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The Sun's GUIDE TO NEW YORK REPLIES TO QUESTIONS ASKED EVERY DAY BY THE GUESTS AND CITIZENS OF THE AMERICAN METROPOLIS. SUGGESTIONS TO SIGHTSEERS AND PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR PRACTICAL PEOPLE. Copyright, 1892. s>n> Copyright, 1S92, by R. WAYNE WILSON AND COMPANY. KLKCTROTYPED AND PRINTKD BY l'HK JKttSKY CITY PRINTING COMPANY, Zl MONTGOMERY STREKT, JKKHKY CITY, N. J. F YOU SEE IT IN THE SUN, I • • it's so • J 9 WHEV you go East this fall to vist the Metropolis of the Western World, go by " America's Greatest Railroad," the NEW YORK CENTRAL. WHAT can be superior to the magnificent equipment of the most famous Railroad in the world the NEW YORK CENTRAL? WHERE can you find such varied and delightful scenery, such superb trains or such reliable service generally as are presented by the NEW YORK CENTRAL? WHO would not prefer to have the best when it can be had practically at the same cost, taking into consideration time, comfort and desirability of route and surroundings? WHICH is the best route between the East and the West? There is now but one answer to this question ; without doubt the answer of every experienced traveler is the NEW YORK CENTRAL. WHY not take an early opportunity to investigate the unparalleled facilities we offer, and unite your verdict with that of the press and public of this great country, that one of its greatest and most valuable institutions is the NEW YORK CENTRAL? WO Bff'T you do it ? And if you would have a clearer con- ception of our great system and its advantages, send five two cent stamps for a copy of " Health and Pleasure on America's Greatest Railroad," to George H. Daniels, General Passenger Agent, Grand Central Station, New York. COJ^TEJMTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION i A TOUR OF NEW YORK— Its more Notable Districts and Buildings Visited — The Facts of Interest, Present and Historic, About Each 4 INDOOR AMUSEMENTS— Theatres — Opera Houses — Music Halls — Character of the Enter- tainments in Each — Cost of Admission 29 PERIODIC EXHIBITIONS— Pictures — American Institute Fair — Horse, Dog, Poultry and Flower Shows — Pure Foods 46 RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS— Where to Pass an Hour or Two Pleasantly, or Go for a Day's Out- ing, or a More Prolonged Holiday 50 SPORTS AND ATHLETICS— Racing and Driving — Yachting — Athletic Clubs and Grounds — Gymnasia 70 CLUBS AND SOCIETIES— The Leading Organizations in New York for Social, Literary and Other Purposes — Their Homes 88 FINE ARTS— New York's Wealth of Paintings and Statues — The Art Centre of the Country — Applied Arts 109 ARCHITECTURE— A Running Review of the Architecturally Notable Buildings in New York 134 government- How the Public Affairs of the City are Conducted — The Machinery Employed 154 PUBLIC WORKS— The Masterpieces of Constructive Skill, which make New York so Comfortable a City to live in 165 CONTENTS. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS— page The Custom House — Sub-Treasury — Assay Office — Clearing House — Stock Exchange — Banks and Trust Companies — Insurance 172 BUSINESS CENTRES— Trade Districts — Exchanges — Markets — Office Buildings 184 MEANS OF COMMUNICATION— The Post Office — The Telephone Service — The Telegraph Service — Messenger Service 202 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS— Public Schools and Academies — Universities — Colleges of Medicine, Law and Divinity — Schools of Art and Music — Libraries — The American Museum of Natural History 220 NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS— Their Circulation — How Produced and Distributed — Periodicals Printed in Foreign Languages — Leading Magazines and Reviews. . 238 BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS— The Charity Organization Society — Government or Official Aid — Private or Semi-Private Aid — Hospitals, Dispensaries, Ambulances and Nurses — Asylums for the Insane — Homes for Aged or Infirm — Juvenile Asylums and Schools for the Defective — Reformatories — Day Nurseries — Houses of Refuge, Free Lodging and Meals — Sum- mer Homes and Excursions — Special Relief Funds 244 CHURCHES— Their History — Present Position — Music — List of the More Import- ant and the Names of their Pastors 262 CEMETERIES AND CREMATORIES— Description of the Greater Burying Grounds in and Around New York — Incineration 278 SUBURBS— Residential Centres in Brooklyn, Long Island and Staten Island, in New York, Connecticut and New Jersey — The Harbor, Rivers and Islands 287 TRAVELLERS' GUIDE— Means of Reaching and Leaving New York— Where to Stay ai'd the Cost — How to Get About 310 STREET DIRECTORY 343 PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT 357 INDEX 373 New Postal Telegraph Building, Broadway and Murray Street, New York. TO BE OCCUPIED BY The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company, With Wires to all Important Points in the United States and Canada, AND The Commercial Cable Company, Reaching EUROPE and all parts of the WORLD. Cablegrams via COMMERCIAL may be filed at any POSTAL Office (See list of New York City Offices, on pages 214 and 215). A BOOK FREE ON THE FINISHING AND STAINING OF NATURAL WOODS, = INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR. = ilAJJJJJJJliJM On receipt of Four cents in stamps the above book will be mailed you by PRATT & LAMBERT, RELIABLE VARNISH MAKERS, 370-378 26th ST., CHICAGO, ILL 47 JOHN & 5 DUTCH STS., NEW YORK. OUR SPECIALTIES: SPAR FINISHING VARNISH. No. 38 PRESERVATIVE. No. I IO CABINET. PRATT'S DRYER. LIQUID WOOD FILLER. UNFADING OIL STAINS. COACH AND CAR VARNISHES. INTI^ODUCBTION. Like other great cities, New York is peopled from the four corners of the earth. Every known language is spoken in its streets ; but its assimi- lating power is great, and in-comers fast become Gothamised. They soon learn to love the city, and are unhappy away from it. Its clear air, unpol- luted by smoke, its better than average climate, its excellent order, the brilliant lighting and safety of its streets, the energy of its people, their lack of bigotry, the conveniences of locomotion, the big stores, the resources of amusement, all tend to make New Yorkers fond of their city. Above all, there is a sympathy recognized less by its presence in New York than by its absence elsewhere after it has been experienced here, which attracts people to this city. The best, the brightest, the strongest minds of the country are drawn to New York, and in their presence and conversation is found a stimulus which leads to greater organization of efforts than are planned in other cities. Consequently the wealth of New York City is greater than the wealth of the entire State of Pennsylvania, where coal, iron and oil have made so many great fortunes. The aggregate wealth of the State of Illinois, including Chicago, is only one-fifth that of this city. Astonishing as such calculations are, they do not nearly do justice to New York, for it is the center of a cluster of suburbs radiating twenty-five miles beyond its municipal boundaries, which should all be included when the resources of the city are computed. The figures are obtainable, but they need not be quoted here. Rough- ly speaking, the population of the Metropolitan district is about four and one-half millions, or one-fifteenth of the population of the United States, or a three-hundredth of the whole number of human beings. Within the city limits the enumerators who took the State census this year, found 1,801,739 people living in about 125,000 houses. These figures give an idea of the density of the population on Manhattan Island. In one square mile, below Fourteenth street, on the East side, there are over 350,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom are of foreign birth. These people are taxing New York's capacity for assimilation to the utmost. Many of the present generation will remain unaffected by it, but their children feel it through the schools, education being compulsory. It is noteworthy that as these new comers become prosperous in any degree they leave their 2 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. more squalid and ignorant neighbors and push further up town. But faster than these are promoted, the lower classes are swelled by the inrush of im- migrants from Central Europe. According to American standards these people live in misery, but their condition is undoubtedly far better than it was in Europe. Hundreds of them may crowd into one tenement here, but the Board of Health insists that they have an ample supply of water, that the houses are properly sewered, and that they do not so overcrowd a building as to deprive any of a sufficiency of air. The streets between these tenements are kept fairly clean, and the people are protected perforce by vaccination and sanitation from the ravages of disease. There are no rookeries in New York. When the visitor goes slumming he is guided along brightly-lighted streets, lined with substantial tenements of from four to eight stories in height, and at almost every corner he catches the glint of a policeman's buttons. But there are other foreign quarters in New York where the people are thoroughly prosperous and comfortable, and these should be visited as well as the abodes of the outcasts of Europe. One great amelioration of the lot of the latter is the city's freedom from climatic rigors. New York is the farthest south of any of the Metropolitan centers of the world. Hence the cost of heavy wraps and fuel is comparatively little if immi- grants are content to be no warmer on chilly days than they were able to keep themselves at home. Americans are so lavish in their expenditures, however, that their coat and coal bills would bring dismay to most British householders. In point of wealth New York presents the extremes. The southeast side harbors many poor, but the northwest side houses many rich. It is impossible exactly to compute the wealth of the city. Of property subject to taxation there is over three billion dollars' worth, two and one-half bil- lions of realty and half a billion of personalty. This is assessed at 60 per cent, of its value, and the tax rate is about one and four-fifth cents on the dollar, making the annual income of the city from direct taxation about thirty-six millions of dollars. Other sources of revenue yield about three millions of dollars. This income is spent in maintaining the best police force, the best fire brigade and the best board of health in the world., as well as on pavements, sidewalks, sewers, street lights, street cleaning, free schools, free baths, parks, docks, water supply, hospitals, asylums, prisons and alms houses, the last three mainly for the accommodation of Europe's afflicted and pau- per children. The property in New York which is not subject to taxation is valued at about half a billion dollars. Of this considerably more than one-half is public property, the remainder belonging to religious and char- itable organizations. New York's credit in the money centers of the world INTRODUCTION. 3 is of the very highest, as may be judged from the fact that not long ago it sold in open market two and a half per cent, bonds at a premium of one and a-half per cent. At the opening of this century the entire property, real and personal, of the city, was valued at twenty-two millions, and its population was un- der 50,000, say a fortieth of what it is to-day. Nothing more need be said of the development of the city except that its people have made it. Nature did much when she provided our grand harbor, but there are fully as safe and nearly as capacious harbors elsewhere on the Atlantic coast. Other cities had even a better start than New York, but the latter secured and kept the people with the commercial daring necessary to bring leadership and pre-eminence. Every chapter of this book tells how fully, in some di- rection, New York occupies the first place. It is a city that is peculiarly mindful of and surpassingly liberal towards ability; and while it continues so it will remain the grandest city in America. /c TOUR Of JvlEW YORK. Its More Notable Districts and Buildings Visited— The Facts of In- terest, Present and Historic, about Each. If you will go up into the tower of the Produce Exchange Building, and look almost straight down on each side, you will see nearly every spot of historic interest on Manhattan Island. In a small space about half a mile in diameter, of which the Bowling Green is the centre, New York City was born and nourished. There the right of the people to take, and use, the powers that had been in the hands of their rulers, whenever an uncertainty arose as to who the proper rulers were, was asserted by martyred Jacob Leisler; there the first Congress of the Colonies was held; there the mer- chants of New York vowed not to import English goods until the King's tyranny was disavowed; there the American Revolution practically began; there its last act was done. As you leave the Exchange building by its Whitehall street exit, you get a cross view of seven old-fashioned brick houses, with high stoops, standing between you and the Battery. On their site was Fort Amster- dam, built under the direction of Kryn Frederycke in 1726. Within its walls were the Governor's House, and, for years, the homes of all the colo- nists. The waters of the Bay almost lapped its base. Where State street now is was a strand. The green park beyond has grown, or been made. Castle Garden, over to the southwest, looking so old and dirty, is modern — only eighty-seven years old. It was not built until 1805, and it was then far out in the water. It was at first known as Fort Clinton, after Governor George Clinton. When it had been deeded to the State, in 1822, and made use of for public ceremonies, its likeness to a castle procured for it the name it now bears. There in 1824 Lafayette was re- ceived with splendor, and there ten years later his death was sincerely mourned. Receptions were also given there at various times to Presi- dents Jackson and Tyler and Commoner Henry Clay. Theatrical and operatic performances were given in the Garden tor years, its crowning glory being that Jenny Lind first sang in America within its walls. From No Brand Better Known or Liked than St@rm King WMskey 9 r— Blended by J. C. CHILDS & CO. ^It is Pure, Mellow and Palatable.^ * Price, $8 to $12 per case of IS bottles. A BIG STOCK OF PURE WINES AND LIQUORS ALWAYS 08 HAND. Write for Catalogue. 346 and 348 EIGHTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY- Goods shipped to any part of the United States on receipt of price. ;l« B pR .OU A.||| D iiiiW a A Y I, v 1 UJ- i i r AC UJ UJ -> .!!,.*- >S~ .ft 'VV»\ •#//<' '<"' I ) - / . ■ > ■ I'M/' ,■■// l^ou/est I^ates Baggage Called for and Checked. Information and Time Tables Free. Sleeping Berths and Staterooms secured. All kinds of Railway and Excursion Tickets Bought, Exchanged and Sold at Less than Regular Rates. Great Cut-Rate Ticket Office, 227 Broadway. ?:Zu:™^Z™^' Telephone, 2 ; Cortlandt. A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 5 1855 until recently it was used as an immigrant station. Now it is a pos- session of the municipal government, and is to be converted into a great aquarium. Right here, at the corner of State street and Bowling Green, where the office of the Anchor Line is, the last act of the Revolution was done by- Captain John Van Arsdale in climbing a greased pole and pulling down the British flag a churlish foe had left flying when he departed from our shore on November 25, 1783. The event is celebrated annually at the flag-staff to the southeast, in the Battery. It was in the old fort that was situated on this block, bounded now by Bowling Green, Whitehall street, State street and Bridge street, that the church was where Dominie Bogardus, the husband of Anneke Jans, whose name is better known than that of any other woman in local history, used to rebuke the rapacity of Director Kieft. And Jacob Leisler kept this fort during the time that he and his fellow captains, refusing to recognize the agents of the rapacious James II., waited for the appearance of King William's accredited representatives. His refusal to surrender it to Captain Ingoldsby, when the latter appeared, and, without credentials, demanded it, in advance of the arrival of Governor Sloughter, was the most potent reason why he and his son-in-law, Milborne, were hanged, and their bodies be- headed, for " high treason." When the English took New Amsterdam in September, 1664, and called it New York, they changed Fort Amsterdam to Fort James. Bold Peter Stuyvesant retired in sorrow to his bowery. In July, 1673, Capt. Anthony Colve took the colony away from the craven English Governor, Manning, and held it under the name of New Orange — the fort being en- titled William Hendrick — until February, 1674, when, by treaty, the Dutch again gave way to the English, and New York and Fort James came into being once more. After the demolition of the fort an edifice was erected on its site for the use of the President of the United States, but it was never occupied by that dignitary. Governor George Clinton lived in it for a time. After the selection of Albany as the State capital it was used as a Custom House. It was sold, and demolished to make room for the houses now standing there, mainly occupied by steamship offices. In their day they were the home of the fashionable life of the city. It is now pro- posed to build a Custom House on their site again. Bowling Green is the pretty oval park which lies to the north and west of these buildings. It was originally a part of the market place in front of Fort Amsterdam. In 1770 the citizens of New York erected there a leaden statue of George III. in evidence of their gratitude for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Six years later — after the reading of the Declaration of Independence to Washington's army in the present City Hall Park, then 6 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. known as The Fields — they tore that statue down. The greater part of it was sent to Connecticut, where Governor Wolcott's daughters ran it into bullets to kill British soldiers. In Bowling Green, in 1795, the people, angered at the treaty reported to have been negotiated by John Jay with Great Britain, made a bon-fire of alleged copies of it. On the western side of the little park is No. 9 Broadway — a true his- toric spot. Some ramshackle sheds, on top of which was the original terminus of the elevated railway, now stand there. More than two hundred years ago, when big-paunched, slow-moving Dutchmen sauntered near-by, Martin Cregier kept a tavern famous even to Fort Orange. Burns' Coffee House was the successor of the tavern, in the eighteenth century. Here, on the night of October 31, 1765, the merchants of New York met and resolved " to import no goods from England until the Stamp Act be re- pealed." And here again they renewed their resolution on hearing of the passage of the bill to tax tea and other imports. It was from here the Mohawks started when, in April, 1774, they escorted the ship Nancy, with her cargo of tabooed tea, out to sea. Later on, the Atlantic Gardens, a famous resort for wealthy and luxurious New Yorkers, occupied this site. The lots Nos. 1 and 3 Broadway, where the Washington, or Field, Building now lifts its great mass to the admiring view of visitors from across the sea, were first built upon in English Colonial times. There, just prior to the Revolution, Captain Archibald Kennedy, then Collector of the Port, built his mansion, which was afterwards occupied as headquarters by Gen. Gage, Lord Cornwallis, Gen. Howe, and Sir Henry Clinton. From here Major Andre took his departure to meet Arnold. Gen. Putnam also had his quarters there in 1776. Talleyrand lived there for a time. The building was afterwards changed into a hostelry, and, as the Washington Hotel, stood until a few years ago. At No. 5 Broadway, Benedict Arnold lived after his unparalleled treachery and from there the patriot Champe sought to kidnap him. The massive but somewhat dilapidated building at No. 7 Broadway was once the scene of magnificence, and in its spacious parlors the marriage of Daniel Webster is said to have taken place. Leaving Broadway for a time, walk along State street under the trees of the Battery Park. You are now following the curve of the shore as it was in the Dutch times. South of you, at the end of the Park, is the hand- some stone edifice known as the Barge Office. It is the veritable " Gate of America." The fine old mansions opposite you are in the main temporary homes for immigrants. A queer-shaped structure at the bend is the home and church for Irish girls. Should you go along the side of the Battery to the Brooklyn and Staten Island ferry -houses, near by the Barge Office, you would arrive at South street, which stretches along the East A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 7 River to Corlear's Hook, where Director Kieft massacred an unsuspecting party of Indians in 1643 and brought speedy disaster to the colony. In South street the bowsprits of hundreds of vessels project over the roadway. Barrels and other packages cumber it. The noise of trade and traffic, the clangor of ship-carpenters' hammers, the clashing of boiler- makers, the whirring of hoists, the shouts of drivers and longshoremen, the shrill notes of signal whistles fill the air through the day. At night the street is deserted, excepting in the neighborhood of ferries, or in dark spots where dock thieves lurk. Most of the wharves along it are old and of wood. The city's dock improvements are, in the main, along West street, which stretches from the Battery to the beginning of Tenth street, by the side of the Hudson River. Here are the wharves of the ocean steamships. From daylight to nightfall West street is crowded with trucks in apparently inex- tricable tangles. In some places bridges are necessary to enable travellers to cross it to ferry-houses. West street is infested by confidence men. It is not. a safe place to saunter in. South street is more comfortable. Both streets are on made land, far out from the boundaries of the old city. Pearl street was the early thoroughfare along the East River. It was the first street built upon. The Colonists were timid about living outside the fort, and when they did go out they put their houses between it and a small battery. Thus the narrow, dingy part of Pearl St. , between State and Whitehall Sts., came into being. It was gradually extended until by devious ways it reached Broadway. It was the fashionable street for years. Then it became the great dry goods mart. In it are many sites of historic interest. On the corner of Whitehall St. , where the big United States Military Depot is, and where the Produce Exchange used to be, William Bradford set up the first printing press seen in New York, in April, 1693. Just above that corner, in Whitehall St. , the first church — Dutch Reformed, of course — was built. The church within the fort was a later structure. A block further — at the southeastern corner of Pearl and Broad streets, is the oldest building in New York. It has been somewhat mod- ernized and does not look its age. It was originally a mansion of the De Lancey family. Then it became a tavern, and has remained such. In it the Chamber of Commerce was organized in 1768; and after the British evacuated the city in 1783, Washington made it his headquarters. Here he delivered his farewell address to his officers on December 4, 1783. On the upper side of Pearl St., at the head of Coenties Slip, you find the site of the old Stadt Huys, or City Hall, — built in 1646 and demolished in 1699 — in which the first Congress of Colonial Delegates was held in 1690 — called by Jacob Leisler to devise means to repulse the French and Indians who were carrying desolation into New York and New England. In the middle of the next block, on the front of No. 90 Pearl St., you will find a stone re- 8 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. cording the fact that there, on December 16, 1835, a fire started which burned for two days, and destroyed 64S buildings. The old Cotton Exchange stands on the corner of Pearl and William Sts., facing Hanover Square, and also its grand successor, the present Cotton Exchange. Walk up William street one block and you come to Delmonico's new building at the junction of William, Beaver and Stone streets. Here you may refresh yourself and make a brief survey of the columns from Pompeii that support the front portico. The big edifice op- posite you, beyond the Cotton Exchange, is that of the Fanners' Loan and Trust Co. Next to it, on the corner of William street and Exchange Place, is the Delaware & Lackawanna Building. Back of this, facing Exchange Place, Hanover street and Beaver street, is the Post Building. They are three magnificent structures, equipped with every improvement. The dark mass of granite known as the Custom House now confronts you ; and it is well to walk up to Wall street and view its proportions. This building was erected for a Merchants' Exchange after the fire of 1835, which swept its site. The merchants could not sustain such a monster, and it passed into the possession of the United States Government. It will probably be abandoned and pulled down in this decade. In Wall street you are in the midst of grand buildings, broad, tower- ing, beautiful. Look to the west and you are delighted with the appear- ance of Trinity Church at the head of the street. Nearer to you is the Greek temple called the Sub-Treasury, at the corner of Wall and Nassau streets and at the head of Broad street. In Broad street, just below Wall street, is the main entrance to the Stock Exchange Building. That enor- mous pile, the Mills Building, where Grover Cleveland has his law office, is opposite the Exchange. Next to the Mills Building is the Drexel Build- ing, where the famous banking firm of Drexel, Morgan & Co. has its offices. The Sub-Treasury is probably the most interesting building in New York, apart from the interest which always attaches to such large sums of money as it guards. When the old Stadt-Huys at Coenties Slip was sold in 1699, a new one was opened here, and here the City Hall was until July 4, 1809, when the Board of Aldermen first met in the present building in the park. In the building erected in 1699, the freedom of the press in New York was established through the acquittal of Peter Zenger, tried for libel, in truthfully criticising Governor Cosby, in the New York Weekly Journal, for extorting money from Rip Van Dorn. The trial took place in 1735, and the jury acted in disregard of the advice given to it by Chief Justice DeLancey, that the fact that a published statement was true did not excuse its writer from punishment for it as a libel. Here was held, on October 7, 1765, the Colonial Congress — consisting of delegates from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 9 North Carolina, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut — which enunciated the doctrine that taxation without representation was tyranny, and declared that the Stamp Act and all like measures must be abandoned by the British Government. Here sat the Provincial Congress which, on April 20, 1776, elected delegates to attend the Colonial Congress in Philadel- phia. Hither, on July 9, 1776, rushed the people, after hearing the Decla- ration of Independence read, and tore down and destroyed the portrait of George III., with all the other insignia of royal authority that were in the court rooms. After the Revolutionary War the City Hall was set apart for the use of the new Government of the United States, and the Colonial Congress met in it from 1785 to 1790. It was remodeled in 1788 according to plans made by Major L'Enfant, the French officer who subsequently laid out the city of Washington, D. C, and on March 4, 1789, the first Congress of the United States met in it. But the roads were so bad that it was not until April 6 that a quorum of the Congress arrived. On that day the Senate and the House met and unanimously elected George Washington first Pres- ident of the United States. Standing on the balcony of this City Hall, on April 30, 1789, Washington took the oath of office from Chancellor Living- ston. This event is commemorated by J. Q. A. Ward's bronze statue of Washington, which stands in front of the Sub-Treasury, and by a stone set in a small platform beneath the statue, on which is sculptured a statement that the first President stood upon it when he was inaugurated. The Fed- eral authorities purchased this site in 1812 and erected the present Doric edifice for a Custom House. Many stirring scenes have been witnessed here, and the greatest men of the nation have addressed meetings from the steps of the present building. Trinity Church now claims attention. It is the first Protestant Episco- pal Church of New York. The service of the Church of England was per- formed in the church within Fort James from the beginning of the British occupancy. The Dutch Reformed services were held in the same building. Governor Fletcher was extremely anxious to establish the Episcopal faith on a firm foundation, and after long struggling with the obstinate Dutch- men of the Provincial Assembly he succeeded. Trinity Parish was incor- porated in 1696, but the price of its incorporation was a similar privilege to the Dutch Reformed Church. The South Dutch Church was then built at the corner of William street and Garden street, now Exchange Place, where the Bank of the State of New York is; and it remained fhere until that site was swept over by the great fire of 1835. Mention must be made of the Walton House, which recalls the legend that American Independence proceeded from that mansion. It stood in Pearl St., or Franklin Square, opposite where the Harpers' publishing-house is. It 10 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. was furnished as no other house had ever been in the colonies; and its owner gave entertainments that rivalled in magnificence those of foreign princes. The report of these festivities, spread, so the legend runs, to the ears of British Ministers, and, induced by them to believe that the colonists were opulent, they framed the obnoxious tax laws that caused the Revolution. The Walton House was used as a tenement until about fifteen years ago. Standing at Trinity Church you may look down Broadway to Bowling Green, whence you came, and so complete the circle which you marked out from the top of the Produce Exchange. Between the Exchange and the church are several places of interest. The Standard Oil, the Welles and the Tower Buildings are on the block between Beaver and Exchange Place, the Consolidated Exchange is on the corner of the latter street, and the Union Trust Co's structure, one of the handsomest in the city, is op- posite Rector street. The Aldrich Building, on the western side of Broadway, is noteworthy not only because on its site the first houses on the Island of Manhattan were built, but also because the Macomb House which stood there was the presidential home of Washington after he left the Franklin House, which stood on the brow of Cherry Hill, about where the Brooklyn Bridge crosses Franklin Square. To the big building at the corner of Rector St. below Trinity, a peculiar interest attaches because in it, about a year ago, an insane Boston youth named Norcross tried to kill Banker Russell Sage with a bomb, be- cause he would not give him a million dollars, and only succeeded in blow- ing himself to pieces, killing another young man, and injuring several per- sons, including the banker. On this site the first Lutheran church stood. Grace Church was built there in 1808, and remained until 1845, when it was removed to Broadway and 10th street, where it stands in as good a situa- tion for the display of its architectural beauty as Trinity has. New Street, which is cut in twain by Exchange Place is, between that street and Wall Street, one of the noisiest, and certainly one of the most bustling parts of the city. It is the outlet of all the noise made by the shouting brokers in the Stock and Consolidated Exchanges. In Exchange Place, just below New Street, happened Jay Gould's greatest downfall, when big Broker Selover picked him up and threw him into a cellar, shock- ing him and shivering the stock market at the same time. Broadway, laid out on the ridge that runs the length of the island, naturally became the great thoroughfare. Even in the early part of the last century it was a fashionable promenade below Trinity, and, as recently as 1810, New York's Vanity Fair was its west side from Cortlandt St. to Bow- iing Green. The Battery and City Hall Park were accounted vulgar. Vanity Fair moved as high as Franklin St., and then it took a great leap to Union Square. The afternoon promenade is now, as it has been for some years, A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 11 between Fourteenth St. and Twenty-third. Beyond the letter is the new "Rialto," where the shaven gentlemen of the stage sun themselves. The former "Rialto" of south Union Square has lost its glory. On Sundays Fifth Avenue is, of course, "the place, "although many "exclusives," disliking the crush in that avenue, take exercise in Madison avenue, above 59th St. Lower Broadway is not a place for promenading in the day-time. The people who frequent it are rushing after pelf, and do not care who they run over. But by a little care you may avoid them, and see all the places of interest. The first, after Trinity, is the Equitable Building, in Broadway, and Cedar, Pine and Nassau streets. From its outside, where carts are always delivering or taking on bars of silver, there is interest everywhere in this structure. The seven-feet-high colored policeman in the arcade is not less attractive than Sergeant Dunn up in the Weather office on the roof. Diagonally across Nassau street from the Equitable is the immense Mutual Life Building. Its site is partly that of the old Middle Dutch Church, which was a prison for patriots and a riding school for British soldiers during the Revolution. Its rear portion stands where the old sugar-house prison was, in which so many patriots died of fever or brutal treatment. The old church was abandoned by its congregation in 1844, and the United States Government bought it and used it as the General Post Office until 1877. Down the little hill in Nassau street, a block from the Mutual Life Building, you arrive at Maiden Lane, where wholesale and retail jewelers have shops and stores. A block further is John street, running from Broad- way to Fulton Ferry, through Burling Slip. It descends the slope of Golden Hill, where a fight occurred between British Soldiers and Sons of Liberty in January, 1770, which was the first battle of the Revolution, in- stead of the "Boston Massacre," as it took place two months earlier than the "massacre." On the brow of this hill, between Nassau and William streets, is the John Street Methodist Church, the cradle of Methodism in America. Moved by the energetic expostulation of Barbara Heck, who had known him when he was an eloquent local preacher in Ireland, Philip Embury tore himself away from the fascination of gaming and pot-house society, and began to preach salvation to the Heck family in his own house in Barrack St. Others joined the congregation, and services were held in a rigging-loft at No. 120 William St. There Embury's efforts were seconded by Capt. Webb, of the British Army, a stirring one-eyed exhorter. Disciples came in numbers, and John Street Church was built in 1768. Returning to Broadway you reach St. Paul's, a chapel of Trinity parish, built in 1766. Washington used to worship here, and there are many things about the church to recall the past. The tomb and memorial of Gen. Rich- ard Montgomery, the hero of Quebec, are in the rear wall of the church, 12 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. which is turned to Broadway. Directly opposite the church are the fine Park Bank and the New York Herald Building. Barnum's Museum used to stand on this spot, and before the Revolution the Sons of Liberty had their headquarters here. The Post Office faces The Herald Building from the southern end of City Hall Park. At Beekman St. and Park Row is the Potter Building, the successor of a ramshackle edifice that was destroyed by fire, with the lives of many of its occupants. Across from it in Beekman St. is Temple Court, and on Nassau St. is the Morse Building, both fine buildings; but both, and also the Tribune Building, at Nassau and Spruce Sts., are eclipsed by the beauty of the Times Building. Then come the Sun Building and the Pulitzer Building. The Sun Building is the original Tammany Hall, notable because within its walls happened some of the liveliest political scrimmages that have taken place in New York. One of these resulted in the episode out of which grew the Locofoco Party. Its site was the garden of Jacob Leisler, and here that believer in popular suffrage was buried. Next to St. Paul's is the Astor House, now the oldest hotel in the city. It was built in 1834. A book could be written about the interesting things that have occurred there. At Barclay and Church streets, back of the Astor House, is the first Roman Catholic church built in New York — St. Peter's, erected in 1786. Though the Dutch were tolerant, excepting to Quakers, the English were not. It was not until after the Revolution that the Roman Catholics dared to worship without concealment. As late as 1 741 Mr. Ury, suspected of being a Popish priest and to have incited the negro slaves to insurrection, was hanged in The Fields, of which the City Hall Park was a part. In this park you may study the City Hall — erected be- tween 1803 and 1 81 2 — the finest specimen of its style of architecture in this country, and the relics in the Governor's Room and the Mayor's office. You may also revive your patriotism by viewing the mock temple of Diana of Ephesus which stands to the eastward of the City Hall, and recalling the sufferings of the patriots who were confined in it during the Revolution. Thousands of them died of fever or starvation. Brutal Jailor Cunningham was really merciful to the hundreds he hanged. This temple is now the Register's Office. In the Tweed Ring days the office of "Slippery Dick" Connolly, then Comptroller, was in it. Among the daily visitors to the City Hall are men who stood guard over the safe there which contained over night the several hundreds of thousands of dollars with which legislators were bribed to vote for the charter that for several years enabled the "Tweed Ring" to keep its clutches on New York, despite all opposition. Back of the City Hall is the composite County Court House, which, under "the ring," cost more than the Brooklyn Bridge. Almost at the eastern wall of the Register's office is the entrance to the Brooklyn Bridge. Morn- A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 13 ing and evening this is the liveliest part of New York. A compact mass of people pushing to their work, or returning to their homes, then occupies it. You have now reached the ultimate limit of old New York. Almost up to the Revolution a stockade stood across the island on the line of Cham- bers St. It was put up in 1745. One of its block houses stood where the Stewart Building now is. In this structure A. T. Stewart carried on his great wholesale dry goods trade from 1845 until his death. It is now occu- pied by offices of the city government, and by lawyers. In the granite building on the upper opposite corner took place, in 1841, one of the famous tragedies of New York. It was the murder of Adams by Colt, who tried to hide his crime by packing up the corpse and shipping it away. Colt was condemned to be hanged. On the morning appointed for the hanging a fire broke out in the Tombs and great confusion ensued. A riot was threatened, because the people were affected by the belief that Colt would get away during the fire, which they believed to have been started by some persons bribed by the murderer's rich relatives. The Sheriff certified to the hanging of Colt, but there are persons still alive who believe that a corpse was hanged, and that the murderer got away to live in exile. At Thomas St., three blocks north of Chambers St., on the west side of Broadway, the great Doctor's Mob, as it is called, did its rioting. The people had been wrought up to frenzy by a rumor that the medical students of the New York Hospital, situated on a hill, since levelled to open Thomas street, were in the habit of robbing graves in the private cemeteries. They attacked the hospital and assaulted the students and physicians on April 13 and 14, 1788. The military were called out, and, after Baron Steuben and John Jay had been hurt with stones, they fired and killed a number of the rioters. This neighborhood also recalls two locally historic murders. Near here was the tobacco shop of John Anderson, to which the great attraction for the dandies of the day was " the pretty cigar girl," Mary Rogers, whose murder is the motive of Edgar A. Poe's story, "The Mystery of Marie Roget." In Thomas St. the equally mysterious killing of beautiful Helen Jewett took place. A wealthy young man named Robinson was tried for this murder, but was acquitted. No. 346 Broadway, at the corner of Leonard St., a handsome white marble building, is owned and occupied by the New York Life Insurance Company. Between this point and Union Square the only places of special interest in Broadway are the old Brandreth House at Canal St. — this is on a tract of six acres which the Lutheran Church declined to accept as a gift in 1760, because " it would never be worth the cost of a fence " — the Metropolitan Hotel and Niblo's Theatre at Prince St. ; the Broadway Central Hotel, between Bleecker and Third streets, where Edward S. Stokes shot "Jim" Fisk, Jay Gould's "wicked partner;" the New York Hotel, famous as a resort for Southerners; A. T. Stewart's for- 14 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. mer retail store, and Grace Church, the St. Denis Hotel, and the Star Theatre, where Lester Wallack made his fame. At No. 31 Bond St. , which is directly across from the Broadway Central Hotel; the strange murder of Dr. Burdell took place in 1857, and back of the New York Hotel is No. 10 Washington Place, where Commodore Vanderbilt, the founder of the family of millionaires, died. Further to the westward is Washington Square, for- — i» merly Potter's Field. On its eastern upper side is the University of the City of New York, where Samuel F. B. Morse, a poor portrait painter, thought out the principle and practice of telegraphy. At its south is a ser- ies of handsome edifices known as the Judson Memorial in honor of Adon- iram Judson, America's first foreign missionary. In these buildings are a club-house, gymnasium, kindergarten, apartment-house, nursery, and church. This institution was erected by subscription. At the highest point of the buildings is a cross which is illuminated nightly. On the northern side of the park are the homes of some of the wealthiest, conser- vative New Yorkers. Ex-Mayor Cooper occupies the fine house on the eastern corner of Fifth avenue opposite the park. At the avenue entrance to the park is the Washington Memorial Arch, recently built by popular subscription. Walk down Leonard St. into a deep depression, and there on the block bounded by Leonard, Elm, Franklin and Centre Sts., you come upon the famous Tombs, or City Prison. This is a remarkable example of Egyptian architecture, and if placed on a hill would be an ornament to the city. It is built on the filled-in bed of a pond known as the Collect, which was once supposed to be bottomless, and which took years to fill. In the Tombs persons awaiting trial or indictment are confined. From the early days of the city malefactors were hanged on an island in the Collect, now a part of the Tombs prison-yard. On the upper side of the Tombs, at the corner of Franklin and Centre Sts. , a building intended to accommodate the criminal courts and departments of the city government, now widely separated, is in course of erection. Go southward from the Tombs one block, to Worth St., and then east- ward another block, and you come to famous- Baxter St. and the Five Points, where Worth, Baxter and Park streets intersect. The Five Points was a place of unexampled crime and misery, but it is so no longer. It is by no means purified, yet vice does not stalk here as you might suppose from the harrowing tales of out-of-town preachers who get their knowledge from old missionary reports. The cutting of Worth St. through the Five Points opened the district to a current of purer air, and made a thorough- fare for decent people, whose example modified the manners of the savages. The Five Points Mission and the House of Industry, here located, have also been potent factors of regeneration. A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 15 You may turn to the right and go down Baxter St. , through what is known as "the bay." It is the "old clo' " district, where Hebrew "pullers- in" grab you to drag you into their dismal shops. One of these fellows killed a curiosity-seeker on Saturday, Sept. 3. because he resented the as- sault upon him. It is better to avoid them by going along Park St. to Mott St. in the middle of the Chinese Quarter. If you happen here on a holiday it will be difficult to pass through the crowds of "heathen." Here are stores in which you may buy anything from a gaudy banner to orna- ment your room to shark's fins for your soup. You may refresh yourself with Chinese food and drink in any one of several restaurants. You may seek Wong Chin Foo or Tom Lee, and learn who the "Mayor of China- town" is, and what the polity of the town. You may study the proclama- tions of that Mayor, or the advertisements of his constituents, pasted up here and there. You may see the idols in the several Joss houses. And, if you have the proper introduction, you may play fan-tan, or smoke a sickening first pipe of opium. From Chinatown pass through Pell St. to the Bowery. It is cosmo- politan now, but the Jew and the Italian dominate, whenever the ordinary street ruffian is not at hand. Its peculiar features have departed. Mose and Lize have left no progeny. The bright b'hoy who, when Thackeray said to him, "I want to go to Broadway," responded, "Well, why don'tyou go?" has no legitimate successor. Where the Bowery Boys sauntered Chinamen amble, and hob-nailed Italians and Oriental Jews stumble. The Bowery is interesting yet, particularly at night. But it is also repulsive. It is nasty, with the nastiness of the impudent girl just beyond the border of vice, the squalor of the drunken tramp, the filth of the newly arrived immigrant from Southern and Eastern Europe. It is dangerous at night from the varied lot of desperate thieves who seek there what they call ' 'life." And yet the level- headed sightseer may go through every concert saloon, {"velvet room'1 and "schooner house," without mishap. The personal equation enters largely into such matters. Such of the Dead Rabbits as are alive are engaged in coddling the ris- ing Italian voters to assist themselves to obtain petty, places under the city government. The great struggle between the Dead Rabbits, of the central part of the Sixth Ward, and the Bowery Boys, belonging on the outer line of that ward or in the Tenth Ward, across the Bowery, took place here on July 3 and 4, 1857. Pistols, rifles, even cannon, were used by the combat- ants. Barricades were thrown up. The struggle went on in the Bowery and Bayard street, and in Mott and Mulberry, even through the tenements of Mulberry Bend, now occupied by Italians. The police were powerless. The new Metropolitan, and the old municipal police, were at the time fighting for possession of the police stations. The militia were called, 16 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. and finally the riot was stopped, after six men had been killed and a hundred persons injured because one target company would not give precedence to another. They fought for very little in those days. Every fire alarm that brought the engines to Chatham Square hill was the pre- liminary to a fight. Yet if there is anything in example the lower part of the Bowery ought to have been peaceful. The district east of it was in large part populated by well-to-do Quaker families. East Broadway, Henry, Market, Ludlow, Attorney — in fact nearly all the streets east of the Bowery and north of Cherry street — were lined with the quiet homes of prosperous, cleanly peo- ple. Now the district swarms with Russians, Poles and Jews, who, how- ever admirable they may be in some respects, are not cleanly. But, as a matter of comparison, those below East Broadway are cleaner than those above. The upper section is Judea proper. Its main business street is Division street. As you pass through here be wary, else you may suddenly find yourself in a milliner's shop, surrounded by the feminine "touts," or "door-blowers," who have pulled you in, each exhibiting a high-colored hat, and insisting upon its purchase. The street is almost as dangerous as Bax- ter. Farther up, in Hester street, is held what is commonly known as the "Goose Market." Here the Jewish trading is done, mainly with carts and stands. It is interesting, but dirty. Grand street is the busiest street on the east side, and, from the char- acter of its stores, as well as from the contrasting types of people who crowd it, it is well worth some study. About midway between the Bowery and the river in Grand street is the old Essex Market, and behind it is Ludlow Street Jail, where persons arrested on civil processes in New York are con- fined, and also all United States prisoners in this Federal court district. It was in this jail that William M. Tweed, after having managed the various schemes by which New York's taxpayers were robbed of about $100,000,000, died as a civil prisoner. North of Grand street and Judea as far as Fourteenth street the popula- tion is mainly German. Over toward the river it is mixed, a good many Irish being there. "Dry Dock Village" reaches from Houston street to Fourteenth street and from Avenue A to the river, taking in what used to be known as Manhattan Island as distinguished from the Island of Manhat- tan. It was once a Native-American district, most of the people being en- gaged in pursuits connected with ship building. But the glory of ship- building is departed, and most of the old families have likewise gone; al- though there are yet comfortable small houses occupied by well-to-do oid- timers. Americans, Irish, Jews, Bohemians, all fraternize in this section, and a remarkable blend is appearing. Pork and beans, hassenpfeffer, and corned beef and cabbage are equally palatable over there. A TOUR OF NEW YORK. IT Go through Seventh street, passing along the lower line of Tompkins Square, and you move through the section in which socialists, anarchists, and shouters about the rights of the people are most common. The saloons of Seventh, Sixth, and Fifth Sts. abound with them. At Second avenue you come upon what was a home for the rich when Fifth avenue was parvenu. Ex-Senator Evarts lives yet on the corner of Second avenue and 14th St., and Ex-Governor Hamilton Fish at 17th St. On the eastern side of the avenue, corner of Eleventh St., is the building of the New York Historical Society. As a real history of New York has not yet been written, if you desire to write it you may get much of your material there. Diagonally opposite the Historical Society, on a terrace made probably by a change of street grade, stands St. Mark's Church. It is Episcopalian, but was estab- lished by Governor Peter Stuyvesant for the Dutch Reformed service in 1660. For years it was the only church on the island above the city, and the people of Harlem made toilsome journeys to it each week. It was to lessen the discomforts of their weekly trips that in 1869 they began to make the road which is now Third avenue. They completed it in 1672. One block to the westward of St. Marks is the Bible House, and opposite it in the angle formed by Third and Fourth avenues and Eighth street is the Cooper Institute, founded and endowed by Peter Cooper, New York's great philanthropist — where some of the city's most successful and worthy citizens have procured education at night, after working at trades during the day. Facing Cooper Institute, standing at the easterly end of the block bounded by Broadway, Eighth St., Astor Place and Lafayette Place, is the new building of the Mercantile Library Association. It occupies the site of the old Astor Place Opera House, where, in May, 1849, the friends of Edwin Forrest, the American actor, mobbed the English actor, Macready, and, while trying to destroy the theatre, were fired upon by the military. The rioters fought the soldiers for a time and wounded over one hundred of them. A number of persons were killed. Now strike into Broadway at Eighth street, and, going down, you will pass the New York and the Broadway Central Hotels, before you arrive at Bleecker street, at the upper side of what used to be known as Murderers' Block, when it was crowded with liquor-saloons, concert-halls, and gambling- houses. Harry Hill's famous resort was at the rear of this block. Down Bleecker and Mulberry streets, and you come to Police headquarters and the headquarters of the Health Department. Keeping on down Mulberry St. , at Prince street you reach the rear of old St. Patrick's Cathedral, the second Roman Catholic Church built in New York. It was here that the celebrated Archbishop Hughes delivered his earnest addresses. He is buried in the vaults of the church, as are also Cardinal McCloskey, John Kelly, the famous Tammany Democrat, and many other persons who in f. 18 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. life were of importance to the community. Going from the cathedral to the westward, you emerge from Prince street into Broadway at the Metro- politan Hotel. West of Broadway, below Fourteenth St., there are few points of historic interest. The stream of life flowed smoothly far over in Greenwich village, which was a pretty Hudson River suburb of New York during the Revo- lutionary War, and long afterward. The State Prison was there. Part of it yet stands as Beadleston & Woerz's Brewery, at West Tenth and Wash- ington streets. Vice President John Adams lived there, and so did Gov. George Clinton, who dated his messages " Greenwich, near New York." Aaron Burr lived there at the time he fought his duel with Alexander Hamilton. The death of Hamilton took place in the Bayard house, where Horatio St. now runs. But it is difficult to locate the places at this day. " Africa " is Thompson and Sullivan streets and South Fifth avenue between Prince and Canal streets. There is nothing to be learned from a walk through the district. Unless you are in search of a cheap dinner, a trip through the French Quarter, north of Prince street, is unsatisfactory. It is better to go up to Fourteenth St. , and make a new start. Westward of Broadway, to Sixth avenue, where Macy's well-known store stands, Four- teenth street is always thronged with shoppers or promenaders. At the east- ward corner of this street and Broadway is the Union Square Theatre, and beyond Fourth avenue, on the upper side of the street, is Steinway Hall. Around the corner in Irving Place is Amberg's Theatre. At Irving Place and Fourteenth St. is the Academy of Music, and next to it is Tammany Hall, the home of the benevolent Tammany Society, or Columbian Order, one of the most perfect political organizations in the United States. Up Third avenue, and down Fifteenth St. one block, and you reach Stuyvesant Square, one of the calmest retreats in the city. It is a gift to the city from one of old Peter Stuyvesant's descendants, and its neighborhood is saved by restrictions in the deed of gift from the entrance of business bustle. In this quiet place is the Friends' Meeting House and Seminary, and here the calm, practical Quakers from all over the country gather each year, in May. They are a quiet power in New York, and have been ever since they were first permitted to erect a meeting house in Maiden Lane. They now sit and worship in peace in a square named after the Dutch Governor, who used to banish their co-religionists from New York after having them beaten and dragged at the tails of carts. If peg-legged Peter Stuyvesant was harsh to them, his sister was kind. When Robert Hodgson, on February 16, 1657, after having been beaten and dragged at a cart's tail, was put at hard work with a wheelbarrow, she pleaded for him and procured his release. On the west side of the square, corner of Sixteenth street, is St. George's Episcopal church, the successor of the St. George's which was built at A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 19 Beekman and Cliff streets in 1752 and stood there for more than a hundred years. Its former rector, Dr. Stephen H. Tyng, was a famous preacher and organizer. Its present rector is Dr. W. S. Rainsford. He has recently made a sensation by preaching practically, as Hodge sings, " — his eyes whoever tries To rob a poor man of his beer.' ; Dr. Rainsford believes that club-rooms should be provided for poor men, where they could get beer in moderation, as well as mental entertain- ment, and that by them men would be weaned from grog-shops. Dr. Rainsford has many theories, some of which he has put into practice with excellent results. He has established a parish club, a gymnasium, and classes for study; and at service he has thirty women singers in the vested choir. A brief walk up Third avenue takes you to East Twentieth St. , and then it is only a step further to Nos. 14 and 15 Gramercy Park, the house built by Samuel J. Tilden and completed only a short time before his death. The club house of The Players, presented to them by Edwin Booth, is at No. 16. Both houses are on the south side of Gramercy Park, a private pre- serve, around which are also the houses of the venerable lawyer, David Dudley Field, ex-Secretary of State John Bigelow, and the late Cyrus W. Field. Lexington avenue runs up from the park. Abram S. Hewitt's house is No. 9 Lexington Avenue. His father-in-law, Peter Cooper, used to live there. At the intersection of that avenue with 23d Street is the College of the City of New York, maintained as a part of the public educational system of the city. About a thousand grad- uates of the public schools enter this college annually. On the southwestern corner of Fourth avenue and Twenty-third St. is the headquarters of the Young Men's Christian Association, which is equipped with everything that can be procured for the mental, bodily, and spiritual advantage of its fre- quenters. On the upper corner is the Academy of Design, where tuition in drawing and painting is given free to whomsoever shows fitness to receive. The American Art Association's galleries are at No. 6 East 23d St. , near Broadway. The big white edifice now building in Madison avenue is for the Metropolitan Insurance Company, and is intended to be an office struc- ture much like those down town. It is an experiment, and, if it succeeds, will prove a factor in a change of business affairs and methods. In Madison avenue, just beyond this building, is the church of Dr. Parkhurst, whose name is familiar in the city. You are now in Madison Square, in the heart of the city. Every throb here sends a current to every part of the arterial system of the metropolis. Stand at the sharp angle made by the intersection of Broadway, Fifth Y a 20 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. avenue and Twenty-third street, if the crowd is not too pressing, and the big policeman near by is complaisant and does not order you to M move on. The votaries of business and pleasure, the wealthy, the impoverished, the good, the bad, push you in passing. This throng is not called here any- thing extraordinary. The every-day pursuits of its constituents bring them. When anything out of the common moves the people, this square is packed, the vestibules and corridors of the Fifth Avenue Hotel and the Hoffman House - are invaded, 23d and 24th streets are jammed to Sixth avenue, and through neighboring streets rush crowds seeking entrance into the square. You should see Madison Square on election night ! From your stand at the angle you may see the Brunswick Hotel up Fifth venue at 26th street. Delmonico's famous restaurant is nearer to you, but it is hidden by the old New York Club house, in front of which stands the monument to Gen. Worth. Your eye may travel as far up as 33d street, where Sixth avenue crosses Broadway, and note the many theatres — the Fifth Avenue and Comedy at 28th and 29th Sts., Daly's at 30th St., Palmer's, diagonally opposite Daly's, and the Bijou, oppo- site Palmer's — and hotels — Fifth Avenue, Albemarle, Hoffman, Del- monico's, St. James, Victoria, Coleman, Sturtevant, Gilsey, Grand, and Imperial. Back of the Fifth Avenue Hotel, in 24th street, is the Madison Square Theatre. Beyond 33d Street Broadway winds up through Longacre Square at 43d Street, its sides being lined by big hotels — the Marlborough, Normandie, Gedney, Vendome, St. Cloud, Metropole and Barrett — and theatres — the Park, Broadway, Casino, and Metropolitan Opera House. Above Longacre Square, Broadway has not yet taken on a business character. Below you, in Broadway, north of Fourteenth St. are the great bus- iness houses of Lord & Taylor, Arnold & Constable, Park & Tilford, Tiffany, and many others of less note. On this stretch also are the Bartholdi Hotel (23d St.), the Bancroft House (21st St.), and the Continental Hotel (20th St.). Turn your gaze down Fifth avenue, and you see as far as its beginning, marked by glimpses of the white marble of the Washington Memorial Arch. Along this avenue are grand houses of wealthy men who have not yet been affected by the pressure northward and westward ; among them Vice-President Morton, August Belmont, Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, Gen. Daniel Butterfield, and John Taylor Johnston. The Brevoort House, a hostelry much patronized by wealthy travelling Englishmen, is at Eighth street. Move along 23d street to the westward. Passing the corner you arrive in front of the building occupied by the Adams Express Company. Here one of the strangest tragedies of New York's history took place in 1870. Benjamin Nathan, a banker, and a member of a Jewish family which had A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 21 been prominently identified with the business life of New York for more than a century, was murdered for his money. The murderer has never been identified. Police Superintendent Jordan died soon after the murder, and it is a common belief that his death was the result of chagrin caused by his inability to bring the assassin to punishment. On both sides of this block are big retail business houses. The Eden Musee is on the upper side, and just west of it is the Masonic Temple. Twenty-third street is becoming a great business street. It marks the limitation between the day-light shopping traffic to the great retail business houses of Stern Brothers, Altman, O'Neill, Simpson, Crawford & Simpson, Ehrichs, and their smaller competitors, in it and in Sixth ave. below it, and the after-dark traffic in vice that is peculiar to Sixth avenue above it. The district bounded by Broad- way, 23d St., Seventh avenue and 34th St., is what is known as "The Tenderloin." It is also locally known as " The Burnt District" and the "Lava Beds." Thus variously baptized, it is the working-place and tht, amusement resort of thieves, gamblers, "loose" women, and "fast," fools in search of novelty, and some students of human nature. If you class yourself as a student you may venture through it about midnight, and pick up whatever knowledge is lying around. You had better continue through Twenty-third street, passing Koster & Bial's, Proctor's Theatre and the big Chelsea Apartment House, until you reach the Grand Opera House at the northwest corner of Eighth avenue, built by S. N. Pike, a millionaire, for the production of Italian opera. It was not a success, and " Jim " Fisk bought it on account of the Erie Railway Company, whose offices he moved to it. Here he and Jay Gould sustained a siege carried on by their opponents having interests in the railway company. While the siege was in progress, Fisk was sur- rounded by a gang of the worst criminals ever gathered in New York. They were for his " protection," but the sand-bagging of at least one law- yer opposed to him (Dorman B. Eaton) suggested that they were also for aggression. In the Grand Opera House, Fisk carried on opera bouffe on a grand scale at the expense of the railway company. The woman * ' Josie " Mansfield who caused the feud that ended in the killing of Fisk, lived in a handsome house, set back from the street, a short distance to the west- ward of the Grand Opera House. Mrs. Langtry afterwards lived there for several years. You are now in the old village of Chelsea. Opening from Ninth ave- nue, between 20th and 21st streets, is Chelsea Square, the picturesque site of the Protestant Episcopal Seminary. This section was originally the farm of Clement C. Moore, author of the poem " The Night Before Christ- mas." He was tempted to abandon it because it was so far from the city, in the early part of this century, but was induced to cut it up into lots, and 23 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. establish a stage route. Soon the farm which he had been pestered with brought him millions. Eighth avenue is now a fine business street between 23d and 59th Sts. The traffic and trade on it has been much increased by the asphalt pave- ment recently laid. In this street the " Orange Riot " of July 12, 1S71, took place. Catholic Irishmen threatened and undertook to prevent the Irish Orangemen from celebrating the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne. Police and militia surrounded the Orangemen, and they paraded down the avenue. Between 25th and 26th streets they were fired upon from the windows and housetops, as well as from the sidewalks. The militia fired volleys in return. Forty persons were killed and about two hundred were wounded. The neighborhood of 59th St. , west, was formerly known as Harsen- ville, but the public memory of that name, like that of Lancaster, once given to Harlem, has faded. The record of them is only in old documents. From about 70th St. up to One-hundredth was Bloomingdale, the memory of which is preserved by the Bloomingdale Asylum, at 117th St., and the Boulevard, which is soon to be replaced by the buildings of Columbia Col- lege now at Park avenue and 50th street. Where the Leake & Watts' Orphan Asylum now is, at 111th St. west of Morningside avenue, the great Protestant Episcopal Cathedral is to be built, commanding a view from this eminence over the lower part of the annexed district, and the Harlem and East Rivers, to the low hills of Long Island. The plain lying north of Central Park is the scene of the battle of Harlem in 1776, when Washington was in retreat to New Jersey. The principal avenue on that plain west of Third avenue, is Seventh, a great resort for pleasure-drivers who cannot get enough exercise in Central Park. The great piles of masonry you note on the western side of Central Park, and those beyond its foliage, are apart- ment houses at Eighth avenue and 59th street — the San Remo, Dakota, and the Navarro Flats. These apartments are typical of the more sumptuous sort. The rapid multiplication of flats in New York within the last few years is the outcome of the high price of land and the insufficient supply of domestic servants. Practically there are two types of these structures and many discriminate between them by styling one class "apartments" the other "flats." By the former are understood those tenements in which no cooking or laundry work is permitted to the tenant. Apartments have either a common kitchen, or a restaurant; and all the tenants form one community. In flats each suite of rooms is fitted up with all the conveniences necessary for housekeeping and there is no co-operation between the tenants. Some apart- ment houses are owned by the occupants who contribute to its maintenance. Others are owned by a person or corporation, by whom all expenses and A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 23 cares of keeping the building up are assumed and to whom the tenants pay- rent in return for rooms, heat, light, domestic service, meals, etc. Prac- tically these apartments differ from hotels, only in that they do not take transients and that the guests furnish and lease their quarters for a long term. In both types of tenements there is often great luxury of equipment and there are alway mechanical conveniences, such as elevators, electric door openers, speaking tubes, electric bells, dumb waiters, etc. Up the Morningside Drive, and through West One Hundred and Twenty-second street, you reach the beautiful Riverside Drive and Park at Gen. Grant's Tomb. A short distance beyond the tomb is a hos- telry known as The Clermont. The building dates from pre-revolutionary times. Here a charming view of the Palisades and the Hudson greets you. In the city below is the section generally known as Manhattanville. The hill fronting you is the ascent to Washington Heights. The Convent of the Sacred Heart is on its right slope — a picturesque spot, and an admirable educational institution. Washington Heights is the ground on which Washington lingered with his troops after the evacuation of New York in 1776. Its historical features are too many for recital here. A place rilled with reminiscences is "The Grange," at 141st St. and Tenth avenue. It was built by Alexander Hamilton for a country-home, and was modelled and named after his ancestral place in Scotland. From here he went to fight his duel with Aaron Burr at Weehawken, on July 11, 1804. Twelve of the 13 trees which he planted to commemorate the foun- dation of our government are yet standing. It is strange how Hamilton and Burr always become associated! The Jumel House, as it is now known, is so named, because it was the property of Madame Jumel, who became the wife of Burr, after he had killed Hamilton. She was divorced from him. The house is on the bluff overlooking the Harlem River at 161st St. and St. Nicholas avenue. It was originally the "Roger Morris Man- sion," having been built by Col. Morris, the husband of Mary Philipsse, the pretty New York aristocrat to whose hand Washington is said once to have aspired. It was the headquarters of Washington while his army was on the heights. Above this mansion are the High Bridge, carrrying the original Croton Aqueduct, and the new Washington Bridge. Beyond them is Fort George, once a British redoubt, now a pleasure resort, visited by thousands every fine day. A beautiful view of the Harlem, Spuyten Duyvil, and Hudson may be had here. Under the bluff are the former villages of Spuyten Duyvil and King's Bridge. On the Hudson River side of the Heights are Tubby Hook, Inwood, and Carmansville. On the Heights are several institutions, the principal being the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, the Isabella Home for the Aged, founded by Mrs. Ottendorfer, wife of the pro- 24 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. prietor of the German newspaper, the Staats Zeitung, and the Asylum for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents. Fifth avenue above 23rd St. is the great centre of fashionable life. On both sides of it the streets are built up with mansions which make the passer-by wonder that there are so many well-to do families in one city. Churches and Club-houses are numerous along its line. Just around the corner from it, in East 29th street, is the picturesque "Little Church- Around- the-Corner." At 34th St. and Fifth avenue is the Manhattan Club, lux- uriously established in the white-marble palace built by A. T. Stewart. For years after its completion this palace was unoccupied. Mr. Stewart lived opposite it on the north-east corner of Fifth avenue and 34th St. He admired it daily, it is said, but feared to move into it; and he probably never would have lived in it but for two of his servants taking small-pox, so that his old house had to be quarantined. He lived in the marble palace only a short time. Murray Hill, so long famous as the seat of New York's fashionable life, is the high ground to the eastward of the Manhattan Club. There, on an estate known as Inclenberg, at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, lived the Quaker Murray family. When Washington retreated from New York, Putnam was slow of movement and his division seemed likely to be cut off by the massing of the British troops across the present Third avenue. Guided by Aaron Burr he moved to the westward and along a road about on a line with Broadway. Mrs. Murray was in sympathy with the patriots. Informed of Putnam's plight, she treated the British officers with a hospi- tality that engaged their entire attention; and Putnam joined Washington. Lindley Murray, the grammarian, was a son of this lady. On the southwestern corner of Fifth avenue and 34th St. is the Astor mansion, and on the corner below is the Hotel Waldorf, which ex-Minister W. W. Astor is building. Now come, in succession, Col. Ingersoll's home (No. 400 Fifth Avenue), the Union League club house (39th St.), the Windsor Hotel (46th St.), the Buckingham Hotel (50th St.), and St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral (51st St.) Diagonally opposite the Cathedral are the connected houses built by the late Wm. H. Vanderbilt for himself and his married daughters, the wives of Col. Elliott F. Shepard and Wm. D. Sloane. W. K. Vanderbilt's house is No. 660 Fifth Avenue, between 52nd and 53rd Streets. Cornelius Vanderbilt is building a ball room on the avenue, at the rear of his house, on West 57th St., which will probably excel any other in the country. Within a radius of a few hundred feet live men known all over the United States. Chauncey M. Depew's house is No. 43 West 54th St., and John D. Rockefeller's is No. 4 of the same street. C. P. Huntington is building at the southeast corner of Fifth avenue and 54th St. Archbishop A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 25 Corrigan's palace is in Madison Avenue, at the rear of the cathedral. Opposite to it is the mansion built by Henry Villard, before he went down financially, when the Northern Pacific dropped in value. This is, in part, occupied by Whitelaw Reid, the Republican candidate for the Vice-Presi- dency of the United States. Mr. Villard now lives at No. 17 West 58th St. Jay Gould lives at No. 579 Fifth Avenue; at 47th St., and on the west side of the avenue, next to the Hotel Bristol, which is at the corner of 42nd Street, is the home of his old Wall Street associate, Russell Sage. Ex-Secretary B. H. Bristow lives in the hotel Buckingham, at the corner of 50th St. , Ex-Congressman John Fox lives next door to that Hotel in East 50th St., and Ex-Governor George Hoadley of Ohio, at No. 33 of the same street. Rev. Dr. John Hall's residence is next to his church — No. 712 Fifth Avenue ; Ex-Secretary Wm. C. Whitney's magnificent home is No. 2 West 57th St. Bishop Potter's less luxurious one is No. 160 West 59th St. The house in which Gen. U. S. Grant lived is No. 3 East 66th St. The plaza at 59th St. is bounded by immense hotels, of which only the Plaza and Savoy are open. The eastern entrance to Central Park opens from this plaza, and this fact has diverted to the west a certain part of the population that would otherwise have gone straight up Fifth avenue. But the upper avenue is building up steadily with fine houses and institu- tions. On the right of the park entrance, at 60th St. and Fifth avenue, is building the house of the new Metropolitan Club, popularly known as the "Millionaires' Club." At 63d street is the Progress Club, a Hebrew social organization, in whose house is a ball-room said to be the finest in New York. Entering the park, and keeping along the eastern side of the great East Drive, you will see New York's finest equipages in procession, and, if they do not fully occupy your attention, you may view the Lenox Library at 70th St. , and the Temple Beth-El, an ornate synagogue at 76th St. Passing the park menagerie, at the East 64th St. entrance, keep on until you arrive at the Mall, in front of the entrance to which is a plaza, through which carriages from the west side and the Middle Drive reach the more fashionable East Drive. Go through the Mall, one of the most beautiful walks in the world, until you reach its end and get the view from the ter- race over the lake. From the Mall, ascend the steps at the south and right of its exit, and you will find yourself in front of one of the most popular places in the park — the Casino — where you may have as good a meal as can be procured in New York. At the foot of the eminence on which the Casino stands, you reach the East Drive again. By continuing along its eastern side, you come, at 82d St., to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. You may profitably pass a long time here. Admission is free, excepting on Monday and Tuesday. 26 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Opposite the museum, and at the side of the smaller Croton Reservoir, is the Obelisk, a monolith that, quarried at Syene, in Nubia, stood at the entrance to the Temple of the Sun, in Heliopolis, before the time of Moses. Moved from there by the Romans, in the time of Augustus, the second de- cade before Christ, and set up in Alexandria, it remained there until 1879, when the Khedive of Egypt presented it to this city. It was safely trans- ported hither, at the expense of the late William H. Vanderbilt, by the re- markable engineering skill of Commander H. H. Gorringe, of the United States Navy. It is 69 feet 2 inches in height, and weighs 220 tons. The inscriptions on its sides mainly record the titles of three Kings of Egypt. North of the Obelisk, the only places of interest in the park, exclusive of the walks and drives, are McGown's Pass Tavern, a restaurant at the side of a defile through which the patriots retreated from the city in 1776, and an old earthwork. Turn back to the road just south of the reservoir. It will take you to the westward, across the park, to the exit at 78th St., opposite the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan Square. And there you may spend much time to advantage. Admission is free. One hundred and twenty-fifth street is only a few minutes' ride from the Museum by an elevated railroad train, which you may board at the 81st street station, three blocks away. As you go up town you will have a view of Central Park, of the rugged beauty of Morningside Park, and of the bat- tlemented heights of the Riverside section. From the abutments of these heights broad streets run to the East River, across Harlem plain, and over the alluvial meadows, which, by their richness, first attracted settlers to found the village of Nieuw Haarlem, in 1636. The houses on the western plain are handsome structures. On the meadows, now stigmatized and con- demned as "the Harlem flats," they are common tenements. A consider- able portion of the "flats" in the neighborhood of 110th St. and Second avenue is populated by Italians. It is known as "Little Italy," and its in- habitants are as deft and as habitual in the use of the stiletto as some of their compatriots of Mulberry Bend and Crosby street. One hundred and twenty-fifth street is the great thoroughfare of Har- lem. Day and night it is crowded. Big business buildings and apartment houses have driven out the villas that only a few years ago lined it, and now the residents of Harlem have no need to go down to the marts of Sixth avenue and Fourteenth and Twenty-third streets. What they cannot pur- chase in One hundred and twenty-fifth street they can in Third avenue, whose Harlem section has many of the characteristics of Grand Street. Seventh avenue is the Harlem thoroughfare by which most of the people who own, or can hire, horses, reach the drives of the Annexed Dis- trict, as that part of the city and county beyond the Harlem River, which formerly was part of Westchester County, is known. Every afternoon A TOUR OF NEW YORK. 27 people from all over the city gather on the walks of this avenue, from Cen- tral Park to the Macomb's Dam Bridge at 155th St., to see the handsome equipages, or watch the trials of speed between trotters which are occasion- ally engaged in when a mounted policeman is not near-by. Above Macomb's Dam Bridge is Jerome, or Central, avenue, a broad thoroughfare, as yet very sparsely built upon. This will take you direct to the old race course, Jerome Park, and, beyond that point, alongside Wood- lawn Cemetery — which is well worth a visit, and which may also be reached by way of the Harlem Railroad from the Grand Central station at 426. St. and Fourth Avenue — and through Van Cortlandt Park, where the local militia have their reviews and sham battles, to the city line at Yonkers. From Central Park up St. Nicholas avenue, Kingsbridge Road and Broad- way, along the western side of Van Cortlandt Park, is also a fine drive. Re- turning, you might strike over to the road along the Hudson, follow it down to Spuyten Duyvil, and cross that creek to Sedgwick avenue, which would take you on a line with the Harlem River — giving you a view of the wooded bluffs of Washington Heights, and the picturesque site of the projected Highbridge Park — to the Washington Bridge. Thence go through 181st street and the Boulevard, near the river, to Audubon Park and the beautiful Trinity Cemetery at 155th street. Audubon Park is a number of handsome villas on the site of the estate of- Audubon, the natur- alist, who died there in 1851. In Trinity Cemetery are the vaults of the Astors and other old New York families. On your return, up near the Yonkers line, you may visit the spacious grounds of the Academy of Mount St. Vincent, an educational institution known all over the United States. It is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. This estate formerly belonged to Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, and a castle which he built and called Fonthill, but which was generally known as " Forrest's Folly," stands in front of the school buildings, commanding an enchanting view of the Hudson. Clara Morris, the emotional actress, has a villa to the north of Mount St. Vincent. In the course of this drive you would pass through the places known as Kingsbridge, Mosholu, River- dale, Spuyten Duyvil and Fordham Heights. On the eastern side of the Annexed District there are many pleasant places to visit. The big Crotona and Bronx Parks are there, and beyond the latter, across the Bronx River, which is the eastern boundary of the city, above the Harlem River, are the new Morris Park race course, and Pelham Park on the Sound. In this eastern part of the Annexed District lie the old villages whose names are yet in common use — Mott Haven, Mor- risania, Melrose, Tremont, Fordham, and Williamsbridge. The last-named is a pretty village, lying partly in New York and partly in Westchester, being divided by the Bronx River. It is a Sunday resort for French 28 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. people, and there are several restaurants where good dinners, in the open air, may be procured. In a general way the city, its history, and special features are here spread out before the visitor. No attempt has been made to determine what places might be visited in one day. Personally-conducted trips are rarely satisfactory. Only the geographical relation of places of interest to one another is detailed; and the visitor is left to walk or ride, to hasten or be leisurely, as the mood may be. INDOOR /rMUSEJVIENTS. Theatres — Opera Houses — Music Halls — Character of the Entertain- ment in Each — Cost of Admission. More than 40 theatres representing the drama in all its forms, and all varieties of stage entertainments, are open in New York in the Autumn and Winter. In music New York has long taken the lead of London and Paris. New works of modern composers are presented here before they are heard in the great European capitals. The splendid orchestras of the Philhar- monic and Symphony societies are not surpassed anywhere, and are scarcely equaled even in Germany. The musical taste of New York is for the best. That is to say, there are enough people of sound musical taste in the city to make the performance of good music, symphonic or operatic, profitable. Not so much can be said, perhaps, of the public taste in things dramatic. The most ambitious of managers must needs make a living (he generally wants something more), and to that end must take note of the craving for the frivolous and unsubstantial. It is safe to say that of the hundreds of thousands of people who support the theatres in New York ; very few take the drama seriously. But the New York theatres, taken as a whole, fitly represent the modern stage. We have the best and the worst. There are audiences here for Henry Irving, Salvini, Ludwig Barnay, Constant Coquelin and Sarah Bernhardt. Daly's Theatre, Pal- mer's, the Lyceum, known all over the country for the excellence of the per- formances they offer, and the adherence of their managers to certain ideals, which, if not the loftiest, are still high enough to hold the respect of critics and students of the stage, are counted among the most prosperous of our playhouses. Joseph Jefferson and Helena Modjeska act here every year. While jugglery, "skirt-dancing," — " serpentine " and otherwise — and the mimicry and antics of the variety theatre satisfy the demands of the vast majority, there is a public for the American drama, and there are mana- gers who are willing to encourage native dramatists. New York, and, theatrically speaking, New York means the United States, is no longer, as it was until about 20 years ago, a "province"' of London in theatrical matters. Long after the young Republic had ceased 30 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. to depend upon England for fashions in dress and methods in commerce, its theatre was exclusively English. We had, to be sure, the German, French and Italian drama, from time to time, exotics that could not be ex- pected to grow vigorously on our soil ; we had also a few American plays and distinctively American actors who always seemed quite as foreign to the atmosphere of our theatre. These were exceptions. Our theatre was English. Wallack's, for many years the representative playhouse of America, was exclusively British. The methods of the theatres royal of London were scrupulously followed there behind the foot lights even after the necessity of doing things in an American way was recognized in ' ' the front of the house." While no fees were charged to visitors, playbills were free, and men served as ushers instead of women, on the stage of Wal- lack's till nearly the end, all the old traditions were zealously upheld. More- over, the new plays were all importations from London. What was success- ful in the capital of Great Britain was expected to please, without fail, in the second largest English speaking city. That is no longer true. What is superlatively good in the English drama is wanted here, and nothing else from England. The acting of Willard and Ellen Terry is appreciated. Success awaits the promised visit of Beerbohm Tree. But since the civil war New York has become a thor- oughly cosmopolitan city. No manager can count on success for a play simply because it has pleased a certain class in London. As for the Amen ican drama, it comes slowly. Our theatre is in a transition state, never more popular as a source of mere entertainment, never more scantily sup- plied with good players. The play markets of England, France and Ger- many are failing, and with all the chance for large profits American play- wrights produce little in comparison with the demand. New York had theatrical performances as early as the year 1732, but for many years in colonial times dramatic efforts here were desultory and simply experimental. The theatrical history of the city began with the ar- rival of Lewis Hallam's company in 1753. Out of this off-shoot of the British stage the American stage grew. The old John Street Theatre, the home of the best in the drama before the Revolution and for some time afterward, was built in 1768. To this succeeded the famous old Park Theatre, which stood in Park Row opposite the site now occupied by the General Post Office. Opened in January, 1798, it was destroyed by fire May 25, 1820; rebuilt and reopened Sept. 1, 1821, and again burned Dec. 16, 1848. The traditions preserved at the old Park survived at Wallack's, which was established in 1852, and lasted, through the various stages of lusty youth, vigorous prime and senile decay, till the spring of 1888. Any consideration of the condition of the modern stage must take note of the changed social conditions in this country. The system of free educa- INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 31 tion has increased the general average of intelligence, and there are many thousands of theatre goers whose fathers and grandfathers found all their needful entertainment in the circus and the instructive moving panoramas of John Banvard and his predecessors. These people as a class can scarcely be expected steadily to give encouragement to the highest forms of the drama. The immense material growth of this country has, by in- creasing the general wealth, created a vast theatre-going class who demand that stage performances shall be, above everything else, amusing. The tension of American business life is high. The business man wants enter- tainment after his work is done, and he wants it light and joyous. The "combination system," which controls the present theatre, to the ex- clusion of the old stock companies, (except a very few here in New York), has its beginnings in this city. After a long "run" here, a play will last profitably two or three years "on the road." Plays are produced here, therefore, not only for New York but for the whole country. Meanwhile we have good actors and good plays, though the immense growth of the theatrical system has left them in the minority. In one thing theatrical there has been noteworthy improvement. The play houses are handsomer, safer and more comfortable than ever before. What with the electric light and improved ventilating apparatus the atmosphere of the auditoriums of the newer houses is comparatively fresh and wholesome. The stale odors of peanuts and orange peel, associated with the theatrical memories of our early youth, went out with the "legitimate." The exist- ing building laws in New York are exacting in regard to theatres. They must have easily accessible entrances and exits on three sides, and the stairways and floor beams must be of fire proof material. The recently built theatres are as nearly fire proof as possible. They are not, of course panic-proof, and the great danger in a crowded theatre has therefore not yet been thoroughly averted. In the following complete list of the theatres and kindred places of amusement in New York, facts that will interest strangers in town are given. An attempt is made to indicate clearly the character and quality of the entertainment to be found in each house. Something of the history of every existing theatre that has a history, is also given. An effort is made, however, to omit superfluous details. It would not interest the visitor to the city to know the exact height and width of the stage in every theatre, and the names of the manufacturers of the door knobs. Seats in all the important theatres are placed on sale a week or more in advance at the box offices. Tickets for reserved seats may also be obtained at the various agencies established for that purpose in the principal hotel corri- dors, and at the downtown theatre ticket office, in Broadway. In these places a premium is charged. Strangers to the city, if they do not care to buy 32 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. tickets in advance, will generally find good seats for any theatre at its box office just about the time the performance is advertised to begin. Unsold tickets from the agencies are then brought in. It is rarely necessary to buy tickets of a speculator and pay his extra charges. Abbey's Theatre (now in course of erection, and to be opened in the fall of 1893), northeast corner of Broadway and West 38th street. The architects, James B. McElfatrick & Son, have planned a six-story building of white Indiana stone and French gray brick. There will be entrances to the theatre on both streets. The interior will be richly decorated and fitted with all modern improvements. There will be 1,800 seats, in addition to those in the proscenium boxes and four open boxes. The house will not have a stock company. Stars and " combinations," managed by the firm of Ab- bey, Schoeffel and Grau, will appear there. It will be Sarah Bernhardt' s New York theatre and Henry Irving's. Prices will be high, and there will probably be a sliding scale. The best seats for the performances of the famous artists above named will cost at least $3. Academy of Music. — This historic theatre was for many years the home of Italian opera in New York. It is now the home of " The Black Crook." Palmo's Opera House, in Chambers street, where the big building of the American News Company now is, was opened September 3, 1844. It soon became Burton's Theatre, and the exotic Italian opera found quarters in the Astor Place Opera House, memorable as the scene of the Macready riot, the site of which, in Astor Place, near Broadway, is now occupied by the new building of the Mercantile Library Association. The big brick Academy of Music, at Fourteenth street and Irving Place, was opened Oct. 2, 1854. All the famous stars of Italian opera sang there, and no hand- somer sight than its spacious audience room on a fashionable opera night has ever been known in this city. The house was burned on the night of May ,2i, 1866, was rebuilt and opened anew Feb. 28, 1868, and Italian opera thrived or languished there, according to circumstances, until some time after the opening of the Metropolitan Opera House, in 1883. Messrs. Gil- more and Tompkins bought the property in 1887. They present popular plays at cheap prices, ranging from 25 cents to $1.50. The boxes, except those in the proscenium arch, have been displaced by folding chairs. The present seating capacity is 2,532, and at the ruling prices a full house repre- sents $2,163.50. " The Old Homestead," which ran three years, "The Country Circus," and a very expensive and gorgeous reproduction of the ballet spectacle of " The Black Crook " represent the kind and variety of plays to be seen there. Amberg Theatre, southwest corner of East 15th street and Irving Place, is devoted exclusively to performances of plays and operettas in the German language. It occupies the site of Irving Hall, famous as an annex of the THOSE who want fine, strong, durable UMBRELLAS And the Latest Styles in WALKING CANES, Go to (paries f^B' 1 ? 21 ?*? - The Leading Manufacturers, I Barclay Street, 206 East 14th St., Opp. Astor House. Near 3d Av. L Station. i^argest Stock in the United States of 14 karat Gold, Solid Silver and Ivory Mounted Umbrellas and Canes. Ladies' Umbrellas Suitable for Presentations a Specialty. N. B.— Umbrellas Re-covered with Imported Silk for 31.25, Prepaid Orders sent tree of Express chaiges to any part of the United States. Steamer "ROSEDALE )) Leaves BRIDGEPORT at 7.30 A.M. Returning, leaves NEW YORK, Pier 35, E. R., foot of Catharine Street, at 3 P.M.; foot East 31st Street, at 3.15 P. M. On Saturdays, Pier 35, 2.30 P. M., East 31st Street, 2.45 P. M. FARE, - - 50c. Excursion Tickets, cST" Steamer (I NUTMEG STATE' ;, until I '««•«!. lOCi Leaves BRIDGEPORT daily, 12 midnight (except Saturday), foot South Avenue. Leaves NEW YORK daily, 11 A. M. (except Sunday), Pier No. 35, East River. FARE, - - 50c. Excursion Tickets, u.«uuU 75c. Steamers connect with trains, and tickets sold on boats to stations on Naugatuck and Housatonic railroads. FAVORITE ROUTE to™ BERKSHIRE HILLS Bridgeport Office, 200 Main Street, I Hew York Office, Pier 35, East Rim, HOWARD STAPLES, Asst Manager. J. H. JENKINS, President. INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 33 Academy, with which it was connected by a temporary bridge across the street when big balls were given, and famous also as the meeting place of a now extinct branch of the local Democratic party. The Amberg Theatre is a new house, and was opened Dec. i, 1888. It is a small but well-ap- pointed theatre. Ernst Possart, Josef Kainz, Marie Barkany and Emil Thomas have been recent stars on its stage. American Theatre, southeast corner of Eighth avenue and West 42d street, is now in course of erection. It will be a commodious, modern house, with 1,800 seats, a large stage, and elaborate machinery. T. Henry French will be the manager, and spectacular productions are in view. Berkeley Lyceum, north side of West Forty-fourth street, west of Fifth avenue, is a little theatre opened Feb. 27, 1888, for the use of amateur actors, and for entertainments of readings, music, &c. It has lately been leased by the American Academy of the Dramatic Arts, a school of acting founded, under another name, in 1884, of which Franklin Haven Sargent is director. This institution has graduated many who have become competent actors, such as Dorothy Dorr, George Fawcett, Robert Taber, Alice Fischer and Maude Banks. On the stage of the Berkeley Lyceum the pupils will hereafter give their interesting public exhibitions. The new Theatre of Literature, for which noted writers like Howells and Stockton have prom- ised plays, will also give its strictly private performances here. Bijou Theatre, Broadway, west side, near West Thirty-first street. Seating capacity, 1,030; value of a full house, $1,350, at the ruling prices, ranging from $1.50 to 50 cents. This house, which is new and well-appoint- ed, occupies the site of "Jerry" Thomas's old chop-house, famous just after the civil war for its collection of colored caricatures of noted men and women. A minstrel hall called the Theatre Brighton was opened there Aug. 26, 1878; for a short time afterward it was called Wood's Broadway Theatre; March 31, 1880, it was named the Bijou Opera House; it has since been rebuilt. Under John McCaull's management comic opera flourished there; with Ed- ward E. Rice came burlesque, "Adonis," with Dixey, surviving 600 nights. J. Wesley Rosenquest is now the manager, conducting the place on the "combination" plan. "The Brass Monkey," "A Texas Steer," and "The City Directory" have been recent successes. Acrobatic farce, generally good of its kind, and burlesque, thrive best there. Broadway Theatre, southwest corner of Broadway and West 41st street, occupying the site of the Old Metropolitan Concert Hall, variously called also the Casino, Alcazar and Cosmopolitan Theatre. The present house, one of the largest' and finest in the city, was built by T. Henry French, E. F. Zbrowski and F. W. Sanger. It was opened, with "La Tosca," March 3, 1888. Until July, 1892, Mr. Sanger was the sole manager. Mr. French then bought his interest, and assumed charge. The decora- 34 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. tions of the house are greatly admired. The arrangement of the electric lights is particularly pleasing. There are 700 seats on the orchestra floor, 426 in the balcony and 550 in the top gallery. In addition there are S boxes holding six person each and 2 holding four persons. Prices, on ordinary occasions, range from 35 cents to $1.50, but they are raised when the "at- traction" is very expensive, as in the Booth and Modjeska engagement. Edwin Booth made his last appearance in New York on this stage. But the performances are greatly varied, though generally the sort that attracts the fashionable folks if not necessarily the cultivated. De Wolf Hopper and Francis Wilson play there, in comic musical pieces, and the stage is particularly well-suited to spectacle. Carnegie Music Hall, southeast corner of 7th avenue and 57th street, was opened in May, 1891. Its large hall, which with its 54 boxes has a seat- ing capacity of 3,000, is the finest for music in the city. The regular concerts of the Symphony and Oratorio societies, under the direction of Walter Damrosch, are given there. There is a smaller hall for recitals and re- hearsals in which, sometimes, exhibitions like those of the famous Gustave Dore paintings are held. A stage will be built in the large hall, probably, for performance of grand opera. Casino, southwest corner of Broadway and West 39th street. This unique and widely-known theatre, identified since its opening, Oct. 28, 1SS2, with comic opera, has now been given over to the so-called "vaudeville" performances of dancers, singers, jugglers and acrobats. A ballet is part of every entertainment. Rudolph Aronson is still the manager of the Casino, and it is a respectable and fashionable house, and one of the sights of the city. It has a seating capacity of 625 on the first floor, 172 in the balcony and 210 in the gallery. There are 14 boxes on the buffet floor and 800 seats in the roof garden. At the ruling prices, $1.50 to 50 cents, a full house is worth $1,348.50. Francis W. Kimball was the architect of the Casino. Chickering Hall, northwest corner Fifth avenue and iSth street, has been, since its opening, Nov. 15, 1875, a popular place for concerts and lee tures of a high order. Columbus Theatre, in East 125th street, south side, near Lexington avenue, was designed by its owner and manager, Oscar Hamrnerstein, to be the popular theatre of Harlem. The best seats sell for $1. The house will accommodate about 2,000. It is substantially built, well-equipped, and the auditorium is spacious and handsome. "Combinations" play there, and melodrama is liked by the frequenters. The house was opened Oct. 11, 1890. Daly's Theatre, on the west side of Broadway, near West 30th street, managed by Augustin Daly, who also directs Daly's Theatre in London, has a place of its own among theatres. It is the highest-priced theatre in INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 35 New York, all the orchestra seats and the best in the balcony selling for $2, the lowest price for top gallery seats being 50 cents. It is the most fashionable house in New York, and its "first night" audiences represent the wealth and culture of the metropolis. The red and gold auditorium is rich in its furnishing and decorations, and everything is solid and substan- tial. The rich act drop, a combination of painting and embroidery, and representing the Crowning of Comedy, was designed by G. G. Garibaldi, who also painted the elaborate frieze over the stage, the Comedie Humaine. The other mural paintings were done by Eugene Grivaz, an artist of un- common talent. His copies of The Stratford Shakespeare and the Odeon Moliere are over the proscenium boxes, right and left. In the spacious foyer, peculiar to this theatre, many rare old paintings hang in the collection of likenesses of famous actors. The ushers move noiselessly, and are studiously attentive. The stage is dominated, naturally, by Ada Rehan, an actress of rare charm, but other members of the permanent company, which includes James Lewis, Mrs. G. H. Gilbert, George Clarke, Arthur Bourchier, Sidney Herbert, Charles LeClercq, Isabel Irving, Charles Wheat- leigh, John Craig and Kitty Cheatham, are artists of uncommon talent. Shakespeare and the old comedies are here beautifully revived, and plays of contemporary life, generally dainty comedies, are given with perfect manners and exquisite lightness of touch. "Stars" of high standing, like Richard Mansfield and Rosina Vokes, act there in the early spring and early fall. Daly's Theatre contains 1,309 seats, and the value of a full house there is $1,800. It is built on the site of Banvard's, afterwards Wood's Museum, and was opened September 17, 1879. Eden Musee, West 23d street, north side, east of Sixth avenue. This was opened by a French company, May 30, 1884, for the exhibition of wax figures and other works of art, and for light entertainments. It is a hand- some wince marble building. Lifelike wax figures standing in the vesti- bule deceive the uninitiated visitor. There is a large exhibition of wax representatives of royalty and genius in the main hall, entertainments of song, dance and jugglery are given in the concert room, and on the lower floor there is a grisly chamber of horrors. Eighth Street Theatre, Eighth street, east of Broadway, was for- merly a church and has had many vicissitudes since it was opened as a low-priced place of amusement, under the name of Aberle's Theatre, Sep- tember 8, 1879. It has been known as the Grand Central, Poole's, Harry Kennedy's and the Comedy Theatre. The character of the entertainments offered has never been high, and the prices have been correspondingly low. Empire Theatre, on southeast corner of Broadway and West 40th street, anew and handsome theatre, designed by J. B. McElfatrick & Son, built by F. W. Sanger and Al. Hayman, and managed by Charles 36 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Frohman, whose excellent stock company opens the house. This theatre will be the home of American plays. One there may be confident of seeing good acting. The house has a seating capacity of 1,100, and the prices range from $2 to 50 cents. Fifth Avenue Theatre, northwest corner of Broadway and West 28th street, is a new and handsome house, managed by H. C. Miner on the " combination " plan. The best stars and companies seek the Fifth avenue. It has 1,269 seats, 558 in the orchestra, 355 in the balcony and 356 in the gallery. There are six proscenium boxes. Prices range from 50 cents to $1.50, and the house will hold $1,502.50. The seats are very comfortable, and the decorations of the auditorium rich and effective. The house is " fire proof." It stands on the site of old Apollo Hall. A small theatre called the St. James was opened there in 1872, and in that James Steele Mackaye illustrated the principles of Delsarte, as he understood them, in two plays called "Monaldi " and " Marriage." A new theatre was built by the Gilsey estate and opened Dec. 3,1873, by Augustin Daly, who conducted it till Sept. 1877. His term of management was noteworthy for the first pro- duction in America of "Love's Labor's Lost," the long runs of " Pique " and "The Big Bonanza" and the first appearance in America of Charles Coghlan. Thereafter the house had various managers until the lease was secured by Haverley. He transferred it to John Stetson, who in turn was succeeded by Eugene Tompkins (May 1888). In the fall of 1890 Mr. Miner took the lease and made many alterations in the house, which was destroyed by fire Jan. 2, 1891. The new house was opened in May, 1892. Fourteenth Street Theatre, West 14th street, near 6th avenue, managed by J. W. Rosenquest as a " combination " house, and noted for the " runs" of " The Still Alarm," a play with live horses and a real fire engine, and " Blue Jeans." Melodrama, domestic drama and farce all suc- ceed here. The house was opened May 26, 1866, as the Theatre Frangais. Here Ristori made her first appearance in America, Marie Seebach acted and Tostee sang in "La Grande Duchesse." Charles Fechter designed some of the improvements in the house when it was changed to the Lyceum in 1872. March 31, 1879, it was first called the Fourteenth Street Theatre. It has a seating capacity of 1,624, and the prices range from 50 cents to $1.50. Garden Theatre, southeast corner of East 27th street and Madison avenue, a part of the Madison Square Garden enterprise. This is a beauti- ful theatre, designed by Stanford White, modern and " fire proof." It is managed by T. Henry French, and comic opera, with Lillian Russell or the Bostonians, is given with luxurious scenic settings. The house has a seat- ing capacity of 1,054, and there are 900 seats in the roof garden, open in summer. Prices range all the way from 25 cents to $2.00, and a full house is worth $1,754. The Garden Theatre was opened Sent 77. 1890. INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 37 Grand Opera House, northwest corner of Eighth avenue and 23d street, a "popular" theatre with many seats, which are sold at prices rang- ing from 25 cents to $1.00. "Combinations" play there, and farces and melodramas are especially liked. The better class of stars sometimes play there, but infrequently nowadays. The house has a history. It was built by Samuel Pike and designed for grand, opera. It was called Pike's Opera House when it was opened, Jan. 8, 1868. It was too far west to pay. In 1870 it had passed out of Pike's hands into those of James Fisk, Jr. It fig- ured in the famous Erie Railway transactions of that period. Fisk had "The Tempest" and Sardou's "Patrie" produced there. Augustin Daly lost money with a magnificent spectacle, Sardou and Offenbach's "Le RoiCarotte,"and other heavy productions. Maretzek gave opera there in 1873 with a com- pany that included Pauline Lucca, Tamberlik and lima de Muriska. Cheap prices and engagements of stars and combinations for one week were intro- duced by Poole & Donnelly. Henry E. Abbey secured the house, and re- decorated it, Aug. 28, 1882. T. Henry French is the present manager. The owner is George Gould. Hardman Hall, at the southwest corner of Fifth avenue and West 19th street, is used for high-class concerts and lectures. Harlem Opera House, West 125 street, north side, near Seventh aven- ue, is the handsomest theatre in Harlem. Its entrance is particularly im- posing, and the big mirror in the long vestibule is one of the sights of the neighborhood. The auditorium is rather bright in color, but very comfort- able. The stage is excellently furnished. Stars and "combinations" play there under the management of Oscar Hammerstein, who built the house and opened it to the public, Sept. 30, 1889. The best seats are now sold for $1. Harrigan's Theatre, West 36th street, north side, east of Sixth avenue. Edward Harrigan opened this house December 22, 1890. He had previous- ly managed the old Theatre Comique and its handsome successor that was opened Aug. 29, 1881, and destroyed by fire Dec. 23, 1884, and had tried his luck in the Fourteenth Street and Park Theatres. The new house was de- signed by F. W, Kimball and is one of the prettiest little theatres in the country. It is fitted with all the modern improvements. Only one kind of play is given there, and when Mr. Harrigan and his company are taking a vacation the house is closed. Harrigan's comic dramas of low life in New York, introducing familiar types among the personages and familiar neighborhoods in the scenic pictures have, for their truth to nature, excited the admiration of critics like William Dean Howells and Frederick Wed- more. They grew out of the old variety hall sketches, and Harrigan, who began his career as a "song and dance artist," grew with them. The per- formances at Harrigan's are broadly humorous, somewhat noisy, and never 38 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. immoral. David Braham's songs are as popular and well-known as Mr. Harrigan's plays for which they are written. John Wild, the best stage representative of the New York street darkey, and Mrs. Annie Yeamans, are prominent in the large company. Harry Miner's Theatre, on the east side of the Bowery near Broome street, is a variety hall. Herrmann's Theatre, Broadway, west side, near West 29th street, is a new and pretty theatre on the site of the old San Francisco Minstrels' Hall. This was opened Sept. 3, 1874, by Birch, Wambold, Bernard and Backus. The minstrel troupe finally disbanded Dec. 29, 1883. The house has since seen many changes. It was called the Comedy, the Gaiety, the New Com- edy, Dockstader's Minstrels, the Gaiety again, until finally Herrmann, the magician, rebuilt it. He opened Herrmann's Theatre Oct. 11, 1890. His own entertainment is given there, and the house is rented to other mana- gers, generally for farcical plays. Koster & Bial's, West 23d street, north side, west of 6th avenue. A noted concert hall and resort of the man about town. Here Carmencita danced, and when J. S. Sargent painted his famous portrait of her, "soci- ety" folks began to go to Koster & Bial's to see her. Beer is sold in the au- dience and smoking is allowed. The performances are better of their kind and more circumspect now than they used to be. The site of the hall was Bryant's Opera House, opened Nov. 23, 1870. When Koster & Bial, sellers of lager beer, took the place, they made it first a beer saloon, with instru- mental music to please their guests. The present concert hall slowly devel- oped from that beginning. Lenox Lyceum, southeast corner of Madison avenue and East 59th street, contains a very large hall for concerts and exhibitions, and some smaller halls. The building was altered from an old cyclorama hall and opened, under its present name, Jan. 2, 1890. Concerts have been given there by Anton Seidl and Theodore Thomas. Lexington Avenue Opera House (Terrace Garden Theatre), West 58th and West 59th streets, near Lexington avenue. Used for many years for a certain class of receptions, balls, &c, and for amateur theatricals. The garden adjoining is used by beer drinkers on summer nights. For a num- ber of years, beginning in May, 1887, German operetta was given there in the summer. London Theatre, Bowery, east side, near Rivington street, a variety hall. Lyceum Theatre, Fourth avenue, west side, north of 23d street, one of the few "stock company" theatres in New York, a richly appointed, care- fully arranged house, and a fashionable place of amusement. No other theatre in New York resembles the Lyceum. It was planned by Hubert, INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 39 Pirsson & Co. , and the interior decorations were made by the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company. There is no "family circle;" the house contains 661 seats, and prices range from $2 to 75 cents. The house was opened April 5, 1885, under the management of Steele Mackaye. Helen Dauvray afterwards managed the house for two seasons, and it passed into the charge of Daniel Frohman, May 3, 1887. His stock company, including Georgia Cayvan, Herbert Kelcey, W. J. Le Moyne, Effie Shannon, Mr. and Mrs. Walcot and Mrs. Whiffen play from November till May. E. H. Sothern fills an annual engagement in the early autumn. The theatre is noted for the rich and tasteful scenic settings, the handsome dresses of the actresses, and the refined character of the plays. Madison Square Garden — (see also Garden Theatre) — East 26th street, Madison and Fourth avenues, East 27th street. On this site stood the old railroad station of the Harlem and New Haven roads. Cars were drawn by horses up Fourth avenue and through the still existing tunnel under Park avenue to the then open country north of Forty-second street, where the trains were made up. After the Grand Central Station was built the old station was not needed. April 27, 1874, after many changes had been made in the interior, it was opened, under the management of E. G. Gil- more, as Gilmore's Garden. Promenade concerts were given and in the spring the circus took possession. Dec, 1878, the name was changed to Madison Square Garden. The new building, an architectual triumph, which is fully described elsewhere, was opened in June, 1890. The im- mense amphitheatre is used for the annual exhibitions of the Barnum Circus and Menagerie, in March and April, for all the big periodical shows, else- where noticed, for promenade concerts and some of the large balls of the winter. In addition to this, and the Garden Theatre, the vast structure in- cludes a fine music hall, a ball room with adjoining supper rooms and dres- sing rooms and all the needful offices. An admission fee of 25 cents is charged to the tower between 8 a. m. and 6 p. m. Madison Square Theatre, West 24th street, south side, west of Broad- way. In the days of wild speculation during the Civil War, an up-town "gold room" was erected on this site. Speculation at night here was stopped by action of the New York Stock Exchange, and the upper floors were at length altered into the Fifth Avenue Opera House, Nov. 30, 1865. Here George Chrisy's band of negro minstrels and afterward Kelly & Leon's troupe gave their entertainments; Myron W. Leffingwail acted there many nights as Romeo Jaffier Jenkins in "Too Much for Good Nature," and Beppo in the travesty of "Fra Diavolo." James Fisk, Jr., secured the site, and built a small but beautiful theatre which John Brougham tried to manage as Brougham's Lyceum, Jan. 25 to April 5, 1869. Fisk renamed the house the Fifth Avenue Theatre and tried French opera bouffe there. 40 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Augustin Daly took the lease, Aug. 16, 1S69, and established his fame as a manager. The genius of Clara Morris was there revealed. Agnes Ethel, Fanny Davenport, Fanny Morant, Linda Dietz, Kate Claxton, the elder Holland, E. L. Davenport, George Clarke, James Lewis, Davidge, Charles Fisher, Louis James, Harry Crisp, acted there. Goldsmith's "Good Natured Man" and Shakespeare's "Merry Wives" had notable revivals. "Frou Frou," "Saratoga" and "Divorce" each ran many nights. The house was destroyed by fire after the holiday matinee, Jan. 1, 1S73. Later in a small hall there Robert Heller gave his performance of magic. The present Madison Square Theatre, built at great expense, was opened, Feb. 4, 1880, with Steel Mackaye's "Hazel Kirke," which ran nearly two years. Under the management of the Messrs. Mallory and Daniel Frohman, American plays, including "Esmeralda," "Young Mrs. Winthrop," "The Rajah," " The Professor," and " May Blossom," were produced. In 1884 Albert M. Palmer, who had resigned the management of the Union Square Theatre, took charge, and under his guidance a strong stock company presented strong plays. He retired in 1891 to give all his attention to Palmer's Theatre. The house is now managed by Hoyt & Thomas, and Charles H. Hoyt's farces, compounds of caricature of the life around us, with music and dancing, are to be seen there. The house has a double stage, to build which tons of solid rock were blasted out. Francis W. Kimball was the architect. The embroidered drop curtain is the work of Louis C. Tiffany. There are 336 chairs in the orchestra sold at $1.50 each; 12 balcony chairs are sold for $2 each, and the other 178 for $1. 50; 68 chairs in the gallery sell for 75 cents each, and there are four boxes. The value of a full house is $922.50. Manhattan Opera House, north side of West 34th street, between Broadway and Seventh avenue, newly erected by Oscar Hammerstein and designed primarily for opera, though "dedicated" with a performance of spoken drama. The Messrs. McElfatrick are the architects. Stage and auditorium are both very large, and the main entrance is uncommonly handsome and spacious. There are seats for about 2,500, including the 72 boxes, 800 orchestra chairs, 400 balcony chairs and accommodations for nearly 1,000 in the vast gallery. Metropolitan Opera House (now closed because of the fire, Aug. 27, which destroyed the stage and greatly damaged the auditorium), Broadway, Seventh avenue, West 39th and West 40th streets. Designed by J. C. Cady, opened Oct. ae, 1883, with Italian opera. Used occasionally for spoken drama — as in one of Salvini's engagements and the famous perform- ance of " Hamlet" for the benefit of Lester Wallack, May 10, 1888 — but too large for that purpose. Seating capacity before the fire, 3,045. Prices ac- cording to the attraction. The house, up to last spring, had cost the stock- holders $2,500,000. Single seats on opera nights cost from $1.50 to $7. INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 41 Miner's Eighth Avenue Theatre, Eighth avenue, east side, near West 26th street, a variety hall. Mount Morris Theatre, Third avenue, west side, and East 130th street, has been used occasionally for dramatic performances since it was opened, Sept. 21 1882. National Theatre, 118 and 120 Bowery, was opened as a variety hall, Oct., 1880; in 1887, for a time, it was called the Roumania Theatre. Niblo's, east side of Broadway, north of Prince street (Metropolitan Hotel), one of the historic theatres of New York, and except the Old Bowery (see Thalia) the oldest. Renowned for years as the home of the spectacular and romantic drama. Now conducted as a cheap theatre, on the combination system, prices ranging from 15 to 75 cents. Even at these prices the value of a full house is $800. As the "SansSouci" this theatre was opened July 4, 1828. In May, 1829, it was a concert saloon. Niblo's Garden and Theatre, owned and directed by William Niblo, was opened Oct. 1, 1839. The house was burned Sept. 18, 1846; rebuilt and reopened July 30, 1849; enlarged 1854; burned again May 6, 1872, and reopened Nov. 30 of that year. Palmer's Theatre, Broadway, east side, and West 30th street, the third " Wallack's Theatre," opened, with " The School for Scandal," Jan. 4, 1882. In May, 1887, Lester Wallack formally retired from the manage- ment. Henry E. Abbey took the house in the fall of 1887, and conducted it till the next spring as a stock theatre. By an agreement with Theodore Moss, Albert M. Palmer took the management October, 1888, and the house was then renamed. It is a handsome, spacious and well directed theatre. The chairs are uncommonly comfortable. There are 351 seats in the or- chestra, 270 in the balcony and 209 in the gallery. The usual prices range from $1.50 to 50 cents. Mr. Palmer's splendid stock company, including Agnes Booth, Julia Arthur, Marie Burroughs, J. H. Stoddart and E. M. Holland, has its headquarters there. In the summer comic opera is given. Constant Coquelin, Jane Hading, E. S. Willard, Salvini and John Drew have been recent stars. American plays of the best quality, such as " Alabama," " Colonel Carter" and " Aristocracy," have been seen there. Park Theatre, northwest corner of Broadway and West 35th street. Variety, with occasional performances of acrobatic farce or melodrama. The Aquarium was opened on this site Oct. 11, 1876, and the theatre was opened Oct. 15, 1882. Part of the proscenium of Booth's theatre is in use. Recent changes have not greatly altered the appearance of the house. It has a seating capacity of 2,226, and prices range from 25 cents to $1. Peoples' Theatre, east side of the Bowery, opposite Spring street, a commodious house conducted by H. C. Miner on the combination plan, prices ranging from 25 cents to $1. It was built on the site of the old Volks 42 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Garden, a cheap place of amusement, and opened Sept. 3, 1883. Its seating capacity is 2,500. Proctor's Theatre, West 23d street, north side, between 6th and 7th avenues, built on the site of the former Twenty-third Street Theatre, which was first a church and then a " Temple," designed by Salmi Morse for the production of his so-called " Passion Play," suppressed by the police. It was first opened as a theatre May 21, 1883. Proctor's Theatre, which is a modern fire proof structure, was opened March 5, 1889. Its seating capacity is 1,585, including 620 seats in the orchestra, 360 in the balcony, and 605 in the gallery. Prices range from 25 cents to $1.50. Plays like " The County Fair" and sensational melodrama, with handsome pictorial effects, may be sought there. Standard Theatre, Broadway, east side, between West 32d and West 33d streets. The first play house on this site, the Eagle Theatre, w£ > opened October 18, 1875, for variety performances at high prices. Febru- ary 20, 1878, it was first called The Standard. Here, under the manage- ment of William Henderson, comic opera thrived. "Pinafore," "Patience," "Billee Taylor," and "Iolanthe," had long runs. The house was destroyed by fire Dec. 14, 1883. The new theatre was opened Dec. 23, 1884. J. M. Hill assumed the management, Jan., 1890. Comic opera prevails and Marie Tempest is this winter's star. There are 462 seats in the orchestra, 268 in the balcony and 302 in the gallery. There are also 12 boxes. Prices range from 25 cents to $1.50, and the theatre will "hold" $1,455.50. Star Theatre (owned by Theodore Moss and managed for him by Charles S. Burnham), north-east corner of Broadway and East 13th street. This was the second Wallack's Theatre, opened as such in 1861. Here English comedy was performed by Lester Wallack, John Gilbert, John Brougham, George Holland, Owen Marlowe, Mark Smith, A. W. Young, Charles Fisher, Charles Mathews, Mrs. Vernon, Madeline Henriques, Mary Gannon, Effie Germon, Mme. Ponisi, Ada Dyas, Rose Coghlan, Harry Becket, H. J. Montague. The Robertson comedies, the old comedies, and Boucicault's "Shaughraun" with the author as Conn, are among its glorious memories. From Sept. 13, 1881, to Jan. 1883, the house was called the Germania, and German plays were acted there under the direction of Adolph Neuendorff, Friederich Haase and Ludwig Barnay being the most notable "stars." Since Jan. 10, 1883, the house has had its present name, and has been conducted on the combination plan. Henry Irving and Ellen Terry, Lawrence Barrett and Edwin Booth, Helena Modjeska and Mary Anderson have played there. In recent years William H. Crane's annual performances in modern American comedy have been notable. The seat- ing capacity is 1,900, and the best seats (except in extraordinary engage- ments) are sold for $1.50. There are 710 orchestra chairs, 470 balcony INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 43 chairs, and 720 seats in the upper gallery. The value of a full house at the usual prices is $1,945. Thalia Theatre, east side of the Bowery, south of Canal street, the Old Bowery Theatre, lately used for German performances. One of the most commodious theatres in this country. Built in 1S26, it was burned May 24, 1828, Sept. 22, 1836, Feb. 18, 1838, April 25, 1845. The present building was opened in August, 1845. All the famous actors of the palmy days appeared on that stage. Since Sept. 11, 1879, it has been called the Thalia. Theatre Comique, Harlem, West 125th street, near Third avenue, opened in 1884-5, renamed the Harlem Theatre, May, 1890. Third Avenue Theatre (Jacobs's), southeast corner of Third avenue and East 31st street, now a popular low-priced theatre. Opened for dra- matic performances as long ago as July 26th, 1875. Afterward, for a time, it was called the American Theatre (variety). Reconstructed and opened as The Third Avenue, by Mr. and Mrs. McKee Rankin, Sept. 3, 1883. Kate Claxton took it for a brief period, 1884. It was also called the Apollo, and used briefly as a German theatre. J. M. Hill renamed it the Third Avenue, Sept. 7, 1885. Prices, under the present management, range from 15 cents to $1. Seating capacity, 2,463. The orchestra has 652 seats, the balcony 581, and the gallery 1,160, while there are 80 box seats. The value of a full house is $792.75. Plays to suit the great multitude which prefers quantity to quality are given there. Tony Pastor's Theatre (variety), in the Tammany Building, East 14th street, north side, between Irving Place and Third avenue. Originally Byant's Minstrel Hall, it became the Germania Theatre, for German plays. Tony Pastor, the oldest and best known manager of variety shows in New Vork, took the house Oct. 10, 1881. Prices range from 25 cents to $1. Fashionable folks make up parties to go there and hear Maggie Cline sing. Union Square Theatre, East 14th street, between Broadway and Fourth avenue, built by Sheridan Shook on land owned by the Courtlandt Palmer estate. Opened for variety performances, Sept. 11, 1871, and for dramatic performances of a high order of merit, under the management of Albert M. Palmer, Sept. 17, 1872. Sardou's "Agnes" ("Andrea"), then pro- duced for the first time, ran one hundred nights. Mr. Palmer made the name of the theatre famous for strong plays, fine scenery and good acting. Among the plays were "The Centenarian," "The Geneva Cross," "Led Astray," "The Two Orphans," "The Danicheffs," "The Sphinx," "Miss Multon," "Ferreol," "The Rantzaus," "Mother and Son," "A Celebrated Case," "Daniel Rochat," "The Banker's Daughter," and "A Parisian Romance." Among the actors, from time to time, were Charles R. Thorne, Jr., Charles Coghlan, Richard Mansfield, Frederic Robinson, Mark Smith, John Parselle, Stuart Robson, J. H. Stoddart, J. B. Polk, F. F. Mackay, 44 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Mr. and Mrs. McKee Rankin, Mrs. Wilkins, Sara Jewett, Rose Eytinge, Linda Dietz, Clara Morris, and Fanny Morant. Mr. Palmer retired from the management, April 30, 1883. Two years later the famous company was disbanded. J. M. Hill secured the lease, 1885. The house was burned in the spring of 1888, and the present structure was opened March 27, 1889. The present managers are Green wall & Pearson, and they play "combina- tions." The best seats are sold for $1.50. There are 426 in the orchestra, 232 in the balcony and 744 in the gallery. The value of a full house is $1,500. Windsor Theatre, Bowery, east side, south of Canal street, on the site of the famous old Stadt Theatre where German plays and operas were given. The Stadt was renamed the Windsor and used for English plays, at cheap prices. It was destroyed by fire Nov. 30, 1883. The present com- modious house was opened, Feb. 8, 1886. It is conducted by Frank B. Murtha on the "combination" plan, prices ranging from 25 cents to $1. There are 700 seats in the orchestra, 450 in the balcony and 1,000 in the gallery. The house "holds" about $1,000. Melodrama and farce are equal- ly popular with the frequenters. Other Places of Amusement. — At the dime museums, freaks and curi- osities are exhibited and stage performances, frequently of shortened plays, are given at short intervals. Worth's Museum is at the southeast corner of 6th Ave. and 30th street; Huber's, on the south side of East 14th street, opposite Irving Place, and Doris's, on the west side of 8th Ave., near 26th street. In the Cyclorama Building, southeast corner 4th avenue and East 19th street, there is a permanent exhibition of the panorama of Niag- ara Falls. Behr Bros.' Hall, at 81 Fifth avenue; Lyric Hall, east side of Sixth avenue, near 42d street; the Lyceum Opera House, south side of E. 34th street, near 3d avenue, are used for concerts and entertainments, and there is a small theatre in the building of the Manhattan Athletic Club, at Madison Ave. and E. 45th street, that is frequently used for amateur theatricals. The Atlantic Garden, west side of the Bowery, near Canal street, has long been a famous resort for Germans who like to hear music while they drink their beer. Resorts of a similar character are the Harlem Concert Hall, 2d Ave., corner of E. 126th street; Lion Park, Columbus Ave. and W. 106th street, and the Fourteenth Street Music Hall, 134 East 14th street. There are two theatres in Jersey City, the Academy of Music and the Opera House, and one in Hoboken, conducted on the "combination" plan, as are all the permanently open theatres in Brooklyn. Here is a list of the Brooklyn theatres, which, of course, depend entirely upon local support: Academy of Music, Montague street, near Clinton; Amphion, Bedford Ave. and South 9th street; Bedford Avenue Theatre, South 6th street INDOOR AMUSEMENTS. 45 near Bedford Ave. ; Columbia, Washington and Hicks streets; Criterion, Fulton street and Grand avenue; Grand Opera House, Elm Place, near Fulton street; Hyde & Behman's Theatre, Adams street, near Myrtle aven- ue; Lee Avenue Academy, Lee Ave., near Division Ave.; New Lyceum, Montrose avenue, corner of Leonard street; Park, Fulton street, opposite City Hall; Robbin's Novelty, South 4th and Driggs streets, and Holmes's Star Theatre, Jay street, near Fulton. fERI0E)l<3 EXJHIBITIOJMS. Pictures — American Institute Fair — Horse, Dog, Poultry and Flower Shows — Pure Foods. New York has many annual and semi-annual exhibitions that are of national fame. Many large fairs for benevolent objects are held every win- ter. The Madison Square Garden is often available for such purposes, and the big Opera House, its assembly rooms, the Carnegie Music Hall, and the fine armories of the Seventh and other National Guard Regiments are fre- quently used. The Actors' Fund fair in the Madison Square Garden in the spring of 1892 secured for that charitable institution a fund of nearly $200,000. The permanent exhibitions of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History, the Lenox Library and New York Historical Society are noticed elsewhere. Collections of paintings and other works of art well worth the attention of strangers in the city are occasion- ally on view in the Fifth Avenue Art Gallery, 366 Fifth Ave. ; Knoedlcr's (Goupil's), Fifth Ave. and West 22d street, and Schaus's, 204 Fifth Ave. These and other art exhibitions, such as the occasional shows of the Salma- gundi and New York Etching Clubs, cannot be actually set down as peri- odical exhibitions. The art exhibitions held regularly are: American Art Association, 6 East 23d street, pictures and statuary, two exhibitions, spring and autumn. American Artists, Society of, 6 East 23d street, annual exhibition of pictures and statuary, May. American Water Color Society, annual exhibition in the Academy ot Design, 23d street and Fourth avenue, January. Architectural League, 48 West 24th street, annual exhibition of de- signs in January. National Academy of Design, northwest corner of 23d street and Fourth avenue, annual exhibition of pictures and statuary, April and May; "Fall Academy," a second exhibition, November and December. New York Water Color Club, exhibition in the American Art Galler- ies, 6 East 23d street, November and December. PERIODIC EXHIBITIONS. 