MASTER NEGATIVE NO. 93-81526- MICROFILMED 1993 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES/NEW YORK « as part of th e ,, "Foundations of Western Civilization Preservation Project Funded by the ^^MF-NT- FOR THE HUMANITIES Reproductions may not be made without permission from Columbia University Library COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright law of the United States - Title 17, United States Code - concerns the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or other reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research." If a user makes a request for, or later uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair use," that user may be liable for copyright infringement. This institution reserves the right to refuse to accept a copy order if, in its judgement, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of the copyright law. AH NOR: HASSALL ARTHUR TITLE: HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY, PLACE: LONDON DATE: 1898 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Ncgntivc // ^ Ji\.lY A X /\1V\J IV 1 Ori iginal Ma iterial as Film led • - Existing Bibl: iographic • Rei cord 940 H27 Restrictions on Use: 942 UZTLZ Hassiill, Arlhur, 1S:>.V10:;{). A handbook of Kiiropeun liistorv, 170-1871, chroiiolo»rically nrnin;ro(l, by Aitluir Ilnssall ... London, Macmilliin and cc, ltd. ; New York, The MncmiHan cc, 1898. Ix. 383. ,1, p. 20"". Kdltions u( 1010 and 1020 published under title: Euroi)ean history chronologically nrrnnfied. Another copy. 1. Europe — Hist. Library of Concress 4-1742.-. D103.II35 1898 ,n45Jl, ■940 TECHNICAL MICROFORM DATA f.^h^ ^^^^' 3Al^ REDUCTION RATIO- IMAGE PLACEMENT: lA IIAIB III3 i^Aiiu. DATE FILMED: £/^^__c'_ INITIAI S FILMED I3Y: RESEARCH PUnLICATION.S, INC WOOnHRmnrR"' / /xv/ D Association for Information and Image Management 1 1 00 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1 1 00 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 1 2 3 11 IlllilUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII T Inches T 5 6 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiliiiiliii T ¥ lllllll ITT 8 iiiliiiiliii 1.0 I.I 1.25 11 10 4 n iiiili T 12 ii Ih 2.8 y£ 3.2 2.5 2.2 ■ 6.3 «^ II 4.0 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 13 14 15 mm iiliiiiliiiiliiiiliiiil 1 / MRNUFRCTURED TO flllM STflNDfiRDS BY RPPLIED IMRGE. INC. 4 Columbia (Hnitif rsfitp mtl)fCitpoflfttiiork LIBRARY A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY 476 — 1871 CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED BY ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A. STUDENT, TUTOR, AND FORMERLY CENSOR OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD OXFORD : HORACE HART PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY Hontion MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. . 1898 . . I ' , o r ^ PREFACE Ftrsf Edition 1897 J Reprinted 1898 ^ c C The interest taken in European history \s now so general that I trust this attempt to compile a hand- book for students and teachers will not prove to have been useless. The difficulty of the task has been found to be chiefly in deciding what to include and what to omit from the enormous amount of material at hand, and I have therefore endeavoured merely to bring into prominence the leading facts in the history of the principal states. So many genealogies and notes have been inserted in the general outline that only a few Summaries have been drawn up. In selecting these, I have included only those subjects on which I have found by experience that the greatest misapprehension exists. In the English column I have specially emphasized 441016 VI PREFACE those facts which bear directly upon England's re- lations with Foreign Powers. Not a few mistakes will, I fear, be discovered, but I can assure all those who are engaged in studying the history of medieval and modern Europe that I shall gratefully receive suggestions and criticisms. ARTHUR HASSALL. Christ Church, Oxford : May, 1897. CONTENTS PART I. Outlines of European History PACE . I-36I I. Genealogies : — The Northumbrian Kings Charles the Great's sons Louis I's descendants The West Saxon Kings . Charles the Bald's sons . Alfred's children .... Charles the Simple's descendants . The Danish Kings of England The Norman Dukes Louis VIII's children The marriage alliances of Philip IV The sons of Albert I . . . The succession to the French throne, 1 2 The Breton succession . The Houses of Burgundy and Orleans The English connexion with Spain and fourteenth century . The succession in Bohemia and Hungary in the fifteenth century England and Spain in the sixteenth century . The House of Saxony in the sixteenth century The descendants of \\ illiam of Orange . The Hapsburg succession, 1556-163 7 . The House of Guise ..... 70-1380 Portugal in th 9 21 23 25 27 29 37 43 67 77 78 83 93 93 T02 114 120 132 134 135 VIU CONTENTS Henry IV and his uncles The House of Vasa The children of Ferdinand IH . The House of Braganza, 1648-1683 The House of Hohenzollern in the seventeenth century The Kings of Denmark in the seventeenth century . The Electors Palatine of the Simmern line in the seven teenth century ..... The House of Brunswick __ • • • • The Wittelsbach House in Bavaria in the seventeenth century The House of Savoy in the seventeenth century The Spanish succession . The sons of Philip V of Spain Table to illustrate the Pragmatic Sanction The Swedish succession . The line of Holstein-Gottorp in Sweden The Bavarian succession question .... The Emperors of the House of Hapsburg-Lorraine The House of Hohenzollern after Frederick the Great The marriages of Napoleon I . . . The principal members of the Bonaparte family The elder branch of the Bourbon House The succession to Portugal in 1826 The Spanish succession, 1 814-1868 Pedigree of Louis Philippe .... The Spanish marriages, 1846. The English Royal family, 1837-1857 . The Austrian succession, 1 792-1848 II. Notes: — The French Constitution of 1 791 . The chief Austrian Ministers, 1789-1815 The chief Prussian Ministers, 1789-1815 The French Constitution of 1795 .... The chief French Ministers during the Consulate Empire The Imperial Constitution in the eighteenth century The Spanish Constitution of 181 2 . The Spanish Constitution of 1837 • The French Wars against Algiers . The wars between Egypt and Turkey . A list of French Ministries, 181 5-1848 . Thechief wars of England, 1837-1871 . 257 and 271- PACK 137 148 166 17a 178 180 186 190 194 194 195 206 206 214 232 244 248 250 277 285 291 298 304 305 326 33J 332 -259 262 262 267 -273 272 312 312 319 322 335 351 CONTENTS IX PART II. Summaries, Genealogies, and Lists of Sovereigns. I. Summaries : — PAGE 3- 4- 5. 6. 7. 8. The causes of the war between England and France in Edward Ill's reign ...... The causes of the war between England and France in Henry V's reign ..... The wars between Francis I and Charles V The Civil Wars in France .... The Thirty Years' War .... The Devolution War .... The causes of the Spanish Succession War The contests between the Parlement of Paris and the Crown during the eighteenth century . . . 368 36; • 365 . 366 . 366 . 366 366-367 • 367 II. Genealogies :- 1. The Caroling Princes . . Between i6S and ^fig 2. The descendants of Maximilian I . . . . 369 3. The succession of the later Valois to the French throne 370 4. The descendants of Louis XIV ..... 371 III. Lists of Sovereigns : — 3- 4- 5- The Roman Emperors, 395-802 ; and Byzantine Emperors, 802-1453 37^-373 The Emperors of the West, 800-1806 ; and Austrian Emperors, 1806-1871 373-374 The Kings of France . The Kings of Spain . The Kings of Portugal 6. The Kings of Denmark 7. The Kings of Norway 8. The Kings of Sweden 9. The Popes ID. The Ottoman Sultans 11. The Kings of Prussia 12. The Kings of Sardinia and Italy 13. The Dukes and Kings of Poland 14. The Tsars of Russia . 374-375 • 375 . 376 376-377 . 377 377-378 378-381 381-382 . 383 . 382 382-383 . 383 EUROPEAN HISTORY \ HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 476-511 a The Goths. 476. The Boy Emperor Romulus Augustulus is de- posed ; Odoacer is elected Patrician in Italy, and rules till 492. 477. Genseric, first of the Vandal kings of Africa, dies, and with him ends the greatness of the Vandal kingdom. 487-8. The Ostrogoths under Theodoric leave the Balkan Peninsula. 489. The Ostrogoths invade and occupy North Italy, defeating Odoacer at the battle of Verona. 491. Theodoric obtains Sicily from Genseric's son. 493. After being besieged in Ravenna for 20 months, Odoacer yields, but is killed by Theodoric, who is king of Italy from 493 to 526. He married a sister of Chlodovech. 494. Theodoric sends an embassy to Gundobad, King of the Burgundians, and obtains the release of some Italians captured by the Burgundians. 496. Theodoric gives the defeated Alamanni an asylum in Rhaetia, and takes them into his service. 497. Cassiodorus becomes private secretary to Theo- doric. 498. Theodoric obtains from Anastasius the title of Rex. 500. Theodoric visits Rome for the first time, and builds at Ravenna the Church of Saint Apolli- narius. 605. The relations between Theodoric and Anastasius cease to be friendly. 608. Theodoric defeats an Imperial fleet which appeared off the coasts of Calabria. 609. The Ostrogoths attack the Franks and Bur- gundians, and recover from the Visigoths all Gaul South of the Durance and the Cevennes (Languedoc and Provence). 600-11. Theodoric aids Amalric the youiig Visi- gothic king in Spain, and for 14 years rules the Visigoths conjointly with Amalric. The Eastern Empire. ZENO, 475-491. 476. After an absence of 18 months, Zeno re- turns to Constanti- nople. 477. A rising in Constanti- nople. 480. Boethius is born at Rome. 483. Theodoric the Amal makes peace with Zeno. Revolt of Leontius in Syria. ANASTASIUS, 491-518. 492-96. Rebellion in Isau- ria. England. 503-5. War with Persia. 510. Boethius becomes Consul at Rome. 477. The kingdom of Sus- sex is founded by^EUe. 480. Landing of the Angles. The Franks. I. The Merovings, 481-752. \ 491. Capture of Anderida by iEUe, who is now called King of the South Saxons. 495. Beginning of the king- dom of Wessex, under Cerdic andCynric, who land in Hampshire. 500-520. The Angles form the kingdom of Deira, and capture York. (I) THE REIGN OF CHLODOVECH. Chlodovech, son of Childerich (481-51 1), married (492) Chlotilde, niece of Gundobad, Kmg of the Burgundians. 485. Death of Euric, King of the Visigothic realm, which extended from the Loire to Gibraltar, and the capital of which was Toulouse. 486. Chlodovech conquers, near Soissons, Syagrius, the son of the Patrician Aegidius, who ruled over the plain of Central Gaul and the Seine Valley. This victory marked the overthrow of the Latin cause. . 486-9. Chlodovech extends his power to the Loire and to Brittany. , 491. He conquers the chief tribe of the Ripuanan Franks. 496. He beats decisively the Alamanni near Strasburg, and forces them to acknowledge him as overlord. The Conversion of Chlodovech takes place through the influence of Chlotilde, and at the hands of Remigius of Rheims. 500. Chlodovech defeats Gundobad. 501. Peace is made between Chlodovech and Gundo- bad, and the latter pays Chlodovech tribute. 507. Chlodovech attacks the Visigoths, kills Alaric II and conquers Aquitaine at the battle of Vougle near Poitiers. 510. Chlodovech, King of all the Franks, fixes his residence at Paris and died in 511 in his 46th year. B 2 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY The Goths. 523. 525. In league with the Franks, Theodoric attacks Sigismnnd, King of the Burgundians, and takes the lands between the Durance and the Drone. Death of Thrasamund, King of the Vandals, and a great persecutor of the Christians. Deaths of Boethius, the author of Consolations of Philosophy, and of his father-in-law, Symma- chus. 526. Theodoric imprisons John, Bishop of Rome, who dies i,May). Theodoric dies (Aug. 30). 526-33. Reign of Athalaric the Ostrogoth. 534. 535. On Athalaric's death Amalaswintha, mother of Athalaric, governs the Ostrogoths with the aid of Theodobat, son of Athalaric's sister. Murder of Amalaswintha by the orders of Theodobat, who is now attacked by Justinian. Belisarius conquers Sicily. 536. He takes Naples and Rome (Dec. 9). Theodobat deposed in favour of Witiges, who married a sister of Athalaric. He appeals to the Franks, and hands over to them Provence. 537. Witiges besieges Rome, but fails to take it. 540. Belisarius captures Ravenna, and Witiges is sent to Constantinople. 640-1. Hildebad reigns over the Ostrogoths. 541. Baduila ( Totila) succeeds Hildebad. 543. Baduila takes Naples, and gradually conquers Italy. 546. He conquers Rome. Belisarius is unable to check his successes. 548. Final recall of Belisarius. The Eastern Empire. JUSTIN" I, 518-527. 523. Hilderic becomes King of the Vandals, and shows sympathy with the Catholic religion. Justin issues an edict ordering the Arians to adopt the orthodox faith. 526. Justinian, the heir- designate, marries Theodora. John, Bi- shop of Rome, heads an embassy to Constan- tinople to ask for the withdrawal of the mea- sures against the Ari- ans. JUSTINIAN", 527-540. 528-32. First war with Persia. 531. Hilderic the Vandal is accused of favouring the establishment of the Imperial power in Africa, and is deposed. 532. The 'Nika' riots at Constantinople. 533. Belisarius invades Af- rica, overthrows Geli- mer, takes Carthage, and ends the Vandal kingdom, which had existed 104 years. 535. Justinian appeals to the Franks to aid him against Witiges. 540-45. Second Persian War. 540. Sack of Antioch by the Persians. 542. The Great Plague in the Eastern Empire. 545-49. Truce between Justinian and the Per- sians. A.D. 512-549 England. V < 519. Conquest of Hamp- shire and the Isle of Wight completed by the battle of Charford. Cerdic and Cynric : become kings of the West Saxons. 620. Great defeat of the West Saxons at Mount Badon. The Franks. I. The Merovings, 481-752. 516. Death of Gundobad, who is succeeded by his son Sigismund. (II) THE PBANKISH KINGS, 511-687. (i) The four sons of Chlodovech: Theuderic, kingof Austrasia, a district lying on both sides of the Rhine from Koln to Basle ; Chlodomer, who reigned at Orleans ; Childebert, who reigned at Paris ; Chlothar, King of the north-east corner of Gaul with Soissons as capital. 523. Childebert and Chlodomer defeat and capture Sigismund of Burgundy. 524. The Franks are defeated and Chlodomer killed at Vezeronce by Gondomar, Sigismund's successor in Burgundy, and Childebert and Chlothar divide Chlodomer's kingdom. I H^ 531. Childebert attacks the Visigoths, who choose Theudis as their king. 531-4. Childebert and Chlothar conquer and divide Burgundy. 534. Theuderic died and was succeeded by his son Theudebert. 647« Ida establishes a con- solidated Bernician kingdom between the Forth and Tees. 539. Theudebert invades Italy and wastes the vallev of the Po. ^ 542. Theudis, King of the Visigoths in Spain, repels a Frankish invasion at the battle of Saragossa. Childebert and Chlothar conquer Septimania. 548. Death of Theudebert in Italy, combating both the Goths and the Byzantine army. A^ HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 550-612 The West Goths and the Lombards. 550. By Justinian's orders Liberius, Governor of Africa, invades Spain and places Athanagild on the throne of the Visigoths, and the Roman occu- pation of the seacoast towns lasts till 623. 552. Arrival in Italy of Narses with a strong army. 653. Defeat and death of Baduila at the battle of Taginae, followed by the retirement of the Ostro- goths from Italy. End of the Gothic kingdom of Italy. THE WEST GOTHS AND THE liOMBAKDS. 568. Lombard invasion of Italy under Alboin leads to the foundation of the kingdom of Lombardy, Alboin being crowned king at Milan. 571. Pavia is taken and made the capital of the Lom- bard kingdom. 572. Death of Alboin followed by ten years of anarchy and a war with the Prankish kings Gun- tram and Childebert. The danger from the Franks supported by the Greek Emperors brings about the election of a king. 583-90. Reign of Authari, who unites Lombard tern- tories, defends his kingdom against five Prankish attacks, and consolidates the Lombard power in Italy. 590-615. Agilwulf succeeds Authari, is baptized, and married Theodelinda, Authari's widow. Under him the Lombard kingdom grew by conquests from the Romans. 572-85. Leovigild, King of the Visigoths, saves Spain from anarchy. 586-601. Reccared brings about the conversion of the Visigoths. 590-604. The power and influence of the Papacy increases immensely under Gregory the Great. 603. The Greeks lose Cremona, Parma, Piacenza, but form the Exarchate, while to the south was the Pentapolis, which also obeyed the Emperor. The Eastern Empire. 549-55. Third Persian War. 558. Belisarius defeats the Huns. 562. The Avars begin their attacks on the Jiimpire. 565. Death of Justinian. JUSTIN II, 565-578. 572. Persian war of years is begun. 19 TIBERIUS II (CONSTANTINUS), 578-582. 581. Invasion of Thrace by the Slavs. MAURICE, 582-602. 592. End of the Persian war. 585-602. Slavs and Avars systematically attack the Eastern Empire. Rebellion of Phocas leads to the death of Maurice and to a disas- trous Persian war, 603- 610. PHOCAS, 602-610. England. 550. Fall of Sarum. 560. lEWt becomes the first King of the Northum- brians in Deira. 563. Columba founds the monastery of lona. 568. The West Saxons fight the Jutes of Kent under Ethelbert, and take Surrey. 571. The West Saxons gain the Chiltems and the land between the Mid- dle Thames and Upper Ouse by a battle at Bedford. Uffa is chosen the first King of the East Angles. 577. Battle of Dyrham won by the West Saxons ; the Welsh of Corn- wall cut off from the Welsh of Wales. 584. The West Saxons are defeated at Faddiley, and their advance is checked. Crida be- comes the first King of the Mercians. 588. The Bemician king Athalric conquers Deira, and Bemicia and Deira are united in one Northumbrian kingdom. 593. Ethelfrith becomes King of Northumbria. 697. Landing of Augustine. 600. Ethelbert of Kent draws up the first English code. 606. Ethelfrith unites Ber- nicia and Deira in the kingdom of Northum- bria. I The Franks. I. The Merovings, 481-752. 555. Chlothar seized Austrasia on the death of Theu- debald, the successor of Theudebert. 558. On the death of Chlodomer, Chlothar became sole King of the Franks. 561. Death of Chlothar. (2) The four sons of Chlothar : Charibert takes Paris and Aquitaine, Guntram the Burgundian kingdom, Sigibert the Rhine land, and Chilperich the land between the Scheldt and the Somme. Sigibert and Chilperich married respectively Brunhildis and Galswintha, daughters of Athana- gild, the Visigothic king of Spain (555-68). 567. Death of Charibert, whose lands are divided between his brothers. The murder of Galswintha by her husband Chilperich marks the beginning of the wars of Neustria and Austrasia, which last 40 years. 574. Beginning of hostilities between Chilperich and Sigibert. 575. Murder of Sigibert, who is succeeded by Childe- bert, during whose minority Austfasia is torn by intestine strife, stirred up by his mother Brun- hildis. 582-3. Two wars take place between Chilperich and Guntram. 584. Death of Chilperich, succeeded by Chlothar II. Gondovald, an adventurer who had lived in Sicily and at Constantinople, attempts to found a kingdom in Southern Gaul. 585. The failure of the Emperor Maurice to support Gundovald ends the connexion between Gaul and the Imperial authority. Gundovald dies. 593. Death of Guntram, whose lands in Burgundy and Aquitaine go to Childebert. He and Brun- hildis at once invade Neustria, but fail. 596. Death of Childebert, leaving Theuderich II and Theudebert II in the charge of Brunhildis. Theu- debert II became King of Austrasia (capital, Metz\ Theuderich II, King of Burgundy (capital, Or- leans), and are at once attacked by Fredegundis and Chlothar II. 597. Death of Fredegundis, followed in 598 by the exile of Brunhildis to Burgundy. 612. Death of Theudebert II after suffering defeat at the hands of Theuderich II. 8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY The West Goths and the Lombards. The Eastern Empire. 590-616. Agilvvulf rules the Lombards. 616. Keign of Adaloald, Theodelinda his mother, a Catholic, and daughter of Garibald of Bavaria, being regent. CoIuml)an's convent at Eobbio became a centre of Catholicism and was endowed by Agihvulf and Adaloald. 626. Adaloald is overthrown by the Lombard nobles, who disliked his friendship with the Greeks. 626-36. Arioald, the son-in-law of Theodelinda, be- comes king. His wife Gundiberga was a zealous Catholic 636-52. Rothari, Duke of Brescia, and the second husband of Gundiberga, succeeds Arioald as King of the Lombards. By concjuests he greatly ex- tends the limits of his kingdom. HERACLIUS, 610-641. 622. The'Hijrah'andthe flight of Mohammed to Medina. 622-27. Victorious cam- paigns of Heraclius against the Persians. 623. The expulsion of the soldiers of Heraclius from Spain by the Visigoths ends the connexion between the Emperors and Spain. 626. Siege of Constanti- nople by Chosroes, and the Chagan of the Avars. 627. Battle of Nineveh: total defeat of the Persians 628. Peace between the Empire and Persians. 629. The troops of Hera- clius are attacked by the Arab followers of Mohammed. 634. Syria conquered by the Arabs at the battle of Yermuk 636. Defeat of the Per- sians by the Arabs at Cadesia — the virtual end of the Persian monarchv. 637. Fall of Jerusalem. 640. Egypt conquered by the Arabs. f A. D. 613-640 England. 613. Battle of Chester. The Northumbrians conquer Cheshire and most of Lancashire, and the Welsh of Strathclyde are cut off from the Welsh of Wales, 617. Battle at the Idle, death of Ethelfrith, followed later by death of Redwald. [The Northumbrian Supremacy, 617-685, under Edwin, Oswald, Oswy, and Ecgfrith.] The Franks. 1. The Merovings, 481-752. 613. Death of Theuderich II, whose son Sigibert II was for the moment acknowledged to be King of the East Franks 614 Chlothar II of Neustna invades Austrasia, puts Sigibert and Brunhildis to death, and became King of all the Frankish realms. Before he died he made his son Dagobert King of Austrasia, and set Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, and Count Pippin to counsel him. THE NORTHUMBRIAN KINGS. The Bernician Line, Ida Ethelric The Deiran Line, Iffa ^lle I iElfric Ethelfrith = Aacha Ethelburh ^ = Edwin = ^ d. of I Cearl of Mercia I I I Oswald Oswy = Eanflaed Ecgfrith Alchflaeda = Peada son of Penda Aldfrith = a daughter of Penda <' 627. Conversion of Edwin of Northumbria by Paulinus. 633. Overthrow of Nor- thumbria by Penda of Mercia at Heathfield. 635. Birinus begins his work of converting Wessex. Aidan and the Scot- tish missionaries ap- pear in Northumbria. 628. Dagobert I succeeds Chlothar as King of all the Frankish realms. 638. The death of Dagobert marks the time when the Merovings became mere shadows. His two sons Sigibert HI and Chlodovech II were governed by Mayors of the Palace : Sigibert in Austrasia by Grimoald, son of Pippin, and Chlodovech in Neustria by Erchinoald. lO HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY ^ A, D. 641-687 II The West Goths and the Lombards. 643. By the issue of the Edict of 643 (the earliest written Lombard law) Rothari became the first Lombard legislator. 652. Rothari is succeeded by his son Rodoald. 653. Death of Rodoald. Aribert, nephew of Theodelinda, becomes king — a Catholic — and Arianism disappears from Lombardy. Wars about the succession distract Lombardy and give the Greek Emperor an opportunity of recovering Beneventum. 662. Death of Aribert. His eldest son Godebert reigns in Pavia, and Berthari in Milan. Civil war breaks out between Godebert and Berthari ; Godebert is killed, and Grimoald, Duke of Beneventum, drives Berthari away and becomes King of the Lombards (662-71). 663. Grimoald defends Beneventum against Con- stans. 664. Berthari seeks the protection of the Frankish Court. 665. Grimoald defeats Chlothar III, who had attempted to restore Berthari. 666. Grimoald expels his Avar allies from Italy. 668. Grimoald revises and extends the code for Rotharis. 671. Death of Grimoald. His son Garibald is set aside. 672. Berthari becomes King of the Lombards and reigns till 688. 683. Cunibert, son of Berthari, rules the Lombards till 700. List of the Lombard kingfs :— Alboin, 568-72. Clepho, 572-73. Authari, 583-90. A ei 1 wul f.\s90-6 1 5. Adaloald, 615-25. Arioald, 625-36. Rothari, 6^6-52. Rodoald, 652-53. Aribert, 653-62. Godebert, 662. Grimoald, 662-71. Berthari, 672-88. Cunibert, 688-700. Liutbert, 700-1. Aribert II, 701-12. Ansprand, 712. Liutprand, 712-43. Hildebrand, 743-44. Ratchis, 744-9. Aistwulf, 749-56. Desiderius, 756-74. The Eastern Empire. HERACLIUS CON- STANTINUS and HERACLEONAS, 641-2. CONSTAl^S II (CONSTANTINUS CONSTANS), 641-668. 652. The Saracens win a decisive naval battle over the fleet of Con- stans. 655. Pope Martin, seized and exiled to the Crimea by Constans, dies there. 656. Death of Caliph Othman, followed by civil war among the Saracens. 657-62. Constans reforms the provincial adminis- tration of the Empire. 662-8. He leaves Con- stantinople and is occupied in Italy and Sicily till his death. 663. He visits Rome and remains there twelve days. He then resided in Sicily four years (664-8), when he was killed. CONSTANTINE IV (POGOISrATUS), 668-685. 673. Siege of Constanti- nople by the Saracens. 678. The Emperor forces them to make an igno- minious peace. 679. The Bulgarians effect a settlement south of the Danube, and Ispe- rich becomes theirking. 680-1. The Sixth CEcu- menical Council at Constantinople. 1 « England. 642. Oswald of Northum- bria is defeated and killed by Penda at Maserfield. Temporar}' check to work of Scot- tish monks. 652. Conversion of the East Saxons. 655. Defeat and death of Penda at the Win- waed. Oswy (642- 70) encourages the Scottish missionaries. 634-86. The life of the Scottish missionaries. 659. Wulfere regains for Mercia its indepen- dence. 664. Synod of Whitby : Roman Christianity triumphs. 669. Arrival of Theodore of Tarsus (May). 673. Council at Hertford, where it is settled that Synods in the future should be held at Clovesho. 682. The conversion of Sussex completes the work of the conversion in England. 685. Battle of Nechtans- mere and death of Ecgfrith. End of the Northumbrian Supre- macy. 688-726. Ini is King of Wessex, and reunites the West Saxons after a period of anarchy. 688-94. Ini establishes his supremacy over Kent, Essex, and Lon- don. The Franks. I. The Merovings, 481-752. THE ROIS FAINEANTS, 639-752. 656. Death of Sigibert ; Grimoald attempts to seize the throne, but is killed by Chlodovech II. Death of Chlodovech II, succeeded by Chlo- thar III. Sole king till 660, when he is confined to Neustria and Burgundy, while his younger brother Childerich I is made King of Austrasia. For some twenty years the real ppwer in Neustria and Austrasia was wielded by Ebroin, Mayor of the Palace in Neustria. 670. Death of Chlothar III. Ebroin makes Theude- rich in king. A rising of the Neustrians under Saint-Leger, Bishop of Autun, then took place, Ebroin is overthrown, Childerich is made king of both realms. 673. Death of Childerich, followed by anarchy over both Neustria and Austrasia. 681. Death of Ebroin, who had temporarily secured the ascendency in Neustria. 687. Battle of Testry. Austrasia under Pippin defeats Neustria. The precedence of Austrasia over Neustria decided. 1^ HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY The West Goths and the Lombards, A. D. 687-727 13 The Eastern Empire. 701. Aribert II kills Liutbert, son of Berthari, and reigns till 712. 711. Battle of Guadelete. Roderic, the last King of the Visigoths, is killed, the Arabs occupy the country, and Visigothic Spain conies to an end. THE LOMBARDS. 712, Aribert is drowned, and is succeeded by Ansprand, who died the same year, and was succeeded by his son Liutprand, who reigned from 712 till 743. 726. Pope Gregory II refuses to enforce Leo's edict against the worship of images. 727. Liutprand seizes the Exarchate and Ravenna. JUSTINIAN II, 685-695. 690. Successful expedition of Justinian against the Bulgarians, 693. War against the Sar- acens, in which Jus- tinian suffered several defeats. 695. Fall of Justinian, who is banished by his ge- neral Leontius to the Crimea. LEONTIUS, 695-697. 697. The Saracens, under Hassan, Governor of Egypt, storm Car- thage. TIBERIUS III, 697-705. 705. Justinian deposes Tiberius. JUSTINIAN II (restored), 705-711. He kills Leontius and Tiberius. 711. Justinian is slain and the House of Hera- clius comes to an end. PHILIPPICUS, 711-713. 711. Sardinia is taken by the Arabs. ANASTASIUS, 713-715. 715. He is deposed. THEODOSIUS III, 715-717. 710-16. Continued suc- cesses of the Arabs in Asia Minor and Spain. 717. Leo the Isaurian re- volts against the Em- peror, who abdicates. England. 705. Death of Aldfrith, King of Northumbria, under whom learning had advanced. 710. Ini advances his king- dom westwards, and founds Taunton. 717. Ini defeats the Mer- cians at Wanborough. [The Mercian Su- premacy, 718-821, Tinder Ethelbald, OfFa, and Cenwulf.] 726. Ini goes on a pil- grimage to Rome. The Franks. I. The Merovings, 481-752. III. THE FALL OF THE MEROVINGS AND THE RISE OF THE CAROLINGS, 687-752. THE LATER MEROVINGS. Theuderich III (youngest brother of Chlothar III), 691. Chlodovech III (691-5). Childebert III (695-711). Dagobert III (711-16). Chilperich II (716-20). Chlothar IV (Austrasia, 717-9). Theuderich IV (720-37). Childerich II (737-52). PIPPIN, Mayor of the Palace, 687-714. His acts (i) Restoration of the boundaries of the Frankish realm. (2) Subjugation of Frisia. (3) Introduction of Christianity into Germany. 715. Death of Pippin, succeeded after a long struggle by his son Charles Martel. 716. Charles attacked by Chilperich II of Neustria, the one capable king among the later Merovings. Battle of Ambleve. Victory of Charles and total defeat of the Neustrians. 717. Charles invaded Neustria and defeated Chil- perich at Vincy near Cambrai. After forcing his stepmother Plectnidis to hand over to him Cologne, he made a certain Chlothar king, and himself Mayor of the Palace. 718. He defeated Chilperich, aided by Eudo, Duke of Aquitaine, at Soissons. 710. Death of Chlothar IV ; Charles is recognized as Mayor of Neustria and Austrasia, and Chilperich as King of all the Franks. The Arabs take Nar- bonne, the capital of Septimania. Charles defeats the Frisians. 720. He wars against the Saxons. 721. Eudo, Duke of Aquitaine, drives the Arabs from Aquitaine, but they continue to hold Narbonne. ?25. The south of Gaul is invaded by the Arabs, who cross the Rhone, ravage Burgundy, and advance as far as the Vosges. Charles engages in a war with the Bavarians, who had repudiated the Frankish sovereignty. r 14 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. A 728-761 15 The Lombards. 729. Ravenna recovered by the Imperial party. 730. Death of Gregory II, succeeded by Gregory III. 736-7. Liutprand aids Charles Martel to repulse an inroad of Saracens into Provence. 738. Liutprand attacks Rome, and Gregory III in- vokes the aid of Charles Martel. 730. Liutprand makes peace with the Pope. 741. Death of Gregory III. 742. Liutprand makes an arrangement with Pope Zacharias and gives him peace for twenty years. 743. Death of Liutprand. He is succeeded by his nephew Hildebrand, who is deposed the same year. Ratchis, Duke of Friuli, becomes king. 750. Ratchis is succeeded by his brother Aistwulf. 752. Aistwulf takes Ravenna, and threatens Rome; purposes to conquer the whole Peninsula. 753. Pope Stephen II leaves Rome and goes to France in order to invite Pippin into Italy. 754. Pippin comes into Italy and subdues Aistwulf 755-6. Aistwulf attacks Rome, but Pippin again mvades Italy and saves the Pope. 757. Death of Aistwulf, who is succeeded by Desi- derius, Duke of Tuscany, the last Lombard king Desidenus is supported by Pope Stephen IL and his successor Paul. The Eastern Empire. THE ICONOCLAST EMPERORS, 717-802. LEO THE ISAURIAN, 717-740. 717. The Arabs under Moslemah besiege Constantinople by land and sea. 718. The siege is raised, and Christendom saved from the Moslem dan- ger. 725. The Iconoclast strug- gle begins. 732. Leo attempts in vain to conquer Italy. 738. Defeat of the Arabs by Leo in Phrygia. COINTSTANTINE V, COPRONYMUS, 740-775. 742. A rebellion put down. 746-7. Plague in Constan- tinople. 750. Fall of th« Ommey- ades. 750-1. Conquests of Con- stantine in the East. 755-75. Constantine has three wars against the Bulgarians. 756. Spain is separated from the Caliphate of Bagdad. 757. (.Constantine sends presents to Pippin. Abderahman makes Cordova the capital of his kingdom. 761. A Council of 338 Bishops is held at Constantinople. Constantine pro- poses to regain his lost Italian provinces. England. The Franks. IL The Carolings, 752-987. A 743. The English mission- ary Winfrith (Boniface) becomes Archbishop of Mainz, and in 744 founds the Abbey of Fulda. ■ 747. The Council of Clo- vesho effects some re- forms in the English Church. 752. Battle of Burford. Defeat of Ethel bald by Cuthred, King of Wessex. Final division of England into three kingdoms. 756. Deposition of Sige- bert, King of Wessex. 766. The defeat of Ead- berht of Northumbria by the Picts is fol- lowed by fifty years of anarchy and weakness. 757. p^a of Mercia begins his reign. w 4* 728. Charles is occupied with a second war with the Bavarians. 729-30. Charles wars against Eudo, Duke of Aqui- taine, who had allied with the Arabs and declared himself independent Duke of Aquitaine. Charles defeats him. 731-2. Abderrahman, commander of the Caliph's army in Spain, attacks Bordeaux, and defeats near Bordeaux Eudo, who fled to Charles, and allied with him against the Arabs. 732. Battle of Poitiers. The Arabs defeated by a combined force of Neustrians and Austrasians under Charles, and Aquitaine saved. 733-4. The Frisians are decisively beaten by Charles and remain quiet for fifty years. 735. Death of Eudo of Aquitaine, who is succeeded by his son Hunold, who swears fealty to Charles. 736-9. Fresh Arab invasions into Southern Gaul are checked by Charles, who recovers Provence. 738. Charles defeats the Saracens decisively. 739. Charles declines to aid Pope Gregory III against Liutprand. 741. Death of Charles Martel. Before his death he had divided his kingdom between his two sons : Carloman was to have Austrasia.^rhuringia, Swabia ; Pippin Neustria,Burgundy, and Provence! 743. Lyons is devastated by the Arabs. 747. Carloman abdicates after acting vigorously in war and reforming abuses with the aid of Boniface Archbishop of Mainz. ' Pippin becomes Mayor of Austrasia as well as of Neustria. 751. Childerich is deposed by a national council with the approval of the Pope, and Pippin, supported by Boniface of Mainz, is elected king. II. THE CAROLIlSrGS, 752-987. PIPPIN THE SHORT, 762-768. 754. The Pope Stephen II journeys to France, crowns Pippin at Saint Denis, appeals to him for help, and a close alliance is made between the Church and the Franks. Pippin invades Italy at the request of Stephen II (Jul)) and subdues the Lombards. 766. Pippin again subdues the Lombards and gives the Exarchate to the Pope. 759. Pippin conquers Narbonne from the Arabs. 760. Pippin continues to support the Pope Paul I in Italy. ^l i6 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. Z). 760-781 17 The Lombards. The Eastern Empire. England. 762. The capital of the Abbassides is fixed at Bagdad, and Persian influence becomes paramount. 764. Embassy of Constan- tine to Pippin relative to image worship. The Franks. II. The Carolings, 752-987. 760-7. War in Aquitaine, ending in its annexation to the Frankish crown. 768. Death of Pippin ;Sept. 24). CHABIiES THE GREAT, 768-814. 1 Charles the Great Carloman, k. of Austrasia 768-71 I Charles +8n I Pippin, k. of Italy 781-810 Louis the Debonair, k. of Aquitaine 781-S14, Bernard V it 810-18 Emperor 814-840 I 772 The Pope Hadrian refuses to support Desiderms 'acainst Charles the Great, and the Papal territory is ravaged. The Pope appeals to Charles, who on the refusal of Desiderius to restore his con- quests enters Italy and takes Pavia. 773-4 The end of the Lombard dominion over North Italy, which is added to the territories of Charles the Great, and Lombardy is held by the Carolings till 888. 773. Offa regains Essex, Kent, and London. LEO IV, 775-780. 776-8. Leo wars against the Arabs. 780. Leo exiles his wife Irene for her support of the image worship- pers. 779. Offa's Dyke is made to protect the borders from the Welsh. Offa defeats the West Saxons. Married (i) Desiderata, (2) Hildegarde, (3) Fastrada. From 768-71 Charles and his brother Carlo- man ruled jointly. ,■ 769. Charles puts down a revolt in Aquitaine and makes a treaty with the Duke of Bavaria. He marries the daughter of Desiderius, the Lombard king, whom he divorces the next year, and marries Hildegarde, a Swabian. 771. Death of Carloman. 772. The beginning of the conquest of Saxony. 773. Charles invades Lombardy and besieges King Desiderius in Pavia. 774. Charles visits Pope Hadrian in Rome. Fall of Pavia and capture of Desiderius. Charles is proclaimed king in Italy. 775. Expedition of Charles against the Saxons. First conquest of Saxony. 776. Charles again enters Italy and puts down a plot against his authority. Second conquest of Saxony. 777. A great Diet of the Frankish kingdom held at Paderbom. 778. Charles invades Spain and extends his boundary as far as the Ebro. Returning he suffered severe loss at the hands of the Basques in the Pass of Roncesvalles. The death of Roland, Warden of the Breton Marches, was later commemorated in the famous Chanson de Roland. 779. Charles conquers the Saxons for the fourth time. 781. Charles visits Rome. His two sons are crowned by the Pope, one King of Italy, the other King of Aquitaine, i8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 780-808 19 The Lombards. The Eastern Empire. England. CONSTANTINE VI, 780-797. Irene reigned in his name for ten years. 783. The l^mpire buys peace with the Arabs. 785. Council at Nicaea ; restoration of image worship. 786-809. The rule of Haroun - al - Raschid, the most brilliant epoch in the Abbasside his- tory. 791. Constantine, supported by the troops, seizes the power from his mother, Irene, but failed in expeditions against the Bulgarians and Avars. 792. Irene is restored to power. 797. Irene dethrones Con- stantine, who passed the rest of his life in a monastery. IRENE, 797-802. 802. Irene is deposed, and with her ends the Isau- rian rule. NICEPHOKUS I, 802-811. He takes up a mode- rate attitude towards the imnge question. 803. Negotiations with Charles the Great come to nothing. The independence ot Venice is recognized. 807. War between Nice- phorus and Pippin, who threatened Venice and Dalmatia. 783. Offa corresponds with Charles the Great. 786. Arrival of two Papal Legates in England. 787. Egbert, heir to Wes- sex, flies to the court of Charles the Great. Offa establishes an archbishopric at Lich- field. The Northmen make their first attack on England. 789. The Northmen make a raid on Wareham. Adrian I sends two bishops as legates to England. 793. The Northmen sack Lindisfarne. 796. Death of Offa. 802. Egbert becomes King of Wessex. 1 803. Cenwulf, King of Mercia, suppresses the Archbishopric of Lich- field. 806. Eardwulfof Northum- bria flies to Charles the Great atNimeguen. The Franks. II. The Carolings, 752-987. 782-4. The Saxons again rise and defeat a Frankish force, but are thrice overthrown by Charles. 783. Death of Hildegarde. Charles marries Fas- trada. 785. Spain is invaded, and Gerona taken by Charles' third son. Louis. Charles, after the massacre of Verdun (783), when 4.500 Saxons were killed, conquers Saxony for the fifth time, and the Saxon chiefs, Witikind and Alboin, submit and accept Christianity. 788. The Duke of Bavaria submits, but is deposed. 789. Charles makes a successful expedition against the northern Slavs. 792-4. A Saxon rebellion takes place, but is not so serious as the earlier ones. 795. The March of Spain is formed from the newly- won land beyond the Pyrenees, and Barcelona, taken in 797 and again in 801, is added to it. In 809 Tarragona was taken, and Tortosa in 811. 796. Defeat of the Huns. Extension of the Empire to the Drave and Danube. 799. The Northmen make a raid on Aquitaine. Final conquest of the Huns. The Franks, who held Sardinia and Corsica, take the Balearic Islands. 800. Charles is, on Christmas Day, crowned Em- peror of the Romans by Pope Leo III at St. Peter's, The importance of the coronation : — (i) Italy separated herself definitely from the Eastern Empire. (2) The beginning of the idea of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles is compelled to defend his northern borders against the Vikings. 803. Charles proclaimed the complete pacification of Saxony. 804. The last Saxon rebellion. Many Saxon families are transported into Gaul. Death of Alcuin. 805. The Avars submit to Charles and accept Chris- tianity. 805-6. Bohemia is subjugated by Charles, the younger son of Charles the Great. 808. The Vikings invade North Germany. Through Charles' aid, Eardwulf is restored to Northum- bria. C 2 20 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. The Eastern Empire. Lothair, k. of Italy 820; Emperor of the West S40-55 Lewis II, k. of Italy and Emperor S55-75 I I Lothair II, Charles, k. of Lorraine k. of Provence 800-10. A Greek fleet checks Pippin, who had coerced Venice. 811. Nicephorus is slain by the Bulgarians. STAURICIUS, 811. MICHAEL I, 811-813. 812. Peace bet ween Michael and Charles the Great. (i) Charles the Great's title of Emperor is recog- nized. (2) Charles aban- dons Dalmatia. (3) Venice is to pay Charles a yearly tribute. LEO V, 813-820. 814. He defeats the Bul- garians. 816. A Council adheres to the conclusions of the Council of Constanti- nople (753) against the worship of images. 820. Murder of Leo V. Lothair becomes King of Italy. MICHAEL II, 820-829. 825. The Arabs take Crete. 827. The Arabs begin the conquest of Sicily, which takes fifty years. THEOPHILUS, 829-842. 829. He fights against the Abbassides. 832. He issues an edict against the image- worshippers, and per- secutes them. 838. Theophilus suffers a serious defeat from the Saracens. A. D. 809-840 81 England. The Franks. II. The Carolings, 752-987. 810 811. 813. 814 815-23. Egbert conquers the Welsh of Corn- wall. 821. Death of Cenwulf Mercia is torn by civil war. 825. Egbert defeats the Mercians at Ellandun. 