lis ejl. 
 
 WhatPart the Offices here at Home have taken 
 in this Contrpvcrfy, it will be Time enough to fpecify 
 when .’tis,'oyer ; And Appeals, refpeflively made, 
 argue a Prefumption, That Right will be done. 
 
 Tothefaid Review is added an Appendix 
 
 containing fundry original Papers, relative to the 
 feveral Points of Controverfy between the Govern¬ 
 ors and A-fficmblies of Pcajyhania.