47 Apart from these picture shows, some further account of which ma}' .be found in the chapters on art and architecture, the periodical exhibitions of New York are numerous and interesting. The oldest of them is the fair of the American Institute, which resembles the county fairs of the rural dis- tricts, except that thei"e is no horse racing and live stock is not admitted — New York has not had a regular cattle show for many years — and that manu- factures dominate instead of agricultural products. A visit to this fair is always worth while. The society of the American Institute was char- tered in 1829, "to encourage and promote domestic industry in agriculture, commerce, manufactures and the arts and any improvements made there- in." Its annual exhibition, described more minutely in the appended list, is under charge of a board of directors. The institute has its offices at Nos. 111-115 West 38th street, where its scientific library is kept and its various branches meet. These are: the Farmers' Club, under the direc- tion of the committee on agriculture, meeting the first Tuesday of each month at 2 o'clock P. M. ; the Polytechnic, under the direction of the com- mittee on manufactures and machinery, meeting to discuss scientific sub- jects and new inventions, the third Thursday of each month at 8 o'clock P. M.; the Photographic Section, under the direction of the committee on chemistry and optics, meeting the first Tuesday of each month at 8 o'clock P. M. All these meetings are free to the public. The Institute is governed by a board of 13 trustees, of whom the president, two vice-presidents and two members are retired and others elected annually. The American Institute Fair is popular and useful, its influence is far reaching, but it is not "fashionable" like some of the big annual shows in the Madison Square Garden. These are useful, too. The dog show, for instance, has greatly increased the public knowledge of dogs, the value of them and their care. The uses of the splendid yearly horse show are evi- dent, and the comparatively new pigeon and poultry show, during which the cackling, crowing and quacking of the fowls make the big amphitheatre an even noisier place than the baying, whining and barking that confuse the uninitiated visitor at the dog show, is also doing good work. The Food Exposition is a new enterprise which is designed to cover a larger field than the excellent annual exhibition of the Retail Grocers in Lenox Lyceum. The flower shows grow in beauty each year, and are now the only regular exhibitions of their kind in the city, though occasional chrysanthemum shows have been held in the Eden Musee. American Institute Fair, held every autumn since 1829. Since 1869 these yearly industrial exhibitions have been held in the large structure in Third and Second avenues, between 63d and East 64th streets. The fair opens each year about Oct. 1, and closes about Nov. 30. There are seven departments, namely, "Fine Arts and Education," " The Dwelling," " Dress and Handi- 48 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. craft," " Chemistry and Mineralogy," " Engines and Machinery," " Inter- communication," " Agriculture and Horticulture," and each of these is sub- divided into seven groups. The exhibition in machinery hall, at the east end of the building, is always extremely interesting. Awards of medals are made by a committee. An entrance fee of 25 cents is charged to the public. Bench Show, the annual exhibition of dogs, under the auspices of the Westminster Kennel Club, in the Madison Square Garden, in February. For 17 years this has steadily grown in popularity. From 1,200 to 1,500 animals are exhibited for prizes, from the biggest mastiffs and St. Bernards to the finest toy dogs. These represent 40 or 50 breeds. The average at- tendance is about 35,000 for the four or five days, and as much as $8,000 is sometimes given in premiums. Flower Shows — (I.) The Chrysanthemum Show, first week in No- vember, in the Madison Square Garden, under the auspices of the New York Florists' Club. An admission fee of 50 cents is charged. Music is given by Lander's band. The premiums amount to $6,500, and competition is open to all. Adolph Ladenburg is the chairman, and William Plumb the manager. Many ladies well known in New York society are "patronesses." Besides chrysanthemums, orchids and other flowers are exhibited. (II.) Rose show, or spring flower show, under the same auspices, in the Madison Square Garden, last week in April. The premiums amount to $6,500. Besides all varieties of roses and orchids, the collection of spring bulb plants is very large, including hyacinths, narcissus and tulips. Food Exposition, Madison Square Garden, four weeks in October. Food products and manufactured and prepared articles of food only are al- lowed on exhibition. Every article is examined by the Board of Directors. Liquors, patent medicines, &c, are not admitted. Daniel Browne is the general manager. The amphitheatre and exhibition hall adjacent to it, in- cluding the tunnel under the tiers of seats, the concert hall, assembly room and restaurant, are used. Prices of booths to exhibitors range from $600 to $55. The admission fee to the public is 50 cents. Concerts are given af- ternoon and evening by Anton Seidl's famous orchestra. Lecture^ are also given, and the department of cookery is directed by Maria Parloa. The dairy department includes four exhibits of cattle representing the Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire and Holstein. The milk and cream are separated by an electric centrifugal machine. The churning is also done by electricity. Horse Show, Madison Square Garden, middle of November, for eight years has been the most fashionable of all the periodic shows. Boxes for the short season are sold by auction for from $300 to $1,000. The amphi- theatre is always crowded, and it is a fad of society to dress well for this show. Prices for single admission are from $1 to $1.50. Fashionable PERIODIC EXHIBITIONS. 49 women, in rich costumes, throng the boxes and the terraces, and many wear the horse show colors, orange and black. The " hunting set" are in their glory in horse show week. The exhibition of fine hunters by their owners is one of the most striking features. More than 1,000 animals are entered to compete for prizes, including besides the hunters, saddle horses, hackneys, cobs, coaching horses, ponies, &c. The directors of the horse show are Cornelius Fellowes, John G. Hecksher, Lawrence Kip, W. P. Wharton, Thomas Hitchcock, Jr., H. H. Hollister, H. I. Nicholas, F. K. Sturgis, F. Bronson, F. T. Underhill, H. W. F. Mali, C. P. Wetmore and J. T. Hyde. Poultry and Pigeon Show, Madison Square Garden, in February, has been established only four years, but holds its own for profit and inter- est with the other big shows of the year. The exhibits include all varieties of domesticated fowls and pigeons. More than 5,000 specimens are on view at a time. Retail Grocers' Exposition, under the auspices af the New York Re- tail Grocers' Union, Henry Dreyer, president; L. J. Callanan, manager, in Lenox Lyceum, Madison avenue and 59th street, about the third week in March. The exhibits include all manufactured articles sold by grocers, food predominating. Processes of cooking are shown, and samples of food pre- sented to visitors. The enterprise is three years old and permanently es- tablished. With the profits a fund has been made for the erection of the building of the Union in East 57th street. The admission fee is 25 cents. RESORTS AND EX6UF(SI0^S. Where to Pass an Hour or Two Pleasantly or Go for a Day's Outing or a More Prolonged Holiday. New York City had justly been termed "the greatest summer resort city of the United States." No other American city can compare with it in the number of near-by resorts and points of interest. Within a fifty mile radius are dozens of resorts whose names are known from the Atlantic to the Pacific and with New York as a base of operations, the visitor can readily pass an entire summer in visiting a new place each day. He can drink his fill of mountain, woodlawn and seaside, and yet be able to spend his nights in the city. If he be not adverse to two-day trips he can inspect many of the most famous seaside and mountain resorts of the new world. In almost every case, the excursion fares are remarkably low and the travelling facili- ties are unsurpassed in point of comfort and safety. New York is also easily first among American cities in the matter of atractive resorts within, as well as just outside its gates. Parks. Abingdon Square. — A plaza at the intersection of Eighth avenue and Hudson street, in the district once known as Greenwich Village. Battery Park. — A semi-circular plot at the southern extremity of Manhattan Island, extending from the former landing station for immi- grants on North River, familiarly known as " Castle Garden," to the Barge Office. The Dutch settlers who colonized the Island erected fortifica- tions at its southern end, on or near the site of Battery Park; hence its name. The park, so-called, is an uninclosed section of sodded ground fronting on New York Bay, from whose waters it is protected by a stone sea wall. It has a wide walk on its outer edge, well supplied with seats, whence the interesting panorama of the bay may be watched. There is a music stand in the center of the Park, and free concerts are here given at least once a week during the summer months, under the direction of the Park Commissioners. Half a century or so ago the vicinity of Battery Park was the fashionable residence locality of the city, and many of the quaint mansions of the old time grandees of New York fronted on Battery RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 51 Park. At present, the locality is given over to great office buildings, Con- sular offices, Immigrant Agencies and stores. All four of the elevated rail- roads have their southern termini at South Ferry, just north of the Barge Office, and the tracks of the two west side lines skirt the Park, despite the hue and cry which followed the announcement of the impending ' ' desecra- tion." Bowling Green. — This small circular park at the lower end of Broad- way and abutting on Battery Place is chiefly interesting from a historical standpoint. It is merely a small enclosed grass plot, provided with a few seats, and is chiefly frequented by children and loungers. Its history is elsewhere sketched. Bryant Park. — A pretty bit of grass occupying the western half of the double block bounded by Fifth and Sixth avenues and Fortieth and Forty-second streets. The eastern half of the block is given up to the Reservoir whence Croton water is distributed to the lower half of Man- hattan Island. Like most of the parks in the uptown residence section, Bryant Park is much frequented by the children of the well-to-do families residing in the vicinity. After dark in summer its many seats are used by a motley crowd of strangers and unfortunates. Central Park. — One of the most beautiful public parks in America, and one of the finest parks in the world. It lies in the very centre of the city, covers about 840 acres, and is a striking monument to the foresight of the rulers of the New York City of forty years ago, who made allowance for an extraordinary development of the city, and generously provided for the "greater New York" of future generations. Bounded as it is by 59th street on the south and 110th street on the north, and stretching from 5th to 8th avenues, it occupies one hundred and fifty-three city blocks. Appraised in accordance with the value of real estate in the vicinity the land alone, minus improvements, would sell in the market for scores, if not hundreds, of millions of dollars. The land was purchased by virtue of legislative enactment, and the work of laying out the vast tract of then wild and rocky land was begun in 1857. Under the direction of Calvert Vaux and Frederic Law Olmsted, landscape architects, comprehensive and far-sighted plans for the reclamation and development of the tract were prepared, and nature and art happily combined have converted the once useless land into the most popular local resort for all classes of New York's citizens and visitors. One of the chief beauties of the Park is its natural topography. Although every tree and knoll and valley and sheet of water in its diversified area was carefully planned on paper, the creators of the Park did not attempt to substitute art for nature, but rather to mould the latter's handiwork. Many, if not most of the rocks, vales, streams and wooded areas were left undisturbed, and the art of the 52 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. landscape artist was applied only when absolutely necessary. Hundreds of trees were planted with a view to their effect when fully grown, and now that sufficient time for the working out of the artists' plans has passed, the wisdom of their work is apparent. Dozens of drives and walks intersect the Park, and render access to any desired spot easy for those on foot or horseback or in carriages. No vehicles employed in business, however, are permitted to enter the Park, sunken east-and-west roads, commonly known as " transverse roads," being provided at 65th, 79th, 85th and 97th streets for the convenience of conveyances of this kind in crossing the city. These transverse roads are so depressed as to be practically out of sight, and hence no evidences of prosaic business life are apparent in the poetic envi- ronments of the Park. At the intersections of the various drives and walks the "transverse roads" are spanned by ornamental arches and bridges. Within the boundaries of Central Park are attractions and facilities for enjoyment for all classes. The wealthy and well-to-do classes for the most part find their enjoyment in the Park in driving ; the less fortunate masses patronize the innumerable walks and various points of interest ; the chil- dren of both poor and rich seek recreation on the portions set apart as play grounds. The drives, for the most part between 50 and 60 feet in width, measure all told about nine miles; the walks and footpaths for pedestrians, nearly thirty miles; the bridle paths for equestrians about six miles. The drives and bridle paths are utilized the year around; the walks are thickly peopled only in warm weather, although more or less patronized by peripa- tetic citizens even in the coldest weather. Except in the severest winter weather, scores of well-appointed private and hired equipages may be seen in the Park any afternoon. In warm weather, particularly on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, the display of turnouts is imposing and well worth the visitor's attention. Benches and seats are provided beside all the principal walks, and altogether there are seating accommodations for about 10,000 people within the limits of the Park. There are also about thirty buildings, and the central portion of the Park is thickly studded with statues. The whole area is thoroughly patroled by uniformed policemen, and any of these offi- cers will direct visitors to desired points. The principal objects of interest are the Ball Ground, the Belvedere, the Carousal, the Casino, the " Com- mons," the Dairy, the various lakes, the " Mall," the Menagerie, the Meteor- ological Observatory, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Obelisk, the Ramble, the Reservoirs, the Terrace, and the Restaurant, known as McGown's Pass Tavern. Each of these is briefly referred to below under its proper head. Those bent on a visit to the Park may reach it directly by the Sixth, Seventh or Eighth Avenue street car lines, by one of the central cross town lines running through 59th street, or by the Fifth Avenue stages, which, however, do not run on Sunday. Almost any of the avenue RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 53 lines of surface or elevated railroads will land the visitor within easy walk- ing distance of one or other of the nineteen entrances. The conductors on street car lines and the guards on elevated roads will inform strangers where to get off to reach any particular portion of the Park. The nineteen entrances to the Park will eventually be marked by ornamental arches and gates; at present they are merely breaks in the low stone wall surrounding the Park. They have, however, been named as follows: Fifth avenue and Fifty-ninth street — Scholars' Gate; Sixth avenue and 59th street — Artists' Gate; Seventh avenue and 59th street — Artisans' Gate; Eighth avenue and 59th street — Merchants' Gate; Fifth avenue and 57th street — Students' Gate; Fifth avenue and 72nd street — Children's Gate; Sixth avenue and 79th street — Miners' Gate; Fifth avenue and 90th street — Engineers' Gate; Fifth avenue and 96th street — Woodman's Gate; Fifth avenue and 102nd street — Girls' Gate; Fifth avenue and 110th street — Pioneers' Gate; Sixth avenue and 110th street — Framers' Gate; Seventh avenue and 110th street — Warriors' Gate; Eighth avenue and 110th street — Strangers' Gate; Eighth avenue and 100th street — Boys' Gate; Eighth avenue and 96th street — Gate of All Saints; Eighth avenue and 85th street — Mariners' Gate; Eigth avenue and 79th street — Hunters' Gate; Eighth avenue and 72nd stret — Women's Gate. The points of interest which are especially worth a visit, are the follow- ing. For convenience they are arrangod in alphabetical order: Ball Ground — A stretch of lawn about 10 acres in extent set apart for the use of school-boys under fifteen years of age. Nearest gate, Seventh avenue and 59th street. Just north of the Ball Ground is a croquet ground and still further north is a large space reserved for tennis playing. Those desiring to play either of these games must secure permits from the Park Commissioners. Belvedere — A pretty stone look-out tower commanding an excellent view of the lower section of the Park. It stands on the highest ground in the Park, on the edge of the old reservoir. Nearest entrances, Fifth avenue and 79th street, and Eighth avenue and 79th street. Carousel — A section of the Park near the Ball Ground provided with swings, "Merry-go-rounds" and other attractions for children. Nearest en- trance, Sixth avenue and 59th street , Casino — A pretty stone cottage on a knoll just off the Mall occupied as a restaurant under the supervision of the Park Commissioners by virtue of a lease. The cuisine and service are faultless; the surroundings, exceed- ingly picturesque. Considering the quality of the cooking and the appoint- ments the prices charged are exceedingly moderate as compared with those of restaurants of like excellence in the city. The Casino is open the year around and in summer is liberally patronized, a particularly popular feature 54 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. being the service of meals at tables set in the open air. Nearest entrance, Fifth avenue and 72nd street. Commons — Stretches of lawn to which children bent on play and more serious visitors have free access at times. The principal "Common" is north of the Ball Ground and is noteworthy on account of the flock of sheep thereon pastured. There are other "Commons" in various parts of the Park, but with their exception visitors are forbidden to walk on the grass. Nearest entrance to the principal "Common," Eighth Ave. and 72nd street. Dairy — A cottage, near the Carousel, where milk and other temper- ance beverages are sold. Nearest entrance, Sixth avenue and 59th street. Lakes — There are six lakes, or pools, within the park territory, the principal one being just north of the Mall in the central portion of the Park. It covers about twenty acres and is practically divided into two portions by a strait spanned by a bridge. Row boats are provided, and visitors may hire them at the rate of thirty cents an hour for the first person and ten cents for each additional person, or may secure seats with a party at the rate of ten cents an hour and be rowed about by the attendants. There is a pretty boat house at the southeastern edge of the lake, whence visitors may view the charming prospect, and in the Esplanade just south of the Lake and at the foot of the Terrace there is an attractive artificial fountain modeled after the story of the pool of Bethesda and known as the Bethesda fountain. In winter when the lake is frozen over it is generally utilized for skating. Nearest entrance, Fifth avenue and 72nd street. Next in point of area comes the sheet of water known as the "Harlem Mere," which covers 12 1-2 acres. It lies in the northeastern corner of the park which has not yet been developed. The naturalness of the surroundings, however, makes the spot a picturesque one. In the vicinity of the Mere are a num- ber of large green houses for the cultivation of delicate plants to be used in adorning the Park. Nearest entrance. Fifth avenue and 110th street. Other pieces of water within the limits of the Park are: the Pond, which covers about 5 acres in the southeastern corner of the Park; the Conservatory Water, which is near the entrance at 5th avenue and 72nd street and is a favorite resort for the owners of miniature yachts; the Pool, which lies near the gate at Eighth avenue and 100th street; and the Loch, which is just north of the Park. Altogether, there are about 43 acres of water-covered land in the Park. The Mall — Perhaps the most interesting single feature of the Park. It is a broad walk, about sixty feet in width, paved with asphalt, which ex- tends from the main drive to the Terrace, nearly half a mile away. Both sides arc lined with scats, and the immense trees on either hand in summer form an arch of green over the promenade. During the warm term the RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 55 Mali is the most popular resort on pleasant afternoons and on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. When free concerts are given at the band stand, at the northern end of the Mall, the promenade is so crowded as to be almost impassable. A dozen or more massive statues are just outside the bound- aries of the Mall. Nearest entrances, Fifth avenue and 72nd street, and Eight avenue and 72nd street. Menagerie — This feature of the Park is particularly attractive to chil- dren, and the attendance of children of a larger growth is also very great during the summer months. The Menagerie building proper is an anti- quated structure of brick, and there are also a dozen or more buildings and cages near by in which birds, fish and fowl are exhibited. Nearest entrance, Fifth avenue and 64th street. The Meteorological Observatory — The Observatory is in the so-called "Arsenal" building in which the Park Police also have quarters. Visitors are permitted to inspect most of its rooms, but with the competition of so many more interesting features the Observatory rather suffers in the way of patronage. Nearest entrance, Fifth avenue and 64th street. Metropolitan Museum of Art — This attractive feature of the Park is described in another chapter. Obelisk — Otherwise known as Cleopatra's Needle. A description of the Monolith will be found in another chapter. Ramble — A section of the Park between the lake and the old Reservoir which abounds in winding paths, thickets, bits of water, and charming scenery. Not the least of its attractions is a cavern in the solid rock known as the Cave. Nearest entrances, Fifth avenue and 72nd street, and Eighth avenue and 72nd street. Reservoirs — Artificial storage places for Croton water which together have a capacity of more than 1,150,000,000 gallons. The new Reservoir, which nearly spans the park between 86th and 96th streets, has a walk and bridal path running around it. Nearest entrances, Fifth avenue and 79th or 90th street, and Eighth avenue and 79th or 85th street. Terrace — This most notable architectural feature of the Park lies at the northern end of the Mall. Just below it in the Esplanade is the Bethesda fountain above mentioned. The Terrace was designed by architect Cal- vert Vaux, is constructed of close grained yellowish stone, and presents an imposing appearance from the lake, suggestive of some old Roman work. A broad flight of steps leads from the Mall underneath the Terrace to the Esplanade by the Lake, and on both sides are other stairways. The view from the Terrace is undoubtedly the finest to be had in the Park, including as it does the Esplanade, Fountain and Lake in the foreground, the superb drives on either hand, and the slowly rising woodland with a bit of the Bel- vedere Tower in the back ground. Nearest entrance, Fifth Ave. and 72d St. 56 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. McGown's Pass Tavern — A restaurant substantially similar in charac- ter and patronage to the Casino. Nearest entrance, Fifth avenue and io2d street. City Hall Park. — A truncated triangular park, just north of the General Post Office, which formerly included the land now occupied by the Post Office Building. It is bounded by Broadway, Park Row, Chambers and Mail streets. The City Hall stands in the center of the park, and close by are the County Court House, the General Sessions building, and one or two other less important public buildings. In olden days City Hall Park was the only public park in the city. It is now patronized almost exclusively by tramps, loungers and newsboys. Occasionally some reputable citizen or stranger in the city lingers for a moment on one of the benches with which the park is provided, but, as a rule, unfortunates have it pretty much to them- selves. The great majority of people passing between the Brooklyn Bridge and the west side elevated road pass through City Hall Park, and, of course, the denizens of the park would not be permitted to haunt it were their con- duct in any way objectionable. Their right to lounge there, however, has the force of common law, and the police rarely disturb them, except now and then at night in warm weather, when every bench is crowded by pen- niless men and boys without the wherewithal to procure a night's lodging. Cooper Union Park. — An enclosed bit of grass, just south of Cooper Union, at the intersection of Third and Fourth avenues. East River Park. — An extensive park, on the extreme east side of the city, which extends from 86th to 89th streets and fronts directly on the East River. It is one of the parks in which free concerts are regularly given during the warm weather, under direction of the Park Commis- sioners. Five Points Park — Otherwise sarcastically known as " Paradise Park." The bit of ground to which this term is applied lies at the intersection of Worth and Baxter streets, and years ago was famous, or rather infamous, as the center of crime, vice and misery in the City of New York. So wretched were the inhabitants and so miserable their lives that some satirist dubbed the open space at the Five Points " Paradise Park." Various missionary and philanthropic organizations have done much to improve the character of the neighborhood and its occupants; but, nevertheless, the un- sophisticated stranger will do well to avoid the neighborhood after dark unless accompanied by a proper guide. Gramercy Park. — A private park, lying between 20th and 21st streets and Third and Fourth avenues, controlled by the owners and tenants of the houses which front upon it. Cyrus W. Field, Samuel J. Tilden and many other noted men once lived on Gramercy Park, and even to-day the district is an aristocratic one. RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. f,T High Bridge Park. — An unimproved tract of land lying just west of the approach to High Bridge which spans the Harlem River. It is now unimproved, but it will eventually be terraced; and, situated as it is on the brink of the river, it will make a charming resort. Madison Square. — One of the most inviting parks in the city, thanks to its central location and the eminently respectable character of its fre- quenters. It is bounded by Madison and Fifth avenues and 23d and 26th streets, and is within pistol-shot of many of the principal hotels and theatres. Across Madison avenue, at its northeast corner, stands the great Madison Square Garden building. The park is the rallying-place for chil- dren of well-to-do people and their nurse girls. Throughout the entire day, during the warm season, the park is alive with the children and their guardians, and the picture presented by the park full of tots is an extremely pretty one. Manhattan Square.— This term is applied to the open piece of ground lying between 8th and 9th avenues and 77th and 81st streets, on which stands the Museum of Natural History. The Museum is described else- where. Morningside Park. — A terraced park of irregular shape lying just northwest of Central Park. It stretches out for about ten blocks to 123rd street on the north, and in parts is prettily terraced. The land occupied by the park is on the highest ridge on Manhattan Island, and the view from it is superb. Mount Morris Square. — This park lies between 120th and 124th streets and Mount Morris and Madison avenues, and directly in line with Fifth avenue, which at this point is interrupted. Free concerts are given in the park in warm weather. Riverside Park. — A narrow stretch of lawn and drive extending from 72nd street to 130th street and fronting on the Hudson River. Its average width is about 500 feet, but at some places it is much narrower. The fine drives and walks overlooking the river are much used by bicyclists and people who drive about in their own carriages. A deal of labor has been expended in beautifying the park, yet much remains to be done. Aside from the magnificent views of the palisades and the river panorama which the park commands, its chief attraction for visitors is the tomb of General Grant at the northern end of the park. The imposing monument in honor of the dead warrior, now in course of erection, is elsewhere described. Stuyvesant Square. — A small park lying between 15th and 17th streets, near Second avenue, in a quiet residential neighborhood. Tompkins Square. — A large public park, bounded by avenues A and B and 7th and 10th streets. Most of the adjacent and adjoining streets are tenanted by people of the working class, and as a breathing spot for the 58 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. people thus huddled together in tenements the park has fulfilled a commend- able mission. Free concerts are given in the park in summer. Union Square. — The public park lying between Fourth avenue and Broadway and extending northward from 14th to 17th street. A superb fountain, flower beds, and a cottage at the northern end, are the most not- able features of the park. Seventeenth street is so wide at the point where it stretches along the northern boundary of Union Square that a plaza is formed, and. in this plaza innumerable public meetings of almost every con- ceivable description have been held. Washington Square. — Not unlike Union Square in character, although about twice as large. It lies between University Place, MacDougal street, Fourth street, and Waverly Place, and is bisected by Fifth avenue. At its northern side, where Fifth avenue enters the park, the beautiful Washing- ton Memorial Arch, elsewhere described, has been erected. Free concerts are given in the park in summer. Van Courtlandt Park. — The largest of the parks of New York, cover- ing an area of 1,069 acres. It is north of the Harlem River, and is yet prac- tically unimproved. A large space, however, has been cleared and set apart by law as a parade ground and rifle range for the use of the militia- men of New York. Bronx Park. — An unimproved natural park of 653 acres lying on the banks of the Bronx River, in the Twenty-third ward. There has been some talk of locating here the proposed Botanical Garden. Crotona Park. — One of the contemplated parks in the "Annexed Dis- trict" now known as the 23rd and 24th wards, lying north of the Harlem River. It covers 135 acres. St. Mary's Park. — Unimproved. It is in Morrisiana, and covers twenty- five acres. Claremount Park. — Located near the east approach to High Bridge. No improvements have yet been made. Pelham Bay Park.— A park fronting on Long Island sound and located in Westchester County, which when developed will be the largest New York park, having an area of 1,700 acres. It is only staked out. Drivos. Central Park. — There are about nine miles of broad and well-kept drives in Central Park. Owing to their accessibility from all sections of the city and their proximity to the fashionable residence localities they are the most popular and most patronized drives in or near New York City. The main drive is that leading from the gate at Fifth avenue and Fifty- ninth street, and running parallel with Fifth avenue for a mile or more. It connects with all the other drives, and one has only to enter the park at RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 59 any of the driveway entrances to make his way to any desired drive. On any afternoon, except in the most severe weather, many carriages may be seen in the park, and on Saturday and Sunday afternoons in warm weather the display of handsomely-appointed private turnouts is a remarkable one, surpassing anything of the kind to be seen on this continent. Those who have no carriages of their own can enjoy a drive through the park at slight expense, Open carryalls, managed under the supervision of the Park Com- missioners, leave the gates at 5th avenue and 59th street and 8th avenue and 59th street at short intervals during the day . and make the complete circuit of the park. The fare for the round trip is twenty-five cents, and by obtaining " stopover checks," passengers may leave the carryall, stroll about at will and return by another carryall without extra charge. Hacks, barouches and hansoms* are always in waiting near the the principal gates, and those who care to pay extra for privacy can hire them, making the best bargain possible. No charge should be more than $1.50 an hour, with the privilege of mating as many stops as may be desired. Boulevard. — Running, as this wide avenue does, from Eighth avenue and Fifty-ninth street diagonally northward through a pleasing section of the city to Eleventh avenue and West 155th street, and rendered attractive by strips of grass plots and trees in its center for much of the way, it is considerably utilized for driving. In exceptionally dry weather its lack of paving makes driving on it slightly disagreeable, but at all other times it is far preferable to the stone-paved avenues. Central Avenue. — The continuation of Seventh avenue north of the Harlem River, starting at Central Bridge, formerly known as McComb's Dam Bridge. Seventh avenue above Central Park has long been a fash- ionable drive and on pleasant Sunday afternoons it is invariably thronged with handsome equipages. In this section of the city there is much less interference by business vehicles, and Seventh avenue and its northern continuation, Central avenue, are particularly popular resorts for owners of blooded horseflesh, who there have an opportunity to drive at a much faster gait than would be permitted below Central Park. Central avenue is wide and well kept and leads by Jerome Park to Yonkers. Road houses abound in the vicinity, being particularly numerous along Seventh and Central avenues. St. Nicholas Avenue. — A good driving road running diagonally north- ward from Sixth avenue and 110th street to West 155th street, where it joins the King's Bridge Road, which extends to Yonkers. Riverside Avenue — The outer boundary of Riverside Park, which is elsewhere described. Starting at the western end of Seventy-second street it runs northward along the edge of the Hudson River bluff to the Convent of the Sacred Heart, at 128th street, following the outline of the bluff. It 60 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. is graded in conformity with the varying elevations of the bluff, is paved with stone and is protected on the river side by a substantial stone wall and parapet. Aside from the charming views of the Hudson River and the Palisades which it commands and the pretty environments on the land side, the drive is the widest road in New York City and is probably destined to become the most popular driveway in the city. It is the only drive in the city on which "speeding" is legally permissible — before ten o'clock in the morning. Southern Boulevard. — A broad driving road which starts at the north- ern terminus of the Third avenue bridge over the Harlem River, bends to the eastward, and, following the coast line of Long Island Sound for some distance, turns westward and forms a junction with Central avenue, near Jerome Park. It is kept in excellent order, and affords many fine views of landscape and waterscape. Fifth Avenue. — Formerly much more popular as a drive than at present, as it is now generally used by business wagons and trucks. Hun- dreds of handsome turnouts may be seen on "the avenue" any fine after- noon, but their presence is generally due to the fact that their owners live in the avenue and are compelled to use it as a means of access when calling or shopping. On bright Sundays it is more free from business traffic, of course, and is more used than on week days for driving purposes. The great ma- jority of carriage owners, however, prefer the smooth roads of Central Park to the rough pavement of Fifth avenue. Ocean Parkway. — A fine driveway extending from the southern end of Prospect Park, Brooklyn, to Coney Island. It is slightly more than five miles long, about 200 feet wide, has a number of narrow parks in the center and affords interesting glimpses of the Atlantic Ocean — whence its name. Weehawken — One of the many attractive drives in the vicinity of New York City is that running along the edge of the Palisades on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River. It is accessible by the Weehawken Ferry at West Forty-second street. Bicycling and Bicycling Roads. It is estimated that there are nearly 50,000 bicycle riders in the metropolitan district embracing New York, Brooklyn, Jersey City and Newark, not to mention thousands of occasional riders who rent wheels when the fancy seizes them. Good riding roads abound in the dis- trict, and, thanks to the League of American Wheelmen, the public parks are now open to wheelmen. In a general way, bicycles and tricycles now have access to all roads and drives open to carriages, common restrictions as to speed, etc. , governing both classes of riders. The favorite resorts of bicyclists in New York are Central Park, Riverside Drive, the Boulevard, Tourists—- Visitors AND If you have left anything at home which you now re- quire ; If you desire to return superfluous luggage, purchases, or mementoes of any kind ; If you have a commission of any character to be execu- ted in any part of the World, Wells Fargo & Go's EXPRESS offers the most efficient, reliable, and economic medium. It has offices in all the principal cities of the United States, Mexico and Europe. 99 Cannon St., 19 Rue Scribe, 39 Admiralitatstrasse, LONDON. PARIS. HAMBURG. New Montgomery & Mission Sts., 154 Dearborn St., SAN FRANCISCO. CHICAGO. 63 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. Always send communications and packages to the nearest agency of Wells Fargo & Co's Express. I !>3K3S<«>SglC3^s»( RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 61 Eighth avenue, and the Broadway road to Yonkers and Tarrytown. In Brooklyn, the most popular roads are Bedford avenue, the Ocean Parkway, and the Eastern Boulevard, all of which may be reached by the roadway of the Brooklyn Bridge. There are excellent roads in plenty on the New Jer- sey side of North River, the several roads leading from Newark to the Oranges being much patFonized. About the only restrictions on riders are the prohibition of sidewalk riding, and the ordinance requiring them to carry lamps at night. Bicycles may be rented by any responsible person from any one of a dozen or more dealers and agents in this city. As a rule, the rates are as follows: First hour, 50 cents; each succeeding hour, 25 cents; half day (6 hours), $1.25; day (12 hours), $2.00; one week, $5.00; two weeks, $8,00; one month, $12.00. Special rates for longer time. Suburban Resorts. Asbury Park. — A borough and summer resort on the Atlantic coast of New Jersey, fifty-one miles south of New York City. It has a permanent population of about 5,000, which, in summer, is increased to 15, 000 by summer residents. The place was founded by James A. Bradley, who decreed that no liquor should be sold within its boundaries, and has since successfully maintained this prohibition. It is separated from Ocean Grove only by Wesley Lake, and the two places are practically, though not legally, one. Means of access : Central Railroad of New Jersey or the Pennsylvania Railroad, which, respectively connect with the Liberty street and Cortlandt street ferries. Fare, $1.20; excursion, $1.85. Atlantic Highlands. — A summer residence place on the New Jersey coast, near Sandy Hook. Means of access : Central Railroad of New Jer- sey and line of boats (in summer time) leaving Pier 8, North River. Fare, 60 cents ; excursion, $1.00. Arverne-by-the-Sea. — A new and successful summer resort on the south shore of Long Island, just beyond Far Rockaway. Many New Yorkers spend the summer months in the various hotels and boarding houses, but there are few attractions for excursionists. Means of access: Long Island Railroad, by East 34th street and James Slip ferries. Bay Ridge. — That section of the shore of Long Island just south of Brooklyn. The land is elevated and commands a good view of the upper bay. Several old-time mansions and the handsome house and grounds of the Crescent Athletic Club, of Brooklyn, are here. Means of access : A ferry, whose slip is at South Ferry, just north of the Staten Island ferry. Fare, ten cents. Bedloe's Island — Containing about thirteen acres, lies southwest of the Battery. It is owned by the United States Government. It formerly was 62 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. the site of goverment fortifications, but it is now chiefly notable as the site of the Statue of Liberty, designed by the French sculptor Bartholdi, which is described in the chapter on Art. Means of access : A ferry, plying be- tween the pfer at the Barge Office and the island. Belden Point. — A resort for picnickers and excursionists in "Westches- ter County, on the shore of Long Island Sound. Means of access: Various lines of excursion boats, for which see daily newspapers. Bowery Bay Beach, otherwise known as North Beach. An excursion resort on the western Long Island shore, near the junction of East River and Long Island Sound. Means of access: Various lines of excursion boats. Cholera Fishing Banks. — An excellent fishing ground just below Sandy Hook, so named because a hospital ship was there anchored during one of New York's cholera epidemics. Sea bass, black bass and flounders abound. Means of access : Various lines of excursion boats advertised in the daily newspapers during the summer. College Point. — A resort on the northeast shore of Long Island, in the vicinity of Flushing Bay. Means of access: Long Island Railroad, connect- ing with East Thirty-fourth street and James Slip ferries — excursion fare, 20 cents; also by boat from East 29th St. Coney Island. — The Mecca to which great numbers of visitors to New York in the summer time sooner or later gravitate. It is a resort supplied with attractions for all classes and elements of society, at once so compre- hensive and so peculiar to it that it has no parallel. The island is separated from Long Island only by a narrow creek, and is to all intents and pur- poses part, geographically, of Kings County. It is really the western end of a long sand-bar, which, though submerged here and there, skirts the south- ern shore of Long Island for nearly ninety miles, Rockaway, Great South Beach and several so-called islands being on other parts of the same bar. At its eastern and western extremities Coney Island is quite distinct from Long Island, being separated from it by Gravesend Bay and Sheepshead Bay, respectively. At its center, Coney Island Creek alone intervenes. The island is about five miles long, points substantially east and west, and is about nine miles from the Battery. Up to 1S75, it was practically unoc- cupied, and the few people who did visit it earned for it an unsavory repu- tation. In 1S75, a steam railroad connecting it with Brooklyn was built, and from that date its rise in popular favor has been steady and unprece- dented. To-day; almost every rod of its five miles of ocean beach has some attraction or other, and it is easily first among the day summer resorts of the Atlantic coast. The various railroads and steamboats which connect the island with New York and Brooklyn can conveniently carry 150,000 pas- sengers a day, and not infrequently the exodus to the island reaches this RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 63 figure during the excessively warm weather. The extreme west end of the island, commonly known as Norton's Point, is practically unimproved. A lighthouse, an old hotel and. a few bathing houses are its only attractions for visitors, though it is to some extent a resort for picnic parties. In the near future it will probably be greatly improved, as the phenomenal success of the other parts of the island has attracted capital thither. To the east of this district lies the section of the island known as West Brighton Beach and sometimes called " the Bowery." Here every- thing is cheap — reasonably cheap for Coney Island — and gaudy. Almost innumerable concert halls, " museums," petty gambling devices, merry-go- rounds, swings, " razzle dazzles," and a thousand and one schemes for luring nickels and dimes from poorly stocked pockets abound. The poorer class of visitors naturally drift this way, and for an expenditure of a dollar or so manage to find diversified and unlimited happiness. The really inter- esting features of the place are the tubular iron steamboat piers running 1,300 feet out into the surf, at the end of which the iron steamboats make their landings; the big West Brighton and Sea Beach Hotels; a camera obscura, a colossal hollow wooden figure of an elephant supporting a howdah, a skeleton iron observatory tower 300 feet high, and the hundreds of bathing houses. During the season — between June 1 and September 1 5 — this section of the island is thronged every afternoon and evening, and lighted, as it is, by scores of electric lights, it presents a brightly colored and animated picture at night. Between the beach and the stretch of lawn and flower beds in the rear, is a wide boulevard, which is the thoroughfare between West Brighton and Brighton Beach, to the east. The stroller may secure a seat for ten cents in one of the carryalls plying between the two Brightons, or may reach Brighton Beach by an elevated railway which starts in front of the iron pier and lands passengers at the Brighton Beach Hotel — fare, 5 cents. Brighton Beach is fairly well supplied with catch-penny attractions, but it is entirely unlike West Brighton in its general character. It is a favorite resort for those who care for neither the gaudy gayety of West Brighton nor the costly comfort of Manhattan Beach, to the east. There are the usual bathing facilities which are to be found all along the Coney Island beach, but the main features are the great Brighton Beach Hotel, and the musical amphitheatre in front of it where semi-classical programmes are daily rendered by a fine orchestra. The hotel, 525 feet long and three stories high though it is, was bodily moved back 100 feet or more a few years ago, when the encroachment of the sea upon the beach threatened to under- mine it. There is a fine lawn about the front of the hotel, set off by artistic flower beds; and at the ocean front there are broad plank walks. The hotel has a wide covered piazza extending about three of its sides, and on the piazza 64 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. are tables for the accommodation of guests, who go to the hotel by hundreds for dinner. In addition to these facilities, there is of course a large dining- room. Manhattan Beach, which lies to the east of Brighton Beach, is even a more attractive place for people who do not care for a few dollars more or less, provided they are well served and cared for. It is the favorite resort of Coney Island with the well-to-do class of New Yorkers and knowing visitors. It may be reached by a marine railway which connects Brighton Beach and the Manhattan Beach Hotel, or directly from Brooklyn or New York by the Manhattan Beach branch of the Long Island Railway which lands passengers at the hotel. The Manhattan Beach Hotel is the largest of its kind in the world, measuring 660 feet in length — considerably more than the largest ocean steamer afloat. It is well-appointed, the cooking is admirable, and the service, though necessarily slow at rush hours, is gener- ally excellent. Two thousand persons frequently sit down to dinner at a time in the dining room and on the broad piazzas, and this company invari- ably includes scores of notably wealthy and prominent New Yorkers. Almost all diners are fashionably dressed and give evidence of being in easy circum- stances. An immense musical amphitheatre adjoins the front of the piazza, and here two concerts are given daily by Gilmore's Band during the season, the programme being interspersed with songs by popular artists, cannon accompaniments, and other novelties. Superb lawns, flower beds and private bathing pavilions are incidental attractions, and near by is an amphitheatre in which spectacular pyrotechnic exhibitions on a colossal scale are given at night. At the east end of the island, beyond the fireworks amphitheatre, is the Oriental Hotel, which caters principally to permanent guests of abundant means. The building is an ornate structure, 478 feet long, surmounted by divers picturesque towers and minarets. The Oriental makes no bid for transient guests, and there is an air of privacy and exclusiveness about it strongly contrasted with the free-and-easy atmosphere of the west end of the island. Means of access: (West Brighton), the Iron steamboats, which leave Pier A and West Twenty-third street, North River, at intervals of twenty minutes or half an hour — excursion fare, 50 cents; Sea Beach road from Bay Ridge, connecting with the Bay Ridge ferry — excursion fare, 50 cents; and various lines of Brooklyn railroads; (Brighton Beach), by various lines of Brooklyn railroads or by elevated railway, above noticed, from West Brighton; (Manhattan Beach), Manhattan Beach division of Long Island Railroad, which connects with the East Thirty-fourth street, James Slip and Bay Ridge ferries — excursion fare fifty cents; (Oriental Hotel), only by walk starting from Manhattan Beach Hotel. Far Rock aw ay. — A village and summer resort at the eastern end of Rockaway Beach, where it joins the Long Island mainland. Most of those RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS, 65 who visit Far Rockaway go with the intention of boarding in one or other of the hotels, as the place offers few attractions to transient visitors. Means of access: Long Island Railroad; fare — Fort George. — A cheap and popular resort on the high bluff at the junction of Tenth avenue and the Harlem River. The view from the bluff, however, will well repay a visit. Means of access: Cable cars run- ning across 125th street and up Tenth avenue. Fare, 5 cents. Fort Hamilton. — A village and summer resort adjacent to the stone fort of that name on the southwest shore of Long Island, in the township of New Utrecht, about one mile from Fort Wadsworth, on Staten Island, and separated from it by "the Narrows." There are some of the usual at- tractions for transient visitors, but the patronage of the resort, aside from that of the hotels, is chiefly confined to people living in the vicinity. Means of access: an electric road, connecting with the Brooklyn street-car line run- ning to Greenwood Cemetery. Fort Lee. — That section of the Palisades of New Jersey opposite Washington Heights, on the New York bank of the Hudson, named after the old fort whose ruins still mark the spot. Those who do not mind a long and steep climb will be well repaid for their trouble by the superb view of the Hudson River and New York City across the way, which the heights com- mand. There are several hotels, picnic grounds and other attractions. Means of access: A ferry starting from the foot of West 129th street. Fare, 15 cents. Glen Island. — A naturally charming island in the western end of Long Island Sound near New Rochelle, which has been greatly improved and beautified by its owner, ex-Congressman John H. Starin. The liberal ex- penditure of money has made the place a veritable garden spot, and it has ranked for years as one of the most popular day resorts in the vicinity of New York. Facilities for innocent games and sports of all kinds are at hand, there is a collection of birds and animals, and excellent boating, bathing and music are provided. There i s none of the cheap and vicious air of parts of Coney Island about Glen Island, and the visitors are orderly and well conducted. Glen Island is popular as a place for Sunday school picnics and family outings, and the rough element rarely visits it. Means of access: Starin's excursion boats, which leave the Cortlandt street pier on North River, and the Thirty-second street pier on East River. Excur- sion fare, 40 cents. Greenwood Lake. — A popular summer resort on the dividing line be- tween New York and New Jersey, 49 miles northwest of New York City. It is a picturesque spot, has excellent boating and fishing, and is well sup- plid with good hotels and boarding houses. Means of access: New York and Greenwood Lake branch of the Erie Railroad, by Chambers street ferry. Excursion fare, $2. — 66 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Hudson River Resorts. — A charming trip, popular with New Yorkers as well as visitors to the city, is the ride up the Hudson River on the Albany- day boats. Cornwallis Heights, Dobbs Ferry, West Point, Newburgh, Poughkeepsie and various other villages and cities along the river banks, will repay a visit, and even if no landing is made the view of the superb scenery is more than sufficient inducement to strangers to make the trip. Long Beach. — A resort for summer boarders and cottagers on the south shore of Long Island near Rockaway Beach. Means of access: Long Island Railroad, connecting with the East Thirty-fourth street and James Slip ferries. Excursion fare, 70 cents. Long Branch. — A summer resort on the Atlantic coast of New Jersey, about 30 miles south of New York City. It is a residence place rather than an excursion resort, though the various boats and trains daily carry hun- dreds of sight seers thither during July and August. There are compara- tively few attractions for transient visitors except the fine bathing, the big hotels and numerous handsome cottages of the summer residents, and the gay procession of fashionable turnouts on pleasant afternoons. Ocean ave- nue, a wide boulevard which runs along the low bluff at the brink of the ocean, is the favorite driving road, but there are many other even more at- tractive roads leading from "the Branch" in every direction. Orchestras are provided at all the hotels, and in the evening two or three large "hops" are always in progress. The grounds and park of John Hoey, ex-president of the Adams Express Company, are superbly laid out and are the objec- tive point of all visitors, strangers being permitted to drive through them at certain hours of the day. Another feature which invariably attracts the attention of strangers is the tubular iron pier, running well out into the surf, at which passengers on the Iron Steamboats are landed when the water is sufficiently smooth. The Monmouth Race Course lies within easy driving distance of Long Branch, and on race days there is a steady pro- cession of handsome turnouts between the two places. Means of access: The Iron Steamboat Company's boats, which leave Pier A, North River, and the West Twenty-third street pier at hourly intervals during the sum- mer months. Excursion fare, 75 cents; boat to Sandy Hook, leaving Pier 8, North River, and connecting with the New Jersey Southern Railroad — excursion fare, $1.50; Central Railroad of New Jersey, connecting with the Liberty street ferry, or the Pennsylvania Railroad ferry, connecting with the Cortlandt and Desbrosses street ferries — excursion fare, $1.50. Mauch Chunk. — A town in the center of the Lehigh anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania, 120 miles west of New York City, famed as " the Switzerland of America," on account of its magnificent mountain scenery. The town nestles on the side of a mountain, and near it the world-famed Switchback Railroad winds its way up the steep grade. RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 67 This road has no motive power but gravitation, the cars being hauled up the side of a mountain on a sharply inclined plane and then sent tearing down the mountain by their own weight. The 1 8-mile ride is a thrilling one. A few miles from Mauch Chunk is Glenoko Glen, a pictur- esque cut in the rocks. Many excursion parties patronize both places. Means of access: The Central Railroad of New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley Railroad, by ferry at the foot of Liberty street. Excursion fare, $3.45. Monmouth Beach. — A fashionable resort for cottagers just north of Long Branch on the Atlantic coast of New Jersey. The Shrewsbury River deeply indents the land in its rear, and makes the beach a mere tongue of land. The fishing and bathing are excellent. Inland is the famous Mon- mouth Park race-course, which is elsewhere described. Means of access: Boats leaving Pier 14, North River, and connecting with the New Jersey Southern Railroad. Excursion fare, 90 cents. Navesink Highlands. — Sometimes called the Neversink Highlands. These highlands are often confounded with the Atlantic Highlands, but the two are distinct, the Navesink Highlands being on the Shrewsbury River, just below Sandy Hook, and fronting on the Atlantic. The two government lighthouses here are the principal attraction for transient visit- ors. They are unsurpassed in point of construction, and one of them throws its rays 35 miles. At any reasonable hour of the day, visitors are permitted to inspect them. There is good boating and fishing at the High- lands. Means of access: Boats leaving Pier 8, North River, and connect- ing with the New Jersey Southern Railroad. Fare, 50 cents. Ocean Grove. — Practically a southern annex of Asbury Park, from which it is separated only by Wesley Lake. It is owned and managed by a Methodist Camp-meeting Association, which rules it with a rod of iron. Neither driving nor rowing is permitted within its limits on Sunday; the sale of liquor is prohibited every day in the year, and not even are trains permitted to take on or discharge passengers at " the grove " on Sunday. Notwithstanding all these Puritanical regulations, the place has steadily grown in favor, and 10,000 people generally make it their home each sum- mer. There are many cheap but serviceable cottages and tents, and tent sites can be hired of the association at moderate rentals. An old- fashioned Methodist camp-meeting, generally lasting a week or more, is held in August, and religious services are held almost daily. The prin- cipal attraction of the place for those not drawn thither by its religious character are its unsurpassed beach, the delightful bathing, and the famous board walk or promenade, which runs beside the Ocean for miles. Means of access: Central Railroad of New Jersey, by way of Liberty street ferry, and Pennsylvania Railroad, by Cortlandt street ferry. Ex- cursion fare, $1.85. 68 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Prohibition Park. — A grove and park on the north shore of Staten Island, at which prohibition camp meetings are held in summer. Means of access: Staten Island boats and Rapid Transit Railroad and stages. Fare, 20 cents. Rockaway Beach. — A narrow sand bar nearly 10 miles long which separates Jamaica Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. It is in reality a portion of the same sandy ridge which forms Coney Island, though appar- ently a peninsula joined to the main land of^ Long Island only by a narrow tongue of land at its eastern extremity. For more than half a century Rockaway was one of the great summer resorts of America, dividing the honors with Saratoga and White Sulphur Springs. At this period of its history it was the only important resort in the immediate vicinity of New York. Coney Island and the myriad of cheap resorts of to-day had not been dreamed of, and Rockaway's patronage was of the very best. Several Presidents of the United States were in the habit of visiting it, and naturally a resort thus favored attracted the dwellers of the fashionable world in great numbers. Almost all distinguished visitors to the city went there, and scores of names of prominent Americans are linked with its history. Its promotors and real estate owners dreamed of fabulous fortunes and saw them almost within their grasp. Had they made the most of their monopoly, their dreams might have been realized, but they delayed, too long. Aside from Coney Island and one or two near-by resorts, it is now perhaps the most popular cheap excursion place in the vicinity of New York. There are four piers on the inner side of Rockaway Beach, on the Jamaica Bay shore, and the excursion steamers which ply between New York and the beach make landings at all of them. The attractions are on the general order of those of Coney Island, but they lack the variety and picturesqueness of the catch-penny devices of that national headquarters of " fakirs." There are both still-water and surf bathing, and innumerable bathing houses, drives, dancing pavilions, a wide plank walk along the beach, and dozens of places where sea food dinners may be procured. As at Coney Island and Long Branch, there is a tubular iron pier on the ocean side 1,200 feet long, which facilitates the landing of passengers from the excursion boats. The Fates have decreed that Rockaway shall be an excursion resort rather than a summer residence place. Popular with the masses it will always be; fashionable, probably never again. It is about 20 miles from New York, and the trip thither gives the stranger an excellent opportunity of getting a comprehensive idea of the salient features of New York Harbor and the Bay. Means of access: the Southern Division of the Long Island Railroad, connecting with the East Thirty-fourth street and James RESORTS AND EXCURSIONS. 69 Slip ferries — excursion fare, 50 cents; or divers lines ot steamboats whose advertisements appear in the newspapers in summer. Seabright. — The northernmost of the cluster of summer resorts on the New Jersey coast in the vicinity of Long Branch. It also borders on the Shrewsbury River, and in addition to the facilities for surf bathing, it has boating and fishing on the river. There are many cottages and sum- mer boarding houses, but few or no attractions for excursionists. Means of access: Boats leaving Pier 8, North River, and connecting with the New Jersey Southern Railroad. Fare, 85 cents. Sheepshead Bay. — A cove which separates the east end of Coney Island from Long Island. Clustered about the bay are many summer boarding houses, and near at hand is the Sheepshead Bay Track. It is reached by the Manhattan Beach branch of the Long Island Railroad, which connects at Bay Ridge with the Bay Ridge ferry, and the East Thirty-fourth street ferry. Shohola Glen. — A picturesque resort in Pike County, Pa., 107 miles from New York City. One of the tributaries of the Delaware River here £ows through a charming glen, and the surroundings are exceedingly pretty. The fishing is excellent. Means of access: Erie Railroad, by Chambers street or West 23rd street ferry. Fare, $2.88. South Beach. — A " cheap and gaudy" resort on the south shore of Staten Island, just south of the Narrows. It has all of Coney Island's cheap features and few of its good ones, but it attracts immense crowds in the summer, owing to the fact that the round trip fare from New York is only twenty cents. Everything at the Beach is proportionately cheap. Means of access: Staten Island ferry from Whitehall street, and Staten Island Rapid Transit road. Spring Lake. — A summer resort on the New Jersey coast, just below Ocean Grove. Has several fine hotels, and is a favorite resort for Philadelphians. Means of access: New York and Long Branch division of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey, by the Liberty and Cortlandt street ferries. Excursion fare, $2.10. SfORTS AND/rTHLETieS. Racing and Driving — Yachting — Athletic Clubs and Grounds - Gymnasia. New York is a sport-loving, athletic town. Not only is this fact evi- denced by the long lists of athletic and yacht clubs and the numerous other clubs whose foundation is laid in the love of good sport, but by the great financial strength which many of these clubs have attained. The Man- hattan Athletic Club has a palace for its club house, and the New York Ath- letic Club is contemplating the erection of a club house which will be de- signed to outshine the home of the wearers of the cherry diamond. The finest yachts and the biggest yacht clubs, the best road horses and the most solid driving clubs, the fastest thoroughbreds and the most successful jockey clubs, all belong to New York. Every sort of sport or athletic game has its earnest adherents and the devotees of each number from a few nundreds up to hundreds of thousands. Thoroughbred racing is, of course, the most popular sport. Such a firm place has it in the affections of New Yorkers that it is possible for any one in the city to see half-a-dozen races on any week day in the year unless there be a blizzard or the track be so badly frozen that it would be danger- ous for the thoroughbreds to run on it. In the summer there is a tremen- dous increase in the crowds that flock to the racecourses. But when the meetings at the big tracks are ended and the horses go over to Guttenberg and Clifton, there is a regular attendance which is counted by thousands, and on pleasant days even approaches the summer crowds on off days. In the summer season, when everybody who stays in town moves out of doors for his amusement, the play grounds in the parks are thronged with tennis, cricket, base ball and croquet players. The roads are alive with bicyclers, who ride in such a steady procession up and down that a stranger is likely to inquire where the turns in the track are, as if the wheelmen were riding round a circle and passing and repassing the observer. They are to be seen in all parts of the city, but particularly above Forty-second street, where there are streets paved with asphalt, so many bicyclers ride that one wonders where all the machines come from, and is surprised that there are SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 71 so many people who can afford to own them. Up along the Boulevard and in the streets in the neighborhood of Central Park are dozens of bicycle stores where wheels may be rented for a small sum by the hour. Members of the dozen or more wheelmen's clubs are sure to be met if one goes into the Park or along the Boulevard or Riverside Drive, and not infrequently one meets a party of them in uniform having a " run." Brooklyn swarms with riders of the " silent steed " too, and there are numerous schools of in- struction in riding in both cities. Prospect Park has finer roads for bicy- cling than Central Park, and more wheelmen resort to it. Ocean Parkway leading from Prospect Park to Coney Island is always in Summer the scene of a double procession of bicycles, one going to and the other coming from the Island. Besides the big athletic clubs which have club houses large enough to maintain thoroughly equipped gymnasia, there is a host of other clubs whose principal form of athletic amusement is boxing. The lead is, of course, taken by the Manhattan and New York athletic clubs, which give exhibitions during the winter by professional boxers. These exhibitions are held in the club houses, and may be attended only by club members and their, friends, who pay a small admission fee. Some other clubs have also given exhibitions, either entirely composed of professional boxers or combination shows, consisting of three or four bouts between amateurs and a wind-up go between professionals. Some of these shows are given in public halls, but where the club room is large enough the club exhibitions are held there. The smaller clubs all give '* stags," as the exhibitions are sometimes called. If it is just a little show it is usually given in the club room, but the tournaments are held in public halls, and any man may go who buys a ticket. Many young men who do not care to belong to a regular athletic club, but who do want opportunity for gymnasium work and training, become associate members of one of the various branches of the Y. M. C. A., either in New York or in Brooklyn. The main building of the Y. M. C. A. in New York is at Twenty-third street and Fourth avenue, and there the best equipped of its New York gymnasia is. The Harlem branch in 125 th street is also well equipped. The Young Men's Institute in the Bowery has a gymnasium which contains well selected apparatus. The main branch of the Brooklyn Y. M. C. A. in Fulton street has an exceptionally well equipped gymnasium and fine baths, including a large swimming tank. There is a well fitted gymnasium at Fifty-ninth street and Eighth ave- nue, which is public. It is under the management of Dr. Sargent. In- struction in all sorts of athletic sports can be had there from competent men for a reasonable tuition fee. 72 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. There are numerous shooting clubs in New York and Brooklyn, but no ground in this city for their practice. Some of the Manhattan Athletic Club members shoot at Manhattan Field. The grounds at Marion, New Jersey, are frequently used for matches, and the grounds of the Coney Island Rod and Gun Club can be had when not in use by the club, as can also grounds at Ridge wood and Dexter Park Long Island. Creed- moor has been surrendered by the association which built the famous rifle range to the National Guard of New York. There are numerous ranges for target practice with small rifles in the Bowery. Conlin's gallery at 51 West Thirty-first street, and Zettler's at 12 St. Mark's Place, are equipped for long range rifle and pistol practice. The amateur champion- ship matches are usually shot off at Conlin's, and there are frequently ex- hibitions of remarkable skill with the rifle or revolver to be seen in this gallery. Zettler's is the home of many of the German shooting clubs. Almost every German society in the city has a shooting corps. Besides shooting at Zettler's they have their out-door practice at Ridgewood or Dexter Park. Professional base ball does not seem to be as popular in New York as it was a few years ago. But there are thousands of its devotees who reg- ularly visit the Polo grounds or Eastern Park. In other years it has been the custom so to arrange the schedules that a game would be played on one ground or the other every day during the season. But this year the Brooklyn and New York clubs have conflicted in most of their dates. The amateur base ball clubs organized each summer are legion. A number of the larger athletic clubs put teams in the field early in the season, which play practice games with various professional clubs and with Yale and Princeton. A number of college games are played in New York each spring, and the final game between Yale and Princeton always attracts a throng of spectators. Many New Yorkers find time for the delights of horseback riding. There are several large riding academies, all of which have numbers of regular patrons. They are all situated near Central Park, and on any fair morning or afternoon on the bridle paths in the Park and on Riverside drive scores of riders may be seen. By far the most popular winter sport in New York is bowling. It is impossible to give any adequate notion, in such a sketch as this, of the ex- tent to which the bowling alleys are patronized. Most of the time they are full, and alleys have to be engaged long ahead. Clubs are organized by the score as soon as the cool weather comes, and alleys are engaged for the entire season. The big German societies have alleys in Beethoven Maen- nerchor Hall, 210 Fifth street, and Central Turn Verein Hall, 209 East Sixty-seventh street. The Academy in Fourteenth street and Joe Thums' SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 73 place in the Bowery are about the largest public alleys. The Tennis Building Association at 212 West Forty- first street has more than 20 alleys, and there a number of the fashionable afternoon bowling clubs have head- quarters during the season. There are, of course, many other organizations, of which it is impossi- ble here to give any extended notice, which were founded to give amuse- ment or sport to their members. The Fencers' Club at 49 East Twenty- eighth street and the Racquet Club at 27 West Forty-third street are the more notable of these organizations. There are also a number of whist clubs, notably the New York Whist Club, and several chess clubs, among which the Manhattan at 31 West Twenty-seventh street and the New York at 52 Union square are prominent. The Coaching Club is made up of fashionable and wealthy New Yorkers who every spring have a parade through Central Park or along Riverside Drive. The National Horse Show Association and the Westminster Kennel Club, of which more extended notice is made elsewhere, each gives an annual show in the Madison Square Garden, the former in October and the latter early in the spring. Foot ball gets a great deal of attention from New Yorkers in the fall, but it is mostly played by the college teams. The American Foot Ball As- sociation, composed of teams of the Crescent, Orange and Staten Island Athletic clubs, and sometimes of teams from other athletic clubs, plays a championship series. The various clubs usually play two games with Yale and Princeton each fall, and the great Thanksgiving day game for the college championship is played either in New York or Brooklyn. Rowing is also indulged in to a large extent during the summer months, and the rowing club members keep themselves in good condition during the cold weather by the athletic appliances in their club houses. The Atalanta is the largest of these clubs. Its boat house is at 15 2d street and the Har- lem river. Other prominent clubs are the Dauntless and Harlem of New York, the Nautilus of Brooklyn, and the Varuna at Bay Ridge. Play Grounds. There is only one public play ground of any size or importance in New York. That is in Central Park. It has facilities for all sorts of out-door games, base ball, foot ball, croquet, tennis, cricket, &c. Application must be made to the superintendent of the park for a permit to use the ground, which will be reserved for the applicant. There are about 250 tennis courts, and ample space for other games. Other parks are used as play grounds, but none have spaces set apart for athletic games. Manhattan Field is the athletic ground of the Manhattan Athletic Club. It is at Eighth avenue and 155th street, on the line of the Sixth and Ninth avenue elevated roads and the Eighth avenue surface cars. The games of 74 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. the Manhattan Athletic Club are held on this field, which is the club's private property. The Thanksgiving foot ball game between Yale and Princeton for 1 89 1 was played on this field, and the out-door horse show was held here last spring. Adjoining Manhattan Field on the north is the Polo ground, where the professional games of the New York Base Ball Club are played. From the last of April to the first week of October each year, games are played at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. General admission is 50 cents. The grounds are reached by the same means as the Manhattan Field. Berkeley Oval is the private property of Dr. John T. White, head master of the Berkley school. During its existence the Berkeley Athletic Club used the Oval for its athletic field. The Oval comprises ten acres of ground near Morris Dock. It is reached by the Sixth Avenue Elevated and the New York and Northern from 155th street, on the same trains as for Yonkers ; ako by the Hudson River Railroad from the Grand Central Station. Excursion fare by the Northern, 25 cents; by the Hudson River, 18 cents. The Oval has a cricket, lacrosse and foot ball field, base ball diamond, quarter mile running track, 220 yards straightaway, and many tennis courts. It can be engaged for athletic games or sports from Dr. White. Since the abandonment of the old Mott Haven grounds the intercollegiate games, which are commonly known as the Mott Haven games, from the fact that they were held on the Mott Haven grounds, have usually been held at Berkeley Oval. Yacht Clubs. More than 30 yacht clubs have their headquarters in or near New York and their stations in New York Bay or the waters adjacent. Two of them, the New York and the Seawanhaka Corinthian, have clubhouses in the city as well as at their stations, the former at 67 Madison avenue, and the latter at 7 East 32d street. The Manhattan Yacht Club also has city headquarters at the Manhattan Athletic Club. The houses of the other clubs are at their stations. A number of other clubs such as the American and Atlantic have their city headquarters in the business offices of their secretaries. The oldest and largest of the clubs is the New York, which was organized in 1844 and incorporated in 1S86. Its fleet now numbers more than one hundred steam yachts and launches, and more than 160 sail yachts. The club maintains seven stations, and its annual cruise is the greatest yacht- ing event of the year. The first two stations are at New York, the third at Whitestone, and the others at New London, Shelter Island, Newport and Vineyard Haven. The New York Yacht Club is the present holder of the famous 100 guinea cup, which was w r on by the yacht America, on Aug. 22, 1S51, at Cowes, England, in the regatta of the Royal Yacht Squadron. The club holds the cup under the deed of gift of the late George R. Schuy i SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 75 ler, the last surviving owner of the cup. It is held by the club as an inter- national challenge cup, and. the conditions of the race are determined by the deed of gift. The Genesta-Puritan, Galatea-Mayflower, and Thistle- Volunteer races for the cup were all sailed under the auspices of the New York Yacht Club over the course off Sandy Hook. The winning boats all came from Boston, but their owners are members of the New York Club. Among the members of the club are Wm. K. Vanderbilt, Frederick W. Vanderbilt, Commodore Elbridge T. Gerry, J. Pierpont Morgan, Freder- ick Gallatin, E. D. Morgan, Hy. M. Flagler, John A. Morris, Dr. Seward Webb, James Gordon Bennett, George W. Vanderbilt, Adrian Iseiin, Wendell Goodwin, Archibald Rogers, Lieut. W. Henn, R. N., Glasgow, Scotland, George Gould, Fred. Gebhard, Hugh D. Auchincloss, Sir Roderick Cameron, Ayre, Scotland, Colgate Hoyt, Ogden Goelet, F. K. Sturgis, Henry Marquand, C. O. Iseiin and J. Malcolm Forbes, Gen. Charles J. Paine and Wm. Amory Gardner, of Boston, owners of the Puritan, Volun- teer, and Mayflower. The Seawanhaka Corinthian Club was organized in 1871, and incorpor- ated 16 years later. Its station is at Oyster Bay, Long Island, where it has a fine club house. Its annual cruise, usually held early in July, is one of the yachting events of each year. A number of the yachts which have won notice by their performance in races, belong to this club as well as to the New York Yacht Club, and many of the members of the New York Club whose names are familiar to the public belong also to the Seawanhaka Cor- inthian and to other clubs, particularly the American Yacht Club, the mem- bership of which is made up almost entirely of owners of steam yachts. The fleet of the Seawanhaka Corinthian Club numbers something more than 100, of which about 20 are steam yachts. The American Yacht Clnb was organized and incorporated in 1883. It is essentially a steam yacht club and has in its fleet 44 steam yachts and naphtha launches and about 24 sail yachts. Jay Gould's Atalanta, Frederick W. Vanderbilt's English-built Conqueror, and Archibald Watt's Golden Rod are some of the largest yachts in the fleet. The club's station is at Milton Point, Rye, where it has a beautiful club house. The Atlantic Yacht Club is second in size to the New York club, its fleet numbering about 140 sail and 30 steam yachts. It has a fine club house at Bay Ridge, which is its station. It was organized and incorpor- ated in January, 1866. Its annual sail is usually held about the middle of June. The Corinthian Yacht Club, which numbers in its fleet August Bel- mont's Mineola, Lieut. Henn's Galatea, the Irene, Jessica, Miranda, Bedouin and other well known racing yachts, was organized in 1871. Its station is at Tompkinsville, Staten Island, where its club house is situated. The Neptune Yacht Club, of Navesink, N, J., and the Brooklyn Yacht 76 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Club, whose headquarters are at Gravesend Beach, are both old clubs. The Neptune was organized in 1850, and the Brooklyn seven years later. The Corinthian Navy, which is an offshoot from the Corinthian Mos- quito fleet, has headquarters in the Hotel Marlborough, Broadway and Thirty-sixth street. The navy has six squadrons. The station of the Long Island squadron is at Glen Cove; of the Staten Island squadron, at Sewaren, N. J.; of the East River squadron, at Port Morris; of the New York Bay squadron, at Fort Hamilton; of the St. Lawrence River squadron, at Clay- ton, and of the Delaware River squadron, at Camden, N. J. Clubs whose stations are in New York, which have not heretofore been mentioned, are the Columbia, at the foot of West Eighty-sixth street; the Manhattan, at the foot of East Eighty-ninth street; the Harlem, which has club houses at 121st streeet and the Harlem River, and at College Point, Long Island; and the Hudson River, at the foot of West Ninety-second street. Other clubs near New York and their stations are the Corinthian Mosquito fleet, at New Rochelle; Jamaica Bay Y. C, at Rockaway Beach; Jersey City Y. C, which was organized in 1858, at Jersey City and Totten- ville, Staten Island; Knickerbocker Y. C, organized in 1874, which has a fine club house at College Point; Larchmont Y. C, station and club house at Larchmont; the Marine and Field Club, club house at Bath Beach; Newark Y. C. , which has a club house in Newark and another at its station at Bayonne; the New Jersey Y. C, organized in 1871, which has its clnb house at its station at the foot of Tenth street, Hoboken; the New Rochelle Y. C, whose station and club house are at Echo Island, New Rochelle; the Pavonia Y. C, organized in 1869, which has stations at Jersey City and Atlantic Highlands and a club house at each station; the Williamsburg Y. C, organized in 1870, whose club house is at its station at Bowery Bay; the Yonkers Corinthian Y. C, of Yonkers; the Yorkville Y. C, which has a clubhouse at its station at Port Morris; the Raritan Y. C, at Perth Amboy, N. J.; the Essex Y. C, which has stations at Newark and Bay- onne; the Canarsie Y. C, at Sands Point, Jamaica Bay; the New York Yacht Racing Association and a few other clubs whose stations are at Long Island summer places. Racing— Jockey Clubs. The admission fee to all the race tracks is the same, $1. Fifty cents extra is charged for grand stand privileges and 50 cents more for a badge admitting the wearer to the paddock. The racing of thoroughbreds is conducted regularly at four tracks near New York city in this State. There are also five tracks in New Jersey which New Yorkers visit. The laws of New York legalize betting on the SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 77 races, but limit the number of days on which races maybe held to 30 in one year for each track. The laws of New Jersey prohibit betting or book- making at race tracks, and because of the diversity in the enforcement of the New Jersey laws there were three tracks at which there were no races during the last season. The clubs in control of the four New York tracks are the New York Jockey Club, which races at Morris Park; the Coney Island Jockey Club, racing at Sheepshead Bay; the Brooklyn Jockey Club, which races at Gravesend, and the Brighton Beach Racing Association, which races at Brighton. The New Jersey tracks are Monmouth Park, owned by the Monmouth Park Association; Linden, owned by the Linden Blood Horse Association; Clifton, controlled by the Passaic Agricultural Society; Elizabeth, where the New Jersey Jockey Club races, and Guttenberg, owned by the Hudson County Jockey Club. Racing at the Morris Park, Monmouth Park, Sheepshead Bay and Gravesend tracks is controlled under the rules of the Board of Control, an organization of racing men which was formed to remedy existing evils of the turf. These four are commonly known as the "big tracks." The great stake races are run over these courses, and the thoroughbreds which struggle for the rich prizes are of much higher class and the sport is really better than at the smaller tracks. The meetings at these tracks are held in the summer, and the racing season is said to begin on the day of the Brooklyn Handicap, which opens the spring meeting of the Brooklyn Jockey Club at the Gravesend track. The race is worth about $20,000 and is one of the three races which attract the most attention and the greatest crowds of the sea- son. The spring meeting at Gravesend continues for 15 days. The best races of the meeting besides the Handicap are the Great American Stakes and the Fort Hamilton Handicap. The Gravesend track lies south of Brooklyn and is reached by any of the Coney Island routes. It is a very few minutes' ride from New York and the fare varies from 10 to 25 cents, according to the route taken. After the spring meeting at Gravesend the thoroughbreds go to Morris Park for the spring meeting of the New York Jockey Club, which opens with the Metropolitan Handicap. This meeting is also for 15 days, during which the Withers, Belmont and Great Eclipse stakes are decided, the last of which is worth $40,000. Morris Park is the most beautiful and the new- est of the race courses near New York. No expense was spared in making it attractive and comfortable. The betting ring will accommodate a far larger crowd than has ever attended a race in this country, and in front of the grand stand a beautiful lawn slopes gradually to the track. Morris 78 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Park is reached by the Second or Third avenue elevated roads to Harlem River, thence by Harlem River division of N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. to Van Nest, or by the suburban road from Third avenue and 129th street to Van Nest. Fare, 20 cents. From Morris Park the thoroughbreds go to Sheepshead Bay, and the great Suburban Handicap is the event of the opening day. This race is worth about $25,000 and has been the occasion of some of the most thrilling contests on the turf. During the fifteen days of the spring meeting at the Sheepshead Bay track the Great Trial stakes are decided and the meeting, which begins with the greatest of the three great races of the year — the Brooklyn Handicap, Suburban Handicap and the Futurity — closes with the rich Realization stakes, which is worth $40,000. Sheepshead Bay is on the Manhattan Beach and Brighton Beach railroads, and is reached from New York by way of the 34th street station of the Long Island railroad and the Atlantic avenue station of the Manhattan Beach road and the Bedford station of the Brighton Beach road. The ride varies from 15 to 30 minutes' duration, according to the road taken. The round trip fare is 50 cents. When the thoroughbreds leave Sheepshead Bay they go down the Jer- sey coast to Monmouth Park for the 30 days' summer meeting. At the same time the summer meeting of the Brighton Beach Racing Association opens at the Brighton Beach track. This meeting also continues for 30 racing days. During two months the Monmouth Park and Brighton Beach race days alternate, Monmouth racing on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and Brighton on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. The races at Brighton are almost all selling events, and although of a better class than the winter sport, do not rank with those seen on the Board of Control tracks. During the 30 days at Monmouth Park some of the greatest events of the American Turf are decided. The Long Branch Handicap is the first of these races. The Junior Champion and Champion stakes, decided on the same day, follow, and then come the great Omnibus stakes, with the Loril- lard and Produce stakes. Monmouth Park is the only race course fit to cope with Morris Park in beauty and comfort. It is only a short distance from Long Branch, and the facilities for reaching it from New York are excellent. On race days special express trains on the Central R. R. of N. J. and the Pa. R. R. make the 50 mile run to the track in one hour, and as fast time in returning. The Central R. R. of N. J. has also a fine boat service to Atlan- tic Highlands. The twin screw steamers Monmouth and Sandy Hook and the big side- wheeler St. Johns make the run down New York Bay, past Quarantine and through the Narrows to Atlantic Highlands in an hour, connecting there with express trains, which run to the track without stop. The round trip fare by train from New York, or by boat and train, is $1. SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 70 An excellent meal is served on the boats for $i, and Pullman buffet cars are attached to all express trains. The Pullman car fare to or from the track is 40 cents. At the close of the Monmouth meeting the racers go back to Sheeps- head Bay, which opens with the Futurity stakes for two year olds, the rich- est event on the American turf. The race of 1890 was worth $76,000. That of 1892 was worth about $60,000. The fall meeting at Sheepshead decides the Twin City, Omnium, New York and Bridge Handicaps, and then the thoroughbreds go over to Gravesend for a 15 days' fall meeting, after which the fall meeting at Morris Park is held. It has been the custom in former years for the Linden Blood Horse Association to hold a 15 days' meeting immediately after the close of the fall meeting at Morris Park in October. The New Jersey Jockey Club fol- lowed Linden with 15 days' racing at Elizabeth. Then the Passaic Agri- cultural Society and the Hudson County Jockey Club raced at Clifton and Guttenberg on alternate days until about the middle of April, when 15 days' spring meetings were held at Linden and Elizabeth before the "big season" opened at Gravesend. In 1891, owing to the uneven method in which the New Jersey law was enforced, there was no racing at Linden, Elizabeth or Clifton. Nor was there racing at Monmouth Park. The races of the Mon- mouth Assooiation were run off at Morris and Jerome Parks. Guttenberg opened immediately after the close of Morris Park and raced through the entire winter. This year the regular meeting of the Monmouth Association was held on its own tracks, and it is expected that the opposition to Linden, Clifton and Elizabeth will not prevent the regular meetings on those courses. Linden is 18 miles from New York. It is reached by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 40 minutes from the Cortlandt street ferry. The fare for the round trip is 50 cents. The Elizabeth track is reached only by the Central R. R. of N. J. The time is about half an hour and the excursion fare is 40 cents. Clifton is reached by the N. Y., L. E. & W., and by the D., L. & W. Railroads, from Twenty-third and Chambers streets and from Barclay street. The time is about 50 minutes and the excursion fare half a dollar. Guttenberg is reached from New York via Barclay and Christopher streets ferries to Hoboken, thence by horse cars, or by Jay and Forty-second street ferries to Weehawken, thence by Hudson County Railroad. Driving. New York is the home of the American trotter. More valuable trotting horses are owned here than in any other part of the United States. The New York Driving Club is the richest and strongest of such institutions in the country. For years the King and Queen of the trotting turf have been owned here. And yet in spite of these facts there is not a suitable driving 80 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. park nor a satisfactory speedway easy of access. The Driving Club was organized more than 20 years ago. For a time after that Fleetwood Park at 165th St. and Sheridan avenue, then far out of the city, was the most famous trotting track in the country. But it was famous more for the men who sent their horses there than for great races. Of late years the millionaire owners of trotters on Manhattan Island have lost their active interest in harness races, and Fleetwood has gone into a decline. As a usual thing one meeting is held there each year. But it is not an important meeting. New York is not in the grand circuit. Fleet- wood usually goes with a small eastern circuit. Fleetwood is easiest reached from the Grand Central Station, by train to Melrose. It can also be reached by horse car from 129th street and Third avenue every fifteen minutes. The lover of the trotting horse who visits New York has more to see than Fleetwood. Mr. Robert Bonner, the owner of Maud S. and Sunol, has his stables in West Fifty-sixth street. A permit to visit the stables can always be obtained by seeing Mr. Bonner, either at The New York Ledger office, 182 William street, or at his residence, 8 West Fifty-sixth street. The stables of Frank Work and John D. Rockefeller are also well worth a visit, and there are numerous public stables in the neighborhood of Central Park which are models. In the winter season the great sales of trotters and thoroughbreds are held. The Californian horses are for the most part sold in the American In- stitute Building, Third avenue and Sixty-third street. Tattersall's, at Seventh avenue and Fifty-fifth street, is also a great horse mart. Although there is not a satisfactory speeedway in or near New York, there are certain roads where fast driving is permitted. Trotters can be speeded in St. Nicholas avenue above 155th street, and Seventh avenue above 135th street is a favorite place for brushes. There on any fair morning dozens of fast steppers may be seen, many of them driven by men who, having retired from business with great fortunes, derive their keenest pleasures from their trotters. A driving club has recently been organized in Brooklyn called the Parkway Driving Club. Its members find most of their pleasure in Ocean Parkway, the beautiful soft road which runs from Prospect Park to Coney Island. Tennis, Eleven years ago the Tennis Building Association of New York was in- corporated. It is a stock company which owns a handsome and com- modious building at 212 West Forty-first street. The building is fitted with excellent tennis courts and more than 20 bowling alleys. The tennis courts and bowling alleys are rented to different clubs for morning, afternoon and BEST&CO Are We Clothing Your Children? This is our exclusive specialty. The re- sult is the best fit, the widest range of choice, and the lowest prices. We commence with the Baby, and include all sizes for Boys and Girls, to 18 years. 60-62 West 23d St., N. Y. «* Diea7?ortcR^\ v. GoldcJewblr^ /^° 2e)77 5)1. OpposiTE- EDEN^USEE sa^ ^fT '.''T^T SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 81 evening matches, the stockholders in the association reserving four after- noons in each week for themselves. Only indoor tennis clubs rent the courts. The most prominent outdoor tennis clubs are the New York and the recently-organized Knickerbocker. The New York club has beautiful courts at 147th street and at St. Nicholas avenue. The Knickerbocker's courts are in Willis avenue. There are scores of other outdoor tennis clubs, some of which have excellent private courts, but most of them play on the public courts in Central and Prospect Parks. Hand Ball. There is only one hand ball court which is maintained in first-class condition and which is liberally patronized. That belongs to Phil Casey, the champion hand ball player. It is at Court and DeGraw streets, Brook- lyn, reached by a Court street car from the Bridge. There are many hand ball players in New York and Brooklyn, but only one regularly organized club, the Brooklyn Hand Ball Club. Its headquarters are at Casey's court. The games of the club are public; at some of them a small admission fee is charged. Anybody who wishes to play can engage the court for a small sum for games. There is another court in South Brooklyn, but it is not kept in good condition and very little playing is done there. Base Ball. There are here two professional base ball clubs, one in New York and the other in Brooklyn. They are members of the National League of Pro- fessional Base Ball Clubs. The New York club plays its games on the Polo grounds, at 155th street and 8th avenue. The Brooklyn club's home grounds are at Eastern Park, East New York, reached by the Kings County and Brooklyn elevated roads from the Brooklyn Bridge. The season opens in the third week of April each year and continues till the second week in October. Admission 50 cents. Grand stand, 25 cents extra. Games called at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. The Amateur Base Ball League, composed of the clubs of the New Jersey Athletic Club, Staten Island Cricket Club, Staten Island Athletic Club and Englewood Field Club, plays a championship series each year. A great many other amateur base ball clubs are organized every year. Cricket. The Metropolitan District Cricket League is composed of thirteen cricket clubs whose headquarters are in New York or the cities near it. The league is divided into two sections, each section plays a championship schedule during the season, and at the close of the season, the champions of the two sections play a match for the championship of the league. The members 82 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. of the league are the Staten Island C. C, of Livingston, S. I.; the Manhat- tan C. C. ; Kings County C. C, Brooklyn C. C, and South Brooklyn C. C, of Brooklyn; the Berkeley C. C, New York C. C, Sons of St. George and Harlem C. C, of New York, and the Cricket Club of the St. George Athletic Club of New York; The Newark C. C. and the Paterson C. C. The New York and Brooklyn clubs play in Central and Prospect Parks, respectively, except the Berkeley Club, which plays on Berkeley Oval, and the South Brooklyn, which has grounds at Fort Hamilton. The Staten Island Club has grounds at Livingston, the New Jersey Club at Bergen Point, and the Newark and Paterson clubs in those cities. No admission fee is charged at any of the games which are public. Croquet. The Union Croquet Club is the only such organization in New York. It makes its headquarters in Central Park, where two tournaments are played each year, the first in the first week of June, and the second in the last week of September. Riding Academies. Most of the riding academies are naturally clustered around Central Park. Durland's, one of the largest, is at the Eighth avenue and Fifty- ninth street entrance, between Eighth avenue and the Boulevard. Just across the Boulevard from Durland's is the Boulevard Riding Academy. Dickel's Academy, at 157 West Fifty-sixth street, is the headquarters of Troop A, the only cavalry organization in the National Guard of this State. The Troop drills and goes through its manoeuvres in the big ring. Cohn Brothers' big academy is on Seventh avenue near Fifty-ninth street. The Central Park Riding Academy is at Ninetieth street and Fifth avenue, and the Belmont Riding School at 124th street and St. Nicholas avenue. There are other riding schools of less prominence. Lessons may be had at any time in one of these academies from thoroughly competent instructors, either in private or in clubs. Road lessons are also given. The business of the academies naturally falls off in the summer, when many of their pa- trons go to the sea shore or mountains. Some of the academies make a prac- tice of establishing branches at various summer resorts. But in the fall, when the people get back to town, business picks up again at once. Many riding clubs are formed, and it is customary for each academy to give at least one " music ride " a week, at which one or more of the academy's clubs give exhibitions. Moonlight club rides are also features of each sea- son. Athletic Clubs. In the long list of athletic clubs in New York two are particularly prominent. They are the Manhattan and the New York. The New York SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 83 Club is the older, and, perhaps, the more conservative of the two. Its membership limit was long ago reached, and its waiting list is very long. The New York Athletic Club was born on the 17th of June, 1866, in the back parlor of 200 Sixth Ave., now a part of R. H. Macy & Co's store, which was then a private residence. In 1866, amateur athletics had just begun to assume prominence in England. The London Athletic Club was founded in 1863, the first Oxford-Cambridge games were held in March, 1864, and the first amateur championship meeting in March, 1866. So, on this June 17, 1866, in the back parlor of 200 Sixth Ave., three enthusiastic amateur athletes who had been discussing the rise of athletic sports in England determined to found an amateur athletic club in New York on the model of its English predecessors. They chose 200 Sixth Ave. as the head- quarters and weekly rendezvous. It was fitted up with such indoor appar- atus as was at that time obtainable, and it is told in the annals of the club that great feats of strength were performed there. The first open air rendezvous was on the half-mile track connected with the old "Red Horse Inn," at the head of Harlem Lane. In a few months a street and a row of tenement houses disfigured the centre of the track, and the young athletes went over to the Elysian fields, in Hoboken. There was no regular track, but a quarter-mile circuit was marked out on the turf on the ball field and several 100-yard straightaway courses were measured off. Thus far no effort had been made regularly to organize the club. The three original enthusiasts had been joined by a number of other athletes, and in their reunions on the Elysian Fields many members of the Atlantic Boat Club, whose boat house was only a quarter of a mile below, joined in the games. The Elysian Fields proving unsatisfactory because of their publicity, and because there was no running track, another change was made, this time to Finley's half-mile track at 72d St. and Bloomingdale road. In the summer of 1868, 43 persons were registered as having par- ticipated in the sports at this track, and that fall the first effort was made to organize the club. It was unsuccessful, and so was the second. At the third effort, Sept. 8, 1868, fourteen men signed the muster roll, and the formal organization of America's first amateur athletic club was completed. The first regular open amateur athletic meeting was held on Nov. 11, 1868, in the American Institute Rink, at Sixty-second St. and Third Ave. The central section of the rink had not been floored, and an eighth of a mile track was staked off on the smooth clay. The figures credited to the winner of each game were the first amateur records claimed in America. In 1869, the par- lor at 200 Sixth Ave. was found to be too small, and larger apartments were secured in Clarendon Hall. In 1S70, the club was incorporated and its indoor headquarters transferred to St. Marks Place gymnasium. Next year, the indoor rendezvous was changed to Wood's gymnasium in Twenty-eighth St. , and 84 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. the vacant lots between Third and Lexington avenues and 130th street and Harlem River were leased and made into an athletic field, with a sixth of a mile track, and the club boat house was anchored along the back stretch. In 1876 a large boat house was built and was anchored with the other at the foot of 138th St., Mott Haven. The next year, a lease was obtained of a large plot of ground north of the Harlem river, near 150th street, and beau- tiful grounds were laid out. In 1882, the indoor headquarters were moved to the old Crescent Club gymnasium in Twenty-third street. The beautiful house which the New York Athletic Club now occupies at 104 West Fifty- fifth street was opened in February, 1885. Large as it is, and perfect as are it appointments, it is not satisfactory to the club, and a new house will prob- ably be built in the near future. A site has been obtained in Sixth avenue, between Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth streets, opposite the Sixth avenue entrance to Central Park. A fund of $100,000 with which to begin the new house is nearly completed. In 1S87, the New York Athletic Club acquired the property at Pelham Manor on the Sound, now known as Travers Island, being so named for William R. Travers, who was president of the club when the property was purchased and who died in Bermuda in 1887. Besides a beautiful club house at Travers Island finely fitted up, there are two large houses, one of which is named "Wellbefall," and the other "The Boulders." The athletic field of the club is now at Travers Island, and there its games are held. The Manhattan Athletic Club was organized Nov. 7, 1S77, and was incorporated April 1, 1878. Early in the spring of 1878 the new club leased 22 lots in Eighth avenue, between Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh streets, for the first Manhattan Field. A cinder-ash track was built, an eighth of a mile in circuit, and a series of free exhibition races was given. After that games were regularly held every spring and fall until the club vacated the grounds in 1883. In 1880, 1881 and 1882 the club's athletes won the cham- pionship standard of colors offered by the National Association. The giv- ing of the colors was then discontinued. The Manhattan Athletic Club Chronicle says that the title of champion athletic club of the United States has been earned by the club, whose emblem is the Cherry Diamond. In 1883 the club moved its athletic field to the block bounded by Eighth and Ninth avenues and Eighty-sixth and Eighty-seventh streets. There a 220-yard straightaway track was built, and another a quarter of a mile in circuit. That was the athletic home of the club until Manhattan Field was obtained in 1891. The club's social home was at 524 Fifth avenue until 1890, when it moved into its present beautiful club house at the corner of Forty-fifth street and Madison avenue. The Manhattan Athletic Club has a six-story fireproof building. The general architectural design is of the Renaissance period. The frontage in SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 85 Madison avenue is 125 feet 10 inches, and the depth 115 feet on the north and 125 feet on the south. In the sub-cellar are the boiler and engine rooms, the electric light plant and the pump which supplies water from the club's artesian well. In the rear of the basement are the bowling alleys, so constructed that there are platforms between each two alleys which will seat a large number of spectators during match games. In the front is the swimming bath, 100x21 feet, 8 feet deep at one end and 5 feet 6 inches at the other. There are also a large number of dressing and rubbing rooms, and on the south side of the basement are the Turkish and Russian baths. Underneath the sidewalk is a 125-foot rifle range. To the left, on the parlor floor, as one enters the building from Madison avenue, is the reception room, and in the rear of that are the offices of the club, the manager's room, the elevators, and the cafe and grill room. To the right of the entrance is the parlor, 62 1-2 feet by 38. In the rear of the parlor is the large smoking and lounging hall, and in the rear of that to the right of the cafe is the billiard hall, fitted with twelve billiard and pool tables. In lieu of full partitions on the parlor floor open grilles of carved oak are used. At the entrances to the principal rooms stand four life-size figures representing "Running," "Fencing," "Putting the Shot" and "Hammer Throwing." The reception room is finished in the style of the Empire. The furniture coverings are of figured silk in salmon and pink. The parlor is in the Byzantine style with the ceiling representing a hunting party. At the southeast corner is a great open fire-place. The lounging hall and billiard room are fitted solidly and for comfort. The woodwork of the cafe is of oak with ceilings and walls of applique work. The floor of the main hall is a mosaic of the Cherry Diamond. On the second floor, in the centre of the building, is'the concert hall, seating 1,500 people. It is 107.6 by 62 feet, and the stage is 38.10 by 24 feet. On this floor are the reading and writing rooms, the governors' room and the card room. On the south are the la- dies' parlors. The ceiling of the theatre is 25 feet high. There is a mez- zanine floor 12 1-2 feet above the second floor, running around the theatre, which is given up to sleeping apartments and the smo ke room. On the third floor is the gymnasium, 109x97.4 feet. On the south is the boxing room, 29.6x25.6, toilet, lounging, locker and dressing rooms and needle baths. Over the gymnasium is a skylight 40x50 feet. Twelve feet above the gymna- sium floor is the running track, ten feet wide, fourteen laps to the mile. South of the running track are the fencing room, 29.7x25 feet, and lounging, retir- ing and locker rooms. On the floor above the gymnasium is the main dining hall, 63x31 feet, private dining rooms, housekeeper's and servants' apart- ments, ice house and storage rooms, laundry, manager's and clerk's rooms, kitchen, pantry, scullery and service room. Above the dining hall is the roof garden. All the club house furnishings are the finest obtainable. 86 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Besides the New York and Manhattan clubs, other prominent athletic clubs are the Scottish-American A. C. of Jersey City, which was the great val of the New York Club when the Manhattan Club was organized; the Irish-American A. C. , whose clubhouse is at 24 North Moore street; the Pastime Athletic Association, at the foot of East Sixty-sixth street; the Staten Island A. C, at West New Brighton, and the St. George Athletic Association, at 207 East Sixteenth street. The Crescent A. C, of Brooklyn, is perhaps better known socially than athletically. It has beautiful grounds at Bay Ridge and a club house at 71 Pierpont street, Brooklyn. It has a base ball and a foot ball team to support its claim to athletic prominence. The Actors' Amateur Athletic Association of America has a club house at 43 West Twenty-eighth street, and usually tries once or twice a year to do something that will demonstrate its athletic prowess. The new University Athletic Club has a a well-fitted club house at 55 West Twenty-sixth street, the old home of the Racquet Club. This club requires for membership a diploma from some recognized college. It will probably be more promi- nent socially than in the athletic field. Other athletic, rowing and wheeling clubs, with their addresses, are : Acorn A. C, of Brooklyn, Fifth avenue and Union street; Amity A. A., Brooklyn, Manhattan and Meserole avenues ; Bank Clerks' A. A., 1282 Broadway; Brighton A. C, Brooklyn, 133 New Jersey avenue ; Brooklyn A. C, 210 Grand street, Brooklyn ; Brooklyn Bicycle Club, 62 Hanson place ; Clipper A. C. , Lexington avenue and 107th street ; Clinton A. C. , 2 Pike street; Corinthian A. C, West New Brighton ; Columbia A. C, 12 East Fifteenth street ; Co. F, 47th Regt. A. A., Brooklyn, at the armory ; Co. D, 47th Regt. A. C, Brooklyn, at the armory ; Hellgate Boat Club, Astoria ; Kings Co. Wheelmen, 1255 Bedford avenue ; Manhattan ville A. C, 533 W. 130th St.; Metropolitan Rowing C, East 133d street and Lex- ington avenue ; N. Y. Turn Verein, 66 East Fourth street ; Nautilus Boat Club, foot Sixty-fourth street, Brooklyn ; National A. C. , Broadway and Lawton street, Brooklyn ; Nonpariel A. C. , 47 Oliver street ; Palmetto A. C, 152-4 Hamilton avenue, Brooklyn ; Prospect Harriers, 286 Bridge street, Brooklyn ; Stuyvesant A. C, 166 East 123d street ; 71st Regt. A. A., in the armory ; Sylvan A. A , 1390 Boston road ; 12th Regt. A. A., in the armory ; 23d Regt. A. A., in the armory ; Titan A. C, 414 West Forty-fifth street ; Union A. C, 103 Pineapple street, Brooklyn; Varuna Boat Club, 164 Atlantic avenue, Brooklyn ; West Side A. C, 329 West Fifty-fourth street ; Williamsburgh A. A., 145 Skillman avenue, Brooklyn; Xavier A. C, 27 West Sixteenth street; Xavier B. C, 27 West Sixteenth street ; Xavier B. B. C, 27 West Sixteenth street ; Columbia College Athletic Union, 41 East Forty-ninth street ; Crescent Rowing Club, Park avenue and East 133d street ; Dauntless Rowing Club, Lenox avenue and West 147th street ; SPORTS AND ATHLETICS. 87 Friendship Boat Club, foot of East 132c! street ; Gotham Wheelmen, 54 East Seventy-ninth street ; Gramercy Boat Club, Park avenue and 134th street ; Harlem Wheelmen, 2180 Fifth avenue ; Lafayette Athletic Club, Washing- ton avenue and West 167 street ; Lone Star Boat Club, West 153d street and Harlem river ; Manhattan Bicycle Club, 243 West Fifty-sixth street ; Nonpariel Rowing Club, foot of East i32d street ; N. Y. Bicycle Club, 146 West End avenue ; Nassau Boat Club, foot of East i32d street ; Riverside Wheelmen, 232 West 104th street ; Waverly Boat Club, foot of West 105th street. (5LUBS /cND S06IETIES. The Leading Organizations in New York for Social, Literary and Other Purposes] — Their Homes. Clubs. New York City is easily first among the cities of the new world in the number, variety, wealth and importance of its clubs, societies and associa- tions. No five other cities on the western continent taken as a whole can compare with it in this respect. Of recognized clubs alone there are at least 300, and the societies and associations on Manhattan Island are almost in- numerable. Many of the leading fraternal orders and secret societies of the United States have their headquarters in New York City. All of them are at least represented. So are most of the leading colleges and college fraternities. Of philanthropic, educational and scientific societies and associations there is no end. Almost every race and nationality has anywhere from one to a score of distinctively racial organizations. No man, whatever his race, creed, profession, inclinations, or social aspirations, need have the slightest trouble in finding some congenial organization in New York City. Social Clubs. Actors' Amateur Athletic Association of America — Commonly known as "the Five A's." Although officially known as an "association," "the Five A's" is essentially a club. Membership is restricted to theatrical people, and many of the best known American actors' names appear on the roll. Entertainments for the benefit of the club are generally given in New York City each year, and dozens of actors and actresses of national repute contribute their services. Organized, 1889; membership, 400; house, No. 43 West 28th street. Alpha Delta Phi Club — The leading club organization of members of the college fraternity of Alpha Delta Phi. None but members of the fraternity are eligible, but outsiders may be admitted as visitors. Organ- ized, 1890; membership, about 350; house, 266 Madison avenue. Arion Society — Nominally designed to promote the cultivation and performance of sacred and secular music, but in reality the leading German CLCJBS AND SOCIETIES. 89 social organization of the United States. Membership is not restricted to Germans, but as all the proceedings at business and social meetings are conducted in German the great majority of members are German-speaking people. "Carnivals" of a musical nature are given almost weekly during the winter months in the Society's superb house, and a masque ball is annu- ally given, generally in the Madison Square Garden on February 21. This ball is the liveliest fixture of the social season and is also notable for its magnificent and costly pageantry. At all of the ' 'carnivals," and, in fact, at almost all times, ladies under escort of members are admitted to the club-house. Organized, 1854; membership, 1,500; house, corner of Park avenue and 59th street. Calumet Club — A purely social organization whose membership is chiefly confined to sons of wealthy and aristocratic families. It has jocular- ly been termed the "Junior Union Club" owing to the fact that the fathers of many of its members are Union Club men and that most Calumet men eventually become members of the Union. Organized, 1879; membership, about 600; house, No. 267 Fifth avenue. Catholic Club — The leading social organization of members of the Roman Catholic Church resident in New York City and vicinity. Only Catholics are eligible. A director appointed by the Archbishop of New York nominally supervises the affairs of the club and has the power of veto- ing any action of the club or its Board of Managers which he may deem prejudicial to the best interests of the church, but this power is rarely, if ever, exercised. Organized, 1871; membership, about 800; house, No. 120 West 59th street. Cercle Francais de l' Harmonie — The distinctively French social club of New York City. Its tone is exclusive and all the members are well-to-do. One of the House Rules prohibits the use of any language other than French in the club house, hence the organization maintains its distinctively French character. Membership, about 400; house, No. 26 West Twenty-fourth street. Church Club — A social organization of baptized laymen of the Protes- tant Episcopal Church and of churches in communion with that church. Organized, 1887; membership, about 450; secretary's office, No. 4 Warren street. Clergy Club — Membership restricted to clergymen of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Organized, 1888; membership, 150; house, No. 29 Lafayette Place. Coaching Club — An exclusive organization designed to encourage "four-horse driving" in America. Its membership is practically confined to the so-called "Four Hundred." Its parades in Central Park are essen- tially society events and attract much attention. Organized, 1875; member- ship, 41 ; no house. • 90 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Colonial Club — A social club which, by accident rather than design, has become a residential club, nine-tenths of its members living in the dis- trict lying west of Central Park and adjacent to the club-house. It is the only purely social club of consequence in that section of the city, has en- joyed phenomenal success, and is one of the few clubs of standing which have set apart suites of rooms for the use of the wives and daughters of members. Organized, 1889; membership, about 700; house, corner of the Boulevard and West 72d street. Delta Kappa Epsilon Club — The largest of the college fraternity clubs in New York City. Any member of the D. K. E. fraternity whose class has been graduated is eligible to membership. Organized, 1885; mem- bership, about 500; house, No. 435 Fifth avenue. Deutscher Verein (German Club) — The most exclusive German social club in the city. Nearly all the club's members are wealthy and, small though the membership is, the club maintains one of the handsomest club- houses in New York. A feature of the house is the superb suite of apart- ments for the accommodation of the ladies of members' families who may wish to take luncheon or dinner at the club or while away an hour there. Only German speaking people are eligible to membership. Organized, 1842; membership, about 250; house, No. 112 West 59th street. Electric Club — Designed to promote acquaintance and social inter- course among those interested in the study and practical application of elec- tricity. Organized, 1885; membership, about 550; house, No. 17 East 22d street. Engineers' Club — Similar in plan and scope to the Electric Club except that it caters to the engineering profession rather than to the electrical bus- iness. Organized, 1888; membership, about 300; house, No. 10 West 29th street. Fencers' Club — A social organization of those interested in the art of fencing. Organized, 1883; membership, about 200; house, No. 8 West 2Sth street. Freundschaft Club — Otherwise known as the Freundschaft Verein. Most of the club's members are Hebrews, and membership is practically re- stricted to people of that race. The club-house is one of the largest and handsomest in the city. The organization is purely social in character. Organized, 1879; membership, about 350; house, Park avenue and 72d street. Harlem Club — A social club for the accommodation of residents of the northern part of the city, known as Harlem. Organized, 1879; membership, about 450; house, corner of Lenox avenue and 123d street. Harmonie Club. — The leading Hebrew social club of New York City. There are four other Hebrew clubs of recognize^ standing, but the Har- CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 91 ttionie probably outranks any of them in point of wealth and exclusiveness. Organized, 1852; membership, about 300; house, No. 45 West Forty-second street. Harvard Club — The only club in the city with permanent quarters maintained by the graduates of a single university. Alumni of Harvard and those who have been connected with the university for one year either as instructors or students may become members. Organized, 1865; mem- bership, about 700; house, No. 11 West 226. street. Knickerbocker Club — The most exclusive social club in New York City. It had its origin in a split in the Union Club, the discontented ele- ment practically withdrawing from the Union and founding the Knicker- bocker. Almost every member is well-known socially, and dozens of Knickerbocker men are famed as millionaires. Organized, 1871; member- ship, 450; house, No. 319 Fifth avenue. Ladies' New York Club — A purely social club " of women, for women, by women." It occupies a cozy house, has most of the features of the male club, and besides entertains its members with " teas," readings and other distinctive features of the feminine club. Organized, 1889; membership, about 500; house, No. 28 East 22d street. Lambs' Club — A social organization of actors, which has as its object " social intercourse of members of the dramatic and musical professions with men of the world and the giving of entertainments for mutual amuse- ment and instruction." Many of its entertainments are unique and all are exceedingly enjoyable. Organized, 1874; membership, about 250; house, No. 8 West 29th street. Liederkranz — A musical aud social organization whose membership is practically confined to Germans and Hebrews. It has a chorus of 125 male and 80 female voices, and annually gives several concerts in its large and handsome house. The Arion Society grew out of it, and the two are not unlike in scope and character. Organized, 1847; membership, about 1,750; house, No. 115 East 58th street. Metropolitan Club — An exclusive social organization still in embryo. The organization of the club has been completed, and its membership list indicates that it will rank second to no club in the country in wealth and social position. As yet, however, the marble club house which it will oc- cupy is uncompleted and the club exists on paper only. Organized, 1891; membership, about 800; house (in course of erection), corner Fifth avenue and 60th street. Metropolitan Club — An exclusive social club of Hebrews. Organized, 1878; membership, about 300; house, No. 751 Fifth avenue. Music Club — A professional club of musicians, composers and critics, designed to bring together those of musical bent in a social way. A novel 90 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. feature of the club is the prohibition of the playing of any musical instru- ment or rendition of any musical composition in its rooms. Organized, 1890; membership, about 150; rooms 39 West 31st street. New Club — A well-to-do social club. Organized, 1S89 ; membership, about 100; house, No. 747 and 749 Fifth avenue. New York Club — A purely social club of wealth and standing, next in point of age to the Union Club. In the early days of clubs in New York City it and the Union ranked, for years, as the two leading clubs of the city. The New York Club is exceedingly conservative, and has no public functions whatever. Wall street brokers form a conspicuous element of its membership. Organized, 1845; membership, about 850; house, corner of Fifth avenue and 35th street. Ohio Society — A social organization of natives, former residents or sons of natives of the state of Ohio. It maintains a club-house, but the members rarely frequent it except on the occasion of the monthly meetings in the Fall and Winter months. Organized, 1886; membership, about 350; house, No. 236 Fifth avenue. Players', The — A conservative and exclusive club of actors, theat- rical managers, playwrights and professional men. Its objects are stated in this wise : "To bring the worthy ones of the theatrical profession into frequent intercourse with gentlemen of other arts and callings who love the stage and appreciate the value of the drama." The Players' was founded by Edwin Booth, who provided a house for it and liberally endow- ed it, and he, as president, and a perpetual board of trustees appointed with his concurrence, govern its affairs. Organized, 1887; membership, about 500; house, No. 16 Gramercy Park. Progress Club. — A Hebrew social club whose house is one of the handsomest and best equipped club houses in New York City. Organized, 1864; membership, about 525; house, Fifth avenue and Sixty-third street. Psi Upsilon Club — A college fraternity club, membership in which is restricted to members of the Greek-letter fraternity known as Psi Upsilon. Its aims are purely social. Organized, 1886; membership, about 250; house, No. 33 West 42d street. Racquet and Tennis Club. — Generally known as the Racquet Club. It is an outgrowth of a club formed several years ago for the encouragement and development of the game of racquets, and has elaborate racquet and tennis courts in its handsome new house, but is essen- tially a social club. Most of its members are wealthy, and all move in ex- cellent society. Under its direction several amateur billiard tournaments have been held, and the winner of the Racquet Club tournament is practi- cally acknowledged as the champion amateur billiard player of the Eastern states — if not, indeed, of the United States. Reorganized under the Simpson, Crawford 4 Simpson IMPORTERS AND RETAILERS OF ' DRY (xOODS OF BVISKY DESCRIPTION ; Cloaks, Suits, Millinery Goods, &c. 6th Avenue, 19th to 20th St., N. Y. 65 Departments, covering an area of 80,000 square feet, and presenting in their entirety an Aggregate of At- tractions unsurpassed by any Retail Dry Goods House in America. VISITORS TO NE W YORK are cordially invited to visit our establishment. ONE OF THE SIGHTS OF NEW YORK Is the large and comprehensive display of Fine Furniture AT THE ESTABLISHMENT OF 15 SHOW ROOMS AND SUITE OF FURNISHED SPECIMEN ROOMS. R.J. HORNER & CO. 61-65 West 23d Street, (ADJOINING EDEN MUSEE.) VISITORS TO NEW YORK ARE CORDIALLY INVITED TO EXAMINE OUR STOCK AND PRICES. CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 93 present title, 1890; membership, 773; house, No. 27 West Forty-third street. Renwick Club — A social club with semi-Bohemian predilections. Or- ganized, 1881; membership, about 300; house. No. 40 West 32d street. Riding Club — The most exclusive of the many riding clubs of the city. Most of its members move in ultra-fashionable society. The club has its own riding ring and permanent club quarters. Organized, 1S82; member- ship, about 450; house, No. 5 East 58th street. St. Anthony's Club — Otherwise known as Delta Psi Club. This is the oldest and probably the wealthiest of the college fraternity clubs in this city, and it is the only one of the half score or more " Greek-letter clubs" on Manhattan Island which has erected and owns its club-house. Not only is membership restricted to members of the Delta Psi fraternity, but no non-member is even allowed to pass the threshold of the club-house. The club rooms are on the first floor, and the windowless floor above is the chapter-room of the Columbia College chapter of the Delta Psi fraternity. Organized, 1878; membership, about 200; house, No. 29 East 28th street. Saint Nicholas Club — An aristocratic social club, membership in which is restricted to male descendants of residents of New York State prior to 1785. Organized, 1875 ; membership, about 400 ; house, No. 386 Fifth avenue. Seventh Regiment Veteran Club — A social club composed of former members of the famous Seventh Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y. Organized, 1889; membership, 800 ; house, No. 756 Fifth avenue. Swiss Club — A social organization of people of Swiss birth and ances- try. Organized, 1882 ; membership, about 200 ; rooms, No. 80 Clinton Place. Tenderloin Club — A unique organization of decidedly Bohemian character. Most of its members are newspaper men, actors and " men about town.'' Its club-house has no parallel in the matter of decorations. The walls of one room are adorned with bottles, knives, pistols and other articles of infinite variety, which were embedded in the plastering while it was moist. Another room bristles with the vignettes of hundreds of American newspapers pasted on the walls in hap-hazard fashion. Enter- tainments, consisting of dancing, singing, recitations, etc. by professionals, are frequently given in the club-house in winter. Cheering or other bois- terous manifestations of approval are prohibited, as these entertainments — and, in fact, all meetings and elections of the club — begin at midnight, and if the audience wishes to record its pleasure it does so by vigorous hissing. Organized, 1889; membership, about 800; house, No. 114 West 32d street. Union Club — The oldest club in New York City, and undoubtedly the wealthiest and most famous club in America. Membership in it confers a 04 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. distinct social standing. Nearly all the men of prominence in New York society are members, and the pressure for admission is so great that many members " put up " their sons for membership while the latter are mere infants, that their names may be near the head of the list of candidates when they become eligible in point of age. Organized, 1836; membership, about 1,500; house, corner Fifth avenue and 21st street. United Service Club — A military and naval club composed of commis- sioned officers and ex-officers of the U. S. Army, Navy, and National Guard, and graduates of the U. S. Military and Naval Academies. Its objects are purely social. Organized, 1889; membership, about 800; house, No. 16 West 31st street. University Club — A social club restricted to those who have received degrees from universities and colleges requiring a three years' residence and study, recipients of honorary degrees and graduates of the U. S. Mili- tary and Naval Academies. It ranks among the half dozen leading clubs of the city in point of wealth, membership and standing, and has a valuable library. Organized, 1865; membership, about 1,800; house, corner Madison avenue and 26th street. Southern Society — A social organization of natives and former resi- dents of the Southern states. Only those born in the South, direct descend- ants of Southerners and residents of the South for at least 20 years prior to 1884 are eligible to membership. Though formally termed a "Society," the organization is to all intents and purposes a club. Its house is the rallying place and headquarters for Southerners temporarily resident in this city. Organized, 1886; membership, about 1,400; house, Nos. 18-20 West 25th street. St. George's Club — A social club restricted to those of English birth or descent. Organized, 1891; membership, about 250; house, corner Lex- ington Avenue and 27th street. Literary and Artistic Clubs. Aldine Club — Essentially literary in character, only publishers, authors, printers, artists, sculptors, engravers, architects, musicians, or those in sym- pathy with these pursuits, being eligible to membership. The great ma- jority of members are publishers, authors or journalists. During the "club season" — from October 1 to May 1 — charming entertainments in line with the character of the club are frequently given. Organized, 1889; member- ship, 250; house, No. 20 Lafayette Place. Authors' Club — A club and not a club. Its objects are purely social, but only on the bi-monthly meeting nights are the club's rooms frequented. At other times they are practically deserted. Only "authors of published books proper to literature, or those holding recognized positions in distinc- CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 95 tively literary work," are eligible to membership. The lines are closely drawn, and the club is the most exclusive and most representative organiza- tion of the kind in America, numbering among its members nearly all the more prominent authors of the country. Organized, 1882; membership about 150; rooms, No. 19 West 24th street. Century Club — The recognized and oldest literary club of New York City. It had its origin in a sketching club of the olden time, and admits none but authors, artists, or men of acknowledged position in professions akin to these pursuits. Its membership includes most of the distinguished artists, authors and journalists, and many of the more eminent clergymen of the city and country. Its tone is exceedingly conservative and its standing in the club world of the very best. Monthly art exhibitions are given in the club gallery, during the season, and cards of invitation to these exhibitions are eagerly sought by New Yorkers of artistic inclinations. As a rule, only the artist-members of the club are permitted to contribute. Organized, 1847; membership, about 800; house, No. 7 West 43d street. Grolier Club — One of the most interesting literary clubs in the city. It is a club of book-makers, and includes among its members most of the better-known book connoisseurs and designers. Its unique exhibitions of rare volumes, quaint bindings, illustrated manuscripts, etc., are notable fixtures of the literary life of the city. Organized, 1884; membership, about 350; house, No. 29 East 32d street. Kit-Kat Club — Organized as a working club for artists, but has de- veloped into a semi-social club. There are two classes of membership — artists and lay members. Organized, 1881; membership, not stated; rooms, No. 61 Lexington avenue. Lotos Club — Originally organized as a journalistic club, soon devel- oped into a literary and artistic organization and now ranks as the lead- ing social-literary club of the city. It is less formal and more sprightly than the Century Club, and its "Saturday Nights," art exhibitions and re- ceptions to distinguished visiting litterateurs and artists have made it famous the world over. Organized, 1870; membership, about 650; house, No. 149 Fifth avenue (will remove to Nos. 556 and 558 Fifth avenue in November). Press Club — The distinctively journalistic social organization of New York City and the largest press club in the United States. Nominally so- cial in its purposes, it is really a benevolent organization and is incorpor- ated under the New York legislative act providing for charitable and be- nevolent institutions. Hundreds of unfortunate newspaper men and their families have received aid from the Press Club's charity fund, and two score journalists have been buried in the club's burial plot in Cypress Hills Ceme- tery. Organized, 1872; membership, 650; house, No. 120 Nassau street. 