828. Egbert conquers Mer- cia. 829. The West Saxon su- premacy begins with the submission of Nor- thumbria to Egbert. I 837-78. The first great struggle between the Danes and Wessex. 838. The danger from the Northmen brings about a close alliance be- tween the Church and State. 839. Death of Egbert. . Godfrid the Viking conquers Frisia. Charles makes preparations at Boulogne against the Northmen. Charles has his son Louis crowned at an Assembly at Aachen, where he signed the treaty with the Emperor Michael. Charles dies, and was buried in the Basilica which he had built at Aachen. LOUIS I (the Debonair), 814-840. Married * Hermengard * Judith I of Bavaria Lothair, Pippin, k. of Lewis Charles the Emperor Aquitaine (the German), (the Bald) I k. of Bavaria Pippin 816. Louis is crowned Emperor at Rheims by Pope Stephen V. 817. An arrangement is come to by which Pippin received Aquitaine, Lewis Bavaria, and Lothair was associated with his father in the government. 819. Death of Hermengard. 823. Birth of Charles (the Bald). 829. Louis determines to create a kingdom for Charles out of the country between the Jura, the Alps, the Rhine, and the Meuse, to be called Alamannia. 829-30, This decision led to a general insurrection of Louis' three sons against Judith. The Emperor was deposed, though the name of emperor was left to him, and the arrangement of 817 was restored, and Judith was sent to a convent. 831-3. Louis, on being with Judith restored, is agnin attacked by his sons. He is deposed, and Judith again sent to a convent. 834. Louis is restored by the German nobles. 837. Louis marches against the Northmen, who had appeared on the Rhine. 838. Death of Pippin. 839. The Emperor makes the Treaty of Worms, leaving Bavaria to Lewis, and dividing the Empire between Lothair and Charles. 840. Death of Louis I, after defeating an attack of his son Lewis and his grandson Pippin. 22 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. LEWIS I (the German), 843-876. Lewis I. I Carloman, k. of Bavaria + 880 Lewis II, k. of Saxony + 882 Charles the Fat, Emperor 876-888 Eastern & Southern Europe. 840. The Arabs are called into South Italy. 842. Death of Theophilus, and accession of Mi- chael. His mother, Theodora, restores the image-worship. MICHAEL III, 842-867. 842. The defeat of the Iconoclasts at Con- stantinople. Fall of Messina before the Arabs. 844. The Emperor Lothair appoints his son Lewis King of Italy (Lewis II). A. D. 840-844 as England. The Franks. II. The Carolings, 752-987. PERIOD OF ANARCHY, 840-843. 841. The Vikings take Rouen for the first time. Battle of Fontanet, which marks the rise of France, Germany, and Italy. Lothair was defeated, and fled to Aachen. Charles and Lewis after the battle took oaths of fidelity to each other. 843. The Vikings take Nantes. Treaty of Verdun. Charles the Great's empire is divided between Charles, who had France, Lewis, who had Ger- many, and Lothair, who had Italy and Lotharir>- gia or Lorraine, with the title of Emperor, his capital being at Aachen. 844. The Vikings advance as far as Toulouse. THE WEST SAXON KINGS. Egbert 802-39 Ethelwulf 839-58 Ethelwulf 858-60 Ethelbeit 860-66 Ethelred 866-71 Alfred 871-901 Edward the Elder 901-25 1 1 Athelstan 825-40 Edmund 940-46 Edred 946-55 Edwy 955-9 Edgar 959-75 Edward the Martyr Ethelred II 975-9 979-1016 I Edmund Ironsides 1016 Edward the Confessor 1042-66 Edmund + 1050 1 Edward +1057 I Edgar Atheling +1120 Margaret = Malcolm Canmore + 1093 + 1093 Matilda = Henry I + 1 1 35 24 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 846-7. Lewis makes two expeditions into Moravia and Bohemia. 847. The Northmen sail up the Elbe to Hamburg, and do much damage. 850. Meeting of Lewis, Lothair, and Charles the Bald at Mersen to renew their resolution to pre- serve peace. 854. Lewis' war with Charles the Bald, during a Viking invasion, is a great blunder. 856. Lewis is defeated by the Slavs. 858. Lewis' invasion of France, during a fresh Viking attack, is another great blunder. 860. Lewis mee^ts the Emperor Lothair II and his son Lewis, King of Italy, at Cobkntz ; they renew their alliance, and the Treaty of Verdun is con- firmed. 861. Rebellion of Lewis' son, Carloman, who rebels again in 863. 862. Lewis fails in an expedition against the Slavs. Rurik and other Vikings from Sweden settle in Russia. [Rurik the ancestor of the Tsars.] 864. Carloman forces Lewis to share his kingdom with him, 865. Lewis divides his kingdom between his sons. To Carloman he gave Bavaria, to Lewis Saxony, to Charles the rest of Germany. 868. A meeting of German bishops is held at Worms, to support Nicholas I against the Greek Church.' 874. Germany suffers from a terrible winter and a famine. 875. Lewis invades France during the absence of Charles the Bald in Italy. 876. On Lewis' death (Aug. 28) his three sons divided his kingdom. Carloman took Bavaria and Carinthia, Lewis Franconia, Thuringia, and Saxony, Charles the rest of Germany which his father had held. Eastern & Southern EuRorE. 840. Pope Leo defeats the Arabs at Ostia, and their fleet is destroyed. 851. Lewis II pacifies South Italy. 853. Lewis II fails to ex- pel the Arabs. 855. Lewis decides be- tween the rival claims of two Popes in favour of Benedict IIL Death of the Em- peror Lothair. His dominions are divided between his sons. 858. Nicholas I becomes Pope. 860. The False Decretals are brought to Rome during the Pontificate of Nicholas I. 863. Death of Charles, King of Provence. His domi- nions divided between Lewis II and Lothairll. 866. Synod of Constanti- nople. Final breach between the Eastern and Western Churches. The Emperor Lewis orders a levh en masse against the Arabs. 867. Basil the Macedonian murders Michael, and becomes Emperor of the East, which his family rule till 1056. BASIL I, 867-886. 860. Death of Lothair II of Lotharingia. 871-2. Lewis defeats the Arabs and recovers Naples, Capua, Saler- no, Benevento, Apulia, and Bari. 875. Death of the Em- peror Lewis II (Aug. 12). The Byzantines conquer South Italy. A.D. 845-876 «5 England. Period of the Danish In- vasions. (1) 787-855. Plunder. (2) 855-807. Settlement. (3) 087-1016. Political Conquest. 851. Ethelwulf defeats the Northmen at Aclea, after they had pillaged London. 853. Ethelwulf defeats the Welsh and conquers Anglesey. 855. The Danes first winter in England and hence- forth begin to settle in the land. 856. Ethelwulf marries Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald. 867-78. A concentrated attack of the Vikings upon England. They conquer East Anglia, Deira, North- ern Mercia, and invade Wcssex. 871. Six great battles are fought between the English and Danes. France. FRANCE. CHARLES THE BALD, 843-877 (the First King of France). Charles the Bald Louis III 879-82 I Carloman 879-84 I Charles the Simple 845. The Vikings take Rouen for the second time, and sack Paris. 847. Edict of Mersen, obliging every man to have a lord. This was rendered necessary owing to the invasions of the Northmen. Charles defeated Pippin of Aquitaine, but the Vikings took Bor- deaux. 850. Pippin of Aquitaine, who had leagued with the Vikings and caused much trouble, is captured and imprisoned. 852. Charles and the Emperor Lothair unite against the Northmen, but Charles makes terms with them. 853-4. War between Charles and Lewis, King of Germany. Orleans defends itself against the Northmen. 856. Visit of Ethelwulf to the Frankish Court. 857. Charles and Lothair II of Lotharingia unite against the Vikings, who had burnt Paris, but their operations are ruined by the invasion of Lewis, King of Germany, in 858. 860. Peace is made between Charles and Lewis. 804. Edict of Bistres. Cavalry and fortifications are to be used for combating the Vikings. 860. Charles goes to Metz in order to seize Lothar- ingia. 870. The possessions of Lothair II of Lotharingia, who died in 869, are divided at Mersen (Aug. 9). Charles took Western Austrasia and the Bur- gundian portion ; Lewis, King of Germany, took Eastern Austrasia and Frisia. 875. On the death of Lewis II, the Emperor and King of Italy (son of the Emperor Lothair), Charles got himself crowned Emperor by the Pope, John VIII (Dec). Having been crowned king at Pavia, he attempts to seize Lotharingia, but is driven back. 876. First settlement of the Northmen in France. 26 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. [N.B. The names of the successive Emperors are printed in this column in large type.] CHAKIiES THE FAT, 876-888 (Emperor 880-888). 880. On the death of his brother Carloman, Charles and Lewis divide his German possessions, and Charles becomes King of Italy, and Emperor in 884. A great invasion of the Northmen takes place, and they defeat the Germans and invade Austrasia. Charles and Lewis make a joint ex- pedition against Boso of Provence, which fails. 881-2. A Danish invasion of Austrasia ; Maestricht, Liege, Cologne, and Bonn are burnt, Aachen is sacked. Charles makes the Treaty of Elslov with the Danes. 882. Death of Lewis, King of Saxony (January 20). Charles now recovers the rest of Germany — Saxony, Bavaria, and Franconia. But Germany remains in a chaotic condition ; the Elbe be- comes the boundary of Charles' kingdom ; the Slavs refuse to pay tribute ; the Danes remain in the land. 885. Charles, on the death of Carloman of France, reunites almost all the empire of Charles the Great, and is recognized at the assembly of Ponthieu as King of the Western Franks (June). 887. Arnulf, the Duke of Carinthia, an illegitimate son of Carloman of Bavaria, raises a rebellion, and Charles is dethroned by an Assembly held at Tribur, The final dismemberment of the Caroling Empire now takes place, and Arnulf received the kingdom held formerly by Lewis the German. Eastern & Southern Europe. 877. The Arabs take Sy- racuse. On the death of Charles the Bald Carloman is crowned King of Italy at Pavia. A,D. 877-888 *7 England. 880. Death of Carloman, King of Italy. The Moors are es- tablished on the Gari- gliano. Foundation of the kingdom of Na- varre. 881. Death of John VIII. 878. Alfred defeats the Danes at Ethandun. 870. A treaty is made at Chippenham known as the Peace of Wedmore. The boundary between the Danes and Wessex should be * Upon the Thames, and then upon the Lea, and along the Lea unto its source ; then right to Bedford, then upon the Ouse to Watling Street.* France. Alfred's Children. Alfred I 877. Edict of Kiersy enacts that if a count should die in Italy his sons should inherit his benefices. This is important as proving that the hereditary principle was already in force. Charles, having attempted to assert imperial rights over Lothar- ingia, advances into Lombardy, but dies while returning to France (Oct.). LOUIS II (the Stammerer), 877-879. He renewed the treaty of Mersen and opposed the Northmen. LOUIS III, 879-882, and CARLOMAlSr, 879-884. Louis ruled the north and Carloman the south of France. 879. Boso, husband of Hermengarde, daughter of the Emperor Lewis II, becomes King of Aries or Lower Burgundy, or Provence, and Hugh, son of Lothair II, attempts to seize Lotharingia. Lewis, King of Saxony, invades France and obtains Western Austrasia. Edward the Elder Ethelward Ethelflseda, Lady of the Mercians = Ethelred of Mercia Elfthryth = Baldwin, Count of Flanders I Ethelgifu, Abbess of Shaftesbury LEO VI, 886-912. 888. Lombardy ceases to be held by the de- scendants of Charles the Great. i 885. The Welsh kings and princes make an al- liance with Alfred against the Danes. 886. Alfred occupies and fortifies London, which is placed in the hands of Ethelred of Mercia. 881. Louis defeated the Northmen at Sancourt (Aug. 30) with great loss. They leave France and attack Germany. 882. Louis III dies (Aug. 4), and Carloman is left in possession of all France. 882-3. Invasion of the Northmen, who are bought off by Carloman. 884. On Carloman 's death (Dec. 6), the W^est Franks elect the Emperor Charles the Fat (June, 885). CHARLES THE FAT, THE EMPEROR, King of France, 884-888. 885. The great siege of Paris by the Northmen (Nov. 885-Oct. 886). Count Odo of Paris defends the city. Charles the Fat shows cowardice and buys off the besiegers. 887. Death of Boso, King of Aries, who is succeeded by his son Louis. 888. Death of Charles the Fat. The kingdoms of the East and West Franks are never again united. •8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 888-918 99 Germany. ARNUIiF, 888-899. 891. Amulf defeats the Northmen at the battle of Lou vain (Nov.). 893. Arnulf fails against the Moravians, and calls to his assistance the Magyars, who later invade Italy, France, and Germany. He makes his bastard son Zwentibold king in Lotharingia. 894-5. Arnulf takes Rome, overthrows the party of Wido, and becomes King of Italy. 896. Arnulf is crowned Emperor at Rome (Feb.), and defends the Pope Formosus against Lambert of Spoleto, son of Wido. 898. Arnulf successfully defends Lotharingia against Charles the Simple. 899. Death of Arnulf, leaving a son, Lewis, aged six. LEWIS III (the Child), 899-911. He is supported by Hatto, Archbishop of Mainz, and by the clergy, but the royal power only exists in name, owing to the attacks of the Northmen, Wends, and Hungarians, and to family feuds and civil wars. Lotharingia, on the death of Zwentibold, reverts to Germany. 906. The Hungarians penetrate to the Elbe. The Conradin family become dominant in Franconia. 907. The Hungarians invade Bavaria. Arnulf, son of Liutpold, Margrave of Bavaria, who was killed in 907, founds a new dynasty in Bavaria. G09. The Hungarians take Swabia. 910. Lewis and his army are defeated at Augsburg by the Hungarians, and forced to pay tribute. 911. Death of the Margrave of Swabia, Duke of Ala- mannia. He is succeeded by the Count Er- changer. Rainier becomes Duke of Lotharingia, and connects himself with France. CONRAD I (of Franconia), 911-918. 913-17. The Hungarians invade Germany as far as the Rhine. 916. The Church, at the Synod of Hohensaltheim, denounces the revolted nobles, who are supreme in Swabia and Saxony. 818, After failing in his attacks on Henry of Saxony, Conrad names him his successor, and the work of uniting Germany is undertaken by the strong ruler of the Great Saxon Duchy. Eastern & Southern Europe. 888-97. The Moors settle on the coast of Pro- vence and make incur- sions into the Rhone valley. 890. The seat of the Greek power in Italy is fixed at Bari. 801. Struggle between Be- rengar and Wido — descendants of the Caroling emperors — for Italy, ending in the proclamation of Wido as emperor and king of Italy (Feb. 21). 894. Death of Wido. 896. Stephen VI, a sup- porter of the Lambert faction, is elected Pope. The Magyars occupy Hungary. 899. The Hungarians in- vade Italy. 900. Louis of Provence is crowned Emperor by Benedict IV, but Be- rengar makes himself sole king in Italy. 904. The beginning of the famous influence of Theodora and of her daughter Marozia at Rome. 905. Berengar puts out the eyes of Louis of Pro- vence, and sends him back to Provence. 907. The Russians ravage Thrace. Marozia marries : (i) Alberic. (2) Wido of Tuscany, (3) Hugh of Provence. CONSTANTINE VH (Porphrogenitus), 912-958. 914-28. John X and Alberic are supreme at Rome. a^" 1, England. 893-7. Alfred wars against the Danes, who, under Hastings, had sailed up the Thames in 893 and invaded England. 897. The Danes, again at- tacking London, are defeated, and the war ends. 901. Alfred dies, and is succeeded by his son Edward the Elder. 907. Ethelflseda, the Lady of the Mercians, forti- fies Chester, France. ODO, Count of Paris, 888-898. 888, Odo defeats the Danes in Champagne. 890. Louis, son of Boso, is recognized as King of Aries, and Rudolf the Guelf as King of Burgundy (Franche Comte and Western Switzerland). Third siege of Paris by the Danes. Odo buys them off. 892. Odo defeats the Danes utterly. 893-8. Civil war rages between Odo and Charles the Simple, son of Louis the Stammerer, aided by the great nobles of France. 898. On Odo's death his brother Robert makes peace with Charles, receiving the * Duchy of France.' CHARLES THE SIMPLE, 898-929. Charles the Simple 898-929 Louis d'Outremer 936-54 012. Edward the Elder re- takes London. Lothair 954-86 Charles, Duke of Lorraine I Louis 986-7 909, Foundation of the Monastery of Cluny by William, Duke of Aquitaine. 911. Treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte with Rollo the Northman, who was baptized and received the lands known later as the Duchy of Normandy. On the death of Lewis the Child, Charles is elected king of Lotharingia (912). 30 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 919-946 31 Germany. THE SAXON KINGS, 919-1024. HENRY I (the Fowler), 918-936. 919. He is recognized as king by the Saxons at PVitzlar. 919-21. Menry enforces the submission of the other German tribes. 921. He allies with Charles the Simple at Bonn, and in 923 intervenes in Lorraine. 924. Henry makes a nine years' truce with the Hun- garians, while he prepares to subdue them. 928. Henry captures Brannebor (now Brandenburg) and sets up a Margrave to keep order among the Wends. 933. The Hungarians defeated near Merseburg by Henry. 934. Henry utterly defeats the Northmen under King Gorm. 935. Henry reconciles Rudolf, King of France, and Herbert of Vermandois. Rheims remains in the hands of the French king. 936. He designates Otto as his successor. OTTO I (the Great), 936-973. Married (1) Eadgyth, d. of Edward the Elder. (2) Adelaide, d. of Rudolf, King of Burgundy. The House of Saxony attains the height of its prosperity. 937-41. Family struggles with his brothers Tancmar and Henry, during which Otto conquers Lorraine, 939. In 941 he was reconciled to his brother Henry at Frankfort. 937. An Hungarian invasion ; it fails owing to Otto's energy. 939. Death of Gilbert of Lorraine. Otto recovers almost all Lorraine. 942. When peace was made with Louis of France, Otto kept Lorraine. 944. Great defeat of the Hungarians at Wels by the Bavarians. 944-7. By the marriages of his daughters to the Dukes of Franconia and Lorraine, Otto strengthens the House of Saxony. 946. Otto makes an expedition into France on behalf of Louis IV, takes Rheims and Laon, and ad- vances as far as Normandy. The expedition fails, and Otto retires. Bishoprics founded at Olden- burg and at Havelberg. Eastern & Southern Europe. 915. Berengar is crowned emperor by John X. 916. John X forms a League to overthrow the Moors in South Italy ; the League in- cluded Berengar, the Greek Emperor, Con- stantine Porphrogeni- tus, and the Princes of the South. 924. About this time the Hungarians, invited by Berengar, again ravage Italy. Death of Berengar, Emperor and King of Italy. 926. Hucfh of Provence was recognized as King of Italy by John X. 932. He married Marozia (3), and was driven from Rome by Alberic, a son of Marozia, but ruled over the rest of Italy till 946. Another son of Marozia became Pope as John XI in 931. 938-9. The H are in Italy laged as far ventum. 941. A Russian defeated by zantine fleet. 942. About this Hungarian ceases in the Italy. ungarians and pil- as Bene- raid is the By- time the invasion centre of England. 918-22. Edward the Elder incorporates all Mercia with Wessex. 921. East Anglia is defi- nitely incorporated with Wessex. 922. The North Welsh accept Edward as their lord. 924. Edward is called * King ofthe English,' and the North submits to him. 925. Athelstan becomes king, and his reign sees numerous marriage al- liances with foieign countries, notably with Otto the Saxon, Hugh, Duke of the French, Louis, King of Aries, Charles the Simple. 926. On the death of Sihtric, Athelstan be- comes King of the Northumbrians, 934. Athelstan marches to the North to check disturbances, the work of Constantine, King of the Scots, and Anlaff, the son of Sihtric. 936. Louis IV returns to France with English aid. 937. At Brunanburh Athelstan defeats a coalition of his foes. 940. Edmund succeeds Athelstan as king, 942. Final incorporation of Danish Mercia. France. 920, Assembly at Soissons. Charles is openly aban- doned, 922. Robert, brother of Odo, chases Charles from Laon and assumes the crown. He is crowned at Sens by the Archbishop of Sens. Charles flies to Lorraine, where there was a strong Carolingian feeling. 923. Robert is killed in a battle at Soissons, and is succeeded in his possessions by his son Hugh, and as king by his brother-in-law Rudolf of Burgundy. Charles is captured and imprisoned in the Castle of Peronne by Herbert of Vermandois. 929. Death of Charles the Simple. His son Louis escapes with his mother to England. RUDOLF (Duke of Burgundy), 929-936. 930. Defeats the Aquilainians and the Normans of Nantes, and opposes Herbert of Vermandois, who held Rheims. 931. Death of Rollo the Norman. Alan of Brittany returns from the English Court. 932-3. William Longsword obtains from Rudolf the confirmation of his possession of Brittany and then crushes a revolt of the Normans. I i^ 945. Edmund conquers Strathclyde and gives it to Malcolm, King of the Scots, on military tenure. 946. Edred succeeds Ed- mund, and the Scots renew their oaths. LOUIS IV (d'Outremer), 936-954. Married Gerberga, sister of Otto I. He owed his accession to Hugh the Great, now Duke ofthe French. 936. The Hungarians penetrate into Aquitaine. 938-9. Louis supported by Athelstan and by Gilbert of Lorraine begins to oppose William Longsword. 940. German invasion ; Otto besieged Louis in Laon, whence the latter fled to Aquitaine and wandered about seeking help. 942, The Pope Stephen IX interposes in behalf of Louis, who is recognized as king by all, and a General Peace is made. Louis holds Laon, but not Rheims. Louis fails to conquer Normandy after the murder of William Longsword, and is captured by the Normans and then by Hugh the Great. Death of Herbert of Vermandois and break-up of his house. 943-4. Joint expeditions of Louis and Hugh against the Normans. Louis enters Rouen. 945. Hugh revolts, and Louis, having been captured by Harold of Denmark, is rescued by Hugh and remains his prisoner. 946. Hugh the Great forces him to cede Laon. Louis liberated makes an alliance with Otto the Great. 33 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 947-969 33 Germany. 847. His son Liudolf marries the daughter of the Duke of Svvabia and becomes Duke in 950. 947-50. Henry, Duke of Bavaria (Otto's brother), drove back the Hungarians. 849. At Aachen, at the festival of Easter, Ambassadors from Italy, England, and Constantinople are present. 950. Otto brings about peace between Louis of France and Hugh. 951. Otto goes to Italy and compels Berengar to become his man. 955. Otto won a great battle at Augsburg over the Hungarians, who had taken advantage of a quarrel between him and his son Liudolf and his son-in- law Conrad to invade Germany, and also defeated the Slavs, whom he had already beaten in 950. 962. Otto is crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope John XII, and henceforward the Empire was always held by a German king. 963. Otto returned to Rome, but John XII, who had conspired against Otto, fled. Leo VIII is made Pope. 964. Otto goes to Rome, restores Leo VIII, and carries off Benedict V. 965. Otto defeats and drives Harold Blue Tooth out of Saxony. 966. Again Otto goes to Rome to support John XIII, who makes Magdeburg into an archiepiscopal see. ^ ^ 968. An Embassy sent to Constantinople to ask for the hand of Theophano for Otto's son. Eastern & Southern Europe. 947-50. The Hungarians were again in Italy and took Aquitaine. 950. Berengar, Marquis of Ivrea, after expelling King Hugh, becomes with his own son Adalbert King of Italy. 951. The Saracen powerbe- ginsdefinitcly to decay. 953. Alberic died, and his son succeeded him in Rome. 955. Alberic's son becomes Pope John XII. ROMANUS II, 958-963. 961. Conquest of Crete by Niccphorus the Byzan- tine general. Death of Abd-er- Rahman, who had restored the unity of Mohammedan Spain. 962. Byzantine successes in Asia Minor. BASIL II, 963-1025. Co-regent Emperors : NICEPHORUS II (Phocas). JOHW I (Zimisces). 964. John XII returns to Rome and drives out Leo VHI. On John's death Benedict V is elected Pope. 964-6. Continued successes in Asia Minor of Nicc- phorus. Conquest of Cyprus. 965. Death of Leo Vm. 969. Murder of Nicephorus by John Zimisces, who becomes co-regent Em- peror. ■*Ji England. vf" i #1 954. The incorporation of Northumbria finally takes place. It is made into an Earldom. 055. Ed wy succeeds Edred. France. 947. Louis fails to recover Rheims. 948. Council at Ingethum to decide between Louis and Hugh, at which were present the Emperor and the Papal Legate. The enemies of Louis are excommunicated, and Otto takes Conrad, King of Aries, under his protection. 948-50. A short war. Louis recovers Laon. 950. Peace is made. Hugh becomes again Louis* vassaL 956. Banishment of Dun- stan. 959. Edgar becomes King of England. Dunstan is made Archbishop of Canterbury and con- tinues the work of Archbishop Odo (942-59). 966. Edgar gives Lothian to Kenneth, King of the Scots, to be held by him as his man. LOTHAIR, 954-986. Gerberga, Lothair's mother, places herself and her sons under the protection of Otto I, and during Lothair's minority governs. 956. Death of Hugh the Great, Duke of Paris, who is succeeded by his son Hugh Capet, during whose minority Hedwiga his mother governs. 957. Quarrel between Lothair and Hugh Capet. 060. Lothair attacks Normandy, and Duke Richard does homage to Hugh Capet for Normandy. 963. Harold Blue Tooth aids Richard of Normandy. 965. Lothair attacks Flanders on the death of Arnulf Death of Bruno, who for nine years had been prac- tically regent of France. 967. After some expeditions against the nobles in Aquitaine, Hugh Capet married Adelaide of Poitou. D 34 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 969-996 35 Germany. 072. The marriage of Otto's son to Theophano takes place at Rome, and Otto makes Benedict VI Pope. 072. Otto returns from his last expedition to Italy, which had lasted from 966. OTTO II, 973-983. Married Theophano, daughter of the Emperor Romanus II. 976. A Bishopric is founded at Prague by Boteslavv II. 978. Otto drove back Lothair of France and Hugh the Great, who tried to take Lorraine. 978. Submission of Bavaria, Bohemia, and Carinthia. 980. Otto went to Italy, but failed to conquer Southern Italy. 982. He is defeated by an army of Saracens in the pay of the Greeks (July 13). He then called a Diet at Verona, prepared a new expedition, and died (Dec. 983). OTTO III, 983-1002, O.S.P. 983. Henry of Bavaria seizes Otto, attempts to be- come king, negotiates with Lothair, King of France, and secures the adhesion of Bohemia and Poland. 984. The opposition of Saxony, of Franconia, and of the Archbishop of Mainz forces Henry to submit (June\ and Otto is restored to Theophano, who acted as Regent during his minority. 986. Death of Harold Blue Tooth. 988. Theophano goes to Rome and conducts the government of Italy. 991. Death of Theophano at Nimeguen. Adelaide, grandmother of Otto, aided by the Archbishop of Mainz, carries on the government. 994. Conversion of Hungary. 996. Peace is made with the Wends. Otto visits Rome with an army, exiles Crescen- tius, makes his cousin Bruno Pope as Gregory V, and is crowned Emperor (May 21). Otto returns to Germany, and is visited by Gerbert. Eastern & Southern Europe. England. 969-70. Otto failed to take from the Eastern Em- perors their possessions in South Italy- Under Basil II (969-1075) the Eastern Empire is at the height of its power. 970-1. John Zimisces de- feats the Russians under Swiatoslaf in two great battles. 976. The Emir of Sicily invades Southern Italy. Death of John Zimisces. 983. Otto II gives Gerbert the Abbey of Bobbio in Italy, where he remains one year. 984. Boniface VH, the Anti-Pope, returns to Rome and dies. John XIV is mur- dered. 985. Death of Boniface vin. John XV becomes Pope. One Crescentius be- comes Patrician of Rome. 987. John XV is driven from Rome by Crescen- tius, but, protected by the Duke of Tuscany, is restored. 988. The Russians seize Cherson, but restore it. 989. The Empress Theo- phano suppresses se- ditions in Rome and restores the authority of Otto III. 996. Gregory from Pavia excommunicates Cres- centius, who had driven him from Rome and made John XVI Pope. I i 972. Oswald, a Dane, is made Archbishop of York. The Scots re- peat their oaths of fealty to Edgar. 973. Edgar is crowned at Bath by both Arch- bishops, thus English unity is enunciated. 975. Death of Edgar, ' the evil days begin at once.' Edward succeeds Edgar. 979. Death of Edward ; accession of Ethelred II (the Unready). 980. The Danes and Norwegians invade England. 985. Ethelred II begins to quarrel with his eal- dormen. 987. Danish invasions be- gin again. France. 988. Death of Dunstan. Renewal of the raids of the Northmen. 991. Battle of Maldon. The Ealdorman Brith- noth is killed. 994. Olaf of Norway and Swevn of Denmark invade England and attack London. Ethel- red makes a treaty with them. 972. Gerbert is placed by Adalberon at the head of the Bishop's School at Rheims. 977. Lothair alienates Adalbert, Archbishop of Rheims. 978. Lothair provokes the hostility of Otto II by invading Germany. Otto drove him back and advanced almost as far as Paris. 980. Peace is made with Otto. 984. Gerbert returns to Rheims. 985. After placing his brother Charles over part of Lotharingia, Lothair tries to seize the other part, but only succeeded in taking Verdun. * Lothair was only King of France in name, while the real king was Hugh ' (Gerbert). LOUIS V, 986-987. 986. Crowned at Rheims by Adalberon, Archbishop of Rheims. 987. Louis begins to interfere in the intrigues of Adalberon with Otto III, but dies May 26, 987. HUGH CAPET, 987-996. Married (i) Adelaide, d. of the Duke of Aquitaine. (2) Blanche, d, of Louis V. 987. To strengthen his position, he had his son Robert crowned as joint king (Dec. 25). (This custom continues to the time of Philip Augustus, 11 80.) 988. Quarrel between Hugh and Charles of Lorraine. Baldwin IV becomes Count of Flanders. 991. The French bishops, at the instigation of Hugh, depose Archbishop Arnulf in favour of Gerbert Quiy). Capture of Charles of Lorraine by Hugh. 994. Hugh maintains Gerbert a Rheims in oppo- sition to the Pope. 995. After a long contest with the Pope, John XV, who oi)posed the deposition of Arnulf and de- posed Gerbert (July), Hugh ceases to support Gerbert, who fled to the Emperor Otto HI. The French kingdom proves too weak to resist the Pope. 096. Death of Hugh Capet (Oct. 24). D2 36 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 997-1014 37 Germany. 997. Death of Adalbert, Archbishop of Magdeburg, who had spread Christianity among the Slavs and Hungarians. 998. Otto makes an expedition to Rome (Feb.\ Crescentius is beheaded, John XVI imprisoned, and Gregory is restored. 999. On the death of Gregory, Otto makes Gerbert Pope as Sylvester II. 1000. Hungary becomes a kingdom under St. Stephen. Otto visits the tomb of Charles the Great at Aachen. 1001. Otto journeys for the third time to Rome, pro- posing to live there. 1002. Owing to a revolt he quits Rome, died at Palermo (Jan.), and was buried at Aachen. Henry of Bavaria is elected Emperor at Mainz (June). HENRY II, 1002-1024 (Duke of Bavaria, descendant of Otto I). Married Cunigunda. 1002. Submission of Hermann of Svvabia. 1003-17. Wars with Poland, the kingdom of which is founded by Boleslaw Chrobry, Henry is not very successful. 1004. He overthrows Ardoin, is crowned King of Italy at Pavia. and supports Benedict VIII against the family of Crescentius. 1005. Henry proclaims a General Peace at Zurich, and again in 1012 at Merseburg. Henry makes the Peace of Bautzen with Boles- law. 1006-7. The Count of Flanders heads a revolt against Henry. 1007. Creation of the bishopric of Bamberg to effect the conversion of the Slavs. 1007-17. A League, composed of the Count of Luxemburg, the Duke of Bavaria, the Archbishop of Mainz, acts against Henry, and illustrates the general spirit of rebellion and independence. 1013. After two expeditions against Poland in 1007 and 1009, Henry makes another peace with Boles- law. 1014. Henry is crowned Emperor at Rome (Feb. 14), and Ardoin submits. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1000-2. Sylvester II at- tempts to strengthen the Papal authority and to reform the episcopacy, but Otto's death ruins hisproects. 1002. Ardoin, Marquis of Ivrea, is crowned King of Italy at Pavia (Feb.), and at Rome a son of Crescentius becomes Patrician. Basil II conquers Bul- garia as far as the Danube. The Arabs take Sar- dinia. 1012. The Counts of Tus- culum become all- powerful in Rome, and one of the family be- comes Benedict VIII, and his brother be- comes Senator of Rome. 1014. Conquest of Bulgaria by Basil, and death of Samuel, King of Bul- garia. % I England. France. KOBERT II, 996-1031. Married (i) Rosalia, d. of Berengar, King of Italy (widow of Arnulf, Count of Flanders). (2) Bertha, d. of Conrad, King of Aries (widow of Odo, Count of Blois). (3) Constance, d. of ^Villiam I, Count of Aries. Hugh. Odo. THE DANISH KINGS OF ENGLAND. Harold Blue Tooth + 985 I Henry. Swey +1014, k. of Denmark Olaf Tryggvesen, k. of Norway i^lgifu ^ = Canute 1016-38 = Emma' Harold I, Hardicanute, 1035-40 1040-2 997-9. Renewed Danish raids rouse Ethelred, who pursues the Northmen across the Channel. 1002. Ethelred marries Emma, daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandv. Massacie of vSt. Brice's Day. 1003. Svveyn invades Eng- land. Ethelred flies to Normandy. 1004-13. Continual strug- gle between theEngliish and Danes. 1014. Death of Sweyn (Feb. 3,. The Northmen are defeated at Clontarf by Brian Boru (April 23)- Ethelred drives out Canute. Gyda = Henry HI, Emperor. 996-7. A rising of the servile population in Nor- mandy is put down by the Norman nobles; it proves the severe feudal tyranny of the Norman lords. 998. Robert is compelled by a Papal order to sepa- rate from Bertha, though he attempted to pro- pitiate the Pope by restoring Arnulf to Rheims. 1000. The end of the world was expected. A great reli<:ious revival sets in, which led to the Cru- sades. 1002. Robert inherits the duchy of Burgundy, and, aided by Richard of Normandy, undertook two expeditions against Otto William, son of the Lombard Prince Adalbert, who had seized it. 1013. Richard of Normandy receives Ethelred II and his queen. 38 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1015. War with Poland begins again. 1016-23. Henry fails to secure Jiurgundy. 1018. A peace favourable to Boleslaw is made at Baulzen. 1020. The Pope visits the Emperor at Bamberg. 1021. Henry fights against the Greeks in the south of Italy. 1023. Henry has an interview with Robert H of France at Ivry, to concert measures for securing peace in their respective countries. The Archbishop of Mainz at Seligenstadt opposes reform on the Cluny principles. 1024. Death of the Emperor and Pope. CONRAD II, 1024-1039 (First of the Franconian Emperors). Married Gisela, d. of Hermann H, Duke of Svvabia. 1026. Conrad is crowned King of Italy at Milan, and restores order. 1027. Conrad is crowned Emperor at Rome (March), and at his coronation Canute of England and Rudolf III of Burgundy were present. He re- ceives the homage of the Princes of Beneventum, Salerno, and Capua. He makes himself the pro- tector of the lesser nobles. 1080. Ernest of Swabia, who tried to raise a rebellion in Germany, fails and dies. 1031. Poland, now weak under Mieczislaw, is obliged to make peace with Conrad and to give up Lusi- tania. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1033. Conrad is crowned King of Burgundy (which did not include the Duchy of Burgundy) on the death of its last king Rudolf, and so the kingdom of Burgundy was united to the Empire. 1033-4. The Burgundian nobles in vain oppose Con- rad in Burgundy. 1037-8. Conrad makes an expedition to Italy, is op- posed at Milan, pillages Pavia, and restores Benedict IX. 1037. Conrad's Edict is issued decreeing that fief- holders should not lose their lands except by the judgement of their peers. 1038. St. Stephen of Hungary is succeeded by Abo, Peter, the legal heir, being driven to Henry Ill's court. 1039. Death ol Conrad (June 4). 1016. The Normans land at Salerno, Pisa, and Genoa, and the Pope and Arabs defeat and expel them from Sar- dinia. 1018. Completion of the conquest of Bulgaria. 1019. The Greeks defeat the Normans in South Italy. 1021. The Pope enlists the Normans in his cause in South Italy. 1021-2. Basil's campaigns against the Armenians. 1025. Basil II prepares to restore the Byzantine power in the South of Italy and in Sicily. CONSTANTINE VIII, 1025-1028. ROMANUS III, 1028-1034. 1028. On the death of Benedict VIII his bro- ther, the Senator of Rome, makes himself Pope as John XIX. 1030. The Seljuks began to make aggressions in Asia Minor. 1031. With the death of Hisham III ends the Ommeyad dynasty,and the states of Castile and Aragon are formed. 1033. On the death of John XIX another of the Tusculum family be- comes Pope as Benedict IX. MICHAEL IV, 1034-1042. 1038. The Normans are established in Apulia. 1 A.D, IO15-1040 39 I England. 1015. Canute receives the submission of Wessex. 1016. DeathofEthelredll. Battle of Assandun, defeat of the English, and partition of Eng- land at Olney between Canute and Edmund Ironsides. 1017-35. Canute is King of England. 1017. Canute divides Eng- land into four Earl- doms. He marries Emma. 1020. Canute makes God- win Earl of Wessex. 1025. Canute goes to Den- mark : he is defeated by the Swedes. 1027. Canute goes to Rome. 1028. Canute conquers Norway. 1031. Malcolm of Scotland does homage for Lo- thian. 1035. Death of Canute, and after a short time Harold his son is re- cognized as king of the whole country. France. 1015-16. Robert is successful in his struggle to retain Burgundy. 1017. Robert has his son Hugh crowned. 1040. Hardicanute ceeds Harold. suc- 1024. Robert, if he had wished, could have been elected King of Italy as successor of Ardoin, as the Lombard lords did not wish for Conrad II. 1025. Death of Robert's eldest son, Hugh. 1027. Death of Richard II (the Good) of Normandy. Robert's second son, Henry, is crowned as joint king. 1028. Robert the Devil succeeds in Normandy after the death of his brother Richard. 1031. Death of William of Aquitaine, one of the greatest French princes, and death of Robert II. An attempt is made in Aquitaine to bring about a general cessation of wars. HEWRY I, 1031-1060. Married (i) Matilda, d. of the Emperor Conrad. (2) Anne, d. of Jaroslaf, Duke of Russia. 1031-2. Wars between Henry and his brother Robert supported by Constance and several barons. Henry, aided by the Normans, defeats this coalition, and Constance dies in 1032. 1035. Robert (the Devil) of Normandy, on his way to Jerusalem, dies in Asia Minor, and the Norman Barons refuse to recognize his son William. 1036. The * Peace of God ' is proclaimed, and recog- nized only in Southern and Eastern France. 40 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. IO4I-IO53 41 Germany. HENRY III, 1039-1056. Married (i) Gunhild, d. of Canute (died 1038). (2) Agnes, d. of William, Count of Poitiers. He had been crowned King of Germany and Bur- gundy during Conrad's lifetime. 1041. Henry forces the Duke of Bohemia to submit and do homcige. Casimir, the exiled duke, returns to Poland. The Truce of God is proclaimed. 1043. A General Peace is proclaimed, and private war is checked. The Hungarians make peace. 1044. The Hungarians are defeated, and in 1057 they are again subdued. Henry wins a decisive battle against Hungary. Peter is restored, to be again driven out later. 1046. Henry is crowned Emj)eror by Clement II, a German, whom he had made Pope after deposin" three rival Popes at the Synods of Sutri and Rome. Halinard, the new Archbishop of Lyons, re- fuses to take the feudal oath of fealty to Henry. This marks the beginning of the struggle between the Empire and the Papacy. Henry overcomes Godfrey, who claimed all Lorraine. Godfrey is given Ui->per Lorraine. 1047. Plenry re-establishes the ancient duchies, givin" Caiinthia to the Guelfs, Bavaria to Conrad the Palatine, Swabia to Otto of Bamberg. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1048. Henry III nominates Bruno, the Bishop ol Toul, Pope, as Leo IX, who was advised by Hildebrand. 1049. Pope Leo visits Germany and consecrates churches and cathedrals. Henry calls upon Den- mark and England to aid him against Godfrey of Lorraine, who opposed Henry's plan of dividing the duchy. Godfrey loses his duchy. 1050. Birth of Henry's son, afterwards Henry IV. 1051. Llenry makes an unsuccessful expedition against the Hungarians, who, under Andrew, destroy the influence of the Emperor in Hungary. 1052. ' The great and the small peopk murmured more and more against the Emperor.' 1053. Henry's son is elected and crowned Emperor at Tribur. 1041. The Normans de- feat the Greeks at Ve- nosa and at Cannae. MICHAEL V, 1042. 1042. Michael is deposed by his wife Zoe. CONSTANTINE IX, 1042-1055. 1043. The Russians make an unsuccessful expe- dition against Con- stantinople. 1045-6. Anarchy in Rome, where three Popes struggle. The Roman clergy call in Henry HI. 1046. Clement II is con- secrated (Dec. 25.) 1040-54. Leo IX Pope. 1048. The Seljuk Turks ravage the Armenian frontier. 1050. Under Togrul Beg, the Seljuks advance to Bagdad. The con- version of Hungary is completed. 1051. The Normans defeat the Pope at the battle of Civitella. 1053. The Pope grants the Normans Beneventum. England. 1042-66. Edward the Con- fessor succeeds Hardi- canute. 1044. Robert of Jumieges, a Norman, is made Bishfip of London. 1045. The king marries Edgitha, Godwin's daughter. 1046. Sweyn, son of Godwin, ravages South Wales. France. 1047. Sweyn flies to Bruges. \'^. 1349. Edward assembles a fleet to aid Henry HI against the Count of Elanders. 1050. Sweyn is outlawed. 1051. Kobert of Jumieges is made Archbishop of Canterbury. The men of Dover attack Eustace of Bou- logne. Banishment of Godwin and Harold. William of Normandy visits England. 1053. Godwin dies and is succeeded by Harold. 1041. The ' Peace of God ' proving ineffectual, the 'Truce of God* was proclaimed, and its pro- visions were effectual in checking the evils of feudalism. 1044. Geoffrey of Anjou captures Tours, 1047. With the aid of the French, William the Nor- man defeats a rebellion in Normandy at the battle of Val-es-dunes. This is the last occasion on which Normans and French act together. 1048. William the Norman defeats Geoffrey of Anjou, and takes Dom front and Akn^on. 1049. Leo IX holds a Council at Rheims, and begins a movement against simony and the marriage of the clergy. 