96 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Salmagundi Club — The only social club in the United States which absolutely restricts membership to artists of recognized ability and standing. Art exhibitions and social entertainments are frequently given in the club- house. Organized, 1871; membership, about 175; house, No. 40 West 226. street. Women's Press Club. — A social organization of women of literary bent. Organized, 180; membership, 150; rooms, 126 East 23d street. Political Clubs. City Club. — A politico-social organization formed for the purpose of purifying municipal politics, and, as far as possible, divorcing them from national politics. Many of the most prominent citizens of New York have enrolled their names on the club's membership list, and it is probable that the organization will eventually prove an influential and beneficent one. It is now looking for a suitable house, and will probably establish itself in a home during the present year. Organized 1892, membership about 600. Democratic Club — The junior Democratic social club of the city, rank- ing second to the Manhattan Club. It participates in politics to some ex- tent but is chiefly social in purpose and character. Organized, 1852; mem- bership, about 1,000; house, No. 617 Fifth avenue. Manhattan Club — The best-known social organization of members of the Democratic party in the United States. It is famed for its good cookery and its occupancy of the marble palace built and occupied by the late A. T. Stewart rather than for its active participation in politics. Membership is practically, though not constitutionally, restricted to Democrats, and nearly all the conspicuous New Yorkers of that political faith are members. Or- ganized, 1868; membership, about 1,900; house, No. 1 West 34th street. Reform Club — This club had its origin in the tariff-reform movement, and the great majority of its members are advocates of tariff-reform. Al- though the club ranks as a social organization, it has various committees constantly at work in the interest of tariff-reform. Organized, 1888; mem- bership, about 2,300; house, corner Fifth avenue and 27th street. Republican Club — The junior Republican social club of the city, so to speak, its aims being those of the older and wealthier Union League Club. It is essentially a social club but actively participates in politics. Organized, 1879; membership, about 800; house, No. 450 Fifth avenue. Union League Club — The wealthiest and most influential Republican social club in the United States. It was founded during the Civil War for the purpose of rendering moral support to the government in its prosecu- tion of the war, and crystallized into a social-political Republican club. The constitution provides that any loyal citizen of the United States shall be eligible to membership, but nine-tenths of the members are of the Republi- CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 97 can faith. During the season art exhibitions are given monthly in the club's handsome gallery. These exhibitions are events of recognized im- portance in the artistic life of the city. Organized, 1863; membership, about 1,700; house, corner of Fifth avenue and 39th street. DiniDg- Clubs. Commonwealth Club — A dining organization rather than a club, which gives monthly dinners and discusses political and economic questions after dinner. Organized, 1886; membership, about 400; secretary's office, No. 15 Wall street. Down Town Association — The oldest of the many so-called " dining " — in reality, lunching — clubs in the down-town business quarter. This club and its many counterparts were primarily designed as select luncheon places for men engaged in business in the vicinity, but eventually developed into clubs. They are most frequented at noon-time and are practically deserted after business hours, though dinner parties are occasionally given at them in the evening. Organized, i860; membership, about 1,100; house, No. 60 Pine street. Fulton Club — A luncheon club on the lines of the Down Town Asso- ciation. Organized, 1889; membership, about 250; rooms, Nos. 81-83 Fulton street. Importers' and Traders' Club — Substantially a down-town luncheon club, though nominally designed to promote united action on the part of business men and merchants in matters of common interest. Organized, 1891; membership, about 200; house, No. 13 Cedar street. Insurance Club — A luncheon club designed for men engaged in the in- surance business, but not restricted to that class. Organized, 1891; mem- bership, about 650; house, No. 52 Cedar street. Lawyers' Club — A superbly appointed luncheon club for lawyers and business and professional men doing business down town. Its rooms for the use of ladies introduced by members are the most sumptuous of their kind in the city. Organized, 1887; membership, about 1,200; rooms Equitable Building, No. 120 Broadway. Merchants' Central Club — A luncheon club, principally supported by merchants doing business in the vicinity of Grand street. Organized, 1888; membership, about 200; house, Nos. 68 and 70 Grand street. Quill Club — The successor of the now extinct Religious Press Club. Membership is practically restricted to workers on the religious press, and clergymen. Organized, 1890; membership, about 200; meeting place, No. 22 West 23d street Thirteen Club — A dining organization formed for the purpose of ridi- culing and dissipating the time-honored superstition that the number thir- as THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. teen is significant of misfortune and that the presence of thirteen people at table portends the death of one of them within a year. It was founded on the 13th of the month and holds its meetings on the 13th, just 13 people are seated at each table at its dinners, 13 courses are always served, and in various other ways the number 13 is constantly brought into play in all the club's transactions. The club's carefully compiled statistics show that its death rate is below, rather than above, the average, notwithstanding its disregard of the " thirteen superstition." It was the pioneer organization of the kind, but many similer clubs have grown out of it. Organized, 1882; membership, about 1500; scribe's office, No. 128 Broadway. Twilight Club — An unorganized dining coterie which holds bi-weekly dinners during the winter season and discusses civic, religious, scientific and miscellaneous topics. Founded, 1883; membership, about 700. Miscellaneous Clubs. American Jersey Cattle Club — This organization probably includes among its members more millionaires than any similar organization in the world. Its special aim is the improvement of the breed of Jersey cattle in the United States, and most, if not all, of the millionaire "fancy stock" breeders are members. Organized, 1868; membership, 450; office, No. 1 Broadway. American Kennel Club — Practically the central organization of clubs organized for the purpose of holding bench shows and field trials. The objects of the club are the promotion of uniformity in bench shows and field trials, and the publication of an official stud book and kennel gazette. Organized, 1884; membership 54 clubs, about 400 persons; secretary's office, No. 44 Broadway. Building Trades Club — Designed to promote social intercourse and uniformity of action on business lines among employers in the line of erect- ing and furnishing buildings. Organized, 1889; membership, 300; house, No. 117 East 23d street. Central Turn Verein — A German organization for the promotion of physical culture. Organized, 1886; membership, 1,000; house, Nos. 205-217 East 67th street. Manuscript Club — An organization formed with a view to the advance- ment of musical composition and the development of intelligent musical criticism. It is a club in name only. Mendelssohn Glee Club — A musical and social organization of high standing. Its concerts are notable musical events. The club will soon move into a superb building in West 40th street, near Broadway, now in course of erection, and it is likely that its social side will then be more pro- nounced than at present. Organized, 1866; membership, about 250; rooms, No. 108 West 55th street. CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 99 Nineteenth Century Club — A coterie of essentially refined and in- tellectual people, at whose occasional meetings addresses on serious, lit- erary, social and religious problems are delivered by authorities on the subjects under discussion. Patria Club — An organization of public-spirited men and women de- signed to inculcate patriotism and promote the discussion of questions re- lating to the duties of citizenship. Organized, 1891; membership, about 300; place of meeting, Sherry's, Fifth avenue and 37th street. Sorosis — An association of women of literary, scientific, and philosoph- ical bent, which holds stated meetings at Delmonico's with a view to social enjoyment and discussion of matters and questions relating to womankind. It is probably the oldest and best known women's club in America, and many similar clubs have been founded on its lines. Organized, 1868; mem- bership, about 175; meeting place, No. 212 Fifth avenue. Associations. American Bible Society. — The sole aim of this well-known organiza- tion is the circulation of the Bible without note or comment. It has more than 1,000 auxiliary branches, and issued during the year covered by its re- port for 1892 no less than 1,298,196 copies of the Bible, printed in various languages. The society has invested funds amounting to nearly $400,000 and owns the building occupying the block bounded by Third and Fourth avenues, Astor Place and East Ninth street, known as the Bible House, where its headquarters are. It publishes most of the Bibles which it circu- lates and supplies them at cost price to members for distribution. Organ- ized, 1816. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. — One of the four kindred organizations generally known as "the Humane Socie- ties." It aims at enforcing the laws prohibiting cruelty to animals, and its agents, who are constantly on the lookout for violations of these laws, have legal power to make arrests and can demand the assistance of the police if necessary. It has prosecuted more than 15,000 cases since its organization in 1866, and now has branches all over the American continent. Under the presidency of the late Henry Bergh, who devoted the later years of his life to incessant work in its behalf, the society attained wide-spread fame. Office, Fourth avenue and Twenty-second street. Bar Association of the City of New York. — An organization which, so far as the profession of law is concerned, fills substantially the same field as that occupied in the medical world by the County Medical Society. It was founded to "maintain the honor and dignity of the profession of law, cultivate social relations among its members, and increase its useful- ness in promoting the due administration of justice." The association owns 100 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. and occupies a large house at No. 7 "West Twenty-ninth street, and has a library of about 23,000 law books, which may be consulted by members or judges of the courts between 8 A. M. and 12 P. M. Nearly all the more prominent lawyers of New York City are members. Organized, 1S70. City Mission and Tract Society. — A central religious organization which has charge of three English churches, two German churches, one Italian church and one Hebrew congregation, and besides, employs about 50 women who do missionary work among the people of their respective districts. Gaelic Society. — An organization whose purposes are: "the study and cultivation of the Irish language, music, literature, history, archaeology customs and folk-lore of Ireland and the furtherance of the interests of the Gael." The society has several sections known as the Language, Historical, Art, Music and Athletic sections. The Athletic Section aims at keeping alive Celtic sports and games, and has a club house at Tailtin, Woodside, Long Island. Under the direction of the Music Section a distinctively Irish musical festival known as the " Feis Ceoil Agus Seanachus " is annually given. The society was organized in 1878, has 150 members and has quarters at No. 17 West 28th street. Holland Society. — A social organization of those who can trace their genealogy back through the male line to emigrants from Holland residing on Manhattan Island prior to 1675. One of the society's objects is the col- lection and preservation of information regarding the early Dutch Colonies and colonists, and it has erected bronze tablets in various parts of the city in commemoration of historic events. Its sole other function is the dis- cussion of a big annual dinner. Labor Organizations. — There is an almost infinite variety of organiza- tions of workingmen in this city, but they may all practically be classified under four heads, as follows : the American Federation of Labor, the Knights of Labor, the Central Labor Federation, and Trades' Unions. The component parts of the American Federation of Labor are known as Trades Unions, the workmen in any organized trade being en- rolled in a single union, or perhaps in two or three unions, if the number of workers is sufficiently large. The members of the Knights of Labor on the other hand are enrolled in local assemblies. From seven to fifty local assemblies are united in a single district assembly and the district assemblies are in turn welded into the national body known as the general assembly. There are a few trades unions not amalgamated with either the Knights of Labor or the American Federation of Labor, which are technically known as "Open Trades' Unions." The largest and most influential peculiarly local labor organization is the Central Labor Union, in which delegates from the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor and some of CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 101 the "Open Trades' Unions" meet on common ground. This central organ- ization, said to represent 50,000 workers, was founded in 1882, and suc- ceeded the old and impotent trade assembly. It speedily became power- ful and has practically directed the course of labor agitation and organiza- tion in New York City since its formation. Through its instrumentality bills modifying the Conspiracy Law and the Contract Prison Labor Law were enacted by the State Legislature and solely through its efforts the first Monday in September, now known as Labor Day, was made a legal holiday, in 18S5. Since the enactment of this law, the day has invariably been celebrated by a parade of organized workingmen. Early in its history the Central Labor Union began to dabble in politics. It unsuccessfully ran candidates for Congress and Assembly in con- nection with the Greenbackers and Socialists in 1882, to a man supported Henry George for Mayor in 1886, and has since taken a turn at politics when opportunity offered. In 1889 the Socialistic delegates to the Central Labor Union, for the most part representing German Trades' Unions, made serious charges against certain representatives of American unions, a row followed, and the Socialistic delegates withdrew and organized the Central Labor Federation. The new body dissolved a year later, and its members re- turned to the Central Labor Union only to get into fresh trouble. Once more they withdrew and revived the Central Labor Federation, which still exists, and is said to represent more than 20,000 workingmen. The functions and methods of both bodies are substantially alike. They meet weekly on Sunday, discuss any pending labor troubles, adopt resolutions condemning this or recommending that, and, in rare cases, order boycots. The Central Labor Union meets in Clarendon Hall in East Thirteenth street, near Fourth avenue; the Central Labor Federation at No. 385 Bowery. Aside from these two central bodies there is the Board of Walk- ing Delegates which consists of one representative of each of the Building Trades Unions which are parties to the agreement. These "walking delegates" are paid salaries by their respective unions, and devote their en- tire time to inspecting buildings in course of erection and ascertaining whether or no any boycotted materials are employed or whether the workers whom they represent have any other "just" grievance, as they regard it. Each delegate can "order" the members of his union to strike if he sees fit, and if he can persuade the delegates representing the other workmen employed on the building to co-operate with him, he can absolutely put a stop to all work on the building. With the exception of railroad employes, who are organized in distinct unions or "brotherhoods" of their own, the three above-named central bodies include practically all the organized workingmen of New York City. There is of course a difference of opinion as to the results which have attended the organization of these labor bodies, 102 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. but no unprejudiced observer can doubt that the welding together of in- dividually powerless workers into compact and powerful organizations, has tended to raise wages and better the condition of the working classes. New England Society. — A social organization of former residents of che New England states and descendants of New Englanders. It dates back to May 6, 1805, when it was founded with a view to keeping alive the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, to render assistance to members, when re- quired, and to promote social intercourse. Its sole function at present is the giving of an elaborate dinner annually on Pilgrims' Day (December 22), but the erection of a permanent home for the society has long been talked of, and the project will probably materialize at no distant day. It has about 1,300 members. New York Bible Society. — An auxiliary branch of the American Bible Society, which supervises the work of circulating the Bible in this city and manages the work of raising funds in New York for the assistance of the parent society. Organized, 1823. New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. — Another of the quartet of "humane societies" and perhaps the most im- portant and useful of the four. It was the pioneer in its peculiar field, and in its seventeen years of existence it has done a world of good. The soci- ety's agents, who are practically special detectives, make it their business to hunt out cases of cruelty to children as well as to investigate cases placed m their hands, and have secured the conviction of more than 15,000 offend- ers. Not only does the society prevent direct cruelty to children but it also steps into the houses of the wretched and criminal classes when cir- cumstances seem to call for its interference, rescues the children, and places them in private homes or in protecting asylums. Elbridge T. Gerry, the many-times millionaire, is president of the society, and in consequence of his never-ceasing activity in its behalf, it is generally known locally as "Mr. Gerry's Society." Its office is at No. 106 East Twenty-third street. New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. — This organization aims at restricting and, as far as possible, preventing the circulation of im- moral literature, the unlawful use of the mails for swindling purposes, and the maintenance of gambling houses. Its agent, Anthony Comstock, is widely known through his work on behalf of the Society. The Society's office is in the New York Times Building, No. 41 Park Row. Oratorio Society. — This Society was organized in 1873, through the instrumentality of the late Dr. Damrosch, the eminent conductor, to en- courage the cultivation of classical music by public concerts and rehearsals of operatic works. A series of concerts is given each year, famous vocalists and instrumental performers invariably taking part. Walter Damrosch is the conductor of the Society at present. Headquarters, No. 30 East 14th street. CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 103 Philharmonic Society. — One of the oldest and probably the most im- portant musical organization in the city. The object of the Society is the cultivation of instrumental music, and its ioo active members are all professional musicians. The Society gives a series of six concerts on Saturday evenings each year, and a series of six public rehearsals on the preceding Friday afternoons. On these occasions Mr. Anton Seidl conducts the orchestra, and the most eminent vocal and instru- mental artists participate. The concerts and rehearsals are eminently society events, and the world of wealth and fashion is always fully repre- sented at them. Organized 1842; headquarters, No. 923 Park avenue. Secret and Benefit Organizations. — All the more important national secret societies, fraternities and mutual benefit organizations are repre- sented by chapters, lodges or councils, and most of them have headquarters or offices in this city. The headquarters of the principal orders are given below: American Legion of Honor, 268 W. 34th St. Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, 115 W. 23d St. B'nai Brith, 908 3d Ave. Court Lafayette of Ancient Foresters, 193 Bowery. Free and Accepted Masons, Masonic Temple, corner 6th Ave and W. 23d St. Grand Army of the Republic, City Hall. Good Templars, 167 Chambers St. Knights of Honor, 38 Park Row. Knights of Pythias, 254 Broadway. Loyal Legion of the United States, 214 5th Ave. Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 853 Broadway. Sons of Liberty, 66 Essex St. Turn Verein, 66 E. 4th St. United Americans, Order of, 20 2d Ave. Society of American Artists — An organization of artists founded in 1877 by some of the younger members of the National Academy of Design. It gives an annual exhibition in the spring in the Fifth Avenue Art Galleries. Society for the Prevention of Crime. — This, the fourth of the "humane societies," is substantially like the New York Society for the Sup- pression of Vice, in its general scope and character. The Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurstis its president, and in that capacity he made the investiga- tions which resulted in his famous denunciation of the city government of New York last spring. Office, No. 913 Broadway. Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen. — A venerable institution dating back to 1785. It maintains a free circulating library, known as the Appren- 104 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. tices' Library, which is patronized by all sorts and conditions of people, and an evening school for the instruction of young men and women wishing to learn typewriting, stenography, mechanical or free hand drawing, has endowed twelve scholarships in the New York Trade Schools and has other benevolent and philanthropic features. It owns considerable valuable real estate in New York City, including the building at No. 18 East 16th street. Symphony Society. — The aims of this organization, widely known on both sides of the water, are substantially those of the Oratorio Society, except that the Symphony Society makes a specialty of symphonic com- positions at its public rehearsals and concerts. Like the Oratorio Society, its musical and social standing is of the best, and its concerts are red-letter events in the musical calendar. Dr. Damrosch was its conductor up to the time of his death, and his son, Walter Damrosch, has now succeeded him. Organized 1878. Other important musical organizations besides those above mentioned are the Banks Glee Club, the Beethoven Maennerchor, the Church Choral Society, the Musurgia, the New York Chorus Society, the New York Vocal Union, the Rubenstein Club and the Wagner Society. Typothet.-e, The. — An organization of master printers who collectively employ nearly 10,000 men. Its objects are social intercourse, mutual pro- tection and assistance and the advancement of the interests of the printing trade. The organization has a valuable library of works dealing with ty- pography and many portraits of American printers. Its annual banquet on January 17, on the anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, is one of the events of the dinner season. Organized 1863 and reorganized 1883; rooms, No. 19 Park Place. Young Men's Christian Association. — This most important of all un- denominational religious organizations in New York City has 13 places of resort for young men in New York City, and its various branches, all told, number 8,000 members. During the past year the attendance at the various branches aggregated about 1,250,000. Nearly 2,000 young men attended the 58 classes in the various evening schools; 2,808 secured positions through the Y. M. C. A.'s employment bureau, and the organization's athletic grounds, gymnasia and reading rooms furnished healthful exercise and recreation to thousands of men and boys. The religious features of the or- ganization and its library are described elsewhere in the chapters on Reli- gious Organizations and Libraries respectively. Organized 1852. Young Women's Christian Association. — Its aims and efforts are sub- stantially those of the Young Men's Christian Association with the modifi- cations necessary to adapt them to the needs of young women. The association particularly provides for young women dependent upon their CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 105 own exertions for support, and offers them the advantages of free instruc- tion in typewriting, stenography, book-keeping, sewing, music, drawing, photography, etc. ; maintains an employment bureau, and directs them to safe and economical boarding houses. It also maintains a free reading room, has a circulating library of about 17,000 volumes, and provides exer- cise and recreation in the way of instruction in physical culture and read- ings, concerts and other entertainments. Across the street from the association's house at No. 7 East Fifteenth street, is a handsome building erected for it, and donated to it by Mrs. Elliott F. Shepard, which is known as the Margaret Louisa Home. Here young women can obtain board and lodging at low rates while looking for permanent boarding places. During the year 2,613 women were admitted. Organized 1870. Learned and Scientific Societies, American Geographical Society. — An organization designed to pro- mote explorations and advance the knowledge of the world's topography. It has 1,500 members, owns the building at No. 11 West Twenty-ninth street, which it occupies, and has a library of 14,000 volumes and a fine collection of 8,000 maps and charts. It is known in scientific circles the world around. Organized, 1852. American Institute. — A society founded in 1828 for the encourage- ment and promotion of domestic industry in the United States. There are three sections, namely : the Farmers' Club, the Polytechnic Association and the Photographical Section, which hold weekly, or monthly, meet- ings for the discussion of topics relating to their several spheres of work. These meetings are public. The feature of the Institute with which the general public is most familiar is its annual fair held in the Fall at the Institute Building at Third avenue and Sixty-third street. This fair, which exhibits an almost infinite variety of agricultural products, new mechanical devices, and the like, has became a recognized fea- ture of the Fall season, and, continuing as it does for several weeks, attracts great crowds. The prizes and medals awarded are highly prized. The Institute has a fine special library of about 14,000 volumes at its headquarters, No. 115 West 38th street. Its members number about 2,000. American Microscopical Society. — An organization founded in 1865 for the study and preservation of the interests of microscopy, histology, optics, etc. Bi-weekly meetings are held at No. 12 East 22d street. Archaeological Institute, — An organization designed to promote archealogical investigation and research. It holds stated meetings at Columbia College, and among its 256 members numbers many distinguished scientists. 106 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Aryan Theosophical Society. — Belongs to the American Section of the Theosophical Society whose objects are stated in this wise: — "to form the nucleus of a universal brotherhood of humanity without distinction of sex, race, creed, caste or color; to promote the study of Aryan and other East- ern literatures, sciences and religions; to investigate unexplained laws of Nature and the physical powers latent in man." Meetings are held weekly. Organized, 1883. Homoeopathic Medical Society of the County of New York. — An association of homcepathic physicians which meets at No. 201 East Twenty- third street. Mathematical Society. — The name of this organization clearly indi- cates its aims and functions. Its meetings are held at Columbia College. Medical Journal Association. — Its function is to collate and keep on file current medical publications and periodicals for the use of its members. It has rooms at No. 12 West 31st street. Medico-Legal Society. — Designed to promote the study of medical jurisprudence. Physicians, lawyers, chemists, scientists and men of literary bent are eligible. Meetings are held at No. 64 Madison avenue. Organized, 1866. New York Academy of Medicine. — The most important and influen- tial of the medical societies and organizations of New York City. All its' members are either physicians or students of medicine of this city or state, and each applicant's character and standing are carefully investigated prior to his election. The objects of the Academy, briefly summarized, are the development of the science of medicine, the elevation of the standing of the profession, the improvement of the standard of medical education, and the promotion of the public health. There are various sections for the study and discussion of the several branches of the healing art. The Acad- emy occupies a fine new building at No. 17 West Forty- third street, recently erected by it, and has a library of 20,000 volumes, which is open to the pub- lic as well as to physicians. It was organized in 1847. New York Academy of Science. — Probably the best known scientific society on this side of the water. At its meetings and in its periodical pub- lications all branches of scientific study and investigation are discussed, and many of the most famous scientists and investigators in the country are included among its members. Weekly meetings are held at Columbia College from October 1 to May 1, and two publications, "The Annals" and " The Transactions," are issued by the Academy. These publications are sent to all members, and circulated throughout the world in scientific circles. The publications of most of the learned foreign societies are received in exchange, and the club's library and collection of papers and treatises on scientific subjects arc extraordinarily valuable. The Academy's CLUBS AND SOCIETIES. 107 meetings are open to the public, and cards of admission for its courses of popular lectures may be obtained from any member. Both ladies and gentlemen are eligible to membership. Aside from the active members there are 50 distinguished honorary members. In point of age the Academy is outranked by only three scientific societies in America, dating back, as it does, to 1817. New York County Medical Society. — An organization whose aims are substantially those of the Academy of Medicine. The Governor of New York State and the Mayor of New York City are honorary members ex-officio, and the society has power to grant licenses to such applicants as give evidence of having " studied physic and surgery for the time and in the manner prescribed by the laws of the state." The society was organ- ized in i860. It holds its meetings in the Academy of Medicine building, No. 17 West Forty-third street. New York Derm ato logical Society. — An association of physicians designed to further investigation of diseases of the skin. It was organized in 1869. New York Historical Society. — Probably the oldest organization k America designed to collect and preserve records and data relative to the early history of America. It was founded in 1804 and has gradually devel- oped into the most important organization of the kind in the United States. The society has always paid particular attention to the accumulation of data regarding the history of New York State but has by no means confined its investigations to that field. Its library of nearly 75,000 volumes dealing with American history, its hundreds of rare pamphlets and its old news- paper files dating back to 1804 are well-nigh invaluable. Besides these pos- sessions the society has a valuable collection of Egyptian antiquities, and an even more valuable collection of manuscripts on America. At its month- ly meetings papers on historical topics are read and discussions are held. The society now owns and occupies a large fire-proof structure at No. 170 Second avenue but has recently purchased a site for a new building at Eighth avenue and 76th street, and proposes there to erect a million-dollar structure. New York Laryngological Society.— A similar association for the study of affections of the larynx and adjacent organs. It was organized in 1873, and meets in the Academy of Medicine building. New York Medical and Surgical Society. — An organization of phy- sicians and surgeons whose objects are social intercourse and the discus- sion of professional questions. Meetings are held at members' houses. The society was organized in 1834. New York Medico-Historical Society. — Its aims are the discovery and preservation of data relative to the medical history of New York and vicinity. Organized, 1864. 108 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. New York Neurological Society. — Designed to further the study of nervous diseases. It holds its meetings in the Academy of Medicine build- ing. Organized, 1872. New York Obstetrical Society. — Designed to promote the develop- ment of the obstetrical branch of medical work. Meetings are held at members' houses. Organized, 1863. New York Ophthalmological Society. — Designed to promote the study of treatment for the eye and ear. Meetings are held at members' houses. Organized, 1864. New York Pathological Society. — Designed to promote the study of pathology. Meetings are held at members' houses. Organized, 1844. New York Physicians' Mutual Aid Association. — Its name clearly summarizes its objects. Any practicing physician of New York, Kings, Queens, Richmond or "Westchester Counties, in good health and under thirty years of age is eligible. In case of a member's death, a certain sum is paid to his widow, children or other relatives. Organized, 1868. Scientific Meeting of German Physicians. — Its objects are the demon- stration of pathological specimens and pathological discussion. Meetings are held at No. no West 34th street. Organized, 1857. Society of Psychical Research. — An organization which aims at care- ful and thorough investigation of hypnotism, mesmerism and other psychic phenomena. Its meetings are held in the Columbia Law School Building. Organized, 1882. Tj-IE fINE/tRTS. New York's Wealth of Paintings and Statues — The Art Centre of the Country — Applied Arts. In the Fine Arts this city has led the colonies of North America and the United States since the land was settled, save for the period during and after the Revolution when Philadelphia disputed with her the palm. New York has always been too mixed in population and too large to permit religious zealots to interfere with the practice of the arts and frown down their employment in public and private; the city has also been, save in the Revolution, a mart where fortunes were made; here wealth has existed in measure greater than elsewhere. This combination of circumstances has always favored the arts. The record of New York's past in art is meagre; some fragments may be gathered in the collections of the Historical Society, Lenox Library and Metropolitan Museum where one comes upon paintings by Copley, Col. John Trumbull, Charles Wilson and James Peale, Benjamin West, Gilbert Stuart, Washington Allston, John Vanderlyn, Thomas Cole, Sully, Henry Inman, A. B. Durand, Mount, John Wesley Jarves and others belonging to the end of the last and beginning of the present century. But until the middle of this century little was done in sculpture, while other branches of the arts had to depend upon Europe, with the exception of wrought-iron work, which had various obscure but efficient practitioners. It is, however, only in the last quarter of the century that the fine arts have flourished greatly in New York; Art Organizations That Exhibit. — The city has become next to Paris and Munich a centre for artists, architects and students of art. The Academy of Design instituted in 1828 in the place of an earlier establish- ment that encouraged art but was not distinctly confined to fine art alone, ranks second in age in the long list of art institutions now to be found in the Union, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts at Philadelphia being somewhat older. It was unique in being the creation of the artists, not established by a national or municipal government or by a syndicate of art patrons. It forms in fact an art club which owns its Venetian palace at 110 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Fourth avenue and 23d street, manages its own exhibitions, elects its own officers and determines the number and kind of its members. It holds two exhibitions yearly, one in spring which is "the" Academy exhibition of the year, when the older men are expected to show work in painting or sculp- ture, and another in autumn where beginners are more numerous. Ex- hibitions generally consist of work in the rate of one-third from members, two-thirds from outsiders. There are two ranks in the Academy, that of Academician and that of Associate. Academicians number 100 or there- abouts ; the Associates are about 50 in number and form the probationary class whence Academicians are chosen. For 1892 the chief officers are: President, Thomas W. Wood. Vice President, Frank D. Millett, Secretary, J. Addison Richards. The Academy has had for many years a school for students in oils, water-colors and sculpture which although unfortunately placed owing to the lack of the most suitable accommodations has of late increased greatly in efficiency and can boast of many famous graduates. Students wishing to enter the classes should apply for circulars to the Sec- retary or to W. Farrington the superintendent of the Academy. Yearly prizes in money, and medals, silver and bronze, are decreed to pupils. The Spring Exhibition offers five prizes for pictures painted by Americans, the Thomas B. Clarke prize of $300, for figure work, the Julius Hallgarten of $300, $200 and $100, for pictures in oil-colors, kind not specified, and the Norman W. Dodge prize of $300, for a picture, kind not specified, reserved to women. The Society of American Artists, founded in 1871 by a younger gener- ation than the majority which ruled the Academy of Design, has a pretty little home in West Fifty-seventh street. For ten or twelve years it strug- gled with adverse fortune, steadily representing ideals in art to which the general run of art patrons were not educated; but now it is an equal of the Academy in all respects. Its annual exhibition in May is the occasion of more excitement among connoisseurs of painting than any other show during the year. Broadly speaking, the Society represents ideals proper to France, whilst the Academy retains traditions of British art. The latter is in some respects modeled on the Royal Academy of London, whilst the Society has some characteristics of the Salon. But the closest connection exists between the Society and the New Salon of Paris, a recent creation, and it may be fairly the boast of the New York organization that it showed the New Salon of Paris the way of detaching itself from the Old. The So- ciety does not limit itself to a hundred members and has no Associates. It has a very large committee to select exhibits. For 1S92 the President is Wm. M. Chase; Vice-President, II. Bolton Jones, and Secretary, Wm. A Coffin. It offers one prize, an annual $300 from Dr. W. Seward Webb foi the best landscape by an American under 40, and has an arrangemer THE FINE ARTS. Ill with Samuel T. Shaw to purchase each year for $1,000 a figure painting in oils from the exhibition, said painting to be the property of Mr. Shaw. This gentleman thus obtains expert opinion for his annual purchase and sets a good fashion to other collectors of native work. Neither Academy nor Society gives special attention to sculpture, be- cause their halls of exhibit are not well fitted for large and weighty objects. Sculpture is, however, by no means absent; each organ- ization has a minority of sculptor members. The popular sculptor J. Q. A. Ward is prominent and active in the Academy; the sculptor J. T. Hartley, scarcely less so. In the Society the sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens takes an active part with Olin L. Warner; but this does not prevent him, nor the President of the Society, nor other members of the younger organization, from being Academicians. A certain proportion belong to both artistic camps in token of the fact that while there is rivalry there is no ill-will. The Architectural League gives an annual show in December, which is very popular, embracing as it does many objects of art not strictly oil or water-color painting or sculpture. The League was organized in 1881 and has a large membership. Its home is the Fine Arts Building in West Fifty- seventh street, where the Society of American Artists holds forth. For 1891-1892 the President is Russell Sturgis, the lecturer on architecture; Vice-President, W. A. Coffin, and Secretary, Edward T. Hapgood. For further items concerning the architects of New York reference should be made to the chapter on Architecture. The American Water Color Society vies with the Academy and Society of American Artists for popular favor, and often seems to make the leading exhibition of the year. That exhibition comes in February, and hither- to it has been given in the Academy of Design in East Twenty-third street. Founded in 1867, the Water Color Society has enjoyed an almost uninter- rupted quarter-century of success. It is administered by a Board of Con- trol, the President of which for 1892 is J. G. Brown, the popular painter of genre pictures, bootblacks, old wrinkled women and the like; the Sec- retary being C. Harry Eaton. The Society has 76 resident and 38 non- resident members. Much taste is shown in decorating the galleries of the Academy and the catalogues of the exhibition; this, together with the bright colors and joyous subjects commonly found in aquarelles, accounts in part for the favor the public always bestows on the Society. The gal- leries are thronged, and the pictures sell rapidly. In truth the skill of the water colorists in New York is remarkable. They outstrip those of London, except in quantity of work, and vie with the Parisian artists in quality. Along with the February water colors appear the etchings shown by the New York Etching Club, a compact little organization of 30 resident and half that number of non-resident artists. Although etching as a com- 112 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. mercial art staple, if that term will pass, has received a rude shock from the photo-engraving process for the making of prints, there are enough art- ists to keep the club together who love the delicate processes of acid and dry point for the freedom and picturesque results they afford the etcher. Etchings that express directly the impression the etcher gets from a land- scape, a figure, or a bit of "still-life" preponderate in the gallery set apart for the club; copies of paintings in black and white are in a min- ority. This art is of great use to painters in oils and water colors by giving them another aspect of their own picture; especially are the water-colorists fond of etching a companion plate to their aquarelles. Like the Etching Club in its small size and precarious existence is the Society of Painters in Pastel, which manages in most years to hold an exhibition in the gallery belonging to some dealer in art works. W. M. Chase is one of the leaders in this charming band, together with Carroll Beckwith, Robert Blum and Childe Hassam. Similar in its struggling state is the New York Water Color Club, an organization which held its first exhibition in 1890, with Childe Hassam as President, Rhoda Holmes Nicholls, Vice President, and Henry B. Snell, Secretary. # For the Sale of Women's Work. The Society of Decorative Art, at No. 28 East 21st street, is less an exhibiting organization than one to fit young women for their life work in some branch of art. The studios are at Nos. 37 and 39 West 22d street. It was founded in 1877 by a number of public-spirited ladies, who appoint officers and engage saleswomen to conduct the studios and sell their pro- ceeds to the best advantage. The Society of Decorative Art has a list of 4,000 contributors, and exacts ten per centum on sales. The President is Mrs. Catharine C. Hunt and Secretary, Miss C. A. Stevenson. The Exchange for Woman's Work is another successful organization at 329 Fifth avenue, near 34th street. Ten per centum is exacted on sales. It has done good work in affording gentlewomen of reduced means a chance to sell articles of an artistic sort, useful or ornamental. The Harlem Exchange for Women's Work is at No. 40 West 125th street. Many young women enter the ranks of art, and some possess far more than ordinary talents; their work may be seen at all current exhibitions. Women are also eligible but rarely elected to the Academy and Society; they have started two special organizations for themselves, which so far have not been able to fix themselves solidly, but exhibit from time to time in different places. Effect of Clubs on Art. The clubs of New York have exercised no little power for the encourage- ment of an intelligent consideration of paintings. Especially has the Union AS THIS IN ITSELF GUARANTEES THE QUALITY. BE SURE THE PREFIX 134-7 IS STAMPED ON EVERY ARTICLE. THESE GOODS HAVE STOOD THE TEST FOR NEARLY •HHLF -PL CENTURY* MANUFACTURED ONLY BY THE Meriden Britannia Co. Gold and Silver Plate. TRADE MARK. New York, 46 E. 14TH ST., UNION SQ Hamilton, ONTARIO. MERIDEN, Chicago, Conn, 14.7 STATE STREET. San Francisco, 134 SUTTER STREET. Tea, Coffee and Water Sets, Toilet Articles, Mirrors, Fruit and Bonbon Dishes, Brushes, Combs, Epergnes, Candelabra, Trinket Trays, Cake Baskets, Baking Dishes. Manicure Sets, Etc TRAYERS BROTHERS CO. MANUFACTURERS OF Pure Manilla, Sisal and Jute Rope Clothes Lines. STEAM PACKING AND BINDER TWINE. mm biiiibimI TRAVERS BROS. CO/S FACTORIES, 526,523, 530, 532, 534, 536, 556 & 558 W. 52nd St. & 531 W. 51st Street, MEXICAN HAMMOCKS, SASH CORDS, SEINE AND ALL OTHER TWINES. Peerless, Liberty, Empire, Oriental Colored Sea Island Twines. JUTE, FLAX AND HEMP YARNS. Office, 107 Duane and 16 Thomas St. THE LARGEST ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KIND IN THE UNITED STATES. THE FINE ARTS. U3 League Club done much by loan exhibitions to call the attention of business men to the merits of American painting, and the New York Athletic Club has followed suit, practically confining its exhibits to work by Americans. The Century Club, the Players, Aldine and Grolier Clubs have from their start- ing point done much in this direction; but this phenomenon is more noteworthy in clubs frequented by business men and the younger sets devoted to athletics. The Manhattan Athletic, Fencers and Authors Clubs have also begun to devote some attention to the fine arts. The only club equipped exclusively by artists is the Salmagundi in West 226. street, which holds a number of small exhibitions during the year, unless the Kit Kat, a sketch club with rooms at No. 23 East 14th street, be reckoned as a second. The magazines have also done much for art in black and white, especially those managed by Harpers & Brothers, D. Appleton & Co., and the Century Company. The last led the way for a revival of engraving on wood, and was supported valiantly by the Harpers and at a later date by the Scribners. Engraving on wood, with headquarters in New York, is one of the chief glories of America in the arts. The engravers have an organization and their exhibits in European capitals have earned medals and much praise. Elbridge Kingsley engraves on the wood block directly from nature; Timothy Cole, Slosson, F. French, Kruell and others are artists in trans- lating oils and water colors into print. Artistic printing is a specialty with the De Vinne Press on Lafayette Place; excellent work being also turned out by Gilliss Brothers and other high art printers. An organization neces- sarily of a guild kind and without exhibits is the newly formed Society of Scenic Painters. The Art Guild, a combination of artists to protect their interests when pictures are lent to distant cities, has failed to succeed and is now merely kept alive. Public Paintings. New York has a wealth of public paintings unsuspected by the average citizen, but welcome to the art-loving visitor. The City Hall contains a number of fine old portraits of mayors and public men and the Chamber of Commerce, in the Produce Exchange, on Bowling Green has a series of likenesses of merchants a little more modern. The Bible House on Fourth avenue at Clinton Place has several curious and interesting sets of portraits, and the Astor Library has busts, portraits and a number of French paintings. But it is not till one reaches Eleventh street and Second avenue that a very notable and varied collection is found. This is in the New York Historical; it can be seen from 10 A. M. to 4 P. M. on week days by card of the Sec- retary or a member. The Society has life members who have paid $100 and annual members who pay $10 yearly. The President is John A. King and Secretary, Andrew Warner. The collection of old masters of 114 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and France, is small but contains not a few pieces of the best sort, together with many curious panels and canvases. The nucleus comes from the private collection of the late Thomas J. Bryan, augmented by smaller gifts from members and a selec- tion from the old pictures left by the late Mr. Durr of New York. Rubens, Rembrandt, Fyt, F. Bol, Velasquez, Uccello, Botticelli, Mantegna, Poussin, Chardin, Watteau and Greuze are represented by small works, some of which are of great beauty and value. Sculpture is not unknown to the Historical. There are idols in stone from Central America and several ideal figures by Americans of the last generation, such as Henry K. Brown — "Ruth" and "Boy and Dog," and Thomas Crawford — "The Indian," etc. Here is the statue of William Pitt by Joseph Wilton, erected in 1770 at the intersection of William and Wall streets, but mutilated during the Rev- olution, together with many busts of distinguished New York men. An- tique sculpture is further represented by a very valuable series of ten slabs from Nineveh carved in low relief, the gift of James Lenox, and by pieces in the Abbott collection of Egyptian antiquities, a small but exceedingly choice gathering made in the early part of the century by Dr. Abbott of Cairo and bought for the society in i860 by citizens. The New York His- torical Society has a fine site for a new building worthy of its collections of books, antiques and old and modern pictures, in Central Park avenue. Should public-spirited citizens see to the completion of its building fund, it will take a useful position in the zone of Central Park along with the Lenox Library and the museums of Fine Arts and Natural History. The Metropolitan Museum of the Fine Arts is naturally the place an art-loving visitor of New York would be sure to seek. Founded in 1869, the long, low facade of its present abode, inaugurated in 1S80, rises above the trees near Fifth avenue and Eighty-first street, and can be reached by the east side elevated trains, by the Madison avenue surface cars or by vehicles hired at the southern gates of Central Park. Mention has been made of the Catherine L. Wolfe bequest of modern paintings, chiefly French, of the very remarkable Willard collection of architectural casts and the small but superb room of paintings by old Netherlandish and British masters given by Henry G. Marquand. Add to these the casts of ancient sculptures; the modern and ancient sculptures; the Cypriote relics bought of Colonel L. P. di Cesnola; the loan collection of American antiquities, from the rudest stone with eyes inserted to represent a spirit, to elaborate but grotesque works in pottery to stand for a local god; the superb collection of Geo. L. Baker consisting of mummies, mummy-cases, scarabs and other Egyptian trophies of the tomb; the small alcove of old wrought-iron work from Europe; the Blodgett collection of old French, Flemish and Dutch masters; the collections of musical instruments made by J. W. Drexcl and THE FINE ARTS. 115 Mrs. J. Crosby Brown; the Avery collection of Oriental ceramics; the Ward collection of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities on loan; the beautiful series of cameos and rings wrought in intaglio ; the gold ornaments; the Lazarus collection of miniatures; the Somerville collection of engraved gems on loan, and some idea may be had of the variety of exhibits permanent to the museum. Majolica of modern times and vases and terra cottas of re- mote epochs from Italy; glass from Venice and Bohemia; drawings, etch- ings and photographs by and after old masters; the Jarvis and Marquand collection of antique glass from Cyprus; water-colors and modern oils by German, French, Italian, Dutch, Spanish and American painters of note should be added to make the list at all complete. It may be said that sev- eral visits must be made if the visitor hopes to profit by the Museum. On Sundays from i to 5 P. M. and on Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 10 A. M. to 6 P. M., the public is admitted free as well as from 8 to 10 P. M. on Tuesdays and Saturdays; on Mondays and Tuesdays, the admis- sion fee is twenty-five cents. Some of the collections have catalogues; others being in process of enlargement have none. The new wing to the north now being completed will at once be occupied by objects for which the older part of the edifice can find no room. The President is Henry G. Marquand and the Director, Louis P. di Cesnola. The Lenox Library at Fifth avenue and 70th and 71st streets, founded m 1870 by James Lenox, and opened in 1877, after designs by Richard M. Hunt, is on a generous scale, with plenty of room about it for extensions. It is like the New York Historical in offering paintings and sculptures to the public, besides its office as a consulting library for scholars. These works of art are free to the public on each week day [except Monday] from 11 A. M. to 4 P. M.; they include not a few old British masters in paint, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Constable, Turner, Gainsborough, Sir David Wilkie, Raeburn and Morland, together with works by Americans of the colonial epoch, such as Copley, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull, James Peale, and their immediate successors Gilbert Stuart Newton, Rembrandt Peale, Henry Inman, Thomas Cole, A. B. Durand, John Wesley Jarvis, John Vanderlyn, and W. S. Mount. American sculptors of the past are re- presented by Crawford. Later British painters like Sir Edwin Landseer, C. R. Leslie', Sir A. W. Calcott, Thomas Webster, David Roberts, and sculptors like John Gibson and Sir John Steell make the Lenox Library- one of the few places in the Union where the fine arts of Great Britain can be seen. The collection numbers barely 200 pieces, and includes work by Munkacsy of Hungary, and a few Belgian painters, together with a bust by the modern French sculptor Barrias. Among the rare books which are a specialty of this library is a work of art in mediaeval miniature, a manu- script decorated with six paintings in water colors by Ju«iio Clovio. The 116 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Lenox has five portraits of Washington, one painted by James Peale, three by Rembrandt Peale and one by Gilbert Stuart. Private Collections of Paintings. The private collections of paintings in New York are numerous, and as a rule their owners are hospitable to those who are earnestly interested in the fine arts. The collections of Edward D. Adams, H. O. Havemeyer, Wm. Rockefeller, the late Wm. H. Vanderbilt, Mrs. Wm. Astor, Cyrus J. Lawrence, the late M. O. Roberts and the late August Belmont are noted, but many exist which are rarely, if ever drawn upon by loan exhibitions. One of the most interesting is the private collection of Thomas B. Clarke made up exclusively of works by modern and for the most part young painters of New York. Mr. Clarke, in partnership with M. de Morgan, is a dealer in Oriental porcelains, Greek antique terra cottas and vases and the landscapes of George Inness at his Art House, No. 4 East 34th street. His American pictures are often seen at the loan exhibition of the Union League and New York Athletic clubs. His example in buying native work has been followed by half a dozen well-to-do people in New York, Brooklyn and Chicago. Other collectors tend chiefly to modern and ancient paintings by Europeans, and so active have some become in the passion for collecting old masters that the prices of really good examples have gone up in Europe to unheard of figures. The Dealers in Fine Arts. Another active promoter of American work is the American Art Asso- ciation, a firm of dealers and auctioneers of objects of fine art at No. 6 East 23rd street, famous as the importers of "The Angelus" by J. F. Millet and the sellers of the peachblow vase. Exhibitions of native paintings with round prizes, special exhibits of the works of one or several artists, and im- portations of famous collections and still more celebrated single pictures have made this firm the liveliest single mover of the sometimes stagnant waters of New York. Of late years the firm has become in some respects rivals in business with old established firms of art-dealers, to whom also much credit is due for constant quiet agitation of new names and new styles of work. Such is the firm of William Schaus on Fifth Avenue at Madison Square from which Mr. W. Schaus has retired, although not with- out retaining certain old masters of great beauty; Knoedler & Company at Fifth Avenue and Twenty-second Street; Boussod Valadon and Company; Blakeslee & Company; S. P. Avery, Jr. ; L. Crist Delmonico; Reichard & Com- pany; Montross; and last but not least Durand Ruel, represented by the sons of that expert from Paris. Special interest attaches to Cottier & Co. , 144 Fifth avenue, who under the taste, judgment and boldness of the late Daniel Cottier and of James A. Inglis have done much to encourage the highest THE FINE ARTS. 117 ideals in painting, not only by importing the finest sort of French land- scapes of the Romantic period but by calling attention to ideal work by New York and other American painters. The late Daniel Cottier was among the first to acquaint people with the great modern colorists here and in Europe. All of these dealers and others are keen searchers of Europe for old masters and modern masters. Some like Avery, Reichard and Montross encourage American workmen chiefly; Cottier, Blakeslee, Knoedler and Schaus have many native paintings on exhibition; Boussod-Valadon and Durand-Ruel seldom deal in American work. Some if not all of these dealers are expert judges of art, and all may be said to possess rightfully the confidence of their clients. There is a host of smaller fry down to the fabricators of stenciled landscapes and bogus old masters who support a precarious and most unsafe existence by swindling country people in New York, and through agents in distant towns. Prints and etchings are intelli- gently furthered by Federick Keppel, 20 East 16th street, Klackner at 5 East 17th street and Weinderlich & Co, at 868 Broadway. Studio Buildings. To accommodate the great " little world" of artists there are many studio buildings beginning with the headquarters of Academicians No. 51 to 55 West 10th street, and ending with houses specially built over for studios by artists of means. The old graystone University still houses a number, and the Benedick, also on East Washington Square, still more. No. 3 Washington Square north is a nest of studios; another is the Young Men's Christian Association building opposite the Academy of Design, and a third on the southeast corner of Fourth avenue and 25th street. The largest cluster is in West 55th street, where Nos. 106, 139 to 145, and 140 to 146 are devoted to studios. One of the most charming is the studio No. 103 East 15th street, rebuilt and decorated by McKim, Mead & White with medallion portraits of children. The Sherwood, at Sixth avenue and 57th street, is another center for artists, while still other buildings are to be found in most of the newer, but not the newest quarters of the city. Statuary Outside Central Park. New York is liberally supplied with statues of a certain kind, but very little is worthy of the prominence that statuary must hold m the public gaze. It is safe to say that nine-tenths would at once be removed were New York in the hands of an aesthetic dictator. A remedy may possibly be found by taking a leaf from Boston's municipal book and creating an Art Commission, which, courageously and judicially conducted, might save the city from any further aberrations. The statue that dominates, not the city alone, but the bays and rivers, which throws the electric light from its 118 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. torch far across Long Island to the sea, is the gigantic " Liberty Enlight ening the World," by the French sculptor Bartholdi, a colossus erected by French admirers of the United States on Bedloe's Island in the upper bay, and thus very fitly placed at the main gate of immigration. It is built of hammered copper plates rivetted, and is a draped goddess crowned with sun-diadem and rays, holding in her left hand a tablet marked July 4, 1776, and, with a strong gesture, lifting high in air the burning torch of free thought, free speech and liberty. The goddess is 151 feet to the end of the torch flame and stands on a square pedestal of granite 155 feet high, contri- buted by citizens and designed by Richard M. Hunt. A mistake was made in having no elevator, but the magnificent view repays the climb to the gi- gantic head, whence Staten, Governor's, Ellis and Coney Islands, together with northern Long and most of Manhattan Islands are visible as on a map. The angles and water batteries of old Fort Wood seen above a foreground of water afford this statue as perfect a site as could be imagined. At present the statue is badly lighted at night. Instead of an electric glare the torch calls for a moving, fluttering flame, while the present plant of electricity throws more light on the pedestal, but leaves the head in shadow. Completed in Paris in 1883, the Liberty was unveiled, if that term be stretched to cover so gigantic an affair, on October 26th, 1886. A small steamer, fare 25 cents, runs to Bedloe's Island from the wharf behind the Barge Office, Battery Place. Food can be bought on the island. The flight of 18 granite steps leading from Wall street to the classic porch of the Sub-Treasury is occupied in median line by a pedestal which carries the bronze George Washington of colossal size modeled by J. Q. A. Ward and unveiled Nov. 26, 18S3. The spot was chosen to recall the inaugura- tion of the First President, who took the oath of office in the balcony of the old town hall, just about where the steps of the Treasury now lie. The stone on which he stood is here preserved. The south and north pediments over the colonnades of this building have never been filled with statuary, and this fact increases the severity of the Doric columns below. Neither has the roof any groups, nor so much as the acroteria which gave liveliness to the Greek temples which the building imitates. Nor is the roof of the Customs House decorated. Old as these buildings are, no one seems to have taken pity and finished them. Trinity Church possesses an altar and reredos of some pretensions to the sculptor's art, a gift of his sons in memory of Wm. B. Astor. In the foundry are four doors very elaborately cast in bronze and panelled with high reliefs by various sculptors. These are to replace the present doors of Trinity. They are William Waldorf Astor's memorial to the late John Jacob Astor, long an active layman in the parochial and business affairs of the corporation. About to be unveiled in the yard looking down Wall THE FINE ARTS. 119 street is the bronze statute of Judge John Watts, in his youth Recorder of the city under the British. It is a handsome work by George W. Bissell, formerly of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and erected by Maj.-Gen. John Watts de Peyster. Further north is the monument erected to prisoners who died of neglect and starvation while the British occupied the town in the Revolu- tion; a monument to Capt. Lawrence of .the "Chesapeake" is seen at the tower side of the churchyard. Over the chief portal of the Equitable office building stands a group of mother, child and guardian angel (in granite) expressive of life insurance. At old St. Paul's rises a brown-stone obelisk with words in the old Irish tongue engraved upon it, commemorating a brother of Robert Emmett who found an asylum and a new country here. In the Broadway apse of this church, is a colonnade with pediment, the memorial of General Montgomery, famous in the "old French" war. Printing House Square is fitly occupied by a bronze life-size statue of Benjamin Franklin, erected by Captain de Groot after Plassmann's design. It is a dignified and excellent work of art. In one of the large window openings of the Tribmie building is the heroic seated statue of Horace Greeley founder of the Tribune, modeled by J. Q. A. Ward and unveiled in 1890. Head and legs have a twist which gives a lively but unrestful air to the bronze. Another statue of Greeley ordered of W. F. O'Donovan by the printers, will be set up elsewhere. The City Hall, Court House and new Criminal building have niches and places for statues which remain unfilled. The great freight depot on the west side occupying old St. John's Square at Laight street has a bronze relief with portrait of Commodore Vanderbilt designed by or caused-to be modeled by Capt. de Groot which will hardly repay a visit. From this point northward New York has no statuary save the "Eagle and Young" on the New York Life Building until Washington Square is reached. There stands the colossal bronze bust of the civil engineer Holley, modelled by J. Q. A. Ward and unveiled in 1890, together with the bronze standing figure of the Liberator Garibaldi designed by Turini and presented by Italian residents — a work of little art. The mar- ble arch in memory of Washington, just completed, is so far guiltless of sculpture beyond very simple rosettes and other decorations in low relief. In this zone at Astor and Clinton places is the life-size bronze standing fig- ure of United States Senator S. S. Cox, erected by the postal employees. It is a stiff, inartistic affair by Louise Lawson. The triangular grass plot south of Cooper Union is to have the colossal statue of Peter Cooper by Augustus St. Gaudens. At Union Square the monuments be- come more numerous. Here is one of the finest statues of the city, the equestrian George Washington on a tall pedestal, designed by H. K. ' Browne. It is dignified, noble and impressive without being technically a 120 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. clever bit of handling. Browne's standing figure of Abraham Lincoln in bronze opposite is much inferior. Bartholdi's lively bronze statue of the young Lafayette, given by French residents, looks south down Broadway. In the western border of the square is a tall bronze drinking fountain by Donndorf of Germany, with a group of mother and children on top and much decoration below. It is the- gift of D. Willis James. On the curb of the northeast sidewalk is a charming little drinking fountain carved by Olin L. Warner out of Tennessee marble. Exquisite in contours and deco- rated on the west side with cupids in half relief, it is the gift of Miss Shepard. At Madison Square the seated bronze statue of the statesman Wm. M. Seward by Randolph Rogers is one of the unfortunate bits of statuary. The difficulties in the way of treating a figure like Seward's, all head and no legs, are cut by the sculptor; he provides the statesman with legs of un- usual length and prominence. Here is an iron and bronze drinking foun- tain designed by Miss Emma Stebbins and erected by the late Miss Cath- arine L. Wolfe; also the plain shaft with bronze panels to recall the mili- tary feats of Major-General Worth, who died in 1849 in Texas. With the bronze standing figure of Admiral Farragut by Augustus St. Gaudens one reaches the high mark of statuary in New York, but the rest is considera- bly below that mark. The figure shows the Admiral in command on deck, with marine glasses in hand and his coat skirt thrown back by the wind. His legs are slightly apart in a sailor's attitude, a point quite lost on Parisian critics when the model was shown and admired at the Salon. The pedestal is hardly less a work of art. Its shape lends itself to the weary, being a bench with tall back in a shallow circular shape. Marine and military sym- bols appear in the dolphins covered with flowing water, the upright sword and the bronze crabs let into the pebbly path before the seat. Striking symbolical female figures in low relief, perhaps the most beautiful of all Saint Gaudens' works, are seen to right and left of the advanced central portion of the structure which forms the special pedestal of the statue. The bench-pedestal was designed with the collaboration of the architect Stanford White. By Saint Gaudens is also the copper Diana on the tower of the Madison Square Garden, which acts as a weather-vane. The first vane was a mistake in size; it has been lowered and a much smaller Diana will take its place. The goddess is nude, with her cloak flying in the breeze, her bow bent and extended and one foot on the ground. The model was a charming one, but the figure and subject are not particularly suited to so great an altitude and the veering about of a weather-cock. In spite of a certain triviality in the site the Diana is a work of art. Besides the fountains already mentioned, there are a dozen iron drinking fountains scattered about the city, presented by the late Mrs. John Jacob THE FINE ARTS. 121 Astor. One in the entrance flight of stairs at the Academy of Design, another in the Jordan Memorial Church in Washington Square, a third in Jefferson Market Court House in Sixth avenue, have some merit; others must forego mention. Aside from Central Park but two squares or parks have statuary in addition to that already mentioned. The intersection of Broadway, Sixth avenue and 34th street has a bronze standing figure of the late Wm. E. Dodge, erected on a bench pedestal by relatives and friends, and designed by J. Q. A. Ward. This is another statue which would bear removal to private grounds or a cemetery. In Bryant Park near the Reservoir and looking on 40th street is the colossal bronze bust of Washington Irving, modeled in Europe by Beer, and presented to the city in 1866 by Joseph Wiener. It is to Central Park, however, that the great bulk of New York statuary is confined. Statuary in Central Park. At the head of the Mall, looking down from the terrace to the lake, one sees a large fountain with a bronze Angel designed by Miss Emma Stebbins. This is a somewhat religious figure, since it represents the angel that descended on the pool at Siloam. History is recorded by the standing bronze figure of the Pilgrim erected near the 72d street cross-road by the New England Society of New York to commemorate A. D. 1620, the year in which the English Dissenting refugees into Holland decided to follow the Netherlanders across the Atlantic. The young pilgrim wears a broad, Flemish soft hat, broad topped boots falling to the calf, and the costume of a Dutch burgher of the period; he has a musket and old-fashioned belt for powder and shot. The standing marble statue of Alexander Hamilton has a commanding site near the drive past the Metropolitan Museum. It was carved by Conrads, and given by the late John C. Hamilton. A colossal Christopher Columbus by Miss Emma Stebbins has never been erected, although presented to the city in 1869 by the late Marshall O. Roberts. It is stored away in the old arsenal in the zoological garden. A heroic bronze Daniel Webster by Thomas Ball of Boston, the gift of Gor- don W. Burnham, stands on a very tall ivy-grown pedestal at the round- point of the drive west of the lake. Mazzmi the Italian agitator is recalled by a bust in bronze of heroic size from the hands of Turini. It stands on the west drive, not far from the 72d street line, and is a gift of Italian resi- dents. Another champion of freedom is recalled in the violently agitated equestrian statue of the Liberator Bolivar, a gift to New York from the President and people of Venezuela in 1884. It is by the Venezuelan sculp- tor Rafael de la Cova, and stands near the 81st entrance on the west side. 122 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. If it be ungenerous to look a gift horse in the mouth, the animal designed by Cova must be an exception, for it is opening its jaws so wide that the glance penetrates perforce. On the west drive stands a bronze soldier by J. Q. A. Ward, erected by the Seventh Regiment in 1874 in honor of members who fell in war. Ideal groups and figures are represented by the life-size, Indian Hunter and Dog, designed by J. Q. A. Ward, to the west of the southern entrance to the Mall, and a symbolical Commerce in bronze, presented by Stephen B. Guion in 1865. The latter stands near the southwestern entrance. Only one artist is commemorated in the Park, and he, not for his paintings, which were mediocre, but for an invention and application of electricity. This is the bronze standing statue of Morse designed by Byron M. Pickett, near the entrance from Fifth avenue at 726. street. One musical genius is here, a colossal bronze bust of Beethoven by H. Baerer on the east side of the Mall, presented by the New York Maennerchor, July 226., 1884. A pretty little bronze figure of Music with lyre decorates the pedestal. Literary men of fame are more generously treated. Shakespeare has a life-size bronze figure by J. Q. A. Ward on the right as one enters the Mall fjom the south. It was placed in 1872 to commem- orate the 300th birthday of the dramatist, and is the most ambitious single figure by this sculptor. A bust of Cervantes from the Spanish members of the Cervantes Club has been modeled by Senor de Miranda of New York. The Scottish residents have supplied the lower end of the Mall with two seated figures in bronze on pedestals of polished Aberdeen granite: a Sir Walter Scott reclining on a rock, duplicate of the Edinburgh statue by Sir John Steell, presented in 1872, and a bronze-seated Robert Burns, his eyes in frenzy rolling, a work by the same Edinburgh sculptor, and presented in 1880. They are coarsely modeled statues by a man with local fame m Scot- land, but no artist. A large bronze bust of the German poet Schiller, mod- eled by C. L. Richter, stands on the Ramble, and is the gift of German citizens. ' A bronze bust of the poet Thomas Moore by Dennis B. Sheehan is the gift of the Moore Memorial Committee, and was unveiled in 1880. It is by the pond near the entrance at Fifth avenue and 59th street. The New York poet Fitz-Greene Halleck is honored by a seated bronze figure on the Mall, pen in hand, and his laurel crown hung on the back of his chair; it is the design of Wilson MacDonald and was erected in 1877. The poet Wm. Cullen Bryant has a colossal bronze bust in the Metropolitan Museum, a fine work by Launt Thompson. Finally the author and natural philosopher Alexander von Humboldt has a bronze bust near the Fifth avenue and 59th street entrance. It was the gift of German citizens on Sept. 14; 1869, the 100th birthday of Humboldt, and is by Gustav Blaeser. THE FINE ARTS. 123 Out of all these statues and groups few are worthy of retention. Sing- ularly enough New York allows foreign sculptors to supply a large part of her statuary; she does not employ Warner, Donohue, Herbert Adams, MacMonnies and other capital sculptors, just as she failed to secure at any price the architect H. H. Richardson when alive and allows the color-talents of John La Farge to be used by other cities. One animal sculptor of the city has a Crouching Puma in Central Park; this is the "Still Hunt" by Edward Kemeys which the author presented. The Falconer by George Simonds, a British artist, was presented by George Kemp in 1872; it is on the bank above the west drive near the lake. The Tigress and Cubs by Auguste Cain of Paris was presented by a dozen gentlemen in 1872; it stands west of the terrace. The Eagles and Mountain Goat by Fratin of Paris was given by Gordon W. Burnham in 1863; it stands west of the upper Mall. Specialties of Painters. Mural painting is practised by many of the best artists together with carved work inlaid and painted for the decoration of interiors. Noted mural painters are the artists John La Farge, who has revived an encaustic process with wax as a fixative, Geo. W. Maynard, Francis Lathrop, who is also a maker of mosaics, Thomas W. Dewing, Kenyon Cox, Walter Shirlaw and Richard Newton, Jr. Among the artists who paint stage curtains are J. O. Davidson the marine painter, and Jules Goodman. Fashionable portrait painters include Benjamin C. Porter, John Sargent, Wyatt Eaton, Harper Pennington, Eastman Johnson, Geo. B. Butler, Carroll Beckwith, Rice, Hardy, and Chase, while the older men — Daniel Huntington, Thomas W. Wood, H. A. Loop, and their contemporaries — are much sought by a large list of clients. Among ideal landscapists and colorists of great subtlety are George Inness, Albert P. Ryder, John La Farge, Homer D. Martin, Theodore Robinson, Frederick Church, and Melville Dewey, to whom one may perhaps add in second line Robert Miner, Dwight Tryon, Robert Reid and John Johnston. Religious paint- ings for churches have been produced by John La Farge, Richard Creifeld, Mrs. Ella Condie Lamb, and Frederick Crowninshield; historical pictures by M. F. H. de Haas, Thomas Hovenden, Gilber Gault, Frank D. Millet, J. O. Davidson, Julian Scott, Winslow Homer, and others too many to retail. The Applied Arts. The arts as applied to industries are varied as befits a city which has become a great manufacturing centre and is full of wealthy corporations and citizens. In stained glass for windows and fire-screens, for example, New York has reached a point not easily imagined by those who fail to keep track of such matters. Chartres in France, Paris, Brussels, Munich 124 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. and London are all places where stained glass is made in abundance for churches and dwellings. Chartres is one of the original mediaeval homes of stained glass; yet not even Chartres produces as beautiful stained glass as New York. The leading artists in this comparatively new branch are John La Farge and Louis E. Tiffany; fine work is also produced by Francis Lathrop, the Tiffany Glass Company, Frederick Crowninshield, Lamb, Miss M. A. Tillinghast and half a dozen more. For a small exhibit in 1889 in Paris the ribbon of the Legion of Honor was decreed to John La Farge. Wrought iron and bronze work can be turned out as fine in quality as in Paris, and the leading New York architects are introducing more and more bronze and iron work into public and private buildings. The foundry of John Williams on West 27th street is the leading shop for this sort of work; it is produced in still larger quantities by the Jackson iron works. Designs are made by artists, and the work is carried out with great spirit. Silversmithing is in still greater case; the Tiffany firm, the Gorham Com- pany and the other gold and silversmiths produce a great variety of original work, some of which is in the best taste. For rugs and carpets woven from designs by their own artist the Sloane firm is famous, while there are specialists in porcelains, pottery and tiles who have their kilns in or near New York. Embroidery of an artistic kind is produced by Mrs. Wheeler. In furniture of original design employing woods of novel fashion the firm of Cottier & Co, is very noteworthy, not to speak of the great establishments of older date which supply the vast hotels and the sumptuous homes of millionaires with furnishings always costly and some times in good taste. Steinway and Sons. In the musical development of New York one of the most potent factors has been the great house of Steinway and Sons. Not only have they built better pianos than any other house, but they have given direct encourage- ment to musicians, and at times when amusement managers shrank from the risk of bringing world-renowned artists at great cost to this country, this house undertook the expense, and thus greatly educated the public taste. For a long time New York was without a building suitable for grand concerts until Steinway and Sons built Steinway Hall, which became the home of the Symphony and Oratorio Societies. At this day the house is still among the most munificent patrons in New York of the musical art. Steinway Hall still carries with it in memory the full rich notes of Ade- lina Patti when she was at her best, of Gerster, Lehmann, Albani, Nilsson, Materna, of Scalchi, Trebelli, Campanini, Del Puente, Rubinstein, Essipoff, Rosenthal, Joseffy, Ole Bull, and scores of others whose names are in- scribed in gold letters on the artists' roll of fame. Charles Dickens made THE FINE ARTS. 125 his American debut in this hall. Almost every great contemporary musician has performed there, and many of them would never have even visited these shores had it not been for the guarantees of Steimvay and Sons. . Since the hall was built the uptown movement has carried the music- loving public beyond easy reach of it, and two years ago it was converted into warerooms and a finishing factory. The old instructors' rooms remain, however, and a smaller hall has been fitted up for chamber concerts and afternoon recitals. Thus it is still a centre of musical culture. Some of the most famous teachers in New York have their offices in the building, including William Mason, S. B. Mills, E. M. Bowman, Joseffy and others. During the Columbus celebration in October and for some time subse- quently there will be a most interesting exhibition at Steinway Hall. It will include the first square piano, the first grand piano, and the first up- right piano made by the firm, also the piano which brought them into fame at the Crystal Palace Exhibition of the American Institute in 1855. This was the first overstrung grand piano ever made. Other features of the ex- hibition will be some of the achievements of the house in the way of orna- mental cases, in the designing and manufacture of which they have no rivals. The show rooms themselves are among the finest permanent exhi- bitions in New York. Steinway Hall extends from Fourteenth street below Union Square clear back to Fifteenth street, a distance of 207 feet. The lot is irregular in size, being 72 feet wide on Fourteenth street and 100 feet wide on Fifteenth street. All the first floor is divided up into show-rooms for the exhibition of the instruments made by the firm. There are four- teen of these rooms in all, and as each may be closed off by glass doors it is possible for fourteen salesmen to be at work at once without in any way interfering with each other or distracting the customer. These rooms are richly decorated in Renaissance style. They are of varying sizes and fitted up differently. For instance, a grand piano is usually exhibited in a large hall with bare floor, reproducing concert hall conditions as nearly as possible. In selling a piano for a private residence, it is first shown on a bare floor, then taken into a luxuriously carpeted and furnished parlor. Again, in order to show the color effects of the cases, there is a room where the strongest daylight is showered upon the instruments. Another is dark, but may be lighted by gas or electricity. No customer can ever complain of being deceived, for he can, if he wishes, hear and see his purchase under all possible conditions.- In the basement are the packing and shipping rooms and the vaults. Every piano that goes out with the name of Steinway upon it is shipped from this buildmg, for here the finishing touches are given. There is no such factory building m the world as that which was once Steinway Hall. 126 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Every workman has a window. It is true they are very superior workmen- artists, in fact, rather than artisans, the men who impart to each piano its individuality. Follow a piano through the stages of its finishing. It comes from one of the other factories with all its strings, action, keyboard, pedals, and case complete. The action regulator adjusts its mechanism so that each key is equally with its fellows responsive to the touch. In the next process it is tuned as perfectly as a tuner can. The master workman takes it then. He is called the tone regulator, is generally a first-class musician, and perfectly familiar with every point in the construction of a piano. He plays upon it, tries it in every way, makes up his mind as to the character it is best fitted to assume, and forces it to live up to that character. Off one hammer he takes a little felt, with another uses the needles, points a third, flattens a fourth. He educates the instrument, gives it a soul, and when it is moulded to his liking, to his belief, he puts his name on a certain key, so that his fellow-craftsmen can always tell who is responsible for the tone- making of that piano. All the Steinway instruments have the essential qualities in common ; they have that much-admired singing tone, great volume, brilliancy and carrying power, with a perfect mechanism. But play first on one then on another, and you will find them as different as twins in character, each possessing a distinctive individuality. From the house come the family characteristics, from the tone adjusters the indi- vidual differences. The names of the original members of the house may still be seen upon the last keys of Steinway pianos made in the fifties ; they having per- sonally regulated tone and action, finished, and put in the sounding board, in fact, with their own hands, made the pianos in their entirety. The instru- ments alluded to are still in daily use, for the life of a Steinway piano has not yet been determined by time, old as the house is. One reason for this is found in the strength of the frames and the careful selection of materials used, all of which will be described when the other factories are under review. Many of the artisans employed are men of great talent, and, of course, their remuneration is correspondingly large. This is true in the decorative as well as in the musical departments. With the increase in the wealth of this country has come a demand upon this representative house for ex- pensively cased pianos, in the construction of which a high order of artistic skill is required. With the majority of their wealthy patrons the demand is met by the use of precious woods — as mahogany, English and quartered oak, prima vera, figured walnut and satinwood. Others, however, require elaborate carving in relief or inlaying. Some of the most beautiful cases made are in marquetrie, designed and inlaid by the best Parisian artists. Others have been adorned by the hands of such masters as Alma Tadema. THE PINE ARTS. 127 Others are in tortoise-shell and mother of pearl, and some have been built with precious stones set in the cases. A number of unique designs are now on exhibition, as well as many- cases which derive their beauty solely from the choice character of the woods used. All the importers of woods give the first choice to Steinway and Sons, and whenever they come across an exceptionally beautiful piece lay it aside for the use of this house. They are fully warranted in doing this by the largeness of the orders received from the firm. An idea of the ex- tent of the business done may be gathered from the fact that they have constantly in their Steinway Hall building over 1,000 pianos, and as many more are in course of construction at their factories. Specimens of orna- mental cases ordered from them may be seen in New York's three newest and most sumptuous hotels, the Savoy, Holland House, and Plaza. The highest price ever paid for a Steinway Piano was $50,000. To know how it is possible for these manufacturers to continue without intermission the production of perfect pianos, requires a visit to the fac- tories at Steinway, Long Island, and on the block in New York bounded by Park and Lexington Avenues and Fifty-second and Fifty-third Streets. It is also well to bear in mind that Steinway and Sons are the only manu- facturers in the world who make every part of a piano, including the casting of their steel composition plates. Over at Steinway all the heavy work is done. The works cover twelve acres, and include boiler and engine houses, case making, wood carv- ing and action making factories, a saw mill, a foundry, japanning works, a key board factory, offices, sheds for the storing of lumber, drying kilns, and a building for the storage of fine veneers. In the yards about 5,000,000 feet of lumber is kept stacked for seasoning. Millions of feet of logs are to be seen in the great basin, which is 300 x 100 feet in size. Everybody has heard of the machine-like regularity of the German army, how each officer and private is on ordinary occasions an automaton, yet in an emergency develops a surprising degree of resourcefulness. Thus it is with the workmen in the Steinway employ. All are thoroughly trained and disciplined. No one slurs his work. Every part of it is accom- plished with scrupulous care. The officering of the army of 600 men employed at Steinway and of 500 employed in the New York factories is magnificent. In every department a partner in the house holds supreme command, and subordinate officers are numerous enough to exercise com- plete supervision. No imperfect wood, no flawed metal, is ever permitted to enter into a Steinway piano. Watching the workmen here, one under- stands at last how the house holds its pre-eminence in the trade. Outside of the factory discipline is relaxed, and the most cordial relations prevail between emplovers and employees. The town is a model one in all 128 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. respects, and it is doubtful if there is another of its size in the world that has so many municipal improvements. All of these have been created through the liberality of the house. Everything possible is done to improve the condition of the workmen. They have charming homes to live in, good schools for their children, and are encouraged to save money and provide for the future. Similar conditions prevail at the Park Avenue factory, except on the social side, though many of the workmen do make their homes at Steinway, L. I. But within the factory there is the same close attention to the duty of the hour under the same intelligent supervision. Many of the processes used are trade secrets, and are jealously guarded. Improvements made in piano construction from time to time are pat- ented, and it would require several books to describe all the inventions that have been made by members of the house. Besides the factories in New York, the house has a large one in Ham- burg, where instruments are finished for the climate of Europe. In London the house owns Steinway Hall, a building which does for the greater city much the same service as old Steinway Hall did for New York. It is a center of musical instruction and a rendezvous for the profession. Great as the suc- cess of the Steinways has been in this country, it has perhaps been even more distinguished in Great Britain and Europe. Messrs. Steinway & Sons are the only Americans who have ever been appointed "manufacturers of pianofortes to the Queen." Others falsely assert a claim to the title, but an official contradiction of this claim was recently made, and the statement put forth by authority that Messrs. Steinway & Sons are alone entitled to the distinction. Similarly they are the only Americans ever appointed as piano- forte manufacturers to the Prince of Wales and the Princess of Wales. An inquiry addressed to the London branch of the house as to the reception ot the Steinway instruments in Britain elicited the following list of aristo- cratic purchasers : — The Queen, Prince of Wales, Princess of Wales, Prince of Chanderna- gore, Princess Beatrice, Duke of Orleans, Ranee Sarawak, Prince Leiningen, Duchess of Fife, Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P., Hon. T. Egerton, M. P., Duchess of Abercom, Duchess of Manchester, Duke of Marlborough, Duke of Newcastle, Duke of Portland, Countess of Bective, Earl Cadogan, Earl of Caithness, Countess of Charleville, Earl of Clarendon, Earl Compton, Countess of Dalhousie, Countess de Lanchatre, Countess de Grey, Countess of Dudley, Earl of Dysart, Earl Fitzwilliam, Countess of Glas- gow, Countess of Gosford, Countess of Kenmare, Dowager Countess of Kintore, Countess of Kinnoull, Countess of Leicester, Countes of Lonsdale, Earl Manvers, Countess of Meath, Countess of Rosebery, Earl of Sand- wich, Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot, Earl of Wilton, Countess of Wilton, THE FINE ARTS. 129 Earl of Zetland (Lord Lieutenant of Ireland), Maria Marchioness Ailesbury, Marchioness of Blandford, Marquis de Santurce, Marchioness of London- derry, Dowager Marchioness of Londonderry, Marquis of Queensberry, Marchioness of Ripon, Marchioness of Tweeddale, Dowager Lady Marchion- ess of Waterford, Lord Alington, Lord Brassey, Lord Bramwell, Lord Walter Campbell, Lord Camoys, Lord Willoughby D'Eresby, Lord Grey de Wilton, Lord W. Nevill, Lord Petrie, Lord Rothschild, Baron de Fock, Baron Knoep, Baron Orczy, Baron F. de Rothschild, Baron de Worms (Un- der Foreign Secretary), Viscountess Boyne, Viscountess Combermere, Vis- countess Doneraile, Dowager Viscountess Doune, Viscountess Dupplin, Viscountess Maidstone, Viscountess Mandeville, Viscountess de Stern, Vis- countess Harberton, Lady Louisa Ashburton, Lady (Denman) Brooke, Lady (Sarawak) Brooke, Lady Idina Brassey, Dowager Lady Belper, Lady Charles Beresford, Lady Mary Boscawen, Lady Aline Beaumont, Lady Bowen, Lady Colin Campbell, Lady Randolph Churchill, Lady Clayton, Lady de Clifford, Lady Dorchester, Lady Charlotte Dundas, Lady Willough- by D'Eresby, Lady Orr Ewing, Lady Augusta Fane, Lady Fairbairn, Lady Alice Fitzwilliam, Lady Forbes, Lady Galsworthy, Lady Gerard, Lady Al- bert Gower, Lady Cynthia Graham, Lady Henry Grosvenor, Lady Vernon Harcourt, Lady Hastings, Lady Hilda Higgins, Lady Hillington, Lady Hindlip, Lady Hothfield, Lady Muriel Howard, Lady R. Howard, Lady Huntingtower, Lady Jenkinson, Lady Algernon Lennox, Dowager Lady Lyttelton, Lacy Maiden, Lady G. Montgomery, Lady Stafford Northcote, Lady E. W. Quin, Lady E. Romilly, Lady A. Rothschild, Lady Sandhurst, Lady Isabella Schuster, Lady A. Scott, Lady Henry Somerset, Lady M. Spearman, Lady F. Sturt, Lady Suffield, Lady E. Talbot, Lady E. Upton, Lady Vernon, Lady Wenlock, Lady Wimborne, Lady Wolverton, Hon. G. Addington, Hon. Mrs. Cholmondeley, Hon. Miss Colbourne, Hon. Mrs. Dundas, Hon. H. Finch-Hatton, Hon. Mrs. Johnstone, Hon. Mrs. Magniac, Hon. Mrs. Newdigate, Hon. and Rev. W. Petrie, Hon. E. Phelps, Hon. A. Ponsonby, Hon. H. Sturt, Hon. Mrs. R. Talbot, Sir W. Abdy, Sir. A. W. Birch, K. C. M. G., Sir Lionel Darell, Bart, Sir. C. S. Forbes, Sir Julian Goldsmid, Sir J. Lister Kaye, Sir H. Maxwell, Sir F. Montefiore, Sir Charles Rich, Bart, Sir M. W. Ridley, Bart, Sir T. S. Tancred, Bart, Sir E. Thornton, K. C. B., Sir G. Wombwell, Sir Gordon Wolseley, Madame Grondahl Backer, Mrs. Joseph Chamberlain, Mrs. Cyril Flower, Mrs. Grim- wood (The heroine of Manipur), Royal Normal Colleges for the Blind, Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, Oxford Musical Union, Oxford Musical Club, Royal Amateur Orchestra Society (Duke of Edinburgh, President), University College Musical Society, General Barwell, Major W. Carpenter, Admiral Corbett, Captain Cresswell, Colonel Stanley Clarke, General Darling, Colonel H. E. Davidson, Colonel Gourand, Major Mc- 130 THE SUN'S GuIDE TO NEW YORK. Creagh, Colonel Montague, Dr. Russell Reynolds, A. C. de Rothschild, Dr. Villiers Stanford, W. C. Cazalet, Cor de Lass. On the continent of Europe the Steinway Pianos have met with an equally enthusiastic reception, and these famous instruments have been supplied to almost every court. The latest instance of the favor with which they have been received is a patent conferred upon Mr. William Steinway by The Emperor of Germany in his capacity as King of Prussia. A photographic fac-simile of this document appears on the opposite page. Translated from the somewhat old fashioned Court German in which it is couched into modern English, it reads as follows : — • <£}\$ ^ttiljeSittJ ®fte §Mttfl has by means of the highest decree of the 13th of June, 1892, most graciously (femnttb to the pianoforte manufacturer, William Steinway, in New York, the title of Royal-Court Pianoforte maker, and moreover the most high grant of this present patent, bearing the impress of the Royal seal, is issued only to his own person and to the business now engaged in by him. &jnts ^ttxttb, Berlin, the 13th of June, 1892, the Minister of the Royal House. Signed : Wedell. Patent for the Pianoforte manufacturer, William Steinway, in New York, as Royal-Court Pianoforte maker. These facts are mentioned because the members of the nobility in Europe are usually well trained in music, and therefore their adoption of a piano is a testimonial to its excellence. The verdict of professional musicians is also in favor of the Steinway instrument. Patti says it is "peerless;" Minnie Hauk, "the finest in the world;" Etelka Gerster, "the most desir- able and certainly the best to accompany the voice ;" Emma Nevada, "none can compare with the Steinway ;" Franz Liszt, "a harmonic totality of ad- mirable qualities ;' Wagner, "a noble work of art;" Rubinstein, "unri- valled;" Berlioz, "excellent and rare;" Charles Gounod, "aided and in- spired by its powerful and delicate vibrations;" Anton Seidl, "a master- work ;" and Paderewski, " ideal beauty of tone, and perfection of touch and mechanism." Since its first victory at the Crystal Palace in 1855, the Steinway piano has been exhibited at all the great expositions that have been held, and in- variably has been awarded the highest prizes. Above all, the public has set its seal of approval upon these instruments by buying upwards of seventy-five thousand of them m less than forty years, a record unapproached by any other manufacturers, kjZw UuCiw^4u4t-$u£ X*r&***, ^<»H^>yW^Ax^»iA^*y Gibson at 77th street and West End avenue. The architect was inspired for the main structure by the Groote Markt, that quaintest of public buildings in Haarlem, Holland, erected in 1602 by Lievende Kay. It has the same Flemish touch in the decorative crowsteps on the gables, in the great roof set with ornamental dormer windows and in the bands of stone, brackets and lavish pinnacles. This is so far the most important effort to carry out in New York the germs of architecture which existed here when the majority of citizens spoke Dutch. The reservoir in Central Park has a gray stone outlook which can be seen from all sides rising above the trees. It is without special merit but is graceful and speaks well for the men who luckily had the park in hand — the architects Bloor and Wrey Mould, with Vaux as consulting architect, Olmsted being the specialist in landscape gardening. The Zone North of Central Park. In Central Park avenue near the head of the Park rise the pretty con- ical towers of the Skin and Cancer Hospital, designed in red brick and stone. In the broad plain reaching beyond the Harlem River north of the Park are many noteworthy edifices which cannot find space for mention here. There are the Harlem Clubby Lamb & Rich; Holy Trinity in Lenox avenue at i22d street, by Wm. A. Potter, the chief feature of which is a broad, square tower, not very high, with the belfry developed into unusual size — light granite ground and broad, dark brown borders and arches; the Mott Haven station of the Hudson River railway by Robertson, in pressed and common red brick, red terra cotta friezes, square central clock tower like a village church, loggia and fine archway to the yard; and Saint Agnes, a very striking Romanesque church at Q2d street, by Wm. A. Potter, the ground work light granite and the borders and arches dark brown sandstone, an Italian campanile of charming outline at the corner, and a broad, square tower over the transept. On the rising ground which Park avenue mounts on its northward course stands the pale brick armory of the Eighth Regiment of the National Guard (Washington Grays) with an imposing front on the Avenue formed of two main towers of great breadth connected by a battlemented curtain-wall and set with overhang- ing small turrets called in mediaeval parlance bartizans. Though unequal in its parts [the rear to the west for the main drill shed looking dwarfed by these big towers at the eastern end] the Eighth Regiment armory has, ARCHITECTURE. 153 architecturally speaking, points of superiority over those of the Seventh and Twenty-second. On the plateau between Riverside Drive and Morningside Park over- looking the Hudson stands the temporary mausoleum for the body of Gen- eral Ulysses S. Grant. The architect Duncan is to erect at this spot an edifice of very considerable size designed in a somewhat classical spirit which will contain the body in a crypt and form the background for equestrian statues of Grant and his generals. Access will be had from the river by broad flights of stairs in granite. This work is now going on, sufficient funds having been raised to erect the main structure in its first phase. Space forbids notices of structures risen or rising in this wide zone north of the Park which includes Manhattan ville, Carmansville, Harlem, Astoria and a part of Westchester. All that The Guide to New York can hope to do is to stimulate visitors and residents of the city to go about a little and use their eyes in looking at buildings instead of taking them for granted. In no city of the Union are the architects so learned, so enterprising and so clever; and if they often, when famous, accept more commissions than they can honestly give personal hard work to, and if their tendency is to no one school, but a bewildering variety, and in some cases a jumble of architectural styles, there is no stagnation of ideas, but a constant striking out of fresh thought in architecture which in the end must tell for good. New York has few streets uniform, like Paris, Vienna and Rome, or even set with edifices of a general similarity of architecture. But one style seems to be evolving itself from the architectural chaos into some- thing local, and perhaps in time, national. This is the Romanesque style in' its Italian, Spanish and Provencal subdivisions; these varieties afford great help in churches and office buildings. Moreover the color sense shown by American painters begins to tell on New York architects ; some of the latest buildings are veritable feasts for the eye, by reason of the tints of stone in solid color, or in contrast one with the other. More and more is Gothic neglected, as if the artists recognized that the limitations in area and necessity for tall buildings made Gothic almost out of question. So far New York has lacked vistas of buildings homogeneous in style, and whole streets that have a general resemblance, except the cheap brownstone blocks that mark a period of wretched taste, but it is likely that when the Protestant Cathedral and Columbia University begin to tower from the plateau between Riverside Drive and Morningside Park, they will stamp that new section of the city with a very distinctive architectural style. GOVERN MEJMT. How the Public Affairs of the City are Conducted — The Machinery Employed. Since the Dutch period, the City of New York has had eight charters. The first was granted by Deputy Governor Nicolls on June 12, 1665. It put the Burgomaster, Schout and Scheppens out of official existence, and replaced them with a Mayor, Sheriff and five Aldermen. The other char- ters were those of 1686 (the Dongan), 1708 (the Cornbury), 1730 (the Mont- gomerie), 1830, 1857, 1870 (the Tweed), and 1873. The city has now no charter, known as such, its system of government being formulated in a legislative act called " the Consolidation Act," which, passed by the legislature in 1882, is supposed to embody the charter (that of 1873) previously in operation, the numerous amendments of that instru- ment, and all special legislative acts anterior to it not made a specific part of the charter, but not repealed by it. This "Consolidated Act" is amended, and special laws affecting the city's affairs are passed, as the wisdom or caprice of the State Legislature determines. Only once prior to 1834, was a Mayor of New York elected by the people. This was in September, 1689, when Pieter Delanoy was chosen in an election called by the Committee of Safety, which took charge of govern- mental affairs after the deputies of James II. were expelled from office, and before Jacob Leisler was installed as Lieutenant Governor. Prior to 1834, the Mayor was appointed by the Governor alone, or by him with the con- currence of the Council of Appointment, which was made up of four Senators, from four different geographical sections of the state, chosen annually by the Assembly. The office of Mayor always has been esteemed one of great dignity and honor; and to accept it De Witt Clinton once resigned from the Senate of the United States. The Mayor is the chief executive officer of the city, the other executive officers being the President of the Board of Aldermen (who, in case of the absence or disability of the Mayor, takes his place), and the heads of the departments of Finance, Law, Police, Public Works, Public Charities and Correction, Fire, Health, Public Parks, Taxes and Assessments. Docks, Street Cleaning, Street Improvements of the 23D & 24TH Wards, and Buildings, excepting the President of the Board of Alder- GOVERNMENT. 155 men, the Comptroller, who is the head of the Finance Department, and the Commissioner of Street Improvements of the 23d and 24th Ward, all these officers are appointed by the Mayor. Since 1884 the power of appointment has been vested in him absolutely, the confirmatory privilege of the Board of Aldermen being abolished. It is his duty to communicate to the Board of Aldermen at least annually a statement of the finances and general condition of the city, and to watch over and, in a general way, direct, the doings of the several departments. He is the Chairman of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, the other members being the Comptroller, the President of the Board of Aldermen, and the President of the Department of Taxes. This board determines the sum that may annually be expended for the purposes of the government of the city. The sum for the year 1892 is $35,881,205.19, of which $33,725,555.84 is raised by taxa- tion. The other boards of which the Mayor is chairman are the Armory Commission (composed of the Mayor, President of the Department of Taxes, Brigadier-General in command of the state militia in this city, and Senior Colonel of militia); the Sinking Fund Commission (composed of the Mayor, Recorder, Chamberlain, Comptroller, and Chairman of the Finance Committee of Jthe Board of Aldermen); Board of Street Opening and Im- provement (composed of the Mayor, Comptroller, Commissioner of Public "Works, Commissioner of Street Improvements of the 23d and 24th Wards, President of the Board of Aldermen, and President of the Department of Public Parks); and the Board of City Record. The last-named board has charge of the city's official journal, a daily publication called the The City Record, and of procuring the necessary supplies of printing, stationery and books for the several departments. The titles of the other boards indicate their duties. The salary of the Mayor is $10,000, and his term is two years. The Comptroller is the head of the Finance Department. He is an elective officer, with a term of three years and a salary of $10,000 a year. All bills against the city are audited by him, and paid by warrants drawn on the Chamberlain. No contract made by any department of the city government is valid until approved by the Comptroller, and the accounts of every department are subject to inspection and revision by him. He col- lects the taxes, and also the revenue of the city from its markets, and the rental of its real estate. Chamberlain is the official title of the treasurer of the city, and has been since 1686. He pays all bills passed by the Comptroller. He is appointed by the Mayor. His salary is $25,000 a year, but out of that sum he has to pay all the expenses of carrying on his office. The Counsel to the Corporation is the head of the Law Depart- ment of the city. He has charge of all the litigation of the municipality- 156 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. and of the proceedings for the acquirement of title to real estate for public purposes. His term of office is four years, and his salary $12,000 a year. He appoints a Public Administrator (Chas. E. Lydecker) to take charge of the estates of intestate persons whose heirs have to be ascertained ; and also a Corporation Attorney (Louis Hanneman), whose duty it is to prosecute persons for violation of ordinances of the Board of Aldermen ; and an Attorney for the Collection of Arrears of Personal Taxes (J. G. H. Meyers). Each of these subordinate officers receives a salary of $4,000 a year. The Commissioner of Public Works is at the head of the Depart- ment of Public Works, whose duty it is to care for the city's water supply; to open, regulate, grade, pave, flag and curb all streets below the Harlem River; to illuminate, under the direction of the Gas Commissioners — the Mayor, Comptroller and Commissioner of Public Works — all the streets of the city; to sewer and drain the district south of the Harlem; to care for all public buildings; to keep the streets clear of obstructions, and to main- tain public baths. The salary of the Commissioner is $8,000, and his term is four years. The Commissioner of Street Improvements for the 33d and 24th Wards has the same duties to perform in the district north of the Harlem River that the Commissioner of Public Works has below it, with the ex- ception that he has not the care of the water supply, public buildings or street lighting. This office was created by the Legislature in 1890. The Police Department has four Commissioners at its head. Its uniformed force consists of a Superintendent, salary $6,000; Chief In- spector, salary $5,000; 3 Inspectors, salary $3,500; 36 Captains, salary $2,750; 144 Sergeants, salary $2,000; 40 Detective Sergeants, salary $2,000, and 3,700 patrolmen, about 2,800 of whom receive $1,200 a year, 500 receive $1,100 a year, and 400 receive $1,000. The Police Commis- sioners are appointed for six years. Their salary is $5,000 each. The police are efficient in service, taken as a whole, and are a remarkably fine- looking body of men. In some respects the department is defective. It needs a better telegraphic service, and more modern methods of conveying prisoners from places of arrest to the stations and thence to courts. A special function of the Police Commissioners is to provide the means and appoint the officers to carry on elections. They designate the election dis- tricts, see to the printing and distribution of the ballots, provide the poll- ing places and ballot-boxes, and appoint the Inspectors of Election, Poll Clerks and Ballot Clerks. The appointments are made under a law pro- Tiding that the appointees shall represent the two great political parties. To carry on the work of the police department proper during 1892, $5,045,- 468.31 is appropriated. The appropriation for the purposes of the Bureau GOVERNMENT. 157 of Elections is $411,300. Total appropriation, $5,456,768.31. Police Head- Quarters, No. 300 Mulberry St., between Houston and Bleecker. Police Stations — Precinct : No. 1 — Old SI. near Front st. ; No. 2 — Cor. Liberty and Church sts. ; No. 3— City Hall ; No. 4—9 Oak st. ; No. 5 — 19 Leonard st.; No. 6 — 19 Elizabeth st. ; No. 7 — 247 Madison st. ; No. 8 — Prince st., cor. Wooster st. ; No. 9 — 94 Charles st. ; No. 10 — 205 Mulberry St.; No. 11 — 105 Eldridge st. ; No. 12 — Attorney and Delancey sts. ; No. 13 — Union Market, E. Houston St.; No 14 — 1st av. and 5th st.; No. 15 — 221 Mercer st.; No. 16 — 230 W. 20th St.; No. 17 — 34 E. 29th st.; No. 18-r— 327 E. 22d st.; No. 19— 137 W. 30th St.; No 20 — 434 W. 37th st; No. 21 — 160 E. 35th st.; No. 22 — 347 W. 47th st.; No. 23 — 163 E. 51st st.; No. 23 sub-precinct. — Grand Cen- tral Depot; No. 24— W. 68th st., near the Boulevard; No. 25 — 153 E. 67th st.; No. 26—134 Wc ioothst; No. 27—432 E. 88th st,; No. 28— Pier A, N. R.; No. 29 — E. 126th st., near Lexington ave.; No. 30 — W. 125th St., near 9th av.; No. 31 — Hij£hbrige. ; No. 32 — 10th av. and i52d st. ; No. 33 — Mor- risania Town Hall; No. 34— Tremont; No. 35— Kingsbridge; No. 36 — The steamboat patrol. The Fire Department is controlled by three Commissioners, appointed for six years, at $5,000 each. The force of the department consists of 1 Chief, salary $5,000; 2 Deputy Chiefs, salary $3,500 each; 12 Chiefs of Bat- talions, salary $2,750 each; 57 Foremen of engine companies, salary $1,800 each; 22 Foremen of hook and ladder companies, salary $1,800 each; 79 As- sistant Foremen, salary $1,500 each; and 900 firemen, divided into three grades ranging in salary from $1,200 to $1,000. The duty of this depart- ment is not only to extinguish, but also to prevent fires, and to ascertain their causes. It, therefore, has control of the methods of keeping com- bustibles in the city, and determines the quantity that may be kept; and it also prescribes rules which must be followed by hotel keepers and theatre managers to enable their patrons to escape in case of fire. The department is extremely effective. It has 83 steam fire engines, 2 fire boats, 38 hook and ladder trucks, 3 water towers, and 350 horses. Its appropriation for the year 1892 is $2,301,282. The Health Department is managed by four Commissioners, of whom the President of the Police Department is one, the Health Officer of the Port another, and the other two are special appointees of the Mayor. Of the latter two one is appointed as President of the Health Board, at a salary of $3,000 a year. The other must be a physician of at least five years' stand- ing. His salary is $4,000. The President of the Board and the Physician- Commissioner hold office for six years. The Health Department is charged with the prevention of disease, as well as with its suppression. That it does its work well is shown by the extinction of the epidemic of typhus fever last spring, by its control of small pox, and by its recent energetic 158 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. grapple with cholera. The department has almost arbitrary power when disease has to be overcome. It may seize and hold infected houses and confine their inmates. The appropriation for the department for 1892 is $435,138. The Department of Public Charities and Correction is controlled by three Commissioners, with a salary of $5,000 a year, appointed for six years. They have a two-fold function — to care for the impoverished sick and persons unable to care for themselves, and to keep watch and ward over minor criminals. They have charge of the penitentiary and workhouses and also of public hospitals, almshouses, and asylums for the insane. They have several reception hospitals in the city, the main one being Bellevue; but most of the institutions under their management are on Blackwell's, Ward's and Randall's Islands. They also have at Islip, Long Island, a farm, where mild insane persons able to work are employed at agricultural and other outdoor labor, calculated to assist in the cure, or in the arresting, of their mental maladies. The appropriation for the department for 1892 is $2,170,125. The Department of Street Cleaning is presided over by a Commis- sioner, appointed for six years at a salary of $6,000. He has a Deputy Com- missioner at $4,000 a year; a Superintendent at $3 ,ooo; a Deputy Superin- tendent at $2,300; Assistant Superintendents for the 11 districts into which the city is divided, at a salary of $1,800; 58 Foremen of gangs at $1,000; and 1400 sweepers at $50 a month. The sweepers are uniformed, and are tested physically before they are employed. The department owns 500 carts. The appropriation for the work for 1892 is $1,978,540. The Department of Public Parks is controlled by four Commissioners, appointed for five years. The President of the Board receives $5,000 a year. The other Commissioners receive no pay. It is the custom of the Commissioners to rotate in the presidency. They have charge of all parks in the city, of Pelham Bay Park, in Westchester County; and of the park- ways which connect Pelham Bay and the other new parks recently acquired at a cost of $9,000,000. They also have control of improvements over and along the Harlem River. They are now building a magnificent bridge at Macomb's Dam, at the end of Seventh avenue. The buildings in City Hall Park are not»under their care. The appropriation for this department for 1892 is $1,003,150. The Board of Docks is at the head of the Department of Docks, and is composed of three Commissioners, at $5,000 a year each. It has control of all wharves, ships, etc. , belonging to the city, of the acquirement of river- front property, the surveying and planning of dock improvements, and the construction of wharves. It may expend not more than $3,000,000 a year. It must procure the sanction of the Sinking Fund Commission for its work, GOVERNMENT. 159 because its funds are raised by the sale of bonds, running not less than thirty years, issued by the Comptroller when directed by that Commission. The Department of Taxes and Assessment has three Commissioners, one of whom is appointed its President by the Mayor, and who, as such, is a member of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment and of the Armory Board. All the Commissioners are appointed for six years. The President receives $5,000 a year, the other two Commissioners $4,000 each. In Sep- tember of each year these Commissioners send deputies to examine the houses, lots, piers, etc., to ascertain their owners, and to fix the prices they would bring at ordinary sale. The deputies also make inquiry respecting personal property. On the basis of reports sworn to by their deputies the Commissioners assess the property, and prepare a record, which is open for inspection and correction from the second Monday of January until May 1. From it the ward assessment rolls are prepared, and they are presented to the Board of Aldermen on the first Monday of July. On the basis of these rolls, and of the final estimate of the expenses of the city government for the current year, the tax rate is fixed by the Aldermen. It is a fact of in- terest — to the New York tax payer more than to the information-seeker — that New York's government is maintained on borrowed money from the first of January until November, when taxes begin to be collected. The money is raised on revenue bonds. The appropriation for the purposes of the Department of Taxes for 1892 is $120,520. The Department of Buildings is a new one, established by the Legis- lature of 1892. Its head is a Superintendent (Thomas J. Brady), at a salary of $5,000, and with a term of six years. No structure can be erected unless the plans for it are approved by this department, which is also charged with the duty of discovering unsafe edifices and causing them to be strengthened or pulled down. The Board of Aldermen is now composed of 26 members — one for each of the Assembly Districts from the first to the twenty-third, inclusive, and one for each of the twenty-third and twenty-fourth wards, which hitherto made up the twenty-fourth assembly district. The twenty-sixth member is the President, who is elected by vote throughout the city. The term is one year. The Aldermen elected in November will serve tor two years, at a salary of $2,000. The number elected will de- pend upon whether the legislative Apportionment Act is sus- tained, or declared unconstitutional by the Court of Appeals. If it is sustained the number will be 31 — the President and one Alderman for each of 30 Assembly districts. Otherwise, the present number will be chosen. The Aldermen have very few important functions, beyond giving franchises to railroad companies and fixing the tax rate (see Depart- ment of Taxes). Appropriation for 1892, $76,800, 1G0 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. The Sheriff's is an office instituted here in 1665 by Governor Nicolls, to supersede the Dutch office of Schout. Until 1890 it was altogether a fee office. The Sheriff now receives a salary of $12,000, and certain special fees which make this office very lucrative. The office of Register of Deeds was established by the legislature in 1 81 2. Prior to that time deeds affecting real estate were recorded at Albany or in the County Clerk's office here. The Register is now an elec- tive officer, with a term of three years, and a salary of $12,000. The County Clerk was originally the Clerk of the Common Council, and Town Clerk; and because of this he is yet called upon to act as City Clerk, in the absence of an officer so designated specially. He was also the clerk of the several courts. He is yet ex-officio the clerk of the Supreme Court in this county. It is his duty to file judgments, or transcripts of judgments of all the Courts; to keep the calendar of the Supreme Court; and to perform various other duties in connection with legal business. His term is three years; salary $15,000 a year; and he is elected. The Coroners are four in number; hold office for three years, and re- ceive $5,000 a year each. Their office is at No. 27 Chambers St. The Surrogate has existed with varying powers since 1664. The first will recorded in his office is that of Mary Gardiner, widow of Lyon Gardi- ner, Lord of the Manor of Gardiner's Island, which lies between the north- eastern and southeastern points of Long Island. Hereafter there are to be two surrogates, each with a term of fourteen years, and a salary of $15,000. The Surrogate sits in the County Court House. The District Attorney is elected for three years, at $12,000 a year. His office is in the "Brown Stone Building" in the City Hall park. The Recorder is an ancient officer. By the Dongan Charter of 1686 the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Assistant Aldermen were declared "one body corporate and politic, in deed, fact, and name, By the name of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of New York"; and all prop- erty and privileges granted by that instrument were confirmed to those officers forever. The Recorder no longer sits as a member of the Common Council, but as a member of the Sinking Fund Commission he keeps his official grasp on the real estate and sources of revenue of the city. As a magistrate he now has only criminal jurisdiction, sitting in the Court of General Sessions of the Peace. His magisterial salary is $12,000, but he re- ceives pay for his services in city commissions, making his salary $16,000 a year. The Judicial System of New York is made up of the Supreme Court, Court of Common Pleas, Superior Court, City Court, local district courts of civil jurisdiction, the Courts of Oyer & Terminer, General Sessions of the | Peace, and Special Sessions of the Peace, and the police courts. GOVERNMENT. 16jl The Supreme Court has general jurisdiction, and is composed of seven Justices, who each receive $6,000 from the state and $11,500 from the city. The Common Pleas and Superior Courts have the same jurisdiction as the Supreme Court over causes originating in, or between residents of, the city. Their Judges receive $15,000 a year. The Judges of the three courts are elected for fourteen years, and they sit in the County Court House. The City Court is a tribunal of limited jurisdiction. Its Judges are elected for six years. Their salary is $10,000 a year. They sit in the City Hall. There are eleven district civil courts, having jurisdiction over local causes involving $250 or less. Appeals from them lie to the Court of Common Pleas. The places of holding court are: 1st District, Chambers and Cen- tre Sts. ; 2d Dist., Grand and Centre Sts. ; 3d Dist., Jefferson Market; 4th Dist., 2d Ave. and 1st St.; 5th Dist., 154 Clinton St.; 6th Dist., 2d Ave. and 23d St.; 7th Dist., 151 E. 57th St.; 8th Dist., 7th Ave. and 22d St.; 9th Dist., 150 E. 125th St.; 10th Dist., 3d Ave. and 38th St.; nth Dist., 919 8th Ave. The Civil Justices receive $6,000 a year, and are elected for six years. The fifteen Police Justices are appointed by the Mayor for ten years at $8,000 a year. Three of them hold the Court of Special Sessions without a jury, in the Tombs, where there is also an ordinary police court in session daily. The Courts of Oyer and Terminer (held in the County Court House) and General Sessions of the Peace (held in the " Brown Stone Building " in the City Hall Park) are those in which criminals are tried by jury after indict- ment. The Oyer and Terminer meets at intervals, and is presided over by a Justice of the Supreme Court. The General Sessions Court sits through- out the year. Four magistrates sit upon its bench, holding separate branches. Their salary is $12,000 each. Appeal from the Oyer and Ter- miner and General Sessions lies to the Supreme Court, General Term. In murder cases the appeal is directly to the Court of Appeals. Jurors for all excepting the district courts are provided by a Commis- sioner of Jurors, appointed by the Mayor for six years, at $5,000 a year. His office is in the Stewart Building. Licenses to sell liquor are granted by the Commissioners of Excise, who are appointed by the Mayor for three years, at $5,000 each. Their office is at the Bowery and Bond St. The Court of Arbitration is held in the Chamber of Commerce and is presided over by an Arbitrator whose function it is to pass upon disputes submitted to him and growing out of mercantile contracts. If it is desired by the parties additional arbitrators may be associated with the official who presides over the court. The Arbitrator is appointed by the Governor, 162 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. with the consent of the Senate, to continue in office during good behavior. He is paid by fees. The present Arbitrator is Enoch L. Fancher. George Wilson, Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, is clerk of the court. Guardians of the Port of New York are the Commissioners of Pilots. It is their duty to prosecute all persons who dump ashes, mud, garbage or any other filling into the rivers or harbor; as well as to license, oversee and discipline the Sandy Hook pilots. The Commissioners have an office at 24 State street. Three of them are elected by the Chamber of Com- merce, and two by the Board of Marine Underwriters, all for a term of two years. Port Wardens — who are nine in number — appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, for a term of three years, have a function similar to that of the Commissioners of Pilots. They control the Hellgate pilots. They also survey vessels that have suffered damage at sea, and determine whether ships' cargoes are properly stowed. Their office is No. 17 South St. Quarantine provisions and the machinery to enforce them, are an important feature of the government of New York. From the time of the Quarantine riots on Staten Island, thirty years ago, until recently, a quarantine establishment was forbidden elsewhere than on artificial islands in the lower bay. An act of the legislature, which only came to the public notice when the residents of Bay Shore, L. I., tried to prevent the landing on Fire Island of passengers from ships on which had been cases of cholera, now invests the Health Officer with discretion respecting such an establish- ment elsewhere. This officer is appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, for a term of two years, and to hold office until his successor appears. His salary is $10,000. He must be a physician of at least ten years' experience; and it is his duty to inform himself respecting the condition of health of the persons aboard every vessel that enters the port, and to put into operation whatever rules of quarantine may be neces- sary to prevent the entrance of disease. To this end he is equipped with many and various powers. The Commissioners of Quarantine are three residents of New York, Brooklyn, or Staten Island, appointed by the Gov- ernor, with the consent of the Senate, to take charge of all the property of the state at the quarantine station, to construct floating hospitals, warehouses, and wet-docks for the reception of infected persons, goods or ships, and to maintain the hospitals, etc., with the aid of persons to be employed by the Health Officer and paid by him out of fees received for the sanitary inspec- tion or disinfection of vessels. Should any person prove, on appeal to them, that the Health Officer has acted arbitrarily and without discretion, they may over-rule him. After he has paid the salaries of himself and hi& employes, the Health Officer must turn any surplus fees over to the GOVERNMENT. 