1051. Henry marries Anne of Russia. r i, 42 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1054. Henry makes Gebhard, Bishop of Eichstadt, Pope as Victor II, He, too, was influenced by Hildebrand. Godfrey of Lorraine marries Bea- trice, widow of the Marquis of Tuscany, and becomes a dangerous enemy to Henry. After two unsuccessful campaigns in Hungary, Henry makes peace. 1055. Henry follows Victor into Lombardy, but is recalled to Germany by disorders there. 1056. He has a conference at Ivoix with the King of France. HENRY IV, 1056-llOe. Married (i) Bertha, daughter of the Marquess of Susa. (2) Adelaide, a Russian princess. The Empress Agnes, aided by Henry, Bishop of Augsburg, governs at first. 1060. The Lateran Council of 1059 alienates Ger- many, and at a German Synod Nicholas H is deposed. He dies the next year. 1061. A Council is held at Basle. Alexander II is deposed, and Honorius II chosen (Oct. 28). A struggle ensues between * Germany and the antimonastic part of the clergy in Lombardy and other parts of Italy' against 'the Hildebrandism of Rome and the monasticism of Christendom, aided by the arms of the Normans.' 1062. Hanno, Archbishop of Cologne, seizes the Emperor and governs. A Council is held at Augsburg, and Alexander is declared the rightful Pope. Germany's claim to choose a Pope is abandoned. 1063-5. Adalbert, Archbishop of Bremen, exercises paramount influence in Germany, and becomes the counsellor of Henry. 1064. The Archbishop of Mainz with 7,000 men goes to Jerusalem. 1066. Fall of Adalbert. 1067. A Council is held at Mantua, and Alexander is declared the legitimate Pope. 1054-56. Victor II, the fourth Geiman Pope, holds a synod at Flor- ence (June, 1055). 1055. The Normans create the Duchy of Apulia. THEODORA, 1055-1057. MICHAEL VI, 1056-1057. ISAAC COMNENUS, 1057-1059. 1058. The Romans elect Benedict Pope. 1069. Hildebrand's influ- ence causes the depo- sition of Benedict and the election of Nicho- lasll Jan.). ALateran Council is held at Rome, which decrees (1) that Papal elec- tions belong exclu- sively to the Cardinals, (2) that clerical mar- riage is unlawlul. CONSTANTINE DUCAS, 1059-1067. 1061. Election of Pope Alexander II without the consent of the Em- peror (Oct. i). 1062. The Normans under Roger Guiscard cross into Sicily. 1063. The Pope and Arch- Pope struggle in Rome. 1064. The Seljuks con- quer Armenia. 1066. Alexander II blesses the invasion of Eng- land. A. D. 1054- 1070 43 England. 1055. Death of Siward. Tostig becomes Earl of Northumberland. 1057. Death of Leofric of Mercia, who is suc- ceeded by Alfgar. 1058. Alfgar is outlawed, but reinstated by the aid of the Welsh king. 1063. Harold and Tostig invade Wales, which is subdued. 1065. Tostig is banished, and Morcar, grandson of Leofric, is made Earl. 1066. Harold becomes King of England. He defeats Tostig and Harold Hardrada at Stamford Biidge(Sept.25). Wil- liam the Norman lands in England (Sept. 28). Battle of Hasting? (Oct. 14). William I is crowned at West- minster (Dec. 25). 1068. William puts down a rising in the west and in the north in 1069. 1070. Lanfranc is made Archbishop of Canter- bury. France. 1054. Henry supports a coalition against William, but the coalition is overthrown at the battle of Mortemer. 1056. The conference at Ivoix with the Emperor has no results. 1058. Geoffrey of Anjou forms another coalition, which was overthrown at the battle of Varaville. 1060. Death of Henry I (Aug.). PHILIP I, 1060-1108. Married (i) Bertha, daughter of the Count of Holland. (2) Bertrande de Montfort, wife of Fulk of Anjou. 1063. William the Norman conquers Maine. 1066. W^illiam the Norman conquers England at the battle of Hastings (Oct. 14). Genealogy of the Norman Dukes. Rollo. William Longsword. 927-942. Richard I. 942-997. Richard II. 997-1026. I Emma = ^ Ethelred II. —"^ Canute. Richard III. 1026-28. Robert the Devil. 1028-^;. I W^illiam the Conqueror. A 44 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1073. The oppressive rule of Henry drives the Saxon? to revolt. Henry is besicijed by the Saxons in the Harzbiirg, and escapes by flin;ht. 1C74. Henry makes the peace of Gerslungen with the Saxons (Feb.). Their conduct brings upon them an attack by Henry, who reduces them to sub- mission (Oct.). 1076. A Council of German Bishops at Worms (Jan. declares the deposition of Gregory VH. In October Henry's political enemies held a meeting at Tribur and, in spite of Henry's submission, accept Gregory's sentence and depose Henry. 1077. Henry yields to Gregory at Cano=sa ([an.). The Saxons and others choose Rudolf, Duke of Svvabia, as their king (March^ at Forchhcim. 1077-80. Civil war in Germany, during which Heniv is again deposed, but gains support in the Kni])ire. 1080. An assembly of Archbishops and Bishops at Mainz deposes Gregory and elects an anti-roj:e, Climent HI. Death of Rudolf, after defeating Henry. 1081. He receives the iron crown at Milan and marches on Rome (May). 1083. Supported by the Countess Matilda and by the Normans under Robert Guiscard, Henry enters Rome. 1084. Henry was crowned Emperor by Clement HI, who is acknowledged as the true Pope, but the Normans come to Gregory's aid, and defeat the Germans. Sack of Rome by the Germans and the Normans. Eastern & Southern Europe. MICHAEL VII, 1067-1078. ROMANUS IV (Diogenes, co-regent Emperor), 1067-1071. 1071. Battle of Manzikert. The Turks under Alp- Arslan defeat the Greeks and capture the Emperor Romanus — a turning point in Byzantine history. ]^y it Asia Minor is lost. The Normans conquer Bari, the last Greek possession in Italy. 1073. Hildehrand becomes Tope as Gregory VII. 1074. A Council prohibits priests from marrying, and forbids simony. 1075. The Seljuks take Jerusalem. 1076. Gregory VH calls a Council (Feb), de- poses and excommu- nicates Henry IV. Seljukian conquest of Jerusalem and jjersecu- tion of the Christians. NICEPHORUS III, 1C78-1081. ALEXIUS I, COM]SrENUS, 108M118. 1081. Alexius grants com- mercial privileges to Venice. 1082. The Normans under Robert Guiscard defeat Alexius at Durazzo. 1083. Alexius defeats the Normans at Larissa. 1084. Alfonso VI, who had united Leon and Cas- tille, recovers the old capital of Toledo. i A. D. 107I-1084 45 England. 1071. The last struggles of the English are sup- pressed. 1072. William forces Mal- colm of Scotland to submit. Herevvard sub- mits. 1073 4. First rebellion of the Norman barons, under Ralph Guader and Roger of Breteuil, against William. 1077. Second rebellion of the Norman barons, headed by Robert. 1079. The battle of Ger- beroi. Robert submits and is reconciled to his father. Malcolm of Scot- land ravages Northum- berland. 1081. William makes an expedition into Wales. 1082. Odo of Bayeux is disgraced. 1083. Death of Queen Matilda. France. 1071. Philip attacks and is defeated by Robert the Frisian, who had seized Flanders. 1073. Maine is conquered by William of England, and the Peace of Blanchelande ends the war. 1074. Philip makes an expedition against Corbie. 1076. Philip defeats the Normans (who under Willinm had reduced Maine in 1073), and makes peace. 1077-80. Philip aids Robert when in rebellion against W^illiam. 1080. Stephen of Chartres marries Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. 1083-6. Revolt of Hubert of William the Conqueror. Beaumont against 46 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1085. The death of Gregory VII at Salerno tends to restore the power in the Emperor's hands. Henry reduces the Saxons to submission, but Ecbert of Meissen rebels. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1087. Death of the Empress Bertha. 1090 Henry apin crosses the Alps to attack the Countess Matilda. 1092 Henry's son Conrad deserts him, joins Matilda, IS crowned Kmg of Italy, and is supported by Urban, who establishes his authority in Italy. 1093. The Empress Adelaide turns against Henry. 1085. Gregory VII is driven from Rome by Henry IV. Death of Robert Guiscard. Alexius re- gains Durazzo. 1088. Urban II is elected Pope, and tries to mediate peace between Alexius and the Nor- mans* 1090. The conquest of Sicily by Roger is completed. 1095. A Byzantine embassy demands from a Coun- cil held at Piacenza the assistance of the Latin woild against the Turks. Beginning of the Crusades. A, D. I085-IO95 47 England. 1085. Canute of Denmark, Olaf of Norway, and Robert, Count of Flanders, prepare to invade England. The project fails. 1086. Domesday Book is compiled. 1088. Rebellion of Norman barons, headed by Odo of Bayeux, against William II. 1092. Rufus takes South- ern Cumbria, rebuilds Carlisle, and peoples the country with Eng- lish. 1093. Death of Malcolm Canmore when invad- ing England for the fifth time. His brother Donald Bane is made king, and the English and Norman exiles are expelled. Anselm becomes Archbishop of Can- terbury, and disputes between him and the king ensue. 1093-97. The beginning of the conquest of Wales by Rufus, who makes three cam- paigns against the Welsh. 1095. William invades Wales and builds castles on the marches. This practice is con- tinued by the Norman nobles. Robert joined first crusade. Rebellion of Mowbray against Wil- liam is put down. France. 1086. Alan of Brittany marries Constance, daughter of William the Conqueror. 1087. Philip invades the Vexin, and, in repelling this invasion, William I burnt Mantes, met with an accident, and died. Robert, the eldest son of William I, succeeds to Normandy. 1091. Treaty of Caen ends the war between Robert of Normandy and William II. 1094. The Council of Clermont, after Urban IPs speech, declares for a crusade. Gregory VII excommunicates Philip for divorcing his wife, and summons him to appear before the Council of Piacenza. 1095. The Pope Urban holds a Council at Clermont, and advocates a crusade against the Turks. 48 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1097-III9 49 Germany. 1097. Henry abandons Italy and returns to Germany. 1098. The C^erman Princes exclude Prince Conrad from the succession. 1099. Henry's second son Henry is crowned at Aachen. 1100. On the death of Pope Clement HI, Henry pro- poses to go to Rome. 1101. At an Assembly at Mainz, Henry declares he will jom the Crusades. Many German nobles set out for Palestine. Death of Henry's son Conrad. 1102. Henry proclaims Public Peace in the Empire. Union of Hungary and Croatia. 1104 6. Struggle between Henry IV and his son Henry, supported by the Papacv. 1105. Henry IV is captured by his son and abdicates, and his son is recognized as Emperor by the Diet at Mainz. 1106. After making a last attempt to recover his crown, Henry IV dies at Liege (Aug. 7). HENRY V, 1106-1125. Married Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. 1110. Henry, after making an alliance with England, invades Italy, and marches upon Rome. He razed Arezzo to the ground. 1111. Henry entered Rome, and, having made a secret compact with the Pope (Feb. 4), was crowned Emperor after much confusion and delay (Feb 12). He then forces Paschal II to abandon the nio"?> 9,^ Investiture (April 12), and leaves Rome. Ill J. 1 aschal repudiates his renunciation, and Henry is placed under the ban. A rebellion breaks out in Germany, which is in>.^"T, ' ^"^^ Saxony falls into Henry's hands. 1114 Henry's marriage with Matilda is celebrated at Mamz. Civil war again breaks out, and Saxony again rebels. ■' ** 1115. Henry is defeated by the rebels (Feb.) 1110 Henry marches into Italy to claim the estates of the Countess xMatilda of Tuscany. 1117. Henry enters Rome, but is opposed by Paschal. 1118. As the new Pope, Gelasius, is hostile to h Henry sets up an anti-Pope. 1119. Henry proposed to support the English attack on l-iance, but could not gather together an army. i, «u Eastern & Southern Europe. >J England. im. 1097. The Crusaders cross the Bosphorus, and the Frankish County of Edessa is founded, which lasted till 1146. 1098. Battle of Antioch, and the principality of Antioch formed for Bohemond. 1099. Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders. The death of the Cid enables the Moors to recover Valencia. Election of Paschal II, and end of the Schism. Battle of Ascalon. The Fatimite power in Syria overthrown. The Assize of Jeru- salem is drawn up by Godfrey, the King of Jerusalem ; legislation introduced and con- tinued by his suc- cessors. 1100. Death of the anti- Pope, Clement III. 1104. Alfonso I becomes King of Aragon, and temporarily unites Cas- tille and Aragon. 1107. Alexius defeats the Normans and forces Bohemond of Taren- tum to make peace. 1111. Alexius grants com- mercial privileges to the Pisans. 1114. Death of the Coun- tess Matilda of Tus- cany. 1118 Death of Paschal II (Jan.). Alfonso of Ara- gon recovers Sai agossa, and Aragon l^ecomes important. France. 1097. Anselm leaves Eng- land. 1098. Edgar, Malcolm's son, is established on the Scottish throne, and Scotland becomes Anglicized. 1100. Accession of Henry I. He marries Matilda, daughter of Malcolm of Scotland. 1101. Robert's invasion of England is bloodless, and a peace is made. 1102. A revolt of Robert of Belesme is sup- pressed. 1103-7. Contest between Henry and Anselm, ending in a compro- mise. 1106. Henry I of England defeats Robert at Tenchebrai (Sept. 28) and takes Normandy. 1107. The administrative system is organized by Roger of Salisbury,and the Curia Regis and Exchequer develope. Barons of the Exche- quer visit the counties and control the sheriffs. A fresh settlement of Flemings in Wales is effected. 1112. Flenry captures and imprisons Robert of Belesme. 1114. The marriage of Henry's daughter Ma- tilda and the Emperor Henry V is celebrated at Mainz. 1116. All the chief men of the kingdom swear fealty to Prince Wil- liam at Salisbury. 1097. War breaks out between Philip and William Rufus, which continues till 1099. The Cistercian Order is founded. 1099. Maine is subdued by William Rufus. 1100. Philip makes his son Louis joint king, and retires from all administrative duties. LOUIS VI, 1100-1137. Married Adelaide, daughter of Humbert, Count of Savoy. 1100-11. Struggle against the turbulent barons. 1107. Council of Troyes. Henry V and the Pope adopt opposing views with regard to the Investi- tures. 1111. In attacking Hugh the Fair's Castle of Le Puiset, Louis was aided by the peasants, who now support royalty in its strtiggle agamst feudalism. 1113. Treaty of Gisors with Henry I of England ends the war for a time. 1116-20. Louis, Count of Flanders, and Fulk of Anjou support William Clito, son of Robert, against Henry I. 1116. Henry I of England supports Theobald of Blois against Louis. 1118. Foundation of the Order of Templars. 1119. Battle of Brenneville. Louis is defeated by Henry I of England. The Council of Rheims renews the ban agamst the Emperor Henry V. r t-^i j Charles the Good becomes Count of Flanders. 50 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. III9-1139 51 I \ /- ♦ Germany. 1121 At Wiirzburg twenty-four princes meet together to try and effect a compromise between the Pope and Emperor. ^ 1122. The Concordat of Worms ends the Investiture struggle by a compromise (Sept. 22) 1-25. Alter proposing to invade France in the interest thelntr^fi^T.^^^"^^''"^' Henry died at Utrecht, tiie last of the f ranconian dynasty. Eastern & Southern Europe. LOTHAK II, 1125-1137 (of the Saxon House). 1127 Conrad of Hohcnstauffen got himself proclaimed Amg of Germany at Spires, and was put to the ban of the Empire by Lothar and had to fly to Wll' ^""T"^}^ crowned King of Italy at Milan. 1129 Lothar besieges Spires, which belonged to the t1^ '^^^ ^'"^' ^""^^ entered it in 11 30 1131 Meeting between Lothar and Innocent II at Liege. 1132 Lothar supported by St. Bernard, conducts Innocent II to Rome. 1133 Lothar is crowned Emperor in the Church of the Lateran the anti-Pope Anacletus being in possession of St. Peter's. Lothar receives from ii'.a T'^'"^-^^^ ':^^^'^' °^^^^^ Countess Matilda. 1134^ Frederick of Swabia yields to Lothar, and Conrad soon followed his example 1135 At a Diet held at Merseburg, Lothar proclaims a General Peace for ten years. 1136-7. Lothar again crosses into Italy, and advances to Sicif ^'''^"'^o yields, and Roger II fled CONRAD III, 1138-1152 (the First of the Hohenstaufen Emperors) 1138. Conrad represents the anti-papal party, and was opposed by Henry the Proud,^ Duke of Bavaria, of the house of Guelph. This reign sees ^^e beginning of the wars between Guelphs and Gh.behnes Conrad gave Snxony to Albert the llench crown. Con- ference at Cluny between Louis and Innocent, who refuses to make peace with the Emperor. 1247. Death of Raymond VII of Toulouse ; Alfonso of Poitiers, Louis' brother, succeeds, and so ends a long series of struggles. 1248. Louis sets out on a crusade, and wintered in Cyprus. 1249. Louis seizes Damietta (June), but is defeated and captured at Mansourah, and the Count of Artois is killed. Louis is released on giving up Damietta and retires to St. John d'Acre. 1250-1254. Louis remained in Palestine. 1250. The Sorbonne is founded in Paiis. 1251. Rising of the ' Pastoureaux,' who are suppressed v/ith difficulty by Blanche. The Gascons resist de Montfort. 1253. Death of Blanche of Castille (Nov. 28). 1254. Return of Louis to France, orders in France. He represses dis- 1257. Perche is joined to the French crown. 1258. Louis makes the treaty of Corbeil (May 11) with James of Aragon for an exchange of terri- tories near the Spanish frontier. 1259. Peace is made at Paris between Louis and Henry of England. France received Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and Poitou, and Henry did homage for Gascony (Dec). 1261. Charles of Anjou accepts the Sicilian crown. 7a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1268. The Ilohenstaufen dynasty ends with the death of Conraddin. 1272. Death of Richard of Cornwall. Rudolf of Hapsburii; is elected Emperor (Sept. i). 1273. Rudolf is crowned Emperor at Aachen (Oct. 24'. RUDOLF OF HAPSBURG, 1273-1291. Married (i) the Countess of Hohenberg. (2) Agnes of Burgundy, 1275. Ottocar is put to the ban for the Empire. Rudolf has an inteiview with Gregory X, and secures the support of the Papacy, while Gregory, by restoring the Empire and bringing back the (ihibeline exiles, checl' of Luxemburg, sister of John of Luxemburg, King of Bohemia. 1323. Abolition of the commune at Laon. 1324. Charles thinks of becoming Emperor, and is encouraged by John XXII and by some of the Electors. The conquest of Gascony is attempted. 1326-27. Difficulties with England about Guienne. 1327. An Embassy arrives from England to negotiate peace. Charies restores Guienne, but keeps Agen. G 8a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1328. Lewis enters Rome, is crowned (Jan. 17), and deposes John XXII. Popular feeling turned against him, and he was forced to fly from Rome in August. 1329. He finds little support in North Italy, and returned to Germany in December. 1330. Death of Frederick of Austria. 1332. Lucerne joins the Swiss League. 1333. Charles Robert of Hungary claims Naples. It is arranged that Andrew, his second son, should marry Joanna, granddaughter of Robert of Naples, 1335. Lewis makes overtures to Benedict XIL Ziirich joins the Swiss League. ANDROWICUS III, 1328-1341. 1328. Death of Castruccio Castracani, Duke of Lucca. 1329. War of Venice with Scala. John of Bohe- mia, son of the Em- peror Henry VII, mar- ches into Italy and receives the adhesion of many towns. An- dronicus is defeated by Orkhan at Pelckanon. 1333. John leaves Italy, having failed in all his plans. Orkhan takes Nicaea. 1334. Death of John XXII. He is succeeded by Benedict XII. 1335. Genoa expels King Robert's Governor. '■I A.D. 1328 1335 83 England. France. THE SUCCESSION TO THE FRENCH THRONE. Louis IX (1270) I Philip HI (1285) Philip IV (13 14) I Charles, Count of Valois Louis, Count of Evreux ill i Louis X, Philip V, Charles IV, Isabella j Philip, Count (131C) (1322) (1328) =EdwardII Philip VI of Evreux I of Valois (1550) and King of Edward III | Navarre John (1364) I Charles V (1380) Charles the Bad, K. of Navarre Blanche, married Philip VI 1328. Treaty of North- ampton between Eng- land and Scotland. Death of Robert ' Bruce (June 7). 1329. Edward does hom- age to Philip for Gui- enne and Ponthieu. 1330. Edward takes the government into his own hands. 1332. Balliol crowned King of Scotland (Sept.). 1333. The English win Halidon Hill. David Bruce flies to France. 1334. Balliol, by ceding the South of Scotland to England, offends his supporters and flies to Berwick. 1335. Edward III, with Balliol, invades Scot- land. PHILIP VI (of Valois), 1328-1350. Married (i) Jeanne, d. of the Duke of Bur- gundy. (2) Blanche of Navarre. 1328. Philip defeats the Flemings at Cassel. The House of Evreux obtains Navarre. 1329. The Count of Alenfon captures Saintes from the English, and Philip endeavours to undermine the English position in Aquitaine. 1330-3. Philip supports the schemes of John of Bohe- mia in Italy. [John's son, Charles, had married the daughter of Philip.] 1333. Philip receives King David of Scotland and supports him. 1334. Robert of Artois, being banished, fled to the English Court, G 2 84 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1336. James van Artevekl rules Flanders. 1338. Conference at Coblentz. Lewis IV appoints EdwarO III Vicar-General of the Rhine. The Electors at Rhense form an Electoral Union, and it is laid down that 'he who has been legally elected by a majority of the Electors docs not need the confirmation of his title by the Pope.' The Diet at Frankfort declares against Papal interference and confirms the decision of tlie Electors. (Au Saint Empire romain du moyen a,2;e se suhstituait un Empire allemand laique, dont la Bulle d'or allait bientCt determiner la constitution.— Hist. Gen. p. 622.) Charles of Luxemburg opposes Lewis, who alienates the Princes by his folly. He marries Margaret Maultnsch, heiress of the Tyrol, to his son, Lewis, Margrave of Brandenburg. John of Bohemia attacks him and forces him to make peace. 1343. Clement VI, who had become Pope in 1342, renews the excommunication of the Emperor Lewis, and is opposed by the Diet. 1344. Establishment of the Archbishopric of Prague. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1337. Peter II becomes King of Sicily. 1338. Fall of the Scala domination in Italy, and dismemberment of their possessions. JOHN V (Palaeologus), 1341-1391. (JOHN VI, Co-regent, Cantacuzene, 1347-1354.) 1342. Accession of Louis the Great to the Hun- garian throne. [He reigns till 1382.] 1342-3.TheDukeof Athens is tyrant of Florence. 1343. Death of Robert of Anjou, King of Naples; succeeded by Joanna I. Benedict XII supports a naval attack on the Infidels. 1344. A corsair fleet is destroyed. A.D. T336-1344 85 England. 1336. Arrest of English merchants in Flanders. The war with Scotland begun 1335 is con- tinued. 1337. Battle of Cadzand. The Count of Flanders is defeated. 1338. Edward allies with James van Artevekl, Lewis IV, and the Prince of the Nether- lands, and lands in Flanders. Beginning of the Hundred Years war. 1339. Edward, having adopted the title of King of France, in- vades France from Flanders. 1340. Edward wins the bat- tle of Sluys June 24). Impeachment of Bishop Stratford, the Chancellor. Robert de Bourchier becomes the first lay Chancellor. 1341. Edward supports John dc Montfort in the Breton succession dispute. 1342. Edward goes to Brittany. 1344. The Earl of Derby is successful in Guienne. France. 1336. Philip instigates the Count of Flanders to arrest all English merchants in Flanders. He also attacks the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands, his evident intention being to wrest from Edward III all his French possessions. The Hundred Years' ^War, 1337-1453. [See Summary I, p. 365.] 1337. The French send aid to the Scots. 1338. The French burn Portsmouth (June) and attack Southampton (Oct.). 1340. Philip, having occupied a great part of Guienne, makes a two years' truce with England after the siege of Touruay ^Sept. 25). 1342. Beginning of war in Brittany between the de Montfort and Blois families (Jan.). 1343. A treaty is made with Edward i Jan. 19), to last for three years from the following Michaelmas. 1344. Dukedom of Orleans created by Philip, and given to his son Philip. THE BRETON SUCCESSION. Marie of Limoges (i) = Arthur, Duke of Brittany = (2) the Countess of Montfort I I John III Guy Count of = Jeanne = Charles of Blois John of Montfort = Jeanne, d. of (1 321-41) Penthievre o. s. p (1341-64) son of Margaret, sister of Philip VI Louis, count of Nevers Jeanne, d. of = John IV (1364-99) Charles II of Navarre 86 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTOR Y Germany. ^^^^i*nrl^7h' 7 '' ;^^««^"^"nicated by Clement VI, Mm. "^'cTXI. ^"^^-^-^ - P"t up against' 1347. University of Prague founded. Death of Lewis IV (Oct. ii). CHARLES IV of Luxemburg, 1347-1378 liing of Bohemia, 1346 ''""'" ( 2^^ IZV ^V^i^l-'-^( "> Count Palatine Wenzel) '^""^^'"^^^"^^^ (^^^ "mother of ^'' llSiinc^' '^°""^"" ^^'^ "^^^^- «^ 1 q«^i T<^ ! • . ^ persecution of the Tews. 135L I^ormat.on of the Swabian League of Town. 13,/^'"^^ J«;» the Swiss Confederation "" iul ?oin th "'c!"' T'"'' ^""^^' '-^"^^ C,Iarus and wn? A . " ^"^ •'' -^"^^Sue. At the close of the 1 q. J p '^"'^"''^ Tg^^"s Glarus and Zug. ^ 1353. Bern joins the Swiss Confederation. 1I55' ChnT fv^"' °^*^^ ^^^"^ i^ ^^'•"^e^l. (Annl K . IS crowned at Milan and at Rome (Apiil .0, but returns at once across the AIds 'xTr 135fi ri^ t""^^"'"^ "^^ *^^^ ^"^P^"'-^! rigfhtf in I,. V ' 1356. Chares issues the Golden Bull, tvhich se ,L -erything connected with the electt'of he iving 1 here were to be seven Electors •_ Brandenburg, Saxony, Bohemia, Mainz. CoWn7 I'Z^"' ?^ l^^ Palatinate. The K^^g of tie' Romans to be elected at Frankfort and fh! coronation to be at Aachen. The hree arch bishops to be chancellors of the three Wdon^s' of Germany, Italy, and Aries. The Sors received increased privileees all nrftof: were derUrt^A ,-n 1 >^^' ^" pi n ate wars tn L • r ^^^^^^y towns were forbidden leaJueTo? ^^'T '^''^T^' '-^^^ -" unions S eagues of the Emperor's subjects made witho 1 he consent of their territorial lords forb dden (Charles aimed at the union of Germanv S o'f thf toZ: "it i'^ ^r ^^ ^^ ^^^ ind'Sence to tee 'i::^;^.^^^ such as existed in Italy He S^rf ^\ i^' uniting Germany underline Lu^eUu^g amfly ^ 1358 IhrH^^^K^' ^ *^^^^y ^^^^ Austria.^ ^'^ 1358 The Hapsburgs, after two defeats at Ziirich m-nke peace with the Swiss Confederation ' Eastern & Southern Europe. 1345. Murder of James van Arteveld. 1347. Rising of Rienzi at Rome. Louis of Hun- gary invades Naples. Joanna marries Louis of Tarentum. 1348. The Great Plague rages in Italy. Cantacuzene ner^o- tiateswithClementVL 1349. Fall of Rienzi. 1350. Louis of Hungary makes a treaty with Joanna. 1351. He confirms the Golden Bull of Hun- gary. 1352. Joanna and Louis of Tarentum are crowned at Naples. Innocent VI be- comes Pope (Dec). 1353. Battle of the Bos- phorus. Defeat of Venice by Genoa. 1354. Death of Rienzi (Sept. 8\ 1355. Death of Stephen Dushan, King of the Servians, followed by the break-up of the Servian Empire. The conspiracy of Marino Faliero is dis- covered by the Council of Ten. The Great Company devastates Naples. 1356. War between Venice and Hungary. 1358. Peace is made by Venice with Lewis of Hungary (Feb.). Bat- tle of Sapienza. Defeat of Venice by Genoa. 1359. Death of Orkhan. Accession of Murad I. England. ^i < I 1345. Edward goes to Flanders, but, van Arteveld being slain, he returns. 1346. Edward invades France and wins Cre9y (Aug. 26). Defeat of the Scots at Neville's Cross (Oct. 17). 1347. Surrender of Calais (Aug. 4). , , ^ ^ 1348-9. The Black Death devastates Europe. The Statute of La- bourers is passed. 1351. The first Statute of Provisors is passed to check the encroach- ments of the Papacy on patronage. 1352. Statute of Treasons is passed. 1353. The first Statute of Praemunire is passed. 1355. The Black Prince raids Languedoc. 1356. He wins Poitiers (Sept. 19). 1357. A truce is made, and David, King of Scot- land, is released. A.D. 1345-1359 87 France. 1346. Battle of Cre9y (Aug. 26). French by the English. Lord successful campaign in Guienne. Defeat of the Derby makes a 1347. Capitulation of Calais. 1349. Abdication of Humbert II, Dauphin of Vienne, in favour of Charles of France (Charles V). 1350. Death of Philip (Aug. 20). JOHN, 1350-1364. Married Bona, daughter of John, King of Bohemia. 1355. Triple invasion of France by the English. 1356. Battle of Poitiers, won by the Black Prince (Sept. 19). King John and his son were taken prisoners. The Dauphin summoned the States- General of Paris, but they did nothing. The Dauphin then went to Metz, and, on his return, Etienne Marcel and the burghers caused the Estates to be called together again. They agreed (i) That equality of all under taxation should be asserted. (2) To name collectors of the revenue who should be independent of the king. (3) To form a national guard. (4) To check the depreciation of the coinage. 1357. A two years' truce is made with England. 1358. Revolution in Paris organized by Marcel. The marshals of Champagne and Normandy mur- dered. The Dauphin is named Regent and escapes from Paris and collects an army. Marcel is killed, and his attempt to govern France from Paris failed. '^ 88 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1364. By a treaty between Charles IV and Rudolf IV of Austria, it is settled that the possessions of the two families (Luxemburg and llapsburg) are to go to the surviving family. Zug joins the Swiss Confederation. 1365. Charles proceeds to the kingdom of Aries and renews the ceremony of his coronation. He visits Paris, obtnins a French alliance, and makes the Dauphin, son of Charles V, Vicar of the empire. 1366. Foundation of the University of Vienna. 1367. The Hanseatic League now included 77 towns, of which the chief were Liibeck, Brunswick, Cologne, and Danzig. 1368. Charles enters Rome to support Urban V. But neither l-'mpire, nor Papacy, nor Italy, was benefited by this expedition. 1369. Charles returns to Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1361. Murad defeats the Emperor at Adrian- ople. I'eter I of Cyprus, supported by the Pope, Genoa, and Rhodes, attacks the Seljuks. 1362. Foundation of the University of Cracow. Urban V is elected TopQ. 1363. Timour begins his conquest of Asia. 1364. Revolt of Candia from Venice. Lewis of Hungary begins defi- nitely to extend his sway over the Danu- bian provinces. 1365. Peter I of Cyprus takes Alexandria, but cannot keep it, and also conquers Tripoli, &c. 1366. Amadeus VI of Savoy took Gallipoli from the Turks and Varna from the Bul- garians. 1367. Death of Cardinal Albornoz (August). Urban V enters Rome (Oct.). 1369. Death of Pedro the Cruel, after his defeat at Montiel. The Venetians de- feat a Hungarian in- vasion, and Carrara, the Hungarian ally, makes terms with Venice. Henry of Tra- stamare is recognized as King of Castille. Birth of John Huss. John V, Palaiologus, visits Urban V and Venice and France to obtain support against the Turks. A. D. 1360-I369 89 England. 1360. The English besiege Paris. The Treaty of Bretigny is made. 1362. The English lan- guage is henceforward used in the Law Courts. 1365. The tribute pro- mised by John to the Papacy is refused by Parliament. 1360-7. The Black Prince makes an expedition into Spain to help Pedro the Cruel. The Statute of Kilkenny is passed to check inter- course between the English colonists in Ireland and the Irish. 1367. Battle of Najara (Apr. 3) is won by the Black Prince in Spain. 1368. The Prince of Wales imposes a hearth tax in Gascony. France. 1360. Treaty of Bretigny between France and England. (i) Edward HI gives up all possessions north of the Loire, except Calais, Guisnes, and Pon- thieu. (2) Edward IIPs sovereignty over Guienne and Gascony, Poitou, Saintonge, La Rochelle, the Limousin, and the Angouleme country is re- cognized. (3) England gives up the Flemish, and France the Scottish, alliance. Isabella, daughter of John, marries John Galeazzo of Milan. CHARLES V, 1364-1380. Married Jeanne, daughter of the Duke of Bourbon. 1364. Continuance of Breton war. Charles of Blois is killed at the battle of Auray. 1365. Treaty of Guerande. Settlement of affairs in Brittany. John de Montfort is left in possession of the Duchy. Treaty of Pampeluna. Charles the Bad gives up his Norman fiefs. 1367. Meeting of the States-General. 1369. Charles V declared war against England, and defends Brittany. Revolt of Aquitaine against the English rule. 90 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1370-1381 9T Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1373. Charles IV gains by treaty Brandenburg and Lower Lusatia. 1376. Charles' son Wenzel is cho?en King of the Romans. 1378. Death of Charles IV at Prague (Nov. 29^ ; Wenzel succeeds him in Germany and iJohemia, Sigismund receives Brandenburg, John Lusalia. WENZEL, 1378-1400 (dep.) King of Bohemia 1376-1419. Married Sophia, daughter of John of Bavnria. 1381. A league of the free cities in Germany is formed. 1370. On the death of Casimir III of Poland Lewis of Hungary is proclaimed King. Urban V returns to Avignon, where he dies (Dec. 19). The beginning of the elective Polish monarchy. 1371. Gregory XI becomes Pope (Jan.). 1372. War between Venice and Genoa. 1374. Castille and Aragon make peace. 1376. End of the Avignon captivity of the Popes. 1377. Urban VI returns to Rome. 1378. Death of Gregory XL Beginning of the Great Schism, Urban VI and ClementVIIbeingboth elected Popes. War of Chioggia begins between Venice and Genoa. Rising of the Ciompi in Florence. Gian Galeazzo suc- ceeds his father in Milan. 1379. Battle of Pola: de- feat of Venice by Genoa, and occupation of Chioggia by Genoa, 1380. Venice recaptures Chioggia and takes the Genoese fleet. 1381. Treaty of Tunis ends the war between Venice and Genoa. Treaty of Venice between Hun- gary and Venice; the latter to pay an annual tribute and to yield the disputed Dalma- tian towns. England. 1370-75. The English ex- perience defeat and disaster in the French wars. 1372. Defeat of the Eng- lish fleet under the Earl of Pembroke. 1375. The English now held in France only Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Calais. 1376. Death of the Black Prince (June 8). The Wycliffite move- ment begins. Meeting of the Good Parliament and impeachment of ministers. 1377. Accession of Richard IL 1381. Rising of Wat Tyler. France. 1370. The massacre of Limoges by the Prince of Wales weakens the hold of England in the south of France. 1372. An English naval defeat off Rochelle by the Spaniards is the death-blow to English ascen- dency in the south of France. 1373. France is invaded by the Duke of Lancaster. Du Guesclin reduces Brittany. 1375. A truce is made (June) to last till the end of 1376, the English losing most of their posses- sions in France. Death of Philip, Duke of Orleans. 1378. Charles frustrates the plots of Charles of Navarre by seizing most of the fortresses in Normandy. 1379. A rising in Brittany on behalf of John of Mont- fort is successful against Charles V. 1380. Death of Du Guesclin (July). England only retains Calais, Cherbourg, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. 92 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1384. The Union of Heidelberg brings about a tem- porary peace in the war between the Swabian League and the Count of Wiirtemberg, supported by many princes. 1386. Leopold III of Austria is defeated and killed by the Swiss at Sempach (July 9). Foundation of the University of Heidelberg. 1382. Guelphs gain upper hand in Florence. Death of Louis the Great followed by 150 years of disorder in Hungary. Battle of Bruges, victory of Philip van Arteveld. Death of Joanna I. 1384. Charles of Durazzo is master of Naples. 1385. Gian Galeazzo Vis- conti kills Bernabos and rules alone. 1386. Death of Charles of Naples. Urban gives Naples to Louis of Anjou, who holds out against La- dislaus, son of Charles, till 1499. 1388. The Austrians, under Leopold IV, were agam defeated by Glarus at Naefels (April 9) . Defeat of the Swabian League by the Count of Wurtemberg, and the Rhenish towns are beaten at Worms by the Elector Palatine Rupert. Foundation of Cologne University. 1387. Valentina Visconti marries Louis of Orleans. 1389. A truce is signed by the Hapsburgs with tlur Swiss. 1392. Foundation of Erfurt University. 1389. Battle of Kossova : the Servians are de- feated by Amurath I, who is himself killed. A.D. 1382-1393 93 England. 1382. The war is continued with France. 1385. John of Gaunt forms an alliance with the King of Portugal and takes part in a war with Spain (1386-88). France. THE HOUSES OF BURGUNDY & ORLEANS. John Charles V I I I Charles VI Louis of Orleans Charles VII | Charles of Orleans, taken at Agincourt Philip le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy (1404) I Jean Sans Peur (1419) I Philip the Good Table to illustrate the English Alliances with Spain and Portugal. Alfonso XI of Castille and Leon Peter of Portugal Peter the Cruel Henry Ferdinand of Trastamare I Isabel m. Duke of York m. John of Gaunt Constance John = Beatrice John=Philippa, d. of John of Gaunt Edward [whence spring the Kings of Portugal] Catherine = Henry of Castille 1388. The Lords Ap- pellant (Gloucester, Derby, Arundel, War- wick, and Nottingham) attack the king's favourites in Parlia- ment. John of Gaunt's daughter Catherine marries Henry, son of the King of Castille. 1389. Richard takes the government into his own hands. 1390. Third Statute of Pro- visors. 1393. The great Statute of Praemunire. CHARLES VI, 1380-1422. Married Isabella of Bavaria. 1382. Battle of Roosebek. The French defeat Van Arteveld and the men of Ghent. A great triumph for the nobles against the cities. 1384. The Duke of Burgundy through his wife ob- tains the inheritance of the Counts of Flanders on the death of Louis de Male. 1385. Death of Louis of Anjou. 1386. Charles VI declares war against England. 1388. Charles takes the government into his own hands. 1392. Charles is seized with madness, and Burgundy and Berri governed. Louis, the second son of Charles V, becomes Duke of Orleans. \ 94 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1394-1412 95 Germany. 1394. By a peace between the Swiss and the Haps- burgs the independence of the former is recog- nized, r T\ 1 1395. Wenzcl gives Gian Galeazzo the title of Uuke of Milan. 1397. The three Scandinavian kingdoms form the Union of Kalmar. 1400. Deposition of Wenzel by an aristocratic com- bination, and election of Rupert as King of the Romans ^Aug.). RUPERT OF THE PALATINATE, 1400-1410. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg. 1401. Rupert's Italian expedition ends inglonously, and he returned to Germany in 1402. 1404. Sij^ismund, King of Hungary, publishes the Placitiim rei^ium to restrain the power of the Papacy and that of the clergy. 1409. Opening of the Council of Pisa. Election of Alexander V. Victory of the Czech over the German element in the University of Prague. 1410. Death of Rui)ert (May). Wenzel, Sigismund, and Jobst of Moravia are all candidates for the throne. Overthrow of the Teutonic knights at the battle of Tannenberg. 1411. Death of Jobst (Jan.). Election of Sigismund as King of the Romans (July). SIGISMUND, 1411-1437. King of Hungary 1387, King of Bohemia 1419. Married (i) Mary, daughter of Lewis of Hun- gary. (2) Barbara Cilly. 1412. Renewal of the Treaty of i394 between the Swiss League and the Hapsburgs. Eastern & Southern Europe. MANUEL II, 1391-1425. 1395. Gian Galeazzo ob- tains the title of Duke. 1306. Genoa received a governor from Charles VI of France, and this marks the decline of her power, 1400. Manuel visits France and England to try to obtain aid against the Turks. 1402. Death of Gian Gale- azzo Visconti. Defeat of Bajazet I at the battle of Angora by Timour the Tartar. Sigismund, King of Hungary, introduced representatives of the towns into the Diet. 1403. Death of Bajazet I. Manuel makes an advantageous treaty with Soliman, one of Bajazet's sons. 1408. Rome is seized by Ladislaus of Naples. 1409. Sicily joined to Ara- gon through the mar- riage of the Queen of Sicily to Martin of Aragon. Venetian war against Sigismund of Hungary. 1410. Death of Alexan- der V, succeeded by John XXni. 1411. Louis of Anjou de- feated Ladislaus of Naples at Rocca Secca. 1412. Philippo Maria Vis- conti gradually re- gains his father's lands. Huss is excommuni- cated by the Pope. Sigismund of Hungary loses Zips. England. 1394. A truce for four years is made with France. 1398. Richard marries Isa- bella, daughter of the King of France, and the truce is extended. 1398. Parliament of Shrewsbury. The Dukes of Here- ford and Norfolk are banished. 1399. Revolution in Eng- land. Deposition of Richard H. 1400. Rebellion of Glen- dower in Wales. 1401. ' De heretico com- burendo' passed. 1402. Defeat of the Scots at Homildon Hill. 1403. Overthrow of the Percies at Shrewsbury. 1405. Second rising of the Percies aided by Scrope and Mowbray. 1408. Defeat and death of Northumberland at Bramham Moor. 1410. Thomas Badby, a Lollard, is executed. 1411. Henry sends aid to the Duke of Burgundy. 1412. Henry IV sends help to the Armagnacs. France. 1396. A French army defeated at Nicopolis by the Turks. A truce is made with England for twenty-eight years. 1398, Conference between Charles VI and Wenzel at Rheims to settle the affairs of the Papacy. D'Ailly, on behalf of the University of Paris, tries to persuade Benedict XIII to resign, but fails. 1399. Death of John IV, Duke of Brittany. 1401. An attempt to reform the finances and judicial procedure fails. 1403-4. The French send aid to Glendower. 1404. Death of Philip, Duke of Burgundy, succeeded by John the Fearless, who retired to his estates. 1405. Burgundy returns and takes the government, and a sort of reconciliation is made with Orleans till 1407. 1407. The murder of Orleans by a Burgundian brings on civil war. 1410. New league of princes against Burgundy, fol- lowed by the outbreak of war in 141 1. 1412. Battle of St. Cloud, and defeat of the Armag- nacs, followed by a treaty at Auxerre, which made Burgundy supreme. 96 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1413-1435 97 Germany. Eastern & Southern EuRorE. 1414 The Council of Constance assembled, and Sigis- mund took a leading part in its proceedings. 1415. John Huss is burnt, and Jerome of Prague the next year. Frederick, Count of Ilohenzollern, gains the Mark of Brandenburg, which had fallen into the hands of the Emperors, and the title ot Elector. The Swiss League aids the Emperor against Frederick of Austria, then under the ban of the Empire. r u /- -i 1417. Election of Martin V, and close of the Council of Constance, 1418. _ •, 1 • j 1419. On the death of Wenzel, Sigismund claimed the l^ohemian crown, and the war which broke out with Dohemia lasted seventeen years. 1420-1-2. Defeat of Sigismund at Wyschebrad {lso\. 1420), at Saas (Sept. 142 1), at Deutschbrod (Jan. 1422). ^ , 1423 Frederic, Margrave of Meissen, secures Sachsen- Wittenberg with the title of Elector. Sigismund is crowned Emperor. 1424. The four articles of Prague are promulgated. Death of Zizka. . 1426. Victory of the Bohemians under Procopius at Aussig (June). , r x j 1427. The forces of the Empire are totally defeated by Procopius (July), who invades Germany. 1414. Death of Ladislaus Postumus, succeeded by Joanna II. 1415. Manuel II visits the Morea. 1417. Death of Louis of Anjou. 1418. Renewal of the war between Venice and Sigi-mund tlie Em- peror, who is helpless owing to the Hussite troubles. Venice takes Friuli. 1421 Death of Mahomet I, alter re-establishing the Ottoman power. 1422. Amuralh II forces Manuel to make an ignominious treaty. 1424. Francisco Foscari, the Venetian Doge, makes a treaty with Florence against Mi- lan. 1429. Failure of peace negotiations with the Hussites 1430. Invasion of Germany by the Bohemians. 1431. Council of Basle opened (July). Battle of Taas (August). The Bohemians win another signal victory. Sigismund passes into Italy, re'ceives the Iron Crown of Lombardy, and enters Siena. .^i n a 1432. Sigismund is crowned Emperor (May), and Eugt-nius IV recognizes the Council of Basle. 1434. l^he Bohemians are defeated at Lipan May), and Procopius is killed. Sigismund is recognized as King of Bohemia (August). JOHN VII, I 1425-1448. 1426-54. War in North Italy. Venice takes Carmagnola into her employ. 1431. Death of Martin V (Feb.). Election of Euge- nius IV. 1432. Execution of Car- magnola by the Vene- tians. 1435-9. Proposed recon- ciliation of the Eastern and Western Cluirches. 1435. Death of Joanna II. England. 1413. Henry V becomes King. 1415. Southampton plot discovered. \^For causes of the 7uar with FrancCy see Summary 11, p. 365.] 1416. Treaty of Canterbury between Henry and Sigismund. 1419. Henry holds his court at Rouen, taken Jan. 13. 1420. Henry marries Ca- therine of France (June 2) and keeps Christmas in Paris. 1421. Htnry comes to Eng- land. 1422. Death of Henry V at Vincenncs (Aug. - 1). Accession of Henry VI. Bedford renews the treaties with Burgundy and Pjrittany. 1424. Gloucester invaded Hainault in support of the claims of his wife Jacqueline. 1425. Gloucester quarrels with Beaufort. 1426. Beaufort is made Cardinal. 1429. Bedford early in the year defeats at Roveroy an attempt to stop English supplies enter- ing Orleans (Feb.). 1431- Henry VI is crowned King of France at Notre Dame (Dec. 17). 1432. The death of Bed- ford's wife, sister of Bur- gundy, tends to sever the English and Bur- gundians. 1433. Bedford marries Jac- quetta of Luxemburg. 1435. Death of Bedford (Sept. 14). France. 1413. Issue of the Cabochian ordinance, the work of doctors and jurists. 1414. Treaty of Arras between Burgundy and the Armagnacs. 1415. Battle of Agincourt (Oct. 25). Defeat of the French (the Dukes of Burgundy, Berri, and Brittany were absent). 1417. Henry V again lands in France, and takes Caen. 1419. Murder of Burgundy on the bridge of Mon- tereau (Aug. 12). 1420. Treaty of Troyes (May) with England. (i) The King of England to take the name of Regent and heir of France. (2) The King of England to maintain the privileges of the Parlement of Paris, nobles, cities, and individuals. (3) The King of England to aid in restoring to Charles all revolted towns, castles, &c. (4) The King of England, when he became King of P'rance, to restore to the kingdom of. France all his conquests. (5) The King of England to marry Catherine, daughter of Charles, to succeed to the throne of France, and to unite England and France. CHARLES VII, 1422-1461. Married Mary of Anjou, daughter of Louis II, titular king of Naples. 1423. The French defeated at Cravant near Auxerre. 1424. The French again defeated at \erneuil, and most of the Scottish contingent killed. 1428. Orleans besieged by the Earl of Salisbury. 1429. Jeanne d'Arc raises the siege of Orleans, and Charles is crowned at Rheims. 1430. Jeanne d'Arc is captured by the Buigundiar.s, and executed the following year. 1433. Conferences for peace under Papal mediation fail. La Tremoille is finally driven from the Court. 1435. Congress at Arras, followed by the treaty of Anas between Burgundy and Charles \ II. Burgundy got Auxerre and Macon, and the towns on tlie Somme. H V 98 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1437. In the dispute between the Council of Basle and the Pope, Sigismund remains neutral. Death of Sigismund (Dec. 9), leaving all his possessions to his son-in-law, Albert V of Austria. 1438. Albert, Duke of Austria and King of Hungary, is elected King of the Romans (March 18). EMPERORS OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG. ALBERT II, Duke of Austria, 1438-1439, and King of Hungary and Bohemia. Married Elizabeth, daughter of the Emperor Sigismund. 1439. Albert, with the consent of the Diet, accepted the reforming decrees of the Council of Basle. He made a campaign against the Turks and died suddenly Oct.). He is succeeded by Frederick, Duke of Styria, elected Feb. i, 1440. FREDERICK III, 1440-1493. Married Eleanor, daughter of Edward, King of Portugal. 1440. Austria and Bohemia acknowledged Ladislaus Fostumus, son of Albert, and Hungary chose the King of Poland. 1441. The Diet at Mainz proposes a new Council. 1443. A League of the German Electors is formed in favour of Felix V. 1444. Frederick fails to support Zlirich against the rest of the Swiss. 1446. On Eugenius IV deposing the Archbishop of Cologne and Treves (Feb.), the Electors formed a League at Frankfort for mutual defence (Mar.). A treaty is made between Eugenius and the Em- peror (Feb.). The Electoral League comes to an end (Oct.). 1447. Congress of Aschaffcnburg (July) confirms the adhesion of Frederick and many German Princes to Nicholas V (July). 1448. The whole of Germany recognizes Nicholas V. Concordat of Vienna between the Emperor and Nicholas V arranged the relations between the Papal Court and the German Church, and marks the rtstoiation of the Papacy to its former posi- tion (Feb.). Eastern & Southern Europe. 1437. Venice obtains from Sigismund formal in- vestiture of his land possessions, Sigismund losing the Dalmatian coast. 1438. Arrival of John Palaeologus and the Greek clergy at Fer- rara. A Council is held which is removed to Florence, but effects nothing. 1439. The Council of Basle deposes Eugenius IV, and elects Amadeus of Savoy (Nov. 5) as Felix V. 1443. Scanderbcg defeats the Turks. 1444. Battle of Varna. Wladislaus, King of Poland and Hungary, was killed, and the Hungarians chose La- dislaus Posliimus. Death of Nicolo Piccinino. 1447. Scanderbcg defeats Murad II. Death of Filippo Maria Visconti and of Eugenius IV (Feb. 23). Election of Nicholas V (March 6). Alfonso of Naples claims the Milanese as legitimate heir of Philippo. The House of Orleans claims the Milanese, through Valentina Vis- conti. This claim marks an epoch in Ita- lian politics. CONSTANTINE XI, 1448-1453. 1448. Second battle of Kossovo. Huniades defeated. A.D. 1436-T448 99 England. 1437. Henry VI begins to govern. 1438. A truce for nine years is made with Scotland. France. 1439. A three years* truce is made with Bur- gundy. 1440. Cardinal Beaufort advocates peace with France. 1442. Henry VI comes of age. 1444. Truce of Tours with France. Henry was to marry Margaret of An- jou, to yield Maine, but to keep Normandy. 1445. Henry VI marries Margaret of Anjou (April), and Suffolk's influence increases. 1447. Death of Gloucester and of Beaufort. 1436. The royal army, under Charles VII and the Duke of Burgimdy, occupies Paris. 1438. National council at Bourges, which drew up the ' Pragmatic Sanction ' which (1) Limited the power of the Papacy over Church preferments. (2) Forbade appeals to Rome. (0^ Stopped Annates. . The liberties of the Galilean clergy and their close connexion with the Crown are asserted. 1439. Convention of the States-General at Orleans. It was agreed (1) That a permanent tax should be estab- lished. (2) That the tax should be used m the pay- ment of a standing army. ['The^e two things, the standing army and the fixed taxation, form an epoch m trench history.*] , , A Roval edict is issued for a kv^e en masse. 1439-40 The * Praguerie.' formed of discontented nobles and adventurers, and headed by the Dauphin, is put down. 1441. Charles takes Ponthieu from the English. 1444-46. Truce with the English. The reorgani- 7ation of the army is carried out, and this leads to the establishment of a regular standing army. 1445. Death of the Dauphiness. 1447 Congress at Bourges (Tune") to consider the question of recognizing Nicholas V. The Dauphin defeats the Swiss (Aug.) and makes peace. 1448. The French regain Anjou and Maine. i II a lOO HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Ii49, Death of Lewis IX, Count Palatine. His son Philip being a minor, Frederick the Victorious, the brother of Lewis, is accepted as Elector, pro- vided that he did not pnarry. The Emperor opposes Frederick. Beginning of a seven years' war between Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg, and Nuremberg. 1451. Frederick III set out for Italy Dec.\ 1452. Frederick III is crowned Emperor at Rome (March), and goes to Naples. Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia rise against the Emperor, who sub- mits to the demands of his enemies .Sept.), and his league with the Pope ends in failure. 1454. A congress at Ratisbon to consider about a crusade (April-May). A Diet at Frankfort (Oct.) shows no crusading zeal. 1455. At a Diet at Neustadt proposals are made foi the reform of the Empire. 1456. John iluniades defends Belgrade successfully against the Turks, and dies the same year. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1457. Death of Ladislaus Postumus (Dec.\ King of Hungary and Bohemia and Duke of Austria. 1457-64. The Emperor opposed both elections, but in vain, and in 1463 he makes a treaty with Matthias. 1458. The Emperor secures Lower Austria ; the Bohemians elect George Podiebrad king ; and the Hungarians elect Matthias Corviuus, son of John Huuiades. 1449. The Council of Basle ends, and the anti-pope Felix retired. 1450. Francesco Sforza, who had married Bianca, daughter of Filippo, becomes Lord of Milan (Feb.). 1451. Death of Murad II. 1453. Capture of Con-^tan- tinoi)le by the Turks (ALay 29) and fall of the Byzantine Empire. Conspiracy of Stefano Porcaro in Rome. Nicholas V proclaims a crusade. 1454. Peace of Lodi be- tween Venice and Milan (April), Venice securing Brescia, Ber- gamo, Crema, and Treviglio. 1455. Death of Nicholas V iMarch). 145g! Calixtus III (Alfonso IVjrgia) sends a fleet a<'ainst the Turks. Successful defence of Belgrade by John Hu- niades, followed by his death (Aug.). 1457. End of Foscari's Dogeship. Beginning of the decline of Venice. 1458. Pius II (^.neasS)l- vius) succeeds Calixtus HI as Pope (Aug. 19). Death of Alfonso V of Aragon, Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. 1 1 is brother John takes Aragon, Sicily, and Sar- dinia ; his natural son, Ferdinand I, Naples. Pius recognizes Fer- dinand (Oct.). A,D. 1449-I458 lOI England. France. 1449. Renewal of war with France. 1450. Battle of Formigny (April). Defeat of the English. Impeachment of Suffolk, and Cade's rebellion. 1451. England loses Guienne. 1452. The Duke of York takes up arms. 1449 The French break the truce and conquer Nor- mandy, with the exception of Caen, Cherbourg, and Harfleur. 1450. The French win Formigny, and drive tue English out of Normandy. 1451. The French take Guienne. The Dauphin marries Charlotte of Savoy. 1453 Defeat of the English under Talbot at Castillon, and end of the Hundred Years' War. The English only hold Calais and the Channel Islands. 1454. The Duke of Y'ork is made Protector. The Wars of the Boses, 1455-1485. 1455. First battle of St. Alban's (May). Be- ginning of the Wars of the Roses. 1456. Henry VI recovers, and York retires. 1454 Philip of Burgundy shows great crusading zeal and attends the Congress at Ratisbon (May). 1456-61. The Dauphin remains at the Court of P.ur- gundy. 1458. John of Calabria contests for six years the claim of Ferdinand I to Naples. 102 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1459-1464 103 Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1459. The Emperor confers on Podiebrad the imperial investiture of his kingdom (July). 1459-61. Diether of Isenburg and Adolf of Nassau strive for the Archbishopric of Mainz. 1460-1. Great discontent in the Empire, and a scheme for the deposition of the Emperor is mooted in favour of George Podiebrad. 1461. Albert of Austria attacks Frederick (Aug.). Pius II deposes Diether (Aug. , and appoints Adolf. 1462. Insurrection in Vienna. The Emperor was forced to cede Lower Austria with \'ienna to his brother Albert for eight years. Civil war rages in Germany. George Podiebrad breaks with the Pope. Frederick, Elector Pala- tine, defeats the forces of the Emperor. 1463. On the death of Albert, the Emperor gains all the Austrian lands except the Tyrol. Pius II arranges a peace between Matthias Corvinus and the Emperor. 1459. The Mantua, oppose Congress of called to the Turks, proves a failure. Civil war breaks out in Naples, where John of Anjou (Duke of Calabria) asserts the claims of his house. 1459-67. The Turks con- quer JServia (M59), the Morea (1460), Bosnia (1464), Herze- govina 1^1467), and Montenesjro. 1461. Scanderbeg makes a truce with the Turks. 1462. Defeat of John of Calabria by Ferdinand of Naples. Pius plans a crusade. 1463-79. War between the Turks and Venetians. TABLE TO ILLUSTRATE THE SUCCESSION IN BOHE^^A AND HUNGARY. Albert II, Emp. Ladislaus Postumus, King of Bohemia 1440-1457, King of Hungary 1444-145 7. Succeeded in Bohemia by George Podiebrad 1458-1471. Succeeded in Hungary by Matthias Corvinus 1458-1490. Elizabeth = Casirair IV of Poland ! Wladislaus, King of Bohemia 1471-1516. King of Hungary 1490-15 16 I Anna = Emp. Ferdinand I Lewis, King of Bohemia and Hungary 15 16-1526, killed at Mochacz 1464 Germany becomes gradually pacified. Death of Frederick II of Saxony, leaving his lands to his sons Ernest and Albert. 1464. End of the Neapo- litan war, Ferdinand remaining in posses- sion. Pius starts on a crusade (June 18). 1459. Yorkist victory at Bloreheath (Sept. 23). Rout of Ludlow (Oct. 13). York goes to Ireland. France. 1459. The French protest against the Neapolitan policy of Pius II. 1460. Battle of Northamp- ton (July). Defeat of the Lancastrians. Bat- tle of Wakefield. De- feat and death of York. 1461. Second battle of St. Alban's (Feb.). Vic- tory of the Lancas- trians. Edward of York is proclaimed King (March), and wins Towton (March). 1464. Edward IV defeats Margaret at Hedgley Moor and Hexham (April, May), and mar- ries Elizabeth Wood- ville. 1461. Death of Charles VII (July). LOUIS XI, 1461-1483. Married (i) Margaret of Scotland, daughter of James I. (2) Charlotte of Savoy. 1461. Louis abolishes the Pragmatic Sanction, and thus * sweeps away the bulwark of the liberties of the Gallican Church ' (Nov.). 1462. Establishment of the Parlemeitt of Bordeaux. Louis does not support the Papal plan of a cru- sade. He acquires Rousillon from the Kmg of Aragon. Philip of Burgundy proposes to join the crusade of Pius II against the Turks. 1463. Louis recovers the Somme Towns, and makes a treaty at Hesdin with Edward IV. Louis, angry at the Pope's Neapolitan policy, issues royal ordinances restoring the provisions of the Pragmatic Sanction. 1464. Louis assumes the government of Normandy. Meeting at Tours (Dec), when Louis complains of the conduct of Brittany. John of Calabria leaves Italy and joins the nobles against Louis XL I04 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1465-I472 105 Germany. 1465. A League is formed against George Podiebrad, who is opposed by Paul II (Nov.). 1466. Birth of Erasmus at Rotterdam. The years from 1466 to i486 are declared by the Diet to be a period of public peace. 1467. The Diet reject a proposal of the Papal legate, and form a crusade against Podiebrad. 1468. War in Bohemia. Matthias Corvinus declares against Podiebrad, hoping to secure his throne. The Emperor, alarmed, goes to Rome '^Nov. ) to try and get a recognition of his claim to Bohemia and Hungary. 1469. Matthias, worsted in Bohemia, makes an armis- tice with Podiebrad (April), which he breaks, resumes hostilities, and is crowned king ol Bohemia by the I*apal legate. 1470. A truce is made between Corvinus and Podie- brad (July). 1471. Deaih of George Podiebrad (March). The Bohemians elected Wladislaus,son of Casimir IV of Poland. Eastern & Southern Europe. Death of Pius II (August") ; succeeded by Paul II, who turns the arms of Matthias Corvinus against Po- diebrad. Death of Cosmo de' Medici, who is suc- ceeded by his son Piero. 1466. By the Peace of Thorn the Teutonic knights are forced to cede a great part of their territories to Po- land. Death of Francis Sforza. Scanderbeg conti- nues to successfully defend Albania against the Turks. Paul II excommuni- cates Podiebrad. 1467. Death of Scander- beg. 1468. Beginning of a war in Bohemia between Podiebrad and Mat- thias Corvinus. 1469. Death of Piero de' Medici ; succeeded by Lorenzo de' Medici. 1470. The Turks take Negropont. 1471. Death of Paul II (July). Election of Sixtus IV, who re- sumes the crusading plans of Paul II. He definitely begins a sys- tem of nepotism by raising to the Car- dinalate two of his relatives, Giuliano del la Rovere and Piero Riario. 1472. Sixtus sends a fleet against the Turks. England. 1466. Henry VI is cap- tured in Lancashire. 1467. Alliance between Edward IV and Bur- gundy. Breach be- tween Edward and Warwick. 1468. Treaties are made with Castille, Aragon, Denmark, Scotland, and Brittany. Charles the Bold marries Margaret of York (July). 1469. E^dward defeats the Lancastrians at Lose- coat Field, and War- wick flies to France. Rising of Robin of Redesdale. 1470. Edward flies to Flanders (Oct.). 1471. Defeat and death of Warwick at Bamet (April), and overthrow of Margaret of Anjou at Tewkesbury (May). Murder of Henry VI. 1472. The Archbishop of York (George Neville) is disgraced. France. 1465. Formation of the League of Public W^eal, The war of the League of Public Weal begins ; Louis fights the indecisive Battle of Montlhery (July 16), and makes the Treaty of Conflans with Burgundy and the other princes. Charles of Berry was to receive Normandy, and Charles the Bold the Somme Towns. 1466. Louis reannexes Normandy to the French crown. He allies with Warwick. Philip the Good sacks Dinant. The death of the Duke of Savoy is a blow to Louis' schemes. 1467. Death of Philip the Good (June), who is suc- ceeded by Charles the Bold. Louis stirs up Liege to revolt. Charles the Hold wins the battle of St. Tron (Oct. 28), and Liege submits. Louis is proclaimed Protector of the League formed by the Pope against the Turks. 1468. Meeting of the States-General at Tours (April). Louis makes a visit to Peronne. where he is forced to sign a treaty giving the Duke of Berry Champagne and Brie, instead of Normandy (Oct.). 1469. Charles the Bold acquires Ferrette. Alsace, and the Breisgau. Ghent submits to Charles and loses its charter. Louis gives Guienne to Charles of Berry. 1470. Louis reconciles Warwick and Queen Margaret. 1471. Louis attacks Charles the Bold, and Amiens is taken (Feb.). A truce is made i; March). 1472. A new League is formed against Louis for the dismemberment of France on the death of Cbarles of Berry (May), the Duke of Guienne. Louis annexes that province. He makes a truce (Nov.) with Charles the Bold, who had failed to take Beauvais. Philip de Commines deserts Charles the Bold and joins Louis. Louis compels the King of Aragon, who had tried to reconquer Rousillon, to make a treaty. io6 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1473. IVTeetinc: between the Emperor and Charles the Bold at Treves. 1474. The city of Neiiss is besie£]:ed in vain by Charles the Bold on behalf of the Archbishop of Cologne. Frederick encourages the Swiss and opposes Charles the Bold. Corvinus defeats the Bohe- mians and Poles, forces from them an armistice for three years, and repels the Turks. 1475. Charles the Bold promises his daughter to Maximilian, the son of the Emperor. 1476. Great joy in Germany at the victory of Morat. Death of Frederick the Victorious, and the Baln-- tinale goes to his nephew Philip. Bavaria is divided into three Duchies till 1502. 1477. The marriage of ATaximilian with Mary of Burgundy founds the European greatness of the Hapsburgs. The Swiss aid Rene of Lorraine to win the battle of JS'ancy. Frederick formally invests Wladislaus with the Bohemian crown (June), and Austria is invaded by Corvinus. The Emperor is forced to agree to humiliating terms. 1470. The Treaty of Olmiitz between Hungary and Bohemia. Treaty of Briinn between Poland and Hungary. Wladislaus of Bohemia cedes Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia to Corvinus. The Turks suffer a severe defeat in Transylvania. Corvinus again attacks Austria. Maximilian defeats the French at Guinegate (Aug.). The Turkish ad- vance into Germany checked by a victory won by the Count of Tcnieswar and the Voyvode of Transylvania, Eastern & Southern Europe. 1473. Death of James Lusignan, of Cyprus. Venice becomes guar- dian of his widow, Catherine de Cornaro, and before long forces her to abdicate in its favour. 1474. Antonio Loredan successfully defends Scutari against the Turks. Accession of Isabella of Castile, followed by a war of succession. 1476. Murder of Galeazzo Maria Sforza (Dec). Organization of the Santa Hermandad in Spain for police and judicial purposes. 1477. The Turks threaten Venice. 1478. Murder of Giuliano de' Medici (April), and failure of the Pazzi conspiracy. War of Sixtus IV, in alliance with Na- ples, against Florence. Inquisition authorized by Sixtus V. 1479. Venice makes a treaty with the Turks, ceding Lemnos, her posses- sions in Albania, and paying a sum of money. She obtains commer- cial privileges. Treaty of Lisbon be- tween Spain and Por- tugal ends the war of succession. Portugal gains the West Coast of Africa. Union of Castile and Aragon under Ferdi- nand and Isabella. A.D. I473-I479 107 England. 1473. Edward begins to collect Benevolences. 1474. Edward leagues with Charles the Bold against Louis XI (July). 1475. Edward makes an expedition to France, and signs a truce with Louis XI for seven years (Aug. 27) at Pecquigny. Edward's daughter Elizabeth is to marry the Dauphin, and Louis to pay large sums to England. 1478. Death of Clarence. 1479. Edward raises large sums by unconstitu- tional methods. France. 1473. The Count of Armagnac intrigues with the King of Aragon against Lou^s, and is killed in his capital. Charles the Bold, having acquired Gelderland, now plans a Burgundian kingdom — a complete change in his policy. 1474. Revolt of Alsace from the rule of Charles the Bold. Louis stirs up the Swiss against Charles, and occupies Franche-Comte (Nov.). 1475. Charles the Bold besieges Neuss July), which is relieved by the Imperialists the following year (June). The Swiss invade Burgundy, and Ed- ward IV invades France, but is bought off by the Treaty of Pecquigny (Aug. 27). Charles conquers Lorraine, and St. Pol is executed for intriguing with the English (Dec). 1476. Charles the Bold is defeated by the Swiss at Grandson (March) and Morat (June). 1477. Death of Charles the Bold (Jan. 2) while attacking Nancy. Rene II recovered Lorraine ; Louis seizes Burgundy, and the French entered Flanders and occupied Artois and the Somme Towns. Mary, Charles' daughter, marries Maxi- milian (Aug.). The Truce of Pecquigny is made into a truce for life. 1478. Truce between Louis and Maximilian, which is shortly afterwards broken. Louis XI sends Commines to mediate a peace in Italy between Florence and the Papacy, but fails. Treaty between France and Castille destroyed the hopes of the opponents of Isabella. 1479. Defeat of Louis at Guinegate (Aug.) by Maxi- milian. Louis opens negotiations. Continuation of the war for three years. io8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1482. Death of the wife of Maximilian, leaving two children, Philip and Margaret (March). 1485. Matthias Corvinus captured Vienna. Ernest and Albert of Saxony divide their lands, and become the founders of the Ernestine and Albertine lines, the one line residing at Witteu- berg, the other at Dresden. 1486. At a Diet a Public I'eace was proclaimed for ten years. Maximilian is crowned King of the Romans. The Imperial Chamber is the title now given to the Court of the Emperor. 1488. A Confederation of princes, nobles, and cities is formed in Swabia. Disturbances in Bruges. Maximilian imprisoned there. 1489. A revolt of the Flemish towns ends by a treaty (Oct.) with Maximilian. 1490. Death of Matthias Corvinus. The Hungarians elect Wladislaus of Bohemia. 1491 Maximilian, aided by Bohemian mercenaries, invaded Hungary. The Treaty of Pressburg (Nov.). The Emperor regains the Austrian terri- tories, and, on failure of the male descendants of \\ ladislaus, Hungary and Bohemia are to revert to the Hapsburgs. 1492. Albert of Bavaria, whose violence had led to the formation of the Swabian League, yields to the Emperor and joins the League. A movement of the peasants of Kempten, w hich had been going on since 1423 against feudal oppression, comes to a head, and is crushed. 1479-80. Lorenzo de' Me- dici visits Naples, and makes a treaty with Ferrante. 1480. The occupation of Otranto by the Turks alarms Italy. Venice attacks Ferrara, aided by F'erdinand of Na- ples, the Pope, and Milan. Venice, during the war, invites Charles VHI to take Naples, and Orleans to take Milan. The Turks fail against Rhodes. 1481. Death of Ma- homet H; civil war between Bajazet and Djem, and evacuation of Otranto. Beginning of Spanish war against the ^Ioors. 1482. War in Italy. Al- fonso of Naples de- feated by the Papal forces at Cam po Mono. Sixtus attacks Ferrara (May), and makes peace in November. 1484. Peace of Bagnolo ends the war in Italy. 1488. Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and opened a new commercial route. 1488. Venice annexes Cy- prus. 1492. Conquest of Granada, and consolidation of the Spanish monarchy. Death of Lorenzo de' Medici (April) and of Innocent VIII (July). A. D. 1480-I492 109 England. France. 1480. War breaks out with Scotland. 1482. The war with Scot- land continues, and Berwick is recovered by the Duke of Glou- cester. 1483. Edward IV prepares for war with Louis, but dies (April 9). 1483. Accession of Richard HI. 1484. Parliament declares benevolences illegal. 1485. Battle of Bosworth and accession of Henry VII. 1486. Defeat of Lord Lovel and the Staffords. 1487. A new Court set up (which later became the Star - Chamber), and a Statute against Livery and Mainten- ance passed, both against the power of the nobles. Simnel and his supporters are defeated at Stoke. 1488 92. ilenry supports Brittany against the French king. 1489. Statute of Fines is passed to eitablish a prescriptive right to land. 1490. Henry, Ferdinand of Spain, and Maxi- milian agree to oppose the scheme of Charles VIII on Brittany. Invasion of France I'enry is bought off at the Treaty of Staples. 1480. Death of Rene of Anjou (July), leaving Pro- vence to his nephew Charles. Louis reunites Anjou to the French Crown, and occupies Bar. 1481. Death of Charles of Provence (Dec), leaving the King his heir. , , . ,1 j 1482. Death of Mary of Burgundy (March), followed by the Peace of Arras (Dec. 23), which provided for the marriage of Mary's daughter, Margaret, with the Dauphin Charles. 1483. Louis ratifies the contract of the betrothal ot the Dauphin to Margaret of Au>tria. Death of Louis (Aug. 30). CHARLES VIII, 1483-1488. Married Anne of Brittany. Regency of Anne of Beaujeu, 1483-1491. 1484. Meeting of the States-General at Tours. 1485*. Revolt of the Great Lords, headed by Orleans and Brittany. 149^5. 1488. Anne of Beaujeu, the Regent, wins Saint Aubin (July), overthrows the League, and ends the reaction against the policy of Louis XI. Brittany makes the Treaty of Sable. Death of Duke F'rancis (Sept.). 1490. Anne of Brittany married by proxy to Maxi- milian. /TN N U 1491. Charles marries Anne of Brittany (Dec), thus uniting the last great fief to the Crown, and releases Orleans. ^He begins to reign. 1492. Charles protects himself at home by making the Treaty of F:taples with England. Perkin Warbeck is expelled from France and a large sum of money is paid to England. no HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1493. Death of Frederick III (Aug.). MAXIMILIAN I, 1493-1519. Married (i) Mary, daughter of Charles the r.old. (2) Blanca, daughter of Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan. \_See Genealogy at end of the Book. The Descendants of Maximilian.] 1493. A rising of peasants in Alsace is put down. 1495. Diet of Worms (May). Aperpetual Public Peace was proclaimed and private wars were abolished. A Court of Appeal called The Imperial Chamber was set up, consisting of a President or Judge and sixteen Assessors, the President being nomi- nated by the Emperor, the Assessors by the Diet. It eventually sat at Wetzlar. A general tax, ' The Common Penny,' was imposed. 1496. Philip, Maximilian's son, is married to Joanna, who in 1498 became heiress of the Spanish domi- nions Maximilian fails to take Leghorn, and leaves Italy (Nov.). Eastern & Southern Europe. 1498. Wladislaus of Poland grants the Silesian pro- vince a charter. Frederick of Saxony becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. 1492. Discovery of America by Columbus. Death of Casimir IV of Poland (June). The expulsion of the Jews from Spain is ordered. 1493. Alexander VI makes his awn id about the New World, defining the rights of Spain and Portugal. He makes peace with Na- ples. 1494. Death of Ferdinand I of Naples (Jan.) ; suc- ceeded by Alfonso II. Expulsion of the Me- dici from Florence (Nov.). A new Consti- tution in Florence is promulgated. Revo- lution at Pisa (Nov.). Death of Gian Gale- azzo (Dec). 1495. Death of Djem (Feb.). A League is formed against France (March) between Spain, the Empire, Milan, Venice, and the Pope. Ferdinand II, who had succeeded Alfonso II ^abdicated, reconquers Naples (July). 1496. Death of Ferdinand II of Naples (Sept.). 1497. Vasco di Gama sails round the Cnpe of Good Hope. John II of Norway and Den- mark enters Stockholm and endeavours to en- sure the submission of Sweden. 1498. Death of Savonarola (May 23). _ Vasco di Gama dis- covers the sea route to India. A. D. 1493-1498 III England. 1493. Warbeck Flanders. goes to France. 1494. Poyning's Law is passed to make the Irish Parliament de- pendent on the English Privy Council. 1495. Statute declaring that no one should suffer for obeying the King dejacto. 1496. Warbeck, expelled from Flanders, goes to Scotland, and James IV invades England. Marriage of Cather- ine of Aragon to Prince Arthur is nego- tiated. The Magnus Inter- cursus — a commercial treaty — is made with Flanders (Feb.). 1497. Peace with Scotland. Capture of Warbeck in Cornwall. John Cabot, tm- \,_ ployed by Henry VII, S reaches Newfound- land. 1493. Charles makes the Treaty of Barcelona (Jan.) with Spain, ceding Cerdagne and Rous>illon, and the Treaty of Senlis (May) with Maximilian, restoring Artois and Franche Comte. The Invasion of Italy by the French and the beginning of the Italian wars. [See Summary III, p. 366.] 1494. The Italian expedition of Charles VIII ' marks a new epoch in the politics of Europe,' and with it the history of modern Europe begins. Charles enters Florence (Nov. 17). 1495. Charles enters Naples (Feb.), wins Fornovo (July), makes the Treaty of Vercelli (Oct.) with Sforza, and leaves Italy (Nov.). 1496. The French forces in the South of Italy are driven out. 1498. Death of Charles VIII (April 7), and with him ended the direct line of the House of Valois. LOUIS XII, 1498-1515. (House of Orleans.) Married (i) Jeanne, daughter of Louis XL (2) Anne, widow of Charles VIIL (3) Mary of England, daughter of Henry VII. 1498. The Treaty of Staples is confirmed (July), and the Treaty of Marcoussis (Aug.) made with Spain. iia HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1499 -1509 1^3 Germany. 1499. War with the Orisons. Maximilian is aided by a force from Nuremberg under Bilibald Pirk- heimer, but fails, and had to declare, by the Peace of Uasle, the Swiss free from Imperial taxation and the jurisdiction of the Imperial Chamber. 1500. Diet of Augsburg. A Council (The Council of Regency) consisting of representatives of the three Colleges of Electors, princes, and towns, established for the administration of political affairs. Germany was also divided into six circles, Franconia, Bavaria, Svvabia, Upper Rhine, Westphalia, and Lower Saxony. 1501-2. A rising of the peasants in the Franconian region is put down. 1502. Maximilian assumed the title of Emperor with- out going through the ceremony of coronation. Meeting of the Electors at Gelnhausen to main- tain the rights of the Empire against Maximilian's encroachments. 1504. Mnximilian successfully overcomes Rupert, Count Palatine, in the war of I'avarian succession, and gained some additions to his territory. 1505. Diet at Cologne. Maximilian apparently in a strong position, partly owing to the deaths of the Electors of Treves and Mainz (1504). 1506. Death of Philip, Maximilian's son, in Spain (Sept.). 1507. Margaret, Maximilian's daughter, becomes Governor of the Netherlands, and helps, with d'Amboise, to arrange the League of Cambrai. Diet of Constance. The Imperial Chamber is again established, and by it the unity of the Empire was recognized, but the Council of Regency remained in abeyance till 152T, when it was re-established, only to again fall into disuse in 1524. The Diet also recognized the system of territorial taxation, known as the Roll (Matiikel), by which taxes were levied on the separate Statts, and the contributors rcgaided primarily as sub- jects of the different States. 150a. Maximilian makes an expedition into Italy against Venice, but his troops are beaten, and he makes a truce with the Venetians. He then joins the League of Cambrai. 1509. The Venetians retake Padua from Maximilian, and he leaves Italy (Oct.). Eastern & Southern Europe. Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isa- bella, becomes heiress of the Spanish mon- archies. Savonarola is burnt to death in Florence (May\ 1409. Venice joins the French alliance (Feb.). Total defeat of the Venetian fleet at Sapi- enza by the Turks. 1500-1. Caesar Borgia con- quers the Romagna. 1502. Sten Sture returns to Stockholm, and the Swedish revolt con- tinues till 1 5 20. 1503. Death of Alexan- der VI. Election of Pius III, who died the same year, and was succeeded by Julius II (Nov.). Venice makes a treaty with the Turks, and ends her second war with that Power. 1504. Naples is annexed to Aragon. Death of Isabella (Nov. 26). 1506. Ferdinand marries Germaine de Foix (March), and goes to Italy (June). Death of Philip of Austria, the husband of Joanna. 1507. Death of Caesar Bor- gia. Julius foments a League against Venice. 1508. The formation of the LeajTue of Cambrni against Venice (Dec. 10). 1509. Julius II annexes Faenza, Rimini, and Ravenna, and Ferdi- nand Otranto, Biindisi, and the other Apulian ports to Naples. Flo- rence takes IMsa. England. f- 1499. Execution of War- beck and Warwick. 1501. The marriage of Catherine and Arthur takes place (Nov.). 1502. Marriage of the Princess Margaret to James of Scotland (Aug.). Death of Prince Arthur. Ca- therine is contracted to Prince Henry.- 1503. On the death of hit wife Elizabeth, Henry negotiates for a second marriage. France. 1506. Philip and Joanna land in England and make the Mains Intcr- cursus—ix treaty of commerce to the dis- advantage of the Netherlands — with Henry VU. -X 1509. Accession of Henry VIII. England enters definitely into Euro- pean politics. Mar- riage of Henry to Catherine of Aragon. 1499. By an agreement with Philip (July 2) Louis restores Aire, Bethune, and Hesdm, and refers the question of the restoration of the Dwchy ot Burgundy to arbitration. Louis captures Milan (Oct.), and Ludovico Sforza fled to the Swiss. 1500 The French recover Milan, and Ludovico Sforza is imprisoned in France. A treaty of partition (Treaty of Granada^> is arranged between Louis and Ferdinand the Catholic (Nov. 11). 1501. Frederick of Naples, unable to resi>t, surren- ders Naples to Louis and retires to France. 1502. Louis XII is again at Milan, where Caesar Borgia visits him. War breaks out between France and Spain. r ^ -n 1503. The French, in spite of the efforts of Guillaiime de Villeneuve, are expelled from Naples, Gon- salvo de Cordova winning the battles of Cerignola (April) and Garigliano (Dec. 28). 1504. Louis makes with Maximilian and his son Philip the Treaty of Blois. Louis promises his daughter Claude in maniage to Charles, grandson of Maximilian, and Burgundy, Brittany, Milan, Genoa, Asti, and Blois as dowry ^Sept.). He was to receive Milan, Venice was to lose her mainland possessions, and Julius II to be attacked. . 1505 Germaine de Foix, niece of Louis XII, marries Ferdinand of Spain, Louis giving her his rights on Naples. , />r \ n^u 150G. Meeting of the States-General (May). Ihey declare in favour of the maniage of Louis daugh- ter Claude with Francis of Angouleme, and assert the inalienability ot' Brittany and Burgundy. Claude marries Francis the same year. 1507 Louis and Ferdinand agree at Savona to sell Pisa to Florence, which was done in 1509. Genoa is captured and united to France. _ 1508 Louis secretly aids the Venetians against Maxi- milian (Feb.-June). Louis XII, Ferdinand the Catholic, and Maximilian unite in the League ot Cambrai (Dec), joined by Julius H (March 1809) * The League of Cambrai was a great political ISOO^'Defeat of Venice at Agnadello (or Vaila) (May 14). Quarrel between Julius 11 and Louis XII (Sept.). I •• i X 114 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1510 1519 "5 Germany. '^"oaJe T™for'"r "''rs '^ '''°^™ ^"''d Master 01 me lentonic kniglKs. .rff?K ""c ''" ""^"^ *^' ^Swiss join the Holy Leairue and the Swiss invade Italy. ^ ^eai,ue, Diet at Cologne. The hereditary dominions of Mnximihan and the Electors are formnd into ten circles-Austria, Burgundy, Upper Sixonv to W ifhlnt' ''"'""' ^VestphaIia,Uppe^ Rhine, (Ap?il\) ^ "^' Ferdinand, and Leo X * BaUle'ofth^ ^"'^"' '"'"'^ ^'"^' ^"^ ^^^^^ ^^e 1512 ff"'^,«^^'^e^P"'-s receives Teroucnne. in the tTT'".'' «f the peasantry on a large scale pressed.^^''^' ^ ""'''' ^"^^ Wiirtemberg are sup- '^'^to^LmiiT'I'h?'l ^^'-^Tit"^^^^^ ^^'-^^y - b^t-thed Maxim IiW« f ^^""gnry and Bohemia, and Ann r P/''"^^.^°" Ferdinand is betrothed to /vnna, sister of Louis. 1516^ Death of Wladislaus of Poland, Hungary and (ifrH^ia'"''^^ — ded by' his sfnVw"s Maximilian makes an expedition to Italv but '"''^hlij^h^t'^^ln;:!;^!: ^^-- - ^^^ ^- o^ the ^^iiaries of Spam, inherits Austria. Eastern & Southern Europe. CHARLES V, 1519-1556. King of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia, im6, and XT • Emperor, l^jio. Married Isabella, daughter of Emanuel of Portugal. CHARLES V AND HENRY VHI rerdinand of=;=I'^ahollT of xr • •,• , Aragon J CasJiHe''^ Maximilian (Emp.)-Mary of Burgundy 1510. Venice and Julius II come to an agreement (Feb.), and Julius allies with the Swiss against France. 1511. Julius arranges the Holy League against France (Got. 5). A Council hostile to the Pope meets at Pisa, and is transferred to Milan. 1512. Accession of Selim I. Restoration of the Me- dici by Spanish arms (Sept.). Ferdinand of Spain conquers Na- varre. 1513. Death of Julius II (Feb. 20), and election of Giovanni de' Medici — Leo X(. March). Na- varre incorporated with Spain. 1514-6. Selim I wars against the Persians. 1516. Death of Ferdinand of Spain (Jan. 23). Selim I conquers Eijypt. 1517. Charles arrives in Spain (Sept.). Death of Ximenes (Nov.). The Turks conquer Egypt. 1518. 'i'he Barbary pirate states are founded. I Arthur (1) = Catherine Henry VIII (2) Joanna =j= Archduke Philip of Austria Charles V, Emp. Ferdinand, Emp 1519-56 IVS6-64 England. M 1511. Henry joins the Holy League (Oct.). 4 i 1512. In conjunction with Ferdinand of Spain, an expedition is made to the South of France, but it proves useless. 1513. Henry VIII invades France and wins the battle of Terouenne (Aug. 16). The Scots are de- feated at Flodden, and James IV killed (Sept.). Execution of De la Pole. 1514. Peace is made with France by Wolsey, and followed by an alliance which marks an ad- vance in England's position. 1515. Wolsey is made a Cardinal and becomes Lord Chancellor. 1518 Treaty of London with France (Oct.). 1519. Henry is a candidate for the Imperial throne. France. 1510. Synod of Tours. Louis makes an ecclesiastical attack on Julius II, and a Council is spoken of. Death of the Cardinal d'Amboise (May). 1511. Louis is opposed by the Holy League, consist- ing of the Papacy, Ferdinand of Venice, .and Henry VIII. It was formed by Maximilian in 1512. Its object was to drive the French out of Italy. 1512. Gaston de Foix drives back the army of the League and takes Brescia (Feb.). He defeats the Spaniards at Ravenna (April), but is him- self killed. The French withdraw from Milan. Ferdinand of Spain overruns Navarre. 1513. trench invasion of Milan, followed by their defeat by the Swiss at Novara and retirement to France (June), and by the Swiss attack on Dijon (Sept.). Peace made with Spain (April) and with the Papacy (Dec). 1514. Death of Anne of Brittany (Jan.). Marriage of Louis' daughter Claude with Francis of Angouleme (May). Truce with Maximilian and Ferdinand (April), and peace with Henry VIII. Marriage of Louis to Mary of England (Oct.). 1515. Death of Louis (Jan.). FRANCIS I, 1515-1547. Married (i) Claude, daughter of Louis XII (d. 1524^ (^2) Eleanor, widow of Emmanuel, King of Portugal. 1515. First war. Francis invades Italy, wins the battle of Marignano (Sept. 13), and conquers Milan. The power of the Swiss in North Italy is broken. 1516. Treaty of Bologna. Leo X cedes Parma. Francis makes a Concordat with the Pope (Aug.) :- (i) The Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 was abolished. (2) The king was to appoint to the ecclesiastical dignities. (3) The Annates were restored to the Papacy. Treaty of Noyon with Charles of Spain (Aug.) joined later by Maximilian. A treaty is also made with the Swiss at Freiburg. Ihe perpetual Peace. 