163 Quarantine Commissioners for the preservation and repair of the property in their care. The Commissioners receive $2,500 a year and are appointed for three years. They are : George W. Anderson, Charles F. Allen, and Nicholas Muller. Wm. T. Jenkins, M. D., is the Health Officer of the Port. Of the militia, or National Guard of the State of New York, more than one-third — or about 5,500 men — is in this city. It is a well-drilled and dis- ciplined force. In the past thirty years it has been called out many times either to meet invaders, or to quell rioters. The most recent active duty it has done was in over-awing the riotous switchmen at Buffalo, and the belligerent clam-diggers at Fire Island. The force is one brigade, commanded by Brigader-General Louis Fitzgerald, and consisting of seven regiments of infantry, two batteries, each of four guns, a troop of cavalry, and a signal corps. These several organizations, their commanders, and the locations of their armories are: 7th Regiment; Col. Daniel Appleton; corner of East 67th St. and Park avenue. 8th Regiment; Col. George D. Scott; corner East 94th St. and Park avenue. 9th Regiment; Col. Wm. Seward; 221 W. 26th St. 12th Regiment; Col. Heman Dowd; corner W. 62d St. and Columbus avenue. 22d Regiment; Col. John T. Camp; Boulevard and W. 68th St. 69th Regiment; Col. James Cavanagh; Third avenue and 7th St. 71st Regiment; Col. Francis V. Greene; temporarily, Lexington avenne and 107th St. 1st Battery; Captain Louis Wendel; 340 W. 44th St. 2d Battery; Capt. David Wilson; 810 7th avenue. Troop A; Capt. Cha's F. Roe; 136 W. 56th St. Signal and Telegraph Corps; Capt. Albert Gallup; 132 W. 56th St. Since the Seventh Regiment procured its magnificent armory by pop- ular subscription the city has spent about $2,000,000 in the erection of armories for other regiments. Besides the Seventh, the 8th, 12th and 22d Regiments are now housed in buildings well-equipped with the means to instruct, entertain, and develop the strength of the young soldiers. An armory is building for the Seventy-first Regiment at Park avenue and 34th street, and plans are in preparation for one for the Sixty-ninth Regiment partly on the site of its present home. The armories are erected under the direction of the Armory Board of which Brigadier-General Fitzgerald, and the senior Colonel of the brigade (Col. James Cavanagh, of the 69th) are members with the Mayor, Commissioner of Public Works, and President of the Department of Taxes, New York takes great pride in her citizen 164 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. soldiers and they justify it by always answering most promptly when summoned for active duty of any kind. Federal Courts and Offices. This city is in the Southern District of the State of New York, which also comprises the counties of Orange, Rockland, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Ulster, Sullivan and Greene. The District Court is held in the Post Office Building. The United States Circuit Court also sits in the Post Office Building. Other Federal offices are: Custom House, Wall and William streets; U. S. Public Stores, No. 402 Washington street; Sub-Treasury, Wall and Nassau streets; Assay Office, next to Sub-Treas- ury; National Bank Examiner, 45 Broadway; Post Office, Broadway and Park Row; Internal Revenue Collectors' Offices, No. 114 Nassau street and 153 Fourth avenue. Military — Division of the Atlantic, (head- quarters, Governor's Island;) various bureau of the military service, No. 39 Whitehall street; Naval — Navy Yard, Brooklyn; Shipping Commissioner, 25 Pearl street; Superintendent of Immigration, Ellis Island; Pension agent, 398 Canal street; Secret Service Office, Post Office Building; Supervisor of the Harbor, 39 Whitehall street; Inspector, Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, 18 Broadway; Inspector Life Saving Service, 24 State street; Loan Commissioners, 170 Broadway; Observer, Weather Bureau, 120 Broadway; Inspectors, Steam Vessels, Post Office Building-. fUBLie WOf^KS. The Masterpieces of Constructive Skill Which Make New York so Comfortable a City to Live in. New York has public works unsurpassed for the skill with which they have been planned and constructed, and in adaptation to popular conven- ience, comfort and health. Its East River Bridge is a marvel to engineers — one of the wonders of the world. Its parks are large and well kept. Its aqueducts carry water sufficient for all the needs of many more than its present number of inhabitants. Defenses. For these the United States government is responsible. They are somewhat antiquated, excepting where old stone fortifications have been strengthened with modern earthworks, as at Fort Hamilton, on Long Island and Fort Wadsworth, on Staten Island, at the entrance to the Narrows. At Sandy Hook is an old stone fortification, only partly built, on which work was stopped years ago, and which is disappearing in the sand. A modern work is to be built on the Hook, and equipped with mortars and big rifled guns. On Plum Island, across the lower bay from Sandy Hook, at the mouth of Sheepshead Bay and to the eastward of Coney Island, a strong battery is to be constructed, and another on Dyker's Beach to the eastward of Fort Hamilton and behind the western point of Coney Island. Further strengthening of Forts Hamilton and Wadsworth with big rifles and side batteries is projected. The tumble-down old Fort Lafayette, be- between the two forts in the Narrows, may also be utilized for pneumat- ic dynamite guns. The forts in the upper bay are Fort Columbus, Castle Williams and the South Battery on Governor's Island, and Fort Wood, on Bedlow's Island. They are old, and of stone. Fort Schuyler is on the point of Throgg's Neck, Westchester County; and an earthwork, not offi- cially named, is opposite it on Willet's Point, Long Island. Here is the entrance from Long Island Sound to the East River, and the eastern limit of New York harbor. The river is very narrow here. Fort Schuyler .is built of stone. Its construction was begun in 1833. It is to be supple- 1G6 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. mented with earthworks and a battery of four twelve-inch mortars. Other works are to be built on Willett's Point, and an eight-inch rifle is to be mounted there on a disappearing carriage. Bridges. The great suspension structure from New York to Brooklyn is the prinoipal one. Its construction was begun in 1870, and it was opened to traffic on May 24, 1883. The river span is 1,595 feet long. The towers be- tween which it is suspended are 272 feet high, 50 feet wide on the water- line and 140 feet deep. They rest on caissons, sunk deep and filled with concrete. Four cables, passing over the towers and anchored 930 feet from them on either side, sustain the structure. Each cable contains 5,296 galvanized and oil-coated steel wires, each 3,572 feet long, extending paral- lel with, and wrapped to, a solid steel cylinder. The bridge is 85 feet wide, divided into spaces for foot passengers, two cable railroad tracks and two wagon-ways. The floor of the bridge is 135 feet above high water at the centre of the span, and 119 feet 3 inches at the towers. The cable anchor- plates weigh 23 tons each, and are set in towers 89 feet high and 129 by 119 feet at base. Piers and arches support the approaches to the bridge proper. In these arches on the New York side are warehouses. The length of the structure from Park Row, New York, to Sands St., Brooklyn, is 5,989 feet. South of Sands street is a structure for the storage and switching of cable cars. The New York tower contains 46,945 cubic yards of masonry, and the Brooklyn tower 38,214 cubic yards. Foot passage over the bridge is free. By cable car a trip across is three cents. The bridge cost to build about $15,000,000. Its annual receipts are about $1,900,000. To maintain it and police it with a special force costs about $1,750,000. About 150,000 pas- sengers cross it daily. Other bridges across the East River from New York to the part of Brooklyn known as Williamsburg, and to Long Island City, are projected. The bridges over the Harlem are the Suburban Elevated Railroad Co.'s, at Second avenue; the Harlem Railroad Co.'s, at Fourth and Madison avenues, and the New York City and Northern Railroad Co.'s at Eighth avenue; the Third avenue, McComb's Dam, High and Washington. The last-named is a handsome structure, connecting 181st St., on Manhattan Is- land, with Aqueduct avenue, on the eastern side of the river. Its length is 2,375 feet, and its height is 133.5 feet above the river. It is composed of two steel arches, each with a span of 510 feet — one crossing the river and the other the lowland under Fordham Heights — with three stone piers and two stone abutments. The piers are 40 feet thick and 98 feet long at the places from which the arches spring, and up to those places they are of solid concrete, faced with dressed granite. Above, they are cellular. The abut- PUBLIC WORKS. 161 ments are semi-circular arches of masonry, each having a 60 feet span, with piers 13 feet thick at the springing line of the arches. These abut- ments are each 235 feet long. On the bridge are a carriageway 50 feet wide, and two footways each 15 feet wide. It is not only a handsome work, but a remarkable example of the use of new devices for the construction of metal arches. It cost $2,700,000. High Bridge at 175th St. was built fifty-two years ago to carry the Croton Aqueduct across the Harlem. It affords no passage for wagons, the jarring of which might crack the big iron pipes in which the water flows. For many years it was one of New York's wonders, and it is still a worthy specimen of engineering skill. It is made of thirteen granite arches and piers, the arches being 116 feet high. Its length is 1,460 feet. The McComb's Dam Bridge, and the great Viaduct, now constructing, will certainly be among of the most interesting of the public works. The bridge will be the widest and longest draw-bridge in the country. The width will be 66 feet 6 inches-, allowing 43 feet 6 inches for a carriageway, and 1 1 feet 6 inches on each side for foot passengers. Its length will be 2,120 feet and its height above spring-tide 29 feet. Its cost will be $1,250,000. The Viaduct runs from this bridge, and from 7th and 8th avenues, to the top of the bluff of Washington Heights at 155th street and St. Nicholas Place. Here the bluff is 105 feet high. At Eighth avenue, the Viaduct passes over the Elevated Railroad station, at a height of 69 feet from the roadway. It is an iron and steel structure, with stone supports. It is 60 feet wide, and is to have a carriageway of 40 feet, and two sidewalks, each 10 feet wide. The sidewalks will be of asphalt, and the carriageway will be paved with granite blocks, set in an elastic cement that will soften or hard- en under the weather in sympathy with the expansion or contraction of the metal of the superstructure. The Viaduct will cost $644,000. A railroad bridge from the heights of Weehawken, N. J., across the Hudson River to the line of West 67th St. is also projected. Ground has been broken on both sides of the river; but nothing further has been done, as the company lacks authorization from the Federal Government. Tunnels. — Under this head may be treated the so-called "Fourth Av- enue Improvement." This is a series of tunnels, open cuts, and over-grade railroad structures, by which trains from the Grand Central Station reach the Harlem River. The Harlem Railroad had the right to run down into the city at grade, and the city to get rid of that right, joined with the railroad company, then controlled by Commodore Vandcrbilt, to do this work. It was completed in 1875, and the city paid $3,000,000 toward its cost, which was estimated at $6,000,000. A tunnel under the Hudson from about the foot of Clarkson St. to the foot of 19th St., Jersey City, has been in course of construction for fifteen m THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. years. The work was begun on the New Jersey side, and the tunnel is cut almost half way over from there. The tunnel from the New York shore is out only a short distance. They are intended to meet; and they are constructed through the silt of the river bottom, the work being done in a chamber of compressed air, which keeps the silt from collapsing while the work of building the great iron tube which becomes tne tunnel goes on. Brick work is next put within the tube. The enterprise has been dropped from time to time. English capital is now interested in it. It may ulti- mately be the means of bringing railroad freight into the city, without re* handling in Jersey City, but the prospect is not the best at present. A number of men were killed by the breaking of the Hudson into the tunnel some years ago. A tunnel from Long Island City under the East River to this city (along the line of 426. street) and the Hudson River to Weehawken has long been in contemplation. Aqueducts and Reservoirs. — Two Aqueducts supply New York, and they rank among the great works of their kind. Both bring the water of the Croton Valley, but the old one alone is known as the Croton Aqueduct. The other is called the New Aqueduct. Through them more water is sup- plied to the people of New York per head than is at the disposal of indi- vidual citizens of any other city in the world. The Croton Aqueduct was completed in 1842. It is of brick and stone, elliptical in shape, 8 1-2 feet high and 7 1-2 across at the middle, and was intended to have a capacity of 60,000,000 gallons a day. But for years before the New Aqueduct was completed in 1890, it was over-strained by the carrying of a much larger supply. At times its breaking, and a consequent water famine, were feared. After repairs it will be good as new. This is the aqueduct which crosses the Harlem on High Bridge. The New Aqueduct is 30.75 miles in length, from its beginning at Croton Lake to 135th St. and Tenth avenue. It is in the main a tunnel, and in part is through solid rock. From its start to a point a little north of Jerome Park it is 13.53 feet high, and 13.6 feet wide, and has a capacity of 318,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. At this point it is proposed to build a distributing reservoir from which the water will be sent under pressure. Here the size of the aqueduct changes to a diameter of 12 feet 3 inches, at which it continues until it reaches the Harlem River, when it is only 10 feet 5 inches in diameter. Below Jerome Park it has a daily capacity of .250,000,000 gallons. It passes under the Harlem River 307 feet below the tide. Its distance from the earth's surface varies along its course from 22 feet to 420 feet. Near the Harlem River an extraordinary descent was made necessary by the discovery of a great mass of rotten rock. At 135th street, twelve 48-inch pipes are connected with the aqueduct. Of these 4 run directly to the city's distributive pipe system, 4 run into the Croton (old) Aqueduct, and 4 run to the large reservoir in Cen- I F YOU SEE IT IN THE SUN, • • it's so L T=5£J FIFTH A V 1 CARPETS. The most complete and elegant line of novelties in Wil- tons, Gobelins, Moquettes, Velvets, Brussels, &c., in exclu- sive styles, ever offered to the public, all at exceedingly attractive prices. We call special attention to our Royal Wiltons and Wilton Velvets, (which we believe to be the best wearing carpets made.) Also to our New Weave Ingrains, equal to a Body Brus- sels, and in style and effect rich as a Wilton. Odd Patterns in Extra Supers at greatly reduced prices. UPHOLSTERY. $100,000 worth Furniture Coverings, Hangings, Plush, &c, at lowest prices in the city. Chenille and Lace Curtains, In the latest designs and in all the leading makes at specially reduced prices. FURNITURE. Some elegant parlor suits, our own exclusive designs, which we will close out at prices far below that charged for first-class work elsewhere. Parties purchasing their coverings from us can have their furniture re- upholstered and covered in the best manner at moderate charges. SHEPPARD KNAPP & CO., Sixth Ave., 13th and 14th Sts., New York, PUBLIC WORKS. 160 tral Park. The flow of water is controlled by gates at Croton Dam and at 135th St. Another means of control will be afforded by the gates of the dam near Jerome Park. At present the aqueducts draw their supplies from Croton Lake and the storage reservoirs of Boyd's Corners, Middle Branch, and some natural lakes. Five Reserv Mrs are building — Sodom, to hold 67 feet of water; Bog Brook, to hold 60 feet; Titicus, to hold 104 feet; Amawalk, to hold 90 feet; and Carmel, to hold 63 feet. Together, these, it is estimated, will have a storage capacity of 30,000,000,000 gallons. A contract was let in Septem- ber, 1892, by the Aqueduct Commission for the construction of a dam 178 feet above the bed of the Croton River and 265 feet above its bed-rock, at what is known as the Cornell Site, below the present Croton Dam. This will catch all the water that now escapes over the old dam and increase the capacity of Croton Lake by about 32,000,000,000 gallons. The contract price of this dam is $4,150,573. The entire cost of the New Aqueduct, prior to the letting of that contract, was $26,000,000, of which the construc- tion cost was about $20,000,000. Of the four reservoirs in the city the re- taining reservoir in Central Park has a capacity of 1,030,000,000 gallons; the receiving reservoir, next to it, has a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons; the distributing reservoir at 5th Ave. and 42d St. one of 20,000,000, and the " high service " reservoir at High Bridge one of 11,000,000. To force water to the highest places in the city, towers and pumps are provided at High Bridge and at 9th avenue and 97th St. The city also has a reservoir at Williamsbridge. which receives water from the Bronx River and distributes about 9,000,000 gallons a day. For its water supply it has spent about $77,000,000 since the Croton Aqueduct was begun fifty-three years ago, and has received about $60,000,000 in rents. Paving. — There are about 360 miles of paved streets in this city. Below the Harlem River there are 319.57 miles paved with stone, 1.05 with cobble, 27.77 with asphalt, 22.25 with Macadam, and .03 with wood. Since May, 1889, much progress has been made toward converting New York into a well-paved city. In addition to the usual sum of $350,000 a year spent out of taxation for repaving, the Commissioner of Public Works has had power to expend $1,000,000 a year, raised by the issuance of long-time bonds. A good part of this has been expended in asphalt work, which in some places has been laid over the old stone pavement. It has been found beneficial to lay asphalt in poor parts of the city, because it can be kept clean better than stone; but where heavy trucking is done granite blocks have to be used. In 1891 the new pavements laid measured 27.42 miles. Sewerage. — There are about 500 miles of sewers in New York. Of these 444.29 miles are below the Harlem River. The city is admirably situated for the disposal of sewerage by way of the rivers, but for years nui- 170 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. sances existed through the dropping of the waste into the docks, distant from the current. This evil is now undergoing rapid correction by the building of marginal sewers and the extension of outlets to the ends of piers where the sewerage is discharged immediately into the river flow. Damage from the overflow of sewers rarely occurs, as a system of inspec- tion enables obstructions speedily to be discovered and removed. Street Illumination. — 531 miles of streets, bridges and wharves are lighted nightly with 27,083 gas lamps, 1,199 electric lamps, and 140 naphtha lamps. Street Cleaning. — New York is cleaner than ever before, and com- pares favorably with the cleanest cities of Europe. A new system, under which the Street Cleaning Department has been reorganized recently, is found to work advantageously. This was admitted by physicians whose views were expressed during the recent period when it was feared that cholera might attack the city. Docks. — It is a long, arduous and costly work — millions of dollars have already been spent — to rid the city of the old wooden wharves and interior bulkheads with which its river-fronts have been built up. But they are going, and are being replaced with staunch wharves and deep and wide piers. Ultimately the city will be bordered with spacious streets and wharves capable of caring for the commerce of the world. A special feat- ure of some of the wharves is a provision made for elevated platforms on which the poor may sit and get the river breezes in summer. Parks. — With these New York is well supplied. In 1889 it purchased 3,619 acres of natural park land in the Annexed District and in Westchester County, just beyond, at a cost of $9,000,000. In Central Park it had 828 acres, and there were hundreds of acres in the parks elsewhere in the city. It has been determined to make parks in some of the poorer parts of the city. Mulberry Park is to adorn the neighborhood of the Five Points; Corlears Park is to make pleasant the old resort of gangs of East River thieves; the wild and rocky bluff along the Harlem, from 155th St. to the Washington Bridge, is to be taken for a park; old Greenwich Village at Leroy and Clarkson Sts. is to be made picturesque again. These improvements, with the many small parks already in the city, will make New York one of the handsomest, and by giving opportunity for air currents, one of the most healthful cities in the world. Electrical Suhways. — New York was once bound and tangled up with telegraph, telephone, and electric light wires. A law against the continu- ance of them and of the poles supporting them in the streets was passed years ago, but it was a dead letter. Now the poles and wires are gone from view in all but a few parts of the city. There are conduits or sub- way;; in the principal streets, and through these the wires are run. They PUBLIC WORKS. 171 are laid and leased by a private corporation, under the direction of a public commission, at the head of which is the Mayor. Harlem River Canal is a cut intended to connect that river with the Hudson by a straight line, doing away with the shallow and winding Spuy- ten Duyvil Creek. This work is in the hands of the United States Govern- ment, the City of New York providing the right of way. It is not far advanced and it may be discontinued, as it is now proposed to fill in the Harlem River and the creek, doing away with the "Island of Manhattan." A Board of United States Engineers is inquiring into this project. flNANGIAlo IJMSTITUTIOJMS. The Custom House — Sub-Treasury — Assay Office — Clearing House Stock Exchange — Banks and Trust Companies — Insurance. These institutions in this, the financial centre of the Western world, are so numerous and varied in their character, that only those of the greatest public interest and with whose dealings the public are most concerned can be mentioned. It is necessary to limit this article to those corporate insti- tutions of a strictly financial nature, entirely omitting the private bankers and dealers in bullion and exchange who, in many instances, have more to do with the supremacy of New York as a money centre than the corporate institutions. How pre-eminently New York is the financial depot of this continent, is best illustrated by the fact that while the clearances of the New York Clearing House amount to about thirty-five billion dollars yearly, the clearances of all the other clearing houses in the country amount to less than twenty billions. The receipts and disbursements of the Sub-Treasury here are yearly about a billion each. The Custom House, occupying the block bounded by Wall, Hanover and William Streets and Exchange Place, with the Naval Office, which is one of its departments, on the opposite side of Exchange Place and con- nected with the Custom House proper by an enclosed bridge, is in striking contrast to the modern tall buildings which rise around it on every side, and gives an impression of solidity not produced by them. The main en- trance is in Wall Street whence a flight of granite steps leads to the cir- cular mam hall. The ceiling of this hall is a large dome springing from windows drap ed with the American flag. In the center of the room is a globe clock with four faces on which is perched an eagle with outstretched wings. Surrounding this globe in a circle are the desks of the entry clerks, by whom entries of goods are examined and passed. The rooms of the other officers and clerks occupying five floors are ranged around the entire inner square of the Custom House. Access thereto is had by four narrow and poorly lighted halls. In this building were entered during the Custom House's last fiscal year, ending June 30th, '92, free goods to the amount of $255,000,000 and FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 173 dutiable goods to the amount of $320,000,000 on which $130,000,000 in duties was collected. This Custom House yields more than three-fifths of the entire tariff revenue of the Federal Government. These enormous transactions naturally make the Custom House one of the most important institutions in this city. The amount of goods entered here yearly is regarded as a fair indication of the general prosperity of the country, since these goods are not merely for New York consumption, but find their way to almost every hamlet in the Republic. The Custom House is divided into departments, the chief of which are the Appraiser's Department, including the Appraiser's stores, under charge of the Appraiser of the Port, where goods are sent to be examined and ap- praised; the Naval Office, presided over by the Naval Officer; the Survey- or's Department, the chief of which is the Surveyor of the Port, whose office Is second in importance only to that of the Collector, These departments are further sub-divided. Nearly all business here is done by Custom House brokers, as it re- quires a thorough familiarity with Custom House regulations to get an en- try of goods passed rapidly; and until this is done they are not released by the Government, which has a lien on all goods until the duties are paid. Entries of goods can only be made after the arrival of the ship transporting them upon presentation of an invoice setting out in detail the contents of each package together with a bill of lading. For the purposes of entry, a bill of lading is accepted as proof of ownership. Four kinds of entries can now be made: "An Immediate Consump- tion Entry," by which is meant an entry of goods immediately to be deliv- ered and on which the duties, based on the values in the consignee's in- voice, are paid at the time of making the entry. A certain proportion, say 10 percent., of all dutiable goods, selected at random, are ordered to the Ap- praiser's stores for examination. Meantime, if the goods have been deliv- ered directly from the ship, the person entering them gives his penal bond not to use the goods delivered until his entry is passed. By this entry the consignee is permitted, provided his papers are passed in time, to get his goods, except the 10 per cent, spoken of, direct from the vessel; but if he does not do so, the goods are sent to the General Order Stores, involving additional expense. The entry is then liquidated; that is, the portion of the goods which have been sent to the Appraiser's Stores is examined by the appraisers , and if the values sworn to in the entry papers are confirmed, the entry is passed, and the goods sent for examination are delivered to the consignee and his penal bond is cancelled. The second form of entry is made under the " Warehouse Act." The goods are placed in a bonded warehouse, and the consignee has three years within which to pay the duties. If, at the expiration of that time, the du- 174 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. ties are not paid, the goods are sold by the Government to pay them. Un- der this form of entry the consigee can, upon the payment of the duty for the part withdrawn, withdraw such parts of the entry as he desires, from time to time, provided the packages are not broken. A third form of entry is one made for immediate export — i. e., for goods which come to this port to be sent to some foreign country, and which are not to be consumed here. On this entry no duties or charges are made other than the charges for cartage and for papers. Most of the papers are now issued free. A fourth form of entry is for goods going to some other city in this country, which are simply entered here, but the duties on which are ap- praised and collected at the Custom House in the Customs District of their destination as before described. This entry is termed " An entry for Im- mediate Transportation without Appraisement." Nearly three thousand clerks, under the command of chiefs of divisions, are employed to perform the labor in this establishment. Many of the clerks have been in the Custom House service for years, the Civil Service law governing the appointment and promotion of all clerks. The Sub-Treasury's present home occupies the site of the old City Hall of New York, subsequently called Federal Hall, where Washington took the oath of office as our first President. This spot is now marked by J. Q. A. Ward's Statue of Washington, which breaks the rise of the Wall street steps. The building fronts on Wall street, runs through to Pine, Nassau being on its west side and the Assay office on the east. It is notable among the lofty buildings surrounding it for its pure architecture as well as its evident suitability for the purpose for which it is used. Its strong steel gratings, large safes, great vaults and uniformed guards and attendant policeman on the steps, suggest a fitting place for the storing of millons. When com- pleted in 1842 it was first used for a Custom House, but since 1862 it has been used as the Sub-Treasury. On the main floor and in the basement are the vaults where the gold and silver are stored, after being received through the Pine street entrance. On this floor is a large rotunda sur- mounted by a well lighted dome. A semi-circle of desks occupied by the cashier, tellers and others lines it on both sides, the offices of the Assistant Treasurer being on the left, and that of the Deputy-Assistant Treasurer on the right of the hall, entering from Wall street. In the Pine street end is the Coin Division, where coin of the larger denominations is received and paid out. On the other side of the hall is the Minor Coin Division where the smaller coin is handled. On the upper floors are the accounting offices and files. In the volume of business transacted this Sub-Treasury is the most im- portant in the United States; in fact, it is more important than all the FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 175 others collectively, as fully three-fifths of the Federal revenues and dis- bursements are here handled. The cost of handling is only about $1.01 to the million dollars here, whereas in the other sub-treasuries the average cost is $2.47 a million. The average amount of cash on hand is hard to estimate, as it varies daily, not in thousands, but tens of millions, and runs daily from one hundred and fifty to two hundred millions, and at times as high as two hundred and twenty millions, but latterly about one hundred and thirty millions is the amount usually on hand. During the fiscal year ending July 1st, 1892, this Sub-Treasury received $928,000,000 and paid out $972,000,000, reducing the cash balance by about $44,000,000. The receipts of the office are mainly from the following sources: the Custom House daily receipts, Internal Revenue taxes, deposits of 1,500 postmasters, patent fees, and remittances from banks acting as national depositories, they being compelled to transfer any public moneys in excess of the security given by them to the Government. De- posits from banks or individuals throughout the country for the shipment of silver coin are received in the shape of bank drafts, and the silver, free of charge, is ordered delivered from the nearest sub-treasury or mint. Other large sources of receipt are of mutilated currency, which is here redeemed, and of coin brought for exchange into paper. During August of 1892, the redemption of mutilated money amounted to $22,000,000. Gold certificates, redeemable in gold, and paper money other than silver certificates, are here presented, and redeemed in gold. Large amounts of silver and gold coin and bullion are daily deposited on receipt. Express wagons and mes- sengers may be seen daily at the Pine street entrance delivering hundreds of bags of silver and gold. This, of course, is again paid out to the de- positors on demand and represents no real asset or liability of the Sub- Treasury. Payments and disbursements are made to the disbursing officers, pay- masters and quartermasters of the Army and Navy, deposits usually being made from Washington to cover this item. Other channels of outgo are the regular treasury disbursements on appropriations, payments for bullion bought by the assay office, post office payments, and pensions. Last year, $76,500,000 was paid for this last item alone, through this office, the number of pension checks presented being 2,100,000. Interest on bonds, redemp- tion of bonds, certain series falling due at certain times, have to be redeemed, but in a number of cases when money was " tight," the Govern- ment anticipated the redemption of bonds largely through this Sub-Treas- ury, to release more money. Notwithstanding the enormous sums constantly on hand, a system of counter checking prevails, which combined with the honesty of the officials, 176 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. who are chosen with especial reference to their fitness for this work, has re- sulted so satisfactorily that only one case of misappropriation has occurred * since the establishment of this office. There are one hundred and fifteen employees in the Sub-Treasury. Most of the men occupying the more re- sponsible positions have been in the service for many years. The Assay Office, adjacent to the Sub-Treasury, and through which many of its direct dealings with the public are had, is interesting principally because of the enormous quantities of precious metals uncoined which a visitor may see. From thirty-eight to fifty millions of bullion are usually visible here in all conditions and shapes, from what the uninformed would take to be a piece of old copper, but which is gold of coin fineness, to bricks of solid gold worth over six thousand dollars each. The smallest brick made is about an inch and a half long, an inch wide, a fourth of an inch in thickness, and is worth from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and thirty dollars ac- cording to the fineness of the metal. The Assayer's offices are on the upper floor. The employes' here, as well as in the Sub-Treasury, are under bonds. Every bit of metal is weighed to the man receiving the same, and the weight and fineness together with the number of the metal are written on a card, and he in turn weighs it when he turns it over to the next man. Large shipments of bullion are made to this office from various parts of the Republic, and the mints make requisitions on this office for large quantities of bullion when they need the same for coin. Bankers and dealers in bul- lion keep constantly depositing with and drawing from here enormous quantities of the precious metals. The process of refining precious metals and that of ascertaining their fineness by assaying, requiring the utmost precision in calculation, and weighing with scales that readily indicatfe the weight of a hair, are of great interest to those of a scientific turn of mind. The New York Clearing House Association, in the upper floors of the unpretentious four story brownstone building at Pine and Nassau streets, docs not, from the appearance of its habitation, suggest to the passer-by the enormous sums of money which daily pass through its hands, and the great interests, so intimately connected with the public welfare, within its keep- ing. Founded in 1853 with a membership of fifty-five banks, having an ag- gregate capital of $47,000,000, it has, while pursuing the conservative policy of admitting only the strongest and most reliable banks, attained a mem- bership of sixty-four banks, having a combined capital of $60,500,000 and a surplus of $67,500,000, in 1892. Each member, on admission, pays an ini- tiation fee ranging from one thousand dollars for banks with a capital of half a million, to seventy-five hundred dollars for banks with a capital of FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 177 five millions. Each bank, irrespective of capital, pays yearly two hundred dollars, besides which there is a charge of from thirty-five to forty cents made on every million dollars cleared. All bank members, whenever de- sired by the association, must submit to examination as to their soundness and business methods, by a competent committee appointed for that pur- pose. Each member is required to file a weekly statement of its deposits, loans, specie, legal tender, and circulation. From among the officers of its bank members are chosen the committees of the association. The Assist- ant Treasurer of the United States is a member by courtesy. The object of this association is to furnish a place where, at a stated hour, clearances may be made and balances paid between its members and the banks which deposit with them, thereby avoiding the risk and expense and saving the labor connected with presentation by each bank of its de- mands against each other bank, a member of the association, and the pre- sentation in turn of their demands against it. The necessity of such an in- stitution was recognized in England as long ago as the latter part of the eighteenth century, and its great efficiency is well illustrated by the follow- ing example : Recently one of the large banks, a member of this association, pre- sented demands against other banks to the amount of three million nine hundred thousand dollars, and they, on the same day, presented to the Clearing House demands against it to an amount only eighty cents short of this. These two amounts were set off against each other, the bank receiv- ing eighty cents, the balance in its favor from the association, together with the demands against it, the other banks receiving the demands against them, thereby effecting the transfer of nearly eight million dollars by the payment of only eighty cents. These daily clearances and settlements of balances are effected in prac- tically the following manner: At ten A. M. the manager and assistant man- ager and staff, having taken their respective positions on the platform, the delivery and settling clerks of the various banks, members, each bringing the exchanges held by his bank against all the other members, assemble in the large room on the third floor. Here are three rows of desks, and to each bank is allotted a certain space, which is numbered, and to which its clerks repair; the settling clerk for each member now presents the manager with a slip showing the total exchanges presented against the Clearing House members, for which his bank is given credit on a proof sheet kept by one of the staff called "the proof clerk." The exchanges are then made between member and member, the delivery clerk at No. i delivering to the settling clerk of No. 2 all claims of No. 1 against No. 2 and obtaining a re- ceipt therefor. Meanwhile the delivery clerk of No. 2 delivers to the set- tling clerk of No. 3 demands held by No. 2 against No. 3 upon his receipt, 178 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. which operation is continued until every member has presented his demands f gainst every other member. On the completion of this settlement the dif- ferent settling clerks send on debit slips the result of the demands against their respective banks to the proof clerk, by whom they are entered. The total debits and credits are then footed up, and should agree, because what is a credit of one member is a debit of another. This entire work is per- formed in less than twenty minutes, and within half an hour the differences debit or credit between the banks are announced. The banks whose debits are greater than their credits are termed "debtor banks," and are required to settle their debits in cash not later than half past one o'clock, and the Clearing House pays out to the banks whose credits are in excess of their debits, which are termed "creditor banks," the amounts in their favor as soon as practicable. The daily exchanges average $115,000,000 and the daily balances are about $5,000,000; however, one day in February, 1881, the exchanges amounted to nearly $300,000,000, and on September 19th, 1890, the balances aggregated nearly $15,000,000. Thrice within the last twenty years, in 1873, in 1884, and again in 1890, about the time of the embarrassment of the Barings, has the Clearing House, through the confidence which it inspired, either averted or checked a panic by the issuance of loan certificates based on securities, acceptable to a committee appointed by the association, as collateral. These loan certifi- cates being issued to the extent of 75 per cent, of the normal market value of the securities, and being issued really by the banks themselves against collateral agreed upon by them, through the Clearing House, as their agent, were of course readily received by bank members of the association in pay- ment of daily balances, which, as before stated, amount to about five and one-half million dollars, thereby making that sum of money available for other purposes. In 1890 the association issued these certificates to the amount of fifteen and a quarter million dollars, in denominations of five, ten, and twenty thousand dollars. The Clearing House is governed by its principal committee, the Clear- ing House Committee, which has the executive management of all matters pertaining to the association. Besides this there are the Arbitration, the Conference and the Admissions Committees. The Stock Exchange, a voluntary unincorporated association founded in 1792, occupies the marble and granite building whose main entrance is at Nos. 10 to 14 Broad street, but which has an entrance in Wall street used by visitors who crowd the gallery to witness the scenes on the floor beneath. There are other entrances in New street, which are the ones generally used by the members and their clerks. The present building was erected in 1867, and although a very handsome structure, it attracts no particular at- FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 179 tention as such, on account of its-proximity to the many more modern and at least equally fine buildings in its immediate vicinity. The "floor" of the Exchange is on the street story of Wall and New streets, but is considerably higher than Broad street. There are entrances to it from the three streets. This room occupies the entire first floor of the building except the space allotted to the Main Hall on Broad street, which leads thereto. Elevators on each side of this hall run to the upper floors on which are the executive offices, the bond room, et cetera. The main room is nearly an oblong square, having a frontage of 170 feet on New street. Its ceiling is the glass roof of the building. Partly surrounding this room on the Wall street and Exchange Place sides is a gallery. Opposite this gallery on the New street side and over the desk at which the chairman and his assistants sit, is a peculiar form of electrical annunciator by which the number of each member is displayed. This an- nunciator, to enable a member to locate his number more readily, is divided into colored blocks. Without some such system of signalling, it would be next to impossible to attract the attention of members. From the gallery, the scene on the floor is often a very animated one, especially when the market is active. The voices from the different "crowds" below, rise in one continuous roar and one can occasionally hear "one thousand," "sixteenth," "five hundred," "seven-eighths," the brokers omit- ting to call the names of the stocks sold, or the first number of the price at which they are offered or bid. For instance, if a broker wishes to buy or sell a thousand shares of Delaware & Lackawanna, he goes to the place on the floor where that stock is dealt in, which is marked by an iron stand sur- mounted by a placard bearing the name of the stock. If the stock is selling at 153 7-8 asking price, he according to instructions, or his own judgment, announces the number of shares, or a part thereof, which he desires to sell or buy, generally naming merely the fractions of a cent. From six to seven hundred brokers may be seen offering and bidding on the floor at the same time and rushing from one "crowd" to another, each endeavoring to take advantage of every change in the market. Their industry is almost invari- ably exercised in some one else's behalf, for a commission of one-eighth of one per cent, to outsiders, and as little as two dollars a hundred shares to fellow-members. There are certain days and occasions when the Stock Exchange members, having left their dignity and decorum up town, abandon themselves to mis- chief. One of these days is the 15th of September, when it goes hard with the poor member who, forgetting the traditions of the day, appears on the floor in a light hat. His offensive head gear is either crushed down over his eyes or slapped off his head to the floor, when an impromptu game of old fashioned foot ball is immediately started. 180 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. The frolics and antics indulged in at Cnristmas time are very amusing. The men being dressed in all sorts of fancy costumes and absurd get-ups, march around the floor in procession, dance with each other and do, in fact, anything that their fancy may suggest. The Stock Exchange is a ^reat stickler on the question of hazing, and a new member is usually marched about, his hat slapped over his face or kicked to pieces, and his clothes torn. Thus he learns that the members approve of fun. To enjoy the privileges and to be admitted to this charmed circle of jolly money seekers, costs at present about $20,000, and one man some years ago was willing to pay $33,500 for this honor. The conditions of membership — only citizens of the United States being eligible — are as follows: Each member is admitted only after careful in- vestigation by the Admissions Committee, and his membership must be free and clear of all claim against it. This is insisted upon for the protec- tion of the other members with whom he may do business; his seat being subject to sale on the failure of a member to discharge his Exchange con- tracts, and the proceeds thereof being applicable first for the payment of such indebtedness. A member may dispose of his membership by nomi- nating a successor, acceptable to the Committee on Admissions, transfers being made subject to the approval of this committee. On the death of a member his membership may be transferred by the above committee. The Stock Exchange, after paying all demands against the proceeds of such transfer, pays the balance to his legal representatives, besides which the family of the deceased member receives ten thousand dollars from the "Gratuity Fund" of the Exchange, against which no claim can be made, as it is regarded as a gift by the Exchange to the dead member's family. The nature of the dealings on the floor is such that often there is no evidence of transactions involving thousands of dollars but the word of the members, and the man whose word is not as good as his bond is shunned and pointed out. Of course, each broker keeps a pad on which he notes sales and purchases, to and from whom made and at what prices, but these slips are not always immediately compared, and a dishonest and untruthful man would certainly have occasional opportunities to repudiate transac- tions. All deliveries of stocks and bonds must be made from 1:15 to 2:15, and if not made by the latter hour, notice of such failure to deliver is given to the Exchange, and a demand for the same is made. All purchases are paid for on delivery by check, certified if demanded. It is a well-known fact that many banks in New York over-certity brokers' checks, relying upon them to make their accounts good, and it is also true that while this over-certification amounts daily to millions of dol- lars, few banks have lost any large sums thereby. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 181 The present membership is 1,100, and as each membership is worth at least $20,000, this alone represents $22,000,000. Nearly all of the larger and wealthier banking houses have one or more members, and it is within bounds to say that its membership represents a capital of fully a quarter of a billion dollars. Brokers are very generous to each other, and many a ruined man has been put on the road to prosperity by the generosity of men to whom he owed large sums of money. A year ago one of the best-known firms in the Street failed for about a million dollars. Through the advances of his friends, the senior partner of the firm resumed business about three months later, and about nine months subsequent to his resumption, it was annouced that he had paid his creditors dollar for dollar and was a million ahead. The magnitude of the daily business is enormous, the average sales be- ing between three and four hundred thousand shares, and as the par value of most stocks is a hundred dollars, this means daily sales of shares of the par value of from thirty to forty million dollars. In addition to this is the sale of bonds and oil certificates, and the loaning of money on call. During one day of 1891, the sales amounted to one million shares, representing a par value of $100,000,000. Owing to the character of the securities dealt in on the Exchange, namely, those principally of railroad, telegraph and express companies, as well as coal, manufacturing and industrial companies and pipe line certifi- cates, the care exercised by the Listing Committee in the listing of new securities or of another series of some previously listed security, the fact that these securities are then listed on the "London Stock Exchange" by courtesy and on the " Consolidated Exchange" here, as a matter of course, that these securities constitute the bulk of all reliable investment securities in this country, and the enormous transactions had therein daily, the Stock Exchange is at the same time the most powerful and the most sensitive financial institution on this Continent outside of the Treasury at Washing- ton. Here is anticipated the effect of those great exports of bullion, either to settle balances or to meet an increased demand therefor ; as well as the shipments of large amounts here to pay for American securities, grain, cotton, &c, and the movement of money West and South to harvest and transport crops. The Stock Exchange has a Clearing House system of its own, by which delivery of stock is made only to the final purchaser, although the same stock may have been sold and resold ten or fifteen times during the day; all intermediate deliveries being balanced off through the Clearing House. The Consolidated Exchange, which occupies the handsome brick andred stone building at Broadway and Exchange Place, also fronting on New St., is 182 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. a union of the Petroleum and Mining Stock Exchanges. Its members are permitted to deal in smaller amounts of stock than are the members of its elder brother, the Stock Exchange, which it so closely resembles in the manner of conducting its business as to require no separate description. The other Exchanges are described elsewhere in this book. Bucket shops, or places where the smallest amount of stock could be dealt in, were plentiful a few years ago, but the law has steadily endeavored to suppress them, with great apparent success. The National Banks, forty. eight in number, with a capital of about $50,000,000, a surplus of $55,000,000 and deposits of $460,000,000, loans and discounts of $355,000,000, together with the forty-five State Banks, with a capital of $17,500,000, surplus of $15,000,000, deposits of $128,000,000 and loans of nearly $110,000,000, constitute one of the chief sources of New York's strength as a money cen- tre. Their operations are felt in every town in the country, and here banks of the agricultural sections keep large deposits, and have their paper re- discounted in sufficient volume to supply the enormous demands for money made upon them at certain seasons. The banks of New York which have a capital and surplus exceeding a million dollars are the following: American Exchange, 128 Broadway; Bank of America, 46 Wall St.; Bank of Commerce, 29 Nassau St.; Bank of the Manhattan Company, 40 Wall St. ; Bank of New York, 48 Wall St. ; Bank of North America, 25 Nassau St.; Bank of the Republic, 2 Wall St.; Bank of the State of New York, 33 William St.; Broadway, 237 Broadway; Central, 320 Broadway; Chase, 15 Nassau St.; Chemical, 270 Broadway; City, 52 "V\£all St. ; Continental, 7 Nassau St. ; Corn Exchange, 13 William St.; First, 2 Wall St.; Fourth, 14 Nassau St.; Gallatin, 36 Wall St.; Hano- ver, 11 Nassau St.; Importers' and Traders', 247 Broadway; Leather Manu- facturers', 29 Wall St. ; Market and Fulton, 81 Fulton St. ; Mechanics', 33 Wall St.; Mercantile, 191 Broadway; Merchants', 42 Wall St.; Park, 214 Broadway; Phenix, 49 Wall St.; Produce Exchange, Produce Exchange Building; Southern, 78 Wall St.; Third, 26 Nassau St.; United States, 41 Wall St.; Western, 120 Broadway. The Trust Companies are a very important factor in the financial life of this city, exercising as they do all the functions of banks, besides acting as trustees of estates, railroad and other companies, whose assets they hold in trust as collateral for the issuance of bonds and stocks, paying the cou- pons on their bonds and the dividends on their stock, holding papers in escro, and performing many other functions. Their aggregate capital is very large, and their deposits in proportion to their capital often much greater than in banks. Among the principal trust companies are the fol- lowing : FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 183 Central Trust Co., 54 Wall St.; Mercantile Trust Co., 120 Broadway; Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 22 William St.; Union Trust Co., 80 Broadway; United States Trust Co., 45 Wall St.; Fidelity Loan & Trust Co., 37 Wall St.; Atlantic Trust Co., 39 William St.; Knickerbocker Trust Co., 234 5th Ave. and 18 Wall St.; Metropolitan Trust Co., 37 and 39 Wall St.; State Trust Co., 50 Wall St. Savings Banks, while representing a smaller capital than the banks of deposit, appeal perhaps more intimately to the mass of the people than any of the other institutions enumerated. Here are hoarded the workman's and the sewing girl's savings, which these banks loan on security prescribed by law, paying the depositor as large a rate of interest as possible. Loans on bond and mortgage constitute the bulk of their investments, together with hold- ings of real estate and certain prescribed bonds, chiefly City and Govern- ment. The principal Savings Banks are as follows : Bowery Savings Bank, 130 Bowery; Broadway Savings Institution, 4 Park Place; Dry Dock, 343 Bowery; German Savings Bank, 100 E. 14th St,; Greenwich, 248 6th Ave.; Harlem Savings Bank, 2281 3d Ave.; Irving, 96 Warren St.; Manhattan Savings Institution, 644 Broadway; Seamen's Sav- ings Bank, 74 Wall St.; Twelfth Ward Savings Bank, 217 W. 125th St.; Union Dime Savings Bank, 54 W. 32d St. Life Insurance Companies, owing to their great assets and the amounts of money loaned by them yearly, the character of such loans being prescribed by law and made almost exclusively on real estate, constitute an immense power. Chief among these are the Mutual Life, in the mag- nificent marble edifice at 32 Nassau street, with cash assets of nearly $160,- 000,000 ; the Equitable Life Assurance Society, occupying the massive granite pile at 120 Broadway, with assets of $136,000,000, of which $45,000,- 000 is represented by loans and holdings of real estate within this city, and twelve and a quarter millions on real estate elsewhere; and the New York Life, with cash assets of about $80,000,000. The cash assets of these and the lesser life insurance companies doing business here are not less than a third of a billion dollars; and as the law restricts their loans mainly to real estate, it can readily be seen what a large proportion of the loan 1 made thereon are made through these companies. All life insurance companies are required to file annually with the Insurance Department of the State the most minute and detailed statements of the amount of their business, the character of their securities, investments, death claims, losses, lapsed policies, etc., in addition to being subject to State inspection at any tim». BUSINESS CENTRES. Trade Districts — Exchanges — Markets — Office Buildings. All New York seems such a busy whirl to the visitor from a smaller town that he is usually surprised when informed that some districts are busier than others and that different businesses are pursued in different sections. Down town is a relative term, but as used by the average New Yorker it means the district where he works for his livelihood. Probably a majority of the citizens understand by this phrase the section between City Hall Park and the Battery. Here the greatest swarms of people are seen. It is said that more persons pass the corner of Fulton street and Broadway be- tween dawn and dusk than any other point in the world during the day- light hours. The majority of the great banks, all the important exchanges, the big law offices, the home offices of the insurance companies and com- mercial corporations are all in this part of Manhattan Island. Throughout the city there is a tendency, becoming more confirmed each year, towards the aggregation of houses in each line of business. The jobbers in dry goods are found in Broadway, between Reade and Canal streets, and in the adjoining cross streets. Above Canal streets for sev- eral blocks in Broadway are the wholesale millinery houses. West of the dry goods stores are those of the silk importers and wholesalers, and west of the millinery jobbers are the wholesale clothiers and hatters. The wholesale grocers' warehouses cluster in the neighborhood of Franklin street and West Broadway. Heavy hardware and metals are mostly dealt in on Cliff and John streets. Between Hanover Square and East River tropical products are sold by sample only, orders for tea, sugar, coffee, spices, cot- ton, etc., being shipped from the bonded warehouses, which are numerous near the docks along both rivers. Beekman street has many paper dealers' offices. The manufacturers and importers of leather are found in the dis- trict called "The Swamp," between City Hall Park and Franklin Square, which is pierced by Frankfort, Spruce and Beekman streets. In Liberty, Cortlandt and Dey streets are the offices and show rooms of the builders of machinery, engines, pumps, electrical apparatus, etc. Importers of French, German, Spanish and Hungarian wines are found in Broad and Beaver BUSINESS CENTRES. 185 streets and in another group in Park Place, Murray, Warren, Chambers and Reade streets, between Broadway and the North River. Jobbing houses in fruit and produce are strung along the North River and streets running therefrom between Vesey and Chambers streets. Importers of china, glass and porcelains are found mostly in Barclay street, Park Place, Murray and Warren streets. The big publishing houses are in the district bounded by Fourth avenue, Bond street, Broadway and 12th street, including Astor Place and Lafayette Place, as well as in the neighborhood of Franklin Square and to the northeast of the Brooklyn Bridge on the New York side. Retail businesses also divide themselves into territorial groups, in each of which the majority are of the one class. There are several distinct dry goods districts, including Broadway from Eighth to Fourteenth street; Fourteenth street from Broadway to Sixth avenue, on the south side; Sixth avenue, on the west side, from Fourteenth street to Twenty-third street; Twenty-third street, on the south side, from Broadway to Sixth avenue; Broadway, on the west side, from Seventeenth to Twenty-third street; Grand street, from Orchard street to Third avenue; Third avenue, from Fourteenth to 125th street, and 125th street, from Third avenue to Eighth avenue. The jewelry trade has two centers: Maiden Lane, and Broad- way from Fourteenth to Twenty-third streets. Piano warerooms also clus- ter around two centers, Fourteenth street and Fourth avenue, and Fifth avenue, between Fourteenth and Twentieth streets. Stores devoted to art, curios and antiquities are mostly found in Fifth avenue below Thirtieth street. Fourteenth street, between Broadway and Seventh avenue, is a great furniture centre. Manufactories are mostly scattered along the banks of the East and North Rivers, but there are also many in the district east of Broadway, be- tween Houston and Chambers streets. Broadway, from Bowling Green to Chambers street and the district to the east, including Broad, William, Wall, Pine and Nassau streets and Exchange Place, contain the headquarters of the great financial institutions, brokers, insurance companies, etc. All the head offices of the Express Companies are on the west side of Broad- way, between Exchange Place and Liberty street. Newspaper offices are within rifle shot of the Post Office in the streets to the east of that large, gray pile. There are three distinctive hotel centres, though several very fine hotels are in Broadway and Fifth avenue, below and between these centres. Union Square is the first, Madison Square the second, and the Plaza at the entrance to Central Park is the third. S. Ottenberg and Brothers. New York, besides being the centre of this country's import trade in cigars, is also the largest producer of cigars in the United Stales. lbG THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Last year this city manufactured 742,000,000 cigars, or one fifth of the entire number made in the country. Moreover, New York cigars are noted for their good quality and symmetry of shape as well as their cheapness. Ci- gars made elsewhere can be bought for less money, it is true, but when the quality of the tobacco used is considered, New York undoubtedly leads its competitors. In the production of fine grade cigars, the leading house in this city is S. Ottenberg and Brothers, whose factory at the corner of Twenty-second Street and Second Avenue, is not only the largest in the United States, but is also the model plant of its kind in the country. To understand just how this house is enabled to produce so good cigars as it puts upon the market, requires some knowledge of the business, but the few points here given will indicate how the result is obtained. The tobacco used in these cigars comes from Cuba and Sumatra. Leaf from the latter island is coming into universal use for the wrapping of good cigars, because of its fineness of texture and uniformity of color. Quantities of it are now imported into Cuba to wrap Havana cigars. As to its flavor there is a division of opinion, but inasmuch as the flavor of a cigar to the smoker depends entirely upon the quality of the filler, this factor is to be ignored in all cigars that are only wrapped with Sumatra leaf. All the filler used in the various brands of Ottenberg cigars comes from Cuba and is of excellent quality. One way in which this house reduces cost is by having the leaf stripped or stemmed in Cuba before it is shipped. After the leaf reaches the factory the chief economies effected are due to the use of labor saving machinery. For instance, before the leaf can be handled it*must be "cased" or moistened. In the Ottenberg factory this is done by certrifugal machines, each of which does the work of eight men and does it more satisfactorily. Afterwards the leaf goes to the "casing room," where it remains for several days subjected to a temperature of 115 de- grees. In other factories the leaf would then go to the strippers, but here it goes to the bookers, who smooth and sort the leaves according to colors. Bunching is done by an army of operatives. By using a rolling table another great economy is effected. A hand workman uses four pounds of Sumatra tobacco in wrapping a thousand cigars, but this machine uses only about two and a half pounds in accomplishing the same work. There are also hand work and Cuban departments in this factory. In these Gonstant and careful supervision is exercised in order to secure per- fect cleanliness. The cigar makers put up the cigars in bundles of 100 each, and they are then allowed to remain in zinc cases for a few days till they are cured, after which the packers assort them in boxes according to color. BUSINESS CENTRES. 187 The special brands upon the production of which this house prides it- self are "The Hazel Kirke," "Gran-Gozo," "Landorina," and "Mountain Rose." That these and others made by S. Ottenberg and Bros., have found favor with the public may be judged by the fact that for each of the last three years the output of this firm has been larger than that of any other in the United States. As at present constituted the firm is fifteen years old. Before that it was known as I. Ottenberg and Sons. Branch houses are maintained in Havana and Sumatra. Dealers are especially invited to inspect the various departments of the factory, which one of the firm will take pleasure in showing. An observant visitor cannot fail to remark the absence of the small re- tail stores which are noticeable in other cities. Outside of the foreign resi- dence quarters there are no shops where the price of an article depends upon the balance of chaffering ability possessed by the seller and buyer. Nor is the retail business of New York so subdivided as in other cities. The tendency of the big stores is to add departments, and as they extend they crush out of existence their smaller competitors. Nominally these big stores are for the sale of dry goods. But by that term is now understood everything which is not perishable in its nature, and which may be sold in original packages or by the yard or dozen. Analysing this phenomenon, it is found to arise from an appreciation of the economies in trade. These large stores absolutely do away with all middlemen, except themselves. Manufacturers' agents, jobbers, and small retail dealers, paying rents, etc., disproportionate to the volume of their trade, disappear before them, and the consumer reaps the profit. In some cases the proprietors of these big stores are becoming manufacturers also, and giving their customers the advantage of buying almost at first cost. While other cities pride themselves on possessing one or two of these great bazaars, New York can boast as many of them as all the rest of the country put together. Where else can be found one-quarter as many mam- moth stores as Macy's, Ridley's, Lord & Taylor's, Simpson, Crawford & Simpson's, Denning's, Daniell's, McCreery's, Le Boutillier's, Stern's, Alt- man's; Arnold, Constable & Co.'s, Enrich Brothers', Bloomingdale's, or Koch's ? Each of these is worth seeing, and no visitor should leave New York without inspecting all of them. R. H. Macy and Co. The house of R. H. Macy & Co. was one of the pioneers in the economic revolution above described, and is to-day still in the van of the movement. It supplies a greater variety of articles than any of its competitors. R. H. Macy established the house at its present advantageous location, running along Sixth avenue from Thirteenth street to Fourteenth street, i^ 188 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. 1857. The members of the firm to-day are C. B. Webster, Isidor Straus, and Nathan Straus. They have wonderfully amplified the original plan of the founder, so that there are now over fifty departments to this great retail store, which keeps mills and factories busy m all parts of the world. The buildings have a floor space of 212,500 square feet. The new building is ten stories high. About 2,500 persons find employment here throughout the year, and during very busy times nearly 4,000 are engaged. A hundred delivery wagons are ordinarily kept busy carrying the purchases of customers to their homes. In addition a great volume of goods goes through the mails and by express, while during the holidays and at other rush seasons numerous wagons are hired to ensure rapid delivery of goods. It is an easy store to make purchases in, for the different floors are show-rooms in the strict sense of the term. On an average 100,000 persons pass in and out of the great doors daily. To handle such a crowd neces- sitates adroit management by all officials. Yet there is never any harsh display of authority in this store. A perfect police sj^stem protects visitors and proprietors alike from depredation. For comfort there is every pro- vision. Should a lady become faint or ill, she is promptly removed to an elegantly furnished bedroom, where a skilled attendant ministers to her pending the arrival of a physician or a relative. On the fourth floor there is a sumptuously furnished Ladies' Parlor, decorated in the style of Louis XV. Upon its walls hang Brown's masterpieces in oil, including those far famed pictures " Extra " and a " Sunbeam from the South." In this room ladies meet their friends, or pen notes on stationery supplied gratuitously by the house. There is a telegraph office from which messages may be sent over Western Union wires to any part of the country. Abandoned property can be recovered at the " Lost and Found " desk near the Ladies' Parlor. At this same office parcels, hand bags, etc., may be checked and left, without charge, until the shopper has concluded business. Ventilation is insured by a large air compressor and ten rotary ventilating fans. In Winter, the store is comfortably heated. Artificial light, when necessary, is pro- vided by electric lamps, the generating plant for which is in the building. Mechanically the establishment is as perfect as the best engineering skill can make it. Shopping was surely never made so easy. The aisles are wide, and there are seven entrances — more than any other store in New York has. Three open on Sixth avenue, two on Fourteenth, and two on Thirteenth street. A complete system of pneumatic tubes ramifying to every part of the great building facilitates the making of change, so that there are none of the annoying delays on this account which render shopping so tedious in many of the great stores. All 1 lu-se tubes lead to the change room, where 190 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. deft-fingered and quick-counting girls check additions and make change. Each girl attends to three tubes and returns change within a few seconds after money reaches her. Two blower engines, each of twenty-five horse power, are required to operate these tubes. Numerous elevators, for the use of customers, are placed conveniently about in the building. Floor walkers are always ready to point out the location of these to strangers, or to tell where any particular class of goods may be found. Goods purchased are delivered on the same day, not only in New York City proper, but also in the outlying towns and cities making up that greater New York of which all its denizens are so proud. There are some unique features about this store. One is a dark room, walled with mirrors, where purchasers of colored silks are taken, that they may see how the silk will look by gas light, electric light, or both. Another is a glass cutting establishment, employing about forty cutters, where new designs in cut glass are constantly being produced to captivate the fancy of patrons. A third is a restaurant, run not for profit but simply as a matter of accommodation, where patrons are served with luncheon and refreshments of the best quality. A fourth is a mail order department, whose officials are professional shoppers rather than clerks. A mail order department, as generally understood, is an institution for supplying catalogue goods at catalogue prices to out of town customers. This one is different, as may best be shown by example. Mrs. Brown, who lives in Oshkosh, let us say, desires an evening dress which will eclipse that of her rival, Mrs. Jones. She writes to R. H. Macy and Co., that she wishes material for this dress of a certain color and quality with trimmings to match, describing all in general terms and enclosing whatever sum she is willing to pay. One of the shoppers employed in the mail department takes this order, searches through the stock in the same way that Mrs. Brown herself would, selects the goods required and ships them back, with the change. At the next reception in Oshkosh, Mrs. Jones is placed so distinctly in the shade that she leaves early. Probably there is not a person outside of this great house, and there are few within it, who know its full usefulness and all its resources. Its crowning glory is the cheapness of its goods. To illustrate, the book de- partment has every book in stock for which there is any sort of demand, and all are sold at from twenty-five to thirty-three and a third per cent, below publishers' prices. So in the other departments, the prices run away below the average of retail prices throughout the country. How is this done ? Largely by the elimination of middlemen. R. H. Macy & Co. either manufacture for themselves or purchase from manu- facturers, and in such quantities as to insure their getting goods at little above cost. . In New York they manufacture harness, perfumery and house- BUSINESS CENTRES. 191 hold remedies. They make handkerchiefs and linen goods in Belfast, Ireland; fine china in Limoges, France; underwear in New Haven, Conn.; embroideries at St. Gall, Switzerland ; ornamental glassware in Stein- schonau, Bohemia ; shirts in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. ; ivory and fine bisque in Rudolstadt Thuringia, and china in Carlsbad, Bohemia. Prices are low, and there is no deviation from them. The policy of the firm, stated by themselves, is as follows: " Every article in our store is a bar- gain. For one, among other reasons, we sell only for cash — have no losses — no book-keeping expenses, and our guiding aim is how cheap can the article be sold ; not, how much will it bring. We could not fill our shelves with goods at the very lowest prices if we did not produce or buy them on a large scale, and we could not sell on a large scale unless we gave the public the full benefit of our close buying and cheap production. Huge as is the volume of our business, it keeps steadily growing, because the cost of conducting it is a hardly perceptible element in the price of any article, and because the smallest percentage of profit suffices for an adequate return on the whole." Edward Ridley and Sons. One would have to travel far in New York to-day to discover a shop so small as that in which the business of Edward Ridley was begun in 1849. It occupied half a city lot, No. 311 1-2 Grand street, and was further con- tracted by the width of a staircase leading to the apartments on the floor above. Into this little store Mr. Ridley moved all he had, $300 worth of millinery and fancy goods. These were so well selected, however, that they sold like hot cakes. To-day the firm he founded owns almost a million dollars' worth of real estate alone and all of it is devoted to business pur- poses. The large store of the house on Grand, Allen and Orchard streets is the largest building in the city devoted solely to retail business and occupied by a single firm. It is rather interesting to hear the story of the experiences through which the firm has passed. When it first grew into prominence, the fashionable people of the city lived not very far away and the house had a big carriage custom. Of this the up-town movement has deprived them in large measure, though they still have a considerable share of it. For such as they have lost they have been more than compensated by the trade of the artisan classes to which they now especially cater. At one time the house went largely into manufacturing and the designing of new styles, but they learned by experience that there is more profit if less glory in allowing other houses to set the fashions. Another phase of business they have out- grown is contracting to use the entire production of various factories. They found that in this way they restricted the choice of their customers and often became overstocked with unseasonable goods or articles which no longer possessed the public fancy. 192 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Once they did an extensive wholesale business, and through their mail order department sent goods to the extremities of the continent. The rise of great distributing cities throughout the country cut them off from this business, as they found that with charges of transportation added they could not compete on even terms with the big houses of the new business centres. Now they have given up entirely their wholesale business and are restricting their mail order business to points within 500 miles of New York, to all of which they send articles ordered expressage free. It is note- worthy that the development of the Metropolitan district has more than compensated the house for the business lost by the changing economic con- dition of the country, and the volume of business done to-day is greater than ever before in the history of the house. At the same time it is a more profitable and secure business, for it is all cash. There are no open accounts or weak customers to carry. Here it may be well to explain the plan followed in conducting this enormous business. In the first place, no manufacturing is done except such as is absolutely necessary to the business — as, for instance, the making of shirts to order when stock sizes do not fit a customer; the altering of ready-made clothing; the retrimming of hats and bonnets to suit the peculiar fancies of purchasers, etc. There are twenty -four buyers, whose business it is to keep the stock up. Each buys for one or more of the eighty-five de- partments, and each is informed daily how the stock is moving in the depart- ments to which he caters, and it is his business to supply deficiencies and make it impossible for any sales-clerk to have to tell a customer "we are all out of the goods you wish." When the goods are received, the buyer examines them to see that they correspond with the samples from which he ordered. Then they go to the examiners, who scrutinize, count and measure them to see that they cor- respond with the invoices. These examiners discover all shortages, sur- pluses, etc., in the packages received, and save the house from any loss that might be caused by negligence or fraud. After they have passed the goods the latter go to the room of the markers, whose business it is to mark upon each article its price to the public. Then, as the case demands, the goods go to shelves in the salesrooms or to the reserve stock rooms. In order to avoid running short, the house makes it a practice to keep about or e million dol- lars' worth of goods in reserve. Each sales department has a head, who is not only charged with the government of his-force of clerks, but must also take note of the drains upon stock and inform the buyer of that department daily. When any line of stock proves to be a slow seller, report is also made, and the entire line is then marked down. Occasionally this process has to be repeated several times before the price reaches a point at which the goods are acceptable. Nothing is left long upon the shelves, and it BUSINESS CENTRES. 193 sometimes happens that goods are sold below cost in order to dispose of them. An idea of the volume of goods constantly passing through the store may be obtained from the fact that on one day in the holiday season the number of separate sales has often exceeded a quarter of a million. As many as 20,000 people have at such seasons entered the store in one hour, and over 150,000 have passed in and out of it in one day. Yet so perfect is the organization of the employees that no panic or widespread disturbance has ever occurreu. Crowding in any one place in the vast store is absolutely prohibited, and the police regulations are perfect. Should a fire start any- where, it would be promptly drowned out by the automatic fire extinguish- ers, with which every part of the store is supplied, and the fire brigade sum- moned by the thermostatic alarms, which are as plentiful as the automatic extinguishers. No store in town is better protected against pickpockets, 194 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. shoplifters or the maliciously inclined. Rudeness and boisterousness are promptly checked, and all patrons of the store are assured of perfect com- fort while purchasing. A notable sight opens before the visitor's eyes as he enters the store. Everything that a man, woman or child can wear or use for personal adornment, everything that can be required for the furnishing of a house, is kept on sale. Practically, every line of retail business is here housed under one roof. On the first floor are the departments for the sale of ribbons, silks for dresses and trimmings, laces, [feathers, velvets, [handkerchiefs, embroideries, ruchings, linings, gloves, corsets, hosiery, theatrical goods, men's furnishings, leather goods, drugs, toilet particles, perfumery, clocks, diamond and gold jewelry, silver plate, small wares, porcelains, bric-a- brac, zephyr worsteds, yarns, stationery, umbrellas, fans, dress goods, black goods, white goods and blankets. On the second floor is the millinery parlor, furnished in carved mahog- any, the finest in the world, and having the largest stock in the world. This department has always been the special pride of the house, for it represents the line of goods with which Edward Ridley began business. Other departments on the second floor are shoes for men, youths, women, misses and children, muslin underwear, pictures and frames. On the third floor much space is given up to the carpet department, also to men's, boys' and ladies' outer garments, and to furniture of the better grades, One block west of the main establishment at 289 Grand street, is Ridley's branch store, which is filled with furniture of all grades. From this st :>ck a large hotel could be furnished without making an appre- ciable hole. Dozens of houses are furnished from it every day. In the basement of the main store is an immense stock of tinware, crockery, stoves, hardware, everything for the complete equipment of the kitchen. One does not fully realize the extent of the business done even after running over the store till one comes to the shipping department, whence wagon deliveries are made and goods expressed. The wagons of the firm carry goods purchased to all points within a radius of twenty miles from the city. To points beyond, they are expressed at the expense of the firm. The wagon routes cover all points in New York city, including the Annexed ( District, also many points in Westchester County, all of Brooklyn, Green- i point, Hunter's Point and East New York, all points on Staten Island, all I of Jersey City and about a hundred other towns in New Jersey and Long Island. Opposite Ridley's branch store is the stable where the horses and wagons used are kept, and where all repairs to rolling stock and the shoe- ing of horses are attended to. This building, with the land on which it stands, cost the firm a quarter of a million dollars. BUSINESS CENTRES. 195 All told the number of employes exceeds 2,500 at all times, and during holiday seasons runs above 3,000. Of these, forty per cent, have been in the employ of the house for over ten years, and many as long as 30, 35, and 40 years. To enter the service of the house is to begin a career, for all promotions are made from the ranks, and every head of a department has served in a subordinate capacity. There is a nice gradation of rank, and promotion invariably waits upon merit. No employe can be dis- charged without the sanction of the superintendent, who has been in the employ of the house over forty years, and to him all employes have the right of appeal. They may even go over his head to a member of the firm, if they feel aggrieved or wronged by his decisions. The employes have a fund for the relief of those among their number who become sick or disabled, and mutual kindness is the rule among the employes. In this they follow the example of the members of the firm, Messrs. Edward Albert and Arthur John Ridley, who follow in their father's footsteps by ruling with justice and benevolence over the great establishment which has become greater in their care. It is the Bon Marche of New York. The easiest way to reach Ridleys' from any part of New York may be learned from the following paragraphs: From Central Park, East main entrance, 59th St> and 5th Ave., go west one block to 6th Ave. ; take Elevated R. R. to Grand St. ; take Grand St. car going east; it passes our store. From Central Park, West 59th St. end 8th Ave., go east two blocks to 6th Ave.; take Elevated R. R. to Grand St.; take Grand St. car going east; it passes our store. From Battery, Staten Island, Atlantic Avenue and Hamilton Avenue Ferries, take 2d Ave. Elevated R. R. to Grand St. station, directly opposite our store. Barclay St. ferry, North River, take West St. line of cars to Desbrosses St., then Grand St. car, which passes our store. Brooklyn Bridge, take 3d Ave. Elevated R. R. to Grand St., go east 4 blocks. City Hall, take 3d Ave. Elevated R. R. to Grand St., go east 4 blocks. Chambers Street Ferry, North River, take West St. line of cars to Desbrosses St., then Grand St. cars, which pass our store. Christopher Street Ferry, North River, take West St. 1'ne of cars to Desbrosses St., then Grand St. cars, which pass our store. Cortlandt Street Ferry, North River, take West St. line of cars to Desbrosses St., then Grand St. cars, which pass our store. Desbrosses Street Ferry, North River, take Grand St. oar at ferry direct to the store. 196 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Grand Central Depot, take 3d Ave. Elevated R. R. at depot to Grand St. , go east 4 blocks. Hotels on Broadway, take Broadway cars to Grand St., take car going- east; it passes our store. Liberty Street Ferry, North River, take West St. car to Desbrosses St., then Grand St. car; it passes our store. Grand Street and Broadway Ferries, East River from Williamsburgh ; take Grand St. car on New York sdj; it passes our store. Twenty-third Street Ferry, East River, take 2d Ave. Elevated R. R. to Grand St. , directly opposite the store. Markets. At such stores as the above New Yorkers clothe themselves. Their food is obtained either directly or through middlemen from the great mar- kets. Chief of these is Washington Market, bounded by Fulton, West, Vesey and Washington streets — at least the market building is so bounded. By Washington Market a resident of New York understands the surround- ing district for several blocks on each side. In this market district as much meat, vegetables and fruit are sold every day as in all the other markets together. On Saturday mornings and on the eve of Thanksgiving day, Christmas or Easter, the market is most crowded, and then it is so thronged with people that it is a wonder any business can be transacted there at all. West Washington Market is the next largest. It is situated at the foot of West Twelfth Street. At one of the piers nearby is the principal wholesale oyster market, where the middlemen in this trade moor the large barges which constitute floating supports for the wooden stores upon their decks. The oyster fishermen sail up to these barges daily in their sloops and schooners and transfer their cargoes. There is a similar market at a pier lower down, near Christopher street ferry. Just east of West Wash- ington Market is Gansevoort Market, a great paved space, where the farmers and truck raisers sell from their wagons. There is room for a thousand wagons in this space. The farmers come here during the night, sell their products in the early morning, and usually start homeward before 10 o'clock. Fulton Market covers the square between Fulton, Front, Beekman and South streets. Opposite, on the bank of the East River, is the famous Fulton Fish Market. In Fulton Market proper are many restaurants where fish cooked in all ways are the best dishes obtainable. In this market stalls Nos. 72 to 98 inclusive are operated by Eugene G. Blackford ex- fish commissioner for the State. Every visitor to New York City should not fail to visit his establishment, which constitutes the great- est fish market on this continent and probably the greatest in the world. IT LEADS THEM ALL The MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. RICHARD A. McCURDY, - - - President. ASSETS OVER - - - - $159,000,000 The Consol Policy recently announced by The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York combines more advantages with fewer restrictions than any investment insurance contract ever offered. It consolidates INSURANCE ! ENDOWMENT! INVESTMENT! ANNUAL INCOME ! No other company offers this policy. Apply only to Company's nearest Agent for details. THE MUTUAL. LIFE paid to its Policy- g[ ^ (\ r\r\r\ HHH holders in 1891, nearly #> * C> jUVJVJ,VJU*J. The Mutual has ever been in the minds of the discriminating public, THE GREATEST OF ALL THE COMPANIES, For full particulars of the above, or any other form of policy, address CHARLES H. RAYMOND, Metropolitan General Agent, 59 Cedar Street - NEW YORK CITY. L nickerbocker Srnst Co. 234 Fifth Avenue, 27th C0 street, NEW YORK. Branch Office, 18 Wall Street and 3 Nassau Street. Capital and Surplus, - - $1,000,000. DESIGNATED LEGAL DEPOSITORY. A UTHORIZED to act as Executor, Administrator, Guardian, Receiver, Registrar, Transfer and Fin- ancial Agent, and to accept other trusts. INTEREST allowed on time deposits. Deposits received subject to checks on demand, which pass through the Clearing House like those upon any city bank. SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES to rent in FIRE AND BURGLAR PROOF VAULT. JOHN P. TOWNSEND, President. CHARLES T. BARNEY, Vice-President. JOSEPH T. BROWN, 2d Vice-President. ^-z DIRECTORS. ~ — • • • • ^2 Joseph S. Auerbach. Henry W. T. Mali. Hon. E. V. Loew. Robert Maclay. Harry B. Hollins. Andrew H. Sands. Henry F. Dimock, C. Lawrence Perkins. Jacob Hays. James H. Breslin. John P. Townsend. Edward Wood. Charles T. Barney. Gen. George J. Magee. Charles F. Watson. Win. H. Beadleston. A. Foster Higgins. I. Townsend Burden. David H. King, Jr. Alfred L. White. Robert G. Remsen. John S. Tilncy. Frederick G. Bourne. FREDERICK L. ELDRIDGE, Secretary. J. HENRY TOWNSEND, Assistant Secretary. BUSINESS CENTRES. 197 There is always something to interest the naturalist, the student and the consumer, and every day in the year, with the exception of Sunday, there is an exhibition of every variety of fish that is obtained on this continent. On these stalls may be found Salmon and Halibut from the Puget Sound, State of Washington ; Salmon from the Columbia River, Oregon; Salmon from the Sacramento River, California; Red Snappers, Pompano and var- ious varieties of tropical fish from the Gulf of Mexico; and from every part of the Atlantic coast where fish are taken, contributions are made to this display. This fish market has a world-wide reputation, and Mr. Blackford's name is familiar to everyone having any interest in the fisheries, either scientific or practical. On the first of April of each year exhibitions are made of Brook Trout from every prominent fishculturist in the country, and specimens are imported from Germany and from England, Scotland, Ireland and France, in order that the student may compare the different varieties of the Trout family as they lie side by side on the marble slabs. From seventy-five to one hundred varieties of fish and shell-fish are found in Mr. Blackfords's market. Large aquarium tanks are arranged tastefully on the stalls in which are exhibited specimens of live fish of various kinds. Sometimes strange living fish may be seen here that have been brought from China and Japan. The King-i-o, the Gouramie and the Paradise fish and also the Axlotlee have all been shown at this place Monstrous turtles, some of them weighing from four hundred to five hundred pounds each, may be seen here; in fact, everything that is caught in the ocean, river lake or pond may be seen here at some time during the year. Other markets are Catharine, at the foot of Catharine street, on the East River; Central, on East Forty-second street, opposite Park avenue; Centre, in Centre street, between Grand and Broome streets; Clinton, at Canal and West streets, Columbus, at Seventh and One Hundred and Twenty-fourth street; Essex, in Essex street, at the corner of Grand street; Jefferson, in Sixth avenue, corner of Greenwich street; Tompkins, in Third avenue, between Sixth and Seventh streets, and Union, in Avenue D, between Houston and Second streets. At most of the markets there are flowers for sale, but in the Spring and early Summer there are special open air markets for flowers, which are notable. Canal street, near the North River, and the north side of Union Square, are the localities specially set apart for this traffic. Dealers arrange their stocks on the pavements and sidewalks, and as all the plants offered are in bloom, the effect produced is very charming. One must rise early to see this sight, however, as the market hours are from 5 to 9 A. M. only. There is another flower market at the foot of East Thirty- fourth street. A few years ago people used to visit Washington and Fulton Markets 198 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. in the evening, when the working people and the hucksters were wont to chaffer together over the bargains contained in pushcarts and open wagons, There is none of this to be seen there now, but picturesque sights are af- forded at "Paddy's Market," and the "Jew's Market." Hucksters with their carts line both sides of Ninth avenue between Twenty-eighth and Thirty-fourth streets every evening, and sell to the tenement house popu- lation of the west side. This is called "Paddy's Market" because most of its frequenters, sellers and buyers alike, have at least a touch of brogue in their voices. Friday is the great market day among the Russian, Polish, and Ger- man Jews, who are establishing something like a Ghetto in the district around Ludlow street. Hester street is their huckster market, and on Fridays it is a veritable Bedlam. The peddlers' calls are in all dialectical varieties and corruptions of Hebrew and the tongue spoken in Central Europe. Bargaining is attended with much excitement and gesticulation, and the whole market is a curious study. There is also a large hucksters' market in First avenue, between Seven- ty-ninth and Eighty-fourth streets. Like the one affected by Paddy and Bridget it is busy only in the evening and does its great work on Saturday evenings. One of the most difficult Problems of the Health Board is to pre- vent the sale of unfit food in these open-air markets. In the regular mar- kets this is comparatively easy and a strict supervision is exercised but the peddlers are hard to restrain, and raids have to be made continually upon them. All unsound fruit, vegetables, diseased meat, etc., are subject to seizure and destruction by the officers of the Board, and the powers of these inspectors are unsparingly exercised. While the majority of the residents in New York obtain their food sup- plies from the markets, those who live uptown depend almost entirely upon the butcher stores, of which there are many along the avenues. This city consumes annually about 425,000,000 lbs. of beef, 375,000,000 lbs. of veal, 80,000,000 lbs. of mutton and lamb, 250,000,000 lbs. of pork, or about 3,090,- 000 lbs of meat daily From 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 oysters are eaten during the season. Of poultry about 75,000,000 lbs. are sold, also 85,000,000 lbs. of butter. The annual consumption of eggs is about 67,000,000 dozens; about 8,000 barrels of vegetables are consumed daily. Exchanges. To do business in~a large way, at least cost, involves the daily assemb- ling of the persons concerned. New York has twenty-seven meeting places for this purpose, and in a majority of cases those who meet in them own their own buildings, which they call exchanges. The Stock and Consolidat- ed Exchanges are described elsewhere. Business centres. i99 The Produce Exchange is the largest commercial association in the world. It is something over thirty years old. A description of the large building it owns and occupies will be found on another page. The mem ■• bership of this Exchange is limited to 5,000. Most of the brokers deal m futures, so that all the food stuffs the country can produce are sold several times over on the floor of this Exchange. It is one of the principal sights of New York, and there is a visitors' gallery from which the proceedings of the brokers may be overlooked. Admission to the tall tower may be had by applying to the Superintendent, whose office is on the main floor. Be- sides buying and selling impossible quantities of grain, etc., this Exchange employs statisticians who record the fluctuations of the markets and pub- lish exact reports of the yield of the various crops, etc. The Cotton Exchange has a handsome building in Hanover Square. About thirty million bales are sold each year for future delivery, or about four times the average crop. Sales of spot cotton average about 200,000 bales. Cotton is classified by this Exchange as well as bought and sold. The Real Estate Exchange, whose building is at Nos. 59 to 65 Liberty street, is becoming a very important institution. Its auction sales of real estate and stocks and bonds amount to about fifty millions of dollars year- ly. The public are admitted to bid upon the real property and securities offered at auction. The Maritime Exchange is located in the Produce Exchange Building, at Beaver and New streets. It is maintained by the Maritime Association of the Port of New York, as a centre for collecting and disseminating the marine and commercial news of the current hour in advance of publi- cation. The institution was chartered by special Act of the New York State Legislature in 1874. Its members number 1,328, embracing representa- tives of shipping, steam and sail, railroads and internal transportation lines, merchants, bankers, and others interested in foreign and domestic commerce. It is supported by annual dues of $25 from each member, sup- plemented by revenue derived from news and other facilities afforded to underwriters, newspapers and others. The news received — by direct wires from the leading seaports and from special agents at important points, — is bulletined as soon as received. Vessels entering or leaving this or other ports are promptly reported; also marine disasters, vessels spoken or passing certain points, clearances, char- ters, etc. Market reports of staples here and abroad and other valuable business intelligence, foreign and domestic, are regularly posted. The government maintains at the Exchange a branch Hydrographic Office under charge of naval officers supplied with charts corrected to date and affording the latest data regarding the navigable waters of the world. 200 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Non-resident visitors are welcomed and upon introduction by members are granted the use of the Exchange for ten days. It is well worth a visit The Coffee Exchange has been in successful operation for over ten years. Its quarters are at Beaver and Pearl street, There are about 300 members. Some 9,000,000 bags of coffee are sold annually and about a million dollars is deposited in margins. The Mercantile Exchange has a building at Harrison and Hudson streets. The members, who number 800, are mostly engaged in the produce and grocery trades, and the records kept are of the supply and prices of farm, orchard, and dairy products. The Retail Coal Exchange owns the building at 131 and 133 East Fifty-eighth street. Its membership includes almost all of the wholesale and retail merchants in the city. The Foreign Fruit Exchange at 23 State street is a great auction mart where cargoes of fruits from Mediterranean ports are sold. About 1 ,000 000 boxes of oranges, 1,500,0000 boxes of lemons and about 200,000 barrels of grapes are sold yearly. The approximate value of these fruits is $3,ooo 000 Sales are held almost daily from 12 noon to 3 P. M. Any person may attend them. Other Exchanges of consequence are the Brewers, at Worth street and Park Row; Building Materials at 59 Liberty street; Coal and Iron at New Church and Cortlandt; Hardware at 4 Warren street; Hay at 33rd St. and nth Ave.; Importers and Grocers at 107 Water street Mechanics and Traders at 14 Vesey street; Metals at Pearl street and Burling Slip; Milk at 6 Harrison street; Furniture at 150 Canal street, and Stationery at 97 Nassau street. The Chamber of Commerce is not an Exchange, but rather the par- liament of the business interests of the city. Its membership is limited to 1,000, and the business qualifications of a man must be well established by success and wealth before he will be admitted to membership. This body usually takes the lead in all voluntary public movements. It discusses all the more important social and economic questions of the day, and its con- clusions, formulated in resolutions, have great influence with Congress, the state legislature and the city council. Regular meetings of this body are held on the first Thursday of each month at their headquarters in the Mutual Life Building on Nassau street, and special meetings are called whenever necessary. One of the most use- ful functions of this organization is the settling of commercial disputes out of court, which is done by a committee known as the Court of Arbitration. Much costly litigation is avoided through the instrumentality of this com- mittee. The Chamber also publishes annual reports reviewing the course of trade throughout the year, and presenting valuable statistics. BUSINESS CENTRES. 201 New Yorkers believe in comfort and pleasure in their offices as well as at their homes. During the last few years there have been erected here a number of the most sumptuously appointed office buildings in the world. These are provided with every possible convenience, including elevators, messenger, telephone, telegraph and cable services and mail chutes, per- mitting the mailing of letters on each floor. In renting an office in such a building the tenant pays for janitor service, cleaning, lighting by electric light or gas, and heating. Every care is lifted from his shoulders. Special protection of the tenants' property is also provided by a corps of watchmen. All the more modern office buildings are fire-pioof. Following is a list of the largest of these buildings: — Aldrich Court, 45 Broadway; the Astor Building, 10 Wall St.; Bank of America, 46 Wall St. ; Bededict Building, 93 Nassau St. ; Bible House, 4th Ave. , cor. 8th St. ; Boreel Building, 113 Broadway; Central Building, 143 Liberty St. ; Clinton Hall, 15 Astor Place; Columbia Building, 29 Broad- way; Commercial Union, 58 William St. ; Corbin Building, 192 Broadway; Delmonico, 56 Beaver St.; Drexel Building, 7 Broad St.; Edison Building, 42 Broad St.; Equitable, 120 Broadway; Evening Post, 206 Broadway; Farmers' Loan and Trust, 22 William St. ; Germania, 62 William St. ; Havemeyer, 35 Church St.; Imperial, 33 Pine St.; Jackson, 31 East 17th St.; Judge, no Fifth Ave.; Knickerbocker, 2 West 14th St.; Lincoln, 1 Union Sq.,W.; Liverpool, London & Globe, 45 William St.; London & Lancashire, 57 William St. ; Mclntyre, 874 Broadway; Mail and Express, 203 Broadway; Methodist Book Concern, 150 Fifth Ave.; Mills, 23 Broad St.; Morse, 142 Nassau St.; Mutual Life, 28 Nassau St.; National Park Bank, 215 Broadway; N. Y. Life, 346 Broadway; Potter, 38 Park Row; Pu- litzer, 61 Park Row; Schermerhorn, 96 Broadway; Staats Zeitung, Tryon Row; Standard Oil, 28 Broadway; Stewart. 288 Broadway; Temple Court, 5 Beekman St. ; Times Building, 41 Park Row; Tontine, 88 Wall St. ; Tower, 50 Broadway ; Tribune, 164 Nassau St. ; Union Trust Co. , 80 Broadway ; United Bank, 2 Wall St. ; U. S. National Bank, 43 Wall St. ; University, Washington Sq., E. cor. Waverly PI. ; Vanderbilt, 132 Nassau St.; Washington, 1 Broad way; Western Union, 195 Broadway; Metropolitan, cor. Madison Sq. and East 23d St. JVIEANS OF COMMUNICATION. he Post Office — The Telephone Service — The Telegraph Service Messenger Service. The New York General Post Office occupies the greater part of the massive granite structure at the convergence of Broadway and Park Row, overlooking from the rear the City Hall Park. This building is one of the most imposing in the city. It stands upon a triangular space, formerly a part of the adjoining park, from which it is now separated by Mail Street, a thoroughfare used chiefly by the U. S. Mail wagons. The facade on Mail Street is 279 feet long, those on Broadway and Park Row each 262 % ft. and that opposite St. Paul's Chapel 144 ft. The building is five stories high, including a mansard roof, and has a basement and sub-basement. The architectural style is a blending of the Renaissance and Doric. The building cost between $6,000,000 and $7,000,000. The sub-basement is oc- cupied by the engine rooms, furnaces, &c. The basement is devoted to the reception and sorting of mails. On the main or street floor are the general delivery, stamp and information wickets, private letter lock-boxes, letter, newspaper and package drop boxes. The Postmaster's offices and money order offices are on the second floor. On the mezzanine floor is the regis- tered letter and parcels department. The third and fourth floors are occupied by the Federal Courts and the Law Institute. The following figures will give some idea of the enormous business done in the New York Post Office: The total number of pieces of mail matter of all kinds handled last year was nearly 1,191,000,000, or a daily average of 3,620,000. This matter was contained in 6,122,643 lock-pouches, sacks and cases, weighing in the aggregate over 130,000 tons. In the money order department over 2,500,000 money orders and postal notes were issued and paid, representing in value nearly $109,500,000. The yearly receipts from the sale of stamps, rental of lock-boxes, &c, amount to $6,783,- 202, and the total expenditures to $2,568,700, a profit of over $4,200,000. The free delivery service costs about $1,150,000 annually. There is scarce- ly a city, town or country on the globe or a postal district in the United MEANS OF COMMUNICATIONS. 203 States and Canada for which a mail is not made up daily in the General Post Office of New York City. The more important offices and wickets in the General Post Office buil- ding are located as follows : On the first (entrance) floor are :— The Bureau of Information, on Broadway side, opposite stamp window. Here letters and packages are weighed, and information furnished as to postal rates, &c. Special Delivery Drops, on Broadway side, near south end. Poste Rest ante general delivery windows, Section 5, Park Row side; advertised letters window, Section 6, Park Row side; foreign letters window, Section 7, Park Row side; women's window, Section 9, Park Row side. Foreign Supplementary Mail window, Section 22, Park Row side. Postage Stamps, &c. Sales in sums over $1, windows Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, Section 27, Broadway side. Sales in sums less than $1, windows Nos. 1, 2, 3, Section 27, Broadway side, and Nos. 1 and 2, Section 23, Park Row side. Outgoing Domestic Mail drops, Section 25, Park Row side, and Sections 13, 15, 17 and 19 Broadway side. New York City Delivery drops, Section 25, Park Row side, and Sec- tion 11, Broadway side. Brooklyn Delivery drops, Section 13, Park Row side. Special Delivery Matter drops, between Sections 12 and 13, Broad- way side, and Section 13, Park Row side. Foreign Country drops, Section 27, Park Row side, and 21, Broadway side. Private Lock Boxes are at the south end and Broadway side. On the Second Floor are the offices of the Postmaster, Room 1, Park Row side. Office hours from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Money Orders: Domestic money orders and postal notes, rooms 22 and 26, Broadway side ; hours 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. International money orders, rooms 30 and 34, Broadway side ; hours from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. Inquiry office for Missing Letters, &c, room 14, Broadway side ; hours from 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. On the Mezzanine floor is the Registered Letters and Parcels De- partment. Windows for reception, rooms 4 and 6, Broadway side ; office hours from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. Windows for delivery, rooms 4 and 6, Broadway side ; office hours from 9 A. M. to 6 P. M. The upper floors may be reached by elevators opening from the street at the N. E. and N. W. corners of the building. Besides the General Post Office there are 20 branch stations and 23 sub-stations, some of which transact a business equal to that done in the main post offices of some of the largest cities in the Union. The branch post offices are designated by letters of the alphabet and are open for busi 204 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. ness at the following hours : Daily, except holidays and Sundays, for sale of stamps, &c., from 7 A. M. to S P. M. ; on Sundays (excepting Stations S and High Bridge, which are closed) from 9 to 11 A. M.; on holidays from 7 to 10 A. M.; for money order business from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M., and for re- gistration of mail matter to 6:15 P. M. * Location of Branch P. O. Stations. A, 2i, 23 and 25 East Houston Street, southeast corner of Crosby Street. B, 380 Grand Street (north side), between Norfolk and Suffolk Streets. C, 586 Hudson Street, corner of Bank Street. D, 217 East 9th Street, junction of Stuyvesant Street (east of Third avenue). E, 322 and 324 Seventh Avenue, northwest corner of 28th Street. F, 401 Third Avenue (east side) between 28th and 29th Streets. G-, 922 Eighth Avenue, corner 55th Street. H, 156 East 54th Street (south side), between Lexington and Third Avenues. J", 213 West 125th Street. K, 203 East 86th Street, near Third Avenue. Li, 117 East 125th Street (north side), between Lexington and Fourth Avenues. M, Amsterdam Avenue, near 157th Street. O, 30 and 32 West 13th Street (for reception of second class matter, sale of stamps, etc. , registration of mail matter and issue and payment of money orders). P, Stone Street, corner Produce Exchange Building. K, (Morrisania) southeast corner East 150th Street and Third Avenue. S, (Kingsbridge) Broadway, north of Railway Station. S, Sub-office at Riverdale, New York Central and Hudson River Railway Station, Riverdale. T, (Tremont) 719 Tremont Avenue (north side), between Railroad and Washington Avenues. W, 549 Columbus Avenue, corner 87th Street. High Bridge, Drug Store, Sedgwick Avenue, near Depot Place. Sub-stations are open for the sale of stamps, &c, domestic money orders and postal notes, the registration of letters for the domestic mails, and the mailing of letters, newspapers and packages in quantities too large for deposit in the street letter boxes, yet not too bulky to be carried by the mail collector to the nearest branch station. Location of Sub-Stations. No. 1. Drug Store, 81 Catherine Street, between Hamilton and Cherry Streets. 2. " " North Moore and Hudson Streets. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 205 No. 3. Drug Store, 562 Grand Street. " 4. " " 3 Second Avenue. " 5. " " King and Hudson Streets. " 6, " " Avenue C and 6th Street. 102 Sixth Avenue. Corner Seventh Avenue and 14th Street. River dale. 343 Fourth Avenue, corner 25th Street. Eighth Avenue and 23d Street Broadway and 34th Street. Eighth Avenue and 41st Street. " 14. " " Park Avenue and 42d Street. 15. " " Ninth Avenue and 61st Street. " 1 6. " " Second Avenue and 72d Street. " 17. " " Third Avenue and 105th Street. " iS. " " Pleasant Avenue, corner 121st Street. " 19. " " 3,409 3d Avenue, between 166th and 167th Streets. " 20. " " 2,513 West Vanderbilt Avenue, Fordham. 4< 21. Banking, 2,214 First Avenue. There are about 100 licensed agencies for the sale of postage stamps* located at convenient points throughout the city. Scattered about the city (attached to lamp posts, and in all hotels and many public buildings) are about 1,600 drop letter boxes, from which the contents are collected by carriers at intervals varying from half an hour to an hour in the more crowded business parts of the city and somewhat less often in the residential quarters. Each drop box bears upon one of its faces a tablet indicating the hours for collection and distribution of mails in the district in which it is placed. Local Deliveries. There are four forms of delivery of ordinary non-registered mail matter: 1, by carriers; 2, through lock-boxes; 3, at the "Poste Restante" or General Deliver}'-; 4, by Special Delivery Messengers. There are on an average 7 deliveries by carriers daily throughout the most populous part of the city, and at least three in the scattered districts. The first delivery begins at 7.15 A. M., the last at 6.40 P. M. Pieces of mail bearing "special delivery stamps" are the only ones de- livered on Sunday. Carriers are required to deliver no mail matter except to the persons addressed or their authorized agents ; to receive all prepaid letters, posta. cards, and small packages handed to them for mailing while on their routes; and to collect any postage that may be due on mail mat- ter delivered by them. In certain suburban districts they are required to 206 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. «arry a limited number of postage stamps for sale to the public. They are forbidden to deliver any mailable matter which has not first passed through the mails. They are not required to deliver heavy or bulky packages. A notice to call at the nearest post office for any package of this kind is sent to the person whose address it bears. All ordinary mail matter may be delivered through lock-boxes to the lessees, their employees, members of their families or firms, and their tem- porary visitors or guests. All letters or other mail parcels bearing in addition to the address the words "Poste Restante" or "To be called for" are placed in the Poste Res- tante at the General Post Office, to be called for. All matter failing of de- livery or lacking the street or box address, and for which correct addresses cannot be found in the city directories, is likewise placed in the Poste Res- tante. Letters, &c, bearing the address of the sender are returned within 30 days if no shorter time is specified on their envelopes. Clerks conversant with almost all foreign languages are on duty at the foreign delivery window. All undeliverable mail matter (except local) is advertised in the "New York Advocate," lists from which are posted in con- spicuous places in the lobbies of the General Post Office. Local letters are not advertised, and after remaining unclaimed in the Poste Restante for 30 days are sent to the Dead Letter Office, Washington. All foreign mail matter of ostensible value is also advertised. A charge of one cent is made on the delivery of each article advertised, to defray the cost of the service. On Sundays residents of the different districts can obtain their mail at wickets of the Branch Offices during office hours, on presentation of reason- able evidence of their identity. All letters or packages, bearing in addition to the regular postage a "Special Delivery Stamp," will be delivered daily to any point within the carrier's free limit immediately upon receipt at the nearest post office, be- tween 7 A. M. and 9 P. M., from the branch stations, and 11 P. M. from the General Post Office.- When such letters fail of delivery from any cause they will not again be specially delivered, but will be sent out with the regular car- rier on his next trip. Letters arriving from foreign countries, with Special Stamps attached, are entitled to the same treatment as if mailed at any domestic office. Postage Kates and Conditions. Domestic Mail Matter. — First Class. The rate on all letters, sealed or unsealed, sent to any post office in the United States or Canada is 2 cents for each ounce or fraction thereof, or 1 cent for each ounce or fraction thereof when mailed and called for at the same office. Letter rate is charged upon all packages sealed against inspection (excepting proprietary MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 207 articles in original trade packages), type written matter, printed matter containing writing (excepting corrected proof sheets, inscribed books, pamphlets, and dated or signed circulars), postal cards to which anything is attached or on the face of which anything excepting the address is written, and all ordinary cards used as substitutes for postal cards. This class in- cludes postal cards. The Second Class embraces all newspapers, magazines, and periodical publications issued regularly and at least four times a year, and having a legitimate list of subscribers, and the rate, when mailed by the publisher or news agent, is i cent a pound, but when mailed by any others it is i cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof. Limit of weight none. Second class matter must be so wrapped as to allow easy inspection by the post- master. Third Class. The rate of postage on Third Class matter is i cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof, fully prepaid by postage stamps. This class embraces books, pamphlets, and all matter wholly in print on paper (and not included in the second class), such as printed handbills, cards, labels, calendars, printed postal cards mailed in bulk, legal and insurance blanks, photographs, blank check and receipt books, engravings, litho- graphs, reproductions by hektograph, cyclostyle, mimeograph, or other similar process ; but the following articles, although bearing printing, are not included in the Third Class but are Fourth Class matter: Printed letter-heads and bill-heads ; envelopes, printed or unprinted (except when one or two with printed address are enclosed with Third Class matter for reply) ; printed or unprinted blotters ; blank books ; playing cards ; dis- sected maps or pictures ; oil or water color paintings ; crayon, pencil, or pen and ink drawings ; paper patterns ; paper sacks and wrapping paper with printing thereon ; photographs retouched in India ink or water colors ; un- printed postal cards mailed in bulk. Limit of weight four pounds. Matter of this class must be so tied or wrapped as to permit easy examination. Fourth Class. The rate of postage on Fourth Class matter is i cent for each ounce or fraction thereof, which must be fully prepaid by postage stamps. This class embraces merchandise, samples, and all arti- cles (not in themselves unmailable) which are not embraced in the First, Second or Third Class. Seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions and plants are mailable at the rate of one cent for every two ounces or fraction thereof. Under this head are included samples of wheat or other grain in its natural condition ; seedling potatoes, beans, peas, chestnuts and acorns. Not, however, samples of flour, rolled oats, pearled barley, or other cereals which can only be used as articles of food ; or cut flowers, dried plants, and botanical specimens, which are all subject to postage at one cent per ounce ; or foreign nuts and seeds (such as the coffee bean), used exclusively as arti- 208 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. cles of food. The limit of weight of each package is four pounds. Matter of this class must be so wrapped or packed as to be easily inspected, and when of a dangerous nature, so secured as to prevent damage to the other contents of the mail bags and the post office employes. In general, mail matter of the second, third and fourth classes may bear simply the addresses of the intended recipient and the sender. To the latter the word "from" should be prefixed. Second class matter may bear the inscription "marked copy" or words directing attention to passages con- tained therein. Unmailable Matter embraces all obscene or lottery literature, any matter otherwise mailable bearing inscriptions of scurrilous or defamatory character, and all materials of an essentially destructive nature. Conceal- ing matter of a higher class in that of a lower class is an offense punishable with a fine of $10. Postage due on mail matter (the amount indicated by postage due stamps affixed to the letter or package) is collectable before delivery. Letters alone may be withdrawn by the person depositing them or his agent within one hour after their receipt at the General Post Office. Ap- plication must be made to the Assistant Postmaster before 3 P. M., and a fac-simile of the envelope used and of the address in the same handwriting must be presented. Registration. Any article of the first, second or third class may be registered at any post office in the United States. The fee is 10 cents for each letter or parcel, to be affixed in stamps in addition to the ordinary postage, both fully prepaid. All registered matter must be legibly addressed and securely sealed, and bear the address of the sender. Registered arti- cles are delivered only to the addressees in person, or on their written order. Foreign Mail Matter. All countries except those enumerated in a succeeding paragraph are included in the Universal Postal Union, between which a uniform postal tariff obtains. The rates of postage on mail matter posted in the United States and addressed to countries included in the Universal Postal Union (excepting the Dominion of Canada and Mexico) are as follows: Letters, per ]/ 2 ounce, 5 cents. Postal Cards, each, 2 cents. Newspaper and other printed mat- ter, per 2 ounces, 1 cent. Commercial papers: Packets not in excess of 10 ounces, 5 cents; packets in excess of 10 ounces, for each 2 ounces or frac- tion thereof, 1 cent. Samples of merchandise: Packets not m excess of 4 ounces, 2 cents; packets in excess of 4 ounces, for each 2 ounces or frac- tion thereof, 1 cent. Registration fee on letters or other articles, 10 cents. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 309 Ordinary letters for countries of the Postal Union (except Canada and Mexico) will be forwarded, whether any postage is prepaid on them or not. All other mailable matter must be prepaid at least partially. Mail matter for the Dominion of Canada and Mexico is subject to the same rates and conditions as domestic mail. The following articles are absolutely excluded from the mails to these countries: — All sealed pack- ages, excepting letters; all packages (excepting single volumes of printed books) weighing over 4 pounds 6 ounces; and publications which violate the copyright laws of these countries. From the mails to Mexico are excluded liquids, pastes, confections, &c. The rate on seeds, &c, to Canada is 1 cent per ounce. The countries not embraced in the Universal Postal Union are: China (to which all matter may be registered); Cape Colony and the Orange Free State; Morocco (except the European post offices therein); Madagascar (ex- cepting St. Mary's, Tamatave and Majanga); Ascension and St. Helena. The rates to these countries are, for letters 10 cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof; for newspapers, &c, 2 cents for each two ounces or frac- tion thereof. Dutiable Articles received as mail matter are detained by the cus- toms department of the Post Office and notice of their detention is sent to the addressee, who receives the same upon application and payment of the duties. Duty on books is collected on delivery. Books printed in foreign languages are free. Postal Money Order System. Applications for money orders must be made on blank forms furnished by the post office, and presented at the proper wickets. Accurate and full directions for having money orders cashed or transferred to the credit of another are printed on the back of the order. These directions should be carefully read by all who use this system of transmitting money. For Domestic Money Orders the rates are: For sums not exceed- ing $5, five cents; over $5 and not exceeding $10, eight cents; over $10 and not exceeding $15, ten cents; over $15 and not exceeding $30, fifteen cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40, twenty cents; over $40 and not exceeding $50, twenty-five cents; over $50 and not exceeding $60, thirty cents; over $60 and not exceeding $70, thirty-five cents; over $70 and not exceeding $80, forty cents; over $80 and not exceeding $100, forty-five cents. The limit of each domestic order is $100. Postal Notes are issued for a fee of 3 cents each for any sum from 1 cent to $4.99. They are payable at any money order office in the Union within three months after the date of issue. No duplicates are issued. International Money Orders are issued payable in almost all the foreign countries embraced in the Postal Union. In some cases the remit- 210 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. ter forwards the order direct, and in others the postmaster forwards it, giv- ing a receipt to the sender. For these orders the rates are: On orders not exceeding $10, ten cents; over $10 and not exceeding $20, twenty cents; over $20 and not exceeding $30, thirty cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40, forty cents; over $40 and not exceeding $50, fifty cents; over $50 and not exceeding $60, sixty cents; over $60 and not exceeding $70, seventy cents; ;ver $70 and not exceeding $80, eighty cents; over $80 and not exceeding $90, ninety cents; over $90 and not exceeding $100, one dollar. Interna- tional money orders are payable any time within twelve months after the date of issue. Blank Forms are furnished by the postmaster upon which to record changes of address. These forms may be obtained from the carriers or at the general or branch offices, and should be returned to the same. Red Drop Letter Boxes for the reception of letters too late for the mails at the post office, and intended for distribution at points along the lines of the New York Central, Pennsylvania, and the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroads, are placed at the entrances of the depots of these roads. The contents are removed from these boxes by the railway postal clerk a few minutes before the leaving of each mail train. Messenger Service. The American District Telegraph Company, with executive offices at 8 Dey street and the Postal Telegraph Company, 187 Broadway pro- vides the metropolis with an efficient messenger service. A force of about 1,500 messenger boys in blue uniform is maintained, and the equip- ment includes 33,000 automatic electrical call-boxes, and complete connection by wire with the Western Union and Postal Telegraph systems, and the police and fire departments. The messenger call-boxes are small electrical signal instruments connected by wire with the nearest messenger office and operated with a crank which is moved through different distances on the arc of a circle and then released — the distance depending upon the service required. As it is possible to summon by one of these instruments a messenger, a policeman or the fire department, every one unfamiliar with them should, before touching the crank of one, carefully read the directions printed on the face of the box. Charge is made for the service of the messenger summoned and not for the use of the boxes, which are placed in public and private buildings free on the assurance of a reasonable patronage. Messenger boys are in waiting in all the offices of the com- pany. The regular charge for messenger-service is based upon the standard rate of 30 cents an hour. Detentions are charged at the same rate. Per- sons employing messengers should write plainly upon the tickets presented MEANS OP COMMUNICATION. 211 to them the amount paid, and the destination of the message, to prevent extortion or miscarriage. Messenger offices are located within the city limits at the following places. Those marked with an asterisk are never closed: Produce Exchange, 134 Pearl St., 9 New St., 120 Broadway, 10 Wall St., 120 Front St., 68 Fulton St., 151 Church St., *iqs Broadway, Cotton Ex- change, 281 Broadway, 142 West St., 32 Desbrosses St., 316 Greenwich St., *233 Grand St., 407 Broadway, 255 Church St., 444 Broome St., *5go Broad- way, Gansevoort Market, 386 West St., 398 East 10th St., *no West 14th St., *8th St. & University PL, *20i East 14th St., ^854 Broadway, 70 Eighth Ave., 344 3d Ave., *8 W. 23d St., *27o West 23d St., ^1140 Broadway, Man. Market, *i227 Broadway, 270 West 34th St., *397 5th Ave., *666 Sixth Ave., 497 Third Ave., *Grand Cent. Depot, *82i Sixth Ave., *5 39 Fifth Ave. , 844 Third Ave., ^990 Sixth Ave., ^985 8th Ave., ^1059 Third Ave., 45th St. & 1st Ave., '^1369 Third Ave., ^251 Columbus Ave., *763 Madison Ave., *453 Columbus Ave., *g8s Madison Ave., *644 Columbus Ave., 1616 Third Ave., 268 W. 11 6th St., 2097 Third Ave., ^134 E. 125th St., *53 W. 125th St., 264 W. 125th St., 2300 7th Ave. Messengers can be called from all hotels and restaurants anci many other public places at any hour of the day or night. Telegraphic System. The United States possesses in the Western Union Telegraph Company the most complete and extensive telegraphic system in the world. The greater part of the continent is covered by this system as with a vast metallic net. Every city, town, and almost every village is in telegraphic communica- tion with the metropolis. The lofty red brick building at the N. W. corner of Broadway and Dey Street contains the head offices of the Western Union Company. The main offices of the Postal Telegraph Company are at 187 Broadway. Local offices are conveniently situated in every district of the city, in all railroad depots, and in the principal public and office buildings and hotels. During the last few years the city authorities have compelled the telegraph companies to place their wires in the conduits of the electrical subways throughout the greater part of the city. The enforcing of this regulation has removed from many great thoroughfares the unsightly poles with which they were formerly studded. The Western Union Telegraph Company operates the two trans- Atlantic cables of the American Telegraph and Cable Company between Penzance, England, and Canso, Nova Scotia, connecting at the latter point with two cables which run to Coney Island, there connecting with an under- ground system of wires across Long Island, aerial cables over the Brooklyn bridge, and subterranean wires in the streets in New York City to the com- 212 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK, pany's principal cable office at 16 Broad street. From the cable landing at Penzance independent wires run to the company's offices in London. The cables in New York are connected directly with the New York Stock Ex- change and the other principal exchanges, so that messages concerning dealings in the different stocks and produce markets are flashed backwards and forwards between New York and London in an almost imperceptible period of time. The brokers in those two cities, as well as at Paris, Ant- werp, Amsterdam, Hamburg and other leading cities in Europe who have business connections with New York are virtually brought into communica- tion with each other through the business hours, allowing for the difference of time between the two hemispheres, and deal with each other almost in the same way as if they were face to face on the floors of their respective exchanges. The Atlantic cable service of the Western Union Telegraph Company is made the more comprehensive by that company's arrangements with the Anglo-American Telegraph Company, which owns three cables between Newfoundland and Ireland, thence by direct wire to London and several of the larger cities in Great Britain, one of these cables extending directly to Emden in Germany, where exclusive connection is made with the ! telegraph lines of the German Government ; also one cable from Duxbury, Mass., via St. Pierre, Miquelon, to Brest, France, where a direct wire con- nects it with Pans ; also by its connection with the Direct United States Cable Company, which owns a cable from Rye Beach, N. H., via Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Ireland, thence by direct wires to London. The Western I Union Telegraph Company also operates the only cables between Florida 1 and Havana, which belong to the International Ocean Telegraph Company. 