1518. Birth of an heir to the French throne. I 2 ii6 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1519^ Ulrich of Wurtcmberg is expelled from hi. dommions, and his territories are administered by the liiipsbiir^s. -^ 1520. Charles visits En-land on his way from Snain to the Netherlands (May ) ^ ^ Meeting between Charles and Henry at Grave- Imes and Calais, when a treaty is made (July) to Sdc r "'' '^' ^'^'^'''' °^ Wladislaus ^^^\hlvv\ ^)T' ^J'"-^' ''^''^ ^^"tJ^^^ '-appears 1 he Edict of Worms declares Luther a heretic It reconstituted the Imperial Chamber, and re estab hshed the Council of Regency, which governed Germany during Charles' absence. ^ lieaty between Chailes and the Pope (2) For the suppression of heresy. Conference at Calais, where Wolsev act. n< arbitrator between Charles and Frnnci . "^A ? Lw to Z: " u' /'r ^'°P^ ^>^ ^^^*^h the French a e to be expelled from Milan and Parma, and Pia cenza given to the Papacy. ' '"" Leilf oTh ""^ ^"'''/" "^^^"^'^ ^""^' sifter of 1 c;oo HM T Cliarles and P erdinand. ^' 1622 7 he Imperiolists conquer the Milanese. Charles tnere in July. Ihe Zwickau prophets bv their and Luther declares against them. The Kniajits' Iittten''; '^ T ^" ^'""''^">' ""^'^^ Ulrich ^on a !'r tT" ^'^'-^"f/^" Sickingen; the latter attacU Treves and is repulsed. Charles make, an alliance with England ^"arics makes i^ath of the Imperialist General Colonna (Dec.) ; a great blow to the Imperialists. wul'v'' ^Tt ^!^"''" ^' ^"^ A^J'i-'^n VI makes 1524 I h?'"" ^ "^'^'"^'^T ^''^''^ ^^^^'-^'"^t France 1524. i he peasant revolt breaks out under Carlstadt and Mun.er m Germany, principally in S wabh I ranconia on the Neckar, Bavaria, the O' Canntlna, Th.nngia. Alsace, and Lorraine. '^ Wnrr^ ^let at Nuremberg orders that the Edict of \^ o.ms shall be executed ' as far as possible 'and that a general council shall be sumi/oned (Apri 1 he Imperialist mvasion of Southern 1 r^ance 1520. Invasion of Sweden by Christian I L Death of Sten Sture (Jan.). Accession of Soly- man I, the Magnificent, to the Turkish throne. The Blood liath of Stockholm (Nov. 7) destroys the hold of Christian II of Den- mark in Sweden. Risings in Spain. 1521. Leo X joins the Em- peror against France (May). He dies (Dec). Solyman conquers Bel- grade. Civil war in Spain. The rebellion of the Communeros fails. Rising of the miners of Dalicarlia against Christian II. 1522. Francesco Sforza, son of Ludovico, is restored to Milan. Adrian IV is elected Pope (Jan.). Solyman takes Rhodes. ^ Suppicssi(;n of the rising of the Communes in Spain under Padilla. 1523. Death of Adrian VI (Sept.), and election of Giulio de' Medici as Clement VII (Nov.). Charles V compels the Castilian Cortes to grant supplies before presenting petitions for redress. Gustavus Vasa is proclaimed King of Sweden (June 15). Ibrahim Pacha is made Giand Vizir. 1524. The Union of Calmar comes to an end, and Sweden becomes inde- pendent. England. 1520. Henry meets Charles V at Sandwich (May), Francis at the Field of the Cloth of Gold (June), and Charles at Gravelines (July). I 1521. Wolsey presides at the conference at Calais (Aug.), but he fails to avert war. Execution of Bucking- ham. England joins the league of the Emperor and Pope (Nov.). 1522. War is declared on France (May), and a treaty made with Chailes V. i 1523. The English expedi- tion to France is a total failure. Parlia- ment is summoned, and forces Wolsey to modify his demands. A. D. 1519 -1524 117 France. 1510. Meeting between Francis and Henry VIII at the Field of the Cloth of Gold (^Lay). The beginning of the "Wars between France and. Austria. [See Summary HI, p. 366.] 1521. Beginning of the long rivalry between France and the Hapsburgs. Conference at Calais between the French and Imperialists. The French over- run Navarre, taking Pampeluna, when Ignatius Loyola, wounded, was led to devote his life to religion. The French are driven out of Navarre before the end of the year. In August the French are opposed by a com- bined Imperial, Papal, and Swiss army, and lose Milan. Champagne is invaded. Another treaty is made with the Swiss, which leads to further interference in Switzerland. 1522. The French are compelled to abandon Lom- bardy. War is declared against France by EuLdand. Francis makes an alliance with Scotland. 1523. The Constable Charles of Bourbon leagues with Charles V and Henry VIII, and invites an inva- sion of France. The English, Spaniards, and Germans invade France in Picardy, Guienne, imd Champagne, and Bourbon fled to Lombardy. The invasion fails, but France is completely isolated in Europe. 1524. Second war. The French invade Lombardy, but are defeated on the Sesia, and the Chevalier Bayard is killed (April). The Imperialists now invade France, taking Aix in Provence, and besieging Marseilles (Aug.). The invaders then retire, and Francis follows them across the Alps with a large army and besieges Pavia. ii8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1525-1529 119 Germany. 1525. Death of Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony and the supporter of Luther. Suppression of the peasant revolt (May). Secu- larizntion of Prussia by Albert of Brandenburg. The Catholic electors form the League of Dessau (May). Chailes V by his victory at Pa via becomes master of Italy. 1526. Charles marries Isabella of Portugal (March\ Bourbon takes Milan (July), and is joined by Freundsberg and Protestant troops (Feb. 1527). The League of Torgau is formed ,^Llrch). Diet of Spires (June) issues a recess advisiug every member of the Empire to so conduct himself with regard to the Edict of Worms as he should answer for it towards God and his Imperial Majesty. The Emperor's quarrel with Clement prevented him from carrying out the Edict, and forced him to rely on the Reformers. The Archduke Ferdinand is elected King of Hungary (Dec), as is John Zapolya. 1527. Sack of Rome by Bourbon's troops (May), Bourbon being killed in the attack. Consequent reconquest of Italy by Charles V. Charles and the Pope make a treaty (Nov.). Feidinnnd of Austria is crowned King of J3ohemia (Feb.), but is opposed in Hungary by Zapolya, whom he overthrows in August at Tokay. 1528. Zapolya makes a treaty with Solyman (Feb. 24) and with France ,Oct. 28). 1520. Vienna is besieged by Solyman (Sept. 21- Oct. 14), and the national sentiment in Germany is awakened by the siege. Treaty of Barcelona with the Pope (Junc\ (i) Charles gives Milan to Sforza for his life, and agrees to re-establish the Medici at Florence, and to procure the restoration of ceilain towns to Clement, Ravenna, Cervia, Modena, and Reggio. (2) Clement to crown Charles, and to invest him with the kingdom of Naples. Ales- sandro de' Medici to many Margaret, Charles' natural daughter. The second Diet of Spires .March) proposed to quash the Edict of 1526, and to return to the Edict of Worms. The minority, headed by John of Saxony, George of Brandenburg, and Philip of Hesse, protect, and the Reformers are now called Protestants. Civil war is averted by the attack of the '1 urks on Vienna. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1525. Solyman prepares to invade Germany, and makes a seven years' truce with Sigismund of Hungary. 1526.Pizarro conquers Peru. Solyman wins a great victory at MolhacsSJ where Louis, King of Hungary, is killed (Aug. 28), and takes IJuda (Sept. 10). The League of Cog- nac, or Clementine League, formed by the England. France. Pope, Venice, and Milan (May), (i ) To compel Charles V to restore the French Princes kept as hostages in Spain. (2) To give Sforza an independent sove- reignty of Milan. Diet of Westeras in Sweden. Beginning of the Swedish Reforma- tion. 1527. Expulsion of the Medici from Florence. The Diet of Westeras in Sweden carries out the Reformation there. 1528. The French are expelled from Genoa, and the Rejnrblic restored and placed under the Emperor's protection. 1529. Lulheranism is defi- nitely established in Sweden by the Diet of Oerebro. Civil war in Swit- zerland between the Forest Cantons, Uri, Sehwyz, Lucerne, and Unteru alden, and the rest. 1525. Wolsey's pacihc plans are shattered by Pavia, but in August he succeeds in making a treaty with France. He fails to collect an amicable Loan and Benevolence. 1526. Peace is signed with Scotland (Jan.). 1527. Wolsey hopes that the close alliance with France (April) will form the basis of a universal peace. The case for a divorce is submitted to the Pope. 1528. Henry VIII makes a truce with Margaret, who governed the Netherlands (Jan.). Wolsey suppresses some small religious foundations. 1529. The trial for Henry's divorce from Catherine begins (June). The Seven Years or Re- formation Parliament meets. Fall of Wolsey and rise of Thomas Cromwell becomes Henry is his debts Parliament Sir T. More Chancellor, freed from by Act of 1525. Francis sfends a large force under Albany to conquer Naples (Jan.), and so weakens his army. Battle of Pavia (Feb.), total defeat of the French and capture of Francis (cf battles of Poitiers, Agincourt, Sedan). The treaty between England and France (Aug.) was a severe blow to Charles V. Francis negotiates with Solyman, and urges an attack on Germany. 1526. Treaty of Madrid (Jan.) between Charles V and Francis I, the latter promising to yield the Duchy of Burgundy, to give up his claims on Naples, Milan, Asti, Genoa, Flanders, and Artois, and to furnish no assistance to Navarre or Guel- derland. Both kings to unite to suppress heresy. After repudiating this treaty, Francis joined Venice and Henry Vlli in the League of Cognac (May). 1527. Third war. Francis makes the Treaty of Amiens and a close alliance with Henry VIII (April). A French army enters Italy (July) imder Lautrec, who takes Pavia and besieges Naples in vain (Aug.). 1* rancis opens friendly relations with the Turks. 1528. Francis receives from Solyman important trading privileges for the French in Egypt. Lautrec besieges Naples. The French are totally defeated at Aversa (Aug. 28), and are forced to evacuate Naples and Genoa. 1529. Invasion of Lombardy by a French army under St. Pol ends in the defeat and capture of St. Pol at Landriano (June). Treaty of Cambrai (Aug. 3). (i) Francis renounces all claims in Italy, all suzerainty over Flanders and Artois, all protection to his Italian and German allies, and recognized Charles' right to the succession of Guelders on the death of its duke. (2) Francis is relieved from his obligation to restore the Duchy of Burgundy, and arranges to marry Eleanor ot Portugal ; the ransom of the French princes is reduced. (3) He gives up Tournay and pays two million gold crowns. I20 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1530 Coronation of Charles at Bologna (Feb.) Diet of Augsbur- (June), at which Charles was present dnV^n^l T" crowned, and the Turks being dri en back he determined to crush heresy Melancthon dravv-s up the Confession of Aimsburg The teaching of Protestant doctrines is forbidden.' ihe Imperial Chamber is reorganized (Nov ) fT.. P^^."'.''^^?'^'"^^^^^^" ^^ f«'«^ed (Dec.) by 1RO-. ?- ^^^^^'^"^^^"'■"^"^"^^f^efence. ^ rifnlr""^,''^'^"'^"^^ "^^ King of the Romans U'^n 5), rnakes a truce with Zanolya (Tan ^n but later m the year the Austriali forces resllge hTom^nl \" '"'''• ^^^f J"^-^^"^ «^ Schmalkaldfn is completely organized (Dec). agS;T\hVf:x" '^ ^^^"^^^ ""'^^^ -^-" 1532. In consequence of the invnsion of the Turks, Charles is compelled to agree to the Religious Peace of Nuremberg (July), by which no one'' was un^.TlTlr'' ''^rr «f ^^^i^ious opinion until a General Council had met Death of the Elector of Saxony (Aug.) suc- ceeded by }:is son, John Frederick ^ ^^' Ihe Diet of Ratisbon publishes the Caroline SrmnV "^ '^' """^"^^ jurisprudence of The Forest Cantons were defeated, and the first Peace of Cnp- pel ended the war. The Turks attack Vienna. Clement VII transfers Henry Vllfs divorce suit to Rome. 1530. Restoration of the Medici in Florence by Imperial arms (Aug. 12). The Knights Hospi- tallers are established in Malta. 1531. Renewal of war in Switzerland. Zwingli is slain, and the second Peace of Cappel ends the war. 1532. Solyman invades Hungary (June\ fails before Giins (Aug.), and retires. THE HOUSE OF SAXONV. Electors (Ernestine line) r», , ,.,, . ,. ^ Dukes (Albertme line) Ernest 1464-86 I Albert 1485-1500 (Prot.) Frederick HI 1486-1525 John (Prot.) 1525-32 John Frederick 1532-1554 I George iR. Cath.) Henry (Prot ) 1500-39 1539-41 Maurice i54f-53 Augustus 1553-86 1533. Ferdinand makes a trpTfv ■on-fi, c ^ (June. .)_the firs. pea'ceSbrifeen'fc" ^^^^..^'^^'"^ .'.-'7 "^ June 2 2 with Ferdi- nand of Austria, Soly. man receives the right to sanction any ar- rangement about Hun- gary. A.D. I530-T533 121 England. France. 1530. Death of Wolsev ii?Qn ir • • „, (Nov. 29). ^ ^^^^- ^^^"^^s marries Eleanor of Portu-al. ^''\^L^^':^:^L^^^^^^^ - ^1^-nce with John Zapolya of Hungary '"'"areleTatel" R-e ' 1532 Francis ™akes an alliance at Kloster-Seven. ■•ir.'fV, v> ■ t' *■ -^^^wai^cr-oevern with Bavaria, Saxony, and Hesse to oppose the (Mayr'°'' ""^^'"'^'"^"^ "' ^^"g °f the Romans lo'^nTrOctT'^ ^^^"'^ ^^" ^"^^^ ^ ^'^""^y ""^ ^°"- 1533. Cranmer is made Archbishop of Canter- bury. Henry marries Anne Poleyn (Jan.). Final rupture with the Pope. 1533 Francis has an interview with the Pope at Marseilles and Prince Henry of Orleans marries Catherine de' Medici (Oct.). "^ marries Mary of Guise. 124 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1539-I544 12! Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1539. Death of George, Duke of Saxony (Albertine line\ who is succeeded by liis Protestant brother, Henry, and death of Joachim I of Brandenburg^, who is succeeded by the moderate Joachim II. 1540. Chnrles, after passing through France, arrives at Ghent ''Feb.), destroys the liberties of that town, and ruins its commercial prosperity. Charles invests his son Philip with the Milanese (Oct.\ Death of Zapolya, leaving a son John Sigismund (July 21). 1541. Diet of Ratisbon (April), at which Charles was present, marks an attempt to bring about a com- promise between the two religions. Charles, though convinced of the necessity of using force, was obliged to confirm the Trvaty of Nuremberg, and to admit Protestants to the Imperial Chamber.' Charles makes a disastrous expedition against Algiers, after which the French and Turkish fleets dominate the Mediterranean. Death of Henry, Duke of Saxony. 1542. Diet of Spires alarmed at the Turkish progress, and Joachim II of Brandenburg attacks the Turks. Maurice, Duke of Saxony since 1541, withdrew from the Schmalkaldic Lengue. The League of Schmalkalden expels the Duke of Brunswick from his territories for not obeying the Diet of Ratis- bon 's decrees, and Protestantism is established in his lands. 1543. Charles travels from Spain through Italy to Cleves, and compels the Duke to make abject submission, yielding Gelderland and Zutphen (Aug.). ^ Hermann von Wied, Archbishop of Cologne, allows the introduction of Protestantism, and is deposed. 1544. Diet of Spires is opened (F'eb.% Charles de- claims against the alliance between France and Turkey, and the Diet votes supplies against the French and the Turks. The decrees already in force in favour of the Protestants were continued. The King of Denmark renounced his alliance with France. Charles invades Champagne. 1539. Venice makes a truce with the Porte March). The Pope sanctions the formation of the Jesuit Order. 1540. The Order of the Jesuits is established. A treaty is concluded between Venice and Solyman, the former losing several islands and otherplaces(Nov.). 1541. Solyman invaded Hungary for the fourth time, and set up a Turkish government at Bud a, which lasts till 16S8. The Spaniards con- quer Chili. Calvin becomes the civil and religious dic- tator of Geneva. Paul HI deputes Contarini to try and effect a reconciliation with the Protestants at Ratis- bon. 1542. The Council of Trent is convoked, but does not meet till 1545. Paul HI establishes the Inquisition in Rome on the Spanish model. 1543. Solyman again in- vades Hungary, and reduces more of the country, while Barba- rossa ravaged the Ita- lian coasts, threatened Rome, and wintered at Touhm. 1544. Solyman again entered Hunijarv, and took places there and in Croatia and Sla- vonia. Hungary is divided into twelve Sandjaks. England. France. 1539. Marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves. Dissolution of all monasteries. The Act of the Six Articles is passed, a check to Cromwell's forward policy. 1540. Fall of Thomas Cromwell (July). Henry marries Ka- therine Howard, and the period of reaction continues. 1541. Execution of Mar- garet, Countess of Salisbury. 1542. Battle of Solway Moss (Nov.). Defeat of the Scots is followed by the death of James V (Dec). Execution of Kath- erine Howard. 1543. Henry marries Kath- erine Parr : the reform- ing movement begins to revive. Henry allies j with Charles V against Francis (Feb.). 1544. Henry invades France and takes Bouloance and Scotland. Bou- logne is restored. France. 1545. Death of the Duke of Orleans (Sept.). Francis exterminates the Vaudois (April), and seconds Charles V against the Protestants. 1546. By a treaty with France Henry VIII, on pay- ment of 800,000 crown!;, promises to give up Boulogne at the end of eight years. Further persecutions in France, and Stephen Dolet is burnt alive (Aug.). 1547. Death of Francis (March 31). HEISTRY II, 1547-1559. Married Catherine de' Medici, daughter of the Duke of Urbino. 1548. Henry visits Turin, but is recalled owing to an insurrection in Guienne. Bordeaux is severely punished. 1552. Execution of Somer- set. The Second Act of Uniformity enforces the Second Prayer Book of Edward VI. 1553. Accession of Mary. 1554. Rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt (Jan.) Lady Jane Grey is executed (Feb.). Mar- riage of Mary and Philip (July). England is reunited to Rome (Dec). 1550. Peace is made with England. France gains Boulogne. 1551. Henry II begins warlike operations in Italy. 1552. Brandenburg, Hesse, and Mecklenbuig make the Treaty of Friedewalde (Jan.) with Henry. (i) Henry to aid the Princes against the Em- peror. (2) Henry to rule Metz, Toul, Verdun, and Cambrai. Henry II takes Metz (April), and declares his alliance with the German Protestants. The French fleet acts in co-operation with that of the Corsair Dragut. 1553. On Charles' retirement from Metz (Jan.\ Metz, Toul, and Verdun passed definitely into French hands. The French fleet acts with the Turkish fleet in the Mediterranean. Philibeit Emmanuel becomes Duke of Savoy. 1554. Henry II invades and devastates part of the Netherlands. The French and Turkish fleets gain successes in the Mediterranean. 128 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY ^'^' 1555-1560 129 Germany. 1555. Relii^ious peace of Augsburg. (i) Toleration to Lutherans confirmed. (2) Imperial Chamber to be composed equally of members of both religions. (3) Ecclesiastical reservation insisted on. Every prelate who became a Lutheran was to resign his office and all his patronage. (Lutherans protested.) Charles V resigns Italy and the Netherlands to Philip (Oct.). 1558. Charles V resigns the crown of Spain to Philip and abdicates. Paul IV claims the disposal of the Empire. FERDINAND I, 1556-1564. Emperor and King of Hungary and Bohemia, Arch- duke of Austria, &c. Married Anne of Bohemia and Hungary. 1556. Paul IV refuses to acknowledge Ferdinand's title to the Imperial throne. Ferdinand founded a College at Vienna for the Jesuits. 1558, Only one-tenth of the German population were Catholics — according to a Venetian ambassador. 1559. Death of Isabella of Hungary. Her son, John Sigismund, demands the title of King of Hungary, and a war ensues, in which the Turks at times took part. 1560. Pius IV acknowledges Ferdinand's title to the Imperial throne. Ferdinand invites the Pro- testants to attend the Council of Trent, but they refuse. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1555. The Netherlands given to Philip II. Paul IV becomes Pope. Turkish inva- sion, tius Loyola. Death of Igna- 1556. Philip II becomes King of Spain, the Netherlands, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sar- dinia, and the Indies. 1557. Death of John III of Portugal, succeed( d by Sebastian, his infant grandson, whose uncle, a Cardinal, governs and makes the Jesuits all - powerful. The Grand Duchy of Tus- cany is formed by Cosmo de' Medici. 1558. Death of Charles V (Sei)t. 21). 1559. Pius IV elected Pope. Philip II returns to Spain, and appoints his sister Margaret Regent of the Nether- lands. After the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis, Italy falls under Span- ish influence. 1560. Philip II marries Elizabeth of France. England. *■*. 1555. Statutes against heretics are revived. Hooper, Ridley, Lati- mer, and others are burnt. France. 1557. Mary declares war against France. Rapid increase of discontent in England at the per- secutions. 1558. Loss of Calais (Jan.). Deaths of Mary and Pole (Nov.). Acces- sion of Elizabeth. 1559. Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy are passed. Parker be- comes Archbishop of Canterbury (Sept.), I. 55 9- 1 5 75- The eccle- siastical High Com- mission Court is established. Peace is made with France. 1560. An English army aids the Scots and be- sieges Leith. Death of Mary of Guise, Re- gent of Scotland (June). Treaty of Edinburgh (July) between Eng- land and Scotland : (i) No French troops to be kept in Scot- land. (2) Elizabeth's title to England and Ireland recognized. (3) During ^Lary's ab- sence the govern- ment of Scotland to be vested in a coun- cil of twelve nobles. 1556. Paul IV persuades Henry to renew the war against Spain, and Guise again invades Italy, but foils during 1557. Truce of Vaucelles with Charles V (Feb. 5). 1557. Battle of St. Quentin (Aug. 10). The French totally defeated by the Spanish troops under Philibert Emmanuel of Savoy, aided by the iK-o n?u ^ Rigorous persecutions in France. l5o8 Ihe Duke of Guise caj^tures Calais (Jan.) and Thionville. The Dauphin Francis marries Mary Queen of Scots (April). A French detachment .Knri^ ^efeated by Egmont (July) at Gravelines. 1559. Peace of Cateau-Cambresis (April 3). (i) Savoy and Piedmont are restored to Em- manuel Philibert with the exception of five places. (2) Mutual cession of French and Spanish con- quests from each other. (3) France to keep Calais for eight years. (4) The French keep Saluzzo. This peace marks the end of one epoch and the beginning of another. France has secured her independence, Spain and Germany are separated l^or some years religious quarrels divide France, and the Reformation assumes a political character' Death of Henry II (July 10). FRANCIS II, 1559-1560. Married Mary Stuart. 1559. The Guises seize the government, and refuse to call the States-General. 1560. The conspiracy of Amboise illustrated the general discontent. Edict of Romorantin secures liberty of conscience. The States-General were summoned, and a National Council called to discuss the religious questions. The Guises plan the suppression of heresy and the destruction of the Bourbons. The sudden death of Francis II (Dec.) dis- concerts the plan of the Guises. [See Genealogy at end of the Book, p. 370. The Succession of the Later Valois.] CHARLES IX, 1560-1574. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Maximilian IL 1560. Meeting of the States-General at Orleans (Dec), where they demand toleration. K 13© HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. lSfl"'»'> yields part witli Pi?n n Tt ^ , "; Maximilian s friendship 15G1. The resistance of the Vaudois forces the E)uke of Savoy to tolerate their relipjon. 1 1502. Third Session of tlie Council of Trent opened (Jan.). 1563. Council of Trent closed (Dec). 1564 Death of Calvin. Granvella leaves the Netherlands. 1565. Death of Piu=; (E)ec.), succeeded Piws V. Siecre Malta by the lurks, and the gallant and' successful defence by La Valetta, tiie Grand ,^,/^'2f;er (May-Sept.). 1586. Pius V chosen Pope. The Turks take Chios. Death of Solyman the Magnificent, succeeded by Selim II. The Compromise, a league against the Inquisition formed in the Nether- lands. 1507. Arrival of Alva, and arrest of Egmont and "' m:,!^riilVar " '° * ''^^'^ '^"' Jo'"> Sifiis. Horn, 1568. Death of Don Carlos (July) and of Ehzabeth of Fiance (Oct.). Wil- liam of Orange wins the battle of Heili- gerlee-the beginning of the revolt of the Netherlands. The be- ginning of the revolt ,«o^°^'^^^^°°^s of Spain. 1569. Union of Lublin by Sigismund II :—the completion of a poli- tical union between the various portions of Poland. 1570. The Turkish attacks on Cyprus begin. A. D. 1561-1570 131 England. 1561. Mary, Queen of Scots, returns to Scotland (Aug.). France. 1562. The English occupy Havre (Oct.). Shan O'Neill's rebellion breaks out in Ireland. 1563. The English arc forced to evacuate Havre (July). 1564. Outward conformity is insisted upon by Elizabeth. 1565. Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Darnley July). 1566. Murder of Rizzio. Peace is made with France. 1567. Murder of Darnley (Feb.), and marriag of Mary to Bothwell. Mary yields to her foes at Carberry Hill. 1568. Arrival of Mary in England, after her defeat at Langside. 1569. Failure of Norfolk's plot and of the rising of the northern earls. Rising of the Geral- dines in Ireland. 1570. Bull of Pius V ex- communicating Eliza- beth. 1561. Edict of Orleans (Jan.) granting some reforms is published. Montmorenci, Guise, and St. Andre form a Triumvirate to govern the kingdom. The edict of July relaxes some of the laws against heresy. The Conference at Poissy (Sept.) aided the cause of Protestantism. The French Civil Wars, 1562-1598. [See Summary IV, p. 366.] 1562. The edict of January formally recognized Pro- testantism and granted a wider toleration. The apostasy of Antony of Navarre and the Vassy massacre (March) alarm the Protestants and lead to Civil War. Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX come to the Louvre (April), and the Civil War begins. Battle of Dreux (Nov.) was indecisive. Death of St. Andre. 1563. The death of the Duke of Guise (Feb.) ends the First War, and the Peace of Amboise grants toleration to the reformed religion in certain places (March\ War declared against England (July\ and Havre captured. Charles IX is de- clared of age (Aug.) 1564. Treaty of Peace made with England (April). Death of Calvin. 1565. The Court makes a progress through many provinces, and in June Catherine has her famous interviews at Bayonne with Alva. 1566. An Assembly of Notables is held at Moulins to consider the slate of the kingdom. 1587. The conspiracy of Meaux — a Huguenot plot to carry off the King— leads to the Second Civil War. Condeand the Huguenots besiege Paris, and an in- decisive battle is fought at St. Denis. Montmorency is wounded, and dies two days after the battle. 1568. The Treaty of Longjumeau (March) ends the war, confirming the terms of the Treaty of Amboise. The Third Civil War breaks out. 1569. The Huguenots are defeated at Jarnac (March), and Conde murdered. Coligny' is defeated at Montcontour (Oct.). 1570. The Treaty of St. Germains (Aug.) ends the war, liberty of conscience and a general amnesty being allowed to the Huguenots, who received La Rochelle, Montauban, Cognac, and La Charite as places of refuge, and La Rochelle becomes the headquarters of the Huguenots. Marriage of Charles to Elizabeth, daughter of Maximilian, takes place (Nov.). K 2 4 13a tiANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN mSTOJ^y Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. '"'irAbt^ol F'uui' ''''"''' '" ">^ '""'°"es of ' f^ap^:icy, «pain, and Venice against the Turks (Sept). Battle ^ Lepanto (Oct.). Defeat of the Turks. 1 ne Moorish revolt is put down. 1572 Gregory XIII elected fope (May). The beggars' take Brill. Beginning of the thirty years warofliberation. V\iliam of Orange ^eclared StadthokiSr by Holland, Friesland, ISv/'tk" V"^ Utrecht 1573 The Turks capture Cyprus from Venice. 1 he first disputes take place between Turkey and Russia, and end in the defeat of the former by the latter. Alva leaves the Netherlands. Ine resistance of Alk- 1574. Maximilian see. tt tt. I Ti'"'''" ''^^''^^ ^^^ Span- y I ,^f ^Jf^on of Amurath I :}A^- . Kequesens defeats Louis of Nassau at Mookden Heath. Wil- jam of Orange raises WILLIAM OF NASSATT ppt. '"^' '''''''"• NASSAU, PRINCE OF ORANGE, AND HIS DESCENDANTS. of'^Engt'd ^-f-^ Henry., 5,, Mary = William H . 1650 William HI of England A.D. 1571-T574 133 England. 1571. Discovery of the Ridolphi Plot. Par- liament enforces sub- scription to the Thirty-nine Articles. Diplomatic relations with Spain are broken off. 1572. Elizabeth forms a defensive alliance with France, which was *the corner-stone of her foreign policy '(April). Seminary priests begin to arrive from Douai. 1573. Elizabeth aids the Scottish Government, and secretly assists the rising of the Dutch. 1574. The Roman Catho lies in England attacked. are France. 1571. Negotiations for the Elizabeth of England. marriage of Anjou to 1572. Marriage of Henry of Navarre to Margaret of Valois (Aug. 18). Massacre of St. Bartholomew (Aug. 24) is fol- lowed by provincial massacres. But the policy of massacre proved a complete failure. The Pro- testants resist at La Rochelle. 1573. Siege of La Rochelle (Feb.). Death of L'Hopital. The Duke of Anjou is elected King of Poland (May). End of the Fourth Religious War. Peace is made with the Huguenots by the edict of July. Liberty of conscience and amnesty are granted to the Huguenots, and liberty of worship in La Rochelle, Nismes, and Montauban. 1574. Death of Charles IX (May 30). Catherine de' Medici governs France till the arrival from Poland of Henry III. Death of the Cardinal of Lor- raine (Dec). 134 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY German V, Eastern & Southern Europe. thr^nT'lnlh ''n°r" ,=f ?"'"''••"« ^"^ ««= Po'-'^h ' '''"'' Kin.nf P„,.„., iTth^rai r„H r /^""""J "''^ <^'^i^'»n between i-iTfl «> " ? "^ Calvinists becomes apparent Medici as Grand Duke of Tuscany, and prennre° Bathof if ' ".°™ ,°f P"I-^nd\i,h Stephen Death of Frederick Urfirsf Ekc^'of" tie Simmern branch in the Palatinate, where he h.d {i557-?6) introduced Calvinism He is sue ceeded by his sou Lewis VI. ^' EUDOLP 11, 1576-1612. TABLE SHOWING THE HAPSBURG SUCCESs'lON. elected King of Poland, and the Jesuits esta- blish their influence in Poland. 1576. The death of Re- quesens (March), suc- ceeded by Don John of Austria, is followed by the sack of Antwerp (Nov.). (TheSpanii Fury.) The pacifica- tion of Ghent com- bines the northern and the southern provinces (Nov.). 1577. Don John agrees to the Perpetual Edict, but William of Orange refuses to publish it in Holland and Zealand. The States-General de- pose Don John, who wishes to invade Eng- land and marry Mary Queen of Scots. Charles V Rudolf II 1576-1613 Maximilian II 1564-76 Ferdinand I, 1556-64 Matthias 1612-19 Charles, Duke of Styria Ferdinand II, 1619-37 C.ho,ici;SnVpuX^L%^XG--; 1578. Protestantism is suppressed i„ V ''"'""""' "^' '^""57 Catholic reaction 1s"uTd"'n in .^'^ ^..^,1^.!^_' I ^^^8. The Netherlands make a treaty with Elizabeth. Don John wins the battle of Gem- blours (Jan.), but dies m October, and is suc- ceeded by Alexander Earnese, Duke of Par- ma. Death of Sebastian of Portugal. ^•^- I575-I578 t35 England. France. I 1575. Elizabeth declines the sovereignty of the Netherlands. Two Anabaptists are burnt, and Elizabeth con- tinues to oppose the Protestant Dissenters. 1576. Grindal becomes Archbishop of Can- terbury (1 5 76-1 5 S3). More seminary priests from Douai arrive in England, and become a political danger. Wentworth is impri- soned for his conduct in the House of Com- mons. 1577. Drake begins his voyage round the world, and attacks the Spnnish colonies and trade. Grindal refuses to suppress the *Pro- phesyings,' and is sequestered from his See. HENRY III, 1574-1589. Married Louisa, daughter of the Duke of Vaudemont. 1575. Henry is deposed by the Poles. The Fifth Religious War breaks out, the Politique party being very prominent and being joined by Alen9on, Conde, and Henry of Navarre. A truce is made by the government for seven months. 1576. Peace of Monsieur (May). Exercise of the reformed religion is allowed throughout France, except in Paris. The States-General meet in December at Blois, and are strongly opposed to the Huguenots. Alen9on (now the Duke of Anjou) joined the Court. The League is headed by the Duke of Guise. 1577. Peace of Bergerac between Henry III and Henry of Navarre ^Sept.). The Huguenots secure very important concessions, and the religious struggle seemed likely to be ended. THE HOUSE OF GUISE. Claude, Duke of Guise +1550 Claude, Duke of Aumale Charles, Cardinal Francis Louis, Cardinal Mary = James V of of Lorraine +1563 of Guise Scotland Henry III, murdered 1589 I Charles I I Charles, Duke Louis, Cardinal of ofMayenne Guise +1588 1578. Diplomatic relations with Spain are renewed with the arrival of Mendoza in England. 1578. The Duke of Anjou remains in the Netherlands. Henry of Guise allies with Philip II of Spain. 13^ HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1579 Death of Albert of Bavaria, who since ic-o had opposed Protestantism in Bavnria whk'h now became the centre of the CathoTic reaction He IS succeeded by Duke William, who was a strong supporter of the Jesuits (1579-97) Eastern & Southern- Europe. 1580. Death of Lewis VI Elerfnr PoUf Lutheran, who failed to'reconc ?e Lmh. '■ ' and Calvinism. Under his su" F^^ eri^^^^^^^ Ca vm,sm became firmly established in the Pak-' '"'"^estLustSmir P,T"^^'^^^^'U-inst Pro- 1602. "''"''^'"^^- ^t remains a dead letter till 1582. Contests arise in the Diet over the rights of ^ p";tesL:r;on'h-''T^?"^^^' hfidV; the birg- and-^ l^rederick of Brandcn- (2) Aachen, now governed by Protestants. 1579. Tlie seven northern provinces form the Union of Utiecht, the foundation of the Dutch Republic,— and separate from the southern provinces. 1580. The Duke of Anjou IS elected Stadtholder. Death of Don Henry of Portugal, followed by the invasion of the country by the Duke of Alva. Charles Emanuel I becomes Duke of Savoy. The conquest of Portugal is completed by Philip 1581. The seven northern provincesdeposePhilip and declare their inde- pendence. 1582. The Gregorian Calen- dar is instituted. Ernest of Bavark!^ ^ ^^"^^' "^^^ ^^^^^^ 1583. The French sack Antwerp (Jan.). Anjou leaves the Netherlands (June). William ac- cepts the sovereignty of Holland and Zea- land, but is assassinated by Gerard (July 10), and succeeded by his son Maurice as Stadt- holder. England. 1579. Englishmen obtain leave to trade freely in the dominions of the Ottoman Empire. The Duke of Anjou visits Elizabeth (Aug.), and a treaty of mar- riage is signed. Span- ish troops arrive in Ireland, and Philip II incites a Catholic re- action in Scotland. 1580. The arrival of Par- sons and Campion in England is the begin- ning of a definite attack by the seminary priests on England's religion. 1581. The marriage scheme with Anjou is broken off. 1582. TheRaidofRuthven (Aug.). The English party in Scotland get possession of James VI, and Morton's death is avenged. Execution of Campion for high treason. A.D. 1579-1583 107 France. 1579. The Ordonnance of Blois is issued. 1580. Henry of Navarre besieges and takes Cahois, and is then defeated. Peace of Fleix. 1581. A French army under Anjou enters Cambrai (Aug.), driving back Parma. HENRY IV AND HIS UNCLES. Charles, Duke of Vendome Jeanne d'Albret, = Antony, Duke of Queen of Navarre | Vendome + 1562 I Charles, Cardinal of Bourbon + 1590 Louis, Prince of Conde Henry IV 1583. The Irish rebellion is suppressed, and Munster is parcelled out among English settlers. Discovery of Throgmorton's plot (Dec). Whitgift be- comes Archbishop of Canterbury, and re- organizes the High Commission Court. 1583. Anjou returns from the Netherlands June). \ 138 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern & Southern Europe. 1586. Christian T, the tolerant Dnlce of Saxony, at the instigation of his Chancellor Krell, is opposed by his Lutheran subjects in his endeavours to secure toleration for the Calvinists. 1588. Maximilian, Rudolfs brother, who had become a candidate for the Polish crown, is defeated in Silesia by the Polish Grand- Chancellor, and shortly after taken prisoner. Rudolph is forced to ransom Maximilian, and cede to the Poles the (bounty of Zips. 1589. (iebhard retires to Strassburg and gives up the struggle with the Pope. 1584. Murder of William of Orange (July). Death of Ivan the Terrible, and begin- ning of a period of anarchy in Russia. 1685. Parma captures Ant- werp (Aug.). Leicester is chosen Governor- General. Sixtus V succeeds Gregory XIII as Pope. Maurice of Nassau becomes Stadt- holder of the United Provinces. 1586. Death of Stephen Bathori, King of Po- land (Dec), Election of Sigismund III, son of John, King of Sweden (15S7-1632). Conclusion of the Golden League be- tween the ancient cantons, together with Freiburg and Solo- thurn. Alliance of the Swiss cantons with Spain. 1587. Sixtus V proclaims a new crusade against Elizabeth of England, and issues a Bull. 1588. The defeat of the Spanish Armada marks the beginning of the decline of Spain. Accession of Chris- tian IV of Denmark. A.D. 1584-1589 139 England. 1584. The discovery of Throgmorton's plot is followed by the ex- pulsion of Mendoza. Raleigh fails to found a settlement in Vir- ginia. An association is formed to protect Elizabeth. 1585. Elizabeth loses her French alliance, and decides to aid the Dutch. Drake plun- ders Vigo, and attacks St, Domingo and Car- thagena, 1586. Leicester and an English force aid the Dutch, and Leicester is made Stadtholder. Sir Philip Sidney is killed at the battle of Zutphen. The Babing- ton conspiracy is dis- covered and Mary Queen of Scots is tried (Oct,). 1587. Elizabeth attempts to secure the Turkish alliance against Spain. The Marprelate tracts are issued. Drake en- ters Cadiz harbour and destroys Spanish ship- ping. Execution of Mary Queen of Scots. 1588. Failure of the Spanish Armada (Aug.). Death of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. France. 1589. An expedition is fitted out by Drake and Norris against Spain. 1584. Death of the Duke of Anjou (June). The League is revived and reorganized under Henry of Guise, Charles, Duke of Mayenne, and the Car- dinal of Guise. The Treaty of Joinville is made by the League with Spain. Henry of Navarre Guise defeats the 1585. The League issues a manifesto (IMarch) declaring Henry of Navarre incapable of inheriting the throne. Henry III makes the Treaty of Nemours (July) with the Guises, yielding much of his own authority, and agreeing to attack Protestantism. Outbreak of the war of the Three Henries (Henry III, Henry of Guise, and Henry of Navarre). Henry of Navarre is excommunicated by Sixtus V. 1586. Catherine de* Medici has an interview with Henry of Navarre at Cognac. 1587. War of the Three Henries, wins the battle of Coutras. German troops at Vimori and Auneau. Henry III forbids Guise to enter Paris. 1588. Insurrection in Paris in favour of Guise. Henry III escapes from the Louvre. Meeting of the States- General at Blois (Oct.), when the League express a wish to give the crown to the Duke of Guise. Murder of the Duke of Guise at Blois (Dec. 23), and of the Cardinal of Guise (Dec. 24). Mayenne heads the League, and Paris revolts. 1589. Death of Catherine de' Medici (Jan. 5). May- enne becomes Lieutenant-General of France. Henry III unites at Tours his forces with those of Henry of Navarre, and besieges Paris. Henry III is assassinated at St. Cloud by Jacques Clement (Aug. 3), and the Valois line becomes extinct. THE BOURBON KINGS. HENRY IV, 1589-1610. Married (i) Margaret, daughter of Henry II. (2) Mary, daughter of Francis, Grand Duke of Tuscany. 1589. Henry repulses an attack made by Mayenne on his camp at Arques (Sept.) and advances to Paris (Nov.). Differences arise between Mayenne and * the Sixteen of Paris.' 140 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. f590-i598 141 Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe' 1591. The Archduke Ferdinand (twelve years old) succeeds to the Archduchy of Styria on the death ol the Archduke Charles (1564-90). Christian II of Saxony succeeds Christian I. Calvinism is put down in Saxony, and Krell executed. XT u ."^""^^'^"^'^ ^'■"^^* becomes Governor of the JNfctherlands, and Matthias is sent to Govern Hun- gary m his place. 1593. War breaks out between the Emperor and lurkey The Imperialists win a victory in November. * 1594 No striking success is gained by either side in the lurkish war. 1695. The campaign proves disastrous to the Turks Death of Archduke Ernest. 1596 Mahomet III leads his troops and defeats the Imperialists at the battle of Keresztes (Oct.) Perdinand of Styria definitely begins to 'rule, 1 rr.r/^"^/ . ^'^°"^ persecution is started in Styria. 1597. Maximilian becomes Duke of Bavaria (icq^_ 1051). ^ •'-'' 1598. The Imperialists gain some considerable suc- cesses agamst the Turks, who are now anxious to make peace, though the war dragged on for six years more. ♦u ^u Y^-'^'^Sement, the ' Gera bond,' is made by the Hohenzollerns, by which the younger branch should have Culmbach, but that, if either branch tailed, the other would take the Electorship and Margraviate until they should be divided a-ain lor the benefit of the younger branches. _ Under Joachim Frederick (1598-1608) Calvin- ism IS m the ascendant in Brandenburg. 1590. Death of Sixtus V (Aug.). Urban VII, who died twelve days after his election, is succeeded by Gregory XIV (Dec), who sup- ports the League in France. 1591. Death of Dmetri, son of Ivan the Cruel (May 15). Death of Gregory XIV (Oct). Philip II destroys in great measure the Aragonese liberties at Tarragona. Succes- sion of Maurice of Orange. 1592. Election of Clement VIII (Jan.). Death of the Duke of Parma (Dec). Suppression of Aragonese liberties by Philip II. 1593. Van Diemen founds the colonial empire of the Dutch. 1595. Philip appoints Arch- duke Albert Governor of the Netherlands. 1596. Death of Amurath III, who is succeeded by Mahomet III. 1598. Death of Philip II, who had resigned the Netherlands to his daughter and the Arch- duke Albert. He is succeeded by Philip III. Death of Feodore, last surviving son of Ivan the Cruel. Boris becomes Tsar. England. 1590. Death of Walsing- ham. 1591. Engli'^h forces aid Henry IV. 1592. Essex takes another English army to aid Henry IV. Establishment of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. 