1 They connect there with the entire system of cables which extend to all the 1 West India Islands, Venezuela and the northeastern coast of South 1 America. It also has the only connection at Galveston, Texas, with the | cables of the Mexican Telegraph Company and the Central and South American Telegraph Company, which extend, via Mexico, to Peru and] Chili, and via a land line over the Andes mountains to Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic. It is therefore possible to send a message by the I Western Union Telegraph Company's lines from the remotest telegraph j office in the country to any part of the world, and to be sure of the prompt- est transmission, because of the numerous routes which the company j controls. The transmitting room in the Western Union building is connected by underground pneumatic tubes with the large branch offices at 16 Broad St., 4°7» 599 an( I 854 Broadway, 8 W. 23d St. and the Fifth Avenue Hotel. These tubes, which are worked by powerful engines, are used for the rapid, transmission of messages in the written form. At the head offices of the company at 195 Broadway, are centered MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 213 nearly every variety of telegraphic service, affecting all the interests of the country, both commercial and social. Each department has an interest of its own, and among the principal departments are the following: Time Service. On the top of the building is a structure carrying a time ball which is visible from all parts of the harbor and the river, as well as from the sur- rounding streets. The ball is connected by wire with the Naval Observa- tory at Washington. Precisely at noon each day a signal is sent out from the observatory which releases a certain apparatus, and the ball falls, giving the signal to all the craft afloat by which their chronometers can be corrected. The same electrical current which causes the ball to drop is sent, by means of another intricate and delicate apparatus, over the main lines of the company centering in New York, producing signals at the most distant points, and enabling the railroads and other enterprises to which the question of exact time is a matter of importance to correct their time pieces and to regulate their affairs with exact precision from day to day. Steamer Service. The company has lookouts at Fire Island, N. Y., and at the Navesink Highlands, N. J., from which a perpetual observation is made of all the steamers coming to the port of New York. The moment any steamer is sighted the information is telegraphed to No. 195 Broadway. From there it is disseminated to the exchanges and steamship companies who may wish to make preparations for the reception of the steamers, as well as to in- dividual subscribers who desire to be informed of the arrival of their friends. Government Signal Service. At certain hours of the day the Western Union Company transmits for the Government the reports of the observers of the Weather ^Bureau in all parts of the country. Naturally the bulk of these reports come to New York for distribution. By means of their transmission by the company at stated hours, morning and night, the condition of the weather is published in almost every newspaper throughout the country, to the great advantage of both agriculture and commerce. Commercial News Department. In this department, by means of the company's connections with the various exchanges throughout the country, the reports of markets of all kinds are collected and distributed to subscribers wherever they are needed, so that every man who has merchandise to sell or who wishes to buy can, by 214 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. application to the company, always have at his command the necessary in- formation to enable him to make advantageous decision. Some idea of the vast business done throughout the country by the telegraph companies may be formed from the fact that during last year the Western Union Company alone operated over 725,000 miles between 21.000 offices, and distributed more than 65,000,000 messages. In this ser- vice about $30,000,000 is spent. This company employs about 35,000 persons. The following offices are never closed : — N. W. cor. Broadway and Dey St.; 187 Broadway ; 599 Broadway (near Houston St.) ; 854 Broadway (south of 14th St.) ; 8 W. 23d St. (near 5th Ave.) ; 1132 Broadway ; 1227 Broadway (near 29th St.) ; 821 Sixth Ave. (near 47th St.), and 134 E. 125th St. Telegraphic Kates and Conditions. The words contained in the body of a message alone are charged for. The date, address and signature are transmitted free of charge. Messages may be of any length. Specific regulations are printed on the back of each message blank. Local Rates : — For messages between points in New York City and Brooklyn, Jersey City, Newark, the Oranges, Paterson, Hoboken, Wee- hawken, and many of the nearby towns of New Jersey, and Philadelphia, the ( h u-ge is 20 cents for 10 words and 1 cent for each additional word. Continental and Foreign Rates : — The rates to a few places only can be given here. These, however, will indicate the cost of sending messages to points throughout the country. Messages containing 10 words beside the address and signature are for- warded from New York to the following points at the rates named : Albany, N. Y., 25 cents; Allegheny, Pa., 25 cents; Atlanta, Ga., 50 cents; Boston, Mass., 25 cents; Baltimore, Md., 25 cents; Buffalo, N. Y., 25 cents; Chicago, 111., 40 cents; Cincinnati, O., 40 cents; Cleveland, O., 40 cents; Columbus, O., 40 cents; Cambridge, Mass., 25 cents; Camden, N. J., 25 cents; Detroit, Mich., 40 cents; Denver, Col., 75 cents; Dayton, O., 40 cents; Fall River, Mass., 25 cents; Grand Rapids, Mich., 50 cents; Indianapolis, Ind., 50 cents; Kansas City, Mo., 50 cents; Lowell, Mass., 25 cents; Louisville, Ky., 40 cents; Milwaukee, Wis., 50 cents; MinneajDolis, Minn., 50 cents; Memphis, Tenn., 40 cents; New Orleans, La., 60 cents; New Haven, Conn., 25 cents; Nashville, Tenn., 40 cents; Omaha, Neb., 50 cents; Providence, R. I., 25 cents; Pittsburgh, Pa., 25 cents; Reading, Pa., 25 cents; Richmond, Va., 35 cents; Rochester, N. Y., 25 cents; Scranton, Pa., 25 cents; Syracuse, N. Y., 25 cents; Saint Paul, Minn., 50 cents; St. Louis, Mo., 50 cents; San Francisco, Cal., $1.00; Toledo, O., 40 cents; Troy, N. Y., 25 cents; Trenton, N. J., 25 cents; Worcester, Mass., 25 cents; Washington, D. C, 25 cents; MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 215 Wilmington, Del., 25 cents, and the cities of Middle and Eastern Canadaj 50 cents. Night Messages forwarded during hours when business is slack on the great trunk lines are charged at half the regular rate, but 25 cents is the minimum sum received in payment for any message. Telegrams are de- livered and answers received by messengers within the city limits free of charge on week days between 7:30 A. M. and 9 P. M., except above 175th St., on West side, where a charge of 25 cents is made for deliver}-. Between 9 P. M. and 7:30 A. M., and on Sunday, the following delivery charges are made in addition to the regular tolls: E. 160th St. to E. 170th St., 10c; E. 170th St. to Fordham, 25c; W. i42d St. to W. 150th St., 35c; W. 150th St. to W. 158th St., 40c; W. 158th St. to W. 167th St., 45c; W. 167th St. to Ft. Washington, 55c. The American District and Mutual District Telegraph Companies are local organizations operated in connection with the Western Union system. Cable Telegraph System. Transatlantic and South American and West Indian Telegraph Cables have their main offices for North America in New York. The principal European and South American cables are managed by the following companies: — American Telegraph and Cable Co., 195 Broadway; Anglo American Telegraph Co. , 8 Broad St. ; Commercial Cable Co., 8 and 10 Broad St. ; Compagnie Francaise du Telegraphe de Paris a New York, 34 Broad St. ; The Direct U. S. Cable Co. , 40 Broadway ; The Pedro Segundo American Telegraph and Cable Co., 44 Broadway-; and the Central and South American Cable Co. , 39 Wall St. A Tariff of Rates agreed upon by all the Atlantic Cable Companies is in force. Messages may be written in any language using Roman letters. The maximum length of a cablegram word is 10 letters. Should a word contain more than 10 letters, every 10 or fraction thereof is counted as a word, e.xept the names in the address. Groups of figures are counted at the rate of 3 figures to a word. Groups of letters having a secret meaning can be employed only in government messages. To insure accuracy a message may be repeated at an additional cost of one quarter the ordinary rates. Replies may be prepaid. Cable messages are delivered free within the city limits. Cable rates, per word, to some of the most important cities and countries are as follows : — Austria, 34 cents ; Belgium, 30 cents ; Bosnia, 36 cents; China, $1.96; Cyprus, 64 cents; Denmark, 35 cents; Egypt, about 60 cents ; France, 25 cents ; Germany, 25 cents ; Gibralter, 43 cents ; Great Britain and Ireland, 25 cents ; Greece, 43 cents ; Holland, 32 cents ; India, $1.23; Italy, 32 cents; Japan, $2.21 ; New Zealand, $2.74; Norway, 35 cents ; Persia, 84 cents ; Portugal, 39 cents ; Russia, 43 cents ; Sardinia 216 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. and Sicily, 32 cents ; Spain, 40 cents ; Sweden, 39 cents ; Switzerland, 30 cents. To South and Central American Points : — The rate, per word, to Guatemala and other Central American Republics is about $7.00; Argentine Republics, $1.75 ; Brazil, $1.55 ; Chili, $2.41 ; Columbia, about $5.00 , Peru, $2.25 ; and Uruguay, $1.96. Cable messages are received at any of the local offices of the Western Union and Postal Telegraph and Cable Companies. The Telephone System. The telephone service affords advantages of communication peculiarly its own. By it the irksome delays of the telegraph, messenger and postal services may often be avoided. Certain conditions, however, limit its util- ity — the persons desiring to communicate with each other or their respon- sible agents must be simultaneously at either end of the wire, there being no convenience for the receipt and distribution of messages. In the head offices of the Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company is the great central "switch" room in which expert operators "make" and "break" con- nections for 85,000 messages daily. About 9,000 instruments in private residences and public buildings are now used in this city alone, by which are transmitted 30,000,000 messages annually. Telephone instruments are rented, not bought by the patrons of the system. The annual charge, in- cluding service throughout New York City, is from $150 to $240. New York's system of telephone communication is conducted so unob- trusively, and maintained? with so little friction, that it is almost the last thing which a visitor to the metropolis would think of investigating. Most people coming to New York for the first time are astonished at the signs displayed in all the elevated railroad cars, stating that five hundred thous- and passengers are carried daily by the elevated roads. If the volume of the telephone business of New York were calculated in the same way, it would be found that sixty million people use the telephone in New York City every year. This vast business is in the hands of the Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company, with headquarters at No. 18 Court- landt street, where, in a substantial fire-proof building, there is a switch- board that cost nearly four hundred thousand dollars. This switchboard is the largest and best equipped in the world. It has accommodations for six thousand circuits or twelve thousand wires, and is used for the down-town district almost exclusively. In addition to the Cortlandt street office, there are similar buildings and switchboards at Spring and Thirty-eighth streets. There are also important central offices at Eighteenth street, Seventy-ninth street, Columbus avenue and Harlem. At Broad street, there has been erected another model fire- MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 217 proof telephone building, which is being provided with a large switchboard to take care of the increasing volume of business down-town. All of the subscribers' lines centering at these offices are conducted under ground al- most exclusively, and a comprehensive system of underground trunk lines connects the various central offices together. Hereafter anything like a serious break-down, due to storms or blizzards, which have heretofore in- terrupted communication in large cities, cannot occur in New York. The equipment of subscribers' stations is of the highest class known to the telephone art; and it is possible to talk with entire satisfaction from metallic circuit subscribers' stations to any point reached by the long dis- tance wires, including Chicago and all intermediate points in the West; Baltimore and Washington at the South; and Boston and Portland in the East. The present highly creditable condition of the New York telephone service has not been accomplished without an immense outlay of money and years of labor by a large technical staff which has been concentrated upon the work for a long time. To properly appreciate the magnitude of what has been done, it should be understood that the telephone system of New York, like that of all other large cities, both in this country and abroad, was constructed on the grounded circuit plan; that is, but one wire was em- ployed to connect with each subscriber, the earth being used as a return, as in the case of the telegraph, which was the model followed by the early tele- phonists. Ten years of hard experience, however, demonstrated that satis- factory telephone business could not be accomplished over one wire; and notwithstanding the fact that the Metropolitan Company had already in ex- istence a plant of switchboards and underground wires which cost well up into the millions, it all had to be abandoned to make way for the new class of service ; so that not a foot of wire or section of switchboard which was in use six years ago is now in service at New York, all the cables being with- drawn from the ducts and the %witchboards dismantled and sold for old junk. Such a technical revolution as this has no parallel in any other in- dustry. As a result, New York leads in the character of its telephone ser- vice, as well as in so many other things. A fair idea of the multitude of details, and practical difficulties of operation, entering into the metropoli- tan telephone system can be had by an inspection of the plant at Cort- landt street, to which all subscribers, as well as visitors to New York, are admitted upon application at the general manager's office in the building. The telephone business is unique in the commercial world, as being the only one which can be done cheaper on a small scale than in a whole- sale way. The reason for this paradox cannot be stated in a few words; but it is due principally to the fact that, while the income from subscribers bears a direct ratio to their number, yet the cost of apparatus and the plant 218 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. required to provide the necessary facilities for inter-communication in- creases at a much greater rate. While the actual sum of money paid for the use of a telephone in New York is somewhat higher than in small cities, yet when the quality of service and the number of miles of wire over which the subscriber talks are considered, it may fairly be said that the New Yorker has the cheapest and the best telephone service in the world. The Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Company has about 900 employes, 400 of whom are girls (who operate the switchboards at the var- ious offices). This company was the first to comply with the Underground Law, and as a result there are nearly 500 cables under ground, containing nearly 40,000 miles of wire. In addition to the underground system, there are a large number of cables connecting with Brooklyn a nd other Long Is- land points, by the Brooklyn Bridge. Under the North River and the Harlem River there is a complete system of submarine cables connecting the city with the North and West. Altogether the problem of telephoning in New York has been solved in a manner whose success is reflected in the satisfaction expressed by a great majority of the subscribers of the company. A comparatively new feature of the business in New York is the in- creasing number of public pay stations distributed over the city, so that resi- dents who do not have the telephone in the houses have but to walk a short distance to places where, at a moderate charge, they may telephone to their friends in any quarter of the island or to any point reached by tele- phone. Public pay stations, indicated by the sign of the blue bell, and equipped with long distance instruments and cabinet sound-proof booths, are at the following places : — Telephone Building, 18 Cortlandt Street; Aldrich Court Building; Col- umbia Building; Central Building; Cotton Exchange; Coffee Exchange; County Court House; Equitable Building; fining Exchange; Mutual Life Building; Maritime Exchange; Produce Exchange; Stock Exchange; Times Building; Washington Building; 10 Wall St. (Broadway); 32 Fulton St. (Water St.); 2 and 4 Centre St.; 407 Broadway (Lispenard St.); 304 Canal St. (Mercer St.); 362 Hudson St. (King St.); 599 Broadway (Houston St.); 5 E. 14th St. (5th Av.); 226 Ninth Av. (24th St.); 543 Third Av. (36th St.); 397 Fifth Av. (36th St.); 42d St. and Sixth Av.; 1512 Broadway (44th St.); 539 Fifth Av. (45th St.); 812 Sixth Av. (46th St.); 763 Madison Av. (65th St.); 1102 2d Av. (58th St.); 987 Madison Av. (77th St.); 1444 Third Av. (82d St.); 1509 Ninth Av. (89th St.); 96th St. and Columbus Av.; 11 8th St. and Sev- enth Av.; 264 West 125th St., near Eighth Av.; 2300 7th Av. (135th St.); 2536 8th Av. (135th St.); 155th St. and Tenth Av. Hotels : Astor House; Barrett House; Brevoort House; Buckingham Hotel; Continental Hotel; MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 219 Delmonico's; B. & O. Office, Broadway and 26th St.; Everett House; Fifth Avenue Hotel; Gilsey House; Grand Union Hotel; Hoffman House; Hol- land House; Hotel Bartholdi; Hotel Brunswick; Hotel Kensington, 15th St. and Fifth Avenue; Hotel Metropole; Imperial Hotel; Metropolitan Hotel; Morton House; Sinclair House; Smith & McNeil's, 199 Washington St.; St. Dennis Hotel; Sturtevant House; Victoria Hotel; Windsor Hotel. Railway Depots: Grand Central Depot; N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., 5 Van- derbilt Avenue; New York & Harlem Railway, Incoming Passenger Sta- tion; Long Island R. R., Foot East 34th St.; Pennsylvania R. R., Foot Cortlandt Street and Foot Desbrosses Street; Central R. R. of N. J.; Balti- more & Ohio, R. R., Foot Liberty St.; N. Y., L. E. & W. R. R., Foot Chambers Street; Staten Island Ferry, Foot Whitehall Street. The rate for a local message is 15 cents. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company supply long distance telephone service between New York and all the chief cities in the eastern states, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and also with Baltimore, Cleveland and Washington, Sandusky, Toledo, Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit. The long distance circuit may be used from all the pay stations and about one third of the instruments in private offices in New York. EDUSATION/cL INSTITUTIONS. Public Schools and Academies — Universities — Colleges of Medicine, Law and Divinity — Schools of Art and Music — Libraries — The American Museum of Natural History. A well elaborated and very comprehensive Public School System pro- vides for the education of the youth of the metropolis. This system com- prises day, night and industrial schools, a normal college for girls, a col- lege for boys, reformatories, orphan asylums, and a nautical school. The system is managed by a board of education of 21 members, some of whom are women, appointed by the Mayor. This board appoints five trustees and three inspectors for each ward, who attend to local details such as the appointment of teachers, &c, the superintendence of larger interests remaining directly in the hands of the board. The offices are at 146 Grand St. About 320,000 pupils are enrolled and under the care of 4,250 regular and 125 special teachers. Attendance is compulsory for children between the ages of 8 and 14, and to enforce this statute there are 12 special truancy agents who investigate 20,000 cases annually. Incorrigible truancy and viciousness is punished in the reformatory. The evening schools enroll more than 29,000 pupils, 17,000 of whom are over 16 years of age, and 6,000 over 21. Besides the subjects usually taught, there are departments devoted to manual training with an enrollment of 20,000 pupils, to whom instruction is given in sewing, cooking, wood-working, modelling in clay, mechanical and free hand drawing. Free courses of lectures on physiology, hygiene, natural science, travel (illustrated with views), history, literature and social science, are given in the school buildings in different parts of the city for the benefit of workingmen and workingwomen, who manifest an ever increasing interest in this educational departure. The attendance upon these lectures last year aggregated about 100,000, the halls always being crowded. The annual cost of maintaining the educational system is about $5,000,000. The school buildings are of no particular architectural style, though generally well appointed. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 221 The College of the City of New York, at Lexington Avenue and 23rd St. , is the crowning institution of the Public Schools of the City. Any youth residing in the city or graduating from its public schools is eligible for admission. The curriculum covers four years and embraces courses in litera- ture, science, applied mechanics, and a post graduate department in engineer- ing. The classes are divided into academic and preparatory. In the former about 560 candidates for the degree of B. A. or B. S. are enrolled. The total attendance is over 1,100. The college building, a large turreted brick structure, contains well equipped laboratories, a library of 25,000 volumes and a museum of natural history. This college is under the supervision of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, of which it is a branch. The Normal College of the City of New York for the training of young women as teachers is the counterpart of the college just described. It occupies a massive red brick building of ecclesiastical gothic style of architecture, facing Park Avenue between 69th and 70th Sts. This build- ing is the largest devoted to this use in the country. Its main hall has a seating capacity of 1,600. The college enrolls nearly 1,400 students grouped in four classes corresponding to the four academic years. The studies em- brace Latin, German, French, physics, chemistry, natural sciences, draw- ing, music and kindergarten methods. The graduates supply nearly all the vacancies in the teaching staff of the city schools. The theoretical work of the college is supplemented by practical work in the model school, in an adjoining building. The college contains an excellent library, a calis- thenium, 30 recitation rooms, and 3 large lecture rooms, besides many re- tiring rooms and offices and the grand hall. The Nautical School, a distinctive feature of the system intended to train boys in the science and practice of navigation, is held on board the U. S. school ship St. Marys, which during the six warmer months is at sea, and for the remainder of the year lies at the foot of E. 31st St. Here everything that pertains to theoretical and practical seamanship is taught. The examina- tions are under the control of the New York Chamber of Commerce. In addition to the institutions above mentioned, which are all free, about 18 orphan asylums and juvenile homes participate in the school fund. Besides the institutions included in the public school system, New York abounds in colleges, seminaries, academies and schools, both general and special, embracing courses of study varying infinitely in comprehensiveness, character and degree. In the variety of its institutions of learning, New York is preeminent among the cities of the Western world, although some of her sister cities have in several departments of education achieved greater fame. That education tends toward the practical has been strongly evi- 222 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. denced in recent years by the establishment and ever increasing patronage of many preparatory and advanced technical schools. In the following pages the more prominent of such institutions are briefly described, but within the limits of this chapter it is impossible to do even these the justice they deserve ; some can merely be mentioned. Private Schools which figure prominently among the educational feat- ures of New York, are numerous and varied in their character and scope. The majority of these schools are, of course, elementary, but there are many which rival in their equipment and the efficiency of their teaching staffs some of the smaller arts and science colleges. The more advanced schools prepare young men and women for the entrance examinations of the higher institutions of learning in this and neighboring cities. Private schools de- pend for patronage on the wealthier families of the community. The Berkeley School, among all the private schools for boys, enjoys che widest reputation and patronage. It occupies, at 20 W. 44th St., one of the handsomest buildings in that part of the city. The equipment of this school is, beyond all doubt, the best in every department possessed by any private teaching institution in this State. The plan of the school includes military training, gymnastic exercises and out-door sports. The pupils vary in age between 10 and 20 years, and wear a school uniform. The courses embrace classical and English branches, modern languages, natural philosophy and natural history. Excellent laboratories are provided for practical chemical and physical work. The annual fees vary from $350 for the day preparatory pupil to $1,000 for the advanced resident student. About 300 pupils are enrolled. Other private schools are : — Anna C. Brackett, 9 W. 39th St. ; Annie Brown, 713 5th Ave.; Audubon Institute, 233 Lenox Ave.; Barnard School for Boys, 119 W. 125th St.; Berlitz School of Languages, 25th St. and Broad- way; John. A. Brown, 31 W. 55th St.; H. B. Chapin, 721 Madison Ave.; Collegiate Institute, Dr. J. Sachs, 38 W. 59th St.; Collegiate School, D. S. Everson's), cor. 42d St. and 6th Ave.; Columbia Grammar School, 51st St., near Madison Ave. ; Columbia Military Institute, 729 6th Ave. ; Dahn's In- stitute, 179 2d Ave., De La Salle Institute, 48 2d St.; D. L. Dowd, 9 E. 14th St.; Dwight, 1479 Broadway; Friends' Seminary, 226 E. 16th St.; Hey- wood Institute, 18 W. 93d St. ; Kraus, 11 E. 42d St.; Lenox Institute, 334 Lenox Ave.; Madame Giovannini, 103 E. 61st St.; Madame Mears, 222 Madison Ave. ; Misses Peebles and Thompson School for Young Ladies, 32 and 24 E. 57th St.; Model Kindergarten, 7 E. 22d St.; Mrs. Sylvanus Reed, 6 E. 53d St. ; New York School of Dramatic Art, 201 W. 52d St. ; New York School of Languages, 1481 Broadway; New York School of Oratory, 116 E. 17th St.; New York Trade Schools, 67th St. and 1st Ave.; Rev. C. K. Gard- ner's School for Young Ladies, 603, 5th Ave. ; Rutger's Female Institute for EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 223 Young Ladies, 58 W. 55th St.; J. D. Sachs, 38 W. 59th St.; Sacred Heart (brach) Academy, 17th St., between 5th and 6th Avs.; S. S. Packaid, 23d St. and 4th Ave. (business college); the Misses Graham School for Young Ladies, 63 5th Ave.; West End Avenue School, Miss Thompson, 208 West End Ave. The Van Norman Institute. One of the most noted academies for young ladies, in this city, was founded in 1857 by the late Rev. Dr. Van Norman. It is now conducted by Madame Van Norman. The buildings of the school, on the corner of West End Avenue and West 71st street are exceedingly handsome, comfortable and- perfectly adapted to the purpose for which they were erected. They overlook the Hud- M^k^'tit son River, are situated in the high- est part of the city, and are near •^rgmfljl Mf^fC! Central Park and the Metropoli- inPuBlal^^^ tan and Natural History Museums. ■" Mme. Van Norman fully be- lieves in the modern education- al ideal. Graduates from her school go out into the world strong in mind and body, g^ |J^ f^,-pr *. healthy, alert and self-pos- liftoff V \,d. |jL) sessed, endowed with much practi- cal knowledge as well as a refined and gracious behavior. The rooms are kept perfectly comfortable and it is the pride of the principal that no pupil of the institute has died or has been seriously ill there. As to the mental training given it is distinguished by its thoroughness. There is no superficialness about it. Probably the best way to characterize this school is to say that it is conducted without bigotry, either religious or intellectual, and by the entire absence of vitiating stimuli to mental application — such as prizes, medals and exhibitions. A course of studies is provided for pupils who intend graduating, but others may select their studies. There are no ^arge classes, and there are many teachers. By this means each pupil receives all the personal attention necessary to develop her character fully to "draw out" her abilities. Visitors who have daughters growing up should visit this Institute and learn for themselves how admir- able are its methods. Columbia College, recently erected into a university, is by far the most important institution of higher learning in New York City, and rivals 224 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. any similar institution in the country. Its buildings occupy the block be- tween Madison and Fourth Avenues, and 49th and 50th Sts., and from an architectural point of view are not particularly striking, with one exception. The main entrance is in 49th St. During the present year a new and more appropriate site has been purchased at the Boulevard and 116th street. The institution was chartered as Kings College in 1754, and its first buildings were erected in what is still known as College Place. This was the home of the college until 1857, when it was removed to its present site. In 1784 it obtained from the Legislature a new charter and its present name. During the Revolutionary period the toryism of the college was so objec- tionable that its sessions were practically suppressed until peace was per- manently established. Since then the college has grown uninterruptedly in wealth and influence. The university embraces five colleges or " schools" : Arts, Mines, Law, Political Science and Medicine. The teach- ing staff consists of 197 professors. There are 1,650 students in the various departments. The endowment of the College is about $12,000,000. The School of Arts is the oldest faculty of the college, and the one about which the institution has grown. Its curriculum covers four years and embraces the requirements of a thorough classical and literary education. The annual tuition fee is $150, but no deserving applicant is rejected be- cause of inability to pay this amount. Candidates are examined for admis- sion in June and September. The classrooms of the college are in the tur- reted brick building in Madison Avenue, between 49th and 50th Streets. Seven fellowships of the annual value of $500 each, tenable for three years, are at the disposal of the faculty. There is a post graduate department in which advanced instruction is given in many branches. The School of Mines, at 4th Avenue and 50th Street, isjustly the most famous of all the departments of the college. As its name indicates, this school is one of applied science. It gives a thorough practical training in Civil, Mining, Sanitary, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering, Metal- lurgy, Chemical Manipulations and Analyses, Architecture and Geology. To complete any one course an attendance of four years is required. The de- grees conferred are " Civil Engineer," " Mining Engineer," " Metallurgical Engineer," and " Bachelor of Philosophy." A post graduate course of two years leads to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The annual tuition fee is $200, which may be remitted in the case of deserving impecunious students. The Law School, occupying the building in E. 49th Street in the middle of the campus, ranks as the first college of law in the United States. Its faculty includes some of the best legal minds of the metropolis, whose aim is to make its courses of the utmost practical efficiency. The course covers tfc OAKLEY'S Sweet Violets TOILET SOAP. A* Delightfully perfumed, and guaranteed absolutely pure. MADE BY THE OAKLEY SOAP k PERFUMERY CO. AND FOR SALE BY All Dealers in Toilet Articles and Perfumery. EVERY VISITOR TO THE CITY SHOULD BUY IT. M A /l a , . ..,,8. ^o'* **" ,;i r E N T H "■lift 1 l*a! I HW ■B"- | j |§iU * J-3 — IT— Tj R I V £ R S I D E There are several hundred towns in this country whose development is retarded by lack of capital and skilled labor. There are thousands of good opportunities for investment going: a begging There are five cities which have a surplus of capital and skilled labor, and each has a news- paper read by every intelligent capitalist and workman in that city. Here they are: New York, . Boston, . . Providence, . Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, . The Sun The Globe. The Journal. The Press. The Despatch. An outlay of a few hundred dollars for reading matter advertising will put the con- dition of any promising young town or enter- prise before the readers of these five papers (circulation, half a million; number of read- ers, over two millions). For more information on this subject apply to R. Wayne Wilson and Company, 211, 212, 213 Temple Court, New York City. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 225 two years. The annual fee is $150, but is subject to remission under con- ditions similar to those in the School of Arts. The School of Political Science, the youngest department of the University, provides a comprehensive curriculum in political economics and kindred branches, and leads through a three years' course to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The School of Medicine, better known as the College of Physicians and Surgeons, occupies buildings in 60th Street, between 9th and 10th Avenues. Its course of study covers three years and leads to the degree of M.D. Much of the instruction is given in the halls of the various hospitals to which the classes have access. Practical training is thus coupled with theoretical. The Vanderbilt family have expended a million dollars in the purchase of land for the college site, and in the erection and equipment of the Sloane Maternity, and the free Vanderbilt Clinic Hospitals and Dispen- saries, all of which institutions, together with Roosevelt Hospital, are affili- ated with the medical school. The Barnard Annex, or School of Arts for Women, is the counterpart of the School of Arts for men, and holds its sessions at 343 Madison Avenue, near 44th Street. This department having been recently organized, the number of its students is small. The annual fee for tuition is $150. There are several scholarships of the annual value of $150 each. The Library of Columbia College is one of the most attractive features of the institution, on account of its size and general excellence, and the ac- commodation afforded the public for consulting its literary treasures. The library building in 49th Street contains 105,000 volumes, 40,000 of which are in the reference department. The library is open from 8.30 A. M. to 10 P. M. on all days but Sundays and public holidays. Strangers are admit- ted on application to the librarian, by whom the privilege of consulting the books is courteously granted. The Athletic Clubs of the college have their grounds at Williams Bridge, where 20 acres of land has recently been acquired for the purpose. The University of the City of New York. After Columbia College, this is the most important educational institu- tion in New York. Its instructors number 98 and its students 1,300. It comprises the following departments: Arts and Science, Engineering and Chemistry, Pedagogy, Medicine, and Law. The halls of the first four departments are in the gray stone castellated building, at the N. E. Cor- ner of Washington Square. The curriculum of the Arts and Science De- partment, extending over four years, permits the students to elect between a purely classical and literary course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and a scientific course, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science. 226 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. In attendance upon this faculty are about 250 students, drawn chiefly from this and neighboring cities. The school of Engineering and Chemistry is conducted by the faculty of Arts, and is well equipped with laboratories and mechanical and engineering apparatus. The School of Pedagogy, a recent departure of the University and the only faculty of the kind in the United States, is rapidly attracting wide- spread patronage and a reputation for efficient work. Its object is to af- ford teachers an opportunity for a systematic training in the science and art of pedagogy. That this aim has been satisfactorily attained is attested by the increasing enrollment of students and influence of the school. An endowment fund for this special work has been provided by Mr. Geo. W. Vanderbilt and others. The curriculum is exceedingly comprehensive and the elective principle of studies is so well applied that the best possible re- sults are secured. The students numbered last year 259, belonging to many states of the Union. The Faculty of Medicine, more popularly designated the University Medical College, is the most widely known of all the departments of the University. Its students number 550. The home of the school is a large building near the foot of East 26th St., opposite Bellevue Hospital, to which institution the students have access for practical clinical work. The facul- ty embraces such well known physicians as Valentine Mott, Alfred L. Loomis, John W. Draper, and John Stedman Bull. The annual fee is $150, and the course for the degree of M. D. covers three years. The school is allopathic in its medical principles. The Faculty of Law is well equipped and well patronized. The students number about 250. Its sessions are held in the University Build- ing, Washington Square. Other Colleges and Schools. Rutgers Female College, 58 West 55th St., a branch of Rutgers College of New Brunswick, N. J., is the leading institution of the city for the higher education of women. The course covers four years and leads to the degree of B. A. The annual tuition fee is $150; with board, $400. The in- stitution is under the supervision of the Protestant Episcopal Church authorities. St. Francis Xavier College, under the care of the Jesuit Fathers, is the chief Roman Catholic Educational institution in New York. Its build- ings are in 15th St., between Fifth and Sixth Aves. The main entrance to the college is in 15th St., but the building in 1 6th St., contiguous to St. Francis Xavier Church, erected in 1877, contains the principal class and lecture rooms. It is one of the finest specimens of modern classical archi- tecture in the city. The college courses are classical and literary. The students number about 500, and are drawn chiefly from New York, Brook- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 227 lyn and Jersey City. The tuition fee is $62 a year, and from this source alone the tunds of the institution are derived. The library contains about 25,000 volumes, 5,000 of which are in a free circulating department for the special use of the students. St. John's College, Fordham, like the last named institution, is under the supervision of the Jesuit Fathers. There are four departments, Col- legiate, Academic, Scientific and Commercial. The great majority of the students, who number about 200, reside in the college. The annual charge for board and tuition is $300. Manhattan College, at the Boulevard and 131st St., is a Roman Catho- lic classical and scientific school, under the management of the Christian Brothers. Its library of 17,000 volumes and its large and well equipped museum and laboratory contribute much to the efficiency of the institution. De La Salle Institute, 106 W. 59th St., in charge of the Christian Brothers, is a Literary, Classical and Scientific School of high standing for boys. Another institution of a somewhat similar nature is La Salle Academy at 44 Second St. St. Louis R. C. College is situated at 15 West 43d St. The Academy of the Sacred Heart, the foremost Roman Catholic school for girls in the city, is on the grounds of the Convent of the Sacred Heart, West 128th St., near St. Nicholas Ave. The Academy has branches at 49 W. 17th St. and 533 Madison Ave. Mt. St. Vincent Academy, near Riverdale, and the Academy of the Holy Cross are other well known Roman Catholic schools for girls. The Hebrew Technical Institute, 36 Stuyvesant St., is especially de- voted to the training of Hebrew boys in the mechanical arts. Splendidly equipped workshops and skilled teachers are provided. A visit to this institution, when it is in session, will always repay the stranger. The average age of the boys is about 12 years. The Hebrew Institute, at East Broadway and Jefferson St., is devoted to the cause of education among the Hebrews of the East side. The build- ing was erected with the proceeds of a Hebrew Fair, held in 1889, and con- tains a large lecture hall, library and reading room, cooking school, work- shop, gymnasium, and many classrooms. There is a summer garden on the roof. The New York Institution for the Blind, 412 Ninth Ave., near 34th St., provides education for blind children. The building is a good example of gothic architecture of the Elizabethan type. This institution owes its origin to the philanthropic efforts of Dr. Samuel Akerly and Samuel Wood. Law Schools. Besides the law schools above mentioned there are two others of im- portance in the city. The New York Law School occupies a handsome 228 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. suite of rooms in the Equitable Building, and enjoys the advantage of being in the midst of lawyers, thus enabling students already doing practical office work to attend its lectures without unnecessary loss of time. The Metropolis Law School, a faculty of the University of the State of New York, founded in 1891, is domiciled in Clinton Hall, Astor Place — a location convenient to the great libraries. The school holds its regular sessions in the evening, an arrangement of obvious advantage to many stu- dents otherwise employed during the day. There is a good law library in connection with the school. The annual fees for tuition are $75. The course extends over three years and embraces the usual legal instruction. There are several cash prizes of from $50 to $75 in value. Before receiving degrees, students must have been graduated from some art college or uni- versity. Over 100 students are enrolled. Medical Colleges. Bellevue Hospital Medical College is one of the largest three med- ical schools in the city, the others being the University Medical College and the Columbia Medical School described above. Its class rooms are in the buildings of the Bellevue Hospital, entrance near the ft. of East 26th St. The attainment of the degree of M. D. by a student of this college, requires his attendance upon two full courses of medical instruction and an additional course in practical anatomy. The annual fee for tuition is $140. About 500 students are enrolled. In 1888 Mr. D. O. Mills founded in connection with the college a training school for male nurses. Its curriculum extends over two years. A training school for female nurses is under the superin- tendence of Bellevue Hospital. Practical training is afforded the students of these two schools in the wards of the hospital. The Medical College was organized by the Commissioners of Charities and Correction in 1861. Other well known medical schools are the following: The New York Post Graduate Medical School and Hospital, 226 E. 20th St. ; New York College of Dentistry, 205 East 23rd St. ; New York College of Veterinary Surgery, 332 East 27th St. ; New York College of Magnetics, 4 West 14th St. ; New York College of Massage, 247 W. 49th St. ; New York Homeopath- ic Medical College and Hospital; New York Medical College and Hospital for Women, 213 W. 54th St.; New York Polyclinic, 214 E. 34th St.; Women's Medical College of the New York Infirmary, 221 E. 15th St.; College of Midwifery, 247 W. 49th St. The College ©f Pharmacy, founded in 1829, occupies a somewhat ec- clesiastical looking structure at 209-213 E. 23d St., and is the chiei institu- tion of its kind in this state and one of the largest in the country. Its fac- ulty embraces some of the most distinguished chemists and physicists in the city. The college building contains extensive laboratories and lecture EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 229 rooms as well as an excellent pharmaceutical library and museum. The best facilities are afforded by this institution for thorough education in the science of pharmacy. The course of study, which extends over two years, embraces general chemistry, botany, materia medica, theoretical and prac- tical pharmacy, pharmacognosy and physics, together with thorough labora- tory work in all departments. The college opens about the last of Septem- ber and closes on the 30th of June. The annual tuition fee is $75. There are annually about 400 students in attendance. The lecture courses are so ar- ranged as to afford students who desire it an opportunity to gain lucrative employment as druggists' assistants, thereby enabling many to pursue studies from which their lack of means might otherwise debar them. Theological Schools. Union Theological Seminary, which occupies extensive and imposing buildings in Park Ave. , from 69th to 70th Sts. , is the most important theolog- ical school in the city. Although governed by a Board of Presbyterian clergymen and laymen, the seminary admits students from all Christian de- nominations, upon presentation of certificates of good standing as church members and proof of sufficient scholarship. The latter requirement is satisfied by a college diploma or by an examination in the subjects gener- ally required for such. The institution has a partial affiliation with the Uni- versity of the City of New York. Tuition is free. Three lectureships and two fellowships, the latter of a value of $600 each, are open for competition among the students. The course of study covers three years. To the visitor the most important feature of the Seminary is the library, which con- tains 59,000 bound volumes, besides 47,000 pamphlets and 183 manuscripts. The nucleus of this splendid library of sacred literature was 13,000 volumes of the Leander Van Ess collection, containing 430 incunabula ranging in date from 1469 A. D. to 1510, about 1250 copies of original editions of works on the Reformation, 37 Manuscripts, over 4,000 works on church his- tory, patristics and Canon Law, and about 200 editions of the Vulgate and of German Bibles. The General Theological Seminary, housed in spacious and appro- priate buildings in Chelsea Square, is the chief theological school of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States. It is governed by a Board of Trustees of about 100 Bishops, Clergymen and Laymen. The course of study extends over three years. Tuition is free. The library contains 21,000 volumes of Ecclesiastical literature. The Jewish Theological Seminary occupies rooms in Cooper Union. Art Schools. New York is more noted for its Art Exhibitions than for its Art Schools, although of the latter it has several of excellent standing enjoying a wide 230 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. reputation. Preparatory artistic studies are included in the curriculum of most of the advanced schools. Private instruction is given by many dis- tinguished artists in their studios, and teachers of special branches abound throughout the city. The Art Students' League, founded in June, 1875, incorporated two years later, is the most famous of New York's Art Schools. It has recently moved from 143 East 23rd St. to spacious quarters in the building of the Fine-Arts Society at 215 West 57th St., where its neighbors are the Archi- tectural League and the Society of American Artists. Although a school in its practical working, this institution is, as its name indicates, a League, whose membership is confined to professional and amateur artists of both sexes who have chosen art as their calling. The courses are intended to provide thorough academic instruction in Drawing, Painting, Composition, Perspective, Artistic Anatomy and the Antique. Drawings from life are made from male and female nude figures, the classes for men and women in this course alone being separate. The number of students last year ex- ceeded 1,100. The fees vary from $10 a school year for the sketch class to $120 for the portrait class. In addition there is a membership fee of $5. Students who have worked in the life classes for three months may be elected members of the League if recommended by the Board of Control. The Art Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Central Park, provide advanced instruction in mechanical and free hand drawing, archi- tecture, ornamental designs, illustration, sculpture, &c. Classes are held in the mornings and evenings of three days in the week from October to May. The fee for tuition is from $5.00 to $10.00 for each course. About 240 pupils a-e in attendance. Besides these, there is an art school in connection with the National Academy of Design, possessing excellent facilities for work in all artistic departments, and ranking equally high with the last. The free art schools of the Cooper Institute are perhaps the most dis- tinctive of their kind in the country. With their associated industrial schools they fill a unique place in the educational life of the city. The branches taught include all kinds of still life, mechanical drawing, and modelling in clay. The classes for women are open from 9 A. M. to 1 P. M. , and the attendance last year was 364. The night classes for men have an enrollment of over 1,900. The New York Institute for Artist Artisans, 140 & 142 West 23rd St., an institution peculiarly distinct from the other art schools of this city or country, was organized in 1888 "in response to a popular demand for a more thorough, organic, American and practical art education, wh' h should apply to American artist-artisanship, unite skill and labor, and combine taste and technique." The demand for such a school was stimulated by EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 231 the change throughout the country from agricultural to manufacturing conditions. The aims of the founders have been wonderfully realized, and the school enjoys already a wide patronage. There are about 400 students enrolled. Its course extends over the entire year, and embraces, besides lectures on art, classes in ornament (from perspective), anatomy, drawing and shading from statues and life, painting from still life and life, sculp- ture, architecture, interior decoration, porcelain, glass and enamel decora- tion, metal work and jewelry, wood engraving, and illustration. Tuition fees $5.00 a week, or $30 for four months in each department. The fees may be commuted for work in more than one department. Other well known Art Schools in the city are : The Gotham Art Insti- tute, 17 Bond St.; the Harlem Art Association, 143 E. 125th St.; and the Society of Decorative Art Schools, 37 to 39 W. 22d St. Schools of Music. The leading school of music in the city is the National Conservatory of Music of America, 126-128 East 17th St., organized in 1885. It enlists the services of 53 instructors, and has more than 400 pupils enrolled. The course covers from three to six years, but varies with the attainments, apti- tude and diligence of the students. The academic year extends from Oct. 1st to June 14th, and the hours are from 9 AM. to 6 P.M. and from 8 P. M. to 10 P.M. daily. The curriculum embraces four courses, Preparatory, Concert and Oratorio, Operatic and Amateur, each course being of the most comprehensive character and in keeping with the object of the con- servatory, which is to place the best obtainable musical education within the reach of all. Admission to the classes is based upon sufficient proof of natural talent. The tuition fees are variable, depending largely upon the character of studies pursued and the musical standing of the pupils. The New York College of Music, at 128 and 130 E. 58th St., was founded in 1878. This is the only musical college in the city for which a special building has been designed and erected. It contains a concert hall with accommodations for an audience of 500. The course of study is divided into 8 grades and embraces all branches of vocal and instrumental instruc- tion as well as a thorough study of the classical masters. Students are graduated according to their ability and not according to the number of terms taken. Several medals and prizes are awarded. The fees range from $15 to $60 a term. The college is open during the entire year, and students may enter its classes at any time. Last year 685 students were in attendance. More than a dozen concerts are given annually. The Metropolitan College of Music, 19 to 21 East 14th St. , was found- ed in 1886 as a vocal school, but its field of work has expanded so that now it embraces all branches of musical culture. The degrees of Bachelor and 232 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Doctor of Music are conferred, but diplomas based upon the standing of pupils are granted to students who do not take the full course. The Grand Conservatory of Music, 142 W. 23d St., was founded In 1874 and gives systematic instruction in all branches of music, from the first principles to the highest artistic standard. The Conservatory embraces 12 departments. There are two gold medals, a free scholarship and several prizes offered for competition among the students. Degrees of Bachelor, Master and Doctor of Music are conferred. The fees range from $5 to $60 for each course of 10 weeks. The school opens early in September and closes in June. The German Conservatory of Music, 7 W. 42d St., is the chief Ger- man musical school in the city. Public Libraries. There are, in this city, several circulating libraries of great extent and excellence, and many of large size and great value on account of the special collections they contain or the wants they supply. As in the case of many of the public and benevolent institutions in the city, New York is indebted to private philanthopy for the creation and maintenance of nearly' all of her great libraries. The Astor Library in Lafayette Place is the chief consulting library in the city. It occupies a stately building of brown stone and brick, Roman- esque in its style of architecture, and conspicuous from its extensive facade. The location is quiet and congenial, the vicinity being crowded with the offices and warerooms of the largest domestic and foreign publishers. Within a few hundred yards are to be found the other great metropolitan libraries. The vestibule of this library is tiled with marble, and embellished about the walls with busts in marble of some of the most distinguished men of classical history. Here all visitors are required to give up temporarily to the curator, in exchange for a metal check, umbrellas, canes, and any printed volumes they may have in their possession. From the vestibule a marble staircase leads through folding doors to the centre library chamber, at one end of which is the office of the librarian's clerks in attendance, and at the other a reading room for ladies. In the centre, surrounding the balustrade on three sides are cases containing valuable autograph letters, manuscripts, and earliest editions of printed books, all of which are of great interest to bibliophiles. In this room also are the printed and card catalogues. The system of cataloguing is simple and effective. Books are entered under the name of the subject treated, and the name of the author. Slips and pencils are furnished, upon which the applicant must write the name of the desired book or books. The slip must then be presented to one of the librarian's assistants, who delivers it to one of a corps of boys whose EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 233 duty it is to procure the books and deliver them to the applicant. No pains is spared on the part of the librarians to assist those unfamiliar with the method of consulting the library or desiring special help in the selection of books. From either side of the central hall, passageways lead to the main read- ing rooms, which are spacious, lofty, well equipped and splendidly lighted from the roof. These reading rooms are surrounded by alcoves and gal- leries, containing shelves upon which the books of the library are stored. The rear of the ground floor adjoining the vestibule is reserved for the shelving of future additions to the library, giving the building a total capa- city of over 500,000 volumes. Admission to the alcoves is granted to special students only. As this is a consulting and not a circulating library, the books are to be used only in the reading rooms annexed and then returned to the librarian. The library is the gift of different members of the Astor family, whose endowments, together with accrued interest, aggregate about $2,000,000. It contains about 240,000 volumes, 180,000 of which were consulted last year by over 62,000 persons. Its readers belong to every class of society and every grade of scholarship. The library is open to all from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. in the summer, to 4.30 P. M. in fall and spring, and to 4 P. M. in the winter months. The Mercantile Library occupies the upper stories of the new build- ing of the Clinton Hall Association, an imposing seven story edifice of light colored brick and stone, overlooking the open space at the convergence of Clinton, Astor and Lafayette Places. This is a circulating library, main- tained almost entirely by the subscription fees of its members, which, how- ever, are so low as to render it practically a public rather than a private institution. Besides the circulating library proper there are a reference department and a thoroughly equipped reading room. The library contains about 250,000 volumes, of which about 130,000 are circulated annually. There are over 5,000 members of the association. The annual fee is $5.00, except in the case of clerks, who pay an initiation fee of $1.00, and $4.00 annually thereafter. A proportionate fee is charged for the use of the library for six months. The library is open from 8 A. M. to 8 P. M. ; the reading room until 10 P. M. This library maintains branches at 33 Liberty St. and 426 Fifth Ave., corner 38th St., and a free reading room in connection with each. The Apprentices' Library, organized by the General Society of Me- chanics and Tradesmen of the city of New York, is sheltered by an unpre- tentious four story building at 18 East 16th St., and a building in the rear. It is particularly intended for the use of those employed in the mechanical 234 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. arts, although in reality it is free to all persons. The library contains over 90,000 volumes. The number of its readers is over 12,000, among whom about 250,000 books are circulated annually, besides about 15,000 volumes consulted in the library. A striking comment on the honesty of the free users of this library is the fact that only one book is lost in every 19,500 loaned. A novel system of triplicate classification, which greatly facilitates reference and checking, is employed in this library. It is the invention of the librarian, and consists of such a use of letters and figures as to indicate the class and sub-class to which the book belongs as well as the author's name. The Library of the Cooper Institute has spacious quarters in the building of the same name at the junction of Fourth Ave. and the Bowery. It contains about 32,000 volumes, which were used last year by nearly 415,000 persons. On an average each book is consulted by thirteen individuals, a record in sharp contrast with that shown by the more re- stricted Lenox Library (described below), where there are 70 books on the shelves for each reader having access to them ; in other words, it is 900 times less useful than its freer rival. One of the best equipped reading rooms in the city is attached to the Cooper Union Library. There is not a periodical of value which it has not on file. In January, when it is most consulted, 2,500 people use it daily. One of the fullest collections of Patent Office reports extant is to be found on the shelves of this library. The New York Society Library's home is a modest brown stone building in University Place between 12th and 13th Sts. It is one of the largest private circulating libraries in the city, containing about 70,000 volumes. It was organized in 1754, and is owned by a stock company and governed by a board of trustees, elected by the shareholders. The price of shares, with annual dues commuted, is $150. Others than shareholders are permitted to use the library and the reading room upon the payment of an annual fee of $15. The library is open from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. and the reading room until 10 P. M. The Lenox Library in Fifth Ave., from 70th to 71st St., is a monu- mental expression of the philanthropy of the late James Lenox, one of New York's most wealthy citizens. The building is a massive structure of light gray Lockport limestone, occupying the entire frontage of the block on Fifth Ave. , and comprises a central hall with a facade 92 feet long, over- looking a court yard in front and flanked by two wings, each extending back 114 feet on the side streets. The building is approached through iron gates which pierce a massive wall enclosing the court. In architectural style the edifice is indicative of the object to which it is devoted. The vestibule, extending the full length of the central building, opens at its southern end into the library and at its northern end into the museum EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 235 where are arranged in cases autograph letters and manuscripts, and manu- script and printed books of the rarest character and of the greatest interest. Ample stone stairways lead to the upper halls containing the main picture galleries. The library, which is devoted more especially to the collection and preservation of rare manuscripts and works on history rather than to the accumulation of general literature, at present contains about 70,000 volumes and is consulted annually by more than 1,000 people, a number which would be indefinitely increased were it not for the absence of cata- logues suitable to facilitate reference, a want which almost seals the in- valuable burden of these shelves for many whose time for research is limited. The aim of the library is well stated in the words of the trustees, who, in their last annual report, " hope at no distant day to make it entirely unnecessary for the American scholar to go abroad for materials of Ameri- can history, or the apparatus necessary for the thorough historical study of the English Bible." Admission is free to all between 10 A. M. and 5 P. M. on all days of the year excepting Sundays. Mr. Lenox expended $1,000,000 upon the site and building, and in ad- dition endowed the institution with $250,000. The late Mrs. R. L. Stewart bequeathed $300,000 for the erection of an annex in 70th St. , to contain her superb collection of paintings, which she gave to the Art Galleries of the library. The New York Free Circulating Library, 49 Bond St., contains about 59,000 books, and circulated last year 412,000 volumes, losing one vol- ume in every 37,000 loaned, or 11 volumes in all. Considering that this library is used by the poorer classes of the city, this fact is highly compli- mentary to their honesty, and to the esteem in which they hold the library. Branches are maintained at 135 Second Ave., 226 West 42d St. , and 251 West 13th St. The Aguilar Free Circulating Library, 206 East Broadway, with branches at 721 Lexington Ave. and 624 East 5th St., circulates 150,000 volumes a year, and is free to all residents of the city over 10 years of age. Open generally from 9 A. M. to 9 P. M. The Library of the Young Men's Christian Association, in the Asso- ciation Building at 23d St. and 4th Ave., contains about 40,000 volumes and is consulted annually by 53,000 young men. This is a circulating library for the members of the Association alone, and a free consulting library for all young men. There is a large reading room which has on file 562 periodi- cals, some of which are published in Japan, the Sandwich Islands, Australia, South Africa and Chili. This room is visited by 154,000 readers every year. The Library of the Young Women's Christian Association, in the handsome building of the Association at 17 East 15th St., contains over 18,- 000 books. This library is free to all self-supporting girls and women living 236 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. in this city or vicinity, and with the reading room is open from 9 A. M. to 9:15 P. M. The chief Medical Libraries in this city are the Medical Library of the New York Hospital, containing about 25,000 volumes, in a brown stone building at 6 West 16th St. This library is open from 10 A. M. to 5. P. M. daily and may be consulted freely by any physicians or other persons interested in medical literature. Other important medical libraries are : The Library of the New York Academy of Medicine, 12 West 31st St., open daily from 10 A. M. to 10 P. M., and the Libraries of Columbia College Medical School, and the Medical School of the University of the City of New York. The principal Law Libraries in this city are those of the Bar Associa- tion, 7 West 29th St., open from 8 A. M. to 12 P. M.; the Law Institute, 116 Post Office Building, open from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. ; the Law Library of the Equitable Life Assurance Association, 120 Broadway, open daily, except Sundays and holidays, from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., and the Law Libraries of Columbia College, and the University of the City of New York, described above. Besides the libraries above enumerated there are many valuable col- lections of books in the public institutions of the city, such as that of the New York Historical Society, at 2d Ave. and nth St., containing 75,000 volumes chiefly relating to American History ; the Library of the American Institute, 19 Astor Place ; the City Library, City Hall ; the Free Circula- ting Library for the Blind, 296 Ninth Ave. ; the Library of the American Museum of Natural History, West Central Park, corner 77th St., contain- ing about 20,000 books and pamphlets ; The Maimonides Library of the order B'Nai B'Rith, 953 Third Ave., containing 40,000 volumes, consulted by 5,400 registered readers ; the Harlem Library, Third Ave. near 121st St.; the Masonic Library, 6th Ave., corner 23d St.; the Library of the New York Produce Exchange ; and the great Theological Libraries of the Union Theological Seminary, Park Ave. and 70th St., and the General Theologi- cal Seminary, Chelsea Square. The Tilden Trust Library about to be erected and endowed by a grand niece of the late Samuel J. Tilden, by whom it was originally conceived, will be the greatest institution of its kind in the country. There are twenty or thirty smaller libraries in the city besides those above noted. Museum of Natural History. The Museum of Natural History is (1) a Board of twenty-one Trustees gentlemen of position in their private capacity; (2) a large building, part Gothic, part Romanesque, standing on a western extension of Central Park, formerly called Manhattan Square, and (3) a number of excellent col- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 23- lections. The Trustees control, but look to the city treasury for the cost of buildings and a part of the running expenses, the city having been author- ized by the State to issue bonds to that end. For the building itself, see chapter on architecture. The purpose of the Museum is broad, since no less than a university post-graduate course in natural science is aimed at. But at the same time the public is not forgotten. If there are weekly lectures for teachers and advanced pupils by Prof. Albert S. Bickmore and others, the public also is welcomed to popular lectures with the stereopticon given in the lecture room (which seats i,coo persons) on the afternoons of holi- days. Special accommodations are offered to serious students in access to the library and collections; but the public is admitted free during ordinary working hours, 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., with the exception of Sunday mornings and the whole of Monday. On Wednesdays and Saturdays the Museum remains open till 10 P. M.; on Sunday afternoons it is open from 1 to 5:30 P. M. The expenses of the Museum are aided by the system which makes the donor of $1,000 a patron; of $500 a fellow; of $100 a life member, and of $10 a member for one year. About 800 members subscribe for the year. The Museum is a branch of the higher education of New York, and is growing rapidly in size and efficiency. Especially are its collec- tions constantly outrunning the space available for installing them prop- erly ; some are gifts from Trustees and others ; more are purchases. It is reached by the West Side Elevated Railway to 81st street, or the surface cars skirting the west side of Central Park. Descend at 77th street. Legg-at Brothers. As New York is the literary center of the country, one naturally looks here for large collections of books in the stores, and for cheap books. In fact, books may be bought here more cheaply than anywhere else in the world. Chief of the cheap stores is that of Leggat Brothers, fronting on Chambers street, three doors west of City Hall Park, and running through the block to Reade street. Three stories of this building are filled with books from floor to ceiling. The sample copies are arranged on shelves and classi^ed in regular library fashion, the books devoted to any one topic being together. As fast as a book is sold it is replaced from the reserve stock. The proprietors make it their boast that they never have less than a million volumes in stock. Every book that has ever been published and has been proved by time to have any value, is kept on sale. All departments of literature are covered, but a specialty is made of medical, theological, and scientific works. j^EWSfAPERS AN9 fERIODIGAbS. Their Circulation — How Produced and Distributed — Periodicals Printed in Foreign Languages — Leading Magazines and Reviews. There are fifty-six daily newspapers published in New York, and of these ten rank in point of influence with the greatest journals in the world. In thoroughness and enterprise they have rivals, but no peers. Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago have daily newspapers which nearly approach those of New York in circulation, but the critical reader cannot fail to dis- cern in them a habit of reliance upon the guidance of the metropolitan press. New York dailies strike the keynote in every controversy, and the newspapers of the country join in the refrain. Usually partisan, the major- ity of these great newspapers discard party considerations during national crises. The range of influence of these papers far transcends the limits of the city, and they have dwarfed newspapers in such important cities as Brook- lyn, Jersey City, Yonkers, Newark, Paterson and Trenton. Even Albany suffers, as in fact does every city, except Philadelphia, to which New York papers are delivered early in the morning of their publication. The Sun- day issues of the metropolitan dailies reach still farther, and compete with the home publications of Boston and Philadelphia. Hence the enormous circulations of these [issues, running far above 100,000 each in the case of four — The Sun, The Herald, The World, and The Recorder. On other days the number of newspapers circulating above 100,000 copies each is in- creased by The Press, The Evening Sun, The Daily News, The Morning Journal and The Evening World, making nine whose average distribu- tion exceeds 100,000. To produce so many newspapers requires the highest achievements in mechanical skill. Among the most interesting sights of New York are the press rooms of the great dailies when their editions are being run off. A good time to visit one of these rooms is when an evening edition is being printed between three and four o'clock in the afternoon. On Friday and Saturday afternoons the magazine sections of the Sunday papers are printed. On other days the press rooms of the morning papers are still, except be- NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 239 tween 12 midnight and 4 A. M. Almost all press rooms are equipped with cylinder presses manufactured by K. Hoe and Company. This house has done more to make the large circulations of the great dailies possible than any other. It was founded over four score years ago by Robert Hoe, whose grandson represents the family in the present firm. The partners now are : Robert Hoe, Stephen D. Tucker, Theodore H. Mead, and Charles W. Carpenter. Many as have been the presses invented by members and employes of this concern, it is yet remarkable from the fact that greater advances have been made within the last dozen years than in all those preceding. Their latest achievement is the production of The Sextuple Press which prints, cuts, pastes, folds and counts a four or six page paper at the rate of 96,000 copies an hour, say 27 copies each second. To build such a press requires a year of time, although the plant of R. Hoe & Co. is the largest of its kind in the world. It covers the entire block bounded by Grand, Broome, Sheriff and Columbia streets. The floor area of the buildings on this block measures seven and a half acres. A few years ago the firm built a duplicate of this plant in London, at Mansfield Street Borough Road, where the presses used by the great newspapers of Europe are constructed. From the New York works the big dailies in the United States, Canada and Australia are supplied with fast presses. These machines print 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, or 24 page papers, that is to say one press will print newspapers of as many different pages, but of course it will not turn out so many completed copies of the larger papers. A machine that will print 96,000 four or six page papers per hour will only print 24,000 twenty-four pages per hour. It not only prints these copies, but also cuts, folds, pastes and counts them, delivering them in lots of 50 and indicating on the face of a dial the number printed. To describe one of these mechanical marvels is impossible, but every visitor to New York can see one, either at the Hoe works or in the press room of any of the great dailies. Not only do these machines do a lot of work quickly, they may also be .naie to do it exceedingly well. Every reader knows how beautifully Harper's Magazine and The Century are printed, but it is not so generally known that the work is done by Hoe presses. One variety of these book presses prints from electrotype, or electrotype plates, books, pamph- lets, etc., of various sizes, delivers the sheets folded in signatures of 8, 16, 32 or 64 pages ready for the binder at the rate of from 4,000 to 16,000 per hour, according to the size and number of the pages. R. Hoe & Company also make rapid presses which print artistic and illustrated work perfectly. Besides these lightning machines the firm manu- 240 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. factures all varieties of job work presses and all the electrotyping and other apparatus which constitute the necessary supplements of their fast presses. In all parts of the world their machinery is found, and, as a Western editor has said : " The sun never sets on the Hoe press." The relative importance of New York dailies is not to be measured alto- gether by the volume of their circulation. Several of them exercise much influence although they reach a limited number of readers comparatively. Among these The Tribune, The Times, The Commercial Advertiser, The Mail and Express, The Post, The Journal of Commerce, Staats Zeitung and Le Courrier des Etats C/nis are the leaders. New York is the headquarters of the news associations which so greatly facilitate the work and reduce the cost of gathering news for the daily press of the country. Yet New York newspapers profit less by the services of these associations than journals published in other parts of the United States. The latter rely almost entirely upon the associations for tele- graphic news, but the principal newspapers here not only take all the news furnished by several associations, but also employ a host of correspondents, having at least one in every city of importance in America, and in London, Paris and Berlin. Each newspaper has special wires to its office, where a corps of operators receive the news as fast as it comes over the line and transmit the instructions of the editors to correspondents and represen- tatives. Free use is also made of the long distance telephone and of the Atlantic cables. In addition, each newspaper maintains special bureaux in Brooklyn, Albany, Washington and Chicago. When any great conven- tion is in progress, or there is in any one place a succession of momentous events, a detachment of alert news gatherers and writers from each news- paper is always on the ground. Expense is scarcely regarded at all when the collection of news is in question, and special trains, relays of couriers, special wires, are always at the service of the newsgatherer if the occasion demands. The compensation of newspaper reporters and correspondents is liberal, and compares more than favorably with that of other professional men. The principal news gathering associations whose field is the civilized world are the New York Associated Press, and the United Press. There are also numerous associations which restrict their operations to a special field, as New York City, Westchester County, Long Island, New Jersey or Ohio. All of these associations have special rates with the telegraph companies, as have also the newspapers, for whom reduced tolls are made for messages sent or received over land or under sea. All the great newspapers have their offices in Broadway and Park Row, between Fulton street and the Brooklyn Bridge. The reason for this choice NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 241 of location is the desirability of being as close as possible to the general post-office, through which many hundred thousand copies are distributed and which brings the exchanges and voluminous mails of the newspapers. In distributing the millions of newspapers produced in New York daily, an extensive and complicated machinery is employed. No city possesses so large or alert an army of newsboys. They board every street car, beset every depot, ferry house, bridge entrance and elevated railroad station, enter offices and ring doorbells. An extra, published at an unusual hour, always finds them ready to speculate by turning their small capital into papers. A few min- utes after the first copies fall from the press there comes a chorus of " Oixtray!" that pierces the most retired corner of the towering office build- ings around Printing House Square, and makes everybody realize that something thrilling has happened. The newsboy army does not all rendezvous in Newspaper Row. Scat- tered throughout the city are other assembling places, selected by common consent, where companies gather to buy their papers from the wagons sent there by the publishers. On the way also these wagons do a thriving trade, and where one is seen, it is usually decorated in the rear by a bare legged urchin holding on in some miraculous way to the tail board while he ex- changes his pennies for papers. Profits are not large in amount, though the margin is usually from 30 to 40 per cent. Nevertheless on this margin a host of people subsist. They have little stands, newspaper routes, or act as middlemen. Some of the jobbers are great corporations, which distribute books and magazines as well as newspapers, and are also going extensively into the distribution of toys, flags, stationery, campaign goods, pictures, any- thing and everything likely to be sold at a news stand or a stationer's shop. Chief of these is the American News Company, which has a large and handsome building, opposite the Court House, in Chambers street, for its headquarters. This company, having purchased a majority of their stock, now controls all of the larger competing companies except The Manhattan News Com- pany, which operates the news stands in the stations of the elevated rail- ways. The other important companies are The Union News Company, operating the stands in the depots of the principal railroads of the country, and employing the newsboys who sell on the trains of these roads; The New York News Company, The Long Island News Company, which restricts its operations to Long Island, Nassau News Company, Brooklyn News Company, Harlem News Company, National News Company, and the Williamsburg News Company. These companies relieve the publishers of the daily newspapers, the weeklies, magazines and cheap novels, of the burden of distributing 242 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. their publications, and do it on a surprisingly small margin, in many cases receiving only five per cent, out of the forty per cent, of the retail price of a book or periodical which is usually divided between the jobber and re- tailer. With the books, &c. , sold, they also distribute such advertising mat- ter as the publishers may wish to place in the hands of dealers. The pub- lishers themselves could not distribute their issues to dealers nearly as cheaply as the news companies do. It is customary for publishers, however, to advertise freely. They take their own medicine, for while they teach the benefits of advertising they prove their belief by expending vast sums in keeping their publica- tions before the public. Every imaginable way of pushing their periodi- cals is adopted, even to chartering special trains and fast steamboats to reach out of town readers in advance of their competitors. Some of these methods make it very difficult to judge of the actual price paid for circula- ting any periodical. For example, it is the custom to overstock dealers and accept from them unsold copies. The Sun is the conspicuous exception in this regard, as in ordering copies of this leader among the newspapers of New York, the dealer does so at his own risk, having to pay for every one delivered to him. The cosmopolitanism of New York is strikingly apparent in its news- papers. There are dailies published in German, French,* Italian, Hebrew and Spanish. Of the nine daily newspapers printed in German, two are translated editions of English journals, and two are printed in the special interest of immigrants from Bohemia. There are 76 periodicals published in foreign languages, which appear semi-weekly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, or bi-monthly. Of these 39 are printed in German, and 14 in Spanish. Three are printed in Armenian, 4 in Swedish, 3 in Hebrew, 1 in Magyar, 2 in Italian, 1 in Polish, 3 in French, 1 in Finnish, 1 in Danish, 1 in Rus- sian, 1 in Bohemian and 1 in Portuguese. In looking over a list of these newspapers one only wonders why there are no periodicals printed in Chinese or Sanscrit. Almost every other known language seems to have its representative. The periodicals above mentioned are nearly all newspapers. Another large list of publications comes under review when class papers are con- sidered. There is no need to mention them, and a list would be wearisome. Every trade, every branch of business, every religious sect, almost every conceivable human interest, has its organ. A list of all the periodicals published in New York covers 54 closely printed columns in Rowell's News- paper Directory. All branches of service, all the current fads and fanatic movements are expounded year in and year out through periodicals. But these only appeal to groups. New York, however, publishes the majority of the periodicals of general interest that are read in this NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. 243 country. The United States laughs over Puck, Judge and Life, the best three comic weeklies, and buys a great many copies of numerous others of the same sort, though not of the same excellence as these. Other high class pictorial weeklies that are not professedly humorous are Harper's Weekly, Frank Leslie's Weekly, Harper's Bazar, and The Lllustrated American. There are no satisfactory society papers, though a number of more or less scurrilous publications claim to be so classed. In magazines New York has a monopoly of the best in the country. Here are published The Century, Harper's Magazine, Scribner's Maga- zine, The Cosmopolitan, Godey's Magazine (founded 1830), Drake's Magazine and Outing, each of which circulates as many copies as any of the great dailies. Here also is the home of the best American reviews, such as The North American, The Forum, The Popu- lar Science Mojithly, The Review of Reviews and The Political Science Quarterly. Ail the leading British reviews are reprinted here for American circulation. New Yorkers are in truth great readers, though the majority have no time to peruse anything but the newspapers. These, however, make it their care to post their constituents on all movements and discoveries of what kind soever. Especially on Sundays do they depart from the chroni- cling of happenings and indulge in discussions of catholic range. On week days their work is likely to be snap shot in character, but on Sundays, especially in their magazine sections, the articles are the result of deliber- ate preparation and are well up to the magazine level. If it were not that some of the magazines have reached a circulation of over a quarter of a million copies each month, one might be disposed to predict the disappear- ance of the magazine before the competition of the Sunday newspaper. Both in reality are extending their range together, showing the growing appreciation of the public for good writing. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. The Charity Organization Society — Government or Official Aid — Priva:e and Semi-Private Aid — Hospitals, Dispensaries, Ambulances and Nurses — Asylums for the Insane — Homes for Aged or Infirm — Juvenile Asylums and Schools for the Defective — Reformatories — Day Nurseries — Houses of Refuge, Free Lodgings and Meals — Summer Homes and Excursions — Special Relief Funds, &c. That phase of philanthropy which expresses itself in the erection and endowment of benevolent institutions and the organization of kindred so- cieties, finds in the great American metropolis ample need and scope for its development. In a city so cosmopolitan as New York, in which every grade of American and foreign society is represented, there are, and seem likely ever to be, a large number of persons who depend upon alms, in some form, for their subsistence. When it is remembered that in some years over 400,000 immigrants drawn from almost every civilized country of the globe, and generally from the middle and lower social strata, land in New York, one can easily realize that in such a motley crowd there are thousands who, through ignorance of our language, customs and trades, fail to earn a liveli hood and are soon reduced to want. To these, of course, must be added the native born people who through misfortune are forced to rely for sup- port on public or private charities. In no community in the world is the spirit of charity more alert than in New York, where philanthropists in this line would find it difficult to discover an unoccupied field. Some of the charities in this city, such as the St. John's Guild, Summer Homes and Ex- cursions for Poor Children, and the like, are purely the outgrowth of the city's geographical position, and are thus distinctive in their character; while the great majority are such as would naturally spring into existence in so populous a city. The benevolent contributions, public and private, aggregate between $9,000,000 and $10,000,000 annually, a sum which will give, perhaps, an idea of the wonderful charitable resources of the metropolis. The private charitable institutions in New York represent a valuation of nearly $36,000,000. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 245 The Charities Organization Society, founded in 1882 " for the purpose of offering to the charitable activities — civic, chartered and individual — the benefits which are found to result from associated and concurrent action in other departments of social as well as in business life," acts as a charity clearing-house, where are intended to be registered the names of all persons asking or receiving public or private alms ; impostors are thus easily ex- posed and the wasteful overlapping of benevolent work is prevented. The more important charitable institutions co-operate with this society, and it is hoped that it will soon embrace all. The society is absolutely non-sec- tarian, non-political and cosmopolitan. It does not directly dispense alms, but exists to foster harmonious co-operations, and as a means of communi- cation between the various churches and charitable agencies in the city; it investigates without charge the cases of all applicants for relief referred to it; it secures suitable charity for the deserving, procures work for those capable of partial self-support, strives to repress mendicity by prosecuting impostors, and to promote the general welfare of the poor by social and sanitary reforms. The offices of the society are at present at 21 University Place, but it will soon occupy commodious quarters in the recently erected United Charities Building, N. E. cor. 4th Av. & 22d St. The directory published by the society enrolls nearly 1,300 city charities, including many administered by the churches. This directory .should be consulted by all interested in charitable work, as from the brief notices given in this chapter only a faint idea can be formed of the magnitude of metropolitan benevo- lences. To facilitate the work of the society the city is divided into 12 dis- tricts, each with local headquarters, at which application for aid or infor- mation may be made. A list of the metropolitan charities, embodying the briefest description, would fill a book larger than this volume, and it is possible only to indicate the leading features of the greatest institutions and societies, and barely to mention those of a second order, while a large number, minor in their in- dividual importance, but exercising a vast beneficent influence, must be entirely omitted. Government or Official Aid. This embraces the City and County, State, and National Institutions, of which only the former are of interest here. The Department of Public Charities and Correction has charge of all the charitable and correctional operations of the City Government : office, N. W. cor. Third Av. and nth St. Applications for relief of any kind, ad- mission to hospitals, almshouses, asylums, nurseries and workhouses, must be made to the Superintendent of Out-Door Poor at this address, who alone grants permits to intending visitors of the institutions. The city charities embrace the following institutions: — 246 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Bellevue Hospital, by far the most famed institution of its kind in the western world, at the foot of E. 26th St., founded in 1826, is designed for the reception and care of the sick of every nation, creed and color who suffer from other than contagious diseases. The building, which somewhat re- sembles a convent in form, is very extensive and entirely wanting in archi- tectural style, occupies the entire space between 26th and 28th Sts. and First Avenue and East River. It contains the lecture halls, &c, of the Bellevue Medical Schools, and Training Schools for men and women nurses, as well as extensive stables for the ambulance service. Cases of accident or any illness are received at all hours ; in fact all the cases falling under the supervision of the Board of Public Charities are first sent here for diagnosis, after which the patient is removed to the proper hospital. Its capacity is 700 beds. Non-resident patients are charged $15 a month. About 13,000 patients are received annually, besides several thousand out-door patients who are treated by the hospital surgeons. Over 4,000 ambulance calls are responded to in a year. Visitors are admitted daily from 11 A. M. to 2 P. M. The Fordham Reception Hospital, 2456 Valentine Ave., Gouverneur Hospital, Gouverneur Slip, corner Front St., and the Harlem Reception Hospital, 525 E. 120th St., are branches of Bellevue. The almshouse, the charity, paralytic, epileptic, maternity, and con- valescent hospitals, the hospital for incurables, and the asylum for the in- digent blind, together with the penitentiary, the lunatic asylum for women and the workhouse, are on Blackwell's Island. The buildings occupied by these latter charities are of great dimensions and are built almost entirely of granite, quarried upon the Island by convict labor. The castellated style of architecture, in imitation of that common during the feudal period, prevails. The population of these institutions is about 7,000. The able- bodied are employed in gardening (the part of the Island otherwise unoccupied being fertile), the erection and repairing of buildings, and all other work required for the maintenance of these vast institutions, which in size and appointment are unrivalled on the continent. The buildings usually of interest to visitors are the penitentiary and the lunatic asylum. Blackwell's Island is reached by the ferry from the ft. of E. 26th St. A branch of the City Insane Asylum, the Lunatic Asylum, and the Workhouse, occupy spacious buildings on Hart's Island, where is also the City Cemetery for the interment of all persons buried at the public expense. The Children's Hospital for children over 2 years of age, and the In- fants' Hospital for children under 2 years of age, are on Randall's Island. The Homoeopathic Hospital for both sexes, the New York City Asylum for the Insane, males, and the Idiot Asylum for children, are in massive red brick structures on Ward's Island. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 247 The Riverside Hospital for Contagious Diseases, under care of the Board of Health, is on North Brother Island, and in it are cared for all cases which cannot safely be isolated at home, and all cases of small-pox, typhus, and relapsing fevers from quarantine. The temporary reception hospital is at the foot of E. 16th St. All contagious diseases should be re- ported immediately at the nearest Police Station, or to the Board of Health, 301 Mott St. The New York Morgue, on the Bellevue Hospital grounds, is the most gruesome of the city charities. It is open at all hours for the recep- tion of the unknown dead. Bodies are kept for three days, and if then un- claimed are buried in the City Cemetery. Photographs are taken, and clothing is preserved for one year. Associated with these charities, but under the direct control of the Public Works Department, are the free floating baths, 15 in number, located along the city water edge. These are open on alternate days, for males and females, from June to October. In these 3,432,000 baths are taken annually. Free Night Medical Service is provided by the Board of Health, and for this purpose lists of medical men are kept in each Police Station, where application must be made. The physician living nearest the applicant will at once be summoned. Hospitals, Dispensaries, Ambulances and Nurses. New York possesses one of the most elaborate and perfect hospital systems in the world. Many of these institutions are housed in palatial buildings equipped with every modern sanitary improvement and con- venience. One hundred and one institutions are especially devoted to this work within the city limits, and 189 others are provided with departments for the relief and care of the sick. So perfect are many of these institutions in their appointments and in the quality of their medical service and attend- ance that they are the most desirable places of refuge during illness, and are resorted to by many wealthy persons who have long since recognized their superiority. The medical staffs of these hospitals comprise the most distin- guished physicians and specialists in the city, upon whose skill perfect reliance may be placed. Strangers resident in hotels or boarding-houses should not hesitate to make use of these institutions when necessary. Patients having contagious diseases are not admitted to any of the general hospitals. The Principal General Hospitals in the city are : — The New York Hospital, founded in 1791, is the oldest in the city," and occupies an imposing suite of lofty buildings at 7 to 21 W. 15th St., running through the block to W. 16th St. It is a general hospital for surgical as well as medical treatment of all excepting contagious diseases Patient's 248 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. able to pay are charged from $i to $7 a day, according to the accom- modations afforded. Last year the number of patients treated was 4,641. Connected with this hospital are the following : — The Dispensary or Out- patient department, situated in the basement and open daily, except Sundays and holidays, at 2 P. M., in which 9,228 persons received treatment last year. The House of Relief or Chambers Street Hospital, 160 Cham- bers St. , is for the treatment of emergency cases occurring in the lower part of the city. The service of this branch is absolutely free. 2,262 in-patients and over 20,000 out-patients were treated last year. Applications for medi- cal assistance may be made at this hospital at any hour. Separate ambu- lance services are maintained by these hospitals, and last year over 5,000 calls were responded to. The Presbyterian Hospital, in Madison Avenue, occupies a block of spacious red-brick buildings, constructed on the most approved plan, extend- ing from 70th to 71st Sts., and running through to Park Ave. Although supported by the Presbyterian Church, it is entirely non-sectarian and recognizes no distinctions of color, creed or nationality. Its capacity is 382 beds, but in case of emergency 450. Incurable cases are not admitted. About go per cent, of the patients are treated free, the others, whe 1 able, paying $7 a week. In the dispensary last year, nearly 7,000 persons were relieved. The hospital maintains an efficient ambulance service, which performs very important duty in the eastern and middle sections of the city. St. Luke's Hospital, 54th St. and 5th Ave., was founded in 1850, and although housed in an unpretentious brick building is one of the best ap- pointed general hospitals in the city. It is under the patronage of the Protestant Episcopal Church, but is open to patients of every color, creed and nation. It admits acute, curable and non-contagious diseases, and for a limited period provides treatment for incurable patients. A ward is set apart for consumptives. Patients unable to pay are admitted free, others are charged from $7 to $60 a week in advance. The capacity of the hospital is 220 beds, in which were treated about 2,000 patients last year. The endowment fund amounts to $836,000. A training school for nurses is connected with this institution. The Roosevelt Hospital, with its extensive and admirably appointed buildings, on the pavilion plan, covers the block between 58th and 59th Sts. and 9th and 10th Aves. , and is free to all patients unable to pay. It accom- modates 176 patients. Last year 2,815 cases received treatment in its wards, and 3,601 in the accident room. Persons suffering from severe ac- cident or serious illness are taken in at any hour. Telephone call 490, 38th St. In connection with the Vanderbilt Clinic or out-patient department over 87,000 visits are made annually. An ambulance service is maintained. The endowment of this hospital amounts to $1,340,000. BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 249 Mt. Sinai Hospital, Lexington Ave. and 66th St., has a capacity of 200 beds and treats annually about 3,000 cases. It is free to the impecunious, but those able to pay are charged $7 weekly. The hospital supports a train- ing school for nurses, a corps of physicians for outdoor relief, and a dis- pensary at 1519 67th St., where 43,560 free consultations were given and 42,400 prescriptions dispensed last year. The German Hospital and Dispensary, Park Ave. and 77th St., is equipped with 165 beds, of which over 125 are free. It admits to the limit of its capacity the sick poor regardless of class or color. Private patients are charged from $15 to $35 weekly. In the annexed dispensary about 41,000 prescriptions at the uniform price of 10 cents each were dispensed to nearly 28,000 applicants last year. Besides a training school for nurses the hospital is equipped with an ambulance corps. St. Francis Hospital, 603 — 617 Fifth St., is, together with the next- named institution, maintained by the community of Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis. Its wards contain 240 beds, in which are annually treated over 2,700 sufferers. Immediate admission is granted to all emergency cases. Telephone call, 487 Spring Street. St. Joseph's Hospital, 143rd St. and Brook Ave., is devoted to the care of consumptives and patients suffering from chronic incurable diseases ex- cluded from the other general hospitals. It has 250 beds, and is free to all requiring its services. Other General Hospitals are: — Bellevue Hospital, foot E. 26th St. (de- scribed above); Berachah Home, 250 W. 44th St.; Beth Israel Hospital, 196 E. Broadway; Italian Hospital, 320 E. 109th St.; Fordham Reception Hos- pital, 2456 Valentine Ave.; German Poliklinik, 78 Seventh St.; Gouverneur Hospital, 42 Front St. ; Hahnemann Hospital, Park Ave., near 67th St.; Harlem Reception Hospital, 525 E. 120th St.; Lebanon Hospital, Westches- ter Ave. near Trinity Ave. ; Manhattan Hospital, Amsterdam Ave. and 131st St. ; NewYork Polyclinic Hospital, 214 E.34th St. ; New York State Immigrants Hospital and Refuge, Ward's Island; St. Elizabeth's Hospital, 225 W. 31st St.; St. Mark's Hospital, 66 St. Mark's PL; Trinity Hospital, 50 Varick St., Woodstock Hospital, 815 Union Ave. ; and the hospitals maintained by the de- partment of Public Charities and Correction on the islands in the East River. The Principal Special Hospitals are: — The New York Cancer Hospital, at Central Park West and 106th St. possesses one of the handsomest hospital edifices within the city limits and is dedicated to the treatment of all sufferers from cancers, whose condition admits of cure or relief. Pay patients are charged from $7 to $20 a week, and those unable to pay receive free treatment. Over 350 new cases were admitted last year. There are 100 beds in the hospital, which cost for maintenance over $215,000 a year. 250 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. The New York Skin and Cancer Hospital, 243 E. 34th St., intended for the treatment of the poor afflicted with this and other cutaneous diseases. Harlem Eye, Ear and Throat Infirmary, 144 E. 127th St., furnishes gratuitous medical andsurgical treatment to the poor, either in the hospital or at their homes. Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, 103 Park Ave., treats free of charge and receives no private patients. It can accommodate 50. The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, 218 Second Ave., is intended for the care of indigent persons suffering from diseases of the eye, ear or throat. A school for advanced instruction in the treatment of these diseases is connected therewith. New York Ophthalmic and Aural Institute, 46 E. 12th St., admits persons free or at equitable rates, and is equipped with a dispensary, a school of ophthalmology and otology for advanced instruction to medical students. The New York Ophthalmic Hospital, 201 E. 23d St., is similar in its object to the last, but homoeopathic in its medical principles. Free treatment was given to over 13,000 patients, and nearly 56,000 prescriptions were pre- pared in its dispensary last year. New York Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled, Lexington Ave. and 42d St. , is devoted to the care and treatment of patients suffering from all maladies indicated by its title. In its wards are 200 beds, from which the contagious cases are excluded. Moderate fees are collected from those able to pay. Appliances and bandages are furnished free to the poor. Children of from 4 to 14 years of age are received as patients. Last year, in the dispensary attached to this institution, over 8,000 sufferers were relieved. An open air fund provides for recreative excursions for the inmates. New York Pasteur Institute, founded in 1890, 108 W. 10th St., is de- signed for the reception and treatment of patients who have been bitten by rabid animals and are liable to suffer from hydrophobia, and for the study of contagious diseases. Eight hundred and twenty-eight cases were re- ceived last year, of which five hundred and ninety-seven were free. Con- nected with this hospital is the Bacteriological Institute. Other Important Special Hospitals are: — All Saints Convalescent Home for Men and Boys, 521 E. 120th St., Columbian Institute for Chronic Diseases, 142 E. 34th St.; Home for Incurables, 3rd Ave. and 183rd St. ; House of Rest for Consumptives, 1831 Anthony Ave.; House of the Holy Comforter for Incurables, 149 Second Ave. ; Metropolitan Throat Hospital, 351 W. 34th St.; Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, 138th St. and Grand Boulevard; New Amsterdam Eye and Ear Hospital, 212 W. 38th St.; New York Home for Convalescents, 433 E. 118th St.; New York Homoeopathic Hospital, Ave. A, near 63rd St.; New York Orthopaedic Dispensary for the treatment of deformities, 126 E. 59th St.; New York Post Graduate Medical BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 251 School Hospital, 226 E. 20th St.; St. Andrew's Convalescent Hospital, 213 E. 17th St.; St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 84 Carmine St.; U. S. Marine Hospital, Stapleton, S. I. ; and the Special Hospitals of the Department of Public Charities and Correction noticed above. The Chief Hospitals for Women and Children are: — Babies' Hos- pital, Lexington Ave. and 35th St. ; Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Chil- dren, 17-19 E. 1 nth St.; New York Female Asylum for Lying-in Women, 139 Second Ave.; New York Foundling Hospital, 175 E. 68th St.; New York Infirmary for Women and Children (in the dispensary of which nearly 30,000 patients are .treated each year), 5 Livingston Place; New York Hospital for Women, 213 W. 54th St. ; Maternity Hospital of the Sis- ters of Misericorde, 525 to 531 E. 86th St. ; Nursery and Child's Hospital, Lexington Ave. and 51st St.; St. Andrews's Free Infirmary, 108 E. 128th St.; St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children, 405 W. 34th St.; Sloane Ma- ternity Hospital, 59th St. and 10th Ave.; Women's Hospital, 49th St., near Lexington Ave. The American Veterinary Hospital, 141 W. 54th St. , is intended for the treatment and cure of sick domestic animals. It has accommodations for about 20 horses, besides kennels for many dogs. Free treatment is given to the animals of poor people, but those who are able are required to pay reasonable fees. About 3,000 receive attention annually. The Floating Hospital maintained by the St. John's Guild is a charity distinctive of the metropolis, and is intended to afford relief to sick children regardless of creed, color or nationality. For this purpose a barge has been fitted up as a floating hospital with accommodations for several hun- dred mothers and children. Trips are made to the Lower Bay on every day of the week excepting Saturday and Sunday in the summer months. Last year about 30,000 mothers with their ailing little ones were benefited by this novel hospital service. The charity depends upon voluntary contribu- tions for its maintenance. The offices of the Guild are at 101 5th Ave. Dispensaries. All the principal hospitals in the city maintain free dispensaries for outdoor patients, in each of which many thousands receive aid annually. Besides these there are others especially devoted to the work of diagnosing diseases and dispensing medicine among the worthy poor. Prominent among such are: — The Demilt Dispensary, 401 2nd Av., at which about 75,000 patients are treated each year, and 66,000 prescriptions are dispensed; The New York Dispensary, Centre and White Sts., giving relief through 90,000 prescriptions to nearly 46,000 persons; The North-Eastern Dispensary, 222 E. 59th St. ,where 60,000 packages of medicine were filled for 22,000 appli- cants; The* North-Western Dispensary, 36th St. and 9th Av., equal in useful- 252 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. ness to the last; and the Good Samaritan Dispensary .which last year furnish- ed aid to over 73,000 invalids. The work done by these few will give some idea of the inestimable boon conferred upon the lower classes by such insti- tutions, of which there are about 75 scattered throughout the city. Nurses. Training Schools for Nurses are maintained by Bellevue, New York, Babies', German, Mt. Sinai and St. Luke's Hospitals, and by the Children's Aid Society (287 E. Broadway), The Du Bois Fund (163 E. 36th St.), New York Infirmary for Women, and the New York Post Graduate College, and by many other societies engaged in kindred charitable work. Strangers requiring the services of trained nurses may be furnished with them either directly from the schools or through the attending physician. Ambulances. Ambulances are kept in constant readiness at about a dozen of the larger hospitals and may be summoned to any part of the city at any hour by order of a police surgeon, or by telegraph from any police station, or from any fire-alarm box by tapping the signal key twenty times and sounding the box number. They are used for the transfer of accident cases and non- contagious diseases to the hospitals. The Health Department has an am- bulance and coupe service connected with its Disinfecting Corps at 138 Worth St. , employed exclusively in the removal of patients suffering from contagi- ous diseases to the Reception Hospital, ft. E. 16th St. Each ambulance is accompanied by a hospital surgeon in uniform. Cases of sudden illness re- ported to the police are immediately attended to by the police surgeons. Asylums for the Insane. The only noteworthy institution for the insane in this city other than those under the superintendence of the Department of Public Charities and Correction on Blackwell's, Ward's and Randall's Islands, is the Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane, in 117th St., between the Boulevard and Amster-: dam Ave. Tfcis home is controlled by the Society of the New York Hospital and has accommodations for 300 inmates. The present buildings having been deemed inadequate to the wants of the institution, more commodious and appropriate quarters are in process of erection at White Plains and will soon be ready for occupancy. Patients are admitted on special terms ar- ranged with the superintendent. Each inmate pays board at the rate of from $5 to $50 a week. Many other asylums outside the limits of the city receive large numbers of insane persons from the metropolis. Homes for the Aged or Infirm. New York possesses many institutions entirely devoted to the care of INV Should get information about our GUARANTEED Mortgages^ GUARANTEED Bonds 2 71% Gulf Orange Lands. We have had 22 Years' Experience in Investments. j NEVER LOST A DOLLAR. In every instance Interest and Principal has been paid at maturity. WE HAVE RETURNED TO INVESTORS [ SI 7,402,000 realizing 5 per cent, to 1 2 per cent, interest. We never handle any security that we do not absolutely control. The ii ves nents we now have are as secure as any we have ever offered, and pay . n re interest than any we have offered in the last ten years. We can refer to the leading banks in New York, and to our 4,600 patrons. We are under the supervision of the Banking Department of New York State. J. B. W ATKINS L. M. CO, 2 Wall St., corner Broadway, New York. OULEVARD 4*r k v\ m MM \--=-^ i'wm "Hlsia am I &!k »0« wis TWE LFTH A v£ 1 I 7m K3= ffl Q 3S ADVERTISING o o .O JV1AKE EVEF^Y DObb^ TEbb, Advertisements SJHOULD BE fREfARED /rjNI D f LACED BY R. W.AYJME WlLSOJM AJMD ©OJVIP/rJW, 211, 212 & 213 Tempi? ^ourt, BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 253 indigent and infirm adults, besides others that assist in this benevolent work. The most prominent institution of this class in the city will be Webb's Academy and Home for Ship Builders, now in course of erection at Sedg- wick Av. and Academy St. , Fordham. It is intended to afford gratuitous aid and shelter to aged, decrepit, invalid, indigent or unfortunate men who have been engaged in building hulls of ships or vessels in any part of the United States. The same relief is extended to their wives. The institution also provides " to any young man, a native or citizen of the United States, who may, upon examination, prove himself competent, of good character and worthy, gratuitous education in the art, science and profession of ship- building and marine engine-building, both theoretical and practical, to- gether with board, lodging and necessary implements and materials while obtaining such education." It is supported by an endowment of $2,000,000 and owes its existence to the philanthropy of Mr. William Henry Webb. The largest homes particularly devoted to the care of the aged and in- firm of either sex are the two institutions maintained by the community of the Little Sisters of the Poor, one at 213 E. 70th St. and the other at 135 W. 106th St. Persons of any sect are admitted. The joint accommodation of these houses is 500. Next in size is St. Joseph's Home for the Aged, 209 W. 15th St., for respectable poor women over 60 years of age, of whom 350 are cared for annually by this institution. The Isabella Hermiath Home, Amsterdam Av. and 190th St., has 174 beds, of which 156 are free to all aged persons of fair average health who are unable to support themselves. Other institutions of this class are: — Baptist Home for the Aged and Infirm, 68th St., between Park and Lexington Aves. ; Baptist Ministers' Home, 2020 Vyse St.; Chapin Home for the Aged and Infirm, 151 E. 66th St. ; Colored Home and Hospital, 65th St. and First Av. ; Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews, 125 W. 105th St.; Home for Incurables, i82d St. and Third Ave. ; Home for the Aged of the Church of the Holy Communion^ 330 Sixth Av. ; Home for Aged and Indigent Females, Amsterdam Av. and 104th St.; Home for the Aged and Infirm Deaf Mutes, 9 W. 18th St., Home for Sailors, 197 Cherry St.; Home for Friendless Young Women, 32 E. 30th St.; Home for Protestant Immigrant Girls, 27 State St. ; Home for the Relief of the Destitute Blind, 104th St. and Amsterdam Av. ; Home for Young Women, 27 Washington Square; Home of the Holy Family, 138 Second Av. ; Home Hotel Association, 158 St. Ann's Av., which provides shelter for needy professional persons; Home for Old Men and Aged Couples, 487 to 491 Hudson St.; Leo Home for German Catholic Immigrants, 6 State St.; Lutheran Immigrant House, 26 State St.; Methodist Episcopal Church 254 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Home, Amsterdam Ave. and 92d St.; Montefiore Home for Chronic In- valids, Boulevard and W. 138th St.; New Sailors' Home, 338 Pearl St., Pea- body Home for Aged and Indigent Women, 2064 Boston Road; Presby- terian Home for Aged Women, 49 E. 73d St. ; St. Luke's Home for Indigent Christian Females, Madison A v. and 89th St.; St. Philip's Parish Home, 127 W. 30th St.; Samaritan Home for the Aged, 444 W. 22d St.; Swiss Home, 108 Second Av.; Trinity Chapel Home, 221 W. 24th St., and Veteran Firemen's Home, 131 W. 14th St. The public institutions of this kind, as described above, are situated on the islands in the East River. Juvenile Asylums and Schools for the Defective. New York abounds in large and well appointed homes for the young of every age, race or religion. Many of these occupy extensive and hand- some buildings, frequently attractive by reason of their architectural design, their conspicuous position and appropriate surroundings. The following are especially noteworthy: — Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul, 215 W. 39th St., under the auspices of the church of the same name, receives and educates, both in secular and religious branches, destitute orphans, half orphans and friendless children of both sexes. It has accommodations for 250, and provides annually seaside excursions for its inmates. Colored Orphan Asylum, Boulevard and 143d St., receives orphans of both sexes from 2 to 10 years of age, and instructs them in the ordinary in- dustrial branches of education. The institution accommodates 315 children, and is open to visitors on Mondays and Fridays from 10 A. M. to 4 P. M. Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Amsterdam Ave. and 136th St., is adminis- tered by the United Hebrew Charities' Association. Its building is one of the most conspicuous in this quarter of the city and occupies tastefully laid out grounds. Five hundred and seventy-two orphans and half orphans of both sexes are accommodated. The cost of maintenance is about $150,000 a year. Industrial training forms part of the educational work of the institution. St. Joseph's Industrial Home for Destitute Children, Madison Ave. and 81st St., is dedicated to the protection and education of destitute young girls of good character, and homeless little children 3 years old and up- wards, committed to its care by the courts. Its capacity is 750. It is under the control of the Sisters of Mercy and is partly supported from the public charitable funds. With it is connected a House of Mercy for the care of respectable young women and girls, for whom employment is secured after they are trained to useful pursuits Ladies' Deborah Nursery and Child's Protectory, for males, 95 to 103 E. Broadway and 83 Henry St.; for females, i62d St., near Eagle Ave., BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 255 cares for and educates poor Hebrew children committed to it by legal authority. Its inmates are instructed in trades and housekeeping until capable of self-support. Food and shelter are provided for every child who may be deemed worthy. Former inmates when out of employment are sheltered and fed. Three hundred and fifty find a home in this institution. Leake and Watts' Orphan Asylum, adjoining St. Vincent Academy, on the northern boundary line of the city, near the Hudson River, has ac- commodations for 200 full orphans in destitute circumstances, irrespective of sect or nationality. Home of the Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, Lafayette Place and Great Jones St. , is a temporary and permanent home for any destitute boys under 16 years of age. Provides secular and religious education, and particularly teaches habits of industry and self-reliance. Newsboys, boot- blacks, and others able to pay are boarded for $2 a week ; in extreme cases meals, lodging, and sometimes clothing, are provided free. The cost of maintenance is annually about $135,000. Visitors are admitted at any hour. New York Foundling Hospital, 175 E. 68th St., is primarily a home for foundlings and abandoned children born in this city. The mothers of infants who are willing to act as nurses are received. Between 500 and 600 little ones are tenderly cared for in this asylum, and about 1,100 others are ministered to in their homes. Children are sent to suitable homes in the West. Last year the expenditure amounted to over $282,000, of which 140,000 was paid for the services of nurses in the out-door department. The nurses invariably have families, and employ the money they thus receive in the payment of rent. Visitors are welcome on the first Tuesday of each month, from 2 to 4 P. M. The Children's and Maternity Hospitals and the St. John's Day Nursery are, annexed to this institution. The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum for Males, Fifth Ave., from 51st to 52d St.; for Females, Madison Ave., from 51st to 52d St., are the most spacious institutions of this class in the central part of the city. Their joint capacity is about 900. Orphans and half orphans are admitted between the' ages of 4 and 9 years. Another large Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum is St. Joseph's, at 89th St. and Avenue A, which accommodates 750 children, and, like the two just named, is supported partly by voluntary contributions and partly by the public charity and school funds. Other institutions of this type are : — Asylum of the Sisters of St. Dominic, 137 to 143 Second St. ; Berachah Orphanage, 13th St., near First Ave. ; Children's Fold, 92d St. and Eighth Ave. ; Day Nursery and Babies' Shelter, 118 W. 21st St.; Dominican Convent Home, 329 E. 63d St.; Eighth Ward Mission Home, 1 Charlton St.; Messiah Home for Little Children, 4 Ruther- ford Place; New York Infant Asylum, for illegitimate children, Amsterdam 256 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Ave. and Gist St.; Orphanage of the Church of the Holy Trinity, 400 E. 50th St.; Orphan Asylum, Riverside Drive and 73d; St. ; P. E. Orphans' Home and Asylum, 49th St., between Fourth and Lexington Aves.; St. Agatha's Home for Children, 209 W. 15th St.; St. Ann's Home for Destitute Children, Avenue A and 90th St.; St. Christopher's Home, Riverside Ave. and 112th St.; St. Elizabeth's Industrial School and Home, 235 E. 14th St.; St. James' Home, 21 Oliver and 26 James St.; Sheltering Arms, Amsterdam Ave. and 129th St.; Shepherd's Fold, (P. E.) Eighth Ave. and92dSt.; Home of the P. E. Sisterhood of Lie Good Shepherd, 419 W. 19th St. ; Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum, Manhattan Ave., near 104th St.; St. Martha's Industrial School and Home, 34 W. 22d St. ; and St. Joseph's Institution for Deaf Mutes, 772 E. 188th St. Asylums for Defective Children, which deserve notice, are: — Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, 904 — 922 Lexington Ave. , where deaf-mute children from 6 to 14 years of age are taught to use articulate sounds. Pupils able to pay are charged $400 a year; others are admitted free. The most novel and improved methods of teaching are employed. The institution accommodates 200, and is semi- public in its character. The New York Institution for the Blind, 9th Ave. and 34th St., re- ceives and educates blind children and youths from 8 to 25 years of age. The well-to-do are charged $300 a year, and the rest are admitted free. The in- mates number about 240. Strangers may visit the institution on Wednesdays from 9 A. M. to 4 P. M. New Yop '<: Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, nth Ave. and 163rd St. , has accommodations for 500 inmates and receives children from 6 to 12 years of age regardless of the circumstances of their parents. Non-residents of the State are charged $300 a year. In the industrial department each pupil is taught a mechanical trade by which he may gain a livelihood on leaving the school. Reformatories. In no branch of Metropolitan charities is more activity manifested than in the work of reforming the city's wayward children. Perhaps the most famous charity in this field is the Catholic Protectory, which annually shelters and seeks to reform over 3,000 idle, truant, vicious or homeless waifs, in its home at Westchester, Westchester County. The offices of the Protectory are at 415 Broome St. It is supported by voluntary contributions, oy the labor of its inmates, and by an allowance from the public funds. The annual expenditure exceeds $428,000. The following should also be noticed: The Nkw York Juvenile Asylum, Amsterdam Ave. and 176th St., last year ministered to the wants and correction of 1579 truant and disobedient BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 257 children of both sexes. With the Reception Home it has a capacity for 1,050 inmates, and costs annually for maintenance about $123,000. Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society's Orphan Asylum, nth Ave. and 151st St., is a home for 556 Jewish children, forbidden admittance to other institutions. Ex-Convicts' Home, 224 W. 63rd St. , gives employment and shelter to discharged criminals who express a desire to reform. It is non-sectarian and accommodates 150 men, who assist in its support by manufacturing and selling brooms, brushes and other useful articles. The Inebriate Home, Madison Ave. and 86th St. , is open to all intem- perate persons willing to be reclaimed by religious influences. The impe- cunious are admitted free; others pay from $8 to $20 a week. House of the Good Shepherd, ft. E. 90th St., is for the reformation of intemperate and fallen women and girls committed by the magistrates. Its inmates number 435. Other important reformatories are : — Door of Hope, for girls, 102 E. 61st St.; Florence Night Mission, 21 Bleecker St.; Wetmore Home, for girls, 49 S.Washington Sq. ; House of Mercy, for women, Inwood; Margaret Strachan Home for Women, 103 W. 27th St.; Women's Prison Association and Home, no Second Ave. ; and the public reformatory on Randall's Island. Day Nurseries. Day Nurseries, of which there are about 30 in the city, are organized for the care of infants during the hours of the day when their mothers are forced to be absent at work. This is one of the most distinctive and com- mendable of the metropolitan charities, and has brought relief to hundreds of anxious parents and saved the lives of thousands of little ones. Little children, as well as mere infants, are taken care of, instructed in kinder- garten schools, and provided with the means of innocent amusement. In the majority of these nurseries a nominal fee, ranging from two to five cents a day, is charged for the service rendered. The principal Day Nurseries are :— Riverside, 121 W. 63d St.; St. Joseph's, 473 W. 57th St.; Sunnysidc, 51 Prospect Place: Wayside, 216 E. 20th St.; and those of the Wilson Mis- sions, 125 St. Mark's Place. Houses of Refuge, Free Lodging's and Meals. About 300 benevolent institutions and societies are devoted entirely or in part to the relief of distress of a temporary character. Their individual beneficiaries aggregate many hundreds of thousands annually. Only a few of the most prominent of such charities can here be cited. Children's Aid Society, 29 St. Mark's Place, devotes its energies to the elevation of the poor by gathering children who attend no schools into its 258 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. industrial schools. It also provides temporary lodging houses and procures permanent homes in the rural districts of the West. This society cared for over 36,000 children last year at a cost of $362,000. Twenty-two day and 9 night Industrial Schools are maintained in different parts of the city by this society, in which 10,464 children were taught, and partly clothed and fed last year. To these alone 697,080 free meals were furnished. In the lodging- house 12,252 different boys and girls were given shelter, 293,767 meals were furnished, and 220,000 beds provided. Some of the lodging-houses have training schools for their inmates attached, in which girls are taught type- writing, dressmaking, sewing machine and laundry work, and crippled boys learn to make brushes and other useful articles. Under the control of this society are the following : — East Side Flower Mission, 287 E. Broadway, which distributes daily, during the summer months, flowers among the sick and poor ; Free Reading Rooms for Young Men, 206 Bleecker St. ; Health Home, at West Coney Island, with cottages and dormitories for the recep- tion of mothers and their sick little ones, which provided last year accom- modations and recreation for 4,721 parties ; Sick Children's Mission, 287 E. Broadway, wit h a staff of 10 physicians and 4 nurses who visit the sick poor in their homes ; and the Summer Home, at Bath Beach, L. I., which pro- vided last year for 4,574 children a week's rest and vacation. American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friendless, 29 E. 29th St. and 32 E. 30th St., maintains a home for destitute, respect- able young women and American widows with small children, without em- ployment, friends or shelter, and 12 Industrial Schools with an enrollment of nearly 6,000 pupils — children whose families are too poor to clothe them properly. New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 79 Fourth Ave. , is designed to elevate the moral and physical condition of the indigent and to afford them necessary temporal relief. During the summer "Ocean Parties," comprising from 500 to 1,000 inmates of the crowded tenement houses, are taken twice a week to near-by watering places, where lunch and opportunities for bathing are provided. The beneficiaries of this society numbered last year nearly 38,000, in addition to which over 25,000 visits were made. The society is supported by voluntary contribu- tions. New York Two Cent Diet Kitchen, 300 Avenue A, supplies food and drink at the nominal price of two cents for each dish, upon week days from 6 A. M. to 6 P. M., and on Sunday from 7 to 10 A. M., and from 12 to 2 P. M. A charity similar to this is under the care of the N. Y. Diet Kitchen Associa- tion. Society of St. Vincent de Paul, 2 Lafayette Place, has 51 conferences within the city limits. This Society has for one of its chief objects the BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 259 visitation of the poor in their dwellings, and the carrying to them of succor in kind. Its headquarters are in Paris, but the Superior Council for the United States meets in this city at the above address. Nearly all the Catholic Churches in the city have a separate conference. The works of this Society are numerous, and embrace almost every field of charitable endeavor. United Hebrew Charities of the City of New York, 128 Second Av. , embraces 4 distinct societies and the Hebrew Orphan Asylum (des- cribed above). These societies relieve the worthy Hebrew poor by appro- priate aid, encourage thrift and economy, grant small loans, provide em- ployment, lodgings and meals for the destitute, furnish nurses, physicians and medicine for the sick, and industrial instruction for the young. Per- sons unable to earn a living in New York are transported to Europe, or other places in the United States. The number of persons assisted last year was 28,696. Ladies' Fuel and Aid Society, 199 Henry St., distributes coal, provis- ions, clothing and medicine to worthy and suffering families, over 1,500 of which received assistance last year. St. Mary's Lodging House for Sheltering Respectable Girls, 143 W. 14th St., provides a home for saleswomen, operators, typewriters, steno- graphers, companions, nurses and others, not properly domestic servants, while seeking employment. The number of applicants last year was over 2,000. Affiliated with this are the St. Clare House, 25 W. 16th St., a board- ing house for orphaned young women; St. Ann's Home, 152 W. 15th St., and St. Joseph's Night Refuge, 143 W. 14th St., open to all homeless wo- men. In the latter home 3,572 females were sheltered and 7,300 meals furnished during 1891. Hebrew Free School Association, Hebrew Institute, cor. East Broadway and Jefferson St., maintains a kindergarten, girls' industrial and boys' technical schools, with an enrollment of 3,197 pupils, to about 2,700 of whom the association furnishes free midday meals, clothing, &c. Ladies' Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 63 Park St., supports the following charities: — Five Points Mission, 63 Park St., where last year about 7,000 different persons and families received as- sistance, and over 91,000 dinners were served. This mission embraces the Shoe Club, Cooking School, Day School with 820 children, Free Library, Fresh Air Fund and Sewing Schools. United Relief Works of the Society for Ethical Culture, 109 W. 54th St., supports schools for the children of workingmen, encourages social improvement, provides excursions for the young, and sends nurses into the homes of the destitute sick. Wilson Industrial School and Missions, 125 St. Mark's Place, are equipped with a circulating library, day nursery, day school, kitchen gar- 260 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. den and cooking classes, dispensary, visiting clubs, memorial chapel and boys' social clubs. Five Points House of Industry, 155 Worth St., devotes its energies chiefly to the prevention of crime and suffering among children, provides for their education and furnishes them with a home. Its inmates numbered last year about 700, and in the annexed dispensary about 1,500 cases of sickness received treatment. St. Barnabas' House, 304 and 306 Mulberry St., managed by the Protes- tant Episcopal Missionary Society, is a refuge for homeless women and women discharged from hospitals cured but requiring rest. The home recognizes no distinction of creed, race or color, and provides shelter also for homeless children. About 1,700 were cared for last year, and over 82,000 meals were furnished. The institution embraces a Dispensary, an Employment Society, Free Day Nursery, Free Library, Fresh Air Fund, providing weekly excursions for sick women and children, and Sewing and Houskeeeping Schools. Summer Homes and Excursions for the Poor. No form of charity is more distinctively metropolitan in its character than this, which is intended to provide vacations in the country for those who would otherwise never get beyond the city limits. A score of non- sectarian societies and many charities have undertaken the work, and it is not an uncommon sight to see on the ferry boats or at the great railway or steamboat depots, throughout the summer months, throngs of jubilant chil- dren of both sexes intent upon a day's sport in the country or a trip down the bay. Among the funds, &c, which make provision for this health- giving charity are the following: — The Tribune Fresh Air Fund, Tribune Building, which last year sent nearly 30,000 children to the country for periods ranging from one day to a fortnight; the Summer Homes of All Souls' (Rev. R. Heber Newton's) P. E. Church at Sea Cliff, L. I.; "Life's" Fresh Air Fund; and the Working Girls' Vacation Society, 222 W. 38th St. Special Relief and Special Funds. There are in the city about 200 societies and funds for the relief of immi- grants and the assistance of persons of every profession and calling. Some of these even provide burial for the poor, and legal aid, pensions, loans, &c, for the unfortunate and need} 7 . Among the special charities should be men- tioned: — Baron Hirsch Fund, 45 Broadway, for the benefit of Russian Rouman- ian Hebrew Immigrants, who have been in this country not longer than two years. Its objects are to Americanize its proteges by teaching them to become good citizens and to prevent by all proper means their congregating in large cities. It furnishes mechanics with tools, teaches easily-acquired BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS. 261 trades, pays entrance fees into trades unions, loans small sums to help to- ward self support, but gives no alms or charitable relief. It transports laborers to points where their work is in demand. It establishes day and night schools for children and adults, wherein are taught the elementary branches of English, the constitution of the United States, and improved sanitary habits. The fund owes its origin to the magnanimity of Baron Hirsch, the wealthy banker of Berlin, Germany. Actors' Fund of America grants relief (from funds annually collected by benefit performances in all the theatres throughout the United States and dues from members) to naedy actors, singers, musicians and others inter- ested in the management of, or who earn a living from any theatre or rep- utable place of amusement. To augment the fund a fair was held during the winter of 1892 in the Madison Square Garden at which $200,000 was realized. The New York Bible and Fruit Mission, 416-422 E. 26th St., provides fruit and other delicacies to the destitute sick in the wards of the public hospitals, and distributes food, flowers and reading matter among the poorer classes. Its annual beneficiaries number hundreds of thousands. The mission maintains a chapel, a corps of visiting readers, a coffee house, a lodging house, a broom factory, a penny provident fund, a reading room and circulating library, kitchen garden and sewing classes, and fresh air and loan relief funds. ©JHURCJHES. Their History — Present Position — Music — List of the More Important the Names of their Pastors. New York is pre-eminent among the cities of the world, vieing even with London, in the wealth, variety and numerical strength of the religious sects worshipping within its limits. Adherents of almost every sect in Christen- dom and believers in some of the oriental cults are to be found here. Spiritualism, theosophy, and the host of other religio-philosophical move- ments have large and influential followings in the metropolis. So diversi- fied are the forms of worship here that the student of comparative religion could scarcely find a better field for research and practical observation. The cosmopolitan character of the city is strongly emphasized by its polyglot congregations. Divine worship is conducted in this city in nearly every tongue of Europe, including Russian and Greek ; while to the theolog- ical student in New York at least, Latin, Greek and Hebrew cannot be appro- priately regarded as dead languages, for in them he may hear rituals recited daily throughout the year. New York contains in all about 590 places of worship, with an aggregate seating capacity of about 300,000. This aggre- gate may seem in itself large, but in view of the population of the metrop- olis, it is really small, for if every resident determined to attend church upon any particular occasion, less than one-sixth of the people could find accommodation. The value of the property owned by the religious bodies in the city is computed at $75,000,000, and the annual contributions amount to many millions of dollars. The majority of the great charities are either directly created by or are permanently dependent upon the benevolence of the city churches. There is not a field of Home and City Mission work that is not occupied more or less completely and effectively by the city churches. Those who delight in seeing churches beautiful in their architectural design and handsome in their interior decorations and appointments, will find here much to excite their admiration. This particular feature of the churches will be found described in the chapter upon architecture. In the matter of music the churches of New York afford an infinite variety of choice — from the simplest style of congregational singing, led by CHURCHES. . 263 a precentor, with " lined hymns," and without the accompaniment of in- struments of any description, to the most elaborate exemplification of the cathedral form of service, and the impressionable estheticism of the so- called Anglican ritual. The most complete illustration of the choral, or cathedral, school any- where known outside of St. Paul's in London or Westminster Abbey, is found at the mother church of Trinity Parish — "Old Trinity," at the head of Wall street, in Broadway. It was here that this particular form of church music, which has since become so largely the vogue, first took root in this country, through the exertions of the eminent organist and composer, Dr. Hodges. Here, too, the introduction of " surpliced" choirs, composed ex- clusively of boys and men, was successfully accomplished, thanks to the persistence and energy of Dr. Henry Stephen Butler, and with the result that, in the hardly more than a quarter of a century which has elapsed since the effort was first undertaken, more than one-half of the churches of the Episcopal communion in this city, or forty of the seventy-five, have fol- lowed in the footsteps of Trinity in this respect. In the progress of events the surpliced choir has given . place to the " vested," and while these terms are used interchangeably, and apply with equal pertinency in the designation of the body of singers, they possess, nevertheless, a distinct significance. Originally the boys in Trinity wore simply a white surplice, covering the wearer from neck to feet. Subse- quently, as the choir came to be regarded as being an acknowledged and indispensable adjunct to the clergy in the conduct of the worship of the church, the surplice was replaced by vestments more nearly approaching those of the priesthood. These consisted of a black cassock, over which a white cotta with wide-flowing sleeves is worn. Hence the term, "vested choirs." Within a few years past the choirs of boys and men have been re- inforced in at least three instances of churches in this city by the introduc- tion of women singers. In the case of the latter, who are also vested, as stated, the vestments are supplemented with a modification of the beretta or skull cap, with a view of securing not alone uniformity, but of heeding the admonition of St. Paul in respect of woman in the church. A full Cathedral morning and communion service is sung at Trinity every Sunday in the year, and a complete choral service in the afternoon. On high festival occasions the great and chancel organs of the church are supplemented by the Philharmonic Orchestra. The choir consists of thirty boys and men, and the music is under. the direction of Dr. Arthur H. Mes- siter, who has served continuously as organist and choirmaster of Trinity for more than twenty-five years. Among the seven auxiliary churches comprised in Trinity Parish, St. 264 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. John's Chapel, Varick street, holds a commanding place for the high order and excellence of the musical services set forward by Mr. George F. Le Jeune. These are of a somewhat lighter character than those of the parent church, the programmes containing a greater number of the productions of American musicians. At Trinity Chapel, West Twenty-fifth street, where the venerable Dr. Walter B. Gilbert is organist and choirmaster, a happy medium is preserved between the Cathedral and modern schools of music, and this is the fact also at St. Agnes' Chapel, West Ninety-second street, which possesses a most promising choir, organized within the current year by G. Edward Stubbs, and containing some remarkably fine boys' voices. St. Paul's Chapel, at Broadway and Fulton street, the historic church con- nected with Trinity corporation, is the only one in the parish where the mixed- voice choir is still adhered to, and in which familiar and congrega- tional music is sung bv a double quartette and a chorus choir of twenty- seven voices, under the direction of Mr. Leo Kofler. The Episcopal churches referred to as maintaining vested choirs com- posed in part of women singing are St. George's, the Rev. Dr. William S. Rainsford; All Souls', the Rev. R. Heber Newton, and St. Ignatius, the Rev. Dr. Arthur Ritchie. At St. George's the feature of the musical services prepared by Mr. William S. Chester is their brilliancy and the care with which they are performed; the services at All Souls' are deservedly noted for their stateliness and artistic worth, classic music preponderating in the selections of Mr. Richard Henry Warren, the musical director, while at St. Ignatius, where Mr. Charles Baier is the organist and choirmaster, special attention is paid to the production of the masses of Gounod, Weber, Mo- zart, Haydn, and kindred composers. In this regard the last-named, which is classed in the category of the Ritualistic churches, finds a fitting com- panion in the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, the Rev. Dr. Thomas Mc- Kee Brown, rector, where the aesthetic impulses of the worshipper are stim- ulated by the performance of the most showy of florid music, of which exam- ples are to be found in the masses of Lambilotte, Giorza, Mercadante, La Hache, and their congeners. Vested choirs other than those already named having claim to particu- lar merit or recognition are those of Calvary, Rev. Dr. Henry Y. Satterlee; Heavenly Rest, Rev. Dr. D. Parker Morgan; Holy Trinity, Rev. Dr. E. Walpole Warren; Church of the Redeemer, Rev. Dr. J. W. Shackelford; St. James, Rev. Dr. Cornelius B. Smith, and St. Andrews, Rev. Dr. George R. Van De Water, all of which are large in numbers and admirably trained. Grace Church, at Broadway and Tenth street, the Rev. Dr. William R. Huntington, is conspicuous for the eminence of the people constituting its musical forces, as well as the exalted standard of the general work of CHURCHES. 265 its choir. Mr. Samuel P. Warren stands easily at the head of the organists of the country, while the tenor of the church, Mr. George Simpson, has a worldwide reputation as the foremost oratoric singer known to this coun- try. Mr. Simpson is now filling his thirty-fifth year as a member of the choir of Grace Church. Miss Ida W. Hubbell, the soprano of the church, was a few years ago one of the most popular concert singers in the com- munity. They and their associates of the solo quartette are supported by a large and able chorus choir. George William Warren at St. Thomas's and Richard Henry Warren at St. Bartholomew's, the latter at Madison avenue and Forty-fourth street, and the former at Fifth avenue and Fifty-third street, provide some of the best, most striking and characteristic church music to be heard in this or any other city. At St. Bartholomew's particularly, under the direction of the younger Warren, the scholarly quality of the selections and the finish with which they are performed is an education in itself. The church counts among its soloists Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Toedt and Mr. Franz Remmertz. Miss Emily Winant is the chief singer at St. Thomas's. Here there is a double chorus of forty voices. At the Church of the Ascension, Rev. Dr. E. Winchester Donald, in Fifth avenue, Mr. John White is engaged with the assistance of a quar- tette and chorus choir of twenty-five voices, in the founding of a new school of church music. Mr. White is a voluminous composer, possessed of a fecundity of ideas, and a number of his compositions, all of which are characterized by originality of thought and treatment, have created a pro- found impression. St. Marks-in-the-Bowery, the Rev. Dr. J. H. Rylance; Holy Trinity, the Rev. Dr. I. Newton Stanger, at Lenox avenue and One Hundred and Twenty-second street, and the Church of the Incarnation, the Rev. Dr. Arthur Brooks, at Madison avenue and Thirty-fifth street, fill out the list of noteworthy Episcopal churches of this class. St. Patrick's Cathedral naturally stands at the head of the churches of tl.c Roman Catholic communion in point of impressiveness of musical and ecclesiastical display. The forces at the command of Prof. Willliam Pecher in the bringing out of the splendid masses and vesper services which are characteristic of the Cathedral comprise a solo quartette and a chorus choir of mixed voices numbering fifty, with an auxiliary chancel choir of sixty voices, the largest body of singers known to any church in the country. The Cathedral is at Fifth avenue and Fiftieth street. The unique in church music is provided, however, at the Church of St. Francis Xavier, in West Sixteenth street, through the medium of the ad- mirable male- voice choir of which Mr. Oscar Bruno Klein is the director and organist. Male-voice and Gregorian masses and music are a feature 266 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. of the services here. In the Clinch of St. Agnes in Forty-third street the Italian school, melodious and florid, has first place in the musical selections. Mme. Salvotti, a one-time distinguished concert singer, is the chief attrac- tion of St. Leo's, of which the Rev. Father Ducey is the pastor. St. Stephen's in 28th street, once famous for the superior excellence of its music, is now- content with a quartette choir and^a chorus of seventy-five voices. A cap- ital and satisfying service of aomirable quality is set out in St. Ann's Church, in East Twelfth street, while among the downtown churches the venerable St. Peter's in Barclay street commends itself to the favorable at- tention of the lovers of good music well performed. In the Presbyterian Churches e ctremes meet in the case of the Fifth avenue, Rev. Dr. John Hall, and the West Church, Rev. Dr. John R. Pax- ton, the former being content with the plainest form of musical worship, congregational singing, led by a precentor, with organ accompaniment, while the latter supports a "sheet music" quartette, boasting the highest-paid singer in the country, Miss Clementine De Vere. The quartettes in the Brick Church, Rev. Dr. Henry Van Dyke, the Church of the Puritans, Rev. Dr. Edward L. Clark, and the Church of the Convent, Rev. Dr. James H. Mcllvaine, together with the double quartettes of the First Church, where the clever compositions of Mr. Sumner Salter have a prominent place on the programmes, and of the Rev. Dr. Parkhurst's Church, at Madison avenue and twenty-fourth street, are made up in large measure of professional and semi-professional singers well and favorably known to the local concert stage. The sharp contrast in the style of service between the venerable St. John's Methodist Episcopal Church, in John street, near Broadway, the oldest church building in the city, and the Madison Avenue Church of the same denomination will amply repay observation. The reputation musically of the four leaders among the congregations of the Reformed Church in America has been established through the efforts of distinctively American composers and musicians. These are re- spectively the Collegiate, Rev. Dr. David J. Burrell, .with its triple pneu- matic organ — Dr. H. G. Hanchctt, organist; the Collegiate, Rev. Dr. Ed- ward B. Cole — Carl Walter, organist; the Madison Avenue, Rev. Abbett E. Kittredge — William R. Chapman, organist, and the South Church, Rev. Dr. Roderick Terry — Gerritt Smith, organist. In the Baptist communion the trend toward a ritualistic form of wor- ship, particularly in respect to the musical portions of the service, has its exemplification to an admirable purpose at the hands of the quartette choirs of the Church of the Epiphany, Madison avenue and Sixty -fourth street; the Fifth Avenue Church, at West Forty-sixth street, and the Madison Avenue Church, at Thirty-first street. CHURCHES. 267 The Broadway Tabernacle, Rev. Dr. William M. Taylor, enjoys an exceptional distinction among the Congregational churches for stately ecclesiastical music, due to the oversight and direction of the double quar- tette of the church by Dr. S. N. Penfield, the well-known organist. The Central Church, Rev. Dr. William Lloyd, in West Fifty-seventh street, enjoys the services of a quartette of professional singers. For brilliant and effective musical accompaniment to an impressive ritual, none exceeds that to be enjoyed in the Jewish synagogues of Ahawath Chesed, Rev. Dr. Alex. Kohut, rabbi, at 652 Lexington Avenue, and Temple Emanu-El, Rev. Dr. Gustav Gottheil, rabbi, at 521 Fifth Ave- nue. The Unitarian Church of All Souls, Rev. Theodore C. Williams, at Fourth avenue and Twentieth street, and the Church of the Messiah, Rev. Robert Collyer, at 61 Thirty-fourth street, are admirably equipped in the matter of quartette choirs and organists for the adequate setting forth of the beautiful vesper services of that communion. Not least among the foregoing is the Church of the Strangers, presided over by the Rev. Dr. Charles F. Deems, where the worshipper or visitor may join in congregational singing remarkable for its fervor and inspiring influence. The occupants of many of the metropolitan pulpits have won for them- selves not merely national but world-wide fame for their eloquence and scholarship, as well as for their courage in promoting ethical and religious reform. Religious work in New York is not limited to the churches proper, but is carried on as well by scores of evangelical, missionary, bible, tract, and other kindred societies. The especial efforts of these subsidiary organiza- tions are directed towards the moral elevation of the poorer classes, who so densely populate the large section of the city south of Fourteenth St. These societies have exhausted almost every means to attract to their chapels or places of meeting those who have through carelessness, poverty or criminal lives gradually drifted beyond the sphere of religious influence. Illustrated lecture courses, technical schools, libraries, reading rooms and reading clubs, gymnasia, bowling alleys, chess, checquer, whist and athletic clubs, be- sides an endless variety of special and general charities, have been provided and equipped as auxiliaries to the more important end of moral reclama- tion. A noble army of self-denying men and women are ceaselessly labor- ing in this field, which offers unlimited scope for the display of genius, cour- age, human sympathy and benevolence. One of the most potent factors in the extra-church work in this city is the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, whose headquarters are in Association Hall, at the southwest corner of Fourth Ave. and Twenty-third St. Eleven branches of this association 268 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. are maintained, the most important of which are the Harlem Branch, 5 W. 125th St., and the Young Men's Institute, 222 Bowery. It would be impossible to estimate the benefit which this institution confers upon the city at large by its exceedingly diversified and admirably directed activities. The Dutch Reformed Church is by far the most interesting church organization in New York on account of its historical associations. To it belongs the honor of being the first Protestant organization not only in this city but in America. Its history dates back to 1628, in which year the lead- ing Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam began to worship in a large room over a horse-mill, where for seven years they continued to hold religious services; after this they erected a wooden church in what is now called Old Slip, which they occupied for several years. Subsequently church edifices of this original society stood upon various sites in the older part of the city, and at times answered many uses for which they were not designed. One of their houses of worship, that in Cedar St., was used by the British troopers during the revolutionary period first as a prison and then as a cavalry school. This building, which long ago disappeared, was for some years used as a general post-office. The parent society in the meantime subdivided into several branches, of which the most noted is the Collegiate Middle Dutch Church Society, still extant, and which now maintains six churches and chapels. The traditions of the original society are still pre- served in the chapel at 113 Fulton St., where are held from 12 to 1 P. M., the famous Fulton Street Prayer-meetings. The Consistory of New York City at present embraces 27 churches within the city limits. The Protestant Episcopal Church is, in point of wealth, influence and number of church edifices, the most important. Next to the Dutch Reformed Church it is the oldest religious organization in the city. The denomination embraces 103 churches, of which the most noted his- torically are Trinity Church and St. Paul's Chapel. The former, standing in Broadway opposite the end of Wall street, is built upon the original site of the West India Company's farm, which being confiscated after the conquest of Manhattan Island by the English, was granted for the purpose of an endowment to the Colonial Church. The land, known then as the King's farm, extended northward to Christopher street and westward to the Hudson River, and has since, through its enormously increased value, been the source of the vast wealth of the corporation of Trinity Church. This property, which in 1693 brought a yearly rental of 60 bushels of wheat, yields now an annual income exceeding $500,000, and pays in taxes to the city $70,000. This vast revenue is used in the maintenance of Trinity Church and seven dependent chapels, besides many benevolent institutions and minor charities in the poorer parts CHURCHES. 269 of the city. The first church edifice was built in 1697, rebuilt in 1737, and destroyed by fire in 1776, after which date for twelve years the congre- gation worshipped in St. Paul's Chapel, which had in the meantime been erected by the vestry of Trinity Church. In 1788, the building predecessor to the present magnificent edifice was constructed and occupied for about half a century. Trinity Church is surrounded on three sides by a burial ground memorable as the last resting place of many persons, distinguished as sol- diers, statesmen or private citizens during the early period of American history. The building, which is purest Gothic in its architectural style, is of brown sandstone, and with its lofty spire rising to a height of 284 feet and its conspicuous four-faced clock is one of the chief landmarks of lower Broadway. In the belfry are the famous chimes, the melodious tones of which hourly echo throughout the surrounding narrow streets. Strangers are admitted to the church at any hour. Permission to visit the steeple is granted (upon application) by the rector alone. The second Episcopal church built in New York was St. George's, at Beekman and Cliff streets. This building long ago disappeared, and its historical traditions have been transferred to the present handsome edifice of the same name on Stuyvesant Square. St. Paul's Chapel, at the south- west corner of Broadway and Vesey street, is the oldest church edifice in the city, having been erected in 1764, as a branch of Trinity, by the corpora- tion of which it is still controlled. Services are held in this chapel only on memorable occasions. Here were conducted, in 1889, the centennial cere- monies of Washington's inauguration as the first President of the United States. Visitors are admitted by permission of the wardens of Trinity Parish, whose offices are in the Parish House at Church and Vesey streets. The graveyard which surrounds the chapel is the burial place of many men and women famous in the early annals of the town. In the rear wall along Broadway and just over his tomb is the memorial tablet to General Richard Montgomery, the hero of Quebec, and nearby are monuments to George Frederick Cooke, and Thomas Addis Emmet, the great Irish patriot. Under the northern gallery of the chapel is the pew, adorned with a fresco of the American eagle, in which George Washington was wont to worship while acting as first President of the young republic, and directly opposite is the pew formerly occupied by Governor George Clinton. The uninterrupted quiet which reigns within the church contrasts strangely with the turmoil of the great thoroughfares by which it is bounded. One of the most venerable church edifices in the city is St. Marks, at Second Ave. and 10th St. The present building is the successor to a chapel built upon the same site by the last Dutch Governor, Petrus Stuyvesant, whose remains are buried beneath the church. When this building was erected in 1826 the surrounding country was devoted to farming and garden- 270 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. ing, and from the portico an unobstructed view could be had of the East River and the Long Island shore. The church was a few years ago brought into notoriety by the episodes connected with the burial and subse- quent stealing of the body of A. T. Stewart. The Church of the Transfiguration, in E. 29th St., near Fifth Av., was made famous by the incident connected with the burial of George Holland, the actor. It is told that Joseph Jefferson applied to the rector of one of the fashionable Madison Avenne churches to have the last Christian rites per- formed in his church over the body of the dead actor. The clergyman , from his predjudices against the stage, demurred, and referred him to the pastor of the present church with the remark that there was ' ' a little church around the corner where they did that sort of thing." Mr. Jefferson followed the suggestion, and the ceremonies were accordingly performed in what has since been popularly known, through the wide circulation given to the story, as "The Little Church Around the Corner." In architectural style the church is low Gothic and it is built in the form of a Latin cross. The quiet church-yard, with its stately trees, its fountain and luxurious trailing vines, lends to the church an air of religion and peacefulness. The members of the congregation worshipping in this church embrace repre- sentatives of almost every social rank and calling. The most fashionable churches of this denomination other than those already spoken of are: Grace Church, at Broadway and 10th St. ; St. Thomas, at Fifth Av. and 53d St. ; St. Bartholomew, at Madison Av. and 44th St. , and All Souls' Church, at Madison Av. and 66th St. The Diocesan House is at 29 Lafayette Place, where is also the office of " The Churchman,''' the leading organ of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The Episcopalians of the city will soon possess, in the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, about to be erected on the heights at Tenth Ave. and 110th St., one of the noblest church structures in the world. The site covers more than three city blocks, and its elevated position, over- looking the northern section of the city on the east and the Hudson River on the west, will give additional prominence to the edifice. The com- pletion of the plans adopted will involve an expenditure of several millions of dollars, but no expense is to be allowed to interfere with the carrying out of the grand conception of furnishing the city and diocese of New York with a place of worship worthy of its rank among the great religious centres of the world. The architectural design is described in another chapter. The present home of the Bishop of this Diocese, the Right Rev. Henry C. Potter, D. D., is at 160 W. 59th St. Presbyterianism, though one of the prevailing forms of worship in the city during the close of the seventeenth century, did not possess a church organization, properly so-called, until 1719, when the First Church was CHURCHES. 271 founded in Wall St. , near the present site of Trinity. This church now stands at Fifth Ave. and nth St., having retreated from its old location step by step, keeping pace with the northward movement of population. Nine pastors have occupied its pulpit since its foundation. The next churches in order of age are the Scotch, 14th St., near Sixth Ave., founded in , and the Brick, Fifth Ave. and 37th St. The latter formerly occupied the present sites of the N. Y. Times and Potter Buildings, near Printing House Square, where, for 60 years its pulpit was occupied by the Rev. Dr. Gardner Spring. From the circumstance of the long ministry of this distinguished clergyman, the church was, and is still, popularly known as Dr. Spring's Church. The most prominent church of this denomination, in point of wealth , influence and social position of its members, is the Fifth Avenue, at Fifth Ave. and 55th St. This church has one of the largest buildings dedicated to divine worship in New York, its seating capacity being about 2,000. The Society with which this congregation is historically connected formerly occupied a church in Cedar St., built in 1808. The present pastor is the Rev. Dr. John Hall, one of the most prominent figures of the met- ropolitan pulpit. Another venerable church of this denomination is the Rutgers Street Church, organized in 1798, and now situated at the Boule- vard and 73d St., and known as the Rutgers Riverside. There are, in all, about 70 churches of this denomination in New York city. The offices of the different general Presbyterian Church societies are at 53 Fifth Ave. Methodism is entitled to rank as one of the oldest forms of Protestant worship on the continent. The honor of being the first church of this denomination in the country belongs to the John Street Church, which was first used for divine service in 1768, and is still spoken of as the cradle of Methodism in America. The present building was erected in 1S41, and contains many historical relics of John Wesley and other pioneers of the early church at home and abroad. Here Sunday services are regularly conducted, and, as in the case of the Fulton St. Chapel of the Dutch Reformed Church, noonday prayer meetings are daily held. With the ex- ception of the church in Willet St. , the other churches of this denomination have been erected within the last 50 or 60 years. This denomination embraces about 65 congregations, including 6 African, and a few German and Swedish. The offices of the various mission and charity boards of this denomination are in the lofty and spacious building of the Methodist Book Concern, at 150 Fifth Ave. The Baptist Church has about 50 separate congregations in the city. This organization has steadily grown in size and importance since the governorship of Petrus Stuyvesant, when it was granted a charter and protected from the hostility of the religious bigots who threatened its early existence. At present the Baptist Church ranks as one 272 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. of the most influential factors in the religious life of the metropolis. It possesses many fine church edifices and not a few preachers famous for their pulpit oratory. Many adherents of this denomination are to be found among the Swedes, Norwegians, Germans, Welsh and Africans of the city. The Congregationalists are one of the smaller religious communities of the city, and have not materially increased in number during the last twenty-five years. There are only seven churches of this sect in the city. Of these the most important are the Tabernacle, 6th Ave. and 34th St., and the Central in 57th St. between 8th and 9th Avenues. The Lutheran Church is the most distinctively German church organization in the city, embracing 21 congregations, many of which are in the middle eastern section of the city — where the children of the vater- land are most numerous. The Unitarian Church has three places of worship in the city, the most famous of which is All v Souls', 4th Ave. and 20th St., where for many years the eloquence and scholarship of the late Rev. Dr. Bellows attracted to it a wealthy and influential congregation, and raised it to the position of the chief church of this sect in America. Of the remaining Protestant denominations, the United Presbyterians have five churches in New York City; the Reformed Presbyterians, five; the Universalists, three; the Friends (Quakers), two; and the Reformed Episcopolians, one. There are in New York, besides the regular denominations, about 45 congregations of the numerically less important sects. The principal of these are enumerated under " miscellaneous churches " in the list given at the end of this chapter. Judaism. — The religion of the Hebrews, coeval in its orgin with the most ancient events of which there is any record in the history of the world, is still one of the strongest and most vigorous forms of divine worship. Here in the New World, and in this modern city of New York, the time- honored ceremonial laws of Moses influence more or less completely the lives and actions of not less than 300,000 of its inhabitants. One sixth of the population of this city are of the race of Abraham — a fact which makes New York the greatest Jewish city in the world. About one-half of these have immigrated to the United States within the last ten years, and naturally retain many of the customs of their former homes. The places of worship attended by the Jews are denominated syna- gogues (gathering places) or temples. The former is a very ancient term as applied to these places, but the latter is rather modern in this application, due to the latter day idea that every house of worship is as sacred as was the Temple of Solo: .on. Any person may gam admittance to the temples CHURCHES. 273 and synagogues by conforming to the customs prevailing in the one at- tended. The uptown temples have a similar decorum to that observed in most churches, hats being removed and the pews being occupied by families. In the synagogues in the lower part of the city, the head should remain cov- ered, the men go down stairs, the women go upstairs. The language em- ployed in the services is altogether Hebrew at the shrines down town — while in the uptown temples, English and German are used with comparatively few Hebrew prayers. The services in the temples are conducted by a Cantor, called Hazan, the sermon being delivered by the rabbi. The large choirs in the handsome temples play no inconsiderable part in enhancing the solemnity and beauty of the service. Notwithstanding the apparent divergencies in their modes of worship, the Jews are as one in most of their doctrines — especially in that the unity of God is emphasized in high and low sects, small and large, orthodox and reformed, synagogue and temple alike. The question of the prevalence of the Rabbinical or Post Biblical tra- ditions may be considered the broad line of distinction between the two wings of this people, the Progressionists, the older settlers in the United States (as a rule) putting aside these traditions, while the new-comers cling tenaciously to them. This point has been made clearer by the decision of a conference of the rabbis of the Progressive party, held in New York, July 5-10, 1892, that converts may be admitted to congregations by profession of faith and examination and without the Abrahamitic or any other rite. Against this decision the orthodox party protests. No chief rabbi or central temple is recognized by the Jews of this city or country. The most celebrated rabbis, synagogues and temples are given in the list at the end of this chapter. Roman Catholicism. — The first Roman Catholic priest to set foot on the Island of Manhattan, as far as the record shows, was Father Jogues, an en- thusiastic pioneer of the Society of Jesus, who landed in 1642. At this early time there were few or no Catholics resident in New York, then New Amsterdam, owing largely to the religious bigotry of the Dutch settlers. Legislative restrictions varying in their severity were enforced through- out the 17th and iSth centuries, which served to exclude to a greater or less degree colonists who were adherents of this Church. Occasional religious services were held during these many decades of intolerance, but no regular worship or meeting place was provided until after the evacuation of New York by the British in 1783, when a priest from Philadelphia began to officiate in the loft of a carpenter shop near Barclay street, then in the suburbs of the city. In 1785 the Roman Catholics of New York purchased five lots of land from the trustees of Trinity Church at the corner of Church and Barclay streets, upon 274 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. which was erected the old St. Peter's Church— the first church of this de- nomination in the city. The corner-stone was laid by the Spanish Ambas- sador to the United States, and Charles III., King of Spain, endowed the new church with ten thousand dollars. After this beginning the Catholics rapidly increased in number and influence. In 1809 the foundations of St. Patrick's Cathedral were laid in the outskirts of the city between Broadway and the Bowery road, about which time New York was separated from the Diocese of Baltimore and erected into an independent See. This church was the predecessor of the magnificent cathedral of the same name at Fifth avenue and Fifty-first street, the corner-stone of which was laid in the pres- ence of 100,000 people on August 15th, 1858. The Cathedral was projected by the Most Rev. John Hughes, Archbishop of the Diocese of New York, and has cost up to the present $2,000,000. It is the finest church edifice on the continent, and was opened for public worship May 25th, 1879. The Cathedral contains about 408 pews, having a seating capacity of 2,600. At present there are about 84 Roman Catholic churches in New York, the principal of which, with the names of the most noted divines, are given at the end of this chapter. Prominent Churches and Pastors. Baptist. — Amity, 310 W. 54th, Leighton Williams; Calvary, 57th St., east of 7th Ave., Robert S. Mac Arthur, D. D. ; Church of the Epiphany, 64th St. and Madison Ave., Donald D. Mac Laurin; Fifth Ave., 6 W. 46th St., William H. P. Faunce; First, Boulevard and 79th St., Isaac M. Haldeman; Grace, in E. 92nd St., Theodore A. K. Gessler, D. D.; Madison Ave., Madison Ave. and 31st St., H. M. Sanders, D. D.; Memorial, Washington Sq. South, Cor. Thompson St., Edward Judson, D. D.; Mt. Morris, Fifth Ave. near 126th St., William C. Bitting; The Tabernacle, 2nd Ave. and 10th St., Daniel C. Potter, D. D.; Twenty-third St., Association Hall, 4th Ave. and 23rd St., Thomas Dixon, Jr. Congregational. — Broadway Tabernacle, 6th Ave. and 34th St., Wm. M. Taylor, D. D.; Central, 309 W. 57th St., William Lloyd, D. D.; Pilgrim Church of New York, Madison Ave. and 121st St., Samuel H. Virgin, D. D.; Trinity, Tremont, Washington Ave. and 176th St., Jas. M. Whiton, Ph. D. Disciples of Christ. — Church of Disciples of Christ, 323 W. 56th St., B. B. Tyler, D. D. Friends. — East Fifteenth, 5 E. 15th St. cor. Rutherford Place, Samuel B. Haines. Hebrew. — Ahawath Chesed, Lexington Ave. and 55th St., Rabbi, Alex. Kohut; Beth-El, 5th Ave. and 76th St., Rabbi, Kaufman Kohler; Beth Is- rael Bikur Cholim, 72nd St. and Lexington Ave, Rabbi, Herman Lustig; Beth Hamedrash Hogodal, 54 Norfolk St., Rabbi, Jacob Joseph; B'nai CHURCHES. 275 Jeshurun, Madison Ave. and 65th St., Rabbi, Henry S. Jacobs; Shaa- ray Tefilla, 127 W. 44th St., Rabbi, F. de Sola Mendes; Shearith Israel, 5 W. 19th St., Rabbi, H. Pereira Mendes; Temple Emanuel, 5th Ave. and 43d St., Rabbi, Gustav Gottheil; Temple Israel of Harlem, 125th St. and 5th Ave., Rabbi, Maurice H. Harris. Lutheran. — Evangelical Church of the Holy Trinity, 47 W. 21st St., G. F. Krotel, D. D.; St. James' Evangelical, 900 Madison Ave., Junius B. Remensnyder, D. D.; St. Luke's German Evangelical, 233 W. 42nd St., Rev. Wilhelm Busse; St. Mark's Evangelical, 327 6th Ave., Rev. Geo. C. F. Haas; St. Peter's German Evangelical, Lexington Ave., cor. 46th St., Rev. Ed. F. Moldehnke, D. D. Methodist Episcopal — Calvary, 7th Ave. and 129th St., James R. Day, D. D.; Hedding, 337 E. 17th St., Alexander McLean; Madison Ave., Madison Ave. and 60th St., Ensign McChesney, D. D.; St. Andrews, 76th St., near Columbus Ave., Geo. E. Strodridge, D. D.; Trinity, 323 E. 18th St., Thomas H. Burch, D. D.; St. James', Madison, cor. 126th St., Jacob E. Price, D. D.; St. John's, 231 W. 53d St., Jas. M. King, D. D. African Methodist Episcopal. — Bethel, 216 Sullivan St., Rev. Theo- dore Gould, D. D. Presbyterian.— Brick Church, Fifth Ave. and 37th St., Henry Van- Dyke, D. D.: Central, 220 W. 57th St., Wilton Merle Smith, D. D.; Church of the Covenant, Park Ave. and 35th St., James Hall Mcllvaine, D. D.; Fifth Ave., Fifth Ave., cor. 55th St., John Hall, D. D.; First, 5th Ave. and nth St., Howard Duffield, D. D.; First Union, 147 E. 86th St., W. R. Har- shaw; Harlem, 43 E. 125th St., J. S. Ramsey, D. D.; Madison Ave., 506 Madison Ave. , Charles L. Thompson, D. D.; Madison Square, Madison Sq. and 24th St., Charles H. Parkhurst, D. D.; Park, 86th St. and Amster- dam Ave., Anson P. Atterbury; Phillips, 73d St., cor. Madison Ave., George Spinning, D. D.; Rutgers, Riverside, 73d St., cor. Boulevard, Robert Russell Booth, D. D.; Scotch, 53 W. 14th St., David G. Wylie, Ph. D.; Union Tabernacle, 139 W. 35th St., George J. Mingins; University Place, University Place, cor. 10th St., George Alexander, D. D.; West, 31 W. 42d St., John R. Paxton, D. D.; West End, 105th St. and Amsterdam Ave., J. Balcom Shaw; Westminster Church of W. 23d St., 210 W, 23d St., Robert F. Sample, D. D. Protestant Episcopal — All Angels, West End Ave. and 81st St., Charles F. Hoffman, D. D.; All Souls', Madison Ave. and 66th St., R. Heber New- ton, D. D.; Ascension, 5th Ave. and 10th St., Rev. E. Winchester Donald, D. D.; Beloved Disciple, Madison Ave. and 89th St., S. Gregory Lines, D. D.; Calvary, 4th Ave. and 21st St., Henry Y. Satterlee, D. D.; Church of the Holy Communion, 6th Ave. , cor. 20th St., Henry Mottet, D. D. ; Grace, Broadway near 10th St., William R. Huntington, D. D.; Heavenly Rest, 551 276 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Fifth Ave., near 45th St., D. Parker Morgan, D. D.; Holy Trinity, Madison Ave. and 426. St., E. Walpole Warren, D. D.; Holy Trinity, Harlem, Lenox Ave., cor 1226. St., Charles De Witt Bridgman, D. D.; St. Andrew's, Fifth Ave. and 127th St., Rev. George R. Van de Water, D. D.; St. Ann's, 7 W. 18th St., Rev. Thomas Gallaudet, D. D.; St. Augus tine's Chapel, 105 E. Houston St., bet. Bowery and Second Ave., Rev. Ar- thur C. Kimber, S. T. D.; St. Bartholomew's, Madison Ave. and 44th St., David H. Greer, D. D. ; St. George's, Stuyvesant Sq. and East 16th St., W. S. Rainsford, D. D.; St. James', Madison Ave. and 71st St., Cornelius B. Smith, D. D.; St. Michael's, Amsterdam Ave. and 99th St., Thomas M. Peters, D. D.; St. Paul's Chapel, Trinity Parish, Broadway and Fulton St., James Mulcahey, D. D.; St. Thomas, Fifth Ave. and 53rd St., John W. Brown, D. D.; Transfiguration, 5 E. 29th St., Rev. George H. Hough- ton, S. T. D.; Trinity, Broadway, opp. Wall St., Morgan Dix, D. D. Reformed Dutch. — Bloomingdale, Boulevard, cor. 68th St., Madison C. Peters; Collegiate, 5th Ave. and 29th St., David James Burrell, D. D.; Collegiate, Fifth Ave. and 48th St., Edward B. Coe, D. D.; Collegiate, 191 E. 121st, near Third Ave. , Joachim Elmendorf, D. D.; Madison Avenue, Madison Ave. and 57th St., Abbott E. Kittredge, D. D.; South, S. E. cor. Madison Ave. and 38th St., Roderick Terry, D. D.; Thirty-fourth Street, 307 W. 34th St., Peter Stryker, D. D. Reformed Presbyterian. — Second, 229 W. 39th St., Robert M. Som- merville, D. D. Roman Catholic— St. Patrick's Cathedral, 5th Ave. and 51st St., the Most Rev. Archbishop Michael Augustin Corrigan, D. D.; St. Gabriel's 37th St.,bt. istand2dAves., Rt. Rev. Mgr. JohnM. Farley, V. G.; St. Leo's, 11 E. 28th St., Thomas J. Ducey, D. D.; St. Francis Xavier, 36 W. 16th St., Wil- liam O'Brien Pardow, S. J.; St. Paul the Apostle, 9th Ave. and Goth St., Walter Elliott (Paulist Fathers); Church of the Sacred Heart, 459 W. 51st St., Very Rev. Joseph Mooney, V. G. ; St. Peter's, Barclay and Church Sts., James McGean; St. Vincent Ferrer's, Lexington Ave. and 66th St., Joseph II. Slinger; St. Bridget's 121 Ave. B, cor. 8th St., Patrick F. McSweeney, D. D.; Church of the Holy Cross, 311 W. 42d St., Charles McCready; St. Stephen's, 149 E. 28th St., Charles Colton; The Church of the Immaculate Conception, 505 E. 14th St., John Edwards; and the Church of the Guar- dian Angels, 511 W. 23d St., William A. O'Neill. Unitarian.— All Souls', 245 Fourth Ave. and 20th St., Theodore C. Williams, D. D.; Messiah, 61 E. 34th St., Robert Collyer, D. D. United Presbyterian.— First, 248 W. 34th St., Thomas W. Anderson; West Forty-fourth St., 434 W. 44th St., Homer H. Wallace, D. D. Uniyersalist— Divine Paternity, or Fourth, Fifth Ave. and 45th St., Charles H. Eaton, D. D.; Third, 133 W- nth St., Edwin C. Bolles, D. D. CHURCHES. 277 Miscellaneous Churches.— Catholic Apostolic, 417 W. 57th St., Charles A. G. Brigham; Church of the Strangers, 299 Mercer St., near 8th St., Charles F. Deems, D. D.; First Preformed Episcopal, Madison Ave. and 55th St., William T. Sabine, D. D.; Greek Church of New York, (in Swedish Evangelical Church), 340 W. 43rd St., Pasius Ferendinos; Hebrew Christian Church, 17 St. Mark's Place, E. Eighth St., Jacob Freshman; Mission Chapel of Divine Providence (Swedenborgian), 356 W. 44th St., S. S. Seward, D. D.; Salvation Army, in Reade St., Ballington Booth, Conv mander. ©EJVIETE^IES AND ©REM ATONIES. Descriptions of the Greater Burying Grounds in and Around New York — Incineration. Every church in New York in the city's early days had a graveyard adjacent to the church building. As late as 1822 there were 23 such grave- yards betwen the present site of the City Hall and Battery Place; of these only 2 remain, those of Trinity Church and St. Paul's Chapel. Burials were prohibited south of Canal St. in 1813, and south of 86th St. in 1851. At present, except in a few special cases, interments are allowed on Manhattan Island only in Trinity Church Cemetery at 10th Ave and 155th St. Wood- lawn Cemetery is the only other burial place within the city limits where interments are permitted. These proper restrictions have been the means of creating a large number of cemeteries in the immediate vicinity of the city on Long Island and in New Jersey. The principal metropolitan cemeteries are: — Calvary Cemetery, in Newtown, Queens County, Long Island, the principal Roman Catholic burying-ground of New York and its suburbs. It is the last resting place of over half a million people. The grounds, with the recently annexed portion, cover an area of more than 180 acres, sub- divided into sections and intersected by many avenues and roads. The cemetery has a commanding location on the crest of a hill and is tastefully laid out. The chief monument of interest is the soldiers' monument, erected by the City of New York in 1866 to commemoratethe soldiers who perished in the Civil War. It consists of a granite shaft 45 feet high sur- mounted by a life size bronze figure typifying "Patriotism." The four sup- porting figures typify different branches of military service. In the plot surrounding the monument are buried the remains of Catholic soldiers who died during the Rebellion and for whose interment no other provision was made. The most direct way of reaching Calvary Cemetery is by either the 34th St. or James Slip Ferry to Long Island City, thence by cab or street car to the cemetery gates. The City Cemetery is governed by the Commissioners of Public Chari- ties and Correction and comprises about 20 acres of low, level, sandy soil on the east side of Hart's Island in Long Island Sound, about 19 miles CEMETERIES AND CREMATORIES. 279 from the New York Post Office. In this cemetery are buried paupers and all others who die in the public charitable institutions of the city and whose bodies are unclaimed. Disinterments for the purpose of re-interment by relatives may be made by permission of the Board of Health. Unless by special privilege, bodies are buried one above the other and not in separate graves. A plot is set apart for soldiers. This cemetery in reached by boat from the foot of East 26th St. at 10 A. M. daily. Cypress Hills Cemetery embraces 400 acres of land, partly in Kings and partly in Queens counties, Long Island. This cemetery is almost filled. Its grounds are somewhat irregular in shape and are made up of hills and valleys, interspersed with small lakes, and shaded by large trees and artis- tically arranged shrubbery. On Mount Victory, the highest point of land, stands the observatory, from which may be seen at a glance, toward the south, the Atlantic Ocean, the highlands and plains of New Jersey, the Hudson and East rivers, the Palisades, and the cities of Brooklyn and New York, and toward the north the rocky hills of Connecticut appear as a blue fringe along the horizon. About three score social, benevolent, ecclesiasti- cal and humane societies own plots in this cemetery. In the section pur- chased by the United States Government, which is under the superinten- dence of a special keeper, about 4,000 soldiers are buried. It is impracticable to describe the many elaborate and stately vaults in this great city of the dead; and as for the monuments, they are as numerous as the trees of the forest, many of them chaste and artistic in design. This cemetery, which is well worth a visit by the stranger, may be reached by many routes, the most convenient of which is by ferry from the foot of Grand street to the foot of Broadway, Brooklyn, and thence by surface cars to the western en- trance. The Cemetery of the Evergreens, situated principally in Kings County, Long Island, comprises about 350 acres of high land, broken by slopes, plains, lakelets and wooded stretches. The situation is very se- cluded and is admirably suited to its purpose. Works of art, exotic trees and shrubs, foliage plants and flowers, have been extensively used in the adornment of the plots, parklets and borders of the many ma- cadamized roadways by which the cemetery is intersected. Rustic bowers and fountains abound. Nothing that would please the eye or add to the natural beauty of the spot has been overlooked. Altogether it is one of the most elaborately artistic of the city's great cemeteries. The main en- trance is at Bush wick Ave. and Conway St., Brooklyn, and may be reached from New York by any of the ferries to Brooklyn, and thence by the street railways. Greenwood Cemetery is not only the largest and firbc of all the metro- politan cemeteries, but in the variety and grandeur of its embellishments it 280 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. far excels any other necropolis in the United States. It is in Flatbush, one of the eastern sections of Brooklyn, on Gowanus Heights overlooking the bay of the same name. This cemetery was founded in 1838 and was opened for interments in 1840. The incisure embraces about 47 acres. Broad, sub- stantial stone roads furnish at all times a firm and pleasant carriageway of 20 miles in length, and conduct the visitor to every part of the grounds. Com- modious and inviting foot-paths, 20 miles in length, laid with concrete, wind round every hill, and explore every dell and shady nook. The work of grading the grounds has involved an immense amount of labor and has been prosecuted with a constant regard to both beauty and utility. The water from five driven wells is pumped into a reservoir and thence is car- ried in pipes to different points, to be used in irrigation and for the supply of the many fountains. Water for drinking purposes is introduced from the Brooklyn City Water Works system. Several lakes, in most of which beautiful fountains play, nestle in the valloys between the gently sloping hills and lend an additional charm to the otherwise beautiful scenery. Drainage is effected by 18 miles of subterranean pipes into which open over 1,200 receiving basins. There are five entrances to the cemetery, of which the main or northern entrance is in Fifth Ave. at 21st St. The general "Fund for the Improvement and Care of the Cemetery" amounts to about $1,700,000. Unlike many other cemeteries, Greenwood is not depen- dent upon private enterprise, but is a trust incorporated under the laws of this state, managed by a board of trustees chosen by the lot owners from among their number, and thus is exempt from the evils of speculation. All money received is added to the interest on the Improvement Fund, which is in part made up of bequests, the interest upon which is annually ex- pended in improving the property of the cemetery and in the maintenance of private lots. About 270,000 interments have been made in the cemetery. The price of lots varies from $190 to $1,000, according to position and sur- roundings. The cemetery contains 632 vaults; comparatively few, however, are above the ground, the majority being built in the hillsides or under ground. There are in all about 58,000 monuments and tombstones, the aggregate cost of which has been several millions of dollars. The northern gate to the cemetery is a massive structure built of New Jersey free stone, 132 feet long and 40 feet deep, surmounted by a central pinnacle 106 feet high. The niches over the gateway are filled with groups of sculpture by John W. Moffitt, representing "Our Saviour's Entombment," "The Res- surrection," "The Raising of the Widow's "Son," and "The iRaising of Lazarus." In the right wing are the offices of the cemetery, where informa- tion regarding the grounds can be obtained. In the left wing is the visitors' gateway, and between the two the entrance for carriages. The Receiving Tomb at Arbor Water is capable of holding 1,500 bodies, besides which OPTICIANS, SPECTACLES, EYEGLASSES AND LORGNETTES. OPERA, FIELD AND MARINE GLASSES OF HIGHEST POWER. BAROMETERS AND THERMOMETERS IN GREAT VARIETY. 26 East 23d Street, Opp. Met. Life Ins. Bldg. NETV YORK. The Central Railroad of New Jersey IN CONNECTION WITH THE READING RAILROAD SYSTEM, Royal Blue Line to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. MOUNTAIN, LAKE AND SEASHORE. BEST IN COMFORT. BEST IN SPEED. BEST IN SAFETY. tl"»rIIS System of Roads embodies a greater diversity in its ramifications than perhaps any ' American railway. The traveler can, by this perfectly equipped system, visit al! prominent I points on the New Jersey seacoast between Sandy Hook and Atlantic City, all parts of Central New Jersey, the Valley of the Lehigh, through the Coal Regions of Pennsy lvania and the Wyoming Valley by the magnificently managed Central Railroad of New Jersey. To NIAGARA FALLS and the Great Lakes no line offers such picturesque beauties as the Great Lehigh. Valley Division of the Reading Railroad System, to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, aptly named the " Scenic Route of America." By this route the traveler passes through the beautiful Valley of the Lehigh, and the famed Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsylvania. To the Nation's Capjtal, the Royal Blue Line offers the fastest and most sumptuously furnished trains in America. Five hour« between New York and Washington is the time con- sumed daily by the trains of the Royal Blue Line, the passenger being assured of equally quick service to Philadelphia and Baltimore. The block system in use insures safety, and the rock ballasted road-bed, with smokeless en- gines and modern coaches afford that comfort which is characteristic of this great trunk line. All trains leave New York from Ferry, foot of Liberty >treet, North River. The Central Railroad of New Jersey, the Lehigh Valley Railroad, the Phil- adelphia and Reading R. R., and the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. trains leave from the commodious station of the Central Railroad of \ : ew Jersey, at Communipaw, Jersey City. Time Tables are found in all the New York City papers, and in all public places in New York and Brooklyn. ILc nplHB tUnm bdUULIlJiDODDDD^ ^ C □XlDD|r rM VvO£ CEMETERIES AND CREMATORIES. . 281 there are many other temporary receptacles and public vaults. Over the porticos of the eastern entrance in Fort Hamilton Ave. are representations in stone of the four ages, infancy, youth, manhood and old age, also from the chisel of Moffitt. The following monuments are always most interesting to visitors : — The John Matthews Monument, by Carl Muller, at the southwesterly end of Valley Water ; the monument and bronze bust of Horace Greeley, on Locust Hill, near Oak avenue, erected by the printers of the United States ; the Brown Brothers Monument, on Hill Ridge, commemorating the loss of six members of this family who perished in the wreck of the steamship Artis ; the Firemen's Monument, erected by the old volunteer fire department of New York ; the Morse Monument, on High Wood Hill, commemorative of the inventor of the electric telegraph; the Chapel Monument, to Miss Mary M. Danser the philanthropist, at Fir and Vine avenues ; the Monument to Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, in section 130 ; the Stephen Whitney Chapel and Tomb, Ocean Hill; the Monu- ment to the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, in section 140 ; Gen. Benjamin F. Tracy's Family Monument, also in section 140 ; the Thomas T. Read Statue and Monument, in section 160; the C. K. Garrison Oriental Tomb, Vernal Ave. ; Niblo's Tomb, Crescent Water ; the Archway, Western Entrance at 35th St. and Fourth Ave. ; Temple and Statue of A. S. Scribner, at Vine and Cyprus avenues; the Sea Captains' Monument, Vista Ave., in memory of Captain John Correja ; the Charlotte Canda Monument, at Fern and Green- bough avenues ; the Soldiers' Monument, on the plateau of Battle Hill, erected by the city of New York in memory of the soldiers who died during the Rebellion ; the Pilots' Monument, erected by the pilots of this city in memory of the heroic pilot, Thomas Freeborn ; the James Gordon Bennett Statuary Group ; the colossal bronze statue of DeWitt Clinton, by Henry Kirk Brown, in Bayside Dell ; the Louis Bernard Monument, in Battle Ave., erected by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in commemoration of Mr. Barnard's philanthropy and his devotion to the work of this society ; and the Brooklyn Theatre Fire Victims' plot, at Bay- view and Battle avenues, in which are buried 105 unrecognized bodies, victims of the Brooklyn Theatre Fire on the evening of December 5th, 1876, when nearly 300 persons lost their lives. Special detectives patrol the cemetery grounds, and a large number of other employes duly licensed by the Brooklyn Police Commissioners are also on duty. No money may be paid to the keepers of the gates or to any other person in the employment of the cemetery authorities in reward for personal services or attention. Greenwood Cemetery is reached from New York by Fulton, Wall, South or Hamilton Ferry to Brooklyn, and thence by street car lines. 282 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. The Lutheran Cemetery was founded by the United Lutheran churches of New York in 1852, and is in Middle Village, Long Island, four miles from the Williamsburg (Brooklyn, E, D.) ferry landings. It em- braces about 400 acres of undulating land, nearly two-thirds of which has been laid out and improved. Union, Chapel and Pleasant Hills add much to the picturesqueness of the scenery and command a delightful view of the surrounding country. Many thousands of trees border the winding roadways and paths. The skill of the artist, the engineer and the gardener has been liberally used to enhance the natural beauty of the landscape. This cemetery is characterized by the absence of monuments and head- stones, the erection of which is contrary to the regulations; plain tablets alone are permitted. Although especially intended for Lutherans, members of any other religious denomination may be buried here. A depot of the Long Island R. R. is within a short distance of the cemetery gates. The Machpela Cemetery is a comparatively small Jewish burying ground, comprising 23 acres, owned by the congregation of the temple Beth-El, Lexington Ave. and 63d St., and located on high, sandy ground near Cypress Hills Cemetery. The rules of this cemetery require lot own- ers to erect stone pillars at the boundary of their purchases, and to keep their plots constantly in good order. Obedience to the rules, of which this is the most severe, is strictly enforced. Members of other religious faiths may be interred in these grounds. Union Field and New Union Field, Jewish cemeteries adjoining Machpela, are under the same manage- ment. The shortest route from New York to this cemetery is by Houston, Grand or Roosevelt St. ferries to Brooklyn, and thence by surface and steam cars to the entrance. Macphelah Cemetery is a small Protestant cemetery in which neither Jews nor Catholics are allowed to be buried, situated near New Durham, New Jersey. It is owned by the Third Reformed Presbyterian Church, 23d St., between 7th and 8th Aves. This cemetery, while making no pre- tense to elaborate adornment, is tastefully kept, and is embellished with many beautiful monuments. A station of the Midland R. R. of New Jer- sey is within three blocks of the cemetery gate. The New York depot of this railroad is at the foot of Liberty St. Maple Grove Cemetery is in the western part of the town of Jamaica, on a beautiful range of hills which run through the centre of Long Island, about nine miles easterly from the heart of New York City. This situation was selected as offering advantages for a rural cemetery superior to any that could be found elsewhere in the suburbs of the metropolis, far enough from the cities to make it safe from encroachment. Its excellent means of communication bring it nearer to New York and Brooklyn than many of the other large cemeteries. The grounds, which are at an elevation rang- CEMETERIES AND CREMATORIES. 283 ing from ioo to 150 feet above the level of the sea, are well wooded and of a very diversified topography. The elevated position of this cemetery has been taken advantage of in making it one of the most attractive and im- pressive of all the suburban cities of the dead. The shortest route to the cemetery is by 34th St. ferry and the Long Island R. R. Linden Hill Cemetery, near Middle Village, Long Island, is owned by the German Methodist Episcopal Church, 254 Second St., and comprises about 10 acres of land. It is a favorite burial place for Germans. The cemetery is non-sectarian, and a large plot in it has been purchased by the Jews. A station of the Long Island R. R. is within a few minutes' walk of the cemetery gates. Marble Cemetery, on the north side of Second St., between First and Second avenues, is one of the burying grounds within the city limits. Al- most the entire space within the walls is occupied by vaults, in which in- terments are still made under certain restrictions. Many vaults and elabo- rate monuments have been erected here. Mount Hope Cemetery, a small burying ground owned by the Free Masons of New York, is situated about half a mile from the town of Hast- ings. Mount Neboh Cemetery -is situated on the Fresh Pond road, adjoining the rear of Cypress Hills Cemetery, and is well kept and excellently laid out. It may be visited by taking any of the routes to Cypress Hills Cemetery. Mount Olivet Cemetery, at Maspeth, Long Island, comprising about 60 acres of land, was incorporated in 1850, and is considered one of the quietest rural cemeteries in the neighborhood of New York. The grounds are undulating and well shaded by effectively arranged trees and tastefully kept lawns; shrubbery and innumerable flower beds add much to the charm of the landscape. From some of the eminences within the cemetery extensive views of the neighboring country may be had. Visitors are gen- erally impressed with the atmosphere of repose pervading these grounds. From New York the cemetery may be reached by any of the East River ferries to Brooklyn and Long Island City, and thence by various street car lines. New York Bay Cemetery is the chief Protestant burying ground for Jersey City, from which it is distant about 2 1-2 miles, on the west shore of New York Bay. It is much patronized by New Yorkers, and comprises about 100 acres of land, gently sloping toward the water's edge. Chapel avenue, beautifully shaded by rows of large elms and maples, runs through the middle of the cemetery, and affords one of the pleasantest drives in the whole neighborhood. Some of the great transatlantic steamship companies own plots in these grounds. The shortest route to the cemetery is by Cort- 284 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. landt or Desbrosses St. ferry to Jersey City, and thence by street car to the gates. Salem Fields Cemetery is the most important exclusively Jewish burial place in the neighborhood of New York. It covers about 5 5 acres of land, and is richly embelished with works of art. Many granite and marble monuments of elaborate design have been erected by the wealthy Hebrew families of the metropolis. The cemetery is owned by the congregation of Temple Emanu-El, 5th Ave. and 43d St. The grounds are adjacent to the Cypress Hills Cemetery, and may be approached from New York by the ferries to Brooklyn, and hence by street car lines. Rockland Cemetery, nearSparkill, N.Y., occupies a commanding and pic- turesque site on the west bank of the Hudson River, along the plateau of the Palisades. It is about 25 miles from the New York Post Office, and may easily be reached by the Chambers St. ferry and the Northern R. R. of N. J. During the past ten years it has begun to rank among the great suburban Cities of the Dead. It would probably be almost impossible to find in the entire Union a location more varied or romantic in the beauty of its natural scenery. Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, one mile from Tarry town, in Westchester County, is without a rival among the metropolitan burying places in the grandeur and beauty of its location. The surface of its grounds is undulating and presents every variety of landscape. Its knolls command wide stretches of Hudson River scenery. Potcantico River, a beautiful mountain stream, ripples and eddies merrily through the grounds. The site of the cemetery is rich in legendary lore and full of historical interest. During the American Revolution a portion of these grounds was fortified as a redoubt by the patriots. Here the first white settlers of this region were buried. Many of the headstones which they erected still stand, but their inscriptions have become obliterated through age. The older graveyard has been superseded by the superbly adorned modern cemetery, upon which many millions of dollars have been spent. Washington Irving, christening this cemetery "Sleepy Hollow," wrote : "If ever I should wish for a retreat whither I might steal from the world and its distractions * * * I know of none more promising than this little valley." Here this celebrated author spent many an hour in mus- ing on the beauties of the great rustic scene. Its remoteness from New York and its rural surroundings will probably protect it for many centuries to come from the inevitable fate which, earlier or later, overtakes all burial places that check the growth of cities. Many distinguished citizens of New York are buried within these grounds. The Tarrytown station of the New York Central R. R. is about 20 minutes' walk from the cemetery gates. Trinity Cemetery, 10th Ave., between 153rd and 155th Sts., com- prises 36 acres, enclosed by a massive stone wall, and is the property of the CEMETERIES AND CREMATORIES. 285 Trinity Church corporation. The cemetery extends westward to within a few hundred feet of the Hudson River. Eleventh Avenue divides the grounds into two sections, which are connected by a bridge, the main entrance being in ioth Ave. There is a noticeable absence of display among the mon- uments, which are very numerous, and appear to nestle beneath the heavily foliaged trees. There are many private vaults. A great many of the lead- ing families of the city own plots in this cemetery. The elevated railway station at 155th St. and 8th Ave. is within a few minutes' walk of the gates. Trinity Church Graveyard, surrounding Trinity Church, was in the early days of New York the principal Protestant Episcopal burying- ground within the city. The most noteworthy monuments within it are: The Martyrs' monument, erected in memory of the Revolutionary prisoners who died on board the old prison ship, in the provost prison, and at other points in New York; Charlotte Temple's grave, marked by a large Montreal brownstone slab; the grave of William Bradford, the publisher of the first newspaper in New York, The New York Gazette; the mausoleum erected to the memory of Captain Lawrence and Lieutenant Ludlow of the frigate Chesapeake, who died in the battle with the British sloop Shannon; the Livingston tomb, in which are interred the remains of Robert Fulton; the grave of Albert Gallatin, one of the earliest and greatest Secretaries of the U. S. Treasury; the tomb of Lord Stirling, of the Revolutionary army; and Alexander Hamilton's monument. Many graves of noted persons are also in the graveyard of St. Paul's Chapel, a few blocks farther up Broadway. Washington Cemetery is about half way between Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and Coney Island. It embraces 100 acres of land. Many metro- politan societies and lodges have plots within its grounds. This cemetery is a favorite burial place for Hebrews. It is used about equally by the people of New York and Brooklyn, and is on the line of the Coney Island Railroad. Woodlawn Cemetery occupies an elevated site at Woodlawn, in the northern part of New York City, and comprises about 400 acres of tastefully laid out grounds. It is the largest burial place within the limits of the city, and is much patronized by the wealthier classes on account of its accessi- bility and the attractiveness and beauty of its location. The cemetery is adorned with many artistically wrought monuments and tombs. A large number of prominent men and women have been interred here. Crematories. Cremation has during recent years been much advocated as a method of disposing of the dead. The growing popularity of this idea is empha- sized by the existence and continually increasing patronage of the crema- tories in the vicinity of New York. The principal institution of this kind 286 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. near the city is that conducted by the United States Cremation Co., at Fresh Pond Station on the Long Island Railroad, about four miles east of the Brooklyn Bridge. The process of cremation essentially consists in the reduction of the body to ashes by subjecting it to the intense heat of from 2,500° to 3,ooo Fahrenheit in a furnace built for the purpose. The body is first placed in a chilled steel retort, to which the flames have no access. It retains its form until after the opening.of the receptacle, when it crumbles to ashes from contact with the air. The gasses evolved during the process are consumed before leaving the building in an apparatus constructed for that purpose. Every incineration must be attended by some relative of the deceased person or representative of the family. The fee for cremation alone is $35. No special preparation of the body or clothing is necessary. The body is always incinerated in the clothing in which it is received. It is usually ar- ranged that the final service terminates prior to the removal of the body to the crematory, but ceremonies when desired may be held there immediately before incineration. The coffin in which the body is taken to the crematory is subsequently burned, except in cases of death from contagious disease, when it is burned with the body. Incineration may be as private as the friends of the deceased person desire. On the day following the ceremony the ashes are delivered in a suitable receptacle to the relatives or friends appointed to receive them. The crematory is reached most conveniently from New York by East 34th St. or James Slip ferry to Long Island City, and thence by Long Island Railroad to Fresh Pond Station. It may also be reached from Brooklyn by various street car lines. SUBURBS. Residential Centres in Brooklyn, Long Island and Staten Island, in New York, Connecticut and New Jersey — The Harbor, Rivers and Islands. Because of its contracted area Manhattan Island long ago ceased to furnish adequate accommodations for the vast army of toilers who make their living within its boundaries. Land, being scarce, was exceedingly valuable, and naturally rents ranged so high that the man of moderate means could ill afford to rent an entire house. The best he could do was to hire a flat or an apartment, or if this was unsatisfactory he was compelled to seek a residence off the island. This state of affairs has resulted in build- ing up a suburban system unequalled anywhere. It has been estimated that fully one-half the people employed within the city limits make their homes in the suburbs. They come in to their work in the morning and go out again at night. All these people belong to the ambitious, intelligent, wide-awake class, and they have built up homes for themselves which com- bine the conveniences of the city with the comforts to be found only in the country. The means of communication between these outlying residence sections and the city are of the highest order, and the suburban district has been extended year by year, until now it practically embraces every point within a radius of eighty miles from the New York City Hall. For purposes of convenient reference it can best be divided into five divisions, namely, Brooklyn, Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey, and New York State and Connecticut. Brooklyn. Brooklyn (pop., 957,163) is the capital of Kings County, Long Island, and is situated on the east bank of the East River opposite New York. In size, in manufacturing and in commerce it is the fourth city of the United States. There are 17,487 acres in the city territory, which is 7 3-4 miles in its greatest length from north to south and 7 1-3 miles in its greatest breadth from east to west. It is noted particularly as a place of residence. Hun- dreds of New York business and workingmen have their homes there and the city is often facetiously called "New York's Bedroom." The appella- 288 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. tion " The City of Churches" has also been given to it. Access to the city from New York is principally by the East River Bridge (fare 3 cents in the cars), from Park Row opposite City Hall Park. At the Brooklyn terminus connection is made with the elevated railroads and the principal street car lines, giving quick communication with all parts of the city. There are also ferry boats which run from Catherine St. to Main St. , Fulton St. to Fulton St., Wall Street to Montague St., Whitehall St. to Atlantic st., Hamilton Ave., and South Brooklyn, Roosevelt St. to Broadway, Houston St. to Grand St., Grand St. to Broadway and Grand St., E 23d St. to Broadway and Greenpoint and E 10th St. to Greenpoint. These boats run every 5 or 10 minutes during the busy hours of the day and every 15 to 30 minutes in the night. The city is divided into the Eastern and Western districts, and includes within its borders several places that have distinctly local designations, such as Williamsburgh, New Brooklyn, South Brooklyn, East New York, Bush- wick, Columbia Heights, Greenpoint, and Bedford. The Heights is one of the aristocratic residence districts. It is a high bluff overlooking the East River and New York Bay and has many elegant residences. The City Hall, at the junction of Fulton, Court and Joralemon Sts., is a fine architectural structure of white marble in the Ionic style. On the ground floor it is 126 x 102 feet, and the three stories and basement are 75 feet high. A clock tower rises from the roof to the height of 153 feet from the ground. Six handsome columns support the roof of the portico. On the plaza in front of the building is a statue of the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, the late pastor of Plymouth Church. The Court House is near the City Hall in Fulton St., a Corinthian edi- fice of marble 64 feet high with a beautiful cupola rising 40 feet above the roof. It cost over $500,000. The Academy of Music is in Montague street near the City Hall, a brick building with stone trimmings, erected in i860 at a cost of over $200,- 000. It has a seating capacity of 2,300 and is used for operatic and dra- • matic performances and for large public gatherings. The Art Association Building adjoins the Academy of Music. It is an ornamental brown stone Gothic structure. In its galleries are held the pic- ture exhibitions of the Brooklyn Art Association and of the Brooklyn Art Club. The Brooklyn Library is in a fine Gothic building in Montague street, near Fulton. The building cost about $150,000, and was erected in 1868. There is a circulating library of over 100,000 volumes and a large and valu- able reference library. The Municipal Building adjoins the Court House in the rear of the City Hall. It is a handsome marble structure and is occupied by several depart- SUBURBS. 280 ments of the City Government. In a vault near by are 13 coffins that hold the remains of the victims of the fever ships in 1808. The Hall of Records, occupied by the County Clerk, Register and Sur- rogate, at Fulton street and Boerum Place, is a handsome white limestone building, three stories high, in the classic Renaissance style. It cost $275,000. The Long Island Historical Society has a large brick building at Clin- ton and Pierrepont streets. The treasures of the society consist of a valua- ble library in which are over 40,000 volumes and as many pamphlets, some of which are exceedingly rare, and a museum containing many things of historical interest. Admission is only on introduction by a member. The group of buildings in the vicinity of the City Hall is remarkable in number, size, importance and architectural worth. The Federal Building, a great edifice of granite has recently been com- pleted m Washington street, near Fulton. This is 165 feet square with four stories and basement and a tall tower. Plymouth Church, where Henry Ward Beecher preached for a genera- tion, is in Orange street, off Fulton street, a few minutes' walk from the Bridge. It is an unpretentious brick structure with a seating capacity of 2,800. Strangers are always welcome. The Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott is now the pastor. Mr. Beecher lived and died at 124 Hicks street, which is not far from the church. Pratt Institute, a celebrated educational institution, is in Ryerson street. It is devoted to manual training and is free to students of both sexes. It is the largest and best equipped institution of its class in the United States, and has annually about 2,500 pupils. Dr. Talmage's New Brooklyn Tabernacle, at the corner of Clinton and Greene Aves., can be reached by Kings County Elevated railway, Vanderbilt avenue station, or Greene avenue cars from the Bridge and Fulton ferry. A large, handsome structure of brick, recently built after the destruction of the old Tabernacle by fire. Seats about 3,000 in the main church room, and has besides a number of large Sunday school and meeting rooms. Regular services Sunday morning and evening, at which Dr. Talmage preaches. The seats are free. The Atlantic docks in extent and completeness are comparable only with the famous docks of Liverpool. They are on the southern shore facing Governor's Island. The great basin in which they lie covers 40 acres, and will accommodate 500 vessels at a time. There are 3,000 feet of pier line, and 2 miles of wharves. Twenty acres are covered with brick and granite warehouses, and there are 9 steam grain elevators of great capacity. Washington Park is a sightly elevation between Myrtle and De Kalb Aves. and Canton and Cumberland Sts., a short distance to the east of the 290 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. City Hall. It occupies the site of what was once Fort Greene, a fortifica- tion of much military importance during the Revolution. There are 30 acres in the pleasure ground, which has been attractively laid out. On Myrtle Ave. at Canton St. is an ornamental entrance, consisting of impos- ing terraces of granite. Beneath the terraces is the tomb of the unfortun- ate American soldiers who died in the " black hole " of the British prison ship " Jersey," which was moored in the East River during the Revolution. The broad paved plaza in front of the terrace is used by children for a play ground, and many out-door public mass meetings are held there. Street cars or the elevated railroad from the Bridge and the ferries give ac- cess to the Myrtle Ave. entrance to this Park. The Navy Yard is the most important naval station in the United States. It is on Wallabout Bay, and street cars from Fulton ferry and the Bridge pass by it. There is a mile of fine wharfage on the 144 acres of land. The granite dry dock, which cost over $2,000,000, is a mammoth structure unsurpassed by anything of its kind in the world. It is 307 feet long by 98 feet wide. A still larger dock now building will be 465 feet long by 210 feet wide. The largest vessels afloat can be accommodated in it. The Naval Lyceum, occupying a plain substantial building in the yard, has a valuable library and collections of minerals and curiosities from all parts of the world. Extensive marine barracks adjoin the yard, and there are many old-fashioned but comfortable, houses for the officers and prin- cipal attaches. Near at hand, across the bay, is the Naval Hospital, where there are accommodations for 500 patients. A deal of work in repairing and construction is done in the Yard, and generally there are one or more of the big war ships stationed here. A commodore of the United States Navy has charge of the establishment. Prospect Park is one of the most beautiful parks in the world. It is 550 acres in extent and is located in the south-western part of the city. Horse cars from all parts of the city and from the ferries give access to it. The site is historic, for the battle of Long Island in 1776 was fought here. In Battle Pass is a tablet commemorating that event. Topographically the grounds are admirable. There are broad meadows and high wooded hills from which are views of New York City, New Jersey and the waters of the adjacent rivers, harbor, and the Atlantic. The park is of entirely arti- ficial construction, but it has been all the appearance of having been devel- oped from a wild state of nature in woodland and meadow. It is handsome with grand old trees and is a favorite resort of the artists of New York and Brooklyn, who have painted many pictures from it The territory included in the park was bought in 1866 for $5,000,000, and in the work of improving and developing it many more millions have been expended. There are 8 miles of drives, 3% miles of bridle road SUBURBS. 291 and 1 1 miles of rambles and pathways for pedestrians, lined with trees. Drinking fountains, arbors, rustic shelters and restaurants are numerous. There is a lake of 61 acres for boating in summer and skating in winter, a Lookout Concourse on the highest hill in the grounds, a Terrace where there are charming flower gardens, sheep on the lawn, water fowl on the lake, a herd of deer, and bears and other animals. The parade ground covers 25 acres and is used for military affairs, base ball, tennis and other sports. The principal entrance to the park is in Flatbush Ave., where there is a broad paved plaza, a handsome fountain, a statue of Abraham Lincoln, and a memorial arch that is one of the handsomest structures of its kind in the United States. Several boulevards have been projected in connection with the park, and one of these, 6 miles long and 210 feet wide, has been completed to the ocean. On Saturdays and Sundays during the summer there is music for the public at the music stand by the lake. Greenwood Cemetery, one of the famous burial places of the world, is about a mile and a half in a southerly direction from Prospect Park. Elevated Railroads. — In many respects the most complete in the world. The system has been gradually extended until at the present time passengers can reach almost any part of the city by their use. Their erection has caused a wonderful development of the outlying sec- tions of the city. Where formerly there were vast stretches of vacant land, houses have sprung up as if by magic. Individual building operations sometimes cover several acres, where speculative builders have erected houses in long rows, reaching from block to block. Towards East New York this kind of building has been especially noticeable, and during the last few years thousands of substantial dwellings have gone up in this territory. Most of these are owned by people doing business in New York, who have been able to purchase the houses and grounds on easy terms. This system is gradually making Brooklyn a " City of Homes" that will rival Philadelphia, if it has not already reached it.. The Ele- vated roads are controlled by two companies, the Brooklyn and Union, and the Kings County. The Brooklyn and Union controls a large system which radiates all over the city. The Brooklyn Bridge, Grand and Lexington avenue line runs from the Bridge to East New York. The Fifth avenue line runs from the Bridge to Greenwood Cemetery. Only a block or so from the ter- minus are the tracks of the Electric cars which run to Bay Ridge and Fort Hamilton. The Broadway line runs from the ferry at the foot of Broad- way, where the New York ferry-boats land from 23d and Roosevelt and Grand streets, to East New York and Eastern Park. The Myrtle avenue line runs from Fulton avenue to Ridgewood, where are located the Ridgewood Base Ball Park, the Ridgewood Reservoir, and 292 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. a large collection of picnic grounds. The fare on all the Elevated roads is 5 cents, and by a system of transfers on the Brooklyn and Union lines, the traveller may reach almost any part of Brooklyn for one fare. Kings County Elevated Railway. Every stranger or tourist visiting New York should not fail to take a trip over the Kings County Elevated Railway, which runs from Fulton Ferry and from Brooklyn Bridge along Fulton St. to East New York, a distance of seven miles, for five cents fare. After leaving Court St. station, the train passes the City Hall with the famed statue of Henry Ward Beecher in front, the County Court House and Hall of Records. Near Elm Place and Dufneld St. stations are some of the finest Dry Goods Emporiums in the world, rivalling the displays in the shops of the Palais Royal or the Bon Marche of Paris, also the handsome building of the Y. M. C. A. At Franklin Ave. the passenger must change cars for Brighton Beach, which can be reached in 20 minutes, fare 15 cents. At Manhattan Crossing, which is within one minute's walk of the Cemetery of the Evergreens, direct connection is made with the Electric Road, which passes the entrances to the following cemeteries: National Soldiers, Salem Field, Jewish Cemetery, Union Fields, Cypress Hills and Mt. Nebor. Ridgewood Reservoir, and Ridgewood Park, from which is obtained a fine view of Jamaica Bay, the ocean and the surrounding country, is also on the line of this road, which extends to Woodhaven and Jamaica. At Eastern Park Station is the Ball Ground of the Brooklyn Base Ball Club. Montauk Ave. is the present ter- minus of the Road. The entire trip can be made from the Bridge to the end of the road in 35 minutes. Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad. The Brooklyn and Brighton Beach Railroad makes close connection at the Franklin Ave. station of the Kings County Elevated Railway. Fare, 15c; excursion, 25c; time 20 minutes. This road reaches the finest beach for bathing on the Atlantic Coast. A first-class hotel is open there during the summer season. Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad. This road makes close connection at the Atlantic Ave. station of the Kings County Elevated Railway for Canarsie Landing, Canarsie Village and Grove, and the Company's steam ferry to Rockaway Beach. It affords by far the pleasantest route to the ocean beach, and is also largely patron- ized by the lovers of good fishing, which may be had on the waters of Jamaica Bay. Canarsie Landing, the railroad terminus, has several excellent and one large first-class hotel, where refreshments of all kinds are served, from a simole. SUBURBS. 293 dish of chowder or shell fish to the more elaborate fish dinner or the regular menu of a metropolitan restaurant a la carte. During the regular season a military band discourses popular music in front of the Bay View Hotel from 2 o'clock to ii o'clock P.M., daily. Excursion fares to Rockaway Beach, 35 cents. Boat trains every hour on the half hour. To Canarsie Landing, excursion 20 cents; trains every half hour, except Sundays and holidays, when interval is reduced to 10 or 20 minutes, as travel may require. Long Island. Long Island is a place of homes and of manufacturing and agricultural industries. During the season excursion steamers run to the popular sum- mer resorts. Long Island R. R. trains start from the depot in Long Island City, which is reached by the ferry from East 34th St. Astoria (single fare 3 cents; ferry from East g2d St.) is a suburb of Long Island City and lies along the East River, opposite Blackwell's Island. A generation and more ago the boulevard along the line of the river was a fashionable place of residence for wealthy New York merchants. Many of the old mansions still remain, but in a decaying condition. Steinway, part of Astoria, is a village that has sprung up around the Steinway pianoforte manufactory. Astoria received its name from the Astors, who formerly lived there. Bay Ridge (m., 4f, fare, 10c; excursion, 20c.) is just outside the city of Brooklyn. It is part of the town of New Utrecht and occupies the ridge that extends for two miles or more along the shore of New York Bay over- looking the Narrows from Brooklyn to Fort Hamilton. It was originally settled by old Dutch families, and some of the substantial old mansions still remain. It is now being rapidly developed as a place of suburban homes. It was at Bay Ridge, near the old Van Brunt mansion, that Mosher, one of the Charlie Ross abductors, was killed. Now on the site of the old Van Brunt house is the summer house of the Crescent Athletic Club of Brook- lyn. It is reached by ferry from the foot of Whitehall street and by street cars from the Brooklyn Bridge. Babylon (pop., 6,049; m -> 37; fare, $1.10; excursion, $2.00) is a fashion- able summer resort on the south shore. It has several fine hotels and a considerable all-the-y ear-around population. The preserve of the West- minster Kennel Club is there. Among the handsome mansions are those of the late August Belmont and of Austin Corbin. Argyle Park is a beau- tiful property with trees, lakes, winding roads, hotel and casino. Bellport (pop., 297; m., 58; fare $1.75; excursion, $3.15) overlooks South Bay, part of it being a high bluff. It has become the summer home of wealthy people and many costly houses have been erected. Near Bell- port is Smith's Point, where you can still see the breastworks of Fort St. 294 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. George, a British stronghold during the Revolutionary War. Much of the land still remains in the possession of descendants of the Captain William Smith who patented the land in 1693. Members of the Smith family are buried in the cemetery adjoining the fort, and near by is the house where William Floyd Smith, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independ- ence, lived. Central Islip (m., 44; fare, $1.30; excursion, $2.35) is the location of the Farm Colony for the chronic insane of the city of New York, estab- lished in 1884. There are nine pavilions for the accommodation of 400 insane persons. College Point (pop., 5,000; m., gy£; fare, 25c; excursion, 45c.) is on the North Shore, between Flushing Bay and Long Island Sound. It is principally a manufacturing town, and has a library, a free technological institute, and a reading room. Easthampton (pop., 2,969; m., 102; reached by stage from Sag Har- bor, 7 miles; fare, $2.95; excursion, $5.30; or Bridgehampton 6 miles) has been noted for two centuries, and has many picturesque old houses. John Howard Payne lived here when a boy, and the Rev. Lyman Beecher was once pastor of the village church. In the village cemetery is an imposing monument to Lion Gardiner, the lord of Gardiner Island. Clinton Acad- emy, the pride of the place, was founded in 1784. Three genuine Holland wind-mills are in the town, and have been painted hundreds of times by artists who flock here every summer. The Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage has a summer home here. Flushing (pop., 20,816; m., 8; fare, 20c; exursion, 35c.) stands at the head of Flushing Bay on the North Shore. It is a beautiful old-fashioned town, and is largely populated by New York business men. It is a well- kept town with all the municipal advantages of a large city. Its educa- tional institutions, both public and private, have a very high reputation. Flatbush adjoins Prospect Park, Brooklyn (pop., 12,625). It has hand- some residences and many old-time features. The Kings County Alms- house, a Lunatic Asylum and a large hospital are located there. Horse cars from Brooklyn ; fare, 5 cents. Fort Hamilton is on the south shore below Bay Ridge in the town of New Utrecht. The military reservation there contains 96 acres. There is a strong fort which commands the Narrows and the lower bay. The place has become a popular excursion summer resort, and is well provided with restaurants, beer gardens and other amusement features. It is reached by the Brooklyn horse cars. Immediately in front of Fort Hamilton is the brick circular Fort Lafayette standing in the water of the Narrows. This was a prison for political offenders during the war. Glen Cove (m., 27J ; fare, s., 55c. ; excursion, $1.00). A large starch SUBURBS. 295 factory is located here, and there are boarding houses and hotels for summer visitors. Garden City (m, i8|; fare, 55c; excursion, $1.00) is situated on Hemp- stead Plains. It is the Episcopal Cathedral City of Long Island, and the residence of the Bishop. The place was founded by A. T. Stewart, who bought the land in 1869 at a cost of nearly $400,000. It is now a beautiful little country town. The features of the place are an ex- cellent school, a casino, a park, and a cathedral. The cathedral is a superb specimen of Gothic architecture handsomely decorated within and without, as is the mausoleum of the Stewart family by whom it was built. Hampton (pop., 437; m., 74^; fare, $2.20; excursion, $3.95) is on the South Shore, and is much frequented. The old Dix farm is here, occupied for many years by the late Gen. John A. Dix and now by his son, the Rev- Dr. Morgan Dix, of Trinity Church, New York. Long Island City (pop., 35,745) is on Long Island north of Brooklyn and opposite New York at about 42nd St. It is reached by ferryboat, fare $ .03, from East Thirty -fourth St., New York, to Hunter's Point. The ter- minus of the Long Island Railroad is at Hunter's Point, where there is a large and convenient station. In the vicinity are many oil refineries and chemical works. Mont auk Point is the extreme eastern point of Long Island. It is reached by carriage from Easthampton or by boat from Sag Harbor. There is a small summer colony. The Montauk Lighthouse is on the Point, and there is a life-saving station. Newtown (pop., 19,776; m., 6; fare, 15c; excursion, 25c.) can also be reached by electric cars from Hunter's Point, Long Island City, and by many street car lines from Brooklyn. It is an old-fashioned country village that has gradually come into prominence as a burial ground for New York, Brooklyn and vicinity. There are over twenty cemeteries in the town ranging in extent from one acre to four hundred acres, and 1,800,000 dead have been buried in them. There also is the Fresh Pond Crematory at the Fresh Pond Station in this town. Queens (m., 13%; fare, 40c. excursion, 70c.) is principally devoted to farming and gardening. There are many extensive nurseries in the neighborhood. A short distance from Queens, and reached by stages, is Creedmoor, where is the celebrated American rifle range. There the National Guard of the State of New York practises. Quogue (m., 17^; fare, $2.30; excursion, $4.15) was frequented in years gone by by Gov. De Witt Clinton, Daniel Webster and other great men. It is famous for its fishing and bathing. Roslyn (pop. 1,101; m., 22; fare, 55c; excursion, $1.00), on the North Shore, is a picturesque village among the hills, a short distance inland from 296 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Long Island Sound. There are several manufacturing establishments and an observatory which is on the highest elevation of Long Island. William Cullen Bryant lived and died there. His old-fashioned home is still stand- ing, and his grave is in the village cemetery. Shelter Island (pop., 907; m., 95; ferry from Greenpoint, the termi- nus of the northern branch of the Long Island Railroad) is almost at the extreme eastern end of Long Island at the mouth of Peconic Bay. It is a large, picturesque island, well wooded, and with a good harbor. It was a refuge for George Fox and his Quaker followers when they fled from their Puritan persecutors in New England. Now the island is largely occupied by summer residents. The old Shelter Island Manor House is still stand- ing. There are several good hotels and several hundred handsome cot- tages. Seven miles eastward from Shelter Island, across Gardiner Bay, is Gardiner's Island, celebrated in colonial and revolutionary days. It is still owned by the Gardiner family, and has a small colony of farmers. Sag Harbor (m., 99^2; fare, $2.95; excursion, $5.30) is a curious old town, the terminus of the southern branch of the Long Island Railroad. Once it was a famous old whaling port, and a hundred years ago it had more tonnage of square rigged vessels engaged in commerce than the port of New York. There are several manufacturing establishments in the place, and many summer cottages and boarding places. Southampton (pop., 8,041; m., 89^; fare, $2.65; excursion, $4.80) is an exclusive and fashionable community, the home of wealthy families who have built many costly houses. The old village is antique, and has many features of historical interest. Shinnecock Hills (m., 85^; fare, $2.55; excursion, $4.60) is a popular resort with artists as well as fashionable summer visitors. A summer school of art calls many students here every season. The remnant of the Shinnecock tribe of Indians still lives here. A couple of miles dis- tant on the shore is Canoe Place with an old-fashioned tavern that has en- tertained man and beast for over 150 years. Here John L. Sullivan trained for his disastrous fight with Corbett. The ruins of an old fort are here, and by the roadside at the tavern is a huge wooden figurehead of Her- cules that once belonged to the United States warship Ohio. Other places on the South Shore are Bayswater, a fishing resort; Lawrence, an exclusive home of wealthy folk; Cedarhurst, where the Rockaway Hunt Club has its Queen Anne Club House; Long Beach, much frequented by politicians; Merrick, with its famous camp-meeting grounds; Massapequa; Amity ville, with its Dominican Convent and Home for the Insane; Oak dale, which contains the summer home of William K. Vanderbilt; Patchogue, and Moriches. Other interesting places along the North Shore, within thirty miles of SUBURBS. 297 New York, all of which have a substantial, permanent population, and are favorite summer resorts as well, are College Point, devoted to manufac- tures; Whitestone, near which is the fort and Government reservation at Willett's Point; Bayside; Little Neck, famous for its clams; Great Neck, which contains many elegant mansions; Manhassett, Glen Head, Sea Cliff, Bayville, Locust Valley, and Oyster Bay, famous for its asparagus. Beyond, that are Huntington; Northport, a place of shipyards and fishermen; Smith- town, with its 5,000 acres of preserve of the Brooklyn Gun Club; ancient Port Jefferson; River Head, the county seat at' the head of Peconic Bay; Peconic, and Greenport, the eastern terminus of the northern branch of the Long Island Railroad. Suburban towns of Brooklyn are Richmond Hill, a new and pretty set- tlement; Woodhaven, a manufacturing town; Jamiaca, an old town with many colonial houses and several notable higher educational institutions; Hollis and Floral Park, and East Hinsdale, where there are many seed and flower nurseries. Staten Island. Staten Island constitutes the southern boundary of New York harbor and is distant from the Battery, New York, a little more than five miles. It is thirteen miles long, and comprises 58 1-2 square miles. In the interior are two ranges of hills, well wooded, and in beauty of surroundings and scenic attractions the island has often been compared wich the Isle of Wight. Communication is by ferry from New York City. The boats leave the slip at Pier 1, East River, at the foot of Whitehall street, every twenty minutes during the busy hours of the day. The trip down the harbor is a delightful one, giving views of Governor's Island, whereon are Fort Columbus and Castle Williams; of Bedloe's Island with the statue of Liberty; of Jersey City and the Hudson River; of Brooklyn and the East River with the won- derful East River Bridge, and the Narrows, through which the ships of the world sail in and out. St. George is the Staten Island terminus of the ferry. There connection is made with the trains of the Staten Island Rapid Tran- sit Railroad, which is the only means of communication with all parts of the island. Arrochar (m., 8^ ; fare, 10c. ; excursion, 20c,) is the southern terminus of the railroad. In the immediate vicinity of the station is one of the most picturesque and attractive spots of the island. A few moments' walk from the station is the South Beach. Clifton (m., 7; fare, 10c. ; excursion, 20c.) was formerly known as Vanderbilt's Landing. Garibaldi, the Italian patriot, at one time resided here and was engaged in the manufacture of tallow candles. The house in which he lived is still standing. The boarding station of the Health 298 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Officer of the Port of New York is at Clifton. There are several breweries in the place. Fort Wadsworth (m., 7%; fare, 10c. ; excursion, 20c.) is a United States Government reservation, overlooking the Narrows. Near the shore is a great stone fort, and behind this, rising inland, are the mas- sive earthworks of Fort Tompkins, which is said to be one of the finest de- fensive structures in the country. A military force is always stationed here. Grant City (m., 10; fare, 25c; excursion, 40c.) is attractive by reason of its associations with the celebrated Vanderbilt family. Not far from the station is the old Moravian church and cemetery with the costly Vanderbilt mausoleum, which was erected of Quincy granite at a cost of $200,000, after designs by architect Richard M. Hunt. Adjoining the cem- etery are the old church and parsonage, built in 1763, and in the immediate vicinity is the old Vanderbilt farm. Livingston (pop. , 2,060; m., 64; fare, 10c. ; excusion, 20c.) is simply a place of residence, without stores or even a post office. Several of the clubs of Staten Island are located here. For a quarter of a century, George William Curtis, the author and publicist, was the most distinguished resident of the place. Between Livingston and West Brighton is the home of the Staten Island Athletic Club, which has a well appointed club house, a fine boat house, a gymnasium, and spacious grounds laid out for athletic sports of all kinds. New Brighton (pop., 12,697; m., 5§; fare, 10c. ; excursion, 20c.) is the first station north of St. George. One of the most beautiful features of the island is here — the Richmond Terrace, a handsome shaded road facing the water and lined on the land side by elegant old colonial mansions standing in the midst of wide sweeping lawns. New Dorp (m., 10^.; fare, 25c; excursion, 40c.) has become a place of suburban residence for New Yorkers. Back of the village on a hill is a lighthouse or "range light" and another lighthouse stands on the shore directly in front. A short distance away is the Black Horse Tavern, a famous hostelry in revolutionary days, now partly rebuilt but still retain- ing much of its colonial character. Port Richmond (pop., 3,028; m., S; fare, 10c. ; excursion, 20c.) is a vil- lage of comfortable residences. A large frame house now known as the St James Hotel was once the home of Aaron Burr. In one of its rooms up- stairs, Burr died. Richmond (m., 12.) is off the line of the railway and is reached by stage from Oakwood Station; fare, 25c; excursion, 30. It was named after the Duke of Richmond and is the county seat of Richmond County. The locality is rich in historical memories. Here were the headquarters SUBURBS. 299 of the British Army in the Revolution, and in and about St. Andrew's Church was one of the lively skirmishes of that period. The old grave- yard has many interesting tombstones, some of them more than a cen- tury old. A son of Lord Dougan, Colonial Governor of New York, is buried here. On top of a little hill near the church are the remains of the old British Fort, Mount Izzard. Snug Harbor (m., 6%; fare, ioc. ; excursion, 20c.) is so called from its being the site of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, an asylum for sailors, founded by Robert Richard Randall. This institution has spacious grounds and several handsome buildings. A monument to Mr. Randall stands here, and a fine statue of the founder by the sculptor St. Gaudens. Near the Snug Harbor is a home for destitute seamen's children. Stapleton (m. , 6%; fare ioc. ; excursion, 20c.) is a popular residence place. There is a Seaman's Retreat on the shore road, established by the State Legislature, and a United States Marine Hospital. St. George (m., 5%; fare, ioc; excursion, 20c.) is the terminus of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and has many great freight ware- houses. From the high hill back of the village is a magnificent view of the harbor and the adjacent country, one of the most beautiful in the vicinity of New York. On the shore are the Atlantic Cotton Docks and the general supply depot of the United States Lighthouse establishment. Tompkinsville (m. , 5^; fare, ioc; excursion, 20c) was named after Governor and Vice-President Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York. Here are the houses of the New York Canoe Club and the Seawanhaka Yacht Club. From Pavilion Hill, back of the town, a superb view of the harbor may be had. Tottenville (pop., i,i47; m - > ^-9/4) fare, 35c; excursion, 60c) is at the extreme southern end of the island. There the main line of the Staten Island Railroad terminates, and thence there is ferryboat communication with Perth Amboy, New Jersey. The old Billop House, built about 1670 by Christopher Billop, is still standing here. During the Revolution the British occupied the house, which was the scene of a conference between General Howe and a continental peace commission. Other villages of attractive character on Staten Island are West Brighton, a busy country town with important manufactures; Grassmere and Garretsons, residence villages; Giffords, and Prince's Bay, famous fishing resorts; the Woods of Arden, with its pleasant picnic resorts and a good inn; and Kreischerville, Linoleum ville and ^Rossville, manufacturing communities. New York. Bedford Park (fare, 20c, excursion, 35c; N. Y. & Harlem) is a hand- some residence park containing many beautiful villas of wealthy New Yorkers. 300 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Immediately adjoining is the new Bronx River public park containing 856 acres. Chappaqua (m., 33; fare 78c; excursion, $1.40; N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.) is an interesting and charming summer home for many city people. It was the home of Horace Greeley, who did much to improve it. Here is the old Quaker Church, once occupied by sick and wounded soldiers of the Revolution, and many were buried on the surrounding hill- sides. Croton Lake (m., 33; fare, 80c; excursion, $1.45; N. Y. & H. R. R.) six miles up the Croton River, which enters the Hudson at Croton Point, which separates Tappan Zee from Haverstraw Bay, whence near New York City obtains its water supply. Dobbs Ferry (m., 21; fare 40c; N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.) was the head quarters of both the British and American troops during the Revolution. Washington had his headquarters in the Livingston Manor House, and there in 1783 George Clinton and Sir Guy Carleton had a conference which resulted in the decision to evacuate the City of New York. Fordham (m., 9; fare 15c; N. Y. & Harlem) is noted as a pleasant place of residence and as the site of St. John's Roman Catholic college, an institution of learning of the first rank. On the campus in front of the principal college building is a fine statue of Archbishop Hughes. Haverstraw (m., 32*; fare, 80c. ; excursion, $1.20; N. J. & N. Y. R. R., W. Shore R. R.) is at the foot of High Torn Mountain, on Haverstraw Bay, and is famous for its immense brick-yards. Large areas of the river front are enclosed by coffer-dams that the valuable clay beneath the surface of the water may thus be reached and utilized. It is called the "city of brick-yards." Hastings on the Hudson (pop., 1,800; m., 19; fare, 38c, N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.) is the suburban home of many wealthy New Yorkers. The army of Cornwallis crossed the Hudson River at this point to attack Fort Lee during the Revolution. Irvington (m., 23; fare, 44c; N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.) was named after Washington Irving. Sunnyside Cottage, where Irving lived, is a stone-gabled structure on the bank of the river, built by Wolfert Acker, a privy councilor of Peter Stuyvesant. The country seat of the late Cyrus W. Field is a mile or more south of the village of Irvington. Near Sunnyside is the residence of Albert Bierstadt, and a little further north is " Lyndehurst," the old Paulding Manor, the country home of Jay Gould, one of the most elegant estates in the vicinity of New York. Larchmont (m., 18; fare 40c; N. Y. & N. H. R. R.) is on Long Island sound, and is popular as a summer home for New Yorkers. Here is the home of the Larchmont Yacht Club, one of the largest in the SUBURBS. . 301 vicinity of New York. It has a very handsome club-house situated on a tract of ii acres. Nyack (pop., 9,500; m., 30; fare, 60c; excursion, $1.00; N. R. R. of N. J., or ferry from Tarrytown) has been called the "Gem of the Hudson." It is a beautiful town, having a fine view of the Tappan Zee. There is connection with Tarrytown, opposite, by ferry-boat. A mile from the station, fronting the river, with 30 acres of ground, is the club-house of the Country Club. New Rochelle (pop., 5,276; m., 20; fare, 30c; N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R.) is a beautiful residence place, and overlooks New Rochelle harbor and Long Island Sound, and connects by boat with Glen Island, a charming summer resort. There are many fine old colonial mansions built by the early English and Dutch residents and the French Huguenots who first settled the place. There is an actors' summer colony here. Piermont (m., 26; fare, 55c; excursion, $1.00; N. R. R. of N. J.) just below Nyack and opposite Dobb's Ferry, is situated just where the Palisades recede from the shore, and at the dividing line between the States of New York and New Jersey. It derives its name from a pier about a mile long that reaches out into the bay of Tappan Zee. It was once the terminus of the Erie Railway, passengers and freight being taken to N. Y. by boats. Peekskill (pop., 10,000; m., 43; fare, 82c; N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.) is named after the Dutch navigator Jan Peek. General Putnam had his headquarters there during the Revolution and there he hanged the Brit- ish spy Edward Palmer. The Van Cortlandt Manor House still standing was once occupied by Washington. The camp ground of the New York State National Guard is a few miles from the village across Peekskill Bay. The ruins of old Fort Independence are still to be seen near the village. The late Henry Ward Beecher had his summer residence and farm here, and the old Depew homestead where Chauncey M. Depew was born is still standing, a fine old colonial mansion. Peekskill Military Academy and the Franciscan Convent Academy are noted educational institutions of the place. Rockland Park (m., 23! ; fare, 60c. ; excursion, $1.00; West Shore R. R.) lies among the hills about a mile back of Hook Mountain above Nyack. The greater portion of the ice consumed in New York City comes from this place, probably the largest ice market in the world; about two hundred thousand tons are cut, the business giving employment to a thousand men. It is also a popular summer resort. Sing Sing (pop. , 10,000; m., 32; fare, 60c; N. Y. & N. R. R., N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.) is principally noted as the site of the New York State Prison, an imposing collection of granite and marble buildings, with 302 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. an iron foundry and many shops. The name of the town is a corruption of the Indian word Ossining meaning "stone upon stone." Tappan (pop., 200; m., 24; fare, 55c. ; excursion, $1.00; West Shore R. R.) is just over the line in New York'State from New Jersey, and is noted as having been the scene of Major Andre's imprisonment, trial and execution. The house is still standing in which he was imprisoned and an overthrown monument on top of the hill marks the place of his execution. Tuxedo Park (pop., 500; m., 38.2; fare, $1.08; excursion, $1.60; N. Y., L. Erie & Western. R. R.) is a fashionable, restricted and exclusive resort for some of New York's "Four Hundred." Most of this wealthy population have built their own villas and maintain high social state. Tarrytown (pop., 5,000; m., 29; fare, 45c; excursion, 80c; N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.) It was here that Major Andre was captured and at Greenburg three miles east of the town a monument commemorates that event. In Tarrytown is Christ Church where Washington Irving worshipped. At Sleepy Hollow is the ancient Dutch church, a quaint building 300 yeajsold the oldest church building now standing in the State. In the cemetery ad- joining is the grave of Irving. A short distance away is the old bridge across which Ichabod Crane was chased by the headless horseman, as Irv- ing has told the legend. In this vicinity are the Robert Hoe, William E. Dodge, S. B. Schieffelin, A. C. Kingsland, Anson G. Phelps and W. H. Aspinwall mansions. Tuckahoe (pop., 1,700; m., 16; fare, 38c; excursion, 60c; N. Y. & H. R. R.) is celebrated for its extensive marble quarries. Several of the most attractive residence parks of Westchester County are in this town or adjoin- ing it. Westchester (pop., 6,789; m., 12; fare, 20c; Harlem Branch of N. Y. & N. H. R. R.) east of Mt. Vernon, is a historic place and celebrated for the race-course of the N. Y, Jockey Club called the "Eclipse Course" over which the Great Eclipse Stakes and short races are run. Whiter Plains (pop., 4,094; m., 23; fare, 50c; excursion, 90c; N. Y. N. EL & H. R. R. R.) is the capital of Westchester County. It is an attractive old town with a pre-Revolutionary history. The battle of White Plains was fought here, October 28, 1776. Many historic buildings still remain. Yonkers (pop., 32,033; m., 17; fare, 30c; excursion, 50c; N. Y. & N. R. R. and N. Y. C. &H. R. R. R. also Hudson River Steamboats,) is on the east bank of the Hudson River at the mouth of the Nepperhan River. It is one of the most beautiful small cities in the vicinity of New York. It has many elegant residences and several important carpet and other manufacturing establishments. Yonkers is an old Dutch settlement dating from the begin- ning of Peter Stuyvesant's administration of New Netherland. The mun- icipal building is an historic edifice, being the Manor House of the Phillipse SUBURBS. 303 family. Here was the home of Mary Phillipse, the first love of George Washington. Greystone, long the residence of Samuel J. Tilden, is in Yonkers,^ several miles north of the city proper on the banks of the Hud- son. Connecticut. Bridgeport (pop., 48,866; m., 56; fare, $1.15; N. Y., N. H. & H.) is also connected with New York by steamboats, and has a considerable coasting and fishing trade. It is principally noted for its manufactures, the most important being sewing machines, fire-arms, cutlery and other hard- ware. The great showman, P. T. Barnum, had his home here and the win- ter quarters of his show. Seaside Park, on the shore of the Sound, is one of the attractions of the place. Danbury (pop., 16,552; m., 66; fare, $1.60; N. Y., N. H. & H.) is de- voted largely to the manufacture of hats, being one of the leading^ pities of the world in this respect. It has handsome public buildings and a pub- lic library. The town was burned by the English troops in 1777, and a monument commemorates that event. Fairfield (m., 51; fare, $1.05; N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R.) adjoins Bridge- port, and is an interesting, old-fashioned New England town. It is princi- pally interested in shipping, and has in Black Rock one of the finest harbors in the State of Connecticut. There are many fine old mansions as well as handsome modern buildings. Norwalk (pop., 17,747; m., 43; fare, 85 cents; N. Y., N. H. & H. R.)is on Long Island Sound, and has regular steamboat as well as rail communi- cation with New York. Is famous for its oysters, and there are extensive iron foundries, shipyards, hat and shoe factories, and other manufacturing industries. The town was settled in 1640, and was burned by the Hes- sians, 1779. Stamford (pop., 15,700; m., 35; fare, 75 cents; N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R.) is on a small harbor off Long Island Sound. It is principally devoted to manufacturing carriages, stoves, hardware and chemicals. There is i young ladies' seminary here. New Jersey. Asbury Park (pop., 4,000; fare, $1.20; excursion, $1.85; C. R. R. of N. J.); about fifty miles from New York is named after the pioneer Bishop Asburygof the Methodist Church. The summer population is about 30,000, and it has become a very popular resort. The founder and largest land holder m the town is James Bradley, whose special aim is to prohibit all sales and manufacture of liquor, his title deeds enforcing this rule. Atlantic City (pop., 13,055; m., 127; fare, $3.25; C. R. R. of N. J.) is situated on an islet known as Absecom Island, seven miles from the 304 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. mainland, from which it is separated by Barnegat Bay. At the northern end is Absecom Inlet, navigable for vessels drawing not over eight feet of water, and which leads to the port of Atlantic City. Owing to the mildness of its climate it has become one of the most popular all the year round re- sorts on the Atlantic coast. Bayonne (pop., 19,033; m., 7; fare, 12c; C. R. R. of N. J.) is a tavorite settlement for. many of New York's business men and has many fine residences. Here are the New Jersey Athletic Club and the Carteret Gun Club, both well-known and popular organizations. Many oil refineries increase the business interests of the place. Bergen Point (pop., 1,000; m., 7.7; fare, 15c; C. R. R. of N. J.) on the Kill von Kull, opposite Port Richmond, Staten Island, is a summer resort and residential place having good boating and bathing facilities. It is a part of Bayonne. The Argonauta Boat Club has its headquarters here. Communipaw (m., 2.3; fare, 7c; C. R. R. of N. J.) on the West Shore of New York bay, is the terminus of the Central Railroad of New Jersey and is reached by ferry from the foot of Liberty st. Cranford, (pop., 2,000; m., 17; Central R. R. of New Jersey — fare, 40c; excursion, 60c.) is situated on the small but highly picturesque Rahway River, and is made up almost entirely of the permanent homes of New York business and professional men. It has a country club, a public library and reading room, and telephonic connection with the New York telephone system. It is one of the healthiest and most pleasant of the suburban towns. Elizabeth (pop., 37,764; m., 12.5; fare, 25c; excursion, 40c; Penn. R. R., C. R. R. of N. J.) is a large manufacturing city, having copper works, oil refineries, ship yards and iron works, and the largest cordage works in the world. It is easy of access to New York and the residence place of many business men. Here also is the race-track of the New Jersey Jockey Club. Englewood (pop., 6,500; m., 14.9; fare, 35c; excursion, 60c; Erie R. R.) is one of the ideal suburban residence towns of New lersey. There are many beautiful houses, and the drives are charming, that to the top of the Palisades being the most attractive. Fort Lee, (steamer excursion, 25c; also ferry West 130th St.) Here the Palisades begin on the west bankof the Hudson, and a fine view is obtained of the river to the south and north. During the Revolution it was the site of a fort which was evacuated by the British in 1776. It is a great picnic resort and is reached by boat from Canal St. , N. R. Pier at 24th and 34th Sts. It is connected by ferry with Manhattan Island at the foot of West 130th streeet. Guttenberg (pop., i,2o6; West Shore R. R. and street cars from Hobo- ken) is on the hill behind Weeh&wken oppbsite 42nd St. , New York, where SUBURBS. 305 ferry boats cross the river. It is a great resort for Germans. Here also is the famous race-track of the Hudson County Jockey Club. Hackensack (pop., 7,000; m., 15; fare, 35c; excursion, 50c; N. Y., S. & W. R. R.) is very attractive as a place of residence for New Yorkers. It is situated on the west bank of the Hackensack and has a fine view of the river and the Palisades. There is good fishing in the Hackensack, and its shores furnish the only railbird shooting near New York, being a favorite feeding ground for ducks and snipe, while back of the town is good quail, woodcock and rabbit shooting. Just across the river are the extensive grounds and beautiful home of the Hon. W. W. Phelps. Hoboken (pop., 43,648; Weehawken Ferry, 42d St.) is just north of Jer- sey City on the North River. It is the landing-place of several European steamship lines, and also of the ferryboats connecting with the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railway, which has its terminus here. On the edge of a hill on the river bank is a promenade, formerly theElysian Fields, now in ruins. On the hill itself is the Stevens Castle. Hudson City (pop., 6,898;) is on a hill behind Hoboken, from which it is reached by horse cars. It includes the localities known as Union Hill, West Hoboken and Bergen Hill. There is a Roman Catholic monastery at W. Hoboken. Schuetzen Park is maintained by a German association, and is a headquarters for German societies. At the annual Volksfest, 20,000 Germans assemble here for enjoyment. Jersey City (pop., 163,003; fare, 3c; by ferry) on the west shore of North River, opposite New York, is a great railway terminus, at least half the railways centering in New York having their depots here. It is con- nected b.y ferry boats from foot of Liberty, Cortlandt, Desbrosses, Chambers and West 23d Sts. There are many fine residences in Grand St. and on the hill, it being the home of thousands of New York's great army of business men. There are many manufacturing interests here also. Lakewood (m., 5; fare, $1.45; excursion, $2.35; C. R. R. of N. J.) is in the great pine belt of New Jersey, and has become exceedingly popular as a high class pleasure and health resort the year round. The place has been built up almost exclusively by the patronage of wealthy and distinguished people, prominent among whom has been Ex-President Cleveland and family. Menlo Park (fare, 65c. ; excursion, 95c.) is a village on the New York division of the Penn. R. R., between Rahway and New Brunswick. It is world-famous as the location of the home and workshops of the great inven- tor, Thomas A. Edison. - Newark (pop., 181,830; m., 9; fare, 15c; excursion, 25c.) is a large manufacturing city. It was settled by New Englanders in 1666, but now has a large foreign population, principally German. The city is well laid 306 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. out and is attractive both in its business and residential districts. It has many fine architectural structures. The building of the Prudential Insur- ance Company is one of the features of the place. There is a good public library. New Brunswick (pop., 18,603; m -> 3 2 l fare 90c; excursion, $1.30; Penn. R. R.) at the head of navigation of the Raritan River is the seat of Rutgers College and the theological seminary of the Reformed (Dutch) Church. Indiambber goods, hosiery, paper-hangings, shoes and machinery are manufactured here on a large scale. It is one of the most beautiful cities in New Jersey and historically interesting. Orange (pop., 18,844; m -> I2 ; fare, 25c; excursion, 40c; Erie R. R., D. , L. and W. R. R.) is a scattered town in New Jersey, having several stations along its three miles of length, Brick Church, East Orange and South Orange being the principal ones. It is a fine suburban residence town, at the foot of the Orange Mountains. Within its limits is Llewellyn Park, which contains some of the finest residences in the State. Plainfield (pop., 15,000; m., 24; fare, 60; excursion, $1.00; C. R. R. of N. J.) is an old town, dating back more than a century and a half. It has brass and iron foundries, printing press manufactories and many other industries. It is a place of elegant residences, and the headquarters of the celebrated Chatauqua Literary and Scientific Circle are here. Paterson (pop., 78,347: m., 16.7; fare, 50c; excursion, 70c; Erie and D. , L. and W. R. R.) is an important manufacturing city, founded in 1792 by a cotton company, under the patronage of Alexander Hamilton, and named after Governor William Paterson. It is noted for its cotton, iron and silk mills, and has been appropriately called " The Lyons of America." One of the chief industries is the making of locomotives, and the extensive repair shops of the Erie Railway are located here. The Passaic River and its falls furnish abundant water supply. Rahway (pop., 7,000; m., fare, 40 cents; excursion, 65 cents; Penn. R. R.) the home of many of New York's business men; situated on the Rah- way River, which empties into State^Island^Sound, and is navigable up to this point. Weehawken (pop., 1,102; fare, 3 cents; ferry from 42d St., North River) is the terminus of the New York, West Shore and Buffalo, and the Ontario and Western railroads. It is on the west bank of the river, just north of Hoboken. Harbors, Rivers and Islands. The attractiveness of the Metropolis cannot be fully appreciated until the waters surrounding Manhattan Island have been traversed. On the west is the noble Hudson River. On the east is the East River flowing SUBURBS. 307 from the Long Island Sound. On the north is the Harlem, while to the south are the beautiful waters of the Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, and the Lower Bay. Tourists have always agreed that the trip up the Hudson cannot be surpassed in the world. There are daily steamers which leave early in the morning for Albany, reaching there at nightime. Or one can take the boat to Poughkeepsie and return by the down boat, reaching New York again the same day. The fare from New York to Poughkeepsie and return is: On Sundays and certain other days there are excursions up the Hudson, sometimes stopping at West Point and Newburgh, the fare being .50, .75 or $1.00. Leaving the down-town pier on one of the Hudson River boats, the traveller has first a view of the shipping and commerce of the Metro- polis and of Jersey City opposite. The tall buildings in lower New York are conspicuous on the right. A short distance up the river on the Jersey Shore is seen the famous Stevens Castle. At the foot of the hill is Wee- hawken with its railroad wharves and the Elysian Fields, once a noted pic- nic resort. It was near here that Hamilton and Burr fought the duel that resulted in the death of the former. The large domed building in the dis- stance is St. Michaels Monastery of the Passionist Fathers. About five miles up the river is Riverside Park, where General Grant is buried. A little further are Washington Heights, now becoming a fashionable suburb, celebrated as the scene of military movements during the Revolution. Nearly opposite is Fort Lee, where there was a fort in revolutionary days. On Washington Heights is Trinity Cemetery, where are buried the Astors, Robert Livingston, Robert Fulton, and others. Just beyond is Stewart Castle, which belonged to A. T. Stewart. The famous Palisades begin here on the Jersey side of the river and ex- tend northward for fifteen miles. On the east bank we pass, successively, Spuyten Duyvil Creek; Mount St. Vincent Convent, once the home of Ed- win Forrest; the Charming City of Yorkers, with the Phillipse Manor House; Greystone, the Samuel J. Tilden residence; Irvington; Sleepy Hollow, and Sunny Side, inseparably connected with the name of Washington Irving; the mansion of Jay Gould, once the Paulding Manor House, and many other elegant residences. Then there is Sing Sing, with its State Prison; Peek- skill, with its Militia Encampment; the famous mountain, Anthony'sNose, and many other attractive landscape features on the east bank. On the west bank are numerous pretty villages. Stony Point, which General Wayne captured in 1778; and, fifty miles from New York, West Point, with its United States Military Academy. The scenery here is of the grandest and most picturesque character, on both sides of the river, and continues so until Newburgh is reached, where Washington's headquarters and Wash- ington's monument are seen. Thence on to Poughkeepsie, 15 miles, the 308 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. magnificent scenery continues, while from Poughkeepsie north to Albany it is of a quieter character but none the less interesting. The sail up the East River from the Battery will be found enjoyable. The Long Island Sound steamers to Boston leave North River piers, round the Battery and go up the East River, and there are ferry boats and excursion boats from down town and East River piers that go to places on Long Island, Upper New York or the Connecticut coast. After leaving the Battery you sail un- der the East River bridge and then pass Wallabout Bay and the Navy Yard on the one hand, and miles of piers and shipping on both sides. Then there are the Bellevue Hospital buildings on the New York side, and further up in midstream is Blackwell's Island with the city penal insti- tutions. Behind it is the dangerous Hell Gate channel leading into Long Island Sound. Just above Blackwell's are Ward's and Randall's Islands, with their municipal, penal, and charitable institutions. Little Hell Gate, a narrow, dangerous passage, runs between them into Long Island Sound, swirling like a mill race against the Sunken Meadows, which lie hidden by the river islands. Back of the Sunken Meadows, in a northeasterly direction, and well in to the Sound, are North Brother and South Brother Islands, used by the city for hospitals for infectious diseases, and im- mediately behind them is Riker's Island. Berrian Island is also near this group, lying close in to the Long Island shore. Further out in the Sound are Throgg's Neck and Fort Schuyler on the New York side with Willett's Point, the United States Engineer Station directly opposite, on Long Island, Hart's Island, with "Potter's Field" and several city institutions; Glen Island, a famous picnic resort, and a galaxy of other small and picturesque islands are all grouped in and about the entrance to Long Island Sound. A trip up the Harlem River from its junction with the East River is enjoyable. There are small excursion steamboats that accommodate the public in the summer. Some of the wonderful development of the Metrop- olis within the last decade or so can thus be seen. There are the building up of Harlem, the expansion of the railroad system and docks at Mott Haven, the new bridges across the Harlem, the wonderful piece of engineer- ing in the new Viaduct from Washington Heights down to the new bridge building at 7th Ave., the old Jumel Mansion, the High Bridge which carries the Croton water-pipes across the river, and the superb Washington Bridge. The Harlem is the home of oarsmen, and hundreds of them can be seen here in practice any day, especially on Sunday. A short trip in the vicinity of New York can be taken by ferry-boats to South Brooklyn and Staten Island, and by many excursion boats to the sea-shore resorts. From the decks of any of these boats one gets receding views of New York, Brooklyn and Jersey City, and their populous water- SUBURBS. 3<>9 fronts, the East River Bridge, the Atlantic Docks and the yachting anchor- age at South Brooklyn. Toward the Jersey Coast are Bedloe's Island with the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, landing place for emigrants, and Robin's Reef light house. On the other hand is Governor's Island with its forts and military barracks, and Buttermilk channel between the Island and the Brooklyn Shore. Off to the right is Staten Island with the Kill Von Kull, which separates it from New Jersey, running up behind it into Newark Bay. To the southeast the Staten Island and Long Island shores form the Narrows. The beautiful Bay Ridge shore, on the Long Island side, runs down by Fort Hamilton to Coney Island. Below Staten Island, in the lower bay, are Swinburne and Hoffmann Islands, whereon are quarantine stations, and far off in the distance can be seen Sandy Hook and the line of the New Jersey coast. TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. Means of Reaching and Leaving New York — Where to Stay and the Cost— How to Go About — Other Practical Suggestions. There is no easier city in the world for a traveller to find his way about and be comfortable in than New York, provided he can keep his head cool. " Ask a policeman " is good general advice to visitors who may find them- selves in a quandary upon the streets. Before going out, however, the fol- lowing chapter should be read. It contains all the information that any visitor is likely to require, and much that will be found valuable to residents. Official Courtesies. The employes of all the public services are required by the corpora- tions to be constantly courteous to patrons of every rank. Information or direction as to where it may be obtained is freely given. Assistance, when it does not interfere with the performance of regular duties, and is not designed to avoid legitimate expense, is to be expected. Bureaus of gen- eral information are to be found in all railroad depots, and clerks are in attendance whose sole duty it is to answer all proper questions from those in any kind of perplexity. Incivility should be promptly reported to the authorities, by whom all complaints are investigated. Aged or feeble per- sons are assisted to and from public carriages by the guards or conductors. Persons desiring direction or other information while in the thoroughfares of the city, should apply to a policeman and not to the chance passer-by, who may mischievously or from ignorance wrongly direct or inform the inquirer. Strangers, when in need of assistance, should invariably apply to public officials rather than to private individuals, for in New York as in every large city, the confidence man is ubiquitous and well disguised. No exception should be made to this rule after dark. Customs Regulatious. Baggage Inspection. — The baggage of all persons, native or foreign, coming into the United States by sea or land from other countries is sub- ject to inspection by the Customs House officials. At New York only such as enter the city by steamship arc required to submit to this generally un- TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 311 welcome regulation. Where no attempt is made to escape the payment of duty, the customs officials will be found always courteous aud liberal in the interpretation of the Customs laws. Passengers are furnished with blanks on which, previous to the inspection, they may describe the dutiable arti- cles in their possession, thus avoiding much delay and possible annoy- ance. Parents and guardians are allowed, in the case of families, to sign and swear to these statements when filled out. Trunks and pack- ages so packed or so promiscuous or valuable in their contents as to render easy inspection impossible, are sent to the appraiser's stores, and there examined. Smuggling is a costly game to play, as its dis- covery is punished by absolute confiscation of the articles concealed. A reasonable amount of wearing apparel and of all other personal effects of a quality in keeping with the station of the presumed owner, which are being worn or show signs of wear, are admitted free of duty. Duty is charged upon all new clothing, and jewelry or watches, new or old, not for personal use. Baggage is examined on being discharged at the steam- ship docks. As the inspection is quite thorough, persons are advised to afford every facility to the officials, and scrupulously to avoid obstructing them in their compulsory task. Interference with them arouses suspicion, and suspicion is sure to occasion delay and possibly much unpleasantness. Vessels are usually boarded by the Customs officials just below the entrance to the Narrows in the New York Bay. The duty upon packages received by express from abroad is paid by the express company, and the charges collected from the recipient upon delivery. Representatives of Foreign Governments— Consuls. The international relations of New York City — commercial and social — are so vast and world-wide that there is scarcely a foreign government of importance that is not represented here by a Consul-general, a Consul or Consular agents. The jurisdiction of these officials extends over all dis- putes between foreigners arising on the high seas. Foreigners, when in per- plexity as to how to act or to whom to appeal for advice or aid, should un- hesitatingly apply to these officials for direction. The following is a list of the foreign countries having accredited repre- sentatives in New York City, with location of their offices: Argentine Republic, 60 Wall St. ; Austria-Hungary, 33 Broadway; Bel gium, 329 Broadway; Bolivia, 126 Liberty St.; Brazil, 22 State St.; Chili, 15 Cortlandt St. ; China, 26 W. 9th St. ; Colombia, 24 State St. ; Costa Rica, 76 Broad St.; Denmark, 69 Wall St.; Dominican Republic, 31 Broadway; Ecuador, 51 Liberty St. ; France, 4 Bowling Green; German Empire, 2 Bowling Green; Great Britain, 24 State St.; Greece, 115 Pearl St., Guate- mala, 102 Front St., Hawaiian Islands, 51 Leonard St.; Hayti, 101 Pearl St.; 312 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Honduras, 102 Front St.; Italy, 24 State St.; Japan, 7 Warren St.; Korea, 69 Wall St. ; Liberia, 19 William St. ; Mexico, 35 Broadway; Monaco, 4 Bowl- ing Green; Netherlands, 17 William St. ; Nicaragua, 76 Beaver St.; Nor- way, 41 Broad St.; Orange Free State, 80 Beaver St.; Persia, 15 Broad St. Peru, 19 Whitehall St.; Portugal, 102 Broad St.; Russia, 59 Clinton Place Salvador, 102 Chambers St.; Spain, 30 Broadway; Sweden, 41 Broad St. Switzerland, 89 Beaver St.; Turkey, 132 Broadway; Uruguay, 142 Pearl St.; Venezuela, 18 Broadway. Baggage Checking System. The baggage-checking system employed throughout this country, Canada and Mexico must be regarded as one of the greatest public con- veniences of modern times. It has relieved the weary tourist of a burden of anxiety and has simplified travel to a marvellous extent. All the rail- way and steamboat companies employ this system. A small metal check is used, on which is stamped the number of the check and the name of the railway or steamboat line, and destination of the package to be checked. One of these checks, which serves as a receipt, is given by the express office official, or baggage master, to the person whose baggage is to be for- warded, while another, the exact duplicate of the first, is attached by a leather strap to the trunk or package. On presentation of the check to the baggage master at the other end of the journey the baggage is promptly de- livered to the owner, who, if he be in a city or town of any importance, may have it re-checked and sent by express to his residence~or hotel. The baggage, unless otherwise specified, is almosi; invariably carried on the same train or steamboat with the passenger, so that delays in delivery are reduced to a minimum. Care should be taken not to lose these checks or to pass them into the hands of irresponsible agents or expressmen, as they are not merely orders for the delivery of baggage, but certificates of owner- ship as well, and the loss of them is sure to entail a great deal of vexation and delay, and possibly loss of property. Although transportation companies are responsible at law for all articles entrusted to their care, whether checked or not, it is nevertheless imperatively necessary for every one to exercise due precaution against the loss of checks, receipts and all other evidence of proprietorship. In general, complete reliance may be placed in the efficiency of this system. Hotels. In the extent and sumptuousness of its hotel service, New York is eas- ily first among all the cities of the world, not even excepting London and Paris. The hotels erected within the last few years, besides being palatial in their appointments are marvels of engineering skill and architectural de- sign. Money has been most lavishly expended in providing everything TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 313 that could contribute to the comfort of guests. The corridors, reception rooms, parlors and dining rooms of many of the leading hotels, particularly of the Savoy, Plaza, Murray Hill, Imperial, Windsor, Buckingham, Holland House, Fifth Avenue, Cambridge and Hoffman House, are decorated in the most elaborate yet beautifully artistic manner. To secure effects of the very highest order absolutely no restrictions as to expense were put upon the artists having charge of the interior decorations of these and some other of the first-class hostelries. Suites of rooms furnished in perfect taste and with the highest degree of elegance are a specialty of these hotels, and may be engaged for short or long periods. Passenger elevators, electric annun- ciators, fire alarms, fire escapes, telegraph, cable and telephone connec- tions, messenger, cab and police call boxes, post office mail chutes, drop boxes, news stands,, parcel check rooms, express and railway, steamship and theatre ticket offices, bureau of information and city directories are to be found in all the leading hotels of the city. Baggage may be checked to and from all hotels. The New York hotels are conducted on either the European or Ameri- can plan, or both. When run on the American plan, the rate by the day includes the charge for both rooms and meals; on the European plan, the daily rate is for the room only, and all meals must be paid for separately. Some hotels give their guests a choice of both plans. The following list includes the principal hotels in the city, with the minimum daily rate : — AMERICAN PLAN. Berkeley, 20 5th Ave. ; $4. Canda House, 17 Lafayette Place; $1.50. Fifth Avenue, 5th Ave. and 23d St.; $5. Gramercy Park, Gramercy Park and 20th St. ; $2. Hotel Bristol, 5th Ave. and 42d St. ; $6. Hotel Lenox, 72 5th Ave. ; $2. Long Acre, 1495 Broadway; $1.50. Miller's, 37 to 41 West 26th St.; $2.50. San Marco, 21 West 32d St.; $2. Sherwood House, 5th Ave. and 44th St.; $5. Westminster, 119 East 16th St.; $3.50. Windsor, 5th Ave. and 46th St.; $5. EUROPEAN PLAN. Aberdeen, 917 Broadway; $1. Albermarle, 1105 Broadway; $2.50. Astor House, Broadway and Vesey St.; $1. Bancroft, 15 East 21st St.; 50 cents. Minimum Rates by the day alone quoted. 314 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Barrett House, Broadway and West 43d St.; $1. Breevoort House, 11 5th Ave.; $2. Brower House, 24 West 28th St.; $1. Buckingham, 5th Ave. and East 50th St.; $1. Burlington, 10 West 30th St.; for rates, apply. Cambridge, 334 5th Ave.; rooms in suites; for rates, apply. Coleman House, 1169 Broadway; $1. Continental, Broadway and 20th St.; $1. Cosmopolitan, Chambers St. and West Broadway; $1. Cumberland, 945 Broadway and 173 5th Ave.; for rates, apply. Endicott, 81st St. and Columbus Ave.; for rates, apply. Everett Hotel, 104 Vesey St. ; 50 cents. Everett House, 4th Ave. and 17th St.; $1.50. Gedney House, Broadway and West 40th St.; $1. Gilsey House, Broadway and 29th St.> $2. Grand, 1236 Broadway; $1.50. Grand Union, Park Ave. and 42d St.; $1. Grosvenor, 37 5th Ave.; for rates, apply. Hoffman House, mi Broadway; $2. Holland House, 5th Ave. and 30th St.; $2.50. Hotel Bartholdi, Broadway and 23d St. ; $2. Hotel Beresford, 1 West 81st St.; for rates, apply. Hotel De Logerot, 126 5th Ave.; $4. Hotel Devonshire, 30 East 42d St.; $1. Hotel Imperial, Broadway and 32d St.; $2.' Hotel Kensington, 75 5th Ave.; $1.50. Hotel Lincoln, 1673 Broadway; $1. Hotel Martin, 17 University Place; $1.25. Hotel Metropole, Broadway and 41st St.; $1.50. Hotel Normandie, Broadway and 38th St.; $2. Hotel Pomeroy, Broadway and 58th St. ; $1. Hotel St. George, 49 East 12th St., $1. Hotel St. Stephens, 52 East nth St.; $1. Hotel Wellington, 19 East 42d St.; $1. Hotel Winthrop, 31 West 4th St.; $1.50. International, 17 Park Row; 75 cents. Langham, 659 5th Ave.; rooms in suites; for rates, apply. Leggett's, 76 Park Row; 50 cents. Metropolitan, 584 Broadway; $1. Morton House, Broadway and 14th St.; $1. Occidental, 341 Broome St.; 50 cents. Minimum Rates by the day alone quoted. TRAVELLERS* GUIDE. 315 Oriental, Broadway and 39th St.; $1. Parker House, 1301 Broadway, $2. Putnam, 369 4th Ave. ; 50 cents. Renaissance, 5th Ave. and 43d St.; rooms in suites; for rates, apply, Revere, 606 Broadway; 50 cents. St. Cloud, 1464 Broadway; $1. St. Denis, Broadway and nth St.; $1.50. St. James, 1133 Broadway; $2. San Remo, Central Park and W. 75th St.; rooms in suites; for rates, apply. Sinclair House, 752 Broadway; Si. Smith & McNeil's, 199 Washington St. ; 50 cents. Sweeney's, 106 Park Row; 75 cents. Tremont, 665 Broadway; $1. Union Square and Hotel Dam, 18 Union Sq. ; $1. United States, Fulton and Waters St.; 75 cents. Westmoreland, 4th Ave. and 17th St.; for rates, apply. AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PLANS. E., European Plan ; A., American Plan. Ashland, 4th Ave. and 24th St.; E., $1; A., $2. Belvedere, 4th Ave. and 18th St.; E., $1; A., $3. Broadway Central, 671 Broadway; E., $1; A., $2.50. Clarendon, 4th Ave. and 18th St.; E., $2; A., $4.50. Colonnade, 726 Broadway; E., $1; A., $2. Earle's, Canal and Centre St.; E., $1; A., $2. Hamilton, 503 5th Ave. ; for rates, apply. Hotel Brunswick, 5th Ave. and 26th St.; E., $2; A. $4.50. Hotel Espanol e Hispano- Americano, n6andn8 W.i4thSt.; E.,$i.; A., $2. 50. Hotel Glenham, 155 5th Ave.; E., $1; A., $2.50. Hotel Hungaria, 14th St. and Union Square; E., $1.50; A., $2.50. Hotel Marlborough, Broadway and 36th St.; E., $1.50; A.; $3.50. Hotel St. George, 49 East 12th St.; E., $1; A., $2.50. Hotel St. Marc, 5th Ave. and 39th St.; E., $1.50; A., $4. Hotel Savoy, 5th Ave. and 59th St.; E., $2.00; A., $4. Hotel Vendome, Broadway and 41st St.; E., $1.50; A., 3.50. Hotel Vienna, 39 East 18th St.; E., $1; A., for rates, apply. Hotel Waldorf, 5th Ave and 33d St. ; not completed. Madison Avenue, Madison Ave. and 58th St.; E., $1; A., $3.50. Murray Hill, Park Ave. and 41st St.; E., $1.50; A., $4. New York, 721 Broadway; E., $1; A., $3. New Netherlands, 5th Ave. and 59th St. ; not completed. Minimum Rates by the day alone quoted. 316 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Park Avenue, Park Ave. and 32nd St.; E., $1; A., $3.50. Plaza, 5th Ave. and 59th St.; for rates apply. St. Nicholas, 4 Washington Place; E., $1; A., $2.50. Sturtevant House, 1186 Broadway: E., $1; A., $2.50. The Gerlach, 55 W. 27th St.; E., $2; A., $4. Victoria, 5th Ave. and 33d St.; E., $2; A., $4.50. Boarding- Houses. Such a list of the hotels in New York as the above, even though it in- cludes only the most important, confirms the correctness of a term often used to describe the city. It is "a vast caravansary." But familiarity with the boarding houses alone can give a just idea of the fitness of such a char- acterization. The visitor who wanders through "the brownstone district" may be surprised to learn that three out of five of these houses are boarding houses, yet this is the literal truth. Many boarders find harborage in tene- ments and flats. Leaving out the east and west side districts down-town, it may be said that from 8th to 42d streets, between Third and Ninth avenues, the majority of the houses on the cross streets are boarding houses, or have rooms to let. On the principal cross town streets in this district — Fourteenth, Twenty- third, Thirty-fourth, and Forty-second — almost all the buildings not given up to business purposes are boarding or lodging houses. The boarding-house keeper has even invaded the avenues, and Lexington, Madison, Park and Fifth avenues have many boarding houses. The ex- planation of this state of affairs is simple. Land is so valuable that it is impossible for a person in moderate circumstances to rent or own a house in town. If he wishes to live in town, he must lease a flat, or board. Those who will have houses retire to the suburbs. Involuntary co-operation pre- vails to a gigantic extent in New York, and the wealthy are gradually abandoning their large houses down town to boarding-house communities, and building others near the Park or overlooking the North River. Rates of board are infinitely various, but very good board may be had for from $12 to $20 a week, for single persons. Such accomodation should be looked for between Fourteenth and Forty-second streets, and between Fourth and Sixth avenues. In the same district will be found the principal longing houses of the better class. Room rent runs from $4 to $6 a week for hall rooms, to $10 to $25 for double rooms. Many visitors to New York who wish greater quiet than can be enjoyed in hotels will find it advisable to take a room in one of these lodging houses, and buy their meals at the restaurants which abound in the same district. Restaurants. The long and narrow form of Manhattan Island, and the crowding of the business centers into the lower portion of the city to the almost entire TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 317. exclusion of residences, has been the means of developing a restaurant sys- tem which has no rival on the continent. Many of the restaurants in the most frequented business portions of the city are of great size, and very elaborate in their appointment. It is the custom of many residents of New York, who have no established homes, to lodge at one place and dine at another, usually at some of the public restaurants which may be found in almost every block of the city. Over a thousand restaurants, oyster and chop houses, besides countless lunch counters, with which a great number of the drinking saloons are fit- ted up, cater to the public taste. Their quality may often be judged by their location or from the general appearance of their exterior. In the restaurants of the highest grade the most expert foreign and domestic cooks are employed, and neither pains nor expense is spared in providing guests with the choicest and most novel productions of the culinary art. Every variety of foreign cooking ~may be had, the Italian, German, Spanish and French styles being the most favored. High class table d'hote dining rooms abound. The restaurant which has won for itself a national reputation is Delmonico's, at Fifth avenue and 26th street. Here are held a great number of public, club and society dinners. The cooking is unexcelled, but in accordance with no particular school. The cost of dining at the metropolitan restaurants ranges all the way from 15 cents in the Eastside chop houses to $5 and upwards, according to the taste of the diner at Delmonico's and other first class places. In nearly, all the great hotels are to be found superbly appointed restaurants and cafes devoted to the accommodation of the public. Buffets and lunch counters of all grades, and some of large size, are one of the features of the lower part of the city. In these a hasty lunch may be had in a few minutes. The charges are moderate, and the dishes, which are almost invariably cold, are well cooked and wholesome. The best example of the down town buf- fets is Dennett's, at Nassau and Beekman streets, just off City Hall Park. In some of the large dry goods stores, such as Macy's, 14th St. and 5th Ave.; O'Neil's, 6th Ave. and 20th St., and Hearn's, 30 West 14th St., ex- cellent restaurants are provided for the accommodation of shoppers. The most noted restaurants in the city besides those in the great hotels are: — Delmonico's, 2 South William St.. 22 Broad St. and 212 Fifth Ave., cor 26th St. ; Clark's, 22 W. 23d St. ; Dorlon's, 108 E. 23d St. ; Purssell's, Broad- way, near 20th St.; Taylor's, St. Denis Hotel, Broadway and nth St.; Dono- van's, 12th St., near Fifth Ave.; Hungaria, Union Square, above 14th St.; Jaeger's, Madison Ave. and 59th St.; Jacques', 54 W. nth St., and at the Metropolitan Hotel, 584 Broadway; Sutherland's, 64 Liberty St.; Cable's, Broadway and Pine St. ; Cafe Martin (French), 17 University Place; Cafe, 318 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Savarin, 120 Broadway; Vienna Bakery, Broadway and 10th St.; Colum- bia, 48 E. 14th St. ; Delisle's (French), 92 Fulton St. ; Metropolis, 26 E. 14th St.; Moquin's (French), 149 Fulton St., 20 Ann St. and 438 Sixth Ave.; Morello's (Italian), 4 W. 29th St.; Moretti's (Italian), 21st St., east of Broad- way; Martinelli's (Italian), 136 Fifth Ave.; Lantelme (Italian), 40 Union Square, east; Cafe Logeling (German), 239 E. 57th St.; Smith & McNeil's, 198 Greenwich St. and 199 Washington St.; Nash & Brush's, 18 Park Place; and Robins & Foy's, John St., opposite Dutch St. Cabs and Coaches. New York Cab Service is efficient and well regulated. At almost all the cab stands single horse coupes and hansoms and double horse coaches may be hired, either by the mile, hour or day. Although the rates of fare are fixed by Ordinance of the City authorities to prevent extortion, they are at the mutual discretion of the driver and passenger, and may often be considerably modified for special services. All charges should be agreed upon before entering the cab. The legal fares are for one or two persons in a cab, or from one to four in a coach. Children under eight years of age are carried free when accompanied by their guardians. When a cab is en- gaged, single pieces of baggage larger than steamer trunks should be sent to their destination by a local express. Coaches carry heavy trunks at special rates. The regulations and legal rates of fare are as follows: For Cabs. Mile Rate. — For conveying one or more persons any distance, sums not exceeding the following amount: fifty cents for the first mile or part thereof, and each additional half mile or part thereof twenty-five cents. By distance: For "stops" of over five minutes, and not exceeding fifteen minutes, twenty-five cents. For longer stops the rate will be twenty-five cents for every fifteen minutes or fraction thereof, if more than five min- utes. For a brief stop, not exceeding five minutes in a single trip, there will be no charge. Hour Rate. — For the use of a cab by the hour with the privilege of going from place to place and stopping as often and as long as may be re- quired, one dollar for the first hour or part thereof, and for each succeed- ing half hour or part thereof, fifty cents. For Coaches. Mile Rate. — For conveying one or more persons any distance, sums not exceeding the following amount: one dollar for the first mile or part thereof, and each additional half mile or part thereof, forty cents. By dis- TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 319 tance: for stops of over five minutes and not exceeding fifteen minutes, thirty-eight cents. For longer stops the rate will be thirty-eight cents for every fifteen minutes. For a brief stop not exceeding five minutes in a single trip, there will be no charge. Hour Rate. — For the use of a coach by the hour, with privilege of go- ing from place to place and stopping as long and as often as may be re- quired, one dollar and fifty cents for the first hour or part thereof, and for each succeeding half-hour or part thereof, seventy-five cents. No cab or coach shall be driven by the time rate at a pace less than five miles an hour. Every owner or driver of hackney coach or cab shall carry on his coach or cab one piece of baggage, not to exceed fifty pounds in weight, without extra charge; but for any additional baggage he may carry, he shall be en- titled to extra compensation at the rate of twenty-five cents a piece. In all cases where the hiring of a hackney coach or cab is not at the time specified to be by the hour, it shall be deemed to be by the mile; and for any detention exceeding fifteen minutes when working by the mile, the owner or driver may demand at the rate of one dollar an hour. The owner or driver of a hackney coach or cab shall not demand or be entitled to receive any pay for the conveyance of any passenger unless the number of the carriage and rates of fare be conspicuously fixed in and on the carriage or cab, under penalty of five dollars. The owner or driver of any coach or cab who may have demanded and received any fare in excess of what was proper, shall return the excess re- ceived and be liable to a penalty of five dollars. Every licensed owner or driver of any hackney coach or cab shall have the right to demand his fare of the person or persons employing him on en- tering his coach or cab, and may refuse to carry any person not complying with this demand. Every licensed hackney coach or cab, while waiting at night for em- ployment at any public stand, must have its lamps lighted as soon as it becomes dark, and thereafter kept trimmed and burning while at the stand and during employment. There must be fixed in each hackney coach or cab, so as to be con- veniently read by any person riding therein, a card containing the name of the owner and the number of his license, printed in plain, legible characters. It is the duty of the driver of every hackney coach or cab at the com- mencement of his employment, to present the passenger employing him with a printed card or slip containing these regulations. Every licensed driver shall, while waiting for employment, and when employed, wear conspicuously upon the breast or his outer coat a metal badge bearing legibly embossed thereon the number of his license, 320 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. together with the words, " Licensed Hack Driver," under penalty of sus- pension or revocation of his license. Complaints for violations of the above ordinances may be mnde to the Mayor's Marshal, Room i, City Hall. The following is a list of the public cab stands within the city limits: South Ferry, foot of Whitehall street, along Battery Park, Broadway and around Bowling Green; in Barclay street, west of Washington street; in Murray street, between Washington and West streets; in Bond street, from Stock Exchange to Beaver street; at Fulton Ferry, along the market side: in Chambers street, to west side of new Court House; in Canal street, west of Washington street; in Chatham Square; west and south of Union Square; north, west and south of Madison Square; the vacant squares, junction of Broadway and 6th avenue; 326. and 35th streets; on 4th avenue, between 40th and 42d streets; at the junction of Broadway and 7th avenue, 43d to 47th streets; on north side of 40th and south side of 42d streets, from 5th to 6th avenues; on 59th street, at 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th avenues; at all ferries; at all passenger steamboat landings, 15 minutes before the usual time of arrival of passenger steamboats; at all theatres and other places of amuse- ment, 25 minutes before the conclusion of the performance; at all railroad depots, 5 minutes previous to the arrival of passenger trains; and Broad- way, opposite St. Paul's Church, from 5 P. M. until sunrise; on all street corners, from 10 P. M. until sunrise; south side 155th street, 9th and New avenues; north side 145th street and 8th avenue; north side 125th street and 8th avenue; north side 155th street and 8th avenue; Fordham station, New Haven R. R. Besides the regular cab companies, there are innumerable livery stables in the city from which all kinds of conveyances may be hired by the hour or day, or upon special agreement. To avoid misunderstandings, it is always better to make a bargain with the clerk in the office. Expresses. Express offices in which orders may be left for the removal of trunks, packages, &c, are to be found in almost every block in the older part of the city, and at convenient locations in the newer sections. All the railroad companies have local express services with offices at the ticket agencies. Checks or receipts are invariably given by expressmen when money is paid to them for expressing baggage or when baggage is transferred to their care. Neglect in enforcing this rule frequently entails a great deal of trouble and delay. Expressmen board all the incoming trains before they reach the depots, and go through the cars soliciting for the transferring of baggage. As these officials are the employes of the most responsible com- panies, and are recognized by the railroad authorities, they may be relied TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 321 upon to fulfil any agreements they may make. Receipts are given in ex- change for the checks relinquished. As at all other times, care should be taken to give correct addresses. Payment at the time of giving the order or receipt of baggage is optional. The express companies in New York may be divided into three classes — foreign, continental, and local. The Principal Companies having Foreign Offices are: — Wells, Fargo & Co., 63 Broadway, 10 Clinton JPlace, 957 Broadway, &c. ; American, 65 Broadway, Madison Av. and 47th St., 121 E. 125th St., Railroad Av. and 138th St., 940 Broadway, 8th Av. and 53rd St., 15 E. 14th St. and Fordham; United States, 49, 683, 946 and 1313 Broadway, 875 Sixth Av., 342 Third Ave. and 72 W. 125th St.; Baldwin's American-European, 53 Broadway; and Contanseau Rapid, 71 Broadway. The Principal Continental Companies are: — Adams, 59 and 684 Broadway, 12 W. 23rd St., 40 E. 42nd St., and 48th St. and Lexington Av. ; American, 65, 715, 785 and 940 Broadway, Madison Ave. and 47th St., 121 E. and 237 W. 125th St., and 8th Ave. and 53rd St.; National, 145, 785 and 950 Broadway, Madison Ave. and 47th St., and foot of W. 42d St.; New York and Boston Despatch, 304 Canal St., 45 Church St., foot Murray St., and 940 Broadway. United States, 49, 683, 946 and 1313 Broadway, 875 6th Ave., 343 3d Ave. and 72 W. 125th St.; Wells-Fargo, 63, 317, and 957 Broadway, 10 Clinton Place, foot of Chambers St. and foot of W. 23d St. The Principal Local Companies are: — Westcott, 12 Park Place, foot of W. 42d St., foot of Jay St., 53 W. 125th St., 785 and 942 Broadway, Grand Central Depot, 11 54 Ninth Ave., foot Barclay St. and foot Chris- topher St.; New York Transfer Company (Dodd's) 944 and 1323 Broadway, Sixth Ave. and 42nd St., foot Desbrosses St., foot Liberty St., 241 W. 28th St., 132 E. and 264 W. 125th St., and Ninth Ave. and 72d St.; Long Island, foot of E. 34th St. Facilities for Transmitting Money. There are three systems in use in the United States by which money may be transmitted from one place to another in this country as well as to the most important foreign cities. The first and most popular method is by the Post Office Money Order system, the manner of using which is fully explained in the chapter on Means of Communication. A second equally safe and more convenient means of forwarding money is by express money orders which may be obtained at all the offices of the leading express com- panies throughout the country. This system has advantages over the oth- ers in that the express companies, which are generally exceedingly wealthy corporations, are entirely responsible for all money received by them, while in the Post Office system reliability rests with the local agents. Express Money Orders may be purchased at any hour of the day in any of the local offices of the great continental express companies — the 322 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Adams, American, National, Wells-Fargo, United States, or Southern. The offices of these companies are too numerous to enroll here, but they will be found conveniently located at various points in the city. No written appli- cations are required. "When the order is sent to Europe or other foreign territories the payee receives the full equivalent in the currency of the country where payable. Orders can be deposited for collection in any bank and cashed through the clearing houses in the same manner as checques, drafts, &c. The rates for United States and Canada are about as follows: For orders not exceeding $5.00, 5 cents; not exceeding $10.00, 8 cents; not exceeding $20.00, 10 cents; not exceeding $30.00, 12 cents; not ex- ceeding $40.00, 15 cents; not exceeding $50.00, 20 cents. Rates for orders payable in Europe: For orders not exceeding $10.00, 10 cents; not exceeding $20.00, 18 cents; not exceeding $30.00, 25 cents; not exceeding $40.00, 35 cents; not exceeding $50.00, 46 cents. Orders for amounts exceeding $50.00 to domestic or foreign places are issued at proportionate rates. The express companies also furnish travellers' checques which are more convenient and less costly than letters of credit or circular notes and available for payment in Europe, Asia, Af- rica, Australia, United States and Canada. The principal hotels receive them in payment of bills and railroad and steamship companies in exchange for tickets at the face value. They may also be cashed at almost all the leading bankers. The signature of the traveller is sufficient to secure identification. Checques are issued for amounts varying from $10 to $100, in any quantity, and the fixed foreign equivalents are printed thereon. The rate for checques payable in the United States is about }£oii per cent, of their face value, but the minimum charge is 40 cents; and for checques payable in Europe % of 1 per cent. , the minimum charge being 50 cents. The Telegraph Money Order System is the third mode of forwarding money. For the accommodation of travellers and others, in emergencies, and incidentally to facilitate their own business, the telegraph companies will make transfers of money, in small amounts, containing no fractions of a dollar, between a limited number of its offices. Such transfers will be made upon the following terms and conditions: To cover clerical and inci- dental services a charge is made of 1 per cent, on all sums of $25 or over, and for smaller amounts the charge is 25 cents in each case. As the usual telegraphic service necessary for each transfer exceeds two telegrams of 15 words each a further charge is made for this service of a sum not exceeding double the tolls on a single message of 15 words between the transfer places. Payment of the sums transferred is made at the principal office of the telegraph companies at the point designated, upon satisfactory evi- dence of the personal identity of the payee being produced. The sending TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 323 of a telegram requesting the transfer of money to its receiver is not suffi- cient evidence of his identity with the payee of such transfer. In case payment is not made to the payee within 48 hours after receipt of the transfer message by the manager of the paying office '(exclusive of Sundays and holidays), the transfer will be cancelled and the amount thereof refunded to the sender upon application at the receiving office, but in such case the amount received for services and tolls will be retained by the tele- graph companies. Railroads. , The only great railways which have terminal depots within the city are the New York Central and Hudson River, the Harlem and the New York, New Haven and Hartford, which jointly use the Grand Central station as their main passenger depot. All the other railways, with the exception of those on Long and Staten Islands, have their depots in New Jersey, at Jersey City, Hoboken and Weehawken, and are reached from New York by ferries. One special feature of the great trunk lines running to New York is their palatial vestibuled express trains, which have won for the American railroads a world wide reputation. These trains are equipped with parlor, state room, reading room and library, dining, sleeping and smoking cars, enabling the traveller to enjoy, while en route, all the com- forts of a first class hotel. The suburban service of many of the roads is unsurpassed anywhere in the country. Trains are run at short in- tervals to and from all the small towns and villages within a radius of thirty or forty miles of New York for the convenience of the tens of thousands of business men who reside outside the city limits. Some of these trains attain a speed of a mile a minute, and have attached to them so-called "club cars," in which members may purchase seats with exclusive privileges for a month or longer period. Special trains on the New York Central, Pennsylvania and New Jersey Central Railroads have broken all American records for their speed maintained over long distances. On the New York Central a train is run from New York to Niagara Falls, a distance of 462 miles, in a little over eight hours, an average rate of over 50 miles an hour. The passenger traffic in the vicinity of the city is immense, as may be judged from the fact that the Pennsylvania Railroad carries annually about 7,000,000 persons, while the Long Island, the service on which is entirely local, carries nearly 9,000,000. The block signal system is employed on the best railroads as a safeguard against accidents, the number of which has been greatly reduced since its introduction. The depots of the great railways in and about New York afford to the traveller almost all the conveniences of the largest hotels. Dining rooms, buffets, telegraph, messenger, cab, telephone and express offices, news, 324 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. fruit and flower stands, fire alarms, letter boxes, parcel and coat check rooms, separate waiting rooms for men and women, and bureaux of infor- mation, besides the many other accommodations always associated with railway stations are to be found in each. The depots are invariably within easy access of the ferries or street and elevated railways. The time of de- parture of trains is indicated by a dummy clock surmounting a bulletin board, on which are named the stations at which the train about to depart stops. The departure of each train is also announced in stentorian tones by an official, who guards the exit to the boarding platform. Courteous of- ficials are always in waiting and ready to give assistance when required. The Grand Central Station of the New York Central R. R. is perhaps the best appointed railway depot in the country. Here confusion is reduced to a minimum by the complete separation of the incoming and outgoing traffic — a separate depot being- provided for each department. The following are the railways leading to New York : — Baltimore & Ohio.— Depot at Communipaw, Jersey City, from New York by ferry from foot of Liberty St. To Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Pittsburg, and West- ern cities. Culver Route.— Depot, 5th avenue and 39th St., Brooklyn; from New York by Ferry from ft. Whitehall St. To Coney island and adjacent resorts. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western.— Depot. Hoboken; from New York by ferry from ft. Barclay St. or Christopher St. To Paterson, Lake Hopatcong, Delaware Water Gnp, Wilkesbarre, Richfield Springs, Scranton, Utica, Syracuse, Buffalo and connections for all Western cities. Morris & Essex.— Via Delaware, Lackawanna & Western route and connections. To New- ark, Orange, Montclair, Summit, Morristown, etc. Long Island Railroad.— Depot, Long Island City; from New York by ferry from ft. E. 34th St. and James Slip. Also depots at Flatbush and Atlantic Aves.. Brooklyn, reached from New York by Brooklyn Bridge and elevated or surface railways in Brooklyn. To Manhattan Beach, Long Beach, Jamaica, Flushing, Garden City, Baby- lon, Southampton, Sag Harbor, River Head, Greenport, and all other points on Long Island . New York & Rockaway Beach.— Depot, Long Island R. R., Long Island City; from New York by ferry from ft. E. 34th St. or James Slip. To Manhattan Beach, Rockaway Beach, Long Beach and Coney Island. New Jersey Southern.— Depot at Sandy Hook, reached from New York by boat from Pier 8, North River, ft. Rector St.; also via Central R. R. of New Jersey by ferry from Liberty St. To all New Jersey seaside resorts. New York & Harlem —Grand Central Depot, 42nd St. and 4th Ave. To White Plains, Lake Mahopac, Berkshire Hills and Chatham, where connection is made with the Boston and Albany R. R. New York Central & Hudson River.— Grand Central Depot, 42nd St. and 4th Ave.; also depot at 30th St. and 10th Ave. To all points on the east shore of the Hudson River, Albany, Saratoga, Lake George, Lake Champlain, the Adirondacks, Montreal, Syra- cuse, Rochester, Buffalo. Niagara Falls, connecting with Canadian railroads at Niag- ara Falls, Cleveland, Chicago, and connections with all Western lines. New York Lake Erie & Western.— Depot, Jersey City; from New York by ferry from ft. Chambers St. and ft. W. 23d St. To local points in New Jersey, Toledo, Port Jervis, Watkms Glen, Rochester, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Detroit, and connecting with all Western points. Montclair & Greenwood Lake.— Via Erie. To Montclair, Watchung, Greenwood Lake and intermediate points. New York & Greenwood Lake. — Via Erie. To Greenwood Lake and intermediate points in New Jersey. New Jersey & New York.— Via Erie. To suburban points in New Jersey. TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 325 Northern of New Jersey.— Via Erie. To EngJewood, Demarest, Sparkill and Nyack and intermediate points. New York, New Haven & Hartford.— From Grand Central Depot, 42d St. i ind 4th Ave. To Bridgeport, New Haven, Hartford, Springfield, Boston, connecting with local branches for Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire cities. Harlem Branch.— To New Roschelle from the North side of Harlem River; depot near Third Ave. Draw Bridge. New York & Northern.— Depot 155th St. and Eighth Ave., via Sixth or Ninth Ave. Ele- vated Railroad. To alllocal points and Croton Lake, Lake Mahopac, Peekskill, etc. New York and Sea Beach.— Depot at Bay Ridge, from New York by ferry from foot Whiie- hall St. To Coney Island, &c. New York, Susquehanna & Western .—Depot Pennsylvania R. R., Jersey City; from New York by ferry from foot of Cortlandt or Desbrosses St. To points in Northern and Eastern Pennsylvania, etc. Ontario & Western.— From Pennsylvania R. R. Depot, Jersey City, from New York by ferry from foot Cortlandt or Desbrosses St. ; also depot Weehawken. from New York by ferry from foot W. 42d St. and foot Jay St. To Utica, Oswego, Thousand Islands, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, connecting with all Western lines. Pennsylvania.— Depot at Exchange Place, Jersey City; from New York by ferry from foot Cortlandt and Desbrosses Sts. To Newark, Trenton and intermediate New Jersey towns and Philadelphia, Wilmington, Baltimore, and all Southern and Western points. Reading Railroad System:— Central Railroad of New Jersey.— Depot at Communipaw, Jersey City; from New York by ferry from foot Liberty St. To Newark, Elizabeth, Plainfield, Bound Brook, Allentown, Trenton, Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Coal Regions. Newark & New York. — A branch of the Central of New Jersey. To Newark and interme- diate points. New York and Long Branch.— Depots Communipaw and Exchange Place, Jersey City; by ferry from foot Liberty or Desbrosses or Cortlandt St. To New Jersey Sea- side Resorts. Lehigh Valley.— From Depot Pennsylvania R. R., Jersey City, from Cortlandt and Des- brosses Sts., by ferry. To Phillipsburgh, Easton. Bethlehem, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, connecting with all Railroads for the North, West and South. Philadelphia and Reading.— Depot Central R. R. of New Jersey; from New York by ferry from foot Liberty St. Staten Island Rapid Transit.— Depot St. George, S. I. ; from New York by ferry from foot Whitehall St. To all points on Staten Island. West Shore & Buffalo.— From Pennsylvania R. R. Depot, Jersey City. From New York by ferry foot Cortlandt or Desbrosses St.; also depot at Weehawken; from New York by ferry from foot W. 42d or Jay St. To all pointo on the West shore of the Hud- son River. West Point, Newburg, Catskill Mountains, Albany, Utica, Oswego, Roches- ter, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, connecting with all Western lines. The Elevated and Surface Steam Railways. The growth of New York City has created the necessity for some means of rapid transportation within its limits. To meet this demand the Ele- vated Railway was devised. The construction of this road was begun in 1867 and completed some years later. So immense are the requirements of the city for accommodation of this kind that even at this early date the traffic has outgrown the utmost capacity of this system, and a public de- mand has recently been made for yet greater facilities and still more rapid travel. The phenomenal development of the northern section of the city is due to the easy access afforded by the elevated railroads. The plan of construction of these roads is simple and presented no serious engineering difficulties. Iron trestles, built upon deeply laid concrete foundations, are 326 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. used as supports for the roadbed, which, on an average, is about 25 to 30 feet above the pavement. Steel rails with massive wooden side guards and wooden sleepers are used. Small, but very powerful locomotives are em- ployed. The trains consist generally of from three to five cars, each with a seating capacity for about 48 persons, while half as many more may be ac- commodated in the aisles. As in the surface cars, straps, suspended from a rod firmly fixed to the roof, are provided for the support of passengers not having seats. All the cars are fitted with stationary woven cane seats. The entire system is controlled by one company, the Manhattan Elevated Railway Company. There are in all four roads, in Second, Third, Sixth and Ninth avenues respectively. The station houses, which are approached by stairways from the side streets, are provided with waiting rooms, ticket offices and news stands, are commodious and very appropriate to the use they subserve. Tickets may be purchased singly or in any quantity at the rate of 5 cents each, and one must be dropped into the gateman's box for each person passing from the waiting room to the platform of the station. Tickets are not examined or collected upon the trains. The length of the elevated roads is 32.4 miles. On these 948 cars and 291 locomotives were employed last year in the transportation of 185,833,632 passengers, or an average of 508,132 a day. The movement of passengers on the surface and elevated railroads increased from 272,000,000 in 1884, to 397,000,000 in 1889. If the increase for the next five years is proportionate the traffic will aggregate about 580,000,000 in 1894. The following are the different railway routes and the location of the stations : LINES NORTH AND SOUTH West Side. The Ninth Avenue Line runs from W.155th Stand 8th Ave.to W.,110th St.,to Columbus Ave., to 9th Ave., to Greenwich St., to Battery PL, to South Ferry. Returning by same route. This line coDnects with the Sixth Ave. by a spur road on W. 53d St. This line connects with the New York and Northern Railroad at the 155th St. Station. Trains run on this line from 5.30 a. m., (on Sunday from 6.45 a. m.) to 8 p. m., every 5 minutes. Stations are at the following cross streets. &c: 155th, 145th, 135th, 125th, 116th, 104th. 93d, 81st, 72d. 66th 59th, (where passengers are transferred to the 6th Ave. road without extra charge) 50th. 42d, 34th, 30th, 23d, 14th, Christopher, Houston, Desbrosses, Franklin, Warren Barclay, Cortlandt, Rector, Battery PI. and South Ferry. Tbe Sixth Avenue Line runs from W.58th St., cor. 6th Ave. (Ceatral Park) through 6th Ave., W. 3d St., to S. 5th Ave., to W. Broadway to College PI. to Murray St., to Church, to Trinity PI., to Morris St., to Greenwich, to Battery PL, to South Ferry, returning by the same route. This line is connected by the 53d St spur with the 9th Ave. line: Trains are run on this line from 5.30 A.M to 12 P M. at intervals of 2 or 5 min., and thereafter every 20 min. to 5.30 A. M. Stations on this line are at the following streets etc: 58th, 50th, (where passengers are transferred to the 9th Ave. road without extra charge,) 42nd, 33d, 28th, 23d, 18th, 14th, 8th, Bleecker, Grand, Franklin, Chambers, Park PI, Cortlandt, Rector, Battery PL, and Soutn Ferry East Side. The Third Avenue Line runs from E. 129th St. and 3d Ave., through 3d Ave. to Bowery, to New Bowery, to Pearl St., to Coenties Slip, to Front, to South Ferry. Trains run on this line from 4.45 A. M. tomidnigho ut intervals of from 4 to 8 min. and thereafter every 15 min. to 4.45 A. M. Stations on this line are at the following cross streets: 129th, 125th, 116th, 106th, 99th, 89th, 84th, 70th, 67th, 59th, 53d, 47th, 42d, (where passen- TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 327 gers are transferred to Grand Central depot branch without extra charge) 34th,) where passengers are transferred to 34th St. branch for 2d Ave. and 34th St. Ferry without extra charge) 28th, 23d, 18th, 14th, 9th, Houston, Grand, Canal, Chatham Square, (branch to City Hall to which passengers are transferred without extra cnarge) Frank- lin Square, Fulton, Hanc/er Square and South Ferry. A branch of this line runs through Park Row to entrance of Brooklyn Bridge and City Hall Park. Trains run from 5.30 A. M. to 12.30 P. M., at intervals ranging from 3 to 5 min- utes and thereafter every 15 minutes to 5.30 A. M. A branch on E. 34th St. connects this line with the 2nd Ave. line and both with the E. 34th St. Ferry. Trains run every few minutes from 5.30 A. M. to 12 P. M. A branch on the E 42nd St connects this line with the Grand Central Depot. Trains run every few minutes from 6 A. M. to 12 P. M. A branch on E. 129th St. connects this line with the 2nd Ave. and Suburban Rapid Transit line. The Second Avenue Line runs from 130th St. and 2d Ave. , through 2d Ave. to E. 23d St., to 1st Ave., to Allen St , to Divisi >n, to New Bowery, to Pearl St., to Coenties Slip te Front, to South Ferry; returning: by the same route. This line connects with the Sub- urban Rapid Transit by bridge running across the Harlem River at the 129th St. sta- tion. Trains run on this line from 5:20 A. M. to 12 midnight, at intervals of 2 or 5 minutes daily, and on Sunday every 5 minutes. Passengers are transferred to Third Avenue Line without extra charge at Chatham Square and 34th St. Stations on this line are at the following cross streets and etc :-U!9th, 127th, 121st, 117th 111th, 99th. 92d, 86th, 80th, 65th, 5?th E0th,42d, 34tn (connects with Ferry of L. I. R. R. and also 3d Ave. road), 23d, 19th, 14th, 8th, 1st, Rivington. Grand, Canal, Chatham Square (where passengers are transferred to City Hall branch without extra charge), Franklin Square, Fulton, Hanover Squat e and South Ferry. The Suburban Rapid Transit runs from 3d Ave. , cor. F 129th St. , to 2d Ave. , across Harlem River thence through the blocks between Alexander Ave. and Willis Ave., to E. 145th St., to Tremont Ave.; returns by the sama route. This line connects with the 2d and 3d Ave. lines at E. 129th St. Stations ont his h'ne are at the following cross streets, etc.: 129th, 128th, 133d, 138th, 143d, 149th, 156th, 161st, 166th, 169th, Wendover Ave. 174th, 177th or Fremont Ave. Stfam Surface Railroads. The N>w York City and Northern Railroad connects with the Ninth Avenue Elevated Rail- road at 155th St. and 8th Ave., and runs northward to Peekskill and intermediate sta- tions. The stations on this line within the city limits are at W. 155th St., High Bridge, Morris Heights (Dock), Fordham Heights, Kings Bridge, Van Cortlandt, Mosholu. The New York Central Railroad, local service runs trains from the Grand Central De- pot on a loop line to Yonkers and W. 30th St. Stations on this line are at 42d St. (Grand Central Depoti, 86th St., 110th St., 125th St. (Harlem), 138th St. (Mott Hav- en;, High Bridge, Morris Heights (Dock), Kingsbridge, Spu\ ten Duyvil, Riverdale, Mt. St. Vincent, Inwood, Fort Washington, W. 152d St., W. 126th St. (Manhattan) and W. 30th St. The New York and Harlem Railroad runs trains from the Grand Central Depot which stop at the following stations within the city limits: Grand Cent.al Depot, 42d St.; 86th St., 110th St., 125th St. (Harlem), 138th St. (Mott Haven), Melrose, Morrisannia, Claremont Park, Tremont, Fordham, Bedford Park, Williams Bridge and Wood- lawn. Surface Railway Lines and Routes. Including the Elevated, there are twenty-four lines of street railway in operation within the city limits. The New York and Harlem, now known as the Fourth and Madison avenue line, has the honor of being the first street railway in this city, and perhaps in the world. This line was incor- porated April 25th, 1831, and was opened for public traffic in November, 1832, from Prince St. to Harlem Bridge. The first cars on this line resem- bled stage coaches and had three compartments, with side doors. The jolting was modified by leather springs, and the driver, sitting on an ele- vated seat, operated the brake with his feet. 328 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. The surface railway companies in this city are now showing a prefer- ence for the cable method of traction. This system is at present being ap- plied to the Third avenue and Broadway lines, and has for the past few years been in successful operation on 125th St. and North 10th avenue. The most serious objections to this cable system are its first cost, and the per- manent charges for operators and repairs. Each cable lasts from six to fif- teen months, and costs from $6,000 to $10,000. Cables are made in lengths of 20,000 feet, and weigh about 13,000 pounds to the mile. They are usually about 1} inches in diameter. The city car routes are operated by seventeen companies of which the largest is the Third avenue, total length of its track being 28.37 miles. Last year it owned 421 cars and 1,740 horses, while the Second Avenue owned 1,900 horses. There are 268 miles of car lines in the city (exclusive of the Elevated) on which 2,378 cars and 5,280 horses were in use last year. On the various surface street railways about 225,000,000 passengers are car- ried annually. The form of the city permits a very simple classification of the general direction of its street railway routes, which run, with few exceptions, either from north to south or from east to west. On all the surface roads cars are run from an early hour in the morning until about midnight, after which the city ordinance directs that^, car shall be run every twenty minutes un- til six A. M. Surface cars are required by law to stop on the farther side of the cross streets to avoid obstructing traffic. Intending passengers should await the cars on these corners, and thus save themselves annoy- ance and delay. The fare on all these lines is five cents for continuous passage for any distance. LINES RUNNING NORTH AND SOUTH Beginning with the most Westerly. Belt Line, "West Side (color yellow): Runs from South Ferry through Whitehall St. to Bowling Green, to Battery Place, to West St., to 10th Ave., to 54th St., returning by the same route to btate St., to South Ferry. It connects with the East Side Belt Line. Tenth Avenue, and E. & W. 125th St. Cable (color red): From foot E. 155th St., through E. & W. Vioth St., Manhattan to l(Jth Ave., through 10th Ave. to lS7th St. (Washing- ton Bridge); returning by the same route. Passengers are transferred from this line to the W. UOth St. line without extra charge. Ninth Avenue Line (color yellowi: Runs from Broadway, corner Fulton St., through Ful- ton to Greenwich, to 9:-h Avenue, to Boulevard, to 10th Avenue, to W. 125th !St.; re- turning by same route to Gansevoort, to Washington, to Fulton, to Broadway. Eighth Avenue Line (color red): Runs from Broadway, corner Vesey St., through Vesey to Church St., to Chambt-rs St., to West Broadway, to Canal St., to Hudson, to 3th Ave., to West 5"taSt. , to Central Park; re turning by the same route to Cham- bers Si., to College Place, to Vesey St., to Broadway . Broadway and Canal St. Branch (color yellow): Runs from Broadway, corner Canal St. to 8th Ave., to West 15ith St. ; returning by the same route. Seventh Avenue Line (color yellow): Runs from Whitehall through Broadway to Park Place, to Church, to Canal, to Sullivan, to West 3d, to Macdougal, to Clinton Place, to Greenwich Ave., to 7th Ave., to West 53th !St. and Central Park; returning by the same route to West 4th St , to Thompson, to Canal, to West Broadway, to Whitehall, TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 829 to College Place, to Park Place, to Broadway, to Whitehall St. (South Ferry.) Pas- sengers on this line are transferred without extra charge at Canal St. to 6th Ave. line, going up or down town. Broadway and Canal St. Branch (color yellow): Runs from Broadway, corner Canal St., through Canal St. to Varick, and thence follows the same route as the Sixth Ave. and returning by the same route. Sixth Avenue (color yellow): Runs from Broadway, corner Vesey St., through Vesey to Church, to Chambers, to West Broadway, to Canal St., to Varick, to Carmine, to 6th Ave., to East 59th St and Central Park ; returning by the same route to Chambeis St., to College Place, to Vesey, to Broadway. University Place Line (color white): Runs from 59th St., cor. 7th Ave., through 7th Ave. to 45th St., to Broadway, to University PI., to Worcester St., to Spring, to Bowery to Delancy, to East, to Grand St., to foot of Grand St. (Ferry to Grand St., Brooklyn), returning by same route to Greene St., to Clinton PI., to University PI., then by same route, to start- ing place. Passengers are transferred from this line to Broadway cars, going down at Broadway, cor University PI., and also at Spring St., Cor. Broadway. Broadway and Seventh Ave. Line (color canary): From South Ferry, to State, to Broadway, as far as West 45th St., thence through Seventh Ave., to Central Park; returning by same route. Passengers going West are transferred without extra charge from this line at Houston and Chambers Sts.; and those going East at Prince and Duane Sts. Bleecker St. and Fulton Ferry Line (color white): Runs from Fulton St., t© William, to Ann, to Broadway, to Bleecker, to Macdougal, to 4th, to West 1.2th, to Hudson, to West 14th, to 9th Ave., to 23d St., to 23d St. ferry (which runs to the Erie Railroad Depot, Jersey City); returning by 23d St., to 9th Ave., to 14th St, to Hudson, to Bleecker, to Broadway, to Park Row, to Beekman, to South, to Fulton Ferry. Brooklyn Bridge Branch (color white): From Brooklyn Bridge to Centre St., to Leonard, to Elm, to Canal, to Broadway, thence by the main route as above, leturning by the same route. Fifth Avenue Stage Line of Omnibuses: Runs from Bleecker St., through S. Fifth Ave., Washington Square and Fifth avenue to 80th St ; returning by the same route. Fourth Avenue Line (color yellow): Runs from Broadway in front of Post Office, through Park Row through Centre St., to Grand, to Bowery, to Fourth Ave., to E. 42d St. (Grand Central Depot); returning by the same route. Fourth Ave. Line, 34th St. Ferry Branch (color yellow): Runs from E. 32d St. to Lexington Ave., to E. 34th St., to ferry running to Long Island City and the Long Island Railroad Depot. Passengers are transferred from this line to the. Fourth Ave. and Madison Ave. lines without extra charge. Madison Avenue Line (color yellow): Runs from Broadway in front of Post Office, through Park Row to Centre St., to Bowery, to 4th Ave., to E. 42d St. (Grand Central Depot), to Vanderbilt Ave., to E, 44th St., to Madison Ave., thence to 138th St., returning by nearly the same route. Third Avenue Line (color red): Runs from Broadway in front of Post Office, through Park Row to Chatham St., to Bowery, to 3rd Ave., and thence to the Harlem Draw Bridge E. 130th St., returning by the same route. This line will be operated by a cable traction system by the end of the present year. The work is now being rapidly pushed to completion. First and Second Avenue Line (color yellow): Runs from foot Fulton St., through Fulton St. to Water, to Peck Slip, to South, to Oliver, to Chatham Square, to Bowery, to Grand St., to Forsyth, to Houston, to 2d Ave., to East 129th St., returning by 2d Ave., to East 23d St., to 1st Ave , to Houston St., to Allen, to Grand, to Bowery, to Chatham St., to New Bowery, to Pearl St., to Fulton, to Ferry. Astoria Ferry Branch (color yellow): Runs from foot East 92d St. (Astoria Ferry) to , 2d Ave., to East 56th St. , to Madison Ave ; returning the same route. Transfers passengers to the Madison Ave. line without extra fare. Worth St. Branch (col or yellow): Rims from Worth St. corner Broadway to Park Row, thence to Harlem by main line returning by the same route. Astor Place Branch (color blue): Runs from Astor Place, corner Broadway to 2d Ave., to East 59th St., to 1st Ave. to East 129th St., and returning by the same route. City Hall, Avenue B and Thirty-fourth St. Line (color, blue)' Runs from Ann St., corner Broadway, through Park Row, to East Broadway, to Clinton St., to Ave. B, to East 14th St. , to 1st Ave., to East 34th St., to ferry running to Long Island City and con- necting with the Long Island Railroad; returns by nearly the same route. 330 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Dry Dock and East Broadway Line (color green) : Runs from the corner Ann St., corner Broadway, through Park Row to East Broadway, to Grand St , to Columbia, to Ave. D, to East 14th St., to Ave. A, to East 23d St., to ferry; returning by nearly the same route. Belt Line, East Side (color yellow) t Passing all East River ferries below 59th St., runs from South Ferry (foot Whitehall St ) through Whitehall St., to South, to Broad, to Water, to Old Slip, to South St , to Corlears, to Grand, to Goerck, to Houston, to Ave. D, to E. 14th St , to Ave. A, to E. 23d St . to 1st Ave., to 59th St.. to Central Park, to 10th Ave., to W. 53d St., returning by nearly the same route to South Ferry. It con- nects with West Side Belt Line, passing all North River ferries below 59th St. Harlem, Morrisania, Tremont and Fordham (color maroon) : Runs from 3d Ave., cor. E. 130th St., to Morrisania every 5 minutes, and to Tremont and Fordham ev^ry 15 min- utes Fare, 6 cents. This line and the line following will soon be operated by the Electric Trolley System. Harlem, Morrisania & West Farms : Runs from 3d Ave., cor. 130th St., to West Farms and intermediate points at intervals of from 20 to 40 minutes. Fare, 6 cents. Harlem & Port Morris: Runs from 3d Ave., cor. 130th St., to Port Morris every 15 min» utes. LINES RUNNING EAST AND WEST— CROSS TOWN LINES. (beginning with the most southerly.) Fulton Street Line (color chocolate) : Runs from foot Fulton St. East River (Fulton Ferry) through Fulton St. to West, to Liberty, Cortlandt and Barclay street ferries, returning by same route. Bleecker Street and Fulton Ferry Line (color white) : Runs from foot Fulton St. to W. 42d St. by route indicated above under north and south bound lines. Chambers Street Line (color red) : Runs from foot Chambers St., cor. West, to Duane St.* to Chatham, to New Chambers, to James Slip ferrv; to Long Island City and Long Island R R. depot, returning by same route to Chatham St., to Chambers, to Pavonia Ferry, running to Pavonia Ave., Jersey City, and Erie R. R. depot. Grand Street Branch (color blue): Runs from foot E. Grand St. (Grand St. Ferry to Grand St. and Broadway, Brooklyn) to Cherry St , to Jackson, to Madison, to Chambers, cor. West (ferry to Pavonia Ave., Jersey City and Erie R. R. Depot), returning by the same route. Grand and Cortlandt Lines Ccolor yellow): Runs from foot E. Grand St. (Grand St. Ferry to Broadway and Grand St., Brooklyn) through Grand St. to E. Broadway, to Canal St., to Walker to W. Broadway, to N. Moore St., to Washington, to Cortlandt, cor. West (Cortlandt St. Ferry to Railroad Ave., Jersey City, and Penn. R. R. Depot), re- turning through Cortlandt St., to Greenwich, to Beach, to W. Broadway to Lispenard St., to Broadway, to Canal St., to E. Broadway, to Grand St., to E. Grand St. Metropolitan Cross Town Line (color orange): Runs from foot E. Grand St. (Ferry to Grand St. and Broadway, Brooklyn), through East St., to Delancy, to Bowery, to Spring, to S. 5th Ave., to Washington Sq., S., to Macdougal St., to Clinton Place, to Greenwich Ave., to 7th Ave., to VV. 23d St., to foot W. 23d (ferry to Pavonia Ave., Jersey City, and Erie R. R. Depot); returning by the same route. West Fourteenth Street Branch (color orange): Runs from Macdougal through Waverly Place, to Bank St ,to Greenwich Ave., to W. 13th St., to 13th Ave., to foot W. 14thSt M (ferry from foot W. 13th St. to Bay St., Jersey City), returning by the same route. Avenue C Line (color cream): Runs foot Chambers St., cor. West (ferry to Pavonia Ave., Jersey City, Erie R R. Depot), through West to Charlton, to Prince, to Bowery, to Stanton St., to Pitt, to Ave. C, to E. 18th St., to Ave A, to E. 23d St., to 1st Ave., to E. a5th St., to Lexington Ave., to 42d St. (Grand Central Depot), returning by E. 42d St., to Lexineton Ave., to 36th St., to 1st Ave., to 23d St., to Ave. A, to Houston St., to West, cor. Chambers St. Tenth Street Ferry Branch (color cream): Runs from foot Chambers St. , cor. West (ferry to Pavonia Ave. , Jersey City and Erie R. R. Depot), through West to Charlton, to Prince, to Bowery, to Pitt St., to Ave. C, to foot E. 10th St. (.Tenth St. Ferry to Green- point Ave., Brooklyn), returning by E. 10th St , to Ave. D, to E. 11th St., to Ave. C, to E. 3d St., to 1st Ave., to Houston St., to West, to Chambers, cor. West. Christopher and Tenth St. Line (color white): Runs from Christopher St., cor. West, (Christopher St. ferry to Newark St, Hoboken, Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R., Depot) through Christopher to Greenwich Ave., to 8th St , to Ave. A, to E. 10th St., to footE. 10th St (Ferry to Greeupoint Avenue, Brooklyn); returning by E. 10th St. to Ave. A, to E 9th St., to Stuyvesant, to 8th, to 6th Ave., to Greenwich Ave. to W. 10th St., to West, cor. Christopher. TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. . 331 Desbrosses, Vestry and Grand St Line (color blue): Runs from foot E. Grand St. (Ferries to Grand St and Broadway, Brooklyn), through Grand St to Sullivan, to Vestrv, to Greenwich, to Desbrosses, cor. West (Ferry to Exchange Place, Jersey City, Penn. R. R and Susquehanna & Western R. R. Depots); returning by Desbrosses St. to Washington, to Vestry, to Sullivan, to Grand, to foot E. Grand St. Fourteenth St. and Union Sq. Line (color yellow): Runs from Christopher, cor. West (Ferry to Newark St., Hoboken; Delaware. Lackawanna & Western R. R. Depot), through Christopher to Greenwich, to 9th Ave., to W. & E. 14th St. to 4th Ave., re- turning through E. & W. 14th St. to 9th Ave. to Washington St., to Christopher, cor. West. Central Cross Town Line (color blue): Runs from foot E. 23d St. (Ferry to Broadway Brooklyn^, through E. 23d St. to Ave. A, to E. 18th St. to Broadwav, to 14th St , to 7th A-^e., to W. 11th St., to West, to Christopher St., cor. West (Ferry to Newark St., Hoboken; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. depot); returning by Christopher St. to Vest, to West llth St., to 7th Ave , to 14th St., to Broadway, to E. 17th Si , to Ave. A, to E. 23d St., to foot E. 23d St. Twenty-third Street Line (color red): Runs from foot W. 23d St. (Ferry to Pavonia Ave.. Jersey City, Eri ? R. R. Depot), through W & E. 23d St. to foot E. 23d St. (Ferry to Broadway, Brooklyn); returning by same route. Twenty -third Street Line. Thirty-fourth St. Branch (color cream): Runs from foot W. 23d St. (Ferry as in last), through W. & E. 23d St. to 2d Ave,, to E. 28th St., to 1st ave., to E. 34tn St. to foot E. 34th St. (Fern to Long Island City and Long Island R. R. Depot); returning by E. 34th St. to 1st Ave., to E 29th St., to 2d Ave., to 23d St., to foot W. 23d St. Forty -second Street and Grand Street Line (color green) : Runs from foot W. 42d St., (r>rry to Weehawken. N. J , West Shore R R. depot), to 10th Ave., to W. 34th St.. to Broadway, to E 23d St., to 4th Ave , to E. 14th St., to Ave A, to E. Houston, to Can- on, to Grand, to root Grand (terry to Grand St. and Broadway, Brooklyn), returning through Grand St. to Goerck, to E. Houston, to 2d St.. to Ave. A, to E. 14th St.. to 4th Ave., to E. 23d bt., to Broadway, to W. 34th St., to 10th Ave., to foot W. 42d St. Forty-second St. and Thirty -fourth St. Ferries Line (color, white): Runs from foot E. 34th St (ferry to Long Island City and Long Island R. R. depot) to 1st Ave., to E. 4 id St (to Grand Central Depot) to foot W. 42d St. (ferry to Weehawken, West Shore R. R. Depot) ; returning by same route. Forty -second Street and Boulevard Line (color green) : Runs from foot E. 34th St. (ferry to Long Island City and Long Island R. R. Depot) to 1st Ave., to E. 42d St. (to Grand Central Depot), to W. 42d St., to ?th Ave., to Broadway, to W. 59th St., to the Boule- vard, to Manhattan St., to North River, (ferry to Fort Lee); returning by the same route. Central Park or 59th St. Line (color yellow) : The cars of the Belt Line run east and west on this street from North to East River. St . Nicholas Ave and One Hundred and Tenth Street (color yellow) : Runs from cor. E. 110th St. and 1st Ave.,through E. and W. 110th St., to St., Nicholas Ave., to Manhattan St., to North River (ferry to Fort Lee); returning by the same route. Harlem and Manhattanville Cable Line (color red): Runs from foot E. 125th St.. through E. and W. 125th St to foot W. 130th St (ferry to Fort Lee), returning by same route. Pass- engers are transferred from this line to 10th Ave. line without extra charge. Central Park Stage Line: Runs from 72d St., cor. 5th Ave., through the Park to W. 72d St., to the Boulevard, returning by same route. Fare, 10 cents. Ferries. To Astoria, L. 1.: From foot E. 92d St., East River, to Astoria, at intervals of 30 mln. from 5 to 7 A. M.; then every 15 min. to 7 P. M.; then every 30 min. to 12:15 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. To Bedloe's Island (New York Harbor): From Barge Office pier, near the Battery, hour- ly ; alternating from 6:10 A. M. to 7:30 P. M. Fare, round trip, 25 cents. To Blackwell's Island, East River: From foot E. 26th St. at 10:30 A M., 1:30 P. M., and at 3:30 P. M. on all days except Saturday. Fare, 20 cents and Pass. Also from toot E. 52d St. every hour from 6 A. M. to 12 M., and then every half- fcoar to 7 P M Fare, 25 cents and Pass. Also from foot East 76th St. at 6:30 and 7 A. M.; then every hour until 10 P. M., and at 12 midnight. By pass only, obtained at the office of the Board of Charities and Correction, cor. E. llth St, and 3d Ave. 332 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. To Brooklyn: From foot Catharine St. to Main St. every 10 min. to 9 P. M.; then every 20 min. to 11:30 P. M.; then every 30 min. to 5 A. M. Fare, 2 cents. From foot Fulton St. to Fulton St. every 10 min. from 5 A. M. to 5 P. M.; then every 5 min. to 7 P. M.; then every 12 min. to 12 P. M. ; then every 20 min. to 5 A. M. Fare, 2 cents. From foot Whitehall St. to Atlantic St. every 12 min. from 4 A. M. to 8 P. M.; then every 15 min. to 10 P. M.; then every half -hour to 4 A. M. Fare, 2 cents. From foot Whitehall St. to Hamilton Ave. every 10 min. from 5 A. M. to 7:30 P. M.; then every 15 min. to 10 P. M. : then every half -hour to 5 A. M. Fare. 2 cents. From Wall St. to Montague St. every 10 min. from 6 A. M. to 8 P. M.; then every 20 min. to 9 P. M. Farp, 2 cents. This ferrv does not run on Sundays. From foot Whitehall St. to foot 39th St., South Brooklyn, every 30 min. from 6:30 A. M. to 10 P. M. Fare, 5 cents. From foot Roosevelt St. to Broadway every 10 min. from 5 A. M. to 7 P. M.: then every 7 min. to 8 P. M.; then every 20 min. to 12 P. M. ; then every 30 min. to 1 A. M.; then every 30 min. to 1 A, M.; then every 20 min. to 5 A. M. Boats every 20 min. on Sunday. Fare, 3 cents. From foot E. Houston to Grand St. every 10 min. from 5 A. M. to 9 P. M. ; then every 12 min. to 10 P. M. ; then every 20 min. to 12 P. M. ; then every half hour to 5 A. M. Fare, 2 cents. From foot E. Grand St. to Broadway every 7 min. from 6 A. M. to 11 A. M.; then every 10 min. to 1:30 P. M ; then every 7 min. to 7 P. M.; then every 12 min. to 12 P M. ; then every half hour to 6 A. M. Fare, 2 cents. From foot E. Grand St. to Grand St. every 12 min. from 5 A. M. to 10 P. M.; then every 24 min. to 12 P. M. ; then every 30 min. to 5 A. M. Fare, 2 cents. From foot E. 23d St. to Broadway every 10 min. from 6:15 A M. to 10 P. M. ; every 30 min to 1 A. M. ; then every 40 min. to 5:15 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From foot E. 23d St. to Greenpoint Ave , Greenpoint, every 12 min. from 5 A. M. to 9 P. M. ; then 20 min. to 12 P. M. ; then every 30 min. to 5 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From foot E. 10th St. to Greenpoint Ave., Greenpoint, every 15 min. from 5 A. M. to 6 A. M. ; then every 12 min to 10 A . M. ; then every 15 min. to 2 P. M. ; then every 12 min. to 7 P.M.; then every 15 min to 9 P. M.; then every 30 min. to 12 midnight. Fare, 3 cents. To Fort Lee: From foot W. 130th St. every 30 min. from 6:30 A. M. to 6:30 P. M.; then at 9:30 P.M. Fare, 10 cents. From foot Canal St., North River, and touching at W. 22d St., week days, 10 A. M., 2 and 3:15 P. M.; Sundays 10 A. M., 2 and 6 P. M.; returning, week days, 7:30 and 11:30 A. M., and 3:30 P. M.; Sundays, 8 A. M., 12 noon and 5 P. M. Fare, 15 cents. To Ellis Island from the Barge Office Pier every 50 min. Passes are granted by the officials of the Barge Office, and also by the agents of the various Transatlantic S. S. Lines. To Governor's Island from foot Whitehall St. Every hour. By pass only. To Hart's Island from foot E. 26th St. daily, except Sunday, at 11 A.M. Passage by permit from Bureau of Charities and Correction, 3rd Ave., cor. E. 11th St. Fare, 40 cents. To Hoboken from foot Barclay St. to Newark St. (Delaware & Lackawanna R R. Depot): Every 10 min. from 6.30 A. M. to 7.40 P. M.; then every 15 min to 11.30 P M. Every 30 min to 4 A. M.; then every 15 min. to 6.30 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From foot Christopher St. to Newark St. (D., L. &. W. R. R. Depot): Every 15 rain, from 3.45 A. M to 5 A. M. ; then every 10 min. to 11:30 P. M. ; every half hour to 4 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From foot W. 14th St. to 14th St. and Bay St. every fifteen min. from 6 A. M. to 8 P. M. ; then every 30 min. to 12 noon; then hourly to 4 A. M. ; then every 30 min. to 6 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. To Hunter's Point and Long Island City, Hudson Ave.(Long Island R.R. Depot) from foot E. 34th St. about every 20 min. from 5 A. M. to 6 A. M. ; then every 10 min. or 15 min. to 12 midnight: then every half-hour until 5 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From James Slip daily, except Sunday, every 30 min. from 7 A. M. to 6:30 P. M. Fare, 6 cents. To Jersey City, from foot Desbrosses St., Exchange PI. (Pennsylvania R. R. Depot) every 15 min. from 4 A. M. to 6 A. M. ; then every ten min. to 8 P. M. ; then every 15 min. to 12 P. M.; then every 30 min. to 4 A. M.; Sundays, about every fifteen min. Fare 3 cents. From foot Cortlandt street to Exchange PI. (Pennsylvania R. R. Depot) every 15 min. from 4 to 6 A. M. : then every 10 min. to 8 P. M. ; then every 15 min. to 12 P. M. ; then every 30 min. to 4 A. M.; Sundays, every 15 min. to midnight and then every half-hour to 6 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From foot Liberty St. toCommunipaw, Jersey City, (Central R. R. of N. J Depot) TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. .333 every 15 min. from 5.30 to 9 P. M ; then 10.15, 10.35; then every 15 min. to 12 P. M.; then about every half hour to 4.30 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From foot Chambers street to Pavonia Ave. (Erie R. R. Depot) every 15 min. from 3.80 to 7 A. M. ; then at intervals of 10 or 15 min. to 1 A. M. ; then every half hour to 3. 30 A. M. Fare, 3 cents. From foot W. 23d St. to Pavonia Ave., (Erie R. R. Depot) every 15 min. from 5:55 A M. to 6;55 P. M. ; then every half -hour to 11:25 P. M ; then hourly to 5:55 A. M. ; Sunday, every half hour from 7 A. M. to 11:55 P. M. ; then hourly to 5:55 A M. Fare, 3 cents. To Randall's Island: From foot E. 26th St. (freight boat only) daily except Sunday, 7 A. M. and 10:30 A. M. Fare. 25 cents. From foot E. 122d St. (by rowboats for passengers) daily at all]hours. Fare, 25 cents. From foot E. 120th St. : Several times daily from 8 A. M. to 9 P, M. Fare, 25 cents. To Staten Island: From foot Whitehall Street to St. George (Staten Island Rapid Transit Depot) daily, except Sunday, at 5:30 A. M.; then at intervals of 20 or 40 m:n. to 12:05 A. M. ; Sundays, from 7 A. M. to 11 P. M. Fare, including railway, 10 cents. To Ward's Island: From foot K. 26th St. 10:30 A. M., by pass from Bureau of Charities and Correction, 3d Ave., cor E. 11th St. Fa re, 20 cents. From foot E. 110th St. every 20 min. from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. Fare, 20 cents. To Weehawken: From foot W. 42d St. to West Shore R. R. Depot, daily at intervals vary- ing from 15 min. to an hour and a quarter from 6 A. M. to 8:35 P. M. Fare, 5 cents. From foot Jay St. to West Shore R . R. Depot at intervals varying from 3 to 40 min. to 12 P. M. Fare, 5 cents. Steamships and Steamboats. The vast international and domestic commercial and passenger traffic by water routes from New York necessitates the constant employment of a fleet of ocean and coastwise steamships, steamboats and other craft greater in its aggregate tonnage than the total floating equipment of the entire world a few decades ago. In and out of New York harbor, in a constant procession, pass those great marine palaces whose names and fame have long since become household words and stories. There are upwards of a dozen transatlantic lines that vie with each other in the superb quality of the appointment of their steamers. So great has been the advancement in the application and economy of steam power in navigation within the last two or three years that it is now possible to make the passage from New York to England on any one of at least half a dozen of the " flyers" in less than six days, and sanguine travellers look forward to the time when the trip can be made in a yet shorter period. Lines of steamships run from New York to almost all the ports of Europe, South and Central America. Besides these there are lines running to Australia, China, Japan and various other places in the far East. The favorite days for departure of European lines are Wednesday and Saturday. The hours of sailing depend largely upon the state of the tides. The mails are carried by the swiftest steamers, and are landed usually at the first European touching points. The docks of the ocean liners are along the Hudson (North) River front on the New York and Jersey shores, and in South Brooklyn. If in Brooklyn or on the Jersey shore (Jersey City or Hoboken), they must be reached by ferries from New 334 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. York. As the distance from the chief hotels to the steamship docks is sev- eral miles, intending passengers should allow themselves ample time, to have sufficient leisure to attend to the many final arrangements that always precede the drawing in of the gangway. One of the busiest and noisiest scenes in metropolitan life is that at the departure or arrival of one of the great Atlantic liners. The rate of passage on all the lines varies with the location of the state room, speed of the steamer, and the quality of its accommodations. The cost of transatlantic travel has been so reduced through keen competition and the shortening of the time of transit that the trip can be made comfort- ably on a slow steamship for $35 (excursion $60), while the choicest accom- modations of the finest ships would cost many times this sum. The steamboats plying between New York and points on the Hudson River and Long Island Sound are, in many instances, unrivalled for elegance, comfort of their equipment, as well as for speed and size. They are, in short, nothing more nor less than floating hotels. The notable ex- amples are the steamers of the Albany Day Line of the Hudson River ser- vice, and that of the Fall River Line to Newport, Boston, &c. Old Colony Steamboat Co., Fall River Line. Among the grand enterprises of this city that include the transportation of passengers and freight by water in their plan, the Fall River Line takes first place. The passenger steam- boats of this line, the Puritan, Pilgrim, Ply- mouth, and Providence, are the finest of their class in the world; proportions, carrying capac- ity, elegance of design and finish, and superb quality of appointments considered. The head- quarters of. this line in New York are at Pier 28, North River, or at the foot of Murra}^ Street. Their boats run from New York to Newport, R. I., and to Fall River, Mass., and from the last named point Pullman express trains equal in quality and corresponding in equipment and furnishings to the steamboats complete the line as a transportation agency between New York and Boston. The route of these boats is through the most interesting and picturesque sections of New York, Rhode Island and southwestern Massachusetts waters. INTERIOR VIEW ON A PALL RIVER LINE STEAMER TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 335 Leaving the pier at New York, their course is around the Battery ; on- ward through the busy scenes of the lower North River, and East River for its entire length; under the Brooklyn Bridge, and from thence between shores bristling with piers and presenting great blocks of warehouses and business establish- ments such as no other city offers to view; past the Brooklyn Navy Yard, and along the shores of Black- well's Island from end to end; through Hell Gate and out into Long Island Sound, threading among islands and along beautiful shores, and passing points I and headlands and inlets I innumerable. In the night the whole length of Long Island Sound is traversed and in the morning hours Narragansett and Mt. Hope Bays. A visit to these boats lying at their pier, or a trip by this line between New York and Boston, will prove a perfect revelation of de- lightful and satisfactory experiences. In addition to the lists here given, a large number of small steamers, principally Norwegian, are constantly employed in the West Indian fruit trade. A large and constantly increasing fleet of tank steamers for carrying petroleum to foreign ports, as well as some for transporting the oil to American ports not covered by the pipe lines, is also a feature of the steamship trade from New York. In addition to the regular lines from New York, there are always a large number of transient steamers, generally referred to as " tramps, " that contribute largely to increasing the tonnage from New York. The following tables give the destinations, names of lines, location of offices and piers of the passenger steamship and steamboat lines sailing from New York: STEAMER PURITAN OF THE FALL RIVER LINE. 336 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Ocean Steamship Lines* TO BRITISH PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. Avonmouth Barber & Co 33 Broadway Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Avonmouth Manhanset 19 Whitehall Columbia Stores, Bklyn. Bristol Bristol City 19 Whitehall Ft W 26th st. Glasgow Allan-State 53 Broadway Columbia Stores, Bklyn. Glasgow Anchor 7 Bowling Green — Ft Leroy st, N R Hull Wilson 22 State st Wilson Pier, Bklyn. Leith Arrow 29 Broadway FtW 24th st. Leith . Barber & Co 33 Broadway Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Liverpool Beaver 19 Whitehall No regular pier. Liverpool Cunard 4 Bowling Green Ft Clarkson st, N R. Liverpool Guion 35 Broadway FtKingst,NR. Liverpool Inman 6 Bowling Green ... Ft Christopher st, N R. Liverpool National 27 State st Ft W Houston st. Liverpool White Star Line 29 Broadway Ft W 10th st. Liverpool -j ^Ri^r Piate™?!!. . * • Pl ' oduce Exchange . .Martin's, Bklyn. Liverpool Sumner Line 18 Broadway No regular pier. London Atlantic Transport — 4 Broadway Ft W 27th st. London National 27 State st FtW Houston. London Wilson 22 State st Wilson Pier, Brklyn. and ft2dst, Hoboken. London Union 140 Pearl st Ft Jefferson, E R. London Carter Hawley 54 Wall st Ft Market st, E R. Newcastle Wilson 22 State st .... .. Wilson Pier, Bklyn, and ft 2d st. Hoboken, Southampton North German Lloyd. . 2 Bowling Green Ft 2d st, Hoboken. Swansea Bristol City 19 Whitehall Ft W 26th st. TO NORTH EUROPEAN PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. Amsterdam -j R ^ ri cIn herlandS : } 27 S WiUiam st Ft 5th st ' Hoboken. Amsterdam Barber Sz Co... 33 Broadway Atlantic Docks. Bklyn. Antwerp Red Star 6 Bowling Green.. . Ft Sussex st, Jersey City. Antwerp Sumner 18 Broadway No regular pier. Antwerp White Cross 27 S William st Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Antwerp Wilson 22 State st Wilson Pier. Bklyn. Baltic Ports Hamburg Am. Packet. .37 Broadway Ft 1st st, Hoboken . Bordeaux Bordeaux 27 S William st ... Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Bremen North German Lloyd.. 2 Bowling Green .. . Ft 2nd st, Hoboken. Copenhagen Barber & Co 33 Broadway Atlantic Docls, Bklyn. Denmark Thingvalla 27 S William st . . . Ft W 4 th st, Hoboken. Hamburg Union Line 27 S William st Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Hamburg Hamburg Am. Packet..^ Broadway Ft 1st st, Hoboken. Havre | C0 TZSau G tr q n uef le f *> Bowlin* Green Ft Morton. N E. Norway Thingvalla ... . 27 S WiUiam st Ft 4th st, Hoboken. Rotterdam Rotterdam Line 29 Broadway . . . Ft 5th st. Hoboken. Rotterdam Barber & Co 33 Broads ay Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Rotterdam | ^mericln^ 1 ^" [ 2? S William st Ft 5th st. Hoboken. Stettin Thingvalla 27 S William st Ft 4th st, Hoboken. SOUTH EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. Azores | ^vaglcao^ ^ 1 150 Pearl st Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Barcelona Fabre 33 Broadway Woodruff Stores, Bklyn. Lisbon | E Navagac^o Ulan ^ de [ 150Pea^lft Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Marseilles Fabre . . 33 Broadway Woodruff Stores, Bklyn. Marseilles -j °S P d|f NSyfeSkS!: [ 27 S William st AtlaDtic Docks ' Bklyn ' Mediterranean Ports Flono Rubitino 29 Broadway Mediterranean Piers, Bkn. TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 337 SOUTH EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. Mediterranean Pts-j M y ^^q® 8,11 & K j- 29 Broadway Mediterranean Piers, Bkn. Mediterranean Pts -j ^I^deSiana^." f 29 Broadwa y Mediterranean Piers, Bkn. Mediterranean Ports North German Lloyd.. 2 Bowling Green Ft 2nd st, Hoboken. Mediterranean Ports. Anchor 7 Bo .v ling Green Union Piers, Bklyn. Portugal | ^Portug^ezS^f 68 .' \ m Broad st Atlantic Docks, Bklyn. Spain Puig & Emerson 4 Stone st No regular pier. TO SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICAN PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. ArgentineRepublic..NY.& River Plate .113 Wall st Ft Pine st, E R. Belize | G dura? ala & . H ° n ." f 42 Exchange pi Pinto Fiers, Bklyn. Bermuda Quebec S. S. Co " '. .39 Broadway Ft W 10th st. Brazil -| ^fve? Plate raZil & [ ~? rodnce Exchange . . Martins Piers, Bklyn. Brazil U. S. & Brazil Mail . . 19 Whitehall st Roberts Piers, Bklyn. Brazil Sloman 27 S William st . . . Roberts Piers, Bklyn Brazil Red Cross 112 Pearl st Martins Piers. Bklyn. Brazil Booth S. S 88 Gould st Martins Piers. Bklyn. Buenos Ayres River Plate 113 Wall st Empire Stores, Bklyn. Colon C. T. Espanola 80 Wall st Ft Leroy st, N R. Colon Pacific Mail ... .At pier Ft Canal st. Cuba (Havana) . . . -j N - S Y C J °. Uba . Mail S ' \ U3 Wall st Ft Pine st, E R. Cuba U. S. & West India 135 Pearl st Ft Washington st, Bklyn. Cuba Waydell 21 Old Slip No regular Pier. Cuba (Santiago) ....Ward 113 Wall st Ft Pine st, E R. Cuba Munson 80 Wall st Ft Wall st. E R. Curacoa Red D 71 Wall st Roberts Piers, Bklyn. Darien S. Brooklyn Saw Mill . . 16 Beaver st Ft Prospect av, Bklyn. Demarara Trinidad 45 Exchange Place Ft Wall st. E R. Dominica Quebec S. S Co 39 Broadway Ft W 10th st. Hayti (North) .. Atlas 24 State st FtW25thst. Hayti Clyde S. S. Co 5 Bowling Green . Ft Roosevelt st, E R. Jamaica (Kingston). Atlas 24 State st Ft W 25th st. Jamaica Kerr 41 Beaver st Ft Morris st, N R. Mexico Munson 80 Wall st Ft Wall st, E R. Mexico N. Y. & Cuba Mail ... 113 Wall st Ft Wall st. E R. Montevideo . ■ .Norton Line 90 Wall st Empire Stores, Bklyn. Nassau N. Y. & Cuba Mail ...113Wallst Ft Wall st, E R. Nassau Bahamas S. S. Co . . . 63 Pine st Ft Pine st, E R. Porto Rico N Y. & Porto Rico . . 76 Beaver st Atlantic Docks, Bklj n. River Plate -j ^vot Plate™ 2 * 1 & [ Produce Exchange . . Martins Piers, Bklyn. Redondo Atlantic & Pacific. ... 33 Broadway Atlantic Docks. Bklyn, St. Thomas U. S. & Brazil 19 Whitehall st Roberts Piers. Bklyn. San Domingo Clyde 5 Bowling Green ... Ft Wall st, E R. Venezuela Red D 135 Front st Ft Jefferson st. E R. Venezuela Thebaud 87 Broad st Empire Stores, Bklyn. Valparaiso Merchants Hanover Sq Coenties Slip. West Indies Quebec S. S. Co 39 Broadway Ft W 10th st. West Indies j R Man. ^^ '*'. ^ \ M Beaver st Pierrepont Piers, Bklyn. West Indies Trinidad 29 Broadway Union Piers, Bklyn. Westlndies Atlas 24 State st Ft W 25th st. West Indies ] ^fcT. T ^!f*.' \ At P ier Coenties Slip. West Indies Anchor 7 Bowling Green Union Stores, Bklyn. OTHER PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. China Union 140 Pearl st Ft Jefferson st, E R. China Glen 4 Broadway Ft W 27th st. 338 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. OTHER PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. China Perry 69 Wall st Martins Piers, Bklyn. India Perry 69 Wall st Martins Piers, Bklyn. Jeddah, etc Bacon 23 Cotton Exchange No regular pier. Jed dan, etc Loesser 23 Beaver st Mai tins Piers, Bklyn. Japan Union 140 Pearl st Ft Clinton st. E R. Japan Perry 69 Wall st Martins Piers, Bklyn. Japan Glen — 4 Broadway No regular pier. St. John's, N. F.. . . . . Red Cross 18 Broadway Ft Warren st, Bklyn. TO DOMESTIC AND CANADIAN PORTS. TO LINE. OFFICE. PIER. Alexandria, Va Old Dominion S. S. Co.235 West st . . .Ft Beach. Baltimore, Md Baltimore Line Ft Rector Ft Rector. Bangor & Belfast, j N.^ Me. & N. B. S. J 19 g wmiam ^ Ft ^^ Brunswick. Ga . Mallory ... 362 Broadway Ft Burling si. Bucksport. Me . . \ ^gffl^ 8, & K B ' S ' [ 19 S William st Ft Clinton, City Point, Va Old Dominion ^35 West st Ft Bea-m Charleston, S. C. . . Clyde S. S. Co .... 5 Bowling Green ... .Ft Market. Eastport. Me Mallory 36* Broadway Ft Hurl in? si. Fernandino, Fla. .. .Mallory 36* Broadway.. . . Ft Burling si. Galveston, Tex .. .Morgan 343 Broadway Ft Spring. Galveston, Tex Mallory 36^ Broadway Ft Burling si, Georgetown, S C. . . Clyde S. S. Co 5 Bowling Green . Ft Market. Halifax, N. S Red Cross 18 Broadway Ft Warren st. Jacksonville, Fla . . . Clyde S. S. Co 5 Bowling Green ... Ft \1 arket. Jacksonville. Fla Merchants 154 Maiden Lane . Coenties si. Key West, Fla .... Mallory 36; Broadway Ft Burling si. New Orleans Cromwell At pier Ft Rector. New Orleans Morgan 343 Broadway Ft Spring. Newport News — Old Dominion At pier Ft Barclay. Norfolk, Va Old Dominion 235 West st Ft Barclay. Philadelphia Clyde S. S. Co Atpier ,Ft Oliver. Philadelphia .Henderson & Co 27 South st Old Slip. Portland, Me ... .Maine S. S. Co Atpier ..Ft Market. Port Royal, S. C Mallory 362 Broadway Ft Burling si. Portsmouth, Va.. .. Old Dominion 235 West st FtBeach. Richmond, Va Old Dominion 235 West st Ft Beach. St. John, N. B Mallory 362 Broadway Ft Burling si. Savannah Ocean S S. Co Ft Spring st Ft Spring. Washington. D. C . . . Old Dominion 235 West st Ft B^ach. West Point, Va ... Old Dominion 235 West st Ft Beach . Wilmington, N. C ... Clyde S. S Co 5 Bowling Green . . Ft Market. HUDSON RIVER STEAMBOAT LINES. RATES. LANDINGS. LINES AND BOATS. PlERS. SINGLE. EXCURSION Albany Albany Day Ft Vestry st $2 00 $2 50 Albany Peoples (night) Ft Canal st 150 250 Albany Citizens might) Ft W 10th st 150 2 50 Athens Katskill Ft W 11th st 100 170 Barrytown Saugerties & N. Y. S. B. Co. Ft W llth st 1 00 1 50 Catskill Alban ? Day Ft Vestry st 1 50 2 ?5 Catskill Katskill FtWllthst 100 170 Cold Spring Homer Ramsdell Ft Franklin st 50 Cold Spring Katskill FtWllthst 50 Cornwall Homer Ramsdell Ft Franklin st 50 Cornwall Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 75 100 Cornwall Kingston Ft W 10th st 50 CoxsacMe Katskill FtWllthst 100 170 Cranstons Str. Mary Powell tt Vestry st 100 Edgewater Fort Lee S. B. Co FtWlSthst 50 Esopus Kingston FtWiOthst 15 25 Fishkill Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 100 TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 339 HUDSON RIVER STEAMBOAT LINES. RATES LANDINGS. LINES OR BOATS. PIERS. SINGLE. EXCURSION. Fishkill Brundage & Places Ft Franklin st Fort Lee Fort Lee S. B. Co FtW13thst 15 25 Garrisons Albany Day Ft Vestry st Garrisons Str. Mary Powell Ft. Vestry st Germantown Katskill FtWilthst 100 170 Grassy Point Str. Chrystenah Ft Spring st 40 50 Haverstraw Str. Chrystenah Ft Spring st 35 50 Highland Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 75 Highland Poughkeepsie Ft Franklin st 75 125 Hudson Albany Day Ft Vestry st 150 2 75 Hudson Katskill FtWilthst 100 170 Hyde Park Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 100 Hyde Park Saugerties & N. Y. S. B. Co.. Ft W llth st 100 150 Linlithgo Katskill FtWilthst 100 170 Maiden Katskill FtWilthst 100 170 Marlborough Kingston Ft W 10th st 75 Marlborough Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 75 125 Marl borough '. Poughkeepsie Ft Franklin st 75 Milton Str. Mary PoweU Ft Vestry st 75 125 Milton .. Kingston FtWlOthst 75 New Baltimore Katskill FtWilthst 100 170 Newburgh Albany Day . . Ft Vestry st . . . . 75 1 00 Newburerh Homer Ramsdell Ft Franklin st 50 .... Newburgh Kingston FtWlOthst 50 Newburgh Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 75 100 New Hamburg Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 75 1 25 tsew Hamburg Kingston Ft W 10th st 75 New Hamburg .. . . Poughkeepsie Fc Franklin st 75 125 Nyack Str. Chrystenah FtSpringst 30 50 OakHill Katskill FtWilthst 100 150 Peekskill Str. Chrystenah Ft Spring st 40 50 Pleasant Valley Fort Lee Park & S. B. Co.. . .Ft Canal st 15 25 Poughkeepsie Str. Mary Powell Ft Vestry st 75 125 Poughkeepsie Poughkeepsie Ft Franklin st 75 1 25 Poughkeepsie Albany Day Ft Vestry st 1 00 1 50 Poughkeepsie Kingston FtWlOthst 75 Rbinebeck Albany Day Ft Vestry st. 125 2 25 Rhinebeck Saugerties & N. Y. S. Co ... .Ft W llth st 100 150 Rockland Lake Str. Chrystenah Ft Spring st 35 50 Rondout Albany Day Ft Vestiy st 2 50 Rondout Kingston Ft W 10th st 1 00 1 50 Rondout Str. Mary PoweU Ft Vestry st 100 150 Saugerties Saugerties & N. Y. S. B. Co Ft W llth st 1(0 150 Shady Side Fort Lee & S. B. Co Ft W 13th st 15 25 Sing Sing Str. S. A. Jenks Ft Franklin st 25 Smith's Landing Katskill .FtWilthst 100 170 Stockport Katskill FtWilthst 100 170 Stuvvesant Katskill FtWilthst 100 170 Tarry town Str. Chrystenah . . Ft Spring st 25 40 Troli Saugerties & N. Y. S. B Co. .Ft W llth st 1 00 1 50 Troy Citizens FtWlOthst 1 5u 2 50 Troy Albany Day Ft Vestry st 2 15 Ulster Landing Saugerties & N. Y. S. B. Co.. Ft W llth st 1 00 1 50 Verplanck Str. Chrystenah Ft Spriug st 40 50 West Park Kingston Ft W 10th st 1 00 West Point Str. Mary Powell Ft -Vestry st 75 West Point Albany Day Ft Vestry st 75 100 West Point Homer Ramsdell Ft Franklin st 50 honkers Albany Day Ft Vestry st 25 40 Tonkers Str. Chrystenah FtSpringst 15 25 Yonkers Str. C. A. Peene Ft Franklin st 15 LONG ISLAND SOUND AND OTHER LOCAL COASTWISE STEAMBOAT LINES. RATES. LANDINGS. LINES OR BOATS. PIERS. SINi.LE. EXCURSION. Astoria Morrisania Ft Fulton st $0 10 340 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. LONG ISLAND SOUND AND OTHER LOCAL COASTWISE STEAMBOAT LINES. RATES LINES OR BOATS. PIERS. SINGLE. EXCURSION 60 LANDINGS, Atlantic Highlands . C. R. R. of N. J. Strs .. ... Ft Rector st Bay Ridge Baj Ridge Fe.ry Ft Mitchell st Bayville, L. I Str. Northport Pecksl Bedloe's Island Bay Ridge Ferry Barge Office Dock Belden Point Iron S. B. Co Battery pi N. R .. Bergen Point McMaster Ft Maiden la, E. R Boston. Fall River Ft Murray st Boston Norwich Ft Watts st Boston Providence ... Ft Watts st Boston Stonington Ft Spring st Branchpoint Elberon, Pleasure Bay Ft Jane st . „ Bridgeport, Ct Bridgeport S. B. Co b t Catharine st. . . Bridgeport Str. Rosedale Ft Catharine st. . . Brookways Hartford Centre Is., L. I Cartaret, N. J. ... Chelsea, N. J Cold Spring. L. I.. College Point Coney Island 10 3 00 3 00 3 00 3 00 35 50 50 .Pecks! 1 50 Str. Portchester Ft Pike st 40 . Str. Meta BtMorris & Rector sts 25 Str. New Brunswick . . .... .Ft Rector st 20 Str. Portchester Ft Pikest 40 N. Y. College Point Ferry.. . . E. 99th 10 IronS. S. Co Ft W 23rd & Bat'y. pi 35 Cottage City Maine S. S. Co FtMarketst 4 00 Cottage City Fall River Ft Murray st . . 4 00 Cromwell, Ct Hartford Pecksl 150 Davis Is U.S. Government Boat Bt Moore & Broad sts Deep River Hartford Pecksl* 150 East Haddam Hartford Peck si 1 50 Elizabethport, N. J McMaster Ft Maiden la, ER . .. Essex Hartford Peck si Fair Haven, N. J Strs. Albertina & Sea Bird. . Ft Franklin st Fall River Fall River Ft Murray st Fishing Banks Str. Angler FtE.21stst Fishing Banks Str. Schuyler FtE. 23rd st Fishing Banks Str. Al. Foster FtW. 48th st Fishingr Banks Str. Havana Ft. E. 31st st Fort Hamilton U. S. Government Boat Bt Moore & Broad sts Fort Hamilton Pleasure Bay Ft Jane st Fort Schuyler U. S. Government Boat BtMoore& Broad sts Fort Wadsworth U. S. Government Boat Bt Moore & Broad sts Gildersleeves.. . Hartford -...Pecksl Glastonbury Hartford Pecksl Glen Cove Str. Idlewild Peck si & ft E 31st st Glen Island Starin FtCortlandt Glen Wood, L. I Str. Idlewild Peck si &E 31st st .. Goodspeed,Ct Hartford Pecksl Governor's Island. Government Boat Bt Moore <£: Broad sts GreatNeck Str. Idlewild Peck si & E 31st st . . Greenport Montauk S. B. Co Ft Beekmanst 1 25 Greenwich Str. Maid of Kent Ft Pikest Hadlyme Hartford Pecksl Harlem (13Jth st. ).. . Str. Morrisania Ft Fulton st . Hartford Hartford Pecksl Highlands, N.J Strs. Albertina & Sea Bird . . Ft Franklin st Huntington, L. I ..Sir. Huntington Pikest Keyport Str. Minnie Cornell Ft Veseyst... Keyport Str. Holmdel Ft Vesey st. . . 10 1 50 50 3 00 16 1 50 1 50 35 "35 1 50 85 1 50 10 1 50 50 50 Liebig's Dock, N. Linoleumville Linoleumville Lloyd's Dock, L. I. Locust Point, N. J. Str. Meta Ft Rector st 20 Str. Meta Ft Rector st 20 Str. New Brunswick Ft Rector st 20 . Str. Porchester Ft Pike st 40 . Strs. Albertina & Sea Bird . . Ft Franklin st 50 Long Branch, N.J Strs. Elberon & Pleasure Bay Ft Jane st 35 Long Branch, N, . J ... By C. R. R. of N. J. Str. & RailFt Rector st 1 00 Lyme Hartford Pecksl 150 Mamaroneck Str. Mary E. Gordon Pike st 25 Middle Haddam Hartford Peck si 1 50 Middletown Hartford Peck si 1 50 Pass $1 00 25 I 00 25 40 600 50 75 75 2 25 75 40 30 75 "50 7 00 7 00 2 25 2 25 2 25 2" 25 Pass Pass 2 25 2 25 50 40 50 2 25 50 2 25 2 25 50 50 30 30 30 75 80 50 1 50 2 25 225 2 25 TRAVELLERS' GUIDE. 341 LONG ISLAND SOUND AND OTHER LOCAL COASTWISE STEAMBOAT LINES RATES. LANDINGS. LINES OR BOATS. PIERS. SINGLE. EXCURSK Middletown Stonington Ft Spring st New Brunswick, N. J . . Str. New Brunswick Ft Rector st 50 New Haven New Haven Peck si 75 New Haven Starin Ft Cortlandt st Ne w London Norwich Ft Watts st 1 40 Newport Fall River Ft Murray st ..... 3 00 New Rochelle Str. Mary E. Gordon Pike si " 25 Norwalk Str. Huntington Pike si 50 NorthBeach N. Y. & College Point Ferry E 99th st 10 NorthPort Str. Northport .FtPeeksl 75 Oceanic, N. J Strs. Albertina & Sea Bird . Ft Franklin st 50 Ft Beekman st 1 25 40 25 25 Orient Montauk S. B Co Oyster Bay Str. Portchester Ft Pike st Perth Amboy Str. New Brunswick Ft Rector st . . Perth Amboy Str. Meta Ft Rector st .. Pleasure Bay, N. J . . . Sts. Elberon & Pleasure Bay.Ft Jane st 35 Portland, Conn .. . .Hartford Peck si 150 Portchester Portchester Trans. Co Pike st 35 Providence, R. I Providence Ft Warren st 3 00 Providence Stonington Ft Spring st 3 00 Red Bank, N. J Strs. Albert ina & Sea Bird . . Ft Franklin st 50 Rock Landing, Conn .. Hartford Peck si .. 150 Roslyn, L. I. Str. Idlewild Peck si 35 Rossville, N. J Str. New Branswick Ft Rector st 25 Sag Harbor Montauk S. B. Co Ft Beekman st 1 25 Sands Point Str. Idlewild Peck si Sandy Hook U. S. Government Boat . . . Bt Moore & Broad sts Saybruok Hartford Line Peck si Sayreville, N. J Str New Brunswick Ft Rector st Seabright Strs. Elberon & Pleasure Bay Ft Jane st Sea Cliff, L. I Str. Idlewild Ft Peck and E 31st st Shelter Island Montauk S. B Co Ft Beekman st 1 South Amboy Strs. New Brunswick & MetaFt Rector st . . South Norwalk Str. City of Albany Ft Beekman st Southold, L. I Montauk S. B. Co Ft Beekman st 1 Stamford, Ct ...Str. Shady Side Ft Pike st Star Landing, N. J . . Str. New Brunswick Ft Rector st Staten Island Villages I Staten Island Ferry & S. 1 1 ™. w^t^aii ch- and Towns f Rapid Transit f Ft Whitehall st Stonington Stonington Ft Spring st .... Tottenville Strs New Brunswick & MetaFt Rector st Willet's Point Government Launch Ft Moore & Broad sts 35 Pass 80 1 25 1 25 1 25 75 40 40 50 2 25 2 25 50 40 ' 50 1 50 2 25 40 60 35 50 35 50 1 25 30 50 40 60 1 25 35 • 50 25 40 10 and upwards 75 25 Pass 40 Piers. The piers of New York, Jersey City and Brooklyn are almost without exception constructed of wood, and are noteworthy only for their number, size and the vastness of the business transacted on and about them. The piers along the East River front are chiefly used by great international and domestic lines of freight steamers and sailing vessel , while those on the North River afford docking facilities for transatlantic and South American passenger steamships, as well as for scores of coast wise lines, and river and harbor steamboats. Many of the ocean steamships have their docks in Brooklyn and on the Jersey side of the Hudson River, in Jersey City and Hoboken, which are reached from New York by ferry. The following is a list of the piers in New York City, with the names of the streets at the foot of which they are located: — 342 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. EAST RIVER. 8, foot Whitehall St. " Moore st. bet. Moore and Broad Sts. k; Broad and Coenties Slip, (old) 6 (new) 7, Coenties Slip. 10, bet. Coenties and Old Slip. 12, Old Slip. bet. Old SI. and Governeur Lane, ft. Jones Lane. 16, ft. Wall St. ft. Pine St. " Maiden Lane. " Fletcher St. 21, ft. Burling Slip, ft. Fulton St. " Beekman St. (old) bet. Beekman and Peck Slip. 26, ft. Peck Slip. " Dover St. bet. Dover and Roosevelt Sts. (new) ft. Roosevelt St. bet. Roosevelt and James Slip. 32, (old) ft. James Slip, ft. Oliver St. 35 ft. Catharine Slip, (old) bet. Catharine Slip & Market, (new) 38, ft. Market St. Det. Market and Pike Sts. 32 (new) ft. Pike St. bet. Rutgers and Pike Sts. 44, ft Rutgers St. bet. Rutgers and Jefferson Sts. (new) ft. Jefferson St. bet Jefferson and Clinton Sts. ft. Clinton St. bet. Clinton and Montgomery Sts. ft. Montgomery St. 52, ft. Gouverneur Slip, ft. Jackson St. ft, Cherry St. 57, ft. Broome St. 59, ft. Delancy St. ft. Rivington St. bet. Rivington and Stanton Sts. foot Stanton St. " 3d 11 5th " 6th " 7th 11 8th 11 E. 9th " 11 E. luth " " E. 11th " " E 12th " bet. E. 12th & E. 13th Sts. NORTH RIVER. No. A, 1, (new) and 1 (old), ft. Battery Place. 2, 3, bet. Battery PL and Morris St. 2. ft. Morris St. No 5, 8, 4 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 80, 14, 15, 35, 27, 88. 29, 80. 81, NORTH RIVER. 6, 7, befc. Morris and Rector Sts. ft. Rector St. 10, bet. Rector and Carlisle St*. ft. Carlisle St. " Albany St. bet. Albany and Cedar Sts. (old) ft. Cedar St. bet. Liberty and Cortlandt Sts. ft. Cortlandt St. bet. Cortlandt and Dey Sts. (old) ft. Dey St. (new) ft. Fulton St. ft. Vesey St. (old) ft. Barclay St. (old) " Park Place. " " Murray St. " " Warren St. (new) ft . Chambers St. ft. Duane St. ft. Jay St. (new) ft. Franklin St. " " N. Moore St. " " Beach St. " " Hubert St. " " LaightSt. " " Vestry St. (old) " Watts St. (old), 42 (old), ft. Canal St. (new) ft. Canal St. 36, bet. Spring and Charlton Sts. ft. Charlton St. (new) ft. King St. " " W. Houston St. 11 " ClarksonSt. •* " Leroy St. " " Morton St. ft. Barrow St. " Christopher St. " W. 10th St. M Charles St. " bet Charles and Perry Sts. (old) ft. Perry St. (old) bet. Ganesvort and Bloomfleld S bet. Bloomfleld and Little W. 12tb St. (old) ft. Little W. 12th St. " " W. 13th St. ft. W. 19th St. " W. 21st St. (new) ft. W. 24th St. ft. W 25th St. ft. W. 26th St. (new) bet. W. 27th & W. 28th St. " bet. W. 28th & W. 29th St. 44 ft. W. 29th St. " ft. W. 30th " ft. W. 31st St. " W. 32d " 11 W. 33d " " W. 34th " " W 35 th H *• W 35th " " W 37th " >l W. 38th " STREET DIRECTORY. When New York was first settled as New Amsterdam the general direction of the streets conformed either to the shore line or the irregular topography of the southern end of Manhattan Island. Several country roads leading to the upper end of the island, and thence northward to Al- bany and eastward to Providence and Boston were laid out at an early pe- riod, and still exist as Broadway, Boston Road, etc. The irregularity ob- servable in the arrangement of the streets in the lower part of the city has been obviated in the plan of the newer part lying between Washington Square and the Harlem River. In this section the streets are mathemati- cally regular, and run in an easterly and westerly direction, while the ave- nues which intersect them at right angles run north and south, parallel to the Hudson and terminating at the Harlem River. In the section of the city north of the Harlem River, commonly known as the Annexed District, from its recent incorporation with the city, the plan of the streets again be- comes irregular, owing to the broken character of the land, and the persist- ence of the old highways, as well as to the fact that this district was settled in a scattered way long before any concerted action was taken in survey- ing its thoroughfares. From Houston street to the Harlem River, and to some extent northward, the streets are designated by consecutive numbers increasing northward. All these streets are divided into east and west branches by Fifth avenue, and their direction is indicated by the words East (E) or West (W) prefixed to the number or name of the street. Al- most all the avenues in this section of the city are also distinguished by the numbers or letters. Avenue D is the most easterly, after which come in order Avenues C, B, A, First, Second, Third, Lexington, Fourth (between 59th St. and 97th St. called Park), Madison, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth and Thirteenth. Broadway, which crosses Fourteenth street between Fourth and Fifth avenues, thence runs diagonally northwestward across the city intersecting Fifth avenue at Twenty-third St. , Sixth at Thirty-third, Seventh avenue at Forty-fourth, Eighth avenue at Fifty-ninth street, Columbus (Ninth) ave- nue at Sixty-fifth street, Amsterdam (Tenth) avenue at Seventy-second street, and Eleventh avenue at 106th street. From Fifty-ninth street to Spuyten Duyvil Broadway is known as the Boulevard. A Key to the Numbering on the Numbered Cross Streets. Fifth avenue is taken as the medial line and all the streets are num- 344 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. bered, from one upwards, east and west therefrom. After crossing each numbered avenue a new hundred is begun, so that the location of any number in any street may easily be determined as near as this or that avenue. The numbers on the north side of the street are odd, and those on the south side are even. To explain: No. i West (usually abbreviated to i W.) 57th street is the house on the N. W. corner of 5th avenue and 57th street, and 101 W. 57th street, 201 W. 57th St., 301 W. 57th St., 401 W. 57th St., 501 W. 57th St., 601 W. 57th St., are at corresponding posi- tions in 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and nth avenues. The same rule applies to the numbered streets on the east side of 5th avenue, with the exception that the change in numbering from one hundred to the next is made at the N. E. corner of the avenues (including Park avenue) designated by num- bers and letters, and not at the corners of those known by a special name, such as Madison and Lexington, at the N. E. corners of which the numbers are, 51 East and 151 East respectively.. Key to the Numbering of the Avenues. To tell the cross Street near any given number in the avenues cut the last figure from the number on the avenue, divide the remainder by 2; add the following figures and it will give the cross streets: Avenue D Add 3. Avenue C 3. Below 200 2. Avenue B 3. Below 200. 2. Avenue A . 4. Below 200 . . 3- First Avenue. . 4. Below 200 2. Above 500 5. Second Avenue 3. Below 200 2. Third Avenue . 9. Below 400 . 8. Above 800 10. Lexington Avenue 21. Fourth Avenue . 9. Below 200 6. Madison Avenue. . . .... 26. Fifth Avenue 16. Below 200 13. STREET DIRECTORY. 345 t ■ *2 a* «3 Km ^ >*» S3* 00 - ^£& t3 o M .^ e £ Q-s pa a2 O ex 5 r? >'PQ ■s a |fc •a" > o£ Es, c" o a • •a i/j ^ /go go g ^biS^ajz^ y S - ■- & =3 pqpqpq PQ PQ * * * * a 1-1 tn. o p fc>3 fa »Z o3 [> ° *§« «e3 **P-i «■ .y S-al a3 I m 1!°? .-■S^os 1 - •- /y> CD^ O ... «- pq e3 ■ ~ ~ *" - leo W 1 T-l 5' o 5 ^ .a M Ed 02 1 J 1 .rtS '43 3=C ' COcE - CO i- CO o3 eg pqpq g> g? «3 1, •SajtS-sSs O 03^+5 £e g g|g5-s 'a -^" a ,*5d^ c3 >> c3 0) CD o3 o3 CD COCO 5 pq pq £Tpq 85SS« co o .2 ^ £ olio* a -fe a ■"■gCl o3 is o ' S ^3 5^K O 3* oH^a^ 2^S^ ►• -a . 03 • * > o *1L S2 o^SS o5*^ W 83 0. p, ^3 a eS I CD *>J KoS c a CD o3 03^ a a u o o II ■SqW Ja o3 a *j a s •a s W p. .2 o rH > I! a a' a H » 5 O 00 pq ii-3 H ,a o cd«^ i>pq •- g.a o3 OT3 S, ltG aS oa» a^^ O £ j^ tags S o,a M £?a w go .T-. r-, - ; 0^rtO>a +J 22>« a > -* H r-.~ o CD O o3t3h^ . *a _ 03 :£w ^53' £Wf8|3jgi*gSs3 ^acjBj-^'osg^rt os £ a cj 5g2fa„ 1/3 H ^' 3-a«s^ 2^gs-a a w 1 - 1 a b t= "■ « m h h ■«q * * <1 <] < ■ pqpq 346 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. ■ Z a «> ►ft a S3 >'^ SB^oSfl .©,§1 o "" CO a ^o v » °3 - t>-a o ..6 c3 e3-^£CQ I 2?2 .3 .1 4J C (3 to • S O - > o ^ ££ n o a o >> 1 1 H .a « f a §*§£ — o3 eg O .-8 1®£ P 3>£ £S^^*2 S?S^ »8*J ■isalH** * o a~ ■3te< Js *►• 5*8 Ei8 PQ cu ."ties a a B O -■*■ .is ■to 112=1' % SIS". :o2^| iKWS =ajj M MiS IM tel * * co* * * cq* * * o* * * o ! W - St^Io* i©*^ aft. O ft -i ^c c ao ®£ 2 L-ss a.s & ac^^ uu aq ofcifcitcpx: ,CC S3 x « 'O^-e-ts -2 ^2 * * oo o* * * oo oo* * o *ooo O OO s ° H » S3 «8 tT O )C0 cc — 5 j- :*« I* ■5 5 . 5S -2> r^: sfft^MS^flQ 15 8 |2 > hr'C * , ^ CO rt • r i tXCC j 72 So ^a i o e3 o 5 S ja -S o ^ 'o ^, Q bi a^ ^-h ! C2 ■a^fe ^^»^^j pq >' CD'S •. r- £ m 03 pr! 5 =2 a»n ^5' PQPQ2P PQPQ •b'8 s c - £2 p;7 OOO « * 3C pP .3 ;T ^o^;^- ' _-S S3 > ■!§£££ i ® ~13 ©.p.s -vps fee ^5 » PQ PQC ^PQPQ PQ* * PQ PQ l+3 .«•£ <^ w £»g 5 SS^£Sa*g.atto« ^ p.r4^02tPcy:«'3PQ p OS o 03 O t- O CO U • PQ ql,- — ;J3 ft « a^M 3 C oj w ilfia 2. '- > T3 S HWc3|E 5S;7 2 ^ a a j-*® > ' oj -ft^s^a n q do 00 00 CQCQ PQPQ 9 Ee £ = M • co o w -g »^ coajcj e»«5 iifcoS STREET DIRECTORY. 347 ! i £3 g ©*oo £ ■gist's K*5f ^ -C5 > 0). 13 J- cm cjd V« fias?M?.?lst ^3**6 - a sS-a 3 ^ l ~ <= ^ O 'N O 03 » H £} (C m ■J IP 1:321*1 02 tcL, a — :, a - c »a w »a ** a StfS M S8S8 ,.S - c3 s3 ^ >r3 — . s3 O 3 C3 ° fl£bt « O g ?3 2 ^> ^5Sl~S* u <~a occ ^g c i*c3 a a £> a m a >*"S. G 03 -c r< £ 03 § *£=• B-33 ;*?n *■? 5PI 3 !^£~o£ a Hw-N'S 2 fig ^'■5- -r a* •ftP*™,^. g***2sS&«B 5 a; o 8? [^ i.s 1€II s |f ^1 §'§ If ll^ll 1^ Hi 0**o5*0*0 roOQOU'JQ* ******* o a s 00 "OlH > 3 a 03 ^^ 1 g ^|5 ,«3 a- «3 if b: 052 go »-s -g ci '£ © cu W, S 8?. ^§> a o ..' sj «^bS °5^ i -e§^s3^^^c .1 tXCJ £ i> .a u CCco ■5 © o a w a-a S 3 2w «=> ■gjz; &' CO -J .- Q.2S k.' c3 a da5 ^- c3 a •ocQccdjf; 03 rj H w ;sa ., *J •T, 8> ■ o'p3'- T< g^^cowS . ^^^ia 1 ^ o cc is - ^ ^ a a 2 •? 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"s .a I 1 *!> » t. -s 3 a u >j 1 P •»* a >»£ g CCh U S3 -Q 9 .Q t3 II -a aj * 8S5SB f 2**52*- 112 j: ill: .£ss"H "9 a 03 ^r gooo 0Q £ as 2 ^c-m" 03 g CO O Pm «?" " © +.3 03 -OH ^S 1 — 'io o3 ™ ** CO k*l 8 oj t-i 5 Sfe _• O PH OJ 03 ^gj o-a <^ -^ a-« > 'C "^ >>:9 -o to a > ^ glssfililla !^>^ r - »o c3"b w o3 ^ ra S> ~ -w t- « m S4 ^•M^g-S c3 o3 3«^ a as >oi t>T3 ^000 a a q u °*co ^ill|li|«>l^ s >r q m a O SQ ^i:^ 1 c3 w £ 5 3 o 7. '*- ss^a HSS^'SSS ¥c3^-' ^trJw •Safs-s'sssss.ssoa.s.an.a.aaa h -fc .s-aa^sa^a^atosga K F** * * * * t? e3t> ct 1 o 1 d* 6*5 S? r /i w « to -.^^^3 o3 « a a+r c k corcoco+i -w (> coajojajajaja-iaito ojcc5c3«3rf o3 rt fekk^kkkfe^ PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. OUR OWN.' R. S. Luqueer & Co. Four score years of success in business rarely fall to the lot of any business house, and when a firm can point, as R. S. Luqueer & Co. can, to seventy-nine years of prosperity, it indicates not only the persistence of business talent, but also the continuous employment of honorable methods. This house was established in the be- ginning of 1 8 14, by F. T. Luqueer, whose four grandsons, Francis T. Luqueer, Jr., Robert S. Luqueer, John J. T. Luqueer and Louis H. Luqueer, compose the pres- ent firm. They import, manufacture and deal in all kinds of Harness, Saddlery-hard- ware, and every article needed for the horse, stable and carriage. No horse lover who visits New York should return without seeing the warehouse of this firm at No. 67 Murray Street, as it is impossible to find anywhere else in the country so complete an assort- ment of horse and stable furniture. Three immense floors are filled with samples for the guidance of customers in ordering. On one floor almost every article shown comes under the general designation of Saddlery- hardware. On the second floor samples of Harness are on exhibition, and on a third, samples of Horse Clothing. An idea of the immense stock carried may be gathered from the fact that the house publishes an illustrated catalogue of its goods which has over 200 large pages. Its index enumerates over 320 different kinds of arti- cles, and of each kind there are as a general thing several different makes or patterns. The catalogue numbers run to over 9,000. Every variety of harness for every possible purpose is kept, also Ameri- can and English saddles, saddle housings and bridles, spurs, stirrups, stirrup pads, currycombs, buckets, tubs, lanterns, halters, chains, feed bags, mangers, hay racks, horse muzzles, carriage nets, harness mountings and ornaments, clipping shears, harness punches, whips, whip sockets, hunting TRADE MARK. REGISTERED. R. S. L. & CO. N. Y„ 858 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. goods, carriage and wagon aprons, wagon cushions, foot warmers, horse clipping machines, bits for riding, driving, racing, or drenching, veterinary- supplies, leggins, boots, tail holders, stable forks, oat sieves, stable brooms, harness soaps, oils and dressings, stop watches, condition powders, horse slings, carriage lamps, bells and plumes, punches, toe weights, horse covers and aprons, wagon jacks, bandages, springs, carriage wax candles, stable blankets and suits, lap robes, wagon umbrellas, harness needles, sun bon- nets, measuring standards, rubber horse clothing, pipe clay, patent leather polish, enamelled cloths, riding saddle girths, riding whips, These are a few only of the articles kept in stock. There are fashions in harness, as is well known, and at this store the latest can always be had. The present fad is to use white canvas collar fronts with white silk rosettes. Another current fancy calls for the use of cleverly made imitation flowers, violets preferred, in place of rosettes. All the latest novelties in these lines are sent to R. S. Luqueer & Company, PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. 359 from England and France, as fast as they seem to gain any hold and always in advance of the home demand. One of the most attractive exhibits in the store is of English riding goods, saddles, bridles, bits, crops, etc. Although the bulk of the business of the house consists in manufacturing and importing for the trade, a big retail business is also done, and the firm will take orders at any time for harness of any kind to be specially manufactured. The great advantage in buying directly is that the purchaser is sure of the excellence and trust- worthiness of the goods bought. However, this is equally true of all goods bearing the trademark of the house, a horse's head looking out of a stable window with the words "Our Own " above. To reach R. S. Luqueer and Company's store from the Grand Central Depot take the Sixth Avenue Elevated Railroad, get off at Park Place station and walk back one block to Murray street. From Cortland St. ferry- walk up town six blocks to Murray St. From the Fall River Line pier, foot on Murray St., walk east three blocks. From Long Island points, cross the Brooklyn Bridge and walk across the City Hall Park to Murray St. From Steamers making landings on the North River, take the West St. cars to 360 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Murray St. From whichever direction the visitor comes he cannot fail to I find the store if he will only look for the white horse which stands outside it. I The American Art Galleries. No. 6 East 23rd St., Madison Square South, The American Art Associ- ation (James F. Sutton, and Thomas E. Kirby), proprietors. At these galleries at stated periods, are to be found on exhibition collections of paint- ings and other art objects of distinctive character. The proprietors are prepared to take the management of the exhibition and sale of collections of painting and other art property of special impor- tance feeling confident that their experience in such matters, coupled with the fact that they have the largest, handsomest, most complete and best located galleries in the country, enable them to do so to the best possible advantage. The following most important public art sales ever held, are among those made to the complete satisfaction of those who intrusted their man- agement to the American Art Association: collections of Mrs. Mary J. Morgan, dec'd, $1,205,153.30; George I. Seney, first collection, $405,821; Seney, second collection, $648,900; A. T. Stewart, collection, $575,079.42; Brayton Ives, collection, $275,160; J. H. Stebbins, collection, $168,585; col- lection of Robert Graves, dec'd, $146,863.50; S. L. M. Barlow, collection, $138,904. The American Art Association inaugurated at these galleries, the "Prize Fund Exhibitions," which had for their object the encouragement and advancement of native art. Upwards of thirty thousand dollars in cash prizes were awarded to American Artists, the association contributing nearly one-third of this amount, the balance being contributed by citizens and art institutions throughout the country. The prize pictures were pre- sented to our Art Museum. The New York Cab Company. The ill repute brought upon New York by cab- men, in former days, is fast disappearing. Better police regulation has had much to do with the change ; but a more potent factor has been the system introduced by Messrs. Ryerson & Brown, and now carried on by their successors, The New York Cab Company (Limited). This Company has stables in all parts of the City, and its Cabs and Carriages are driven by well-disciplined, salaried employes, who have no personal interest in charging more than the established rates, and are always disposed to strain a point for a patron in the hope of receiving a gratuity. Any disposition PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. .361 to be extortionate, with a view to personal gain, is held in check by the fear of discharge. A person who would rather be imposed upon than suffer the loss of time necessary to prosecute a cab driver in a police court, or before the Mayor's Marshal, would not hesitate to complain to the Officers of the New York Cab Company, either personally or by letter. A few such complaints would end the service of any driver employed by the Company. The stables of the Company are located at Nos. 21 to 2^ East Twelfth Street, Nos. 116 to 130 West Thirty-second Street, No. 523 Fifth Avenue, Nos. 2 to 6 West Forty-fifth Street, Nos. 221 and 223 West Fifty-third Street, No. 5 East Fifty-eighth Street, and on the corner of Amsterdam Avenue and Seventy-fifth Street. Besides these chief stables, the Company has four Annex Stables, and also maintains the large West End Stables at Long Branch. The various hotels can call Cabs or Carriages of any kind from any of these stables by telephone. Other people can have their residences or offices connected with the nearest stable by private wire, and can summon a cab at any time by merely pulling the handle of a call box. There are more than 2,000 of these boxes in use. In taking advantage of the facilities of this Company, residents of New York find that they get the best possible service at a reasonable expense. Mr. Ira Brown, who has had forty odd years of experience in managing men and horses, is the general manager of the Company. In one direction his experience is of peculiar advantage, that of securing comfort- able vehicles ; all of which are built by the Company at their own works. Thus their rolling stock is always in the best possible condition, and there is practically no end to it, for they make a point of keeping twice as many vehicles as are in average use. The rates charged are those agreed upon by the reputable liverymen in this City, and are considerably below the maximum fixed by the City ordinances. In addition to their own live-stock the Company board at their stables, during the winter season, from 900 to 1 ,000 horses belonging to other persons. The United States National Bank. From the time of its organization in 1881 this institution has been noted for the wealth of its directors and the fact that it possessed the handsom- est banking house in New York city. A little more than a year ago, how- ever, it joined the group of aggressive banks reaching out for business. The change was brought about by the election of Dr. J. H. Parker as pres- ident. This gentleman has been president of the Cotton Exchange, and subsequently had active charge of the Park National Bank. He is presi- dent of the Southern Society and of the New York Club, and has a large personal following both of men and financial institutions. Since he took 362 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. hold of the United States National, about a year ago, its deposits have more than doubled, increasing from four to ten millions of dollars, and they are still growing at a rapid rate. It is very popular with out of town banks, especially those located in the South. The United States National has a capital of $500,000 and a surplus of $500,- 000. On the board of directorate with Dr. Parker are Thomas E. Stillman, one of the trustees of the Hopkins estate; William P. Thompson, president of the Lead Trust; Thomas H. Hubbard, the eminent lawyer and financier; Collis P. Huntington, the railroad magnate, Henry Allen and Thomas W. Pearsall. Other officers are Henry C. Hopkins, cashier, and John J. McAuliffe and Joseph W. Harriman, assistant cashiers, all three of whom are well known and well thought of in the financial world. One thing that is often commented on by those who have dealings with the bank is the uniform kindly courtesy shown by the bank officials to all comers. The building occupied by the bank is one of the handsomest structures on Wall Street. It is nine stories high, built solidly of white marble and entirely fireproof. The whole of the first floor is occupied by the bank offices. The counter is of Mexican onyx, with trimmings of solid brass, and the walls are frescoed in cream and gold, so that the whole appearance of the bank is bright, rich and pleasing. There is nothing handsomer in town, and many visitors go to the bank merely to see its handsome appointments. The upper floors of the build- ing are leased for office purposes mostly to brokers and financial concerns. A conservative valuation of the building and its furnishings puts their value at $580,000. The bank is growing in wealth every day, "is backed by some of the big- gest interests centered in New York, has a progressive and able manage- ment, and seems destined to become one of the strongest financial institu- tions in the city. The Hotel Marlborough. One of the few perfectly comfortable hotels in New York city is The Marlborough, which occupies the block on Broadway between Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Streets. It is a handsome building, seven stories high, and contains 400 rooms, half of which are arranged in suites to accommo- date families. The situation is very convenient, within a few blocks of the principal theatres and near the Sixth Avenue Elevated road and the various street-car lines. Central Park can be reached within five minutes, and the Grand Central depot in about the same time. It is far enough up-town to be beyond the rattle of the wholesale business streets, and yet near enough to the shopping centres. The building is of red brick, solidly built, perfectly fire-proof, and equipped with all the improvements which promote comfort and con- PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. 