1593. An Act passed that all who would not attend church were to be banished the coun- try. This Act is aimed at both Roman Catho- lics and Puritans. 1595. Sir John Norris goes to Ireland to subdue Tyrone, who is sup- ported by Philip II. 1596. An expedition sails against Spain under Essex. It attacks Cadiz and inflicts great loss on Spain. Drake sails to the West Indies. 1597. Failure of an expe- dition made by Ra- leigh and Essex against Spain. 1598. Death of Sir John Norris. Tyrone de- feats the English in Ireland. Death of Bur- leigh. France. 1590. Battle of Ivry (March). Henry defeats Mayenne and invests Paris. Death of the Cardinrd of Bourbon (May). The advance of the Duke of Parma com]:)els him to raise the siege (Sept.). 1591. Henry continues the war round Paris, and takes St. Denis and Chartres. He receives German reinforcements, while Mayenne is aided by Spanish and Italian troops. Henry besieges Rouen. Na- varre and the Counties of Foix and Albret are annexed to France. 1592. The Duke of Parma relieves Rouen (April), and returns to the Netherlands. The reaction in France against the League increases. Perigord and Beam are annexed to France, while the divi- sions among the Leaguers ruin their cause. 1593. Henry IV formally adopts the Catholic religion (July\ and many towns and nobles submit to him. 1594. Henry enters Paris ('March), and its submission was followed gradually by that of the whole country, and by extinction of the League. Ex- pulsion of the Jesuits from France. 1595. War is declared against Spain (Jan.). Cle- ment VIII absolves Henry and recognizes him as king. Assembly of the Notables atRouen. 1596. Henry and Mayenne make a treaty, and the League comes to an end (Jan.), though the Duke d'P^pernon in Provence and the Duke of Mercceur in Brittany continue their resistance. Marseilles submitted, and d'Epemon made terms with Henry. Capture of Calais by the Spaniards (April). 1597. War in Brittany, where Henry is victorious. But the Archduke Albert takes Amiens .March), which however Henry recovered (Sept.). Sully becomes Superintendent of the Finances. 1598. The reduction of Brittany is followed by a treaty with Mercoeur (March). The Edict of Nantes is published (April). (1) The Huguenots obtain liberty of conscience and the right to the exercise of their reli- gion in all places where it had been cele- brated during the two preceding years. (2) The Huguenots were also admitted to all schools and colleges, and they were to be admitted to all offices. (3) They were to renounce all negotiations and alliances with foreign powers, and to dis- solve their provincial assemblies. The Peace of Vervins (May) ends the war with Spain, which power restores all its conquests except the citadel of Cambrai. \ 14a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A, D. 1599-1609 143 Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. England. 1599. Philip III marries Margaret of Austria. 1602. Rudolf, at the instigation of the Jesuits, begins to persecute the Protestants in Bohemia and Hungary. 1003. Transylvania revolts against Rudolf. 1G05. Stephen Bocskai is proclaimed ruler of Hun- gary and Transylvania. 1006. Treaty by Archduke Matthias with Stephen Bocskai, Voyvode of Transylvania (June), and toleration is granted to Lutherans and Calvinists (1608). Meeting of the Archdukes of the House of Hapsburg. Matthias is acknowledged as head of the Ilouse, and Rudolf is forced to resign all his dominions except Bohemia and the Catholic Tyrol to Matthias. (This agreement was carried out in June, 1608.) Peace of Sitvatorok with the Turks (Nov.). 1607. Donauworth is occupied by Maximilian of Bavaria, by order of the Emperor's council (Dec). 1608. At the Diet there was great indignation at the occupation of Donauworth. The Protestant Union was formed under the leadership of Christian of Anhalt,and the Catholic League under that of Maximilian of Bavaria. Sigismund (1608-19) succeeds Joachim Frederick in Brandenburg, and Calvinism is established. 1609. Death of William Duke of Cleves, who held Julich and other lands. The Elector of Branden- burg and the son of the Duke of Neuburg claim the succession. Rudolf is forced to grant Bohemia a Royal Charter allowing freedom of conscience (July). 1601-4. Siege of Ostend by the Spaniards. They fail to take it. The false Dmetri appears in Russia. 1603. Dcnth of Mahomet HI and accession of Achmet I (Dec). 1004. Defeat of the false Dmetri by Boris in a great battle (Jan. 21). The Dutch take the Moluccas. Ostend, after a three years' siege, taken by the Spaniards (Sept. 25). War between Sweden and Poland. ie05. Election of Paul V. Death of L^oris, Tsar of Russia (April). Till 161 3, the accession of Michael Romanov, Russia is a prey to disorder. 1606-7. Quarrel between Venice and Paul V. 1608. Gabriel Bathori be- comes ruler of Transyl- vania, succeeding Boc- skai. 1609. Peace is made be- tween Spain and Hol- land, which implied the independence of the Seven United Pro- vinces (April). The Poles invade Russia. 1609-10. Expulsion of the Moors from Spain. The Jesuits establish themselves in Paia- guay. 1599. Essex lands in Ire- land, but his expedition is a failure, and on his return he is im- prisoned. 1600. The East India Company receives its charter. Essex in- trigues with James VI. 1601. The Parliament com- pels Elizabeth to give up monopolies. 6,000 Spaniards land nt Kinsale to aid the Irish, but Mountjoy completely conquers the country. Insur- rection, and death of Essex. 1603. Death of Elizabeth (April 3). Accession of James I. 1604. The Hampton Court Conference. Bancroft becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. The First Parlia- ment meets and sits till 161 1. England makes peace with Spain. 1605. The GunpowderPlot is discovered (Nov. 5). 1607. A Bill for the Union of England and Scot- land is rejected by the Commons. English settlements are made in America. 1608. Disturbances in Ul- ster result in that pro- vince escheating to the Crown. 1609. The Charter of the East India Company is renewed for an un- limited period. France. 1599. Henry divorces Margaret of Valois (Feb.). Death of Gabrielle d'Estrees (April). IGOO. Henry marries Marie de' Medici (Dec'. War breaks out with Savoy, and Henry invades that country. 1601. Treaty of Lyons with Savoy. France gains Bresse and Bugey, Valromey and Gex. Ostend is besieged by Albert of Austria. 1602. Execution of Marshal Biron (July). The Duke of Savoy makes a fruitless attempt on Geneva (Dec). 1003. Henry recalls the Jesuits in spite of the opposi- tion of the Farlement of Paris. He allies with Venice, and makes overtures to the Grisons. De Monls obtains a grant of Acadie. 1604. Plots by the House of Entragues and the Count of Auvergne against Henry IV. Reforms aie carried out in judicature and finance. De Monts, Champlain, and others land in Canada, and a settlement is made. 1605. Rebellion of the Count of Auvergne. The Duke de Bouillon is discovered, and Henry marches through the South of France. 1606. Henry occupies Sedan, Bouillon's capital. 1G07. The fust attempt to colonize Canada fails, and Champlain returns to France. 1608. Champlain founds Quebec. 1609. Henry prepares to oppose the Hapsburgs in the Rhine-land. ^\ 144 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1610-1617 145 Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1610. Frederick V becomes Elector Palatine on the death of his father. The Archduke Leopold seizes Jiilich (Feb.), but is driven out by a combined English, Dutch, and German force, which occupied the town. The mercenaries of the Archduke Leopold devastate Upper Austria (Dec), and then proceed to Prague. ,-01- leil. The Emperor Rudolf is deposed and the Bohe mian crown transferred to Matthias (May). John George of Saxony succeeds his brother as Elector, and becomes the head of the Lutheran party. 1612. Death of Rudolf (Jan. 20). The Protestant Union makes a treaty with Frederick V, the Elector Palatine. MATTHIAS, 1612-1619. Manied Anne, daughter of the Count of the Tyrol. 1613. The Diet— the last one before the Thirty Years' War— refuses to aid Matthias against the Turks. Wolfgang, son of the Palsgrave of Neuburg, marries the daughter of Maximilian of Bavaria (Nov.). Bethlen-Gabor establishes him?elf in Transyl- vania (1613-15), and reigns till 1629. The Protestant Union allies with the United Pro- vinces. 1614. Spanish troops are sent by the Archduke Albert, Governor of the Netherlands, to check religious disturbances at Aix-la-Chapelle and Miilhcim. The Convention of Xanten (renewed in 1630) between Brandenburg and Ncuburg concludes for a time the Cleves-Jiilich dispute. 1615. War between Austria and Venice, which is leagued with Savoy. The Emperor concludes a treaty with the Turks. 1616. The Archduke Maximilian of the Tyrol and Albert renounce their claims to the Empire in favour of Ferdinand of Styria. 1617. The Bohemian Estates recognize Ferdinand of Styria, cousin of the Emperor Matthias, as heir to the Bohemian throne. War of Ferdinand against Venice, which is ended through French mediation. Denmark founds the fortress of Gluckstadt. 1610. Quarrels between the Dutch and English in India begin 1611. CharlesIX of Sweden declares war against Denmark and dies (Oct.). Gustavus Adolphus becomes King of Sweden on Dec. 27, with Axel Oxenstiern the Chancellor as his principal adviser. 1613. Michael Romanov, the ancestor of the later Tsars, elected. Treaty of Knarod (Jan. 19) ends the war between Sweden and Denmark. Sweden gains Kalmar, and Denmark keeps Elfs- borg for six years till a million dollars is paid for its redemption. 1614. The Swedes are suc- cessful against the Russians. 1615. Don Philip, Lifant of Sj^ain, marries Eliza- beth of France (Nov.). 1617. Peace of Slolbova (Feb. 27) is made be- tween Sweden and Russia. Sweden gains Ingria and Karelia, which included for- tresses which were the keys of Finland and Livonia. Ferdinand of Aus- tria cedes Alsace and Finale to Spain. War between Poland and Sweden begins. England. 1610. Abbot becomes Arch- bishop of Canterbury. I 1611. Parliament is dis- solved (Feb. 9). Ulster is colonized by English and Scot- tish settlers. 1612. Death of Salisbury (May 24). James begins nego- tiations for the Spanish match. Death of Prince Henry (Nov. 5). 1613. Elizabeth, daughter of James I, marries Frederick, Count Pala- tine (Feb. 14). France. 1614. The Second Parlia- ment meets, but is quickly dissolved (April-June), Money is raised by a Benevolence. 1615. Death of Arabella Stuart (Sept. 27). 1616. Raleigh is released from prison to seek gold in Guiana (Mar.). Coke is suspended, and the troubles which culminate in the Civil War begin (Nov.), 1617. Negotiations for the Spanish match are de- finitely opened. The king attempts to establishEpiscopacy in Scotland on a firm basis. 1610, Henry allies with the Protestant Union, and is supported by Holland and England, and he and Sully form a scheme for the reconstitution of Europe. His murder by Ravaillac (May) put an end to the extensive projects formed against the Hapsburgs. LOUIS XIII, 1610-1643. Married Anne of Austria, Infanta of Spain. 1610. The Queen-mother, Marie de' Medici, be- comes Regent, and is influenced by Concini, now a marshal of France, and his wife, Leonora Dori (^La Galigai). The former secures the govern- ments of Peronne, Roye, Montdidier, and Amiens, the Lieutenant-Generalship of Picardy, and the Marquisale of Ancre, 1611. Sully definitely retires ; dies 1641. 1612. Marriages arranged with the Spanish Haps- burgs, Louis to marry the Infanta, and the King of Spain's son to marry Louis' sister. 1614. First Civil War headed by Conde. Peace signed at St. Menehould, the king promising to call the Estates-General together (Aug,\ Meeting of the Estates- General (Oct.). They do not again meet till 1789, 1615. Second Civil War. Conde and the princes united with the Huguenots. The Government was too weak to fight, and made the Treaty of Loudun. Marriage of Louis and Anne of Austria (Oct.). Thus a new foreign policy is adopted :— Union with the House of Hapsburg and non-interference with the Catholic schemes in Germany. 1616. Concini and the Queen-mother, Marie de' Me- dici, arrest Conde, who, released by Luyi.es in 1620, aids him against the rising of the nobles. Richelieu made Secretary of State for War. The king and Luynes form a plot for the over- throw of Concini. 1617. Concini (Marquis d'Ancre) is killed (April), and Luynes, the king's favourite, takes tiie government (161 7-1 621). 146 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1618-1621 U7 Germany. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648. [See Summary V, p. 366.] 1618 Revolution in Bohemia (May). Martinitz and Slawata the regents, thrown out of a window. On the death of Albert II, Duke of Prussia, with out heirs his dominions pass to the Electorate of Brandenburg. Ferdinand of Styria is elected Yeafs' Wa ""^'"'^* l^eginning of the Thirty 1619. Death of Matthias (March 20). FERDINAND II, 1619-1637. Married Mary Anne, daughter of William II 01 bavana. The Bohemians depose Ferdinand (April), and elect Frederick of the Palatinate, who is crowned in October. Revolution in Holland and dcnth of Larneveldt. Death of John Sigismund of liran- denburg. succeeded by George William. Vienna is besieged by Bcihlen-CJabor. 1620 'i'he agreement of Mulhausen between the League and the Union. The League promised to make no attempt 'to recover by force the lands of he Protestant administrators, or the secularized lan( s of the northern territories, so long as the holders continued to act as loyal subjects' C^Lirch^ 1621 Battle of the White Hill (Nov. 8\ and the over- throw of Frederick's cause in Bohemia. The Upper Palatinate with the Electoral title is handed over secretly by Ferdinand to Maximilian ot Havana. [The Upper Palatinate lay, with Amberg as its capital, north of Bavaria between the Danube and the upper waters of the Maine ; the Lower l^alatinate was situated on the Middle Rhine at Its confluence with the Neckar.] The Protestant Union is dissolved (May) Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1618. Lerma, being op- posed to union with the Austrian Haps- burgs for an active and religious policy, retires, Sweden and Poland make a two years' armistice, afterwards prolonged to July, 1621. The Synod of Dort meets. Polahd makes a truce for fourteen years with Turkey. 1619. Bethlen-Gabor takes Pressburg. The Re- monstrants are expelled from Holland. 1620. Philip III decides to aid Austria, and Span- ish troops enter the Palatinate. Gustavus Adolphus marries Marie Eleanor, daughter of John Sigis- mund. Elector of Bran- denburg. The Turks defeat the Poles at Jassy (Sept. 20). 1621. Philip IV succeeds Philip III as King of Spain i^March), and his reign is a long series of misfortunes. He makes Zuniga, the chief advocate of an aggressive policy, first Minister. Gregory XV (162 1- 23) supports Spain. Renewal of war with Holland on expiration of truce of 1609 (April), and renewal of war between Poland and Sweden, Gustavus being successful. England. 1618. The Four Articles of Perth are enacted, which introduce Eng- lish ceremonies into the Scottish Church (Aug 25). Execution of Raleigh (Oct. 29). France. 1619. James refuses to aid Frederick, Count Pala- tine. 1620. The first Puritan settlers land at Ply- mouth in America. English volunteers support the Elector Palatine. f. ■J I 1621. Digby's mission to Vienna. James' Third Par- liament meets (Jan. 30 J. Impeachment of Bacon and Mompes- son. 1619. Treaty of Angouleme emls a quarrel, which almost led to civil war, between Mane de Medici and her son's Government. 1620. Rising of the nobles (Mayenne, Longueville, Vendome) against the Government. The success of the royaf troops is followed by the Treaty of Angers. ,. Rising of the Huguenots in consequence ot the re-establishment of Catholicism in Beam by Luynes as a concession to the ultra-Catholic party, headed by the Jesuit Arnoux, the king s Confessor. Beam is united to the Crown of France. 1621. Assembly of La Rochelle, under Rohan and Soubise (Feb.), aims at establishing in France an imperium in imperio. The royal campaign is only partially successful. Spanish projects on the Valteline checked. Death of Luynes, after failing to take Mont- auban. , ,. r ..x. Conde and Marie de' Medici dispute for the direction of aflairs, and eventually La Nieuville, who represented the views of Marie de' Medici, governs for three years. L 2 r 148 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern. & Northern Europe. 1622. Peace is made between the Emperor and Beth- len-Gabor (Jan. 7). Tilly is checked at Wiesbach, but totally defeats Baden at the battle of Wimpfen (May), and, later. Christian of Brunswick at the battle of Hochst. 1023. The Palatinate is lost to Frederick, who with John George of Jagcrndorf is put to the ban of the Empire, his electoral (lignity being given to Maximilian of Bavaria, with the consent of the Electoral College. The Emperor confiscates Jagerndorf, belonging to John George of Branden- burg. Tilly defeats Christian of Brunswick at the battle of Stadllohn (Aug.). 1624. The Hapsburgs occupy every strong position in Germany 1622. Siqismund of Poland makes an armistice with Sweden (June), prolonged till June, 1625. 1623. Alliance between Venice and Savoy to wrest the Valteline from Austria ( Feb.' . Massacre of English traders at Amboyna by the Dutch. The Pontifical troops occupy the Valteline (May). Urban VIII becomes Pope (July). 1624. (iustavus makes pro- posals to England with reference to his inter- vention in the Thirty Years' War. Mansfeld's expedi- tion cannot helpBieda, and ends in failure. (I) Anna Maria of the Palatinate PEDIGREE OF THE HOUSE OF VASA Gustavus I, Vasa, 1523-60 i = Charles IX, 1604- 11 = Christina of Holstein- Gottorp. Catherine = John Casimir of Zweibrlicken Ch ar I es X 1654-60 Charles XI 1660-97 Charles XII 1697-1718 Gustavus Adolphus 1611-1632 ! . Christina 1632-1654, res. 1625. The Princes of Lower Saxony raise an army for Christian IV (Jan.), who is elected chief of the circle of Lower Saxony (May). Tilly enters Lower Saxony, and the Danish war begins (July). Wallenstein enters the dioceses of Halberstadt and Magdeburg. 1625. Gustavus has a successful campaign against Poland, and takes all the strong places in Kurland. Breda taken by Spi- nola (June). A. D. 1622 -1625 149 England. .1 1022. Parliament is dis- solved (Jan. 6;— the greatest blunder of James I's reign. France. 1623. Brench between England and Spain, following the failure of Charles' journey to Madrid. 1622. The royal troops are successful against the Huguenots. Richelieu becomes a cardinal (Sept. 5). The Huguenots are compelled to make the Treaty of Montpellier (Oct. 19) with the Govern- ment : (1) The Edict of Nantes is confirmed. (2) Two towns of security are left to the Hu- guenots—La Rochelle and Montauban. (3)** Prohibition of all political meetings. 1623. The Parknmit of Paris complains of the mal- administration of France (May). 1624. England declares war against Spain (March 10). The Earl of Mid- dlesex is impeached (April). A marriage treaty for Charles with Hen- rietta Maria is drawn up (Nov.). 025. Mansfeld, with troops, sails for Flush- ing (J'ln.). Death of James 1 (March 27). Marriage of Charles I to Henrietta Maria (June). Charles agrees to give Christian IV ^30,000 a month (May), and makes the Treaty of the Hague (Dec. 9), by which both the English and Dutch agree to subsi- dize Christian IV. An expedition to Cadiz fails. Charles' First Par- liament meets and adopts a suspicious at- titude. 1624. Richelieu accepts the post of Minister (May 4), and becomes the real ruler of France, though he was not officiallv Prime Minister till 1629, France makes the Treaty of Compicgne with the Dutch (June 20), and the marriage of Henrietta Maria to Charles of England is arranged (Nov.). French troops, in alliance with Venice and Savoy, occupy the Valteline (Nov.). [The Valte- line encloses the valley of the Upper Adda, from its source to the Lake of Como. | 1625. Rising of the Huguenots under Soubi.^e, who is completely defeated on Sept. 15 and escapes to England. The marriage of Henrietta and Charles I is carried out by proxy ^May 11). I50 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1626-1629 1=51 Germany. 1626. Negotiations for peace, which are opened at Brunswick, fail. A victory of Wallenstcin over Mansfeld at the bridge of Dessau (April) is followed by the deaths of Mansfeld (Nov.) and Christian of Brunswick. Battle of Lutter (Aug. 27) ; total defeat of Christian IV by Tilly. Bethlen-Gabor makes the Treaty of Pressburg with the Emperor (Dec). 1627- Wallenstein was created Duke of Fried land (Jan.), and his prciionderance in the councils of the Empire seemed assured. Wallenstein secures the submission of the whole of Silesia (Aug.). The Turks make a treaty with the Emperor (Sept.), and Bethlen-Gabor without them was powerless. Baden was defeated at Ileiligenhafcn by the Imperial troops. 1628. The Emperor declares the Duchies of Mecklen- burg confiscated, and places them in Wallenstein's hands (Feb.). Wallenstein adopts the title of Admiral of the Baltic (April). The Ilanse towns refuse Wallenstein's offers. Wallenstein, to defend Germany from a Swedish attack, tnkes Wismar, blocks up the harbour ol Rostock, and occupies Pomcrania. Wallenstein fails, however, before Stralsund (Aug.), and the tide began to turn in Germany. 1620. Tilly fails before Gluckstadt (Jan.). The Edict of Restitution is issued (March 6), ordering the restitution to the Church of all Church property secularized since the Peace of Augsburg, 1555 — an attempt to restore the relations between Catho- licism and the Reformed Faith to their position before the Peace of Augsburg. The Peace of Liibeck is made by Wallenstein with Christian IV (May 2). Thus ends the Danish intervention in Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. Death of Maurice of Nassau (April 23), who is succeeded by his brother Frederick Henry as Stadtholder. 1626. Bethlen-Gabor again threatens Vienna. Gustavus conquers Ducal Prussia. 1627. Gustavus fails to take Danzig. Death of the Duke of Mantua (Dec. 26), whose nearcbt relative was Charles of Gon- zaga, Duke of Nevers. 1628. The campaign of Gustavus ai^ainst Po- land proves fruitless. Treaty between Sweden and Denmark (April) marks the first direct connexion of Gustavus with the Thirty Years' War. Spanish treasure fleet captured by the Dutch, who conquer Java, Ceylon, Ma- lacca, &c. 1629. The war of the Man- tuan succession breaks out, and the Spaniards besiege Casale and the Im| erialists Mantua. Truce between Swe- den and Poland at Stuhmsdorf (Sept. 25). (i) Sweden retained Livonia, Memel and Pillau, Braunsberg and Elbing. (2) Danzig engages to pay two-thiids of the customs levied at its har- bour. Recall of Spinola. England. France. 1626. The English Council decide to send an ex- pedition to relieve La Rochelle (Jan. 20). Charles I's Second Parliament meets and impeaches Bucking- ham. 1627. England at war with France and Spain. Morgan is sent to the aid of Christian IV vith a small force. 1628. Charles' Third Par- liament meets (March) and presents Charles with the Petition of Right, which Charles accepts (June 7). Murder of Bucking- ham (.Aug. 23). 1626. Peace of La Rochelle (Feb.) ends the Huguenot revolt. Richelieu suppresses with seventy a conspiracy of nobles against him, headed by the Comte de Chalais. „ , The Treaty of Monzon between France and Spain (March 5). The Spaniards are prohibited from marching through the Valteline, and the Grisons recover their independence. Castles and fortresses are dismantled m trance by the royal ordonnance of Nantes (July). The Dukedom of Orleans is revived in the per- son of Gaston, brother of Louis XIII. Meeting of the Notables in Pans (Dec). 1627. France at war with England. Richelieu is appointed Supermtendent-ueneral of Commerce and Navigation (Feb.). ^ The Huguenots again revolt, and the siege ol La Rochelle begins.* The English fail to aid the rebels effectually (Oct.). Buckingham and the English ships return to England (Nov.). Opening of the Mantuan succession question (Dec ) 1628. Capitulation of La Rochelle (Nov. 1) marks an important step towards despotism. ihe municipal institutions of La Rochelle are com- pletely remodelled, but the Protestants are as- sured the continuance of their religious liberties. 1629. The second session of the Parliament begins (Jan. 20). Charles is attacked for levying tonnage and poundage and for his religious innovations, and Par- liament is dissolved (March 10). Begin- ning of Charles' rule without Parliaments. Peace is made with France (April). 1629 The Peace or the Grace of Alais, signed with the Huguenots, ends the Huguenot revolt, and the municipal institutions of Privas, Msmes, Uzes, Anduze, and Montauban are remodelled. Richelieu relieves Casale— attacked by the Spaniards— the key of the valley of the Po Peace of Susa between England and I* ranee (April). The Duke of Savoy yields to France. Charnace, the French Ambassador, mediates a peace between Gustavus Adolphus and John Casimir of Poland (Aug.), and endeavours to unite Sweden and the Catholic League against the Hapsburgs. , -n • 1 French troops aid the Dutch to take Bois-le- Duc (Aug.) and operate against the Spaniards in the Palatinate. .., r> • A treaty of commerce is made wuth Kussia (Nov.). 152 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1630 -1634 153 Germany. 1630. Gnstavus Adolphus lands in Germany (July), makes a treaty with Pomerania, and occupies the sea-coast districts. Meeting of the Princes and Electors at Ratisbon (June). The Assembly demands the deprivation of Wallenstein. Against the Catholic League, backed by P>ance, Ferdinand cannot do anything, and is forced to dismiss Wallenstein, and to invest the Duke of Nevers with the Duchy of Mantua. Mantua now fell into the hands of the Im- perialists (July 17). 1631. By the Treaty of Cherasco the French and Im- perialist armies withdraw from Italy, and Charles de Nevers received investiture from the Emperor. The Elector of Brandenburg makes a conven- tion with Gustavus Adolphus (May 15). The Imperialist troops storm and sack Magde- burg (May 20). The Elector of Saxony unites with the Swedes (Aug.), and Gustavus aided by the Saxons (Sept. 17) wins the battle of Breitenfeld — 'the • grave of the Edict of Restitution.* After taking Wiirzburg and Opperiheim, Gus- tavus spends Christmas at Mainz. 1632. After taking Donauworth, Gustavus wins the battle of the Lech (April), where Tilly is killed, and occupied Munich. Wallenstein is reinstated in the command of the Imperial troops (April), and drives the Sax( ns out of Bohemia. He forces Gustavus to retire from Nuremberg. Battle of Liitzen (Nov. 16). Defeat of Wallen- stein and death of Gustavus. 1633. Wallenstein negotiates with Saxony (June) on the basis of the repeal of the Edict of Restitution. But Ferdinand declares against the concessions. The League of Heilbronn is formed by the circles of Swabia, Franconia, and the Upper and Lower Rhine, with Sweden for mutual support (Aprin. Wallenstein negotiates with Oxenstjema, pro- to enforce peace and toleration, and to establish himself in the Rhenish Palatinate (Aug.). Bernard of Saxe- Weimar seizes Ratisbon (Nov.). 1634. Assassination of Wallenstein at Eger (Feb.). The Emperor inflicts a crushing defeat on Bernard of Saxe-Weimar at Nordlingen (Sept.), and recovers the Catholic bishoprics of the south. Renewed alliance between the two branches of the House of Hapsljurg. posmg Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. England. France. Spain defends the Southern Netherlands witli difficulty against the Dutch. Death of Bethlen- Gabor, 1630. I^eath of Spinola (Sept. 25). The Treaty of Ma- drid ends the war between Spain and England (Nov. 5). Urban VIH opposes the Ilapsburg policy. 1631. Urban VllI annexes Urbino to the Papal States. 1632. Christina, daughter of Gustavus, succeeds to the Swedish throne, but till 1644 Oxen- stjema carries on the government. 1633. Death of Infanta Isa- bella,who governed the Spanish Netherlands (Nov.). An attempted revolution is put down, and the Spanish Netherlands fall under the direct government of Spain. 1630. Peace is made with Spain (Nov. 5). P'ines are levied by distraint of knight- hood. Eliot and others are fined and imprisoned. Leighton is pilloried and imprisoned. 1631. The High Commis- sion Court is sued by George Huntley for false imprisonment. 1632. London is fined 1,500 marks. Death of Sir John Eliot in the Tower. 1633. Charles is courted by France and Spain. lie raises money by an inquiry into en- croachments on the royal forests. London is fined ^^50,000. Charles visits Scot- land. Wentworth is ap- pointed Lord-Deputy in Ireland (July\ and Laud is made Arcli- bishop of Canterbury (Aug.). 1634. Issue of ship-money writs. 1630. Richelieu crosses into Italy to settle the Man- tuan succession question, and again raises the siege of Casale, and occupies Pinerolo. [The Emperor had put Charles of Nevers to the ban of the Empire, the Imperialists wishing to occupy Mantua, the key of the principal route to the Tyrol. The Imperialists had gained over the Duke of Savoy by promising him part of Montferrat, which Marquisate belonged to the late Duke of Mantua, and Casale was the capital of Montferrat.] Richelieu sends Father Joseph to the Assembly at Ratisbon to intrigue against W^allcnstcin, and to sow discord between the princes and the Em- peror. Louis XIII falls dangerously ill at Lyons (Sept.). * The Day of Dupes.* Richelieu overthrows a dangerous conspiracy (Nov.). Marie de' Medici and Gaston of Orleans fly from France, Marillac is executed, and the Cardinal's position is stronger til an ever. 1631. Treaty of Barwalde (Jan. 13) with Sweden; France to give supplies for six years. Treaty of Cherasco (April) ends the war of the Mantuan succession, and is a brilliant triumph for Richelieu. Treaty of Razilly with the Emperor of Morocco (Sept.). Intrigues continue against Richelieu, headed by Marie de' Medici and Gaston of Orleans, both of whom were in exile in the Spanish Netherlands. 1632. Richelieu suppresses an insurrection headed by Gaston of Orleans and Montmorency, Governor of Languedoc, who is executed (Oct. 30). 1633. The French occupy Lorraine and invade Alsace. 1634. The King of France takes Bernard of Saxe- Weimar into his pny, and French garrisons are admitted into the Palatinate fortresses. A French army occupies Mannheim, and com- pels the Imperialists to raise the siege of Heidel- berg (Dec). J I' I 154 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1635. The Imperialists take Philipsburg from the French (Jan.). The Peace of Prague (May) between John George of Saxony and the Emperor. (i) The Empire to be placed in the condition in which it was in 1627. (2) Lnsatia to be given to Saxony. (3) Lutheranism alone recognized as a privi- leged religion. 1636. Battle of Wittstock (Oct.), in which the Saxons are defeated by the Swedes under Baner. Ferdinand, son of the Emperor, is elected Kin^^ of the Romans (Dec. 22). ^^ 1637. Death of the Emperor (Feb. 15). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1635. Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, published his Augustimis. The Spaniards carry off the Elector of Treves, and this event leads to war between Spain and France. 1636. Oxenstjema returns to Sweden. FERDINAND III, 1637-1657. Ararried Mary, daughter of Philip III of Spain. 1637. The Swedes, under Baner and Wrangel, have great difficulty in maintaining themselves in Pomerania. 1638. George William of Brandenburg moves his Court to Konigsberg, owing to the' condition of Brandenburg. Bernard of Saxe- Weimar, after taking Rhein- fclden and Freiburg, captures Breisach (Dec), and Its capture was 'the turning-point of the struggle between France and the House of Austiia.' 1639. Death of Bernard of Saxe- Weimar (July) Alsace is taken by the French. 1640. The Swedes retire from Bohemia and join the Weimarian army under Longueville and Gue- briant. Frederic William, the Great Elector, succeeds to Brandenburg on the death of George William, and makes an armistice with Sweden (July, 1641)' 1641. Bnner attacked Ralisbon and nearly captured the Emperor (Jan.). Brandenburg makes a truce with the Swedes (June). Defeat of the Imperialists at Wolfenbuttel by Guebriant (June). Preliminaries of a general peace were arranged at Hamburg (Dec). 1638. Amurath IV takes Bagdad. 1639. The Catalans defend Roussillon against the French (July). Destruction of a Spanish fleet in the Downs. 1640. Revolt of Catalonia against Spain, and Portuguese Revolution (Dec). John of Braganza becomes John IV of Portugal. Independence of Portugal proclaimed. 1641. War of Castro, be- tween Urban VIII and the Italian princes, interferes with Riche- lieu's Italian policy. Death of Baner (May), succeeded by Torstenson. I .'i i I A. D. 1635- 1641 155 England. 1635. Further writs for ship-money are issued. An attempt is made to put down piracy in the Channel. 1636. Issue of the third ship-money writ. Juxon, Bishop of London, becomes High Treasurer. 1637. Hampden refuses to pay ship-money. The Scots resist Laud's proposed changes, and especi- ally the introduction of a Prayer-book. 1638. The Second Coven- ant is drawn up, and the Covenanters pre- pare for war. 1639. The Scots abolish Episcopacy. First Bishops' War. Charles and an army advance to Berwick. Pacifica- tion of Berwick ends the war (June 18). 1640. Meeting of the Short Parliament (April 13- May 5). Second Bishops' War. The Scots ad- vance into Yorkshire. The king summons the Ma^^num Concilium at York (Sept. 24). Negotiations for peace are opened at Ripon (Oct.). Meeting of the Long Parliament (Nov. 3). 1641. Execution of Straf- ford (May). The Star Chamber and High Commission Court are abolished. Charles goes to Scot- land (Aug.). France. 1635. Oxenstjerna visits Louis XIII. A fresh treaty is made between France and Sweden. France declares war on Spain (June), and makes treaties with the United Provinces and the Italian princes. The Duke of Rohan occupied the Grisons* territory, but Crequy, owing to the shifty con- duct of Victor Amadeus of Savoy, could not reduce the Milanese, and Piccolomini and Gallas checked the efforts of the French on the Rhine and in the direction of the Netherlands. 1636. A Spanish invasion of France under Piccolomini as far as Corbie is succesbfully repulsed ; the Spaniards threaten Guyenne ; the Prince of Conde failed to take Dole ; Burgundy is invaded by the Austrians. In Italy the French do nothing. 1637. The beginning of the conquest of Artois by France, which is completed in 1640. The revolt of the Croquants in Guienne led to the overthrow of the local privileges of that pro- vince. Rohan has to retire from the Grisons, and the Spaniards invaded Languedoc, but were driven back. 1638. The French fleet was successful in the Mediter- ranean. Turenne wins successes against the Duke of Lorraine. The birth of the Dauphin (Sept. 5), afterwards Louis XIV, overthrows the hopes of Orleans and the Court party. Death of Father Joseph (Dec.\ 1639. The revolt of the nus-pieds in Normandy led to the overthrow of the local privileges of that pro- vince. The French, on the death of Bernard, occupy the fortresses in Alsace and the Breisgau, Riche- lieu having imprisoned the young Elector Palatine, Charles Louis. 1640. The French occupy Alsace, and restore the Duchess-Regent Christina of Savoy to Turin, from which she had been driven by the Spaniards in 1637. 1641. A Spanish invasion of France. Royal Declaration issued insisting on the im- mediate registration of all Royal Edicts by the Farlement. This destroyed the claim of the Parlement to be a political assembly. France allies with Portugal against Spain. The conspiracy of the Comte de Soissons is put down. } 156 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1642-1644 157 Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Kurdte. England. 1642. Torstenson dcfeatslhelmperialistsatSchwcidnitz (May) and a. Charles seeks aid from Ireland (Sept.). Death of Pym (Dec. 3). 1644. The Scots invade England (Jnn ). Charles wins Cro- predy Bridge (June 29), but is defeated at Marston Moor (July 2). France. 1642. The French power is dominant in Savoy, and Roussillon submits to France. Richelieu crushes the conspiracy of Cinq-Mars and De Thou. A French invasion of Spain takes place, but the siege of Tarragona fails. Death of Richelieu (Dec). 1643. Death of Louis XIII (May 14). LOUIS XIV, 1643-1715. Married (1) Maria Theresa. (2) Madame de Maintenon (privately). 1643. A Lit de Justice is held (May 18). Anne of Austria is invested with supreme power, and Orleans appointed Lieutenant-General of the kingdom. Anne at once confirms Mazarin as First Minister. Enghien, aided by Gassion and Sirot, wins battle of Rocroi (May 19), which strengthens the government of Anne of Austria and Mazarin. Thionville is taken and annexed to France. Suppression of the Importants (Sept.). Death of Guebriant while besieging Rottweil. Defeat of the French under Rantzau at Dut- lingen (Nov.). Turenne takes command of the remnant of the army. 1644. The French take Gravelines (May 16), but lose Lerida (July 31). A battle of three days fought at Freiburg (Aug. 3-5), Enghien being in command of the French, resulted in the retreat of Mercy and the occupation of the Rhineland by the French. In 1643 and 1644 numerous risings take place amongst the peasants of Rouergue, Armagnac, Normandy, Dauphine, and Languedoc, and the nobles bei^in to conspire in Saintonge, Angou- mois, and Poitou. In consequence of the opposition, Mazarin reduces the tax prescribed by the idit du toisi i 158 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1645-1647 159 Germany. 1645. The Austrians are defeated at Jankowitz by Torstenson (March), who tries to make a com- bination with the French and Ragotsky, and attack Vienna. He unites with Kni^otsky, but the latter makes peace with the Emj eror, and Torstenson ends his career by the capture of Leitmeritz. Turenne's defeat at Meri^entheim (May 5\ fol- lowed by the resistance of Mercy at Nordlingen (Aug. 2), prevent a French advance on Vienna. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1646. The Swedes under K6nig>mark take Prague. A quarrel breaks out between the Great Elector and Pfalz-Neuburg. The Elector of Bavaria, whose dominions are invaded by the French and Swedes, agrees to a truce. The Great Elector marries Louise, daughter of Frederick Henry of Ornnge .Nov.). 1647. The Elector of Bavaria makes the Treaty of Ulm (March) with Turenne. The Elector and his brother, the Elector of Cologne, promised to remain neutral until the end of the war. The Elector of Mainz and the Landgrave of Hesse- Cassel soon after made a similar engagement. Maximilian of Bavaria and the Elector of Cologne take up arms again on behalf of the Emperor (Oct."). Wrangel retires into Westphalia. 1645. Turkish war with Venice begins and con- tinues for some years. The Turks land in Crete and take Canea. The Tsar Michael is succeeded by Alexis, under whom Russia makes distinct pro- gress. Death of Olivarez (June). The Treaty of Broms- bro is made between Sweden and Denmark (Aug. 14), Denmark suffering serious terri- torial losses. The Dutch occupy St. Helena. 1646. Prince Frederick Henry the Stadtholder becomes insane, and the junction between the Dutch and French troops is prevented. 1647. The Tsar Alexis publishes his book of Ordinances, a deve- lopment of the codes of Ivan HI and IV. Rising of Naples un- der Masaniello against the Spanish rule. He is killed (July 16 , and the rising is put down. Death of Frederick Henry, Stadtholder of the United Provinces (May). He is suc- ceeded by William II. The Spanish and Dutch open negotia- tions for a treaty. Guise carries out a second revolution (Nov.) in Naples, and is made Duke of Na- ples. \ England. ! Essex is surrounded at Lostwithiel and his army destroyed, Sept.). The second battle of Newbury (Oct. 27) is fought by Manchester and Waller (inde- cisive). 1645. The Directory, in- stead of the Prayer- book, is ordered to be used (Jan. 3). Execution of Laud (Jan. 10). Peace negotiations at Uxbridge (Jan.- Feb.). The Self-Denying Ordinance is passed (April 3). The Parliamentary army is remodelled, and Charles is totally defeated at Naseby (June I4\ Charles' forces are defeated at Langport, Bristol, and Rowton Heath (Sept.\ while Montrose defeats Ar- gyll at Inverlochy (Feb.) and Baillie at Kilsyth (August), but is routed at Philip- haugh (Sept. 13). 1646. Charles joins the Scottish army at Newark (May 5\ The Treaty of New- castle falls through. 1647. Charles is given up to the English Parlia- ment (Jan. 30). The Parliament and army begin to quarrel. The army seize the king (June 4), who re- jects its proposals and flies to the Isle of Wight (Nov.) F'rom 1 France. 1645. Many of the most violent of the members of the Farlement are imprisoned (March\ The French take Rosas in Spain (May), and Harcourt defeats the Spaniards (June 23). The French under Turenne, when attempting to join the Swedes and attack Vienna, are de- feated at Mergentheim (May). The opponents of the Government in Paris are encouraged. The French fail to take Orbitello (May). The French are victorious at Nordlingen (August 3). Mercy is killed, but the French, owing to their losses, were obliged to retire. Mazarin is strengthened by the victory of Nord- lingen ; a Lit de Justice is held (Sept.), and the Farlement is forced to yield. The Duke of Orleans takes Gravelines, Cassel, Bethune, &c., in August and September, and Turenne captures Treves and re-establishes the Elector. 1646. The French, after failing to capture Orbitello (Aug.), take Piombino and Porto Longone (Oct.). The Pope Innocent X agrees to make Michael Mazarin, a brother of the Minister, a Cardinal. D'Enghien and Orleans take Courtrai (Jan.), Mardycic (August), and Dunkirk (Oct.). Turenne joins the Swedes under Wrangel and invades Bavaria, and the Elector agrees to a truce. Death of Henry, Prince of Conde (Dec.) ; D'Enghien succeeded to his governments. The French under Harcourt are compelled to raise the siege of Lerida (Nov.). 1647. Louis, Prince of Conde, fails to take Lerida (June^ — the only reverse to a French army when directed by him. The Elector of Bavaria at last signed the Treaty of Ulm (May), promising neutrality and to allow French troops to march through Bavaria to Vienna. The French campaign in the Netherlands ter- minates badly, Gassion being killed at the siege of Lens Sept.). Mazarin makes a treaty with the Duke of Modena for the invasion of the Milanese (Sept. I). Serious illness of Louis XIV (Nov.). i6o HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1648-165I 161 Germany. 