3G8 venience— elevators, electric lights, electric calls, hot and cold water, etc. Every apartment has a bathroom connected with it, for which no additional charge is made. The lobby is the most spacious in the city. Equally large are the cafe and billiard room, whose appointments are in entire keeping with the general luxuriousness of the hotel. The table is a noted one even in this city, where the hotels furnish the best living in the world. It is supplied with all known delicacies in season and out of season, and for this reason is particularly patronized by gour- mands. The servants are all well trained, and while assiduous in their attentions to guests are not obtrusive and are never in the way. Many of the guests gratify their curiosity by inspecting the machinery of the hotel, all of which is of the most modern type, as are also the appliances which secure perfect ventilation in every part of the hotel. In the base- ment are located the dynamos for supplying the electric lights, ice-making machines using the ammonia process, which keep the hotel store-house cold and is used to chill the drinking water. Evidences of scrupulous cleanli- ness are noticeable on all sides. The house is conducted on both the American and European plans, so that each guest is at liberty to select the style of living preferred. If the American plan is adopted the charge is $3.50 per diem, and if the European plan is chosen the charges run from $1.50 per diem upwards. Mr. Louis L. Todd, the proprietor, gives his personal attention to the management of the hotel. In this way every guest is assured of receiving all the attention desirable. In respect to its furnishings, this hotel indicates a decided advantage upon the old time standard. Instead of having all the rooms furnished on a uniform plan, each is given an individuality of its own. Thus the aspect of cheerlessness is avoided, and an air of home comfort has been given to all the rooms. "When the furniture was selected, great care was taken to have all the articles, carpet decorations, etc., in each room harmonize, and throughout the house there is nothing offensive to the artistic sense. Hotels St. Lorenz and Premier. These two adjoining hotels front on 726. street, one of the fashionable residence streets in the city. They have a frontage on this street of 168 feet. Buff brick and brown stone are the materials used and the architecture (renaissance) is remarkably tasteful. No better location could be had, as it is convenient to Central Park, the Third Avenue Elevated Railway and the Madison avenue surface road. In the St. Lorenz the apartments are rented unfurnished and are ar- ranged in suites of four to five rooms, with private bath and hall; they are tastefully decorated, light and well ventilated, have open fire-places, sanit- 364 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. ary plumbing, and each apartment is connected with the office by speaking- tube and electric bell. The rental covers hotel service, which includes care of rooms and bed Unen, elevator and hall boys, steam heat and electric light. The dining room which is on the top floor, is an unusually pleasant «one and the service and cuisine are first class. Connected with the house is a thoroughly equipped laundry plant, with skilled help. The elevator runs all night. There is a public reception room, a reading room, a smok- ing room, barber shop and telephone. The house is conducted in a thor- oughly first-class manner, and guests have the comforts of home, with hotel service, without the cares of housekeeping. The Hotel Premier is a select family hotel for permanent or transient guests. It adjoins the Hotel St. Lorenz, and is run under the same man- agement. The rooms are unusually light and cheerful, tastefully decorated, and are arranged in suites of one to three, or more, which are rented furn- ished, only, with hotel service, elevator, gas and steam heat and electric bells. In the basement are the Premier Russian and Turkish baths, one of the best ventilated and most perfectly appointed baths in the city, which the guests of the house can reach without leaving the building. The reputation of this house is fully established, and patrons can rely upon good living and management. Messrs. Stanley H. Wetmore & Co., the proprietors, request inspection of both their hotels. The Hoffman House. The Hoffman House, with its new annex, which is so designed as to be almost fire-proof, has the best location of any hotel in the city. Madison Square, on which the hotel fronts, is the natural centre of the city, as al- ready described in this book, In its appointments, the Hoffman House is PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. 365 the peer of the finest in the world. A description of its comforts is hardly called for, so well is it known. The hotel has upwards of 300 elegant rooms. Bath-rooms and all modern conveniencies are included in the appointments. The hotel is conducted on the European plan, and the prices range from $2 per day upwards. The cuisine is Parisian and unexcelled. Turkish and Russian baths are connected with the hotel. Branch establishments are : The Hoffman Cafe, 7 Beaver St.; Exchange Cafe, Ex- change Place and New street; Hotel Claremont, Riverside Drive; and Fenwick Hall, Saybrook Point, Ct. Hackett, Carhart & Co. In no trade is the middleman disappearing faster than that of ready- made clothing. One of the first manufacturing firms to supply direct to the wearer was Hackett, Carhart and Company, who manufacture all the clothing they sell. Thus they have established a range of prices which make the average New Yorker the most cheaply as well as the best clad man in the country. The retail business of the house was established in 1868 by Carhart, Whitford & Co., the predecessors of the present firm, at the store which is still their headquarters, on the north- east corner of Broadway and Canal street. The house supplied to the public, as it still does, a reliable class of ready- made clothing in more extensive as- sortment and at lower prices than were ever known before. A new method was also introduced. No credit was given, and every garment sold was paid for at the time it was ordered or when it was delivered. No book accounts have ever been kept by the house, nor has any money ever been locked up in bad debts. Every year saw an increase in the business, as it has always been the policy of the concern to give satisfac- tion to every customer. When a patron is not pleased with the goods ordered, he is at liberty to exchange them for others, or the price he paid, as he may elect. So large a stock of seasonable garments is kept, however, that it is now possible for the most particular and fastidious buyer to find clothing to his liking. 366 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. One great attraction possessed by this store for people who wish to buy quickly is the convenience of its location. The Broadway cars pass the door; the Eighth avenue and the Sixth avenue cars begin their journey at this corner; a block away the Grand street cars may be found, and the Grand street stations on the Sixth and Third avenue Elevated railroads are but a short distance from the store. Several cross-town lines also pass the Canal street door. Another attraction of this store which appeals directly to people who live out of town, but buy in New York, is the practice of the house to send all prepaid purchases free of express charges to any point within a radius of one hundred miles from the city. In short, the whole policy of the house is to make buying there easy, and free from every possible annoyance. It is this policy which has made the house so popular, and led to its securing so large a business. There is no more successful firm in New York than Hackett, Carhart and Company. Across the Atlantic with the Greatest Safety, Speed and Comfort. The Hamburg-American Packet Co. is now one of the largest steam- ship companies in the world. Its fleet consists of 54 ocean steamers, among which there are 4 big twin-screw express steamers, whose engines develop between 13,000 and 16,000 horse-power. There is no other line in existence possessing that number of twin-screw steamships. With its large fleet the line covers many routes across the Atlantic, the best known being the ex- press line between Hamburg, Southampton and New York; the regular ser- vice between Hamburg (Havre) and New York; the Hamburg-Baltimore Line, and the line from New York to Copenhagen and Stettin. On the route, New York, Southampton, Hamburg, the Hamburg-American Packet Co. holds the record for fastest time across the ocean. The line has also, according to the report of the U. S. Superintendent of Foreign Mails, beaten all competitors in delivering the American mails in London. The Hamburg- American Packet Co. has now taken a new departure. To accommodate the continually growing number of Americans who wish to make a European trip in winter, the twin-screw express steamers Augusta- Victoria, Columbia, Normannia and Furst Bismarck will leave New York during the winter months, for Genoa and Naples, via Gibralter. Besides, however, the Hamburg-American Line will send its latest, largest and fastest twin-screw steamer, the Furst Bismarck, from New York, on a grand winter excursion to the Mediterranean and the Orient. The steamer will leave New York in February and sail direct to Gibralter, Genoa, Ajaccio (Corsica), Alexandria (for Cairo and the Pyramids), JaiTa PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. 367 (Jerusalem), Smyrna, Constantinople, Athens, Corfu, Malta, Syracuse, Palermo, Naples, Algiers, and return to New York via Southampton. The General Office of the Company is 37 Broadway, New York. A. H. Brummell. Ever since 1848 Mr. A. H. Brummell has been catering to New Yorkers' taste for sweets, and has done more, perhaps, than any other manufac- turer to make that taste fastidious. All varieties of confectionery are manu- factured by him, and there is now scarcely a town in the country where his name is not familiar. In carrying his fame outside of New York, Brummell's Cough Drops have perhaps been even more effective than his confec- tions. These famous drops are sold in every part of this coun- try, and there are many imita- tions. The genuine are all stamped A. H. B., so that those who use them need not be im- posed upon by the counterfeits. Mr. Brummell began their man- ufacture a quarter of a century ago, and during all that time they have been growing in public favor. They are agreeable to the taste, handy to carry around, and effective in clearing the throat and loosening a cough. For this reason they are much favored by public speakers. One of these drops placed in the mouth when going to bed will enable any cough-ridden patient to enjoy a night's rest. Brummell's cough drops are manufactured at the big building owned by the house at 408 and 410 Grand. Besides being the factory, this is also the wholesale house of the concern, and all shipping orders are handled here. This building is on the site of the store where Mr. Brummell made his first success many years ago. Now his retail stores are to be found in all the fashionable shopping quarters of the city. In 1875 he opened the large store at 831 Broadway, three years later the store at 293 Sixth avenue, 368 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. in 1883 the one at 2 West 14th street, and about two years ago the one on the corner of Broadway and Thirty-first street. One reason why Bnimmell's bon-bons, chocolates, etc., are in such general demand is that only the best and purest of materials are used — all deleterious coloring matter and flavorings are carefully eschewed, and the various processes of manufacture are conducted only by experienced and reliable workmen. Great taste is also used in packing candies, and when they are to be shipped outside the city they are first artistically assorted in fine French boxes, then repacked in strong wooden boxes, thus guarding them from all ordinary risks of injury. Has the City Changed Much Since 1846? You would think it ridiculous if asked the question, and yet how few who think of this subject at all realize the full extent of these changes. Noth- ing brings it so forciby before us as a talk with an " old settler " or the his- tory of an old business house. The City Hall up town ? Yes, it was when built; and the retail shop- ping district below Canal street? Why, certainly; and not many years ago. On one of the busiest streets in the city and on one of the most popular Drug Stores of the Uni- ted States I noticed "Wm. B. Riker & Son Co. , es- tablished 1846. What else was here in 1 S 4 6 ? I thought, and with a news- man's license, deter- mined to talk with the proprietors. No such massive building and magnificent fittings as these in the old days, I thought, as I entered. No. carved white mahog- any counters or beautifully decorated ceiling or wonderful combination of marble and onyx and silver to make a soda fountain. I found instead that this business, now one of the best established of New York, was begun on one-tenth of the floor space it now occupies with one small window front. PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT, 369 At that time it was surrounded by green fields and gardens, while the view of both the East and North Rivers was uninterrupted. First begun as a general drug and prescription store, its present prescrip- tion department alone on the second floor occupies three times the space of the whole store formerly; while the surgical instrument department, also up stairs and reached by electric elevator, is filled with rubber goods, trusses, crutches and all the little necessaries for the invalid and the sick room. It really seems as if their principle of the " best of everything at lowest possi- ble price " is correct. The energy with which they have fought for this principle as illustrated during the "Campion Combine" of 1883 and of more recent combinations to force them to raise prices, is fresh in the minds of all newspaper readers. During the combination of 1883 they began the manufacture of Rikers' family medicines, which has grown to such pro- portions that they now have the finest medicinal laboratory in the city at the corner of Clarkson and Washington streets. Their reliable preparations are largely sold in Africa, Australia and the West Indies, and can be had at all other drug stores in the city as well as from their own retail store at the corner of Twenty-second street and Sixth avenue. What did it? Tireless energy, thorough reliability and fair prices. These factors make any business grow. This business is now incorporated under the laws of New York with large capital. Its officers are men of strong character and large experience in the drug business, and the future alone can tell how large it will yet become. Wiliiam Jackson. While the general tendency of retail business in New York has been towards its concentration in few hands and the operating of a great many different branches under one roof, an opposing tendency has been towards promoting a special branch of business. The exponents of the latter tend- ency have met with a success almost as notable as that of the proprietors of the great bazaars. One of the best known of the special stores is that of William Jackson, at 777 Broadway, between Ninth and Tenth streets, near Grace Church. This business was started by William Jackson in I847 on lower Broad- way — carrying a full line of black dress goods and silks — afterwards drifting into all the branches as enumerated below, and now is the only house of its kind in the United States. Each department is superintended by a thor- oughly competent specialist in his line. None but the best articles are handled by this house, who have now built up one of the largest trades of its kind in the United States. Handling exclusively this class of goods in large quantities they are able to sell same at much lower prices than other houses. 370 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. It must not be supposed that only black goods are kept in stock. All materials in neutral colorings, especially lavender, gray, and black and white. Every visitor to New York should see this store. Its resources are available, through its mail order department, to residents in any part of the United States. This house covers every brand the same as in the larger one, only con- fining it to black, gray or white. In the Cloak and Costume Department will be found high-class London and City made coats, jackets and long gar- ments ; rich Paris mantles and costumes ; imported and City made garments of every design in correct style, superior workmanship and reliable fabrics. They especially call attention to their Dressmaking Department, which guarantees satisfaction. In the Dress Goods and Silk Department complete lines of all the new and fashionable fabrics are to be seen in black, grays, white and mixtures. High-class novelties are shown in great profusion. The Ladies' Furnishing Department will be found complete in all those little findings that go to make up an outfit, such as gloves, hosiery, handker- chiefs, jewelry, veils, underwear, underskirts in silk and other fabrics, dress trimming, laces, etc. Fur Department is complete in garment trim- ming and small furs. The patronage of this store is by no means limited to persons in mourn- ing. All clever shoppers who are buying anything in sombre or neutral colors go there, because they know they will find a greater variety of goods to select from, and that they will save something in the price of their pur- chases. Mr. Jackson started the business on the principle that its success depended upon the reliability of the statements made by his clerks as to quality and values, and this has been the policy of the house throughout the fifty-five years of its existence. It is a very popular store. Du Vivier & Co. New York is unquestionably the centre of the foreign wine trade of the United States. All visitors to New York, who appreciate good wine, should post themselves as to what this great market affords in this respect, and make the acquaintance of such reputable houses as can be relied on to exe- cute their orders, faithfully and conscientiously. Among those houses, whose name we may mention with the greatest confidence, is that of DuVivier & Co., 22 Warren street, which dates back nearly half a century, during which time it has enjoyed the confidence and respect of its acquaintances both here and aboad, as also of our best con- noisseurs. These gentlemen are agents for the well known and celebrated brand of Perrier-Jouet & Co. , whose headquarters are at Epernay. These pro- ducers of champagne own their own vineyards, and may safely be classed PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. 371 anvong the old, honorable and reliable reputations, enjoying the confidence and respect of the entire trade. Du Vivier & Co. are also large importers of Clarets and Burgundies of their own selection and purchase, and have their own house in Bordeaux. In Rhine Wines, they are agents for Hinckel & Winckler of Frankfort, A/M. Their general stock comprises the best selections of Oporte and Sherry Wines, Cognac, Scotch, Irish and American whiskies, Holland Gin, Jamaica Rum, Kinahan's LL Irish whisky, London Cordial Gin, as also of the now celebrated Coates' Plymouth Gin. We strongly advise our friends visiting New York to make their acquaintance ; they can rely on getting satisfac- tory merchandise at reasonable prices. Advice to Mothers. Are you disturbed at night and broken of your rest by a sick child suf- fering and crying with pain of Cutting Teeth ? If so, send at once and get a bottle of "Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup," for Children Teething. Its value is incalculable. It will relieve the poor little sufferer immediately. Depend upon it, mothers ; there is no mistake about it. It cures Diarrhoea, regulates the Stomach and Bowels, cures Wind Colic, softens the Gums, reduces Inflammation, and gives tone and energy to the whole system. "Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup," for chil- dren teething, is pleasant to the taste and is the prescription of one of the oldest and best female physicians and nurses in the United States, and is for sale by all druggists throughout the world. Price, twenty-five cents a bottle. Be sure and ask for '■ Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup." Shorthand. Mr. Edward Carroll, Jr., has, for the last twelve years, been engaged in reporting conventions, lectures, sermons, addresses, directors', stock- holders', public, political and other meetings, law arguments, references, and in fact every character of shorthand work. Only the most skilful steno- graphers are employed, and every effort is made to secure accuracy and promptness in work undertaken. Offices, 40 Wall street. Telephone, 466 Cortlandt. Manhattan Typewriting Company. — Law papers, architects' and other specifications, prospectuses, statements, accounts, authors' and other manu- scripts promptly copied. R. Wayne Wilson and Company. This firm was organized to do emergency work for business houses and periodicals. Its members all have experience as publishers, advertising men and writers, which they place at the disposal of their clients. They 372 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. undertake the preparation of catalogues, circulars, calenders, pamphlets, etc. , for business houses. For newspapers they are ready to prepare and publish special numbers, illustrated or otherwise, almanacs and books de- signed to constitute permanent advertisements for the publications giving these their names. A large canvassing force is maintained to secure advertisements for these special publications; also for any first-class trade paper, religious or other magazine whose publisher may contract with the firm to give the lat- ter exclusive charge of his advertising. It will be easily understood from this statement that the firm has begun work in a large field, but it must also be remembered that this field is al- most unoccupied. When a merchant decides to get out a catalogue he must suspend other work to attend to it, thus adding greatly to its cost, and then producing a book not wholly satisfactory. How much easier wc uld it be for him to turn the job over to experienced hands and relieve himself from anxiety and the worry of doing work for which he knows himself un- trained. So with the publisher of a newspaper. He may recognize the desirabil- ity of publishing a book of reference, which shall be a continual reminder of his paper, but his ordinary duties absorb all his energies and he hesitates to entrust the task to persons whose capacity has not been established by trial. Every publisher is confronted at times with the other difficulty. He knows that an opportunity for doing especially profitable advertising is be- fore him, but how is he to present the opportunity properly to the business community with his limited force of canvassers. Having the large trained staff of R. Wayne Wilson and Company to fall back upon, he escapes worry over the solution of this problem. As for the publishers of class papers they usually have no training in advertising, and while they may hire solicitors, they cannot properly direct these, and so they fail of securing anything like the advertising they might get. Merchants involved in literary difficulties and publishers weary of the struggle for advertisements are invited to communicate with R. Wayne Wilson and Company, 211, 212 and 213 Temple Court, New York City. To accept this invitation costs nothing and may lead to profit. SILKS and Dress Goods Pfffl i 1 :- 1 James McCreery & Co, Broadway and 11th St., NEW YORK. Artificial Limbs, WITH RUBBER FEET ANB HANBS. TT is not unusual to see a farmer working in the field with an artificial leg, or an engi- neer with hand on the throttle, or a conduc- tor, brakeman, fireman, carpenter, mason, miner — in fact, men of every vocation — wear- ing one or two artificial legs with rubber feet, of Marks' Patents, performing as much labor as men in possession of all their natural members, earning the same wages; in fact, experiencing little or no inconvenience. Over 13,000 LEGS AND ARMS WITH RUBBER FEET AND HANDS In active operation by men and women, representing every occupation, residing in all parts of the world. ESTABLISHED 40 YEARS. Indorsed and purchased by the United States and other Governments. By supplying diagrams and measurements according to formula, applicants can remain at home and be supplied with artificial legs and arms that will fit and prove serviceable. Over half of the limbs made by the firm of A. A. Marks are constructed from measure- ments without the presence of the wearers. Fit Always Guaranteed. A Treatise of 430 pages, with 258 illustra- tions, and a formula for measurements, sent free. Address JL. JL. MARKS, 701 Broadway, New York, U. S. A. IJMDEX. Abbey's Theatre Abbott Collects of Egyptian Antiquities Abingdon Square Academy of Design, The 10, 109, Academy of Medicine, N. Y 106. Academy of Music 18, Academy of Music, Brooklyn Academy of Music, J ersey City Academy of Science, N. Y Academy of the Sacred Heart Actors'" Amateur Athletic Association of America 86, Actors 1 Fund of America 46, Adams, Edward D Adams Express Co Adams Murder, The " Africa " Advertising Agents Advertising Specialists Afternoon Promenade, The Aguilar Free Circulating Library Albermarle Hotel Aldermen, Board of AldineClub 94,113. Aldrich Court 10, All Souls' Church All Souls' Church, Rev R. Heber Newton All Souls 1 Church. Unitarian 146, All Souls 1 Summer Home, (Newton, Rev. R. Heber) Alpha Delta Phi Club Altman's Amawalk Reservoir Amberg's Theatre 18, Ambulances American Art Association American Art Association Galleries . . American Art Galleries American District Telegraph Co — 210. American Foot Ball Association American Institute 47, American Jersey Cattle Club. ... American Museum of Natural History . . American News Company American Plan Hotels American Theatre American "Water Color Society, The American Yacht Club Amphion Theatre, Brooklyn Amsterdam, Fort Angel of Siloam, Statue of Animal Industry, Bureau of Anneke Jans Annexed District, The Annual Income Antique Glass Antiquiti is Shops Apartment Hous«s 32 ill 50 \ it; 148 82 288 44 106 227 261 116 20 13 18 371 371 10 235 20 159 144 136 270 264 267 260 88 187 169 32 19 360 21 S 73 105 241 315 111 75 44 4 121 1U 5 28 2 115 185 2: Applied Arts 123 Appraiser's Department 173 Appraiser's Stores 173 Apprentices 1 Library, The 233 Aqueduct, Croton 168 Aqueduct (new) 168 Aqueducts and Reservoirs 168 Arbitration, Court of 161 Archaeological Institute 105 Archbishop Corrigan's Palace 25 Architecture 134 Architectural League 46, 111 Arion Society 88 Arion Society Building 151 Armories 163 Armory Board 163 Army Building 135 Arnold, Benedict 6 Arnold & Constable 20,187 Arrochar,S.1 297 Arsenal(old) 151 Art Association Building, Brooklyn 288 Artists, American Society of 46 Artist Artisans, N. Y. Institute for 230 Artisans, Skilled 126 Art and Antiquities Shops 1S5 Art Exhibitions 109 Art Guild, The 113 Art Institute .. . 149 Art, Metropolitan Museum of 114 Anistic and Literary Clubs ^4 Art Organizations that Exhibit 109 Art Schools 229 Art Schools of the Metropolitan Museum ^30 Art Schools of Natl Academy of Design. 230 Art Students 1 League 230 Art, The Society of D corative 112 Ar'ists, Society of American 103, 110 Arts, The Fine 109 Arverne-by-the-Sea . 61 Asbury Park 61, 302 Assay Office 138, 164, 176 Associations. 99 Association for Improving the Condi- tion of the Poor 258 Associated Press, N. Y 240 Assvnan Antiquities 115 Astbr Building 138 Astor House 12,139 Astor Library, The 113, 144, 23i Astor Mansion 24 Astor. Mrs. William 110 Astor Place Opera House, Old 17 Astor Place Riot, The 17 Astoria 293 Asylums for Defective Children. 256 As'vlums for the Insane 252 Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul 254 374 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Atalanta Rowing Club 73 Athletic Clubs 82 Athletic Clubs, Columbia 2^5 Athletic Clubs. Libt of £6 Athletic Chronicle 84 Atlautic City 303 Atlantic Docks, Brooklyn 2fc9 Atlantic Gardens 6, 44 Atlantic Highlands 61 Atlantic Yacht Club 75 Andubon Park 27 Authors 1 Club 94 Avenues, Key to the Numbering of 344 Babylon 293 Babylonian Antiquities 115 Baggage Checking System 312 Bancroft House SiO Bank of America 138 Banks, List of Important 182 Banks Glee Club 104 Banks, National 182 Banks, Savings 183 Bank of the State of N. Y 9 Bank, The United States National 261 Baptist Churcbes 271 , 2i4 Baptist Churches, Music in 266 Bar Association 99 Bargains 191 Barge Office 6, 1 35 Barnard College 2U5 Barnum's Museum 12 Burns' Coffee House 6 Baron Hirsch Fund 260 Barrett House 20 Bartholdi Hotel *0 Bartholdi Statue, The 118 Base Bad 72 Base Ball Clubs SI Base Ball Club, New York 74 Battery Park 6, 50 Baths, The Public 247 Bayard House, Where Hamilton Died. . :8 " Bay, The " 15 Bayonne 304 Bay Ridge 61, 293 Bedford Avenue Theatre, Brooklyn. 44 Bedloe's Island 61 , 165 Beethoven. Colossal Bust of 122 Behr Bros.' Hall 44 Belden Point 62 Bellevue Hospital 246 Bellevue Hospital Medical College 228 Ball Ground, Central Park S3 Bill Port 293 Belmont, August 116 Belvedere 53 BenchShow 48 Benedick Building 117,143 Benevolent Organizations 244 Bergen Point. 304 Berkeley Athletic Club 74 Berkeley Lyceum ?3 Berkeley Oval 74 Berkeley School 22<5 I'.eethoven Mannerchor 104 Bibles, Collections of Editions of 235 Bible and Fruit Mission, The N. Y 261 Bible House 17, 113 Bible Society, The American 99 Bicycling 70 Bicycling and Bicycling Roads 60 Bicyclers' Favorite Resorts 60 Bicycling Roads, Suburban 61 Bicyles for Rent , 61 Bigelow, John 19 Bijou Theatre 20,33 Blackford's Fish Market 197 Bleecker Street Savings Bank 142 Blind. N. Y. Institute for 227 Bloomingdale 22 Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane . . 252 Bloomingdale Asylum 22 Bloomingdale's 187 B'nai B'rith 103 Blackwells Island, Buildings on 246 Boarding Houses 316 Bogardus, Dominie 5 Bog Brook Reservoir 169 Bolivar, Equestrian Statue of 121 Bon-bons i BrummeU) 368 Boulevard, The 59 Bowery, The 15 Bowery Bay Beach 62 Bowery Boys 15 Bowling Green 5, 51 Bowling and Bowling Alleys 72 Brandreth House 13 Brevoort House .....20,144 Bridgeport 303 Bridges 166 Brighton Beach Hotel — 63 Brighton Beach 63 Brighton Beach Race Track 72, 25 Broadway 10 Broadway Central Hotel 13 Broadway Tabernacle (Music) 267 Broadway Tabernacle 267 Broad* ay Theatre 20, 33 Brokaw Residence ... 150 Brokers 185 Bronx Park 27, 58 Bronze Work 124 Bronx River 27 Biooklyn 287 Brooklyn Academy of Music 44 Brooklyn and Brighton Beach R. R. . . . . . 292 Brooklyn. Area of 287 Brooklyn Bridge 12,166 Brooklyn Library 288 Brooklyn & Rockaway Beach R. R 292 Brooklyn. Population of 2b7 Brown's "Extra" (Painting) 188 Brown's '"Sunbeam from the South" 188 BrummeU, A. T T., Confectionery 367 Brunswick, Hotel 20 Bryan Building 139 Bryant Park 51 Bryant, Wm. Cullen, Bust of 122 Bucket Shops • • • IfJ Buckingham Hotel 24 ',?n Buildings Department 159 Building Trades Club 98 Building Trades Unions 101 Burdell, Murder of H Burns, Robert, Statue of 122 Burnt District, The 21 Business Centres 184 INDEX. 3?5 Cab Company, The New York Cab Fares Cabs and Coaches Cable Telegraph Co's, List of . Cable Telegraph Tariff Cafe Savarin Californian Horses Calumet Club Calvary Cemetery Calvary Church Canarsie Landing Canarsie Village Cancer Hospital, The, N. Y . Cardinal McUloskey, Tomb of. Carmansville Carmel Reservoir ... Carnegie Music Hall "Carnivals," Musical Carousal, The Casino, The 20,23,34, Casino (Restaurant) Castle Garden, Fort Castle Williams . . . Cathedral of St. John the Divine Catharine Street Market Catholic Club Catholic Protectory Cemeteries and Crematories Cemetery of the Evergreens Central American Idols Central Avenue Central Bridge Central Building Central Congregational Church (Music). Central Islip Central Labor Union Central Market Central Park 25, 51, Central Park, Drives in Central Park, Gates to Central Turnverein . Centre of Fashionable Life Centre Market Century Club 95, 113, Century Magazine Ceramics, Oriental . . Cercle Francais de L'Harmonie Cervantes, Bust of Chamber of Commerce 113, Chamberlain, The City Charities Building Charities and Correction, Dept of... 158, Charity, ' -ost of Charities Organization Society Charities of New Y ork City Chatham National Bank Chatham Square Cnatauqua .... Chelsea Apartment House Chelsea Village Chickering Hall 3-i, Children's Aid Society Children's Hospital China China Importers Chinese Quarter Cuoirs, Surpliced . + .. . . Cholera Fishing Banks. Choral Service Chorus Society, N. Y 360 318 318 215 21 5 139 278 140 292 292 249 17 23 .34.46, 150 63 148 53 4 165 149 107 89 250 27^ 279 114 59 100 110 207 294 100 197 170 58 53 98 24 197 148 243 115 89 122 200 155 145 245 244 245 154 139 10 300 21 21 145 257 240 191 185 15 203 62 263 104 Christ Cnurch 151 Christmas Time on the StocK Excliauge I8u Christmas in the Markets 196 Chrysanthemum Show, The 48 Churches, Architecture of 262 Church Choral Society 104 Church Club 89 Churches, Number of 262 Cnurch of Ascension 265 Church of St. Agnes (R. C.) 266 Church of St. Mary, the Virgin 204 Church of the Strangers (.Music) *67 Cnurchman, The 270 Church Music 262, 267 Church Property, Value of 262 Churches, Seating Capacity of 262 Cigars, Importers of — 185 Cigar Makers 186 City Cemetery 278 City Club 96 City Court 161 City Hall (Old) 9 City Hail 12,140 City Hall Park U, 56 Cicy Hall, Brooklyn 288 City Insane Asylum .246 City Mission and Tract Society 100 Civil Justices 161 Clara Morris' Villa 27 Claremont Park 58 Clarke, Thomas B 116 Clearing House Assoc'n, The N. Y. . .170, 178 Cleopatra's Needle 55, 151 Clergy Club 89 Climate, Advantages of 2 Clifton Race Track 79 Clifton, Sta ten Island 297 Clinton, Gov. George's Pew 269 Clinton Market 197 Clinton Hall 144 Clothiers, Retail 365 Clothiers, Wholesale 184 Clothing, Ready made 365 Clubs, Effect of on Art 112 Clubs and Societies 88 Coach Fares 318 Coaching Club 73, 89 Coastwise Steamboat Lines 341 Coffee Exchange 200 Coleman House 20 collect Pond, The 14 Collector of Customs 173 Colleges and Schools 226 College Point 62,294 College of the City of New York 1 3, 2 21 College of Pharmacy 22s Collegiate Church 152 Collyer, Rev. Robert's Church (Music). . 267 Colonial Club 90 Colonial Club Building 151 Colonies, First Congress of 4 Columbia College 22 Columbia College 223 Columbia College (School of A rts) 224 Columbia College (New Buildings) 149 Columbia Building 136 Columbia University 149 Columbus Celebration 125 Columbus, Christopher, Statue of 121 Columbus Market 197 370 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. «72, .10. Columbus Theatre Columbia Theatre, Brooklyn Commerce— Symbolical Statue Commercial Advertiser Commuhipaw Committee of Safety Common Fleas Court Commons, The— Central Park . . Commonwealth Club Comptroller, The Coney Island Coney Island Creek Confectionery, Fine Confidence Men Congregational Churches Conlin's Shouting Gal iery Connecticut Suburban Towns. . . Conspiracy Law Consolidated Exchange, The Continental Express Companies Contmental Hotel Contract Prison Labor L aw Cooper Institute Art Schools Cooper, Peter 17, Cooper, Peter, Statue ot Cooper Union 17, Cooper Union Park Corinthian Mosquito Fleet Corinthian Yacht Club Corlear's Hook Corn wallis Heights Coroners Cosmopolitan Magazine Cotton Exchange 8, 136, Counsel to the Corporation, The County Clerk Courier des Etats Unis, Le Court House, Brooklyn Court House, County '. . Court of Appeals Court of Arbitration Court Lafayette of Ancient Foresters! ! '. Cox, S. S., Statue of Cranford, N. J "... Credit, The City's Cregier's Tavern Cremation Company, U. S Crematories Cremation, Arrangements for Crescent Athletic Club Cricket Cricket Clubs Cricket League, The Metropolitan District Criminal ( 'ourts Building 14, Criterion Theatre, Brooklyn Croquet Croton Aqueduct 23, Croton Reservoir Croton River Dam Crotona Park 27, Custom House 8, 136, 137, 164, Custom House (New) Customs Regulations Cyclorama Building Cy priote Relics Cypress Hills Cemetery 34 45 1*2 240 304 154 161 54 97 155 Gi 367 7 27.3 J 2 303 101 I* 1 20 110 230 19 119 144 56 76 75 7 66 160 243 199 155 160 5>40 288 141 161 200 103 119 304 286 2S5 2K6 86 81 82 81 142 45 82 168 26 169 5i3 172 186 810 44 111 279 Dakota Flats 151 Daly's Theatre 20, 34, Daniel's Daniel Webster, Marriage of Danbury Dauntless Rowing Club Day Nurseries Dead Rabbits, The Deaf and Dumb, Institution for the Deaf Mutes, Institution for Decorative Art, Society of Deeds, Register of Defenses De La Salle Institute Delaware and Lackawanna Building: Delmonico's Restaurant 20, 147, Delmonico's (down town) 8, Delta Kappa Epsilon Club Delta Psi Club Democratic Club Demilt Dispensary Denning's Depew, Chauncy M Dermatological Society, N. Y Deut~;cher Verein • • De Vinne Printing House De Vere, Miss Clementine (Soloist) Dwelling Houses in the city, Number of. Dexter Park Diana, Statue of Dining Clubs Diocesan House Directory of Streets 343, Disciples of Christ, Church Disinfecting Corps Dispensaries District Attorney District Civil Court Dobb's Ferry 66, Docks Dock Board Docks, Department of Dock Improvement Doctors Mob, The Dodge, Wm. E., Statue of Doris's Museum Down Town Association Drake's Magazine Drexel Building 8, I linking Fountains Drinking Fountain, Bronze Drives Driving DrivingClub, The N. Y Druggists, Retail Dry Dock Savings Bank Dry Dock Village Dry Goods, Delivery of Dry Goods Jobbers Dry Goods. Retail Dealers Dutch Reformed Church Dutch Reformed Church (First) Dutch Reformed Churches (Music in). . Du Vi vier & Co Dyker's Beach, Battery on , 14? 187 6 303 73 257 15 256 256 112 160 165 227 8 317 136 251 187 24 107 90 143 266 1 72 120 97 270 356 274 252 251 160 161 300 170 158 154 13 121 44 97 243 138 120 120 58 79 79 368 144 16 190 )84 185 870 165 Eagles and Goat, Statuary Group 123 East Drive, The 25 Eastern District, Brooklyn 288 Eastern Park 72 East Hampton . 294 INDEX. East River Bridge East River Park Eden Musee. . sil, Edison Building: . Educational Institutions Effecoof Clubs on Art Egyptian Antiquities 107, Enrich Bros Eighth Avenue Bridge Eighth Regiment Armory Eighth Regimeut Eighth Street Theatre Electric Club Electrical Apparatus, Dealers in Elevated Rail Roads, Brooklyn Elizabeth Elks, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elm Park ... ..... Elysian Fields Emmett, Robert, Obelisk to Emmet, Thomas Addis Emperor of Germany Empire Theatre . . Engineers' Club Englewood Engraving on Wood Episcopal Cathedral Equitable Building 11, Esplanade, The Essex Market ( Old) « Etching Club, N. Y 46. Ethical Culture, Society's Works European Plan Hotels Evening Post Building — Exchanges Exchange for Woman's Work Exchanges, List of Excise, Commissioners of Ex-Convicts' Home Excursions and Resorts Exhibition, Piano Express Companies Expresses Eye and Ear Infirmary, The N. Y 1GG 56 35 138 220 112 1.4 187 166 155 Fort Lafayette Fort Lee . 65, Fort Schuyler Fort Wadsworth, S. 1 165, Fort Wood Foundling Hospital, The N. Y Fourth and Madison Avenue Bri-lge Fourth Avenue Improvement Fourteenth Street Music Hall Fourteenth Street Theatre Frank Leslie's Weekly Franklin, Benjamin, Statue of Free Circulating Library Free Lodgings Free Meals French Quarter, The French Sunday Resorts Frtundschaft Club Friends' (Quakers) 272, Friendship Club Friends' Meeting House and Seminary . . Fruit and Produce Jobbers Fulton Club Fulton Market 140, Furniture Stores 377 , 109 116 . 150 193 lbd 10 , 197 14 , 260 14 56 294 251 48 197 48 294 80 198 300 200 27 246 48 73 311 321 27 243 165 ,65 294 165 304 165 298 165 255 166 167 44 36 243 119 235 257 257 18 28 90 274 150 18 185 97 196 185 Gallatin Bank 138 Garden City 295 Garden Theatre 36 Garibaldi, Statue of 119 Gednay House 20 German Club 90 German Conservatory of Music 232 merman Hospital and Dispensary . . . 249 General Sessions Court . 161 General Theological Seminary 229 (ieographical Society, American 105 3T8 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. George, Henry 101 "Gerry's Society 1 ' 102 Gilsey House 20 Glass Importers IPd Glassware 191 Gleu Island 65 Glencove 294 GlenocoGlen 67 Godey s Magazine f 43 Gaelic Socieiy 100 Golden Hill u Good Samaritan Dispensary 252 Good Te mplars 103 Goose Market, The 16 Gotham Art Institute 231 Gottheil, Dr.'s Temple (Music) 207 Gould, Jay's Fall 10 Gould's, Jay, Home 25 Goupil's Art Gallery 46 Government 154 Government or Official Aid 245 Government Signal Service 213 Governor's Island 165 Governor's Room 12 Grace Church (Old) 10 Grace Church 13. 144. 264 Gramercy Pa r k 19, 56 Grand Army of the Republic 103 Grand Central Station 27, 148 Grand Conservatory of Music 5*32 Grand Hotel 20 Grand Houses of Wealthy Men 20 Grand Opera House sil, 37 Grand Opera House, Brooklyn 45 Grand Union Hotel 148 Grange, The, Alex. Hamilton's Home. . . 23 Grant, G n. U. S. (Former Home ol) . . . . 25 Grant City, L. 1 298 Grant's Tomb . . 23, 153 "Gratuity Fund 1 ' of Stock Exchange. .. 180 Gravesend Bay 62 Gravesend Race Track 77, 78 Great South Beach 62 Greeley, Horace, Statue of Greenwich Savings Bank Greenwich Village Greenwood Cemetery Greenwood Cemetery, Monuments in . . Greenwood Lake Grocers' Exposition, The Retail Grocers, Wholesale Grolier Club 95, 113 Grover Cleveland 's Office , Guttenberg Guttenburg Race Track Gymnasium, Dr. Sargent's 119 145 18 279 282 65 49 184 147 8 304 79 71 305 365 141 289 Hackensack Hacket, Carhart & Co Hall of Records Hall of Record, Brooklyn Hall, Rev. Dr. John 25 Hall, Rev. Dr. John's, Presbyt'n Church 150 . 122 . 3(56 121 295 . 81 . 81 Halleck, Fitz -Greene, Statue of Hamburg American Packet Co Hamilton. Alexander, Statue of Hamp on Hand Ball Hand Ball Club, Brooklyn Hanan & Sons 142 Handkerchiefs and Linen Goods 191 Hanover Square 184 Harbors, Rivers and Islands 306 Harbor, Supervisor of, The 164 Harbor, Trip around the 306 Hardman Hall 37 Hardware and Metals, Dealers 184 Harlem Art Association 231 Harlem Club CO, 152 Harlem Concert Hall 44 Harlem Eye, Ear and Throat Infirmary. 250 Harlem Flats 24, 26 Harlem's Great Thoroughfare 26 Harlem Opera House 37 Harlem Railroad 27 Harlem River i, anal 1?1 Harlem River, Trip up The 308 Harlem Rowing Club 73 Harmonie Club 90 Harness 357, 300 Harper and Brothers 140 Harper's Bazaar 243 Harper's Magazine 243 Harper's Weekly «t3 Harrigan's Theatre 37 Harry Hill's Dance House 17 Harry Miner's Theatre 38 Harsenville 22 Harvard Club 91 Hastiugs-on-the-Hudson 300 Hatters 184 Havermeyer Building 139 Havermeyer, Henry O 116 Haverstraw 300 Hay's Building 140 •'Hazing" 180 Healih Department Headquarters 17 Health Department 157 Health Officer 162 Hebrew Free School Association 259 Hebrew Institute 2*7 Hebrew Orphan Asylum 23 Hebrews 272 Hebrew Synagogues 266, 274 Hebrew Technical Insi itute 227 Helen Jewett, Murder of 13 Henry George 101 Herald Building 12, 139 Herald, The N. Y 2:38 Herrmann's Theatre 38 Hester Street 198 Hewitt, Abram S 19 High Bridge 23, 166, 167 High Bridge Park 27, 56 Hirsch Fund 2C0 Historic Interest, Places of 4 Historical Society's Building 144 Historical Society, N. Y 40, 107, 109, 113 Hoboken 305 Hoe, R. & Co $239 Hoffman House 20, 364 Holland House 138, 147 Holland Society 100 Holland Trust Building 188 Holly, Colossal Bust of 119 Holme's Star Theatre, Brooklyn 45 Holy Trinity (Harlem) /, S65 Holy Trinity Church 152 Homes for the Aged or Destitute, List of. 253 INDEX. 379 Homes for Aged or Infirm 253 Home of the Mission of the Immacu- late Virgin 255 Homoepathie Hospital 246 Horncepathic Meuical Society 106 Horseback Riding 72 Horse-Racing 76 Horse Sbow 48 Hospitals for Women and Children, List of 251 Hospital for Ruptured and Crippled. . . . 250 Hospitals, General; List of 249 Hospitals *4? Hospitals, Special; List of 250 Hospital, The Floating. 251 Hotel Bristol *5 Hotel Centres 185 Hotel Imperial 20 Hotels, List of 313 Hotel Marlborough 20, 36 i Hotel Metropole 20 Hotel Normandie 20 Hotels, St. Lorenz ; nd Premier 363 Hotel Savoy 127, 150 Hotel Waldorf 24, 150 Houses of Refuge 257 House of the Good Shepherd 257 Hour Rates for Cabs 319 Hoyt Buildin- 139 HubbelJ, Miss Ida W. (The Soprano) ... 265 Huner's Museum 44 Hudson City 305 Hudson River Steamboat Lines 3:38, 339 Hudson River Tunnel 167 Hudson River Reports 66 Humboldt, Bust of 122 Huntington, C. P 24 Huntington, C. P., Residence of 150 Hyde & Behman's Theatre, Brooklyn.. . 45 Hydrographic Office 199 Illustrated American 243 Immigrant Agencies 51 Immigration, Superintendent or 164 Imperial Hotel 147 Importers and Traders 1 Club i>7 Independent Order of Oddfellows 103 Indian Hunter and Dog, Statue of 122 Indoor Amusements 29 Inebriates' Home 257 Insurance Club 97 Internal Revenue Collectors" 1 Offices 164 Introduction 1 Inwood 23 Irish- American Athletic Club 86 Irish Girls, Home for 6 Irvington 300 Irving, Washington, Colossal Bust of. . . 121 Isabella Home for the Aged 23 Isabella Heimath Home 2."3 Ivory and Bisque 191 Jackson, Win Jamaica Bay James, Fort Jefferson Market Court. Jefferson Market Jews 1 Market 363 68 5 143 197 198 Jewelry Trade 185 Jewish Theological Seminary 229 Jerome or Central Ave 27 Jerome, Leonard 147 JeromePark 27, 79 Jersey City 305 Jersey City Opera House 44 Jews 272 Jobbers in Dry Goods 184 Jockey Clubs 76 Jockey Clubs, List of 77 Joe Thums' 73 John Street Methodist Church 11 John St. Theatre, Old 30 Johnston, John Taylor 144 Joss Houses 15 Journal of Commerce 240 Judea 16 Judge (Illustrated Weekly) 243 Judge Building 115 Judicial System 100 Judson Memorial Church 14, 143 Jumel House, The 23 "Junior Union Club 11 89 Jurors, Commissioners of 161 Juvenile Asylum 24 Juvenile Asvlums and School for the Defective 254 Juvenile Asylum, The N. Y 257 Kennel Club, The American 98 Key to the numbering of the Avenues. . . 344 Key to the numbering of the Streets. 343, 344 Kings County Elevated R R 292 King of Prussia's Letters Patent 130 Kingsbridge a3 Kingsbridge Road 27 Kit-Kat Club 95, 113 Knickerbocker Club 91 Knickerbocker Tennis Club 81 Knigrhts of Honor 103 Knights of Labor 100 Knights of Pythias 103 Knoedler's Art Gallery 46 Koch's 187 Kohut, Dr.'s Synagogue 267 Koster & Bial's 21, 38 "L' Angelus" 116 Labor, American Federation of 100 Labor Organizations 100 Ladies' Club, The New York 91 Ladies' Deborah Nursery 254 Ladies' Fuel and Aid Society 259 Ladies' Home Mission Society [M. E.]. . . 259 Lafayette, Statue of 120 Lakes, Central Park 54 Lakewood 305 Lambs' Club 91 Lancashire Building 139 Larchmont 300 Laryngolosrieal Society, N. Y 107 Lava Beds, The 21 Lawrence, Cyrus J 116 Lawrence, Captain, Monument to 119 Law Libraries 236 Law School, Columbia 224 Law, School of (University) 226 Lawyers' Club 97 Lazarus Collection of Miniatuies 115 380 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Leake & Watt's Orphan Asylum 22, 255 Learned and Scientific Societies 105 Leather Manufacturers 184 Leather Manufacturers;' Bank 138 Le Boutillier's 187 Lectures, Free Course of 220 Lee Av.\ Academy Theatre, Brooklyn . . 45 Leggat Bros., Booksellers 2 ,7 Legion of Honor, American 10:5 Lenox Library . .25, 46, 109, 114, 115, 150, 234 Lenox Lyceum 38 Lexington Avenue Opera House 38 Liberty Enlightening the World 113 LibertyEnligntening the World,Statuc of 135 Liberty, Statue of G2 Libraries, List of Important 236 Libraries, I\jinor <3Q Libraries, Public i.3 J Liederkranz Club K Liederkranz Society Building 151 " Light Hat Day »' 179 Life (Llustrated Weekly) 243 Lif.) Insurance Companies 183 Life's Fresh Air Fund 260 Life Saving Service, Inspector's Office. . 164 Linden Hill Cemetery 283 Linden Blood Horse Association 79 Linden Race Track 79 Lincoln Safe Deposit Building 148 Lincoln, Statue of 120 Lion Park 44 Liquor Licenses lfcl Literary and Artistic Clubs 94 4 ' Little-Church- Around-the-Corner". .24, 270 Little Italy 26 Liverpool, London fe Globe Building 139 Livery Stables 320 Livingston 298 Loan Commi. sioners 164 London Theatre 38 Long Acre Square 20 Long B^ach 66 Long Island 2:3 Long Island City 295 Long Island City and Weehaw ken Tun- nel, Proposed 168 Long Island Historical Sc ciety 289 Long Island North Sboie 296 Long Island Suburban Towns 296 L. I. Steamboat Sounds 34 1 Lord & Taylor's 20, 187 Lotos Club 95, 145 Loyal Legion of the U. S 103 Ludlow St. Jail 16 Luqueer, K. S. & Co 357 Lutheran Cemetery 282 Lutheran Churches 270, 275 Lyceum Opera House 44 Lyceum Theatre 38 Lyric Hall 44 Mall, The 25, 54 Mapel Grove Cemetery 2H2 Mail Order Department (Macy's) 190 Mail and Express, The 240 Mail Matter, Dutiable 909 Mail Matter, Foreign 208 Mail Matter, Domestic 206 Mailing Facilities 203 Mail and Express Building 139 Manhattan Club 96 Manhattan Beach 63, 64 Manhattau Square 57 Manhattan Field 72, 73 Manhattan Club 24, 147 Manhattan Athletic Club 73, 84, 148 Manhattan ville 23 McCreery 's 187 McGown's Pass Tavern 56 Mclntyre Building 145 McKim, Mead & White 117 McComb's Dam Bridge 27, 166, 107 McComb House 10 IVlacpelah 282 Macpelah Cemetery 282 Macy's Store 18, 187 Macy, R. H. & Co 187, 189 Machinery, Dealers in 184 Madison Square Theatre 39 Madison Square Garden 39, 46, 146 Madison Square 19, 20, 57, 120, 146 Magazines, The effect of on Art 113 Manhattan Opera House 40 Manhattan Athletic Club Theatre 44 Manhattan (Jo's Building 138 Manhattan College 227 Manuseript Club 90 Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital 250 Manhattan Savings Institution 142 Manhattan Typewriting Co 371 Manufacturers of Pianofortes to the Queen 128 Manhattan Island 16 Manufactures 185 Mamie Cemetery 283 Maritime Exchange 199 Markets 196 Market and Fulton Bank 140 Marquand Collection of Paintings 114 Mary Rogers, Murder of 13 Masons, Free and Accepted 103 Masonic Temple 21, 14? Mathematical Society 106 Mauch Chunk 66 Mayor, The 154 Mayor's Office 12 Mazzini, Bronze Bust of 121 Means of Communication 202 Mechanics and Tiadesinen, Society of.. 103 Medical Colleges 228 Medical Colleges, List of 228 Medical Libraries, The Principal 236 Medical and Surgical Society, N. Y 107 Medical Society, N. Y. County 107 Medical Journal Association i06 Medical Service, Free Night 247 Medicine School of (University) 226 Medico- Historical Society, N. Y 107 Medico- Legal Society 106 Melro. e ~7 Menagerie, The 55 Mendelssohn Glee Club 98 Menli Park 3(5 Menrological Society, N. Y 108 Mercantile Library, The 233 Mercantile Exchange 199 Mercantile Library Association 17 Mercantile Library 144 Merchants' Central Clu' i 97 Messenger Offices, List of 211 INDEX. 381 Messenger Rates 210 Messenger Service 210 Meteorological Observatory, The 55 Methodist Episcopal Churches 275 Methodist Camp Meeting 67 Methodist Book Concern 145 Methodist Churches 271 Metropolitan Museum of Art 25, 109. 114. 151 Metropolitan Opera House 20, 40, 148 Metropolitan Hotel 13, 18 Metropolitan Building 146 Metropolitan Club .25, 91 Metropolitan Club *. Hebrew) 91 Metropolitan Opera House 4C Metropolis Law School 228 Metropolitan College of Music 231 Metropolitan Telephone and Telegraph Co 216. 218, 219 Metropolitan Insurance Co. Building. . . 19 Microscopical Society, American 105 Middle Drive, The 25 Military Bureaux 164 Military Depot, U. S 7 Millionares' Club 25 Mills Building 8, 1-58 Millinery Parlo.- (Ridley's) 193 Millinery, Wholesale House 184 Miner's Eighth Ave. Theatre 41 Miscellaneous Clubs 98 Miscellaneous Churches 277 Money Telegraph Order System 3>2 Money, Facilities for Transmitting 321 Money Orders (.Domestic) 209 Money Orders < Foreign; 209 Mongomery. Gen. Rich., Tomb of 269 Monmouth Park 77, 78 Monmouth Beach 67 Moore, Thomas, Bast of 122 Montauk Point i;95 Montgomery's Tomb 11 Morgue, The N. Y 247 Mornmgside Park 26, 57 Morning Journal 2.i8 Morris Park Race Course 27 Morris Park 77, 78 Morrisania 27 Morse Building 12 Morse, Statue of 122 Morton Building 138 Mosholu 27 Mothers, Advice to 371 Mott Haven 27 Mott Haven Games 74 Mott Haven Station 152 Mount Morris Square 57 Mount Morris Theatre 41 Mount Hope Cemetery 283 Mount Olivet Cemetery 283 Mount Neboh Cemetery 283 Mount St. Vincent Academy 87, 2.7 Mount Sinai Hospital 249 Mourning Goods 369, 3T0 Mummies, Collection of 1 14 Municipal Building 238 Mural Paintings 123 Muiderers 1 Block 17 Murray Hill Hotel 148 Murray Hill 24 Murray Family 24 Music in the Churches 262 Music Club 91 Musical Organizations 104 Musical Instruments, Collection of 114 Music— Symbolical Statue 122 Music Schools *3l Museum of Natural History 151, 236 M useum of Art, The Metropolitan 55 Musurgia 104 Mutual Life Building 11, 139 Mutual District Telegraph Company 215 National Banks 182 Nathan, Benjamin, Murder of 20 National Academy of Design 46 National Bank Examiner 164 National Conservatory of Music 231 National Guard 163 National Theatre 41 Natural History, Am. Mus. of 48, 157, 236 Nautical School 221 Nautilus Rowing Club 73 Naval Office 173 Navarro Flats 150 Navesink Highland 67 Navy Yard, Brooklyn 164, 290 Neptune Yacht Club 75 Newark 305 New Brighton, S. 1 298 New Brunswick 306 Newburgh 66 New Club 92 New Dorp, S. 1 295 New England Society 102 New Jersey Suburban Towns 303 New Lyceum Theatre. Brooklyn 45 New Netherlands Hotel 150 New Rochelle 301 New Street 179 Newtown 290 News Agencies 240 Newsboys 241 News Companies, List of 241 News Gathering Facilities 241 Newspaper Offices 185 Newspapers and Periodicals 238 Newspapers in Foreign Languages 242 Newspapers, Means of Distribution 241 Newspapers, Production of 238 Newspapers. Range of, Influence of 238 News, The Daily 238 New York Athletic Club 83, 84, 149 New York Bay Cemetery, The 283 New York Bible Society 102 New York Cab Company 360 New York Club 9„» New York Club House u0 New York College of Music 231 New York Dispensary 251 New York Historical Society 17 New York Hospital 145, 247, 250 New York Hotel 13 New York Infirmary for Women, The. . . 252 New York Law School 227 New York Life Ins. Co. Building 13, 142 New York Society Library 234 New York Yacht Club 74 Niagara Falls Panorama 44 Niblo's Theatre 13, 41 Nineteenth Century Club 99 Ninth Regiment 163 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Norcross's Attack upon Russel Sage — 10 Normal College 151, 2*1 Norton's Point 63 North American Review 243 North-Eastern Dispensary *51 North -Western Dispensary 251 Norwalk 303 Nurseries, Day 257 Nurses, Schools for 252 Nyack 301 Obelisk, The 26, 5'. 151 Obstetrical Society, N. Y 108 Ocean Grove 67 Ocean Park Way 60 Ocean Steamship Lines 336 Odd Fellows 103 Office Buildings 201 Official Courtesies 310 Ohio Society 94 Old Colony Steamboat Company 334 Oldest Building in ^ew York 7 Old Villages 27 Ophthalmic and Aural Institute. 250 Ophthalmalogical Society, N. Y 108 Orange 306 Orange Riot, The 22 Oratorio Society 102 Orphan Asylum (Colored) 254 Orphan Asylum for Females, R. C 2o5 Orphan Asylum for Males, R. C 255 Orphan Asylum, Hebrew 254 Orphan Asylum, Hebrew Guardian Society's 257 Orphan Asylums, List of 255 Ottenberg, S. & Bros 185 Outing, Magazine 243 Oyer and Terminer Court 161 "Paddy's Market" 197 Paintings, Private Collection of 116 Paintings, Public 113 Palisades, The 307 Palmer's Theatre 20, 41, 147 Paper Dealers 164 "Paradise Park" 56 Park & Tilford 20 Park Avenue Hotel - 147 Park Avenue Piano Factory 128 Park Bank Building 12 Parkhurst's, Dr., Church 19, 146 Park Menagerie 25 Parks 50, 170 Parks, Department of Public 158 Park Theatre 41 Park Theatre, Old 30 Parkway Driving Club 50 Passaic Agri ultural Society 79 Pastel, Society of Painters in 112 Pasteur Institute, The N. Y *50 Pastime Athletic Association 86 Pathological Society, N. Y 10 Q Paterson 3o6 Patria Club 99 Paulist Fathers 1 Building 150 Paving 169 Paxton, Rev. Dr. Jno. R 2o6 "Peddlers' Calls" 198 Peekskill 301 Pelham Bay Park 58 Pension Agent 164 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts 109 People's Theatre 41 Periodicals and Newspapers 238 Periodic Exhibitions 46 Petroleum and Stock Exchange 136 Philanthropy of N. Y 244 Philharmonic Orchestra 263 Philharmonic Society ^9. 103 Physicians, German ,Scientiflc,Meeting of 118 Physicians' Mutual Aid Assoc'n, N. Y.. 108 Pianofortes, Expert Opinions on 130 Piano Manufacturers 124 Piano Manufacturers' Association 133 Piano Shipping 125 Piano Show Rooms 125 Piano Warerooms 185 Piermont 301 Piers, List of 341, 342 Pigeon and Poultry Show 49 Pilgrims' Day 102 Pilots. Commissioners of 162 Plainfield 306 Players' Club House 19 Play Grounds 73 Playhouses 31 Players', The 92, 113 Plaza Hotel 25, 127, 150 Plum Island, Battery on 165 Plymouth Church 289 Pneumatic Tubes in R. H. Macy&Co's. 188 Police Department 156 Police Headquarters 17, 157 Police Justices 161 Police Precincts and Stations 157 Political Clubs 96 Political Science Quarterly, The 243 Polo Grounds 72 Popular Science Monthly, The 243 Port Guardians 162 Port Richmond, S. T 298 Port Wardens 102 Postage Rates, Foreign 208 Postal Money Order System 209 Postal Notes 209 Postal Telegraph Co 210 Postal Union, Universal 208 Postage Rates and Conditions 206 Post Building 8 Poste-Restante 203 Post, Evening 240 Post Office 140, 164, 202 Post Office branch Stations, Location of. 204 Post Office Local Deliveries 205 Post Office Sub-Stations, Location of. . . 204 Potter Building 12, 141 Pousrhkeepsie 66 Poultry and Pigeon Show 49 Pratt Institute. Brooklyn 289 Presbyterian ( hurches 2?0, 275 Presbyterian Churches, Lusie in «66 Presbyterian Hospital 150, 248 President's House 5 Press Club 95 Press News Association 240 Press, The 238 Prince of Wales 128 Printing Presses 239 Private Schools 222 Proctor's Theatre ! .21, 42 INDEX. Produce Exchg. bldg, View from Tower. 4 Produce Exchange 113, 135, 199 Prog i ess Club 25 Prog; ess Club [Hebrew] Qi rrohibition Park 68 Prominent Churches and Pastors 274 Protestant Episcopal Churches 275 Prominent Men, Homes of 21 Property, Taxed 2 Property, Untaxed 2 Prospect Park, Brooklyn 290 P. K. Church 208 Protestant Episcopal Cathedral. 22 Protestant Episcopal Seminary 21 Psi Upsilon Club 92 Psych.cal Research, Society of 108 Public Paintings 113 Public School System 220 Public Works 165 Public Works, Commissioners of 156 Publishing Houses 185 Publisher's Department 357 Pulitzer Building 12 Tuck (Illustrated Weekly) 243 Quaker Families 16 Quakers, The 18 Quarantine 162 Quarantine, Commissioners of 162 Quartette Choirs 266 Quill Club 97 Queen's, L. 1 295 Quogue 295 Racquet Club 147 Racquet and Tennis Club 9i, 148 Rah way 306 Railroads 323 Radroad Depots 323 R always, Elevated, Surface and Stt am 325 Railways Leading to N. Y 3 .'4 Railways, Street, Cross-town Lines 330 Railways, Street, North and South Lines 328 Railways, Surface, Lines and Routes. .. 327 Rainsford, Rev. W. S 19 Ramble, The 55 Real Estate Exchange 199 Recorder, The 160, 238 "Red Horse Inn - " 83 Reform Club 96 Retormatories 256 Reformatories, Important List of 257 Rerormed Dutch Churches 276 Reformed Presbyterians 2^0 Reformed Presbyterian Church., s 276 Registration, Mail Matter 208 Register's Office 12 Reid, Wbitelaw 25 Religious Paintings 123 Renwick Club 93 Republican Club 96 Reservoirs 55 Reservoirs in Central Park 152, 168 Reservoirs and Aqueducts it 8 Resorts and Excursions 50 Restaurants 316 Retail Coal Exchange 200 Review of Reviews, The 243 Reviews, Reprints of British 243 Rialto, The 11 Richmond, S. I '. . 898 Riding Academies 82 Riding Club 93 Ridley, Edward & Sons Ih7, 191 Ridley Bros 195 Rilley's, Means or Reaching 195 Riker, P., Son & Co., Druggists 36S Riverdale 27 Riverside Avenue 59 Riverside Drive 23 Riverside Hospital for Contagious Dis- eases 247 Riverside Park 2 J, 57 Robbins' Noveity Theatre, Brooklyn ... 45 Roberts, M. O 116 Rocka way Beach 62, 68 Rockefeller, John D 24 Rockefeller, William 116 Rockland i emetery 284 Rockland Park 301 Roman Catholics 12, 273 Roman Catholic Churches 276 Roosevelt Hospital, The 218 Roslyn, L. I 295 Rowing Clubs, List of 86 Rubenstein Club 104 Russian Baths 364 Russians, Poles and Jews 16 Rutger's Female College 226 Ryerson & Brown (Cabs) 360 Sacred Heart Convent 23 Saddlery 357 Sag Harbor, L. 1 296 Sage, Russell 25 Sandy Hook 165 Salem Fields Cemetery 284 Salmagundi Club 96, 113 Savings Banks 183 Savings Banks (Principal), List of 183 Savoy Hotel 25 Schau's Art Galleries 46 Scientific and Learned Societies 105 SchiHer, Statue of 122 School of Medicine 225 School of Mines (Columbia) 224 Schools of Music 231 School of Pedagogy 226 School of Political Science 225 Schools, Private, List of 222 Schools, Public 220 Scott, Sir Walter, Statue of 122 Scottish American Athletic Club 86 Scribner's Magazine 243 Seabright 69 Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club 75 Second Avenue Bridge 166 Second Battery 163 Secret Services Offices 164 Secret and Benevolent Organizations. . . 1C3 Seidl, Anton, Orchestra of 48 Seventh Regiment 163 Seventh Regiment Armory 150 Seventh Regiment Club 93 Seventy -first Regiment 163 Seward, W. M., Statue of 120 Sewerage 169 Shakespeare, Statue of 122 Sheepshead Bav 62, 69 Sheepshead Bay Race Track 77, 78, 79 384 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. Shelter Island, L. 1 296 Sheriff's Office 160 Shinnecock Hills 296 Shipping Commissioner 164 Siioj and Leather l auk 140 Shohoia Glen 69 Shooting Clubs 72 Shopping District 185 Signal and Telegraph Corps 163 Silk Importers 184 Simpson, Crawford & Simpson 187 Simpson, Mr. (Grace Church Choir) 265 Sing Sing 301 Sixty -ninth Regiment 163 Skin and Cancer Hospital 152 Skin and Cancer Hospital, The N. Y 25u Sleepy Hollow Cemetery i>84 Snug Harbor 299 Social Clubs 8b Socialists, Anarchist and Shouters 16 Society of American Artists, The . . .103, 110 Society of Docorative Art Schools 231 Societies and Clubs 88 Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 99 Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children 102 Society for Prevention of Crime 103 Society of St. Vincent de Paul 258 Society for Suppression of Vice 102 Sodom Reservoir 169 Soldiers, Statue of 122 Somerville Collection of Gems 115 Sorosis 99 Sons of Liberty 12 Sons of Liberty 103 South Battery 165 South Beach 09 South Dutch Church 9 Southampton, L. 1 296 Southern Boulevard 60 Southern Society 94 Special Delivery Stamps 2(6 Special Belief Fund 260 Special Se.-sions Court 161 Specialties of Painters 123 Speedwells 80 Sports and Athletics 70 Spring Lake 69 Spuyten Duyvil 23, 27 Staats Zeitung Building Ill Siaats Zeiturg, The, N. Y 240 Stadt Huys 7 Saint Nicholas Club 93 Stamport 303 Standard Oil Building 10, 136 Standard Theatre 42 Stuplcton, L 1 ii99 Star Theatre 14, 42 Staten Island 298 Staten Island Athletic Club b6 Staten Lland Villages 299 Statuary in Central Park 121 Statuary Outside Central Park 117 Statue of Liberty 62 Steam Vessel Inspectors ..04 Steamboats on the Hudson River 836 Steamooats on L. I. Sound 310 Steamboats to New Jersey Coast 840 Steamer Puritan of Fall River Line 835 Steamships to Asiatic Ports aS8 Steamships to U. S. Ports J38 .steamships to Canadian Ports 338 Steamships to British Ports 336 Steamships to N. European Ports 336 Steamships to Mediterranean Ports... . 336 Steamships to South American Ports 33? Steamships to Central American Ports. . 387 Steamships N. J. Fruit Trade 335 Steamsmps, Rates of Passage on 334 Steamships and Steamboats c'63 Steamships Iransatlantic 366 Steinway, Charles H 132 Stein way, George A 132 Steinway, Frederick T 139 Stein way, William 130, 1S2 Steinway & Sons 124 Steiuway & Sons, History of 132 Steinway Hall 18, 124 Steinway 's Piano Factory 127 Sterns 187 Stetson, Nahum 133 Stevens i astie 30? Stewart Building 13 Stewart's Marble Palace 24 Stewart's Store 13 Stock Exchange Membei ship 180 "S'ill Hunt"— Statue 123 Stockade, Old at Chambers Street 13 Stock Exchs nge, The 138, 178 Stock Exchange Building 8 Stock Exchange Clearing House System 181 Strauss, Nathan 188 Strauss, Isidore ' 188 Streets, Arrangemeut of 343 Street Bridges 7 Street Cleaning 170 Street Cleaning, Department 154, 158 Street Directory, 343, 345, 356 Street Illumination 170 Street Improvements 154 Street Improvements, Commissioner of . 156 Streets, Key to the Numbering of 343 Street Railways— North and Louth 326 Studio Buildings U7 Stuy vesant Sq uare 18, 57 Sturtevant House 20 St. Agnes' Chapel 264 St. Agnes' Church 152 St. Anns' Church, (R. C.) *66 St. Barnabas' House 260 St. Bartholomew a Church 270 St. Bartholomew's P. E. Church 265 St Cloud Hotel 20 St. Denis Hotel 14 St. Francis Hospital 249 St. Francis Xavier, Church or 145, 265 St. Francis Xavier "College sd26 St. George 299 St. George Athletic Association 86 St. George's Church (P. E) 264 St. George's Club 94 St. George's Kpiscopal Church 18 St. George's, Old 269 St. Ignatius' (P. E ) Church 264 St. James 1 Hotel 20 St. John's Chapel 264 St. John's [M. E.J Church 266 St. John's College 227 St. Joseph's Home 253 INDEX. 385 St. Joseph's Industrial Home 254 St. Leo's ( R. C. ) 266 St. Louis R. C. CoUege 227 St Luke's Hospital 150, 248 St. Mark's Church 17, 269 St. Mark's in the Bowery x;65 St. Mary's Lodging House for Girls 259 St. Mary's Park 58 St. Nicholas Ave 27, 59 St. Patrick's Cathedral 17, 24, 149, 205 St. Paul's Chapel 11, 268, 264, 269 St. Paul's Church 139 St. Peter's Church 12 St. Peter's Church (R C.) 266 St. Thomas' Episcopal Church 149 St. Thomas' Church, P. E 270 Shorthand 371 Stenography 371 Sub-Treasury 8, 137, 164, 174 Suburban Resorts 61 Suburbs 287 Subways, Electrical 170 Sugar House Prison 11 Summer Excursions for the Poor 260 Summer Homes for the Poor 200 Sun, The 238 Sun Balding 12, 141 Sun, Evening 238 Superior Court 161 Supreme Court 161 Surpliced Choirs 263 Surrogate 160 Surveyor of the Port 178 Switchback Railroad 66 Swiss Club 93 Symphony Society 29, 104 Talmage's Tabernacle 280 Tammany Hall 18 Tammany Hall (The Original) 12 Tammany Society, or Columbian Order. 8 Tappan 302 Tarry town 302 Taxes and Assessment Department 159 Taxed valuation and rate 2 Telegraphic Commercial News Dep't ... 213 Telegraphic Night Messages and Rates. . 215 Telegraph Offices 214 Telegraphic System 211 Telegraphic Steamer Service 213 Telegraphic Time Service 213 Telephone Building 216 Telephone Public Pay Stations, List of. . 218 Telephone System 216 Temple Beth-El 25, 150 Temple Court 12, 141 Temple Emanuel 149 Tenderloin Club 93 Tenderloin District, The 21 Tenns 80,240 Tennis Building Association 73 Terrace, The 45, 55 Thalia Theatre 43 Theatre Comique 43 Theatrical History 30 Theatre Seats 31 Theatr ? Tickets Office 31 Theatres 29 Theatrical Performances, Early SO The Mayor 10 Theological Schools 229 Theosophical Society, Aryan ,. 106 The Pilgrim— Statue 121 The Swamp 184 Third Avenue Bridge 166 Third Avenue Tneatre 43 Thirteen Club M7 Throgg's Neck 165 Tiffany, Louis O, Residence of 150 Tigress and Cubs— Statuary Group 123 Tilden, Samuel J 19, 56 Tilden Trust Library 23vi Times Building 12, 41 Tennis Building Association 80 Titicus Reservoir 169 Tobacco, Manufacturers of 186 Tombs, Fire in The 13 Tombs, Our City Present 14 Tombs, The 142 Tompkins Market 197 TompKins Square 17, 57 Tompfeinsville. S. I 299 Tony Pastor's Theatre 43 Tottenville, S 1 299 Tour of New York 4 Tower Building 10, 136 Tract Society 100 Trade Unions 100 Training School for Nurses 240 Tramp Steamships 335 Trans-Atlantic Cables 212 Transfiguration, Church of the 270 Transverse Roads 52 Travellers' Guide 310 Tremont 27 Tretbar, Charles F 133 Tribune Buildinar 12, 14 Trioune Fresh Air Fund 260 Tribune, The N. Y 240 Trinity Cemetery 22, 284 Trinity Chapel 264 Trinity Church 8, 9, 137, 263, 269 Trinity Church, Altar and Reredos 118 Trinity Church, Astor Memorial Doors. . 118 Trinity Church Cemetery 284 Trinity Parish 9 Troop A 163 Tropical Products 184 Trust Companies 182 Trust Companies (Principal) List of 183 Tubby Hook 23 Tuckahoe 302 Tunnels 167 Turkish Baths 364 Turn Verein 103 Turn Verein Hall, Central 72 Tuxedo Park 302 Tweed, Wm. M, 16 Twelfth Regiment " 163 Twenty -second Regiment Armory 151 Twenty-second Regiment 163 Twilight Club 98 Two Cent Diet Kitchen 258 Type-writing and Stenography 371 United Bank Building 133 United Americans 1 03 United Cnarities Building 245 United Hebrew Charities 259 United Presbyterians 270 THE SUN'S GUIDE TO NEW YORK. United Presbyterian Churches 276 United Press 240 United Service Club 94 United States Circuit Court 164 United States District Court 164 United States National Bank 361 United States Public Stores 164 United States Trust Building 138 Universalist Cburches 276 University Athletic Club 86 Union Club 93, 145 Union League Club 96, 148 Union League Club House 24 Union Market 197 Union Square 5*, 119, 145 Union Square Theatre 18, 43 Union Theological Seminary 229 Union Trust Company Building 137 Unitarian Churches 276 University of the City of New York 225 University of City of N. Y 14 University Club 94, 147 Unmailable Matter 208 Valuation A Century Ago 3 Van Cortlandt Park 27, 58 Vanderbilt, Com'dore, Bronze Relief of . 119 Vanderbilt, Commodore, Home of 14, 100 Vanderbilt, William H 116 Vanderbilt, William H., Residence of .. . 149 Vanderbilt, W. K., Residence of 149 Vanderbilt Houses 24 Vanity Fair 10 Van Norman Institute, The 223 Varuna Rowing Club 73 Veterinary Hospital, The American 251 Vendome Hotel 20 Vested Choirs 264 Viaduct, The 167 Victoria Apartment House 147 Victoria Hotel 20 Vocal Union, New York 104 Wagner Society 104 Waldorf Hotel 147 Wall Street 179 Walton House 9 Warehouse Act 173 Warren, Richard Henry 264 Warren, Samuel P 265 Washington Apartment House 143 Washington Arch, The 119. 14>* Washington Bridge *3, 27, 166 Washington Building 6, 135 Washington Cemetery 285 Washington Equestrian Statue 119 Washington, George, Bronze Statue of . . 118 Washington's Headquarters 7, 23 Washington Hotel 6 Washington Heights 23 Washington Market 140 Washington Market (West) 196 Washington Memorial Arch 14, 20 Washicgton Park, Brooklyn 289 Washington's Few 269 Washington Square 14, 58 Washington, Wards Statue of 9 Water Color Club, The New York. . . .46, 112 Water Color Society, The American .46, 111 Watts. John, Bronze Statue of 119 Wealth of the City l Weather Bureau 164 Webbs' Academy and Home for Ship- builders 253 Webster, C. B 188 Webster, Daniel, Statue of 171 Weehawken 60, 3C6 Weehawken, Proposed Bridge to 167 Welles Buildinu' 10, 136 West Brighton Beach 63 Westchester 808 Western District, Brooklyn 288 Western Union Telegraph Company. 210, 211 Westminster Kennel Club 48 West Point 66 West Presbyterian Church, Music in 266 Wheeling Clubs, List of 86 White Plains 302 Whitney, Wm. C. 25 Willard Collection of Casts 114 Willets Point 165 Williamsbridge 27 Wilson Industrial School and Mission. . . 259 Wilson, R. Wayne & Co 371 Winand, Miss Emily (Soloist) 265 Wines (Foreign) Dealers In 184 Windsor Hotel 24, 149 Windsor. Theatre 44 Wines, Fine 370 Winslow's Soothing Syrup (Mrs) 371 Wolfe Collection of Paintings 114 Womens' Press Club 96 Woman's Work, Artistic 112 Woodlawn Cemetery 27, 285 Workingmen, Improved Condition of . . . 28 World, The 238 World Building 141 World, The Evening 238 Worth Monument 20 Worth's Museum 44 Wrought Lron Works 124 Yacht Clubs 74 Yacht Clubs, List of 76 Yonkers, City Line of 27 Yonkers 302 Yosemite Apartment House 150 Young Men's Christian Ass 'n.. 19, 71, 104, 267 Y. M. C. A., Harlem Branch 71, 267 Y. M. C. A , Library 235 "\ oung Men's Institute 71 Young Women's Christian Association. . 104 Zieglcr, Henry 180 Zoological Garden 151 HORTONS ICE CREAM And Charlotte Russe are used by everybody because they are the best, and all who have used them know it. American Ice Cream, - 40 cts. per quart, or$1.20 per gallon. French Ice Cream, - 60 cts. " ** " 2.00 per gallon. Biscuit Glace, ____-- 60c. per quart. Tutti Frutti, ------ 80c. per quart. French Neapolitan, ----- 60c. per quart. Charlotte Russe, - 40c. per doz. Orders may be sent by postal card or telephone country or city and will receive prompt attention. DEPOTS : 305 4th Ave., 598 6th Ave., 115 Park Row, 302 Co- lumbus Ave., 142 W. 125th St., NEW YORK, and 495 Fulton St., BROOKLYN. ACKNOWLEDG ED TO BE THE j_BEST I UNDERW OOD'S R IBBONS. Black, Purple, Blue, Green, Carmine, and Official Indelible ^NON-COPYING or COPYINGS In any color, can be had on application for all Typewriting and Shorthand Machines. SUPERIORTYPEWRITERSUPPLIES Ribbons and Carbon Papers for all Machines. The Best Carbon Papers. Semi-carbon in Black. Purple or Blue, warranted not to smut. FULL CARBON, (Carl)onized on both .sides,) in Black, Pur- ple, or Klue in all sizes. Pads in any Color for the Yost Typewriter. FOR PRICES ADDRESS JOHN UNDERWOOD & CO, New York, Toronto and Chicago. EJLECXROHOLH THE GREAT — FOR THE OF WHATEVER KINO or DEGREE; EXTERNAL ; INTERNAL; ALVINE— r>|| p"C cure of rn llo BLIND OR BLEED ING; CHRONIC; RECENT or HEREDITARY. (TRADE-MARK REGISTERED.) a s^ire C5-u.ro for Piles. Is creating a great deal of talk and wonderment in medical circles and among the people wherever introduced. It cures the worst kinds of chronic cases, no matter how long stand- ing or how distressing, without aid of surgical operations. It contains no poison of any kind, usually found in Piles Cures, but is absolutely harmless and does not injure the most delicate person. Physicians are endorsing it whenever known. It is unlike any other Pile remedy, and is prepared with scientific care by an old and experienced chemist A cure is positively guaranteed in all cases when the directions for self- treatment are correctly followed ; and should the treatment fail to cure, your money will be promptly returned. This remedy has been in the constant practice of the proprietor for the past 20 years, and its curative powers are so very efficient that not one of the most stuhborn cases, out of the many thousands he has treated, has failed to yield to the wonderful influence of this never-failing remedy. EXTRACTS FROM BETTERS. It is different from anything I ever used. "A most gratifying success." "I would not be without it." "I recommend it to my suffering friends." ''It has done me more good than anything else." "It is cheap at fifty dollars a box." "I used one box; it worked like a charm," '"I keep it in the house all the time." "Never had anything to relieve so quickly." "The treatment so simple and cure so perfect."i "1 am now entirely cured." "I feel like a new woman." "J fouud it a perfect balm." "Before using I could scarcely stand; now I can walk ten miles." "I have so much to Ihank you for." "It cured me a year ago." "You do not recommend it highly enough." "I cannot praise your pile cure too much." "I commend it above all others." "I send you another customer." "I find great relief in this Pile Cure." "I am now quite well, but you may send me another box to keep on hand." 'I cheerfully endorse all you say " 'A happy combination of remedies." 'I can now eat an3 r thing, and workall day.'* Price per Box, 81.00; Three Boxes, JS2.50; Half Dot., «5.00; One Doz., 89.00 Add ress— J . H , Sent by mail, postage free. REEVES, 78 Nassau Street, NEW YORK CITY. N. CONTINUE BUSINESS AT OLD STAND, Broadu/ay^.26tI? Street NEW YORK, ==WITH= New Stock of China , Glass and Potter y, AT LOWEST PRICES, SPECIALTIES : DINNER SETS, complete, $13.50, up. TABLE GLASS SETS, 60 pieces, $4.00, up. FINE ORNAMENTED PIECES IN ROYAL DRESDEN BERLIN, &c. DECORATED GLASS. PORCELAIN PAINTINGS FLOWER HOLDERS, VASES, FIG! RES, &c, Q7 ar ' e 5 Broadway I^oass GREATEST WHOLESALE Dry Goods House in America 549, 551 & 553 Broadway The Building contains 72 Stores of 25xlOOfeet. The Books show 20,000 Customers scattered all over the Western Continent. Sales amount to over IOMILLIONS A YEAR. It is the Wonder of Mercantile Successes and a fitting illustration of the material progress of America on the 400th Anniversary of its Discovery. Visitors to the City are Cordially in- vited to Visit the Store. This is what you can obtain by ttstng an AMBERG C abinet I ,etter pile They are adapted for all classes of correspondence, and can be arranged to meet the requirements of any business. We make Cabinets of 2, 3 and 4 Files. These are adapted for a limited correspondence. The other Sizes range from 6 to 75 Files In sending for Catalogue, state whether the large or small Cabinet circular is wanted. AMBERG FILE AND INDEX CO, 79 & 81 Duane Street, New York. CHICAGO. LONDON. j 'ftLEPHONE: CO^ CE CREAM AND WATER iCESl^ stvV H* AND Me&5EstaW*» FANCY CREAMS CHARLOTTES ETCCTC 1427 Jslew York Ave., Washington, lio IParlcs. Central Park Carriage Service, Organized 1869. Carriages will leave the Scholars' Gate, 59th Street and Fifth Avenue, and the Merchants' Gate, 59th Street and Eighth Avenue, making the circuit of the Park, at brief intervals, and may BE TAKEN ANYWHERE Oil the road. Fare for Each Passenger f or the round trip, 25 cents. Tickets must be pur- chased of the Starter, and they entitle passengers to be put down and taken up at the Museum of Natural History, Mt. fet. Vincent, Museum of Art and the Terrace Bridge. Carriages in going take the West Drive, in returning the East Drive, thus making the tour of the Park. In going, you are driven past the Museum of Natural History in Manhattan Square, and the great Croton Reservoirs. The tower at the lower Reservoir U the Belvedere, from which a fine view of the Park and the surrounding city may be obtained. In returning, carriages stop at Mt. St. Vincent, Museum of Art and the Terrace Bridge. The Workman's Time Recorder. Your employees' Time recorded upon a printed slip of paper, thus : Time. h. M. Work- men's Nos. 22 32 14 40 IO 19 The Workman's Time Recorder [English's Patents] Registers The Arrival and Departure of Employees as rapidly as they can walk out the door. Operated instantly by dropping a check in the slot. Will record 1 30 Per Minute. THE AMERICAN WATCHMAN'S TIME DETECTOR CO. Watchman's Clock, Over Six Thousand in Use. THE AMERICAN Watchman's Time Detector, To record the movements of Night Watchmen. An undisputable record made. Electric Clocks. Electric Time System One Regulator Clock in the office controls all the other secondary dials (clocks) in the premises. Secures uniform time and does away with the machinery of clock movements, ex- cept in the Regu- lator in the Office. Please Call In at our Offices and Showroom*, And sec any of these 234 & 235 BROADWAY, Just opposite the Post Office, Bet. Park Place and Barclay Street, achlncs, as well as our AUTOMATIC FIKE ALARM. We claim ab- solute superiority for each Instrument. Established^, t^ American Watchman's Time Mector Co. JS - M0RSE ' Treas - The - Standard Elevator. MANUFACTURED BY Otis Brothers & Co., 38 Park Row, - NEW YORK. ELEVATORS OPERATED BY J ELECTRIC and BELT POWER only, Studebaker Bros. Mfg. Co., 265 & 267 CANAL STREET, (200 Feet East of Broadway.) n BTJIIL.1D£!RS OIF ( - -^C arriages , VICTORIAS, BROUGHAMS, WAGONETTES, PHAETONS, SURREYS, BUGGIES, RUNABOUTS, ANB ALL VARIETIES OF CARTS ANB TRAPS. FARM WAGONS, EXPRESS WAGONS, ALL KINDS OF BUSINESS WAGONS. We invite special attention to onr STREET SPRINKLER, with new patented device for distributing - water. OUR "LITTLE GEM" LAWN SPRINKLER EXCELS ANYTHING IN ITS LINE. * — ^ <♦> m — * WE MAKE THE GOODS WE SElsb. f^~Catalognies sent on application. ESTABLISHED Ii\ 1856. E. FRAXKFELD. B. FRAXKFELD. Pork *«* Beef Packers AND DEALERS IN Proprietors of the Celebrated 'PURITAN" BRAND OF MEATS. m TRADE MARK, We cordially invite members of the trade visiting the City to call and inspect our establishment, at 247, 249 and 25 1 Third Avenue, NEW YORK. WESTPHAL'S AUXILIATOR, UNEXCELLED FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE HAIR. Keeps the head cool, allays the Itching and Fever of the Scalp, and Strengthens the Nerves. AUXILIATOH PRESERVATION, BEAUTY, Growth and Restoration OF THE HAIR. KEEPS THE HEAD COOL, ALLAYS the Itching 4 Fever of the Scalp, gives a Rich Gloss to the Hair a will free the Head from all Dandruff immediately. A Perfect Hair Dressing For Ladies and Gentlemen. Highly Perfumed and FreeFromOil DIRECTIONS FOR USING. Before applying let the head bo ell brushed with a good, fine, but stiff hair brush, until the scalp is • considerable excited by the friction will expose the surface vessels of the scalp to the direct action ot the tonic; then apply the TONIO to various parts of the scalp and tub the head freely but gently until every part of the hair and scalp is thoroughly moistened with it. To encourage the hair to grow it should .1 ways be used every morning In all other cases every second or third day will be sufficient. PAUL WESTPHAL, Prop'r, NEW YOKK. m— Regittered in the U. S. Patent I Office at Washington, D.C.i theyear 1882. PRICE.ONE DOLLAR. It will free the head from all Dandruff immediately, is most Refreshing and leads the scalp to a healthy condition. On account of its Soothing Action upon the Nerves, it is held in high esteem for re- lieving Headaches. Indorsed by leading society, and meeting everywhere with the greatest success. Trial size (5 oz.) $0 50 Large size (12 oz.) - - 1 00 For sale by Druggists and Barbers, or sent express paid on receipt of price. Paul Westphal, 323 W. 38th St., N. Y, AMERICAN HOMEOPATHIC PHARMACY 3 East 19th St, Near 5th Ave., Established 1852 NEW YORK. J BRANCH, 108 West 125th St. C. T. HURLBURT, Manufacturing Homoeopathic Pharmacist. rpRAVELERS In need of HOMCEOPATHIC M EDICINES can secure them at either of the A. stores of the American Homoeopathic Pharmacy. Cases of the principal remedies specially prepared for Tourists' use. Every Homoeopathic Requisite. XXURLBURT'S SPECIAL PREPARATIONS are widely known as safe, pleasant and AX efficacious remedies. Write or call for "Note Book." uivine full descriotion and nrir« Seven are mentioned below, viz.: !ook," giving full description and prices. 1. Tracheal Drops, for Croup and Coughs, per bottle, 50 cents. 2. Dyspepsia and Torpid Liver Powder, for Indigestion, etc., per bottle, 50 cts. 3. Rubini Camphor Pills, for Colds, Influenza and Diarrhoea, per bottle 25 Cents. (A very useful remedy for travel ers exposed to changes of climate). 4. Toilet Kalydene, a new and elegant Homceo-Preparation for the skin and its affections, will keep the skin smooth and soft and cure Chapped Hands or Face, etc., per bottle, 25 cents. 5. Hay Fever and Catarrh Remedy, for Hay Fever, acute or chronic, 50 cents. 6. Extract of Witch Hazel, full strength, per quart, 75 cents. 7. U. H. Cocoa, delicious and nourishing, % lb. can, 40 cents. CHILPW, 'TEETHINc FOR F IFTY Y EARS ! MRS. WINSLOW'S SOOTHING SYRUP has been used by millions of Mothers for their children while Teething for over Fifty Years. It soothes the child, softens the gums, allays all pain, cures wind colic, and is the best remedy for diarrhoea. Twenty-five Cents a Bottle. FOR F IFTY Y EARS ! MRS. WINSLOW'S SOOTHING SYRUP has been used by Millions of Mothers for their children while Teething for over Fifty Years. It soothes the child, softens the gums, allays all pain, cures wind colic, and is the best remedy for diarrhoea. Twenty-five Cents a Bottle, A. GOTTHELF'S SONS, MANUFACTURERS OF Flags, Lanterns and Decoration Goods OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. LARGEST MANUFACTORY OF ITS KIND. PRINTED MUSLIN FLAGS and LANTERNS A SPECIALTY. FACILITIES TO TURN OUT MILLIONS A DAY. Twenty-five years experience enables us to manufacture the best goods in the market, at the very lowest prices. Send for Catalogue. OFFICE AND FACTORY: 29 Willett Street, near Grand Street, - NEW YORK. UPTTY o f Bln.9.9.5 jpsufes Good health. TTN the struggle to keep in the swim, either in social or business <** life, made necessary by the high pressure of the age, we are apt to forget that the body is a machine which needs constant care and attention. The necessity of keeping the blood pure and the bowels regular cannot be over-estimated, and in order to do so the importance of using some old and reliable remedy, something that has been tried time and time again and thoroughly tested for a period of 50 years, is unquestionable. Such a medicine we have in Wright's Indian Vegetable Pills. They are purely vegetable and never do harm, but always good For Nervous and Bilious Affections. A trial will convince you that Wright's Indian Vegetable Pills are of inestimable value to the sufferer, and can be used with perfect safety. The need of such a medicine as Wright's Indian Vegetable Pills is daily felt in the family, and NOW IS THE TIME TO PROCURE IT. Ask for WRIGHT'S INDIAN VEGETABLE PILLS, And take no other. ManhattaiiTrust Company, COR. WALL & NASSAU STS., NEW YORK CITY. Capital, $1,000,000 The Company is authorized to act as Executor, Administrator, Guardian, Receiver and Trustee; as Fiscal and Transfer Agent, and as Registrar of Stocks and Bonds. The Company offers to Executors and Trustees of Estates, and to Religious and Benevolent Institutions exceptional facilities for the transaction of their business. Deposits received subject to cheque at sight, payable through the New York Clearing House. Liberal Rates of Interest Paid on Balances. OFFICERS. FRANCIS O. FRENCH, President. JOHN I. WATERBURY, Vice-President. AMOS T. FRENCH, Sec*y &* Treasurer. DIRECTORS, 1892. FRANCIS ORMOND FRENCH, New York JOHN KEAN, Jr., - Elizabeth, N. J. AUGUST BELMONT, - - New York H. 0. NORTHCOTE, - New York C.C.BALDWIN, - - - New York E. D. RANDOLPH, - - New York H.W.CANNON, - - - New York A. S. ROSENBAUM, New York T. J. COOLIDGE, Ji .., - - Boston JAMES O.SHELDON. - New York R.J.CROSS, .... New York SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY. Philadelphia JOHN N. A. GRISWOLD, - New York CHARLES F. TAG, - - New York JOHN R.FORD, - - - New York R. T. WILSON, New York H. L. HIGGINSON, - - - Boston JOHN I. WATERBURY, - New York NEW Construction OF No Iron on Either Side except around the margin PATENT APPLIED FOR We make a Roof, Floor and Side Light, the same con- struction, with 4 inch square glass. ALL GLASS SURFACE, except the cement joints, Made of Wrought Iron and Steel. Gives More Light than any others, and is More Durable and Ornamental. J. C. FRENCH & SON, •Vault AND Sidewalk Lights OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. W 452 Canal St., New York. White Star Line-' UNITED STATES AND ROYAL MAIL STEAMERS Sailing from New York every Wednesday to Queenstown and Liverpool. The magnificent new Steamers, " MA J ESTIC " and " TEUTONIC." Each 10,000 Tons, 16,000 Horse-Power, and 582 feet long. The two Longest Steamers Afloat. BRITANNIC, GERMANIC, CELTIC and ADRIATIC. THE EXPERIENCE of those who have traveled on the lk TEUTONIC" and "MAJESTIC" is, that they not only realize, but exceed the most sanguine expectations formed of them, both as regards their accommodations, comfort and sea going qualities. Yfmu'hnn illllllli U.lm THE SECOND CABIN ACCOMMODATIONS include two and four-berth stateroom-, large, handsome dining saloon, furnished with piano and library, smoking room, bathrooms and lavatories, with a separate and spacious promenade deck. IN THE STEERAGE there are special rooms for married couples and for families, also a separate compartment for single women. The great height between decks gives perfect ventilation and the sanitary arrangements in all parts of the ship are complete. 'f.f f ff\f fff f'f.f'fi lillJll Jllllll: LIVE STOCK AND CARGO BOATS. BOVIC, twin-screw, 6,000 tons. NOMADIC, twin-screw, 5,750 tons. NARONIC, " 6,000 tons. RUNIC, single screw, 4,649 tons. TAURIC, " 5,750 tons. CUFIC, " 4,639 tons. The above Steamers were specially constructed for the conveyance of Live Stock, including Horses and Sheep. Have all the modern improvements, such as Water and Electric Lights on each deck, efficient fan and hatch ventilation, etc. COMPANY'S OFFICES: 29 Broadway, New York, and 54 South Clark Street, Chicago; WHARF :-Foot of West Tenth Street, New York. H. MAITLAND KERSEY, Agent. A WISE FATHER'S METHOD OF SELECTING THE MOST ABLE OF HIS SONS TO SUCCEED HIM. A Brief Statement of How He Did It, Showing the Sure Way to Success. [COPYRIGHT]. A few years ago, Mr. Caleb Andrews, who had for many years been engaged in a large manufac- turing business in the metropolis, called his three sons to him and said: " Boys, I have worked long and faithfully to build up this business, and I have now enough money laid by to care for myself and your mother the balance of our lives. I have decided to go to Europe for rest and i ecreation for three years; you have all been with me in the factory , and understand the business well enough to know that it cannot be divided, but must eventually go to one of you; so I have decided to give each of you one year's absolute control of the factory and business, and the one who shows the best judgment in its management, on my return, shall have the property, and the others must shift for themselves." On the father's return he called his three sons before him. "Father." reported the oldest son, Timothy, "I had the first year and was very careful of all expenses, saving in every way 1 could. The boilers were old and leaky, so I had them repaired ; but the coal bills were so high that I could only show a profit of $5,000 for the year ; this I drew when 1 turned the place over to my brother Richard, and I have the money now in the bank." To this the father replied, " Well done, my son, your thrift and economical ways will always insure you against want as you journey through life. Now, Richard, what have you to report; how did you manage the second year's trial ? " " I, too," said Richard, " thought principally of keeping down expenses, and after pondering long and deeply, I had more patches put upon the old boilers, bought a cheaper grade of coal, and an injector to get hot water into the boilers instead of cold, and at the end of the year I turned the place over to little Jamie, and drew $4,500 net profits for the year, which I have in my trunk at home. " The father responded, " Well done, well done, Richard my boy, you have my blessing. Have no fear of your future. Your plan of getting the cheapest article will always leave money in your pocket for necessaries. And Jamie, my lad, what have you done ?" " Well, father," replied the youngest, "when I took hold I did not think long, for I found the boilers in such a bad condition with leaks and scale, that I wondered that any good could be got from them. I immediately consulted a most competent engineer, and he examined the boilers carefully, and seriously advised me to put in a Berryman Feed-Water Heater and Purifier, for heating the feed-water to the boiling point before entering the boiler and purifying the same. He assured me it would stop the incrustation and save at least 20 per cent, on the coal bills. I went at once to the office of Benj. F. Kelley & Son, 91 Liberty Street, New York, and purchased a Berryman Feed- Water Heater and Purifier of suitable size and had it put up in the engine room. 1 also attached to the heater a good boiler feed pump and kept it running all the time, pumping slowly. I found the heat of our feed-water gDing into the boiler was over 200 degrees Fahr., and now, at the end of the year, after paying for these improvements, I have a showing of $8,327 profit." With ill-suppressed emotion the old man embraced the youngest son and said, " My boy, thou hast done more than well ; thou hast shown more judgment than your old father, who, four years ago, refused to buy one of these heaters on account of the expense. You have proved yourself to be more than com- petent to succeed me in the business, and I know that in your hands the foundation I have laid by long years of hard work will not be wasted and that it will go on to a grand success ; to, dear Jamie, yoti will report to-morrow to the attorneys, Spencer, Jones & Co., and I will freely deed the whole business over to you. " And you, Timothy and Richard, I would suggest that you take Horace Greeley's advice, and with your prudently saved earnings, ' go west MILLINERY! I m ported and Domestic The Question is often asked, where can I get a STYLISH BONNET OR HAT At a Moderate Price ? You can get them at 1 9 East 2 1 st Street. Ladies visiting the City who wish to purchase Millinery will find it to their advantage to call. We always have on hand a choice assortment of the latest and most desirable styles, at one-half of Fifth Avenue Prices. mary f. McCarthy, (Three Doors East of Broadway,) 19 East 21st Street, - NEW YORK Our fc OnClin3. all Havana tobacco New York made cigar, our world-renowned " Mephisto," and all other finer grades of cigars made by us in our New York factory, "Revenue Number 973, 3d Collection District," are superior in many ways to those made in the tropics. In addition to all the tobacco markets of the earth, to which we have access, New York City always commands the best of every material as well as labor. Our New York factory is a perfectly ventilated, clean abode. No sort of uncleanliness is permitted, and our cigars, therefore, are not liable to contain matters other than tobacco, and smokers may confidently and safely use our cigars, not needing a mouth-piece or a cigar holder to prevent unpleasant consequences. To protect consumers from imposition, every "MEPHLSTO" cigar is banded. Apply to us if your dealer does not sell our cigars. D. HIRSCH & COMPANY, 331-333 Bowery, NEW YORK. 7 295 275 of these Cigars were Sold in 1891 5 012 350 onhese * swereSoldin 1890 Increase •« «* 45 per cent During the same time impor- Tlpnppnnnf] OR nnv nnn] tations of Havana Cigars JJublDuOUU 00 pi bulll. Our Motto: Uniform Quality and Workmanship. THE VICTOR VALLETTE COMPANY, Manufacturers, NEW YORK. "WALL PAPERS— carriage free to all parts of the United States." Joseph P. McHugh & Co.'s Wall Paper Department always contains the newest and best designs and colorings by American and foreign makers, the personal selection of Mr. McHugh. A specially attractive feature is the very com- plete line of inexpensive papers, particularly adapted to the effective decoration of country houses and suburban residences. 3 & 5 West 42D St. — at Fifth Avenue. ( The most central location in New York City.) jacob imiairik:, 7 Worth Street, New York, MANUFACTURER AND PATENTEE CF Concrete Illuminating Tile and Vault Lights. FOR AREAS, ROOFS, FLOORS, ETC. JOHN W. MARK'S SQUARE OPENING CONCRETE LIGHT. Patented Sept. 9th, 1890. I W y MMBIIEEl f^^hps n ' Ifl B G nnn ■fcxj ■kxl ^J_J BOTTOM VIFW. While improving the strength of the Concrete Illuminating Tile, we have succeeded in ^ pro- ducing more lighting surface to a square foot than ever before produced, and at the same time Xced before the public a Concrete Vault Light work that cannot be improved upon in any shape or manner as we have experimented not only with the problems of strength and durability, but als™wkh effector no other work of a similar kind can present the same neat and perfect appear- ance as produced by our New Ring Concrete and our Square Opening Concrete work. The increase in the light is shown here : . „^„_i Square Opening Tile, per square foot, 76,6775 square inches, actual. King Concrete Tile, 4v " 60,1300 ' m m Old Style of Concrete Work, " " 5°i5°92 An increase of over 50 per cent, above the old style of concrete work. The advantage of our Prismatic Lenses above those in use is very apparent. They economize space, with a greatly im- proved light, as they distribute the light horizontally and diagonally, and ™?f7*^J*ZSSZt Very few use any other kind ; in fact, inventors of prismatic lenses have laid their inventions aside, and now use but one kind- and that is our improvement. The Sheet Iron Illuminating Doors that we manufacture are the most durable and the best illuminating sidewalk doors on the market. Light to handle, heavy to wear, and neat in appear- ance, it has a greater sale than any other kind manufactured. ( .... Upon application, we will send our illustrated catalogue, in which there is description, with illustrations of eveiy kind of work manufactured by us. « To be known hereafter as " The Mark Concrete Li^ht. " more pointed : NORTHROPS * « Stamped •) Steel •) Ceilings DURABLE V DECORATIVE V WATER-PROOF V FIRE-PROOF Easily applied in new buildings, or may be put up in old buildings without removing present plaster. Send diagram of room for an estimate. Catalogue for Stamp. HENRY S. NORTHROP, 30 Rose Street. New York Atlantic Transport Line of Steamers. ]^ew York-Lopdop. rab w STEAMERS: Massachusetts, Manitoba, Michigan, 8,000 Tons. 8,000 Tons. 6,000 Tons. Mohawk, Mobile, Mississippi, 8,000 Tons. 8,000 Tons. 6,000 Tons. llfHESE fine steamers have been specially constructed for the London J 1 1 trade by Messrs. Harland & Wolff, of Belfast. They are fitted with A electric light throughout and have splendid accommodations for a limited number of first-class passengers. SALOON AND STATE- ROOMS AMIDSHIPS. For freight, passage and other information apply to the NEW YORK SHIPPING COMPANY, GENERAL AGENTS, Produce Exchange Building, 4 Broadway, N.Y. ci_af:p 6c co., BANKERS AND BROKERS, 60 Broadway and 21 New Street. BRANCH OFFICE : 37 COLLEGE PLACE, NEW YORK. STOCKS, GRAIN, PROVISIONS, COTTON, BOUGHT OR SOLD FOR CASH OR OH MARGIN. Deposits Received Subject to Check at Sight and Interest Allowed. CHECK BOOKS FURNISHED ON APPLICATION, ALSO OUR DAILY, WEEKLY AND MONTHLY LETTERS. All Business Entrusted to our Care will be Attended to Promptly and in Strictest Confidence. PRIVATE WIRES TO ALL PRINCIPAL MARKETS. ACCOUNTS SOLICITED. - CONFIDENCE INVITED. WILL YOU EVER BE CONVINCED? DURING THE PAST 30 YEARS we have SAVED the People of this Country MILLIONS OF DOLLARS ON THE PRICE OF TEAS and COFFEES WE ARE STILL DOING IT. We are supplying them with PURE GOODS at from 25 to 50 percent, cheaper than they can he hought elsewhere. Call or send and he convinced. Thirty years' experience in SELECTING, BUYING, ROASTING, COOLING, BLENDING and Improved Machinery enables us to furnish our customers with Coffees that are acknowledged by all to be perfect. All our Coffees are roasted and sold in their natural state, no ingredient what- ever being used to make them GLOSSY and WEIGH HEAVY. The Great A. & P. Tea Co.'s Five Great Specialties are : Thea-Nectar, A & P Baking Powder, A & P Condensed Milk. Eight o'clock Breakfast Coffee, and A & P Spices. Our New Crop Formoso Oolong, Japan, Young Hyson, English Break- fast, Imperial, Gunpowder, and Thea-Nectar, at 50, 60 and 70 cents per pound, cannot be procured in any other store at any price. If you want to enjoy a cup of Perfect Coffee use our 32 and 35 Cent Roasted Javas, and serve with A & P Condensed Milk, then if you grumble we will be mum. Don't fail to try our A & P Baking Powder. We ask ONL Y ONE TRIAL to convince you of the superiority of our goods. COFFEES FRESH FROM THE ROASTERS AT ALL HOURS. AA flDCDATItlC Our Customers Our Advertisers. We wish all Users of vU"UrCnA I Iff C. Teas, Cofl'ees, Baking Powder and Condensed Milk and Spices to bear in mind that by purchasing from us they participate to a large degree in part of the profits, which we give away in Handsome and Use- ful Presents. Our profits are based upon a business of over Six Millions a year, a small per- centage of which will amply repay us. No other house can give you the same quality of goods at anything like the prices, besides, you share in part of the profits. Our New Stock of China is the Finest Imported, which is bought by our own agents direct from the American and Euro- pean Potteries. The Supplying of Hotels, Restaurants, Boarding Houses, Steamboats, Institutions and Large Consumers a Specialty. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, THE LARGEST IMPORTERS, Coffee Roasters, Manufacturers and Packers in the World. 200 Stores in all the Principal Cities of the United States. HEADQUARTERS: 35 and 37 VESEY ST., NEW YORK. You will find our Stores in almost every city of the Union. PHOTO-ENGRAVERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, PLATE PRINTERS, f\ ttention ! Q Manufacturer ALFRED SELLERS, o 5^ $ P lates: Also Dealer in Half-Tone and Zinc Etching Outfits, Materials, Cameras, Lenses, Etc. 58 FULTON ST., NEW YORK, &pSend for New Illustrated Price List. F. Wesel Manufacturing Co. MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN [ ^PRINTERS' MATERIALS k SUPPLIES, * ) Brass Galleys, Brass Rules and Dashes, Stereotype Blocks, Wrought-Iron Chases, Composing Sticks, Mitre Machines, Proof Presses, Galley Racks, Metal Furniture, Metal Quotations, Keystone Quoins, and other Printers' Materials. (Jonjplete Outfit? for 1 Job aijd fletogpapei 1 Office?. Send six cents in postage stamps for our 112 page New Illustrated Catalogue and Price List y the most complete book out. Office and Wareroomi 1 1 FACTORY 1 // SPRUCE STREET, NEW YORK. I Cor. Henry & Cranberry Sts., Brooklyn, NY. ISstablisliecl 1870, J-. O. SCHITOTEE P atent ° Corset q Shoulder q B race For Round Shoulders, Weakness and Curvature of the Spine. Makes the form erect, ex- pands the chest, strengthens the lungs, and is comfortable to wear. Competent lady in at- tendance for ladies. Perfect satisfaction guar- anteed to physicians and pa- tients. Also Trusses, Abdominal Supporters, Elastic Stock- ings, Crutches, Braces for every kind of deformity, etc., etc. The "Original" SCHNOTER Suspensory Bandages have the inventor's initials "J. C." before the name of Schnoter on every box and bandage. For Sale at all Druggists*. " Beware of Imitations." J. C. SCHNOTER CO., At 523 SIXTH AVE., NEW YORK. G o TO * * * * * Chelsea * Steajn * Laupdfy, 286 EIGHTH AVENUE, USTE-W" TOEK For Firs t-C lass Work at Reasonable Prices. LONG & WEEKS, Proprietors. s. F- FAYWAFD & eo. General Eastern Agents, < 351 CANA L STREET, H EW YORK. BABCOCK Fire Extinguishers, AND MANUFACTURERS OF HAYWARD HAND GRENADES, lose, Hose Reels & Racks. Fire Protection Supplies OF ALL KINDS. Send for Catalogue. Dr. White's '* CELEBRATED Cough Drops PLEASANT TO THE TASTE, AND WARRANTED TO GIVE IMMEDIATE RELIEF. Packed in 5 cent Packages or 5 Pound Cans, E. GREENFIELD'S SON & CO.. CONFECTIONERS, NEW YORK AGENTS, CAF£ * MORETTI, 22 East 21st Street, near Broadway, THE FAMOUS ITALIAN TABLE d'HOTE RESTAURANT, Established 1857. TABLE d'HOTE DINNER WITH WINE, $1.00, NOON TO 8.30 P. M. ©tyoieest Wi9 ^c^ «aup(:leroy Blouses. ~ a '^' For Sale by All LEADING CLOTHING HOUSES AND DRY GOODS STORES. THIS LABEL IS ON THE BEST FAUNTLEROY BLOUSE MADE MANUFACTURER, 133-135 W. 23d St., New York. (Bet. Sixth and Seventh Aves.) IF YOU SEE IT IN THE "SUN," IT'S SO. WHAT'S SO ? why,that Shattuck's (1 Fountain Pens Are absolutely perfect. ja 0!^ «M 0> UJ ~£ u 5?t£ c3 4^ RKING PE ravity Feed t r Holder, o Ph -d o Ifts | TWO Triple G d Rubbe a •i-i • B ° pat* as 44 o H^4 fl COB 2 **-3 § ■JJ F> - uj|| n cu^-g CO U-B S s Ico§ t— eg fc 2 +J I— ■ &H T -*1 02 ■an - - ^a S3 +3 ^3 Ch © > " bo & r^ ^ > " 2* IF havin ix. 3 § £ ° THE SHATTUCK PEN CO., See styles and prices. V, rr4 03 & fc-i ^3 4-> c &a 3 42 — d o CO ft O if a E5 Q to u c (h rd Lju »0 r the Shattuck Paten you, don't be duped i rters for the genuine. PQ 2 u a 81 c_2 CO 1 O CO r3 - to w 6 unde pply dqua Fi 3 rid SZ5 ft « are rr er can 2nd to | > a d s ^ § .2 -y <=> b 4-> >H CD ^^^ £- P>4 o 09 a These If your st cheaper, 93 CLIFF STREET, io? ! N. Y. FREE SAND TO BUILD WITH. FREE STONE TO BUILD WITH. ==Lots= $100™ $300 EASY MONTHLY PAYMENTS. 10 PER CENT CASH. $5.00 A MONTH Only 25 Minutes from the City, on the Harlem Railroad-- The most beautiful spot in Westchester County, and is surrounded by four large and growing cities . } It is the place to buy for a home or speculation. Ex- amine it and decide for yourself. Many handsome buildings now being erected. k For maps, views, particulars and free passes apply to The Arthur Suburban Home Co., MAIN OFFICE, 157 EAST 125TH ST. !RANCH OFFICES: 26H EAST 42D STREET, 338 BROADWAY (Room 29), 2607 THIRD AVE. FREE MAIL DELIVERY. WATER IN THE STREETS. (From the New Turk Sun, July 31, 1892.) We learn credibly that The Recorder of this city is now printing and selling over 100,000 copies of its Sunday paper. This is a remarkable achievement for a comparativelv young newspaper, and can be the result only or uncommon energy and industry. Mme. BESSIE LAPAIX, 23 West 30th Street, BET. BROADWAY & FIFTH AVE. Importer and Manufacturer of HEADQUARTERS FOR Needlework Tapestries French Worsteds NEWEST MATERIALS FOR KNITTING AND CROCHET. Special Designs Made to Order. Favors For the German. Parisian Novelties and Bric-a-brac. TFE opjGjiwop * OF- * yEf\\mj bi^ixjc^:' ^yiPBcncnER. 457 W u&% <3t. THE BARTHOLDI STATUE OF LIBERTY ENLIGHTENING THE WORLD. ONE OF THE WONDERS OF THE WORLD. BOATS LEAVE THE BATTERY PARK TERMINUS FOR BEDLOW'S ISLAND Hourly, viz:-A. M., 9:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:00. P.M., 1:00, 2:00, 3:00, 4:00, 5:00. Returning, leave Island at A. M., 9:30, 10:30, 11:30. P. M., 12:30, 1:30, 2:30, 3:30, 4:30, 5:45. Round Trip, 25 cents. Visitors admitted to the Statue Free. ^gBSssBBEBBBXa Few people realize bow large is th; Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, till they themselves are one <>f a party of forty standing comfortably in Liberty's head, or in a group of 11 standing around the torch. From the foundation to the top of the torch the dis- tance is 805W feet. The hand is 16 feet 5 inches long. This Statue is by far the largest ever erected in the world. Everybody should visit it. john .a.. r». ftsk:, ESTABLISHED 1840. 76 Broad Street and 10-12 Market field Street, New York. (Directly in rear of Produce Exchange.) Weight, 475 lbs. All visitors to the Columbian Exposition and the World's Fair, are invited to call and see the largest restaurant and the biggest lump of good nature in America. HOYTWS THEATRE 24th Street, near B'way HOYT & THOMAS Sole Managers. f\ 5F(ip 50 fJOW IJSI ITS SEGOJMD ©OJNSEeUTIVE YE/cR JkJ TJHIS TJHE/cTF(E. Euepii^s at 8.30. Saturday (T\at at 2. BROADWAY CENTRAL HOTEL, Nos. 667 to 677 — Midway Between Opposite Bond Street. NEW Y Q R K . Battery and Central Park NOW UNDER ENTIRE NEW MANAGEMENT Who have recently expended over ONE HUNDKKD THOUSAND DOLLARS in a thorough re-organization of this immense property, by far the largest in New York, and one of the great Hotels of the World. LOCATION UNSURPASSED! 6th AVENUE STATION, ELEVATED RAILROAD, Bleecker Street, one block in the rear. THE NEW RAPED TRANSIT CABLE LINES PASSING THE DOOR run the entire length of Broadway from the Battery to Central Park, passing all the Fashionable Stores, Theatres and attractions of the city. GRAND CENTRAL DEPOT Passengers can take FOURTH AVENUE CARS direct to Bond St., ONE BLOCK IN FRONT. Passengers ARRIVING BY ANY OF THE FERRIES, or either FOREIGN or COASTWISE STEAMERS, can take any Cross-Town Car, or walk to Broadway and take Cable Cars direct to the Hotel. ALL CROSS-TOWN CARS TRANSFER at BROAD- WAY WITH THE CABLE LINES, or via the 6th Avenue Elevated, stopping at Bleecker Street. THE CENTRAL WILL BE RUN ON BOTH THE AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN PLANS THE REGULAR TARIFF OF CHARGES FOR EACH PERSON WILL BE For Room, only - - $1.00, $1.50 and $2.00 "\ According to Size, Location " M and Board $2.50, $3.00 and $3.50 I and convenience, and whether " Single Meals ----- 75 Cents f occupied by ona or more Rooms with Parlor or Bath extra. J persons. For full particulars, send for circulars, maps, and other information to UNITED STATES TILLY HAYNES, BROADWAY CENTRAL HOTEL, PROPRIETOR, HOTEL, BOSTON. CABLE ADDRESS: " TILLY." NEW YORK. NO CHIMNEY REQUIRED. CLEAN, NON-EXPLOSIVE, BURNS ANYWHERE, BUT TO BEST ADVANTAGE IN OUR Portable Heaters, Kitchen, Laundry and Yacht Stoves Carriage and Foot Warmers Q> # *- j? / ^ <*> .** x> s * £ <£ v^ -^ NO FAMILY CAN AFFORD TO BE WITHOUT THESE GOODS. AVOID CHILLY ROOMS NO SMOKE I NO SMELL! NO GAS ! Send for leaflet. Sold throughout the House-furnishing, Stove and Plumbing Trades. N;anufacturer8, THE AMERICAN SAFETY FUEL COMPANY, 37 CoRTLANOT StRCCT. NtW YORK. $ ESTABLISHED i n , 8o l R!ilin|liiHfliHB!ni«!l|a:l F *e'i : .Bf 'fl ; l'il BISBOSQiaSES Interior Decorations AND FURNISHINGS IMPORTED and DOMESTIC WALL PAPERS High Class Upholstery LARGE VARIETY OF IMPORTED RUGS Designing a Specialty. Suggestions Submitted, Artistically Developed, and Carried Out in Harmony with the Original Motive, under the Supervision of an Expert. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. ESTIMATES GIVEN UVU. O. SEIBEET, 874 Broadway, Cor. 18. IU«r«r. ANTHONY STUMPF & CO. PUBLISH BUI, 48 Church St., New York City. UNDERWOOD'S Counterfeit Reporter, Issued l$i-Monthly. Only Reliable Authority on Counterfeits. Subscription Price, $2.00 per Annum, <&r%&*c*dzw PATENT Woven Wire Baby Carriage. THE ONLY SANITARY CARRIAGE ON EARTH. The Reed and Rattan Carriage Con- demned by the Medical Profession. Manufactured by URIAH McCLINCHIE & CO., 219 Grand St. BUY A Graphoscope $5.00 UPWARDS. You will find one to be a handsome orna- ment, and a great aid to magnify the views of New York. ESTABLISHED 1842. SPECIAL ATTENTION WALDSTEIN Optical Co. BEST SPECTACLES AND EYE-GLASSES, At Reasonable Prices. WALDSTEIN, 41 UNION SQUARE, Cor. 17th Street. BROADWAY CAR STOPS AT STORE GIVEN TO THE BEST OPERA GLASSES IN NEW YORK. $3.00 TO $50.00. EACH. Marine Glasses, $6 00 UPWARDS. OCULISTS' PRESCRIPTIONS. THE VENDOME Turkish, Russian, Roman and Electric BATHS Exclusively for Ladies. Open 9 A. M. to 9 P. M. 130 West 41st Street, Under Hotel Vendome, near Broadway. BATHS ONLY ONE DOLLAR EACH Including Massage and Alcohol. SPECIAL NOTICE, ^^a&Tr 4 Corpulency Specialist in the Office. Choice California Wines and Brandies. IN BULK AND CASES. . . SPECIALITIES : 2& Private Stock Red and ■X yy White Wines. fch* Selections from our own Vint- ages, and bottled at our Vaults. Main Office : No. 11-13 First St., San Francisco, Cal. Wineries & Distilleries : Napa City, Yountville, St. Helena. Eastern Office : 25 William Street, New York. Orders promptly executed from our New York Warehouses. We offer also afloat and for Shipment from Cali- fornia. W E offer MUNICIPAL, RAILRO AD and other Corporation Bonds, netting from 4 to 6 per cent, on the investment. PARTICULARS UPON APPLICATION. 8 Congress Street, Boston. 33 Wall Street, New York . WE DELIVER A BICYCLE F OR IK £) C/\Sll The Balance may be Paid, in Twelve Equal Installments, One Month Apart. Victor, Blackhawk, Crescent, Credenda, Juno, Rob Roy COMPLETE LINE. CUSHION OR PNEUMATIC. 1892 Models, New and FuUy Guaranteed. EQUITABLE GENERAL PROVIDING COMPANY, Rooms, 68 and 69—29 Broadway. Cochran's Tonic Cordia l Calisaya. The Best Brain, Nerve, Stomach Tonic and Appetizer, Specific for and Preventive of Malaria. For Exhaustion and Nervous Debility from Physical and Mental Fatigue. Also Manufacturers of Creme de Menthe Orange Bitters, Cordiate, Etc. Cochran's System Regulator a Pleasant and Agreeable Laxative. GEORGE T. COCHRAN & CO., MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS, 97 Pearl and 60 Stone Streets .... NEW YORK CITY. FURNITURE AND CARPETS Bed Room Suits in Oak from $10 to $50. BRUSSELS CARPETS, From 45c. to $1.05 per yard. FOLDING BEDS, From $T.OO to $75.00. At D. M. BROWN'S, aSBST 1 N. Y. $18.05 to $45.00. Agent for the NEW HOME and DOMESTIC MACHINES. A display advertisement is like the heading of an article. A reading notice is the article itself. One may attract attention, the other holds it. A display advertisement says, "Come in and buy. 1 ' •• A reading notice tells why a purchase should be made. The difference between the two forms of advertising is like that between a letter re- commending goods and a traveller's interview with a customer. With a reading notice, the seller buttonholes the buyer, Always Provided The Reading Notice Ic Properly Written. R. Wayne Wilson and Company, 211, 212, 213 Temple Court, know how to write reading notices properly. .: R ational » P ie « B AKERY > : * 320 Monroe Street, ItTeaotr a-:r>a,:o_(3. St., :isnEW TORK. Miiller Bros., Proprietors. The Burlington, 32 East 14th Street, THE CHEAPEST HOUSE IN THE CITY FOR Glass, China, Bric-a-Brac, Bisques, Etc. EXTRAORDINARY BARGAINS IN PLA TES, CUPS AND SAUCERS, ICE CREAM SETS, DINNER SETS, FISH SETS, GAME SETS, TEA SETS, Etc. A Splendidly Decorated ICE CREAM SET (Carls- bad China), 13 Pieces, (1 large Platter and 12 small dishes), for $1.89. INSPECTION CORDIALLY INVITED. Soznetliing New! .Axicliorecl Soap I A Household Necessity. THIS Soap is exactly what its name would indicate — anchored. The soap cakes are supplied with a non-corrosive anchor having an eye extending out from the cake, so that it may be suspended after use and allowed to become dry, instead of placing it in the soap disb, where it becomes sok, injuring the quality, causing it to become rancid, making it unhealthful and unpleasant to use. We put up a Nickel Plated Stand with three cakes Milled Toilet Soap, com- plete in box, 25c. Write for circular. TOILET THE OSTROM & LINCOLN CO., SE^S^S™- 1 CONN. COLUMBUS AND CAMPAIGN GOODS ! WILLIAM J. A. LIEDER, IMPORTER AND JOBBER OF TOYS AND FANCY GOODS, 90, 92, 94 Park Row, Near Brooklyn Bridge, New York City. NEW AND SALABLE NOVELTIES CONSTANTLY ARRIVING. City and out-of-town Dealers will do well to give me a call. SAB1N . 80 Nassau St.. New York. Old and Valuable BOOKS, PRI NTS AND E NGRAVINGS. Special attention given to the needs of collectors of rare, fine and standard works. GENERAL, SERVICES AS AGENT IN BUYING OR SELLING, VALUATION, &c. A URGE STOCK OF PORTRAITS AHD PLATES. NEW YORK ARTISTS' Packing and Shipping Co. J. HARRISON MILLS, President. Receives Pictures for all New York Exhibitions, and those of the American Circuit of Art exhibitions. Picture StoriDg, Shipping and Handling in General. The Hanging of Private and Public Collections of Pictures a specialty. Particular attention given to Packing of Pictures, Bric-a-Brac or articles that require careful handling, framing and Gilding in all its Branches. Prices reasonable. Work of the first quality. 147 East 23rd Street, - New York. Jersey Suits, Kilt Suits, Sailor Suits, Reefers, Blazers, Junior Zouaves, Three-piece Suits; also, Washable Suits. Adler & Mendelson, MANUFACTURERS OF NOVELTIES FOR Boys' and Children's Wear, 634 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. NEAR BLEECKER STREET. OILLESS BEARINGS. METALINED BUSHES for use in LOOSE PUL- LEYS, PULLEY BLOCK SHEAVES, LINE AND COUNTER SHAFT BOXES, &c, require no lub- rication whatever, either at the start or occasionally afterward. For further particulars and testimonials, address — NORTH AMERICAN MET ALINE CO., (sole manufacturers), West Ave., 3d and 4th Streets, Long Island City, N. Y. EBENEZER K. WRIGHT, ARTHUR LEARY, President. Vice-President. GEORGE S. HICKOK, EDWARD J. BALDWIN, Cashier. Ass't. Cashier. ::THE:: NATIONAL PARK BANK OF NEW YORK. Capital, - - - - $2,000,000. Surplus, - - - - $2,800,000. Extensive Safety Vaults for the Convenience of Depositors and Investors. ENTRANCE ONLY THROUGH THE BANK. DIRECTORS: Arthur Leary. George S. Hart. W. Rockhill Potts. Eugene Kelly. Charles Sternbach. August Belmont. Ebenezer K. Wright. Charles Scribner. Richard Delafield. Joseph T. Moore. Edward C. Hoyt. Francis R. Appleton. Stuyvesant Fish. Edward E. Poor. John Jacob Astor. **\* THE Columbian Fair Excursion Co. (OF CHICAGO), 280 Broadway, NEW YORK. THIS COMPANY, controlling FIVE NEW HOTELS, was organized in August, 1891, (Incorporated), and is doing business all over the United States. It is issuing certificates now for (NEW YORK F^ATE), $45.50. .Entitling holders to the following advantages : First-class ticket over any line to and from Chicago. Free transfer to and from Depots and Hotels, with baggage. Seven days' room and lodging in Company's Hotels. Six Admissions to the Exposition. Stop over at Niagara Falls if desired. CERTIFICATES SECURING THESE PRIVILEGES can be obtained now on payment of $5.00. The balance can be paid in one or more payments any time before April, 1893, to any of the following banks : CONTINENTAL TRUST CO., 18 Wall Street, New York. MUTUAL BANK, 34th Street & 8th Avenue, N. Y. MOUNT MORRIS BANK, Park Avenue & 125th Street, N. Y. BROOKLYN BANK, Clinton & Fulton Streets, Brooklyn. HUDSON CO. NAT'L BANK, Jersey City. FIDELITY TITLE & DEPOSIT CO., Newark, N. J. NATIONAL BANK OF NEW JERSEY, New Brunswick, N. J. PEOPLE'S BANK, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. tw~*~ +i,^ t™« -vt. i ,. i ■-.. . 1 1, . •..« • I Absolute security for money deposited. Note the Two Main Featuies . - ( Absolute securit J of Accommodations. " This company is in a position to fulfill all it promises and undertakes to do. M — Boston Traveler, March 9, 188-'. " Can be strongly recommended to the readers of this paper everywhere. ''"'—Commercial and Financial Times, New York, February 20, 1892. " The organization has good financial standing and its hotel accommodations are as low in price as it is possible to give satisfaction to its patrons. " — School, May 19, 1892. ' It is a World's Fair and it is beyend all question that many thousands will have to submit to great crowding and inconvenience, and be obliged to find lodgings miles away from the grounds. Here is just where the prudence and foresight of the Columbian Fair Excursion Company comes in. Not only are its hotels all new and newly furnished, but all are within a few minutes 1 walk of the fair ; and it is surprising that with all its advan- tages it has put its price so low. It is indorsed by the leading business men and banks throughout the country, and intending visitors cannot possibly do belter than secure its privileges without delay."— Dry Goods Retailer and Jobber, June, 1892. Applications, Illustrated Circular and Full Particulars can be obtained from GRAHAM & EVANS, Gen'l Agents, 280 Broadway, New York. C. W. HUGHES, Sole Agent for Long Island, 66 Court Street, Brooklyn. #"i YOUNG'S RICH IN FRAGRANCE. DELICATE, PERMANENT, UNIFORM IN QUALITY. Apple Bloom. * * / oz. Booties, 75c. AND 2 oz. Bottles, $1.25. Lily Bells. If you cannot obtain them at your Druggist's we will send direct on receipt of price. CALL AND EXAMINE OUR PERFUMES. Dealers furnished with PRICE LISTS on application. RICHARD D. YOUNG PERFUMERY CO. I48 DUANE STREET, NEW YORK. 1 I I 1 I I / 17 ROM the time when 1 the REMINGTON Typewriter — the first practical writing ma- chine — was taken to the famous Remington Gun Works in 1873, till the present day, the policy of careful, constant and progressive improvement, there inaugurated, has been steadily carried on. 'T^HE same policy will be pursued unceasingly " in the future. Patents for improvements to this King of Typewriters are constantly issu- ing. It is now covered by £Q PATENTS, most of them having from *-* *** twelve to seventeen years to run. Zl MPLE guarantee is thus afforded to our pa- * * trons that they will not be subjected to the annoyances incident to the use of other machines on account of suits for infringement. T^HE REMINGTON is to-day not only Unsur- * passed, but Unapproached 'for Excellence of Design and Construction, Quality of Work, Simplicity and Durability. / Wyckoff, geamans § Benedict, 327 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. I FLEISCHMANN'S (VEGETABLE VCACT COMPRESSED I CAD I HAS NO EQUAL. C.H.^mims&$ons ERS Fine Ales and Stout BOTTLED IMA PALE ALE and BROWN STOUT. # B <«0 127 Hudson Street New York City. Hudson, N. Y. BNlNtift C0\iVi\\lS S HOTTMiU, Eighth Avenue and 56th Street, New York. (I^TFO^Dg and BoKjT Wheel?. Sole Uptown Agents CO\i\*\&B\tiB\CNC\iS.S & poxhter tor V\sy\ops. A Reliable Shopping Mart. We recommend as a good and responsible establishment for the purchase of popular lines of Dry Goods, Ladies' and Children's Costumes. Cloaks, Jackets, Dress Goods, Fancy Articles. Ladies' and Gentlemen's Underwear and Hosiery. Housefurnishing Goods and Upholstery. THE WELL-KNOWN HOUSE OF THE MASSES. 8th Avenue, between 40th and 41st Streets. SMITH'S : CONSOLIDATED : CORK. PATENTED. < i LIFE PRESERVERS, RING BUOYS, FENDERS, ;C0RK CUSHIONS. ^*» Approved by Government A uthorities. OFFICE OF FACTORY 159 SOUTH STREET, NEW YORK. Men and Women Differ in Character A PHRENOLOGICAL EXAMINATION Will show what y^ou are: Natural Talents— how to make the most of them, and thereby in what spheres and pursuits you can best succeed; direct you specially what faculties you require to cultivate and restrain ; give all needed advice touching self-improvement; show throughout how to develop perfect, and make the most out of yourself; disclose to parents their children's innate capabilities, natural callings, dispositions, mode of government especially adapted to each, and can be made the best instrumentality for Personal Im- provement and Happiness. Phrenology explains exactly where each indi- vidual stands. Private examination with charts made daily at our new rooms. FOWLER & WELLS CO., 27 East 21st Street [near Broadway]. HEADS and FACES: How to Study Them, 40c. by mail; 100,000 sold. THE AGLOSSA PINGUINALIS is excessively rare; but BOOKWORMS Can always find Bargains at our Store. We are Experts at Hunting up Old Books. try us ! Calls and Correspondence Solicited. S. F. McLEAN & CO., 13 Cooper Union, New York. The Glen Manufacturing Co. The Haverhill Paper Co. NEWSPAPER AND WOOD PULP Boston Office - - GLOBE BUILDING. N. Y Office - - TRIBUNE BUILDING. TYPE- FOUNDRY- James Conner's Sons. CENTRE, READE AND DUANE STREETS, NEW YORK. A GENERAL BANKING BUSINE8S TRANSACTED. J-lollapd Srust Qompapy, 33 NASSAU STREET, NEW YORK CITY. CAPITAL, ------ 3500,000.00. SURPLUS AND PROFITS, - 3578,171.45. Pursuant to Section 44, of Chapter 689, Laws of 1892, (the New Banking Law), this Company is designated by the Superintendent of the State Bank- ing Department as a DEPOSITARY OF LAWFUL MONEY RESERVE. Deposits received, payable on demand or on time. Interest allowed on average daily balances. Acts as Administrator or Guardian under Wills, and Registrar or Trustee for Railroad Companies. Legal Depository for Trust Funds. OFFICERS: JOHN D. VERMEULE, President. GEO. M. VAN HOESEN, Vice-President. WARNER VAN NOROEN, Vice-President. JAS. B. VAN WOERT, Secretary. WATSON & GIBSON, BANKERS and BROKERS, 55 Broadway, New York City. Private Wires to the Stock Exchanges of Boston and Philadelphia. Inquiries by person or by letter of European visitors, who desire to inform themselves as to the methods of business and securities dealt in on the American Stock Exchanges, will be cheerfully answered. If you're in doubt as to the best place to buy any article of men's wear, call on A. RAYMOND & CO., Manufacturers and Purveyors of MEN'S CLOTHING, FURNISHINGS, HATS, SHOES, &c. NASSAU & FULTON STS. Bear Lithia Water " Bear Lithia Water," says Dr. Louis A. Sayre, " is a great remedy for Gout." Dr. R. M. C. Page says : " I have tried all the Lithia Waters, and find the Bear Lithia the best for Uric Acid Diathesis." IT IS A REMEDY for all diseases arising from a waste in the system produced by indigestion. Teething children, almost at death's door, can be cured at once with this Water. Young ladies with pimples and blotches on the skin, caused always by dyspepsia, are cured immediately. Old men with Gout and old ladies with Kidney troubles are at once relieved by the Water, if they will use it with the diet that the Bear Lithia Water Co. recommends. Send to 945 Broadway for directions and advice. The Sparkling Water is the finest for table use in the World. All leading Druggists and Grocers should have this Water ; if not, send direct to the Company's office for it. BEAR LITHIA WATER CO., Near ELKTON, VIRGINIA, A Fancy Box in polished hard wood, with a moistening device for keeping fresh Cigars, Cigarettes and Tobacco. CHAS. N. SWIFT M'F'G CO., 404-408E. 32dSt.,New York. WQfflN WW. When Visiting New York, DB Will find it to their advantage to call upon SULLIVAN, DREW * CO, Nos. 600-602 BROADWAY. ASK YOUR DEALER FOR S ca rf 8 apd S us P e I 1 ^ e rS Bearing our Trade-Mark: WC&W THEY ARE THE BEST MADE. Weld, Colburn & Wilckens, MANUFACTURERS, 593 JBr*o«fccixxr«,y, KTexv •^Children's * paradise,^ 820-BROADWAY-820 DOLLS, roYS GAMES, SOUVENIRS AND NOVELTIES, GEO. F. LANGENBACHER, 820 BROADWAY, near 12th STREET. ESTABLISHED 1849. L. RAUCHFUSS, Wi6 Maker, 44 EAST TWELFTH STREET, Near Broadway, New York. 3ST- B. — S©ii.ci iEoil? -m y circiilar. AMERICAN TELEPHONE BOOTH COMPANY, Telephone Building, 18 Cortlandt Street, New York. Patent Folciing Booths. cost. We offer Telephone Subscribers a sound-proof folding Telephone Booth at a moderate These Booths are made double, with an air space between the inside and outside case. This renders them sound-proof, insuring absolute privacy when using the telephone. They are made of either oak or cherry— with plate glass windows, and are h\/Wv finished— thus adding an ornamental article of furniture in any office. ^r The sides of these booths are made to fold so that they can be set up or taken >A five minutes, by two men, without any tools whatever. 3 —7* 7 \ *• RICH* *" | ; .Ammnralrif^hanr^Srirgrapli (& 7 18 OORTLANDT ST. NEWARK UNCLE SAM SAYS: The Columbian Inkstand ^fa Is the best I have seen since Columbus discover- ed America. f Ms the Pen Just Right. Preserves the ink CLEAR AND LIMPID. JUST PATENTED. Boyd & Abbot Company 23 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK. Makes Writing a Luxury. send for catalogue. F. Grote & Co., A A A T? a r, AJw**^* O „_ BETWEEN THIRD AND FOURTH lift Ilast I^ th Street , A VENUES. :Jc :fc % % ^s ;fc Manufacturers and Dealers in BILLIARD MATERIAL m BOWLING ALLEY EQUIPMENTS. 4: * # * * ;fc BUILDERS OF THE FAMOUS Grote Standard Bowling Alleys, 3YA3 MA3 3JOI4U Hotel • Bartholdi, Broadway & 23d St., on Madison Square, Hew yor^. European Plan. Table d'Hote from 5 to 8, #1.00. Ladies' Restaurant, Corner 23d Street, open until midnight. P.J. WHITE. Few yopK hotel, 721 BROADWAY, Cor. of Washington and lYT^^nr V^4~k*»1.r Waverly Places, l>eW X OrJK, American Plan, $3.00 per Day and Upward. European Plan, $1.00 per Day and Upward. FIRST-CLASS DINING ROOM AND LADIES' RESTAURANT On Waverly Place. The central location of this hotel recommends it to the traveling public. The Broadway cars pass the door and render easy access to all the places of business and amusement in the city. The cuisine and service of this hotel are unsurpassed. GEORGE B. GLOVER, Manager. The Policies of the LIFE INSURANCE HOME COMPANY OF NEW YORK Are broad and liberal both as to terms and conditions, and contain all the advantages and options of modern contracts. GEO. H. RIPLEY, W. J. MADDEN, Gen'l Agt, President. 40 BROADWAY, N. Y. M. HOUSMAN, Manufacturer of Card Board and Glass .• • ..• • S^ou/ Sidles Q) ■ • Stamped in Gold and Silver. Office, JMo.113 EbJVI STREET, NEW YORK. Factory, 18tl? St., 2d & 3d /cues., S. BROOKLYN. Perkins, Goodwin & Co., PAPER, AND Paper Makers* Su p plies, 66 & 68 DUANE STREET, roo F o- d ;t? ins ' New York. Frank Squier, J. Fred. Ackerman Joseph B. Daley & MANUFACTURERS Printers' Rollers and Composition. No. 31 Rose Street, ESTABLISHED 1863. SMEW YORK T. G. SELLEW, Poll fop Desks, a BOOK-KEEPERS' W*V^£M ch AIRS, CYLINDER ^SePISBS COUCHES, FLAT TOP DESKS. ^^B^ll || TABLES. Offie^ purpitur^ of Every Description Ill Fulton Street, New York. O. ^ST. COE. THEO. G-OLDSMITH. THE J. W. SCOTT CO., LTD. Under Management of J. W. Scott, the first American Stamp Dealer. 163 FTJLTOH STEEBT (Two Doors from Broadway.) DEALERS IN Old Stamps and Coins. Full lines of all American and Foreign Stamps and Coins for sale at lowest prices. FORTY PAGE PRICE LIST FREE. SETS OF COLUMBUS STAMPS, FIFTY CENTS. List giving price we pay for every American Coin worth over face, price lOc ftonop ial H inbotos. MAYER & CO., MUNICH, NEW YORK, LONDON. The staff of artists engaged for the execution of our windows are members of the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. The glass used is the finest quality of the gwglislx ^cttiiqtt* specially prepared for us. Designs and Estimates Submitted. New York Branch, - 20 Murray St, WOODLAWN CEMETERY WOODLAWN STATION. (24th WARD) New York & Harlem Railroad City Office - - 20 East 23rd Street, NEW YORK CITY. When in the City, call on Established in 1S69. D. SHEA,t» THE «d Clothier. CORNER BROOME & CROSBY STREETS, N. Y. He is the only genuine dealer in leading American and European Tailors' Misfits at half price. Dress suits for sale and hire. Also READY-MADE CLOTHING FOR MEN AND YODTHS. R. YOLKEL, Importer and Manufacturer of Fine Furs, 436 Sixth Avenue, Between 26th & 27th Streets, TsTTP.^jy "VnT glT Why Pills? Because they are more convenient to handle and easier to take. Are they as good as the liquid Sarsaparillas ? Try them and see. Druggists or mail. PRICE, ONE DOLLAR A BOX. Trial Size, 50 Cents. Savid Medicine Company, SCHENECTADY, N. Y. Organized 1851 THE BERKSHIRE Life Insurance Company, OF PITTSFIELD, MASS. SEND your age, name and address and receive a SPECIAL STATEMENT showing the SUPERIOR ADVANTAGES and LIBERAL OPTIONS of the new TWENTY PAYMENT INVEST- MENT and PROTECTION POLICY, together with the GUARANTEED CASH and PAID UP VALUES after the SECOND YEAR. This policy affords all the advantages of life insurance during the early or producing years of life and at the same time makes sure a provision for advanced age. Being a POSITIVE CONTRACT it is especially adapted to the needs of business men. GEO. W. ENGLISH, Manager, FOR THE STATES OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. 271 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. Reading. 'Riting and 'Rithmetic are primary and essential. Refinement, Culture and Polish come later from Travel, Association with the Educated, and acquaintance with the best thoughts of gifted minds. In the Stedman-Hutchinson LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE you can travel through every State in the Union, associate constantly with educated men and women, and acquaint yourself with the best thoughts of twelve hundred talented authors. In this age, when a shorthand method of reading is necessary, "The Library of American Literature " is to e'very citizen not a luxury, but a necessity. MOTHERS AND FATHERS Should look with care to the books that are read by their sons and daughters. Edmund Clarence Stedman and Ellen Mackay Hutchinson have spent seven years in choosing from the 500,000 volumes that have been copyrighted the 6,200 pages of "The Library of American Literature." Eleven volumes; 1,207 Authors ; 2 ^7 I Articles; j6o full-page portraits. Ex- press prepaid; payments one cent per volume per day. Sold by subscription. Capable men and women will find it profitable to solicit subscriptions. Send for description. GIVE HV2.3Z3 IVA-OTS. 11 The Encyclopedia of American Politics — History and Platforms of all Parties" is now ready. No political question can arise about which this book will not furnish recent, reliable and ex- haustive information. This is of permanent value to every AMERICAN CITIZEN who is in- terested in the great issues now before the country. This great work is divided into three parts, and each part is worth the price of the whole book. The editor and compiler, Mr. Thomas Campbell Copeland, has been two years at work on this book, and every statement and all the statistics are absolutely correct and reliable. Agents Wanted. Liberal Terms. Free Territory. Magnificent Prospectus, only 35c Fine cloth, ink and gold stamp $250 | Sheep, library style, marbled edges $3- 2 5 Half turkey morocco $4- 2 5 T. M. WILLIAMS, Manager. CHAS. L. WEBSTER & CO., 67 Fifth Ave., New York City. BOOKS! BOOKS! BOOKS! Of every description in stock, both old and new. Encyclopaedia's Britannica, Appleton, Cham- bers, People's, Zells, at less than one-half publishers price. Family Bibles and Teacher's Bibles. Sets of all the novelists: Dickens, 15 vols., clo., $3-75; Scott, 12 vols., $3.75; Thackeray, 10 vols., $2.25; Eliot, 6 vols., $1.50; Bulwer, 13 vols., $3.75; Carlyle, 11 vols., $7.50; and hundreds of other popular sets. Elegant bound books from 10c. each and up. Books for young people, 100,000 to select from. Untold quantity of paper novels, 5c. each and up. Steel engraving. Elegant works of fine art. All the poets, &c, &c. A call will convince you. Mail orders promptly attended to. New and old books bought in any quantity. Libraries purchased. Sunday schools and libraries supplied loveRINC'S N. Y. BOOK EXCHANGE, 781 Broadway, between 9th and 10th Streets, opposite Denning. PIEMEMBEH., 781 H*.OA3D"\7S7--A.Y. The business eye we catch, We catch the business eye With neatness and dispatch ; There's a first-rate reason why ; You can scour the earth Our ads strike right For all you're worth, The eye that's bright, Our ads you cannot match. They're ads for swearing by. An eye for business have you ? If so, tho thing to do Is our ads to take; And the money that you'll make Will prove our statements true. PICTORIAL. LEAGUE, Tribune Building, New Yoik City Our firm name is being imitated. Be careful about the address. D. C. HALL & CO., 86 LEONARD ST., NEW YORK, Sole Manufacturers of PERFORATED BUCKSKIN UNDERWEAR AND CHEST PROTECTORS, (Smith's Patent). For Ladles mid Gentlemen. Afford thorough Protection against Pneumonia, Rheumatism and Lung Diseases. SOLE AGICNTS FOR 'Cornfield" Stockinet Diapers, Bibs and Bed Sheets, Stockinet Waterproof Sheeting, Seamless Sanitas Napkin for Ladies. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. Eat Candy, but Eat it Pure" IS OUR MOTTO Which Has Stood the Test of Years. You will find our goods on sale throughout the United States, Canada, Centra™' Hi South America, West Indies, Great Britain, Ireland, Cape of Good Hope, South Africa and Australia. *H7Tn/r T / »T7T V Manufactory and Salesroom, WM. l^Ot l 9 54 Barclay St., New York, Opp. College Place. A RETAIL COUNTER ATTACHED. • 3 J. S. GILLIES, • • • • Established 1S69. ^flJ^E + FUpWfUpE,^ LARGEST ASSORTMENT. EVERY PIECE WARRANTED. To save Money buy direct from the maker, WALL PAPERS J- S- GILLIES, AND DECORATIONS 35-37 West 23d St., N. Y. A. SUSSMANN. Importer of Artists Materials, /arid Manufacturer of," NOVELTIES. SOUVENIRSTEfc CATALOCUE FREE ON APPLICATION. 23216th2Ave.. ?^fJ(Wlft"ARovri^rsT N E W'YO R Ki OECORATED SCREin WITH YSlOSCflJt 1 r PANXC§, LORILLARD REFRIGERATORS i 1168 BROADWAY. NEW YORK. Established in 1877, USED IN ALL riR<5T-CLA«JJ HOTELO, CLUD^J. FAM- ILIES AND INSTITUTION*)"! oiLND TOK CATALOGUE.. miBBrtmBlM Telephone Established 40 Years. No.395,i8thst. p ETER BACKUS & SON, •: QiGjNeeRs^5TeftM * prrreRS, * WARMING BY STEAM OR HOT WATER FOR BUILDINGS OF ALL KINDS. 133 & 135 West 25th Street. • NEW YORK. C. HTJMBEET, MANUFACTURER OF VANILLA CHOCOLATE CREAM DROPS AND ALL KINDS OF CONFECTIONERY. Importer of Fancy Boxes and Fruit Glacis— Wholesale and Retail. No. 9 WOOSTER STREET, NEW YORK. All Goods of our own Manufacture Warrauted Pure Sugar— No Glucose Used C 'Rench ., : WM Specialties— CHOCOLATE CREAMS AND FINE BON BONS. J. MARSCHING & CO. 27 Park Place, corner Church St., New York. HEADQUARTERS FOR BRONZE POWDERS, METAL LEAF, Etc. ARTISTS' MATERIALS, AND COLORS ASD SUPPLIES For Glass and China Painting. - - ESTABLISHED 1834 - - CT-A-IR^riS QOUUW/0 /OViioUAs Ob Triom,