1648. Wrangcl joins Turcnne in Franconia (April), and toi^ether they defeat the Imperialists at Zus- marshausen (May 17). The Swedes under Konigsmark take part of Prague (Kleinseite) (July), and the Emperor inclines to peace. The Treaty of Westphalia is signed (Oct. 24) : {}) The independence of the Germnn States is recognized, and they are allowed to make treaties with foreign powers, so long as they are not directed against the Emperor or Empire. (2) France gained the Austrian possessions of Upper and Lower Alsace, the Sundgau and Bn isach, with IVIetz,Toul, and Verdun ; also prefecture over ten Imperial cities in Alsace. (3) Sweden got Western Pomerania and several towns and islands. (4) Brandenburg got certain territorial acquisi- tions. (5) Bavaria retained the electoral dignity, while for the Elector Palatine a new electorate was created. (6) The independence of the Swiss cantons and of the United Netherlands was recog- nized. A federative system was thus es- tablished in Germany ; France and Sweden acquired a right of interference in the Em- pire. 1649. At the Hague the Prince of Wales takes the title of Charles II. 1650. Turenne aids the Archduke Leopold in Flan- ders against France. They are defeated at Rethel (Dec. 15), 1651. Two Leagues are formed in Germany for carry- ing out the Peace of Westphalia : (i) The Catholic League, formed at Frankfort (March), and com|.osed of the three eccle- sinstical electors, the Count Palatine, and the liishop of Miinster. It was joined later by the circles of Swabia, Franconia, and Lower Saxony. (2) The Protestant League, composed of Chris- tina of Sweden, the Landgravine of Hesse, and the Dukes of Brunswick and Luneburg. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. England. France. 1648, The Turks besiege Candia. The Spanish power restored in Naples (April). Mahomet IV suc- ceeds Ibrahim as Sul- tan (August). The Cossacks defeat the Poles (,May). A great riot breaks out in Moscow on ac- count of the severity of the taxes. 1640. Christina of Sweden causes Charles Gus- tavus, son of the Duke of Zweibriicken, to be recognized. 1650. Death of William II, Stadtholder of the United Provinces (Nov. 6). The Dutch take pos- session of the Cape of Good Hope. 1651. Alexis of Russia in- vades Lithuania. The Cos-;ack chief, Bogdan, makes a treaty with the Tsar (June 28). The Poles defeat the Cossacks and their allies the Tartars (July). Carisbrooke he n'^go- tiates with the army and Parliament. 1648. The Second Civil War breaks out (Apr.). Cromwell defeats the Scots at Preston, Wi- gan, and Warrington (August), while Fair- fax routs the Kentish- men and takes Col- chester Aug. 27), and the Parliament nego- tiates with Charles at Newport. Pride's Purge takes place (Dec. 6), and the Independents in Par- liament vote to bring Charles to trial (Dec. 23)- 1649. Execution of Charles I (Jan. ^o). The Commonwealth is proclaimed (May 19). Cromwell puts down the Levellers and crushes Drogheda (Sept.) and Wexford (Oct.). 1650. Execution of Mont- rose (May). Battle of Dunbar (Sept.), and defeat of the Scots by Cromwell, who takes Edinburgh (Dec.V 1651. Charles II is crowned at Scone (Jan. 1). Cromwell defeats Charles II at Worces- ter (Sejit. 3). Charles escapes to France (Oct. 17). The Navigation Act is passed against the Dutch (Oct. 9). 1648. The Dutch make the Treaty of Munster with the Spaniards (Jan.), and so defeat Mazarm s plan of securing the Spanish Netherlands. Turenne attacks the Elector of Bavaria, who had broken the Treaty of Ulm, and overthrows him at Zusmarshausen (May 17). The French capture Tortosa (July 13). The insurrection of the Fronde assumes senons proportions (Aug.). Conde wins the battle of Lens (August 20), and hastens the conclusion of the Peace of West- phalia. . By the Peace of Westphalia, France gamed : (i) Definite possession of Metz, Toul, and Verdun. (2) Breisach and the Austrian possessions of Alsace, with the provincial prefecture over ten imperial cities.*, (3) The right to garrison Philipsburg, while no fortresses were to be built on the right bank of the Danube from Basle to Philipsburg. (4) The overlordship of Pinerolo. The Court leaves Paris (Jan. 5), and the Twelve Weeks' War takes place. The Peace of Rueil (April i) ends the First or Parliamentary Fronde. Return of the Court to Paris (August 18), followed by Conde's disaffection and Turenne s treaty with Spain. 1650. Arrest of the Princes Conde, Conti, and Longue- ville by Mazarin (Jan.). The Court makes a progress through Nor- mandy, BuBgundy, and Guienne. The siege of Bordeaux is followed by the Peace of Bordeaux (Oct. i\ The royal army under Duplessis Praslin defeats Turenne at Rethel (Dec. 15). 1651. Mazarin releases the Princes (Feb.) and then retires to Cologne. .r- , • . The Queen allies with the new Fronde against Conde. Louis attains his majority (Sept. 7). The rebellion of Conde begins, and he finds support in Bordeaux. r i.- u The Parlement of Paris attaints Conde of high treason (Dec). M I A. D. 1652-1655 163 162 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1652. The Great Elector attempts to induce his Diet to make the direct taxes permanent. 1653. Promulgation of a constitution by the Great Elector, who then suppressed his Diet. 1654. The Emperor presides in person at a Diet at Rntisbon, held to confirm the provisions of the Peace of Westphalia. 1655. The Great Elector permits the Swedes to pass through Prussia to Poland (July) ; but makes a defensive treaty with the Dutch (July 27), and marches into the Duchy of Prussia to arrange for resis^tance to the Swedes. He is, however, at- tacked by Charles X, and forced to submit (Dec). 1652. Don John of Austria suppresses the revolt in Catalonia. 1653. Innocent X con- demned five proposi- tions taken from Jan- sen i us' Atigustinus. John de Witt be- comes Pensionary of Holland. 1654. Christina of Sweden resigns her crown in favour of Charles X. By a formal treaty the Cossacks place themselves under the protection of Alexis. A thirteen years* war between Poland and Russia begins ; the Tsar takes Smolensk (Sept. 10) and other places in Poland. The Province of Hol- land passes an Act of Exclusion against the young William HI. 1655. Charles X invades Poland (July). Total defeat of John Casimir of Poland by Charles X of Sweden (August 23). Charles takes Warsaw (August 30) and Cra- cow (Oct. 8). England. 1652. The Dutch War be- gins (July). The Cromwellian settlement of Ireland is effected. Blake is defeated by Tromp (Nov.). The English repub- lic is recognized by the French Govern- ment. France. 1G53. The Barebones Par- liament meets (July 4), but is unable to carry a very radical pro- gramme. Cromwell is made Lord Protector by the Instiument of Govern- ment (Dec. 16). 1654. Cromwell makes treaties with Holland (April 15), Sweden, Portugal, and Den- mark. The First Protector- ate Parliament meets (Sept. 3). The Parlia- ment proving obstinate Cromwell excludes about 100 members (Sept. 12). 1655. I'he country is di- vided among eleven major-generals. Capture of Jamaica (May). Cromwell allies with France against Spain (Nov.;. 1652. Turenne, at the head of the royal forces, defeats Beaufort and Nemours in the Battle of Jargeau (March 29). The Edict of Nantes is confirmed, and the Pro- testants do not hamper the Government. Conde defeats the royal army at Bleneau (April 7), but Turenne, coming up, prevents a complete disaster. The Spaniards take Gravelines ;May). Turenne cuts to pieces at Etampes Conde's Spanish mercenaries (May 4), occupies St. Denis, defeats Conde in the Faubourg St. Antoine (July 2\ but has to retire and defend the frontier. Mazarin again retires to the frontier. The Spaniards take Dunkirk (Sept.). The king enters Paris amid scenes of great excitement (Oct. 21), exiles leading Frondeurs, recalls Mazarin, forces the Parletnent to give up its political powers, and arrests Retz (Dec. 19'. Conde allies with Philip of Spain (Nov.) and is joined by the Duke of Lorraine. 1653. Return of Mazarin (Feb. 3\ Fouquet and Servien become Superintendents of Finance (Feb. 7). Treaty of Bordeaux (July 31) ends the Provincial Fronde. Louis joins Turenne's army (July), and sees some warfare. The capture of Saint Menehould (Nov.) checks the tide of Spanish successes. 1654. The Prince de Conti marries one of Mazarin's nieces, Marie Anne Martinozzi (Feb.). Treaty of Basle .May) with Harcourt secures for Mazarin Alsace and Philipsburg and the frontier of the Rhine. Coronation of Louis XIV (June 7; at Rheims attests to the increasmg tranquillity of the king- dom. Stenai taken by the French (August 5), and the siege of Arras by Conde is raised (August 24). 1655. The French take Landrecies, march through the Spanish Netherlands, and take Saint Guillain (Aug.). The Lorraine army sides with the French. The Commercial Treaty of Westminster (Nov.) is made between France and England, and paves the way to a close political alliance, the French agreeing to remove Charles from France. M % K 164 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1656 -1658 165 Germany. 1658 The Great Elector is compelled to make the Treaty of Konigsberg with Charles X, agreeing to hold Prussia of Sweden (Jan.). In order to obtain part of Poland the Great Elector makes the Treaty of Marienburg with Charles X (June 15), and the Treaty of Labiau (Nov. 20), by which Prussia is ceded to Frederick FenHnand III agrees to support Poland against Sweden. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1657 The Treaty of Wehlau is made between Bran- denburg and Poland (Sept. 19). the former to "'Sh TF^rdinand III (April .), aged forty- nine. The Imperial throne remams vacant till The Great Elector makes an offensive alliance with Denmark (Nov. 10). 1656. Swedish armies overrun Poland, and Charles X becomes master of the country. The Poles rise (Jan.- March, and Charles is forced to ally with Brandenburg. The Venetians de- stroy a Turkish fleet (June 26). ^ At the three days Battle of Warsaw (July), Charles again overthrows John Casi- mir. The Russians invade Ingria, Karelia, and Finland (June). Russia makes the Treaty of Wilna with Poland (Nov. 3). The death of John IV of Portugal is fol- lowed by Dutch attacks on the Portuguese colonies and com- merce. 1657. Denmark attacks Charles X, who is at war with Russia, Po- land, Denmark, and Austria simultane- ously. The Venetians lose Tenedos and Lemnos to the Turks. 1658. Leopold is elected Emperor in July after an interregnum of sixteen months. 1658. The Poles renew the war with Russia. Charles X threatens Copenhagen, but, fear- ing a general European opposition, makes the Treaty of Roskild with Denmark (March 8). England. 5 1656. Spain declares war upon England (F"eb.). Blake destroys a Spa- nish fleet near Cadiz. The Second Pro- tectorate Parliament meets (Sept. 17-June 1657)- Cromwell interferes on behalf of the Vau- dois. France. 1656. The French army is defeated by the Prince of Conde at Valenciennes, and the Spaniards retake the town of Conde and Saint-Guillain. Reconciliation between Mazarin and Orleans takes place (Aug.). Turenne takes La Capelle (Sept.). The Jansenists are opposed by the Jesuits. Pascal writes his * Provincial Letters.' 1657. Parliament decides to offer the crown to Cromwell (April). He refuses. Blakedestroysa Spa- nish fleet (Ap/il 20J. An offensive and de- fensive alliance is made with France (April). The Humble Pe- tition and advice, in- creasing Cromwell's powers and creating a new House of Lords, is accepted (May). 1658. The Third Pro- tectorate Parliament meets (Jan. 20) and is dissolved (Feb. 4). A Cavalier plot is discovered (March 17). Death of Oliver Cromwell (Sept. 3). His son Richard is declared Protector. 1657. Treaty of Paris between France and England (March). England agrees to aid France with 6,000 men and to receive Dunkirk and Mardyck. The English troops arrive (May). Conde com- pels Turenne to raise the siege of Cambrai (June). The French take Montmidi in Luxemburg (Aug.). Capture of Mardyck by Turenne (Oct.), who had previously taken Saint- Venant in Artois and La Motte-au-Bois. Louis is put forward as a candidate for the Im- perial throne. 1658. Battle of the Dunes (June 1 3). The Spaniards are defeated, and Dunkirk (June 25) and Gravelines (Aug. 24) are taken. Serious illness of Louis (July). Lionne builds up the League of the Rhine (Aug.), and Bavaria, Sweden, Brunswick, and the Rhine Electors side with France. Negotiations are renewed with Spain. N i66 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. LEOPOLD I, 1658-1705. Married (i) Margaret, daughter of Philip IV of Spain. (2) Claude, heiress of the Tyrol. (3) Eleanor, daughter of Philip of Neuburg, Elector Palatine. Formation of the League of the Rhine (Aug. 2), ■which included the three spiritual Electors, Miln- ster, Neuburg, Brunswick, Hesse-Cassel, Sweden, Bavaria, and the King of France. The Great Elector marches to the aid of the Danes, and Charles X is himself blockaded ^'^ept.). . c r 1, 1650. The Great Elector takes towns m Swedish Pomerania and drives the Swedes out of Prussia. 1660. The Rhenish League is renewed for three years. Birth of George Lewis (afterwards George I of England), son of the Duke of Brunswick- Liineburg and Sophia, granddaughter of James I of England (May 21). John Casimir of Poland, by the Treaty of Oliva, renounced all claims to the throne of Sweden, and acknowledged the independent sove- reignty of the Great Elector over East Prussia (Mays). 1661. The Great Elector snmmons the Pmssian Diet, which proves obstinate and has to be coerced. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. Defeat of the Spa- niards by the Portu- guese near Elvas. Charles besieges Co- penhagen ( Aug.-Sept.). Charles makes a treaty with Russia (Dec). 1659. England and Hol- land insist on forcing Sweden and Denmark to make peace. The Dutch fleet at- tacks Sweden. 1660. The death of Charles X of Sweden (Feb. 13) paves the way to peace in the north. Treaty of Oliva be- tween Poland and Brandenburg (May 3) ended hostilities and averted a European war. The Treaty of Co- penhagen is made be- tween Sweden and Denmark (June 16). The Portuguese make a close alliance with England. 1661. Achmet Kiuprili be- comes Grand Vizier in Turkey. The Treaty of Kardis ends the war between Sweden and Russia (July). THE AUSTRIAN HAPSBURGS. Ferdinand 111 = Mary, d. of Philip HI of Spain I Mary -Philip IV of Spain (1656-1705) Leopold = Margaret Theresa, Eleanor = Charles Leopold, sister of Philip IV T)«^e of of Spain Lorrame = Claude, heiress of the Tyrol = Eleanor, d. of Philip William of Neuburg A. D. 1659-1661 167 England. Eng- 1659. Parliament meets (Jan. 27), but quarrels with the army and is dissolved by Richard Cromwell (April 22). A Royalist rising in Cheshire is put down (August). Monk declares for the Parliament ngninst the officers, and sum- mons a convention in Scotland (Nov.) 1660. Monk enters land (Jan. i\ declares for a free Parliament, and a convention is summoned. Charles 11 enters London (May 29). Episcopacy is re- stored. An Act of In- demnity and Oblivion is passed. Military tenures and feudal dues are abo- lislied. The army, except two regiments, is dis- banded. 1661. The Savoy Confer- ence fails (April). The new Parliament, which meets in May, is strongly Royalist, r^ The Corporation Act is passed (Dec). In Scotland Episco- pacy is established. France. 1659. England, France, and Holland make an agree- ment at the Hague to enforce the Treaty of Roskild (May 21). Peace of the Pyrenees (Nov. 7) : (i) France gained Artois and a number of fortresses in Flanders, Hainault, and Luxemburg ; and Rousillon and Cer- dagne. (2) Lorraine to be restored to Charles HI on certain conditions (which he would not accept). (3) Spain resigned claims to Alsace. (4) Conde was restored to his Governorship of Burgundy. 1660. Louis visits Toulon and the South (Jan.- March) and is reconciled to Conde. The district of Orange is compelled to recognize the royal sovereignty (March). Louis arrives at Bayonne (May), his marriage with the Infanta takes place in June, and his entry into Paris in August. Death of Gaston, Duke of Orleans, o.s.p. The title devolved upon Philip, younger brother of Louis XIV — the founder of the second House of Orleans-Bourbon, and of the third Dukedom. 1661. Death of Mazarin (March 9) at the age of fifty-nine. Louis henceforward governs. Marriage of Philip of Orleans, Louis' brother, to Henrietta, sister of Charles II (April i), Louis makes a treaty with Sweden in order to promote Conde's candidature for the Polish crown. The struggle between the French and Spanish ambassadors in London (Oct.) eventually results in the triumph of the French king. The fall of Fouquet takes place on Sept. 5, and Colbert becomes the leading Minister in France. \ i63 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY \ A. D. 1662 -1665 169 Germany. 1663. Leopold is obliged to engage in a war against the Turks, who take Neuhausel and threaten to invade Germany. The marriage of Leopold with the Spanish Infanta Margaret is arranged (Dec). The sittings of the Diet at Ratisbon are made permanent (Dec. 23). 1664. Battle of St. Gothard (August i). The Im- perialists, aided by a French force, having defeated the Turks, the Peace of Vasvar is made (August 10) : — (i) Imperialist and Turkish armies to retire from Transylvania. (2) Apasi to pay tribute to the Turks. Beginning of a Perpetual Diet in Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. Holland makes a treaty with Portugal (August). Birth of Charles II of Spain (Nov.). 1662. Alfonso VI assume"? the government of Portugal, 1665. The Bishop of Miinster invades the United Provinces, but wins no successes. The University of Kiel is founded. 1663. Victory of the Portu- guese over the Spa- niards. Don John of Austria retires from the com- mand of the Spaniards. The Dutch capture all the Portuguese pos- sessions in India except Goa and Diu. 1664. I'irth of Alberoni. The Pope yields to the demands of Louis XIV (Feb.). Russian envoys ar- rive at Venice. 1665. Portuguese inde- pendence is secured by the victory of Villa Viciosa. Death of Philip IV of Spain (Sept. 17), who is succeeded by Charles II. England. 1662. Marriage of Charles II and Katherine of Portugal (May 21). He receives Bombay and Tangiers and free trade for England with Brazil as part of her dowry. The Act of Uni- formity (May) des- troyed Presb} terianism in the Church, and many nonconforming ministers are ejected from their livings. A treaty is made be- tween England and Holland (Sept.). Birth of Mar}', daughter of the Duke of York, afterwards Queen Mary. 1663. A Court faction, headed by Lady Cas- tlemaine, intrigues against Clarendon. 1664. An informal war breaks out between England and Holland at sea and in the colonies. The Conventicle Act is passed forbidding all Catholics and Noncon- formists to hold meet- ings. The New Nether- lands in America are captured from the Dutch. Charles II sends an embassy to Russia. 1665. England declares war against Holland (Feb. 22). English naval vic- tory over the Dutch off Lowestoft (June). Charles II allies with the Bishop of Miinster U^ne). France. 1662. The Treaty of Paris is made with the Dutch (April) — a mere nominal alliance — but it pre- vented Holland from making preparations to check Louis' schemes in the North Sea and on the frontier. Crequy, the ambassador at Rome, is insulted by the Papal Guards ; the affair ended in a great triumph for French diplomacy (August). Negotiations of Louis with Spain for the revo- cation of his wife's renunciation, and for the pos- session of Luxemburg, Hainault, Cambrai, and Franche-Comte, broken off (Oct.). Louis buys back Dunkirk from England (Nov.). Pirates attack the southern coasts of France (1661-2). 1663. Louis, still at variance with the Pope, seizes Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin. Colbert improves the finances, commerce, and the marine and colonial systems of France. Louis continues his alliance with the League of the Rhine (Jan. 23). 1664. Establishment of the East and West Indian Companies, the Company of the West, and com- panies to trade in the North and in the Levant. Gremonville goes to Vienna and remains there till 1672. The League of the Rhine is renewed, and proves very useful to Louis as a check to the Emperor. Louis makes treaties with Sweden, Branden- burg, Saxony, and Mainz. 1665. The Council of Commerce is reorganized. Colbert is made Controller- General (Dec.) and begins to carry out his great industrial reforms. The French bombard Tunis and Algiers, re- press the Barbary pirates, and attempt to colonize Madagascar. 170 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1666-1669 171 Germany. 1666. The Great Elector makes a treaty with Holland (Feb.), and a quadruple alliance is formed, con sisting of Holland, Brandenburg, Liinebiirg, and Denmark (Oct.\ to ensure the independence ol Holland against France. Holland forces the Bishop of Miinster to make peace. The Great Elector makes a new Treaty of Par- tition with Pfalz-Neuburg, the Elector receiving Cleves, Mark, and Ravenstein ; the Duke of Neu- burg keeping Jiilich and Berg. 1667. Death of the Electress of Brandenburg (June). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. England. 1668. The Great Elector marries the widowed Duchess Dorothea of Brunswick. 1660. The connexion of Bavaria with Louis XIV and the Emperor leads to many complications. 1666. The Dutch at the Cape give assistance to a French fleet. 1667. Peace of Andruszowo between Poland and Russia ends the Thir- teen Years' War. Russia recovered Smolensk, Chernigov, and some places be- yond the Dnieper. Alexander VH dies (May 22) and is suc- ceeded by Clement IX (June 22). The conference of Breda is opened (May). The Treaty of Breda is made between Eng- land and Holland (July 10). The Turks begin the siege of Candia (May). Don Pedro, brother of Alfonso of Portugal, takes the Regency during the king's ill- ness. 1668. Spain and Portugal make peace (Keb. 13), Spain recognizing Por- tuguese independence. johnCasimir resigns the throne of Poland. 1669. Clement IX agrees to a compromise with the Janscnists — the Clementine Peace. Resignation of Fa- ther Nithard, who since 1665 had acted as first Minister in Spain. The Turks capture Candia (Sept. 6). Death of Clement IX (Dec. 9). Michael becomes King of Poland. I I The Plague in Lon- don is at its height (Sept.). The Five Mile Act is passed (Oct. 30). 1666. Charles II secretly engages not to interfere with Louis XIV's de- signs (Feb.). A four days' drawn battle takes place be- tween the English and Dutch fleets off the Dunes (June 1-4). Another sea battle off the Norfolk coast, in which the Dutch are beaten (August 4). The Great Fire in London (Sept. 2-6) breaks out. 1667. The Dutch burn English ships at the mouth of the Med way (June). Fall of Clarendon (August), who is suc- ceeded by the Cabal (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, Lauderdale). The Peace of Breda (July 10) is not popu- lar. 1668. The Triple Alliance is concluded between England, Sweden, and Holland against France (Jan. 23). James Duke of York avows his conversion to the Romish faith. 1669. Charles II secretly announces his con- version to Clifford, Arundel, and Arlington (Jan. 25). Death of Henrietta Maria, widow of Charles I (Sept. 10). France. 1666. France declares war against England (Jan.) and sends a force against the Bishop of Miinster. An expedition is sent to India. The first series of Huguenot emigrations takes place in consequence of the commencement of a policy of persecution, which continues till 1685. The Devolution War, 1667-1668. [See Summary VI, p. 366.] 1667. Death of Anne of Austria, the Queen-Mother (Jan.). Louis makes a secret engagement with Charles II, the latter promising not to interfere with Louis' designs in the Netherlands, the former agreeing not to aid the Dutch at sea. Louis stirs up Hungary to rebel against the Emperor. Marie Anne (Mile, de Blois), Louis' daughter by Louise de la Valliere, is legitimitised. Louis makes fresh alliances with Mainz, Co- logne, Neuburg, and Miinster. Louis crossed the frontier (May 24) and the Jus Devolutionis War began, and within two months the Spanish Low Countries were conquered. 1668. A secret Treaty of Partition for the Spanish Empire is made between Louis and the Emperor (Jan. 19) :— (i) France to get the Low Countries, Franche Comte, Naples, Sicily, Navarre, the Spanish possessions in Africa, the East Philippines. (2) Leopold to have Spain and the rest of the Spanish possessions. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (May 2) between Louis and Spain : — (i) Louis withdrew from Franche-Comte. (2) Louis secured twelve strong fortresses with their districts in the Spanish Netherlands, which made the north-east frontier of France strong. The first French factory in India is established at Surat. The Count of Vermandois, Louis' son by Louise de la Valliere, is legitimitised. 1669. Louis is busy throughout the year negotiating alliances with England, Sweden, the Emperor, and the German Princes. A large emigration of the Protestants of Picardy to England takes place. Colbert is made Minister of the Marine, of Com- merce, of the Colonies, and of the Royal buildings. I 17a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1070. Birth of Zinzendorfj afterwards the Austrian Chancellor. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1670. William of Orange is appointed Captain- General by the United Provinces. Clement X is elected Pope (April 29). The House of Bra- ganza in Portugal is recognized by the Papacy. PORTUGAL. The House of Braganza to 1683. John IV, elected 1648-1656 Alfonso VI 1656-1683 Catherine = Charles II of England 1671. Mainz, Treves, Denmark, and Saxony remain neutral while Holland is attacked by Louis XIV. The Emperor puts down a Hungarian rising under Nadasdy, Zriny, and Frankopan, who were executed. Spain makes a defensive treaty with Holland (Dec). 1671. Spain and Holland make an alliance (Dec). Turkey adopts the cause of the Cossacks, and declares war on Poland. t A. D. 167O-1671 173 England. Charles II makes overtures to Louis XIV (Dec). 1670. A second and more severe bill against Conventicles is passed (March). The Secret Treaty of Doveris made (June i). A second treaty in- tended to be made public is signed on Dec. 31. liuckingham is sent on a mission to France. Sir William Temple is recalled from the Hague. Charlestown is founded by English settlers. 1671. Death of the Duchess of York (March 3). Parliament is pro- rogued for a year. France. \_See Genealogy at end of the Book, p. 371. The Descendants of Louis XIV.] 1670. Defensive alliance between France and Bavaria (Feb. 17) :— (i) France to support the Elector in the Assem- blies of the Empire. (2) In the event of the partition of the Spanish Empire, Louis and the Elector to act to- gether. (3) If the Emperor died, Louis and the Elector to act together. (4) Louis promises a subsidy, and that the Dauphin should marry Elector's daughter. Treaty concluded between Louis and Sweden (May) for three years. The Secret Treaty of Dover (June i ) is made between Louis XIV and Charles H : — (i) Charles to declare his conversion at some future date. (2) Charles to receive £150,000 and ^(^2 2 5,000 a year as long as the war lasted. (3) At the conclusion of the war, England was to get Walcheren, Sluys, and Cadsand. (4) Louis was to choose the moment for de- claring war against the Dutch, and England was to join in the war by land and sea. (5) Upon failure in the Spanish male line, Charles was to aid Louis in making good his claim to the Spanish monarchy. (6) A Treaty of Commerce to be concluded, and the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle to be maintained. (7) Louis to help Charles with men and money if necessary. Death of Henrietta of Orleans (June 30). Louis occupies Lorraine on account of the intrigues of the Duke with the Dutch (Sept.), and thus acquires a possession of great impor- tance to France. 1671. Treaties are made by France with Hanover, Osnabriick, Brunswick- Liineburg, and the Pala- tinate (July-Dec). Vauban begins to construct fortresses in the Netherlands. Death of Lionne (Sept. i). The Emperor Leopold makes a Treaty of Neutrality with Louis (Dec). The Senegal Company is founded. '74 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germanv. 1672. The Great Elector promises to aid the Dutch with 22,000 men (May 2). First Coalition against France : — (i) The Emperor Leopold, alarmed at the possible extension of the French power to the Rhine, allies with Brandenburg (June 23). (2) Leopold makes a treaty at the Hague with the States-General (Oct. 27). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1672. Sweden joins the league agamst Hol- 1673. The Great Elector makes the Treaty of Vossen with Louis XIV (April 10). The Conference of Cologne meets (June) and sits till March, 1674. Second Coalition against France :— (i) Treaties between Leopold, the Dutch (Aug. 30), Spain, and Lorraine. (2) Treaty between Spain and the Dutch. The Elector of Bavaria persists in his neu- trality. Montecuculi and William of Orange capture Bonn (Nov. 12), and, while Cologne and Miinster made peace, Treves and Mainz joined the Coali- tioQ. land (April 14). Poland is invaded by the Turks and Cos- sacks, and Kaminiec is taken (June). Michael makes peace at Buczacz, ceding Ka- miniec, Podolia, and the Ukraine (July). The Abrogation of the Perpetual Edict (July 3). The Prmce of Orange is proclaimed Sta< It- holder (July 4). He rejects the French con- ditions (August 4). Murder of the De Witts (August 4). The Stadtholder re- lieves Amsterdam by the capture of Naar- den (Sept. 6). 1673. William of Orange makes a defensive al- liance with Denmark and the Duke of Lor- raine (July 1). The Emperor en- gages to aid Holland with 30,000 men, and Spain promises aid on condition that Maestricht is not given to France and no se- parate peace made with Louis XIV. The Polish Diet re- pudiates the Treaty of 1672, and Sobieski defeats the Turks at Khoczim. Death of Michael, King of Poland (Nov. 10). A. D. 1672-1673 175 %% England. 1672. The stop of the Ex- chequer ! Jan. 12). The Declaration of Indulgence is issued (March 16) repealing the acts against Catho- lics and Nonconfor- mists. England declares war against the Dutch after attacking their fleet (March). The battle of South- wold Bay (March) proves indecisive. 1673. The Test Act is passed to compel all office-holders who were not members of the English Church to re- sign (March 29\ The Duke of York and Clifford refuse to comply with the Test Act and resign their posts. Fall of the Cabal Ministry. Osborne, afterwards Earl of Danby, becomes the leading Minister. Dismissal of Shaftes- bury. The Duke of York marries Mary of Mo- dena (Sept. 30). The Commons are suddenly prorogued (Nov. 4). France. The Dutch War, 1672-1678. 1672, Cologne promised assistance to Louis (Jan.), and Miinster does the same in March. Treaty of Stockholm with Sweden (April 14). Leibnitz presents to Louis a scheme for the conquest of Egypt and the seizure of the Mediter- ranean trade. War declared by France against the United Provinces (April 6 \ Louis leaves Saint-Germain- en-Laye (April 23) for the seat of war. Ruyter defeats the combined English and French fleets at Southwold Bay (June 7). The French army cross the Rhine at Tolhuys (June 12) — the famous 'Passage of the Rhine.' Many of the French colonists in Madagascar are massacred, and the scheme of colonizing the island fails. The sluices opened in Holland, and Amsterdam saved (June 15-20). The States-General offer Louis excellent terms, which on Louvois' advice he refuses i June 29^. Louis arrives at Saint-Germains (August i). Between November, 1672, and March, 1673, Turenne, aided by the troops of Cologne and Miinster, defeats the plans of the Austrians, Lorrainers. and Brandenburgers, who had joined forces, and drives them across the Weser. William of Orange is forced by the Count of Montal to raise the siege of Charleroi and to retire to Amsterdam (Dec). 1673. An edict is issued suppressing the right of the Parlement of Paris to make remonstrances until the royal edicts had been registered (Feb.). The title of Superior Courts is substituted for Sovereign Courts, and the last remaining barrier to despotism is removed. The Great Elector makes peace (April 10), and this ends the First Coalition against France. Conference opened at Cologne in June and continues till March, 1674, under the mediation of the Swedes, but the Dutch would not accede to the demands of Louis and Charles (June). Capture of Maestricht by Vauban (June), Louis being himself present. The Anglo-French fleet is defeated by Ruyter and Tromp on June 7, June 14, and August 21. A new Coalition is formed against France, consisting of the Emperor, the Dutch, the Duke of Lorraine, and Spain (August). 176 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1674. Denmark and the Elector Palatine join the Coalition (Jan. and March), followed by the Dukes of Brunswick and Liineburg (June 20). The Empire, by the Diet of Ratisbon, declares war on France (May 28). A new Triple Alliance is made between the Empire, Spain, and Holland against Louis XIV (July). It is joined by the Elector of Branden- burg (July 1). The Great Elector takes part in operations on the Rhine. 1675. The Duke of Liegnitz dies without male heirs, and the Great Elector claims the Duchies of Liegnitz, Brieg, and Wohlau, under the Treaty of 1537. The Emperor, however, seized them and incorporated them with the kingdom of Bohemia. Battle of Fehrbellin (June) : a decisive victory of Brandenburg over Sweden, followed by the expulsion of the Swedes from Pomerania with the exception of a few strong places. Death of the Duke of Lorraine ; Charles Louis, his nephew, succeeds to the command of the Im- perial army. 1676. The Imperialists recover Philipsburg. 1674. Sobieski is elected King of Poland. The States-General of the United Provinces declare the Stadlhold- erate hereditary in the family of Orange. 1675. War between Den- mark and Sweden breaks out. The Spaniards are beaten by Duquesne in the Mediterranean. Sobieski defeats the Turks at Lemberg. 1676. Death of De Ruyter in the Mediterranean. William of Orange fails to take Maes- tricht. A political revolution at Madrid : the Queen- Mother overthrown : Don John, a natural son of Philip IV, and a French partisan, takes the government. Charles XI of Swe- den defeats the Danes at the battle of Lunden (Dec). Treaty of Zurawna (Oct. 27) between the Turks and Poles. The Turks gain Kaminiec and the greater part of Podolia, and part of the Ukraine. Death of Achmet Kiuprili seven days after the Peace of Zu- rawna. He is suc- ceeded as Grand Vizier by Kara Mustapha. Innocent XI be- comes Pope. Death of the Tsar Alexis, who is suc- ceeded by Eeodore. A. D. 1674-1676 177 England. 1674. The Treaty of Lon- don is made between England and Holland at the instance of the Parliament led by Shaftesbury (Feb. 28 j, who had joined the op- position. [The English con- tingent, how^cver, re- mains with Turenne.] Deaths of Milton and Clarendon. 1675. Charles, bribed by Loiris, prorogues Par- liament for fifteen months (Nov. 22). A standing com- mittee of the Privy Council is appointed to control ' Trade and Plantations.' France. 1676. Charles makes another secret treaty with Louis (Feb. 17), receiving an annual pension. An English fleet attacks the Barbary States. The Allies under William of Orange capture Bonn, and this success leads to the defection of Cologne and Munster from the side of France, while Treves and Mainz join the Coalition, and Utrecht, Gueldres, and Overyssel are freed from all danger of invasion (Nov.). An expedition sent to Ceylon. Trincomalee taken and lost. 1674. The campaign in Lorraine is opened (Feb.). The reconquest of Franche-Comte accomplished by Louis under the direction of Vauban in six weeks (May and June) . Henceforth the Jura was the eastern boundary of France. Turenne wins the battle of Sinsheim against the Imperialists (June). Devastation of the Pala- tinate (July and August^ Conde fights the indecisive battle of Senef (August I), and William of Orange took Grave, though he could not invade France. Turenne wins the battle of Ensheim (Sept.). Pondicherry is founded by Martin. Turenne mnkes his famous march across the Vosges from Lixheim in Lorraine to Belfort in the winter of 1674-5. 1G75 The battle of Turkheim (Jan. 5) is won by Turenne over the Great Elector. A week later the left bank of the Rhine was free of Germans, and the aim of Turenne's famous campaign in the Vosges accomplished. The death of Turenne (July 26) destroys all hopes of a successful campaign. Montecuculi crosses the Rhine and besieges Saverne and Hagcnau, but later in the year is forced back by Conde. Crequy capitulates with all his army at Saar- briick to the Duke of Lorraine (Sept.). Conde at the end of the campaign retires to Chantilly, where he lives till his death in 1686. The French fleet in the IMediterranean is very successful during 1675, defeating the Dutch and Spanish fleets in the Bay of Palermo. The French become masters of Sicily. 1676. Louis takes Conde and Bouchain (May). The young Duke of Lorraine captures Philips- burg (Sept.). A Congress begins to sit to arrange terms ot peace at Nimeguen (July). N I i I ( 178 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. THE HOUSE OF HOHENZOLLERN IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Joachim Frederick, 1598- 1608 John Sigismund, 1608-1619 i George William = Elizabeth, 1619-1640 d. of Fred. IV, El. Palatine Mary Eleanora = Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Frederick William = (i) Louisa Henrietta, d. of Fred. Henry, the Great Elector Prince of Orange 1640-16S8 = (2) Dorothea of Holstcin-Glucksburg Ernest Augustus, El. of Hanover George I Sophia = Frederick, First King of Prussia, 1701 ofEno;land Charlotte 16S8-1713 1677. Siege and capture of Stettin by the Great Elector (Aug. i-Dec. 12). 1G77. Charles XI defeats the Danes at the battle of Landskrona. Don John attempts to reform the Spanish Government. The Danes, by naval victories, conquer Gothland and Rugen. 1678. Capture of Stra^und (Oct.) by the Great Elector, followed by that of Greifswald ^Nov.), the last Swedish possession in Pomerania. 1678. The first war be- tween Russia and Turkey breaks out. The Danes defeat the Swedes at Uddevalla. A. D. 1677-1678 179 England. 1677. Parliament meets (Feb.). Charles de- clares he has made a close alliance with the United Provinces against France. Shaftesbury, Buck- ingham, Salisbury,and Wharton are im- prisoned in the Tower. William of Orange comes to England and marries Mary, the daughter of the Duke of York (Nov. 4). Louis now intrigues with the leaders of the Opposition. 1678. Treaty between Eng- land and Holland (Jan.\ Parliament votes money to enable Charles to 'enter into actual war with the French king.' English troops are withdrawn fromFrnnce and sent to Flanders. France. 1677. The King and Duke of Orleans are successful in the north, the former taking Valenciennes, the strongest fortress on the Scheldt, and Cambrai and Saint Omer ; the latter defeated William of Orange at Cassel (April), and overran Flanders. Crequy carries out a successful campaign on the Rhine, and captures Freiburg (Nov.). D'Humieres in the north took Ghislain. 1678. Louis takes Ghent and Ypres (March), and Crequy continues his successes on the Rhine. A dispute with Innocent XI about the regale breaks out. The battle of Saint-Denis (Aug. 15) is fought four days after peace had been signed. N 2 i8o HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. THE KINGS OF DENMARK IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Christian IV = Anne Catherine, 1 588-1 649 d. of Joachim Frederick, El. of Brandenburg Frederick III 1649-1670 ! 1 111 J. Anna Sophia Frederica Christian V George = Anne of Llrica = John =Chri5tian 1670-1699 England Eleanora = Charles XI George III, Albert of El.ofSaxony Ilulstcin- Gottorp of Sweden Frederick IV 1699-1730 1679. The Emperor and Empire make peace with Sweden (Feb.). Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye between Prussia and Sweden (June) : — (i) All conquests made by Pmssia were restored, except a small strip along the (2) right bank of the Oder. France evacuated indemnity. Cleves and paid an 1679. An alliance is made between Sweden and Denmark. Death of Don John at Madrid (Dec. 17). Restoration of the Queen-Mother and Austrian influence in Spain. Marriage of Charles II of Spain with Louise of Orleans. England. St. John, afterwards Bolingbroke, is born. A secret treaty be- tween Charles and Louis (May 17), but Charles refuses to ra- tify it, and another treaty is made with Holland (July). The 'Popish Plot' agitationbegins(Aug.). The last secret treaty between Charles and Louis (1678) is dis- closed by Louis to the Opposition. An Act is passed to exclude Roman Catho- licsfrom bothHousesof Parliament (Nov. 30). Danby is impeached by the Commons (Dec. 1679. Parliament is dis- solved (Jan. 24) after sitting from i66r. Meeting of the new Parliament i^Mar. 6) ; the impeachment of Danby is continued, and he is imprisoned. Sir William Tem- ple's scheme for a Council of Thirty is formed, with Shaftes- bury as President (April). The Habeas Corpus Act is passed. The Exclusion Pill is brought forward, but Parliament is dissolved (July)- A new Parliament is elected (Oct.), but does not meet. The Parties of Petitioners and Abhorrers (also called the Whigs and Tories) are formed. A. D. 1679 181 France. The Peace of Nimeguen : — i. A treaty between France and Holland (Aug. 10) — (i) France restored Maestricht and its depen- dencies. (2) France restored Messina to Spain. (3) The Dutch to receive favourable commercial advantages, and Colbert's hostile tariff is given up. (4) Restoration to William of Orange of Orange and his estates in the Spanish Netherlands, France, Franche-Comte and the Charolais. ii. A treaty between France and Spain (Sept. 1 7)— (1) France restored Charleroi, Binch, Ath, Oudenarde, Courtrai, Limburg and its Duchy, Ghent, Rodenhus, Leuze, St. Ghis- lain, and Puycerda in Catalonia. (2) France retained Valenciennes, Conde, Bou- chain, Maubcuge, Cambrai, Saint Omer, Aire, Ypres, W arneton, Cassel, and some others, thus securing a strong line of places stretching from Dunkirk to the Meuse. (3) France retained Franche-Comte. iii. A treaty between France and the Em- peror and Empire (Feb. 2, 1679) — (i) France restored Philipsburg. (2) France retained Freiburg with passage across the Rhine at Breisach. (3) The Duke of Lorraine to be restored under the conditions of 1659. (^^'^ refuses to accept these terms.) In otlier respects the Treaty of Miinster of Oct. 24, 1648, was adhered to. 1679. Crcquy carries on a campaign on the Rhine to compel the Emperor to agree to the Peace (Feb.). By the Treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Fontaineblcau Louis compels Brandenburg and Denmark to restore to Sweden their late conquests. Throughout the year French troops were gradually occupying Alsace and isolating Stras- burg. A committee of the Parlejfient of Metz be- comes the first Chamber of Reunion (Oct.), and begins its work in December. 1 82 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1680. Fiirstenburg, Bishop of Strasburg, becomes one of Louis XlV's pensioners (May). The Great Elector secures the territories of the Archbishop of Magdeburg on the latter's death. Death of John George II of Saxony. His suc- cessor John George III takes up a watchful attitude towards France, and, with the Count Palatine and other princes, desires a general arming of Germany to counteract the policy of Louis XIV (Aug.). Death of Montecuculi (Oct. 17). The Bishop of Miinster makes an alliance with Louis XIV (Dec). 1681. Treaty made at Finsterwalde (April) between Brandenburg and Saxony for defensive purposes. A Convention between Holland and Sweden to maintain the 'I'reaties of Westphalia and Nimc- guen proved the germ of the League of Augsburg (Sept. 30). Leopold hears on October 6 of the entry of the French into Strasburg and Casale, of the death of the Count of Rosenberg, and of the appearance of the Turks in Styria. A European Congress meets at Frankfurt-on- the-Maine (Oct. 30). 1682. The Count Palatine, by the Convention of Areillcn with Louis XIV i.Feb.), was promised a pension, in addition to a handsome gift of money. The Emperor and Spain join the League already made by Sweden and Holland, and, in June, Saxony, Bavaria, Hesse-Cassel, Liineburg, and the leading members of the Upper Rhine and Franconia also join it. The Emperor prepares for the invasion of Ger- many by the Turks. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1680. TheDukeofMedina- Celi becomes first Min- ister in Spain ; he is unable to check Louis* annexations. Diet of Stockholm. Charles XI of Swe- den secures the power of legislation and mar- ries a Danish princess. 1681. In Sweden the bur- ghers, peasants, and clergy make CharlesXI virtually absolute. Diet of Odenburg is held for the redress of Hungarian grievances. 1682. Death of the Tsar F'codore. Sophia, daughter of the first wife of Alexis, becomes Regent during the minority of Ivan and Peter— joint sove- reigns. Revolt of the St reltsi (May 15-18). Peace between Rus- sia and Turkey, the former securing Rus- sian Ukraine and the Cossack territory. England. " 1680. The Commons decide in favour of the right to petition Parliament. The Commons pass the Exclusion Bill (Nov.), but the Lords reject it at the instance of Lord Halifax. Lord Stafford is be- headed (Dec. 29;. 1681. Parliament is dis- solved (Jan.), and the new Parliament meets at Oxford (March 21). It passes the Exclusion Bill and is dissolved (March 28). Shaftesbury is pro- secuted for high treason by the Government. Charles II makes an agreement with Louis XIV, undertaking not to summon Parliament and not to interfere with the French king's policy. 1682. An attack is begun by the Court party on the municipal liberties of London and other towns. Shaftesbury leaves England for Holland (Oct. 19). A. D. 1680-1682 183 France. 1680. Establishment of a French factory in Siam, the king, Phra-Narai, being alarmed at the progress of the Dutch in the East. The Dauphin marries a Bavarian princess (March 17). Louis continues to form his Chambers of Reunion, and issues edicts against the Huguenots. Mile, de Blois marries the Prince of Conti, Conde's son. The Breisach Chamber claims Upper and Lower Alsace (Aug.). From 1680 to 168S a large number of soldiers lose their lives in carrying out works connected with Versailles. Louis resists the Papal claims to the revenues of vacant benefices. 1681. A large emigration of Huguenots from the north and west coasts takes place. An embassy set out from Siam to France, but perished on the way. An embassy from Morocco is well received at Versailles, and a treaty is projected. Seizure of Strasburg by the French in time of peace (Sept. 30), and occupation of Casale by Boufflers and Catinat. The siege of Luxemburg is begun (Nov.), but it was not blockaded strictly, and the siege was raised early in 1682. 1682. Louis tries to stir up Hungary and to create discontent in Sweden, Holland, and Poland, against the Governments of the respective coun- tries. He also makes a treaty with Denmark. Bombardment of Algiers by Petit-Renaud and Duquesne. The Declaration of the Four Articles marks Louis' attempt to secure the independence of the Gallican Church : — (i) Pope's power limited to spiritual matters. (2) The superiority of Coimcils to the Papal authority vindicated. (3) Independence of the Gallican Church asserted. (4) The Pope's opinion in questions of faith is not absolute unless confirmed by the Church. Louis' envoys leave the Conference of Frank- fort (Dec). 184 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1683. Vienna is besieged by the Turks (June), but saved by John Sobicski (July 14). A Leat;uc is formed at the Hague to resist Louis XIV's aggressions. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1683. The Grand Vizier, Kara Mustapha, is murdered for his de- feat at Vienna (^Oct.). Charles II of Spain declares war on France (Dec). 1684. The Great Elector issues the Edict of Potsdam, offering a refuge in his dominions to the French Protestants. Tlic I^mperor, occupied with the Turkish war, is compelled to agree to the Truce of Ratisbon (August). The Duke of Lorraine wins successes against the Turks. 1885. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes decides the Great Elector, hitherto a supporter of Louis, to oppose the French king. The Duke of Lorraine continues to gain suc- cesses against the Turks, and recovers Neuhausel and other fortresses. Many Huguenots settle in Brandenburg and other parts of Germany. Disputes begin between the Empire and France over tlie Palatinate. 1686. The Duke of Lorraine takes Buda (Sept. 2), which had been 145 years in the hands of the Turks. The Great Elector receives Schwiebus from Austria, and a promise of East Friesland, in liquidation of nil claims upon Liegnitz, Brieg, and \\ ohlau (April). Formation 'of the League of Augsburg (July) to preserve the Treaties of Westphalia and Nime- guen and the Truce of Ratisf)on. It included the Em[)eror, the Kings of Spain and Sweden, the Dutch Republic, the Elector Palatine, the Elector of Saxony, and the circles of Bavaria, Franconia, and the Upper Rhine. 1684. The Venetians join the Empire and Poland against the Turks, whom they attack. Athens is bom- barded. 1685. Count Oropesa suc- ceeds the Duke of Medina-Celi as first Minister in Spain and renews the alliance with Austria. The Venetians under Morosini take several places in the Morea and Dalmatia. 1686. Venice makes con- quests in the Morea. Persecution of the Vaudois by the Duke of Savoy. Russia and Poland make a treaty by which Russia secures Kiev. Russia declares war against Turkey. i A.D. 1683-1686 185 England. 1683. Death of Shaftes- bury (Jan.). The Rye House Plot is discovered (June 14). The Charter of Lon- don is forfeited, and new municipal officers are appointed by the Crown (June-Oct.). Algernon Sydney is executed (Dec. 7). Monmouth is ban- ished (Dec, 25). 1684. Many towns accept new charters. Charles dispenses with the Test Act in the case of the Duke of York, who again becomes Lord High Admiral and a mem- ber of the Council. 1685. Death of Charles II (Feb. 6). Accession of James II. Insurrection of Mon- mouth ; he is defeated at Sedgmoor (July 6), and is beheaded. Numerous judicial executions are carried out by Jeffreys. Parliament meets in May, and, after a recess, again in No- vember. 1686. The case of Godden V. Hales is tried, and the judges decide in favour of the king, who introduces many Papists into the Church and Army (June). A new Court of Ec- clesiastical Commis- sion is created (July). France. 1683. At the Diet of Ratisbon Louis' envoy demands a thirty years' truce, during which the French are to have undisturbed possession of their recent acquisitions. Algiers is again bombarded, and the Dey submits (June). Death of the Queen, Maria Theresa (June 30). Death of Colbert (Sept. 6), who is succeeded by Le Peletier, while his son Seignelay becomes Minister of the Marine. 1684. Marriage of Louis to Madame de Maintenon (Jan. 12). Siege of Luxemburg recommenced in earnest in April ; was taken in June, by which time Dixmude, Courtrai, and Oudenarde had also fallen. The Truce of Ratisbon ends the war in the Spanish Netherlands (August), and Louis is allowed for twenty years possession of all the places assigned to him by the Chambers of Reunion. Ninety-three Jewish families expelled from the Gen^ralit^ of Bordeaux (Nov.). Bombardment of Genoa, followed in 1685 by the visit of the Doge to Paris. Arrival of an Embassy from Siam at Versailles (Dec). 1G85. Bombardments of Tunis and Tripoli by the French fleets. The Edict of Nantes is revoked (Oct. 22), with disastrous results to the political and commercial life of France. Death of the Chancellor Le Tellier. 1686. Arrival of a second Siamese Embassy at Ver- sailles (Sept.). Chandernagore is founded. Madame de Maintenon establishes the College of Saint-Cyr. Death of the great Conde (Dec. 11). ^ i86 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1687-1688 187 Germany. 1687. The Duke of Lorraine and Louis of Baden defeat the Turks under Suleiman Pacha at Mohacz (August 12), and Croatia and Transyl- vania are subdued. The Dukes of Bavaria and Savoy join the Lengue of Augsburg. The Diet of Pressburg declares the Hungarian Crown hereditary in the House of Hapsburg (Oct. II), and Joseph I, son of the Emperor, is crowned. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. England. 1688. The Imperial forces take Belgrade from the Turks, and Bosnia, Servia, and Wallachia are overrun. Death of the Great Elector (April 29). Frederick HI, his successor, though compelled (owing to a secret agreement made previously with the Austrian Government) to restore Schwiebus, which he docs in 1695, resumes his claims upon the Silesian Duchies. The invasion of the Palatinate by the French (Oct.) consolidates the resistance of the German Princes to Loui?. The Imperial forces take Belgrade (Sept. 6). THE ELECTORS PALATINE OF THE SIMMERN LINE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Frederick V = Elizabeth, 1687. The Quietist opinions of Moiinos are con- demned by a Papal rule. Iimocent XI joined the League of Augs- burg secretly. A Russian campaign against the Tartars fails. The Venetians com- plete the subjugation of the Morea, and take Corinth and Athens. A revolution breaks out in Constantinople. Mohammed IV is deposed and suc- ceeded by Solyman II (Nov. 2).' 1688. Treaty between Im- perialists and Transyl- vania, by which the latter country re- nounced Turkish suze- rainty and been me a province of the King of Hungary (May). 1610-1632 (The \V inter King) d. of James I of England Ernest Augustus = Sophia Charles Lewis Prince Rupert of Hanover | Elector, 1632-1680 of the Rhine George I of England Prince Maurice Charles Charlotte Elizabeth = Philip, D. of Orleans The last Elector | 16S0-1685, o. s. p. Philip, D. of Orleans, The Regent A camp of troops is formed at Hounslow Heath. The Papist Massey is made Dean of Christ Church (Dec. 29). 1687. The Declaration of Indulgence is pub- lished (April), and the Ecclesiastical Commis- sion endeavours to make the English Universities Roman Catholic. Tyrconnel is ap- pointed Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland. Parliament is dis- solved (July 2). James receives a Papal nuncio July 3). James alienates the nobility and gentry by interfering with the lords-lieutenant. French refugees set- tle in Spitalfields. 1688. James II recalled from the Dutch service the English and Scot- tish regiments which had remained in Hol- land since 1678. James Edward, the son of James II, is born (June 10). Trial and acquittal of the Seven Bishops (June 29-30) who had refused to read the Declaration of Indul- gence, which had been published again on May 4. The Seven Whig Lords invite William of Orange to come to England (June 30). William issues a manifesto (Oct. i). France. 1687. Louis XIV disputes with Innocent XI respecting the privileges pertaining to the quarters of Am- bassadors at Rome. The Governor of Canada builds Fort Niagara to prevent the English from reaching the Upper Lakes of Canada. The ViTar of the League of Augsburg, 1688-1697. 1688. The French bombard Algiers and make a treaty. On the death of Maximilian Henry, the Arch- bishop and Elector of Cologne (June\ Louis pushed forward the claims of William von Fiirstcnberg, and French troops occupy Cologne, while Fiirstenberg took possession of the Elec- torate. Louis seizes Avignon (Oct.) as an answer to the Pope's treatment of Lavardin, the French ambassador. Louis declares war against the Empire (Sept. 24). A revolution breaks out in Siam against the French influence, which is entirely destroyed French troops conquer and occupy the Pala- tinate nominally on behalf of the Duchess of Orleans (Sept.-Nov.). Philipsburg fell (Oct. 29). Louis declares war against the United Provinces (Nov. 26). Louis quarrels with the Duke of Savoy, who joins the League of Augsburg. I 1 88 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1689-1690 189 Germany. 1689. The Diet, in consequence of the devastation of the Palatinate, declares war (Feb.). Tiie League of Augsburg is ratified at Vienna (May) and' becomes the Grand Alliance, and is headed by William III. The Emperor makes a treaty with the Dutch (May) and with Max. Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria (May). Frederick III of Brandenburg takes command of the forces at Bonn, which was captured in October. Lewis of Eadcn defeats the Turks (Aug. 30), takes Nissa, and Bulgaria is subdued. The allies are generally successful against the French in Spain, the Netherlands, and on the Rhine. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1600. The French occupy and plunder the districts of Liege and Aix-la-Chapelle. The Emperor is more interested in fighting the Turks on the Danube. Joseph I is elected King of the Romans by the Diet at Augsburg The Turks under Mustapha Kiuprili recover Nissa, Belgrade, Widdin, Servia, and Bulgaria. 1689. Russia joins the Imperialists against the Turks. Convention of Al- tona, between Den- mark and Holstein- Gottorp, secures the pacification of the North. A second revolt of the Strellsi breaks out in Russia, and a struggle ensues between Sopliia and her brother Peter. Sophia is sent to a convent, and Peter's reign begins. Victor Amadeus makes an alliance with Austria and Spain. Death of Inno- cent XI ; Alexander VIII becomes Pope (Oct. 6). 1000. Apasi, Prince of Transylvania, dies, and the Turks nomi- nated Toekeli of Hun- gary Prince. Spain (June 6) and Savoy (Oct. 20) join the Grand Alliance. The Piedmontcse are defeated at Staf- farda by the French (Aug. 18). The Venetians make further conquests in the Morea. England. James recalls, too late, many of his acts. William sails from Holland (Oct. 19) and lands at Torbay (Nov. 5). W^illiam arrives in London .Dec. 19), and a Convention is sum- moned. James II escapes to France (Dec. 25). 1680. The Commons draw up the Declaration of Right (Jan.). The Mutiny Bill, the Toleration Act (May 24), and the Bill of Rights (Oct.) are passed. War is declared against France (May The Toleration Act is passed (May 24). Tyrconnel attacks the Protestants, and aims at the separation of Ireland from Eng- land. James H arrives at Kinsale (March), and holds a Parliament at Dublin (May). The siege of Lon- donderry, begun April 20, is raised July 30, and the Irish are defeated at Newtown Butler (Aug.). Dundee wins Killie- crankie, but is killed (July 27). W illiam III joins the Grand Alliance (Dec. 30). 1690. A new Parliament meets (March) and passes Whig measures. France. 1689. The second devastation of the Palatinate by order of Louvois (Jan.). Louis declares war against Spain (April 15) and against England (July 25). Pontchartrain succeeds LePeletier as Controller- General. The Protestants rise in the Cevennes. The Prince of Waldeck defeats Humieres and takes Liege. The French lose Mainz, Kaiserswerth, and Bonn to the Allies. Louis renounces the privileges which he had claimed for his ambassador at Rome, and recalls Lavardin. Louis appoints De Frontenac Governor of Canada, with orders to attack Albany and New York. 1690. Louis sends over to Ireland a corps under Lauzun (March). Louis restores Avignon, seized in 1663. Luxemburg defeated Waldeck at the battle of Fleurus (July i). James IPs defeat at the battle of the Boyne (July 1) ruins Louis' hopes of striking at England through Ireland. The French fleet under Tourville wins the battle of Beachy Head (July 10). Victory of Catinat at Staffarda over Victor Amadeus of Savoy (August J 8). Death of Seignelay, Minister of the Marine (Nov. 13); he is succeeded by the incompetent Pontchartrain. 190 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1691. Battle of Szalankemen (August 8) : the Turks are totally defeated by Baden, and Mustapha Kiuprili killed. All Transylvania is now conquered by the Imperialists. The Estates make a treaty recog- nizing the liapsburgs as rulers of Transylvania (Dec). 1692. Hanover is made into a ninth Electorate by the Emperor, in favour of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, in return for a perpetual alliance (March). The general command of the Imperial forces is now entrusted to Lewis of Baden, who checks an invasion of Franconia. The Imperialists capture Grossvvardein from the Turks (June 3). The Elector of Bavaria relieves Charleroi, which was besieged by the French. 1693. Great damage is done to the Rhine lands and the I'alatinate by the French troops. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1691. Congress of the Allies meets at the Hague to concert measures against Louis XIV. Death of Solyman II (June), who is suc- ceeded by Achmet II. Death of the Pope Alexander VIII, who is succeeded by Inno- cent XII (July 12). German forces aid the Duke of Savoy. 1692. Max. Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria, installed as Governor and Captain-General of the Spanish Nether- lands (March). Trade between Rus- sia and China begins. The Duke of Savoy invades Dauphiny. Patkul is banished from Sweden. 1693. The Dutch take Pondicherry. Innocent XII at- tempts to check the sale of offices at the Papal Court. Charles XI of Swe- den is formally declared absolute. 2. John Frederick D. of Hanover ob. 1679 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 3. Ernest Augustus D. of Hanover 1679 1693 First Elector Emp. Joseph I = \Vilhelmina Frederick I = Sophia Charlottt of Prussia Sophia, d. of F^rederick V, El. Palatine I. George William D. of Zell George Lewis = Sophia Dorothea George I of England A. D. 1691-1693 191 England. William III leaves England for Ireland (June 11), and wins the battle of the Boyne (July i). James II flies to F'rance. William fails to take Limerick, and returns to England. The English factory at Calcutta is estab- lished. 1691. William goes to Holland (Jan.), returns (Aj>ril), and is again in Holland in May. A new East India Company is founded. Ginkel wins Aghrim against the French and Irish under St. Ruth, who is killed (July 23). Parliament is opened (Oct.). Limerick capitulates (Oct.), and Sarsfield and many Irish enter the French service. 1692. Marlborough is dis- graced, and dismissed from all his offices The Glencoe mas- sacre takes place (Feb). 1693. William vetoes a Bill for Triennial Par- liaments (March 14^. The old East India Company receives a new charter (Oct.\ The National Debt is established. Sunderland advises the formation of a united Whig Ministry. The Enj^lish bom- bard St. Malo (Nov.). William vetoes a Bill for excluding place- men from Parliament. France. 1691. Louis was present at the capture of Mons (April 8). Death of Louvois (July 6), who is succeeded by the inexperienced Barbczieux. Catinat takes the town and castle of Nice (March). Ulm is also taken, and D'Estrees bombards Barcelona and Alicant. 1692. The French fleet attempts an invasion of England, and is defeated at the battle of La Hogue (May 19). The French capture Namur (June 5), Louis being himself present. Luxemburg defeats William III at Steinkirke (Aug. 4). 1693. A reconciliation of the Galilean Church with the Papacy is effected. The F'rench destroy the greater part of the Smyrna merchant- fleet (June 29) and again ravage the Palatinate. Louis fails to take Liege and never appears with his troops in the field again. Luxemburg defeats W^illiam III at Neerwinden and Landen (July 19). The French take Charleroi (Oct. 1 1). Catinat wins the battle of Marsaglia against Victor Amadeus (Oct. 4). Louis makes overtures of peace, which are rejected. Till the Peace of Ryswick, the forts of the Hudson^s 13ay Company are the centre of the war between England and Fiance in Canada. 192 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1604. The Allies recapture Iluy, lost the previous year to the French. 1605. The death of Luxemburg; changes the fortunes of the war, and the Allies take Namur (July). The Grand Alliance is formally renewed. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1694. Barcelona is saved by the English fleet. The Duke of Savoy besieges Casale. The Venetians take Chios. 1696. Establishment of the Academy of Arts at Berlin. 1697- The Elector of Brandenburg buys from the King of Saxony certain territories. Prince Eugene overthrows the Turks at Zenta (Sept. 11). 1605. Mustapha II suc- ceeds Achmct II and infuses new life into the war. lie crosses the Danube and gains some successes. The Poles win a great victory over the Tartars. Peier the Great fails to take Azov. 1000. Mustapha fights a drawn battle with the Imperialists near Te- mesvar. Spain and Portugal make a treaty. Death of John So- bieski of Poland (June 17), followed by an interregnum of one year. The Turks recover Chios from Venice. The Russians cap ture Azov from the Turks. 1607. Augustus of Saxony is elected King of Poland — a blow to French influence. Death of Charles XI of Sweden (April 16); he is succeeded by Charles XII. The Tsar visits Hol- land. A. D. 1694-1697 193 England. France. 1694. Establishment of the Bank of England. The English bom- bard Dieppe, Havre, and Dunkirk (July) Marlborough is again employed. The Triennial Bill becomes law (Dec. 3). Death of Queen Mary (Dec. 28). 1695. Penal laws against the Catholics are put into force in Ireland. • An Act to check bribery at elections is passed. The Censorship of the Press comes to an end. St. Malo is bom- barded (July 5). 1G06. Formation of an association to continue the war and suppoit the Protestant Succes- sion in case William is killed. Suspension of the Habens Corpus Act. Calais is bom- barded (March). The coinage is re- newed. 1607. Sir John Fenwick is executed (Jan.). The Ministry be- comes wholly Whig. Somers is made Lord Chancellor and Sunderland Chamber- lain. The army is reduced when peace is made (Dec). a battle at 1694. Noailles invaded Spain, won Verges, and took several places. The French defeat an English expedition against Brest. 1605. Death of Luxemburg (Jan. 4). His place in the Netherlands is taken by Villeroy, who bom- bards Brussels (Aug. 13). Quesnel's Moral ReJIexions on the New Testa- ment is published, and becomes very popular. Fenelon becomes Archbishop of Cambrai. The struggle between Fenelon and Bossuet begins and lasts till 1697. Casale is lost by the French (July). William III, aided by Coehorn, recaptured Namur (Aug. 4)— his greatest feat in w^ar. 1606. Preparations are made for an invasion of England (Feb.). . Death of Colbert de Croissy (July 28), who is succeeded by Torcy. Louis detaches Victor Amadeus from the Coalition by the Treaty of Turin (Aug. 29) :— (i) Victor Amadeus to regain Savoy, Nice, Susa, Casale, and Pignerolo. (2) His daughter Marie-Adelaide was to be affianced to the Duke of Burgundy. 1607. Congress of Ryswick is opened (May). The Peace of Ryswick :— i. Treaty between France and England, Holland, and Spain (Sept. 20) — (i) Mutual restitution of all places won since the Peace of Nimeguen [France thus recovers Pondicherry and Nova Scotia ( Acadia)] ._ (2) France agreed to the chief strongholds in the Spanish Netherlands being garrisoned by Dutch troops. (3) France recognized William III as King of Great Britain and Ireland. (4) Anne, second daughter of James II, was declared heir to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland. (5) Louis agreed not to support any plot against William. (6) Louis restored Fort Albany to the Hudson s Bay Company. [The other three forts remained in the hands of the French.] ii. Treaty between France and the Emperor and Empire (Oct. 30)— . (i) France ceded all towns taken since the Peace of Nimeguen, except Strasburg and Landau. O 194 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1098 Death of Ernest Augustus, fust Elector of Hanover; he is succeeded by George Lewis, afterwards George I. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. , ;^' 1698. Revolt of the StreUsi, who are disbanded by Peter the Great. THE HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH IN BAVARIA DURING THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Maximilian = Maria Anna, d. of Emp 1597-1631 Ferdinand II Ferdinand Maria = Henrietta, d. of Victor Amadeus I 1651-1679 of Savoy Maria Anna = Louis the Dauphin Maximilian Emanuel = (i) Maria Antonia, d. of 1679-1726 Emp. Leopold I = (2) Cunigunda, d. of John Sobiesk Joseph Ferdinand ob. 1699 Chnrlcs Albert 1726-1745 Emp. 1742 THE HOUSE OF SAVOY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Charles Emanuel I I 5 80- I 630 I Victor Amadeus I - Christina, d. of 1630-1637 Henry IV of France Henrietta = Ferd. Maria, El. of Bavaria Charles Emanuel II 1638-1675 Anne Marie = Victor Amadeus II d. of Philip 1675-1730 (res.) D. of Orleans First King of Sardinia A.D. 1698 195 England. 1698. Peter the Great arrives in England (Jan.). The new East India Company obtains a charter, but is later united to the old com- pany. A Scottish colony is established on the Isthmus of Darien (Nov.). The first Partition Treaty is not received with any favour in England. France. (2) France withdrew from the right bank of the Rhine, yielding Philipsburg, Freiburg, and Breisach. (3) France restored Lorraine to the Duke, retaining only Saarlouis. (4) France accepted a sum of money for the claims of the Duchess of Orleans on the Palatinate. (5) France abandoned her candidate for the Electorate of Cologne. 1098. Marquis d'Harcourt arrives in Spain (Feb.). His mission is an epoch in French history. Tallard arrives in London (April) to negotiate a Partition Treaty. THE SPANISH SUCCESSION QUESTION. Philip III of Spain + 1621 Margaret, sister of the Emperor Ferdinand II Louis Xin^Anle (i) Elizabeth = Philip IV =(2) Mary, Maria=Em^ Ferd. + 1643 of Austria of France, d.of Henry IV of Spam + 1665 d. of Emp. Fer- dinand III HI + 1657 Leopold I Emperor LouislxIV = Ma'ria Margaret = Leopold I = (2) Eleanor Charles H + 1715 Theresa Theresa Emp. + 1711 of Neuburg of Spain + 1700 Louis the Dauphin + 1711 Elector ■ of Bavaria Maria An- tonia Joseph I, Charles, Emperor The Archduke (afterwards Charles VI) Louis, Duke of Burgundy + 1713 [ Louis XV, King 1715-1774 PliilipV Charles, of Spain Duke of Berry + 1714 Joseph Ferdinand, Electoral Prince + 1699 O 1 196 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1699-I701 197 Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1699. The Peace of Carlowitz Qan. 26) ends the war of Austria, Russia, Poland, and Venice against Turkey : — (i) Austria obtained Hungary, except the Banat of Temesvar, I'ransylvania, and the greater part of Slavonia and Croatia. (2) Russia kept Azov. (3) Poland recovered the territories in Podolia, lost to Mohammed IV. (4) Venice restored all conquests north of the Isthmus of Corinth, but retained the Morea. Death of Joseph Ferdinand, son of the Elector of Bavaria (Feb. 6\ 1700. The l^mperor refuses to nccept the Second Treaty of Partition (August 18). It is decided at Vienna to grant in princii)le the request of the Elector of Brandenburg for the title of king (July). I^y the Crown Treaty (Nov. 14) Frederick of Brandenburg agrees — (i) To renew the Treaty of 1686. (2) To supply 8,000 men in case of war at his own cost. (3) To contribute men for the garrisons of Kehl and Philipsburg. (4) To relinquish subsidies still due to Leopold. (5) To support the Ilapsburgs in Imperial elections. 1701. The Elector of Brandenburg is crowned at Konigsberg Frederick T, King of Prussia (Jan. iS), and later in the year despatches troops to the Rhine. The Electors of Bavaria and Cologne side with France in the ensuing war. Francis Ragotsky heads a revolt in Transyl- vania, i England. 1609. Death of Christian V (August), Kingof I )en- mark. He is succeeded by Frederick IV, who joins Russia and Poland in a league against Sweden, which was formed in November. 1700. Charles XII of Sweden forces Den- mark to make peace at Travendal (August 17), and defeats the Russians at Narva (Nov. 30). Charles II of Spain dies (Nov. i\ having left (Oct. 2) his king- dom to the Duke of Anjou. The King of Poland invades Livonia. Death of Inno- cent XI, who is suc- ceeded by Clement XI (Nov. 23). Peter the Great re- strains the power of the Church, and sup- presses the Patri- arch nte. 1701. Philip V enters Madrid (Feb.), and he is recognized as King by England, Holland, Savoy, Portugal, Ba- varia, Brunswick, Wol- fenblittel, Cologne, Miin-ter, and other princes. Charles XII occupies Kurland. The Duke of Savoy allies with France. France. 1699. William III is cona- pelled to disband his Dutch guards. The failure of the Darien colony causes great irritation in Scot- land against England. William's land grants to his fol- lowers are attacked by Parliament (Dec). 1700. The Resumption Bill is passed, and the Junto fall. Severe penal laws are passed against the Roman Catholics. Death of the Duke of Gloucester (July 29). Rochester and Go- dolphin re-enter the Cabinet (Dec). An English-Dutch fleet supports Charles XII in the Baltic. 1701. Act of Settlement passed settling the throne on the Pro- testant descendants of Sophia of Hanover. Impeachment of the Junto by the Tory House of Commons. The Grand Alliance ispractically concluded by a treaty made be- tween\Villiam,the Em- peror, and the States- General (Sept. 7). The First Partition Treaty (Oct.) :— (1) The Electoral Prince to have Spam, the Spanish Netherlands, and the Spanish possessions in the New World. (2) The Dauphin to have the two Sicilies, the Tuscan Ports (Porto Ercole, Porto San Stephano, Orbitello, Telamone, Piombino, and Porto Longone in Elba), Finale, and Guipuzcoa. (3) The Archduke Charles to have Milan. Death of De Frontenac, Governor of Canada. 1699. Chamillard succeeds Pontchartrain as Con- troller-General, and the latter becomes Chancellor of France and Minister of the Marine and of the Maison du Roi. , n • William and Louis agreed to the Second Parti- tion Treaty (June). Innocent XII condemns certain propositions in Fenelon's J/^.;«:/w^.f des Saints (yiz.xc\\), Fenelon is banished from Court, and Bossuet is triumphant. 1700. The Second Partition Treaty is finally ratified (March):— , c • (i) The Archduke Charles was to have Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the Spanish possessions in South America, (2) The Dauphin to receive the two Sicilies, the Tuscan Ports, Guispuscoa, Finale, and the Milanese, which are to be exchanged for Lorraine. Charles II of Spain makes a new will, Icavmg all the Spanish territories to the Duke of Anjou (Oct. 2), and dies on Nov. i. , ,. The news of the death of Charles reaches Ver- sailles on Nov. 9. , r ^-L 1 TT Louis publicly accepts the will of Charles 11 (Nov. 16). 17 01 French troops under Boufflers occupy Luxem- burg, Namur, Mons, Charleroi, Ath, Oudenarde, and the seaports of Nieuport and Ostend (Feb.). Eugene drives Catinat to the Oglio and besieges Mantua. . Death of Barbezieux. Chamillard receives the War Department, in addition to his charge of the Finances. . , r j Battle of Chiari (Sept. i); Villeroy is defeated. James II dies (Sept. 14, and Louis recognizes his son as King of England. 198 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1702. Frederick I of Prussia succeeds to the counties of Lingcn on the Ems and of Meurs on the Lower Rhine. Kaiserswerth is taken (June) and Colof^ne is rendered powerless. In this affair the Prussian troops took part. The Imperial army take Landau (June\ The relations between Prussia andthe House of Orange become strained. 1703. The Elector of Bavaria takes Ulm. The Prussians take Rheinberg, and Marl- borough takes Bonn. The rising of the Tyrolese (June) disconcerts the plan of Bavaria for marching on Vienna by way of the Tyrol. Hungary breaks out in revolt. A treaty between Prussia and Sweden (July' irritates Russia and Poland. The Imperial army is outgeneralled on the Rhine by Villars. The Archduke Charles takes the title of Charles III of Spain. 1704. The Hungarian troubles continue to occupy the Emperor. Eugene acts in concert with Marlborough, and the battle of Blenheim is the result. After Blenheim, Bavaria is overrun by the Allies, and the Elector escapes to France. Marlborough visits Beilin (Nov.) and settles most of the pressing difficulties — the Orange dispute, the Swedish movements, the intrigues of Russia and Poland. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1702. Charles XII enters Warsaw and demands the deposition of the King of Poland. The States-General give the command of the Allied army to Marlborough, who drives the t rench out of Spanish Guelderland. Philip V arrives at Naples (April) and joins the army in Lom- bardy. No Stadthqlder is appointed on the death of William of Orange, but Heinsius becomes Grand Pensionary. 1703. Poitugal joins the Grand Alliance ^May). Sweden promises to aid the Allies as soon as she has made peace with Poland and Russia (August). Savoy joins the Grand Alliance by a treaty with the Em- peror (Nov.). Charles XII, after defeating Augustus of Poland, calls the Polish Diet to elect a new king. The Tsar lays the foundation of St. Petersburg. The Sultan Mustafa resigns in favour of his brotlier Achmct. 1704. Augustus of Poland is deposed (Feb.). The Tsar fortifies Cronstadt and takes Dorpat and Narva. The Archduke Charles is proclaimed King of Spain at Madrid. A. D, 1 702-1 704 199 England. France. 1702. Death of William III (March 8). He is succeeded by Queen Anne. A Ministry of Tories is formed by the Queen. War is declared against France and Spain at London, Vienna and The Hague (May 4). \_For the causes of the war, see Summary VI I, p 3f>7.] Failure of the Allied fleet before Cadiz (Sept.). . Destruction of Span- ish gallions in Vigo Bay (Oct.), and defeat of Spanish and French fleets. 1703. Marlborough defends the Dutch frontier. The Methuen Treaty is made with Portugal (May 6). The Aylesbury Elec- tion Petition causes a dispute between the Lords and the Com- mons, A Bill of Security .passed by Scotland. 1704. HarleyandSt.John, who are moderate Tories, join the Minis- try, which has now lost its extreme Tory members. The English win Blenheim (Aug. 13). The English under Rooke fail to take Barcelona, but capture Gibraltar (Aug. 4). The Spanish Succession War, 1702-1713. 1702. Capture of Villeroy at Cremona (Feb.). Ven- dome takes command in Italy and wins a number of successes, gaming a victory at Luzzara (Aug.) ^ and expelling the Austrians from the Duchy of Mantua. Villars defeats the Imperialists at Friedlingen (Oct.), and becomes Marshal. The French under Boufflers suffer reverses in the Netherlands, and Liege was captured (Oct.), and a great part of Spanish Guelders. 1703. The Camisards in the Cevennes begin a rebel- lion which lasts till 1704. Villars takes Kehl (March). Marlborough takes Bonn, belonging to the Elector of Cologne (May), and the French are driven out of the Electorate of Cologne. The Dutch under Opdam are defeated at the battle of Eckeren (June). Villars effects a junction with Maximilian of Bavaria (Mayl,and proposes to march on Vienna by the Danube. The refusal of the Elector ruiiss a project which might have been as successful as Napoleon's march in 1809. Vendome fails to take Trent and to effect a junction with the Elector of Bavaria, who pro- posed to march on Vienna through the Tyrol. The defection of Savoy has very serious effects upon the French cause in Italy. Outbreak of the Huguenots in the Ce'vennes (the Camisards). Tallard takes Breisach and retakes Landau. Villars defeats Styrum at Hochstedt ^^ept.), and resigns his command. Luxemburg is taken by the Allies, and the conquest of Spanish Guelders completed by Marlborough (Dec). 1704. Villars is sent to suppress the revolt in the Cevennes, and he is successful. The Battle of Blenheim (August 1 3), brought on by the folly of the Elector of Bavaria, proves the Sedan of that period, Tallard and half his army being taken prisoners. Landau, Trarbach, and Treves are retaken by Baden and Marlborough. 200 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1705. Death of Leopold (May), who is succeed el b; his son Joseph. JOSEPH I, 1705-1711. Married Wilhelmina, daughter of John Frederick, Duke of Hanover. 1705. Prancis Ragotsky is aided by France. Marlborough again visits Berlin (Nov.) to pre- serve peace between Prussia and Sweden and to prevent Frederick from deserting the Grand Alliance. He also visits the Emperor at Vienna. 1700. The year of victory for the Grand Alliance. The Prussians fight at Ramillies (May 12) and at Turin (Sept. 7). The young Crown Prince of Prussia marries Sophia Dorothea, daughter of George of Hanover (George I). The Electors of P)avaria and Cologne are put to the ban of the Empire and deprived of their dominions (April). 1707. The year of disaster for the Grand Alliance. After the Convention of Milan (March), Naples n ^T^'^^' ^^ Passarowitz under -ii'lglish mediation (June). Ireaty of Passarowitz between Austria and Turkey qn\y\raJ>o^,,, de V cxiensionlrrTtor^i de la maison cVAulriche •— ^t^rrno> laie (I) Austria gained Bel^i^^rade, a strip of (^\ Th^ t'''',''"? '^^ ^''^"^^ of Temesvar.^ C2) I he lurks kept the Morea, and engatred to^jive no help to Francis Ragotsky.^ (3) Venice was confirmed in its possession of Corfu Santa Maura, and its conquests / > o^V ^^'^^"^^ and Dalmatia. ^ earr'''^^ *° continue for twenty-five the^l>ea?vnfV''"? ^^^7"^^^ Alliance and signs Jie.J;^"^',^"^^^ ^^^'^"^^ ^^ich consisted of three i. Between the Emperor and King of Sixain n. Between the Emperor and King of Sici y' nu Between the Emperor, the Kingfof lig and n^ ^^,^'"^ of France, and the Dutch. ' (1) Charles VI to renou.ice his claims to Spam and the Indies. (2) Philip V to renounce his claims to the Austrian possessions in the Netherlands ( ^ rT y '" ^''^^' """"^ 'o ^'i»ale. KZ) Charles to receive Sicily in place of Sar- dinia. (4) The succession to Pnrma, Piacenza, and 1 uscany to be secured to the children of (.\ ri 'P Y..^"'^ Elizabeth Farnese. (5) Charles VI to recognize the eventual claims of Victor Amadeus and his suc- ft^^ rru^''^^^'' ^"^ *^^ Spanish throne. ^^ .J^fT'^'l ^% ^^^ ^^'■^'"^^^ throne as settled by the Treaty of Utrecht, and l^liilip Vs renunciation, are recognized and confirmed. (7) United action against Spain, should she aeclme the terms. FlT , ^"flf J^^^P^^ «» her marriage with the Elector of Bavaria renounces all claim to the Austrian mheiitance. The Austrians are defeated in Sicily dune) but eventually take Messina. ^ ^ ^' The Ostend East India Company, in course of grmation by Charles VI, is' op'posed brthe Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. The Spaniards con- quer Sardinia (Nov.). Alberoni begins his attempts to reconcile Peter the Great and Charles XII. 1718. The Aland conference between Russia and Sweden opened (May). The Spaniards con- quer Sicily (July), but are defeated at the battle of Cape Passaro (Aug. 1 1), are alienated from England, and fail to maintain themselves in the kingdom of Sicily. Peter the Great kills his son Alexis (July). Ford Stanhope ar- rives at Madrid (Aug 12). Death of Charles XII before the castle of Frederickstein (Dec). Revolution in Swe- den ; the aristocracy comes into power. 1719. Renewal of war be- tween Russia and Sweden. The Swedish Diet elect Ulrica Eleanora Queen under rigid con- ditions, which convert the monarchy from an absolute into an elec- tive one (Jan.). Goertz is executed. Sweden makes a treaty with Hanover (Nov.) :_ (i) George I obtains Bremen and Verden. (2) George I pays a million thalers. The Spaniards fail to hold Sicily against the Imperialists. England. France. 1718. Death of Mary Bea- trice, widow of James II (May 7). The English fleet leaves Portsmouth for the Mediterranean (June). The Quadruple Al- liance is signed (Aug. 2), and marks the triumph of Stan- hope's diplomacy. The English win the battle of Cape Passaro (Aug. II). The Parliament ap- proves of the foreign policy of the Ministers (Nov. 2 2\ England declares war upon Spain (Dec. 28). 1719. Carteret negotiates peace between Sweden and the members of the Northern League. Repeal of the Act against Occasional Conformity and the Schism Act. A Spanish invasion of Scotland fails (June). Sir John Norris sails to the Baltic with the fleet (June). Admiral Byng helps the Austrians to cap- ture Messina. The Peerage Bill is brought forward and defeated (Dec. 7). 1718. Disgrace of Noailles and d'Aguesseau (Jan.), who are succeeded by d'Argenson, Lieutenant of the Police. Orleans checks the continuance of religious disputes. ^ T.r J -J 4 The Regent sends Nancre to Madrid to endeavour to effect a pacification. Law's Mississippi scheme is furthered by the Regent. . ^ Orleans being averse to attacking Spam, Stan- hope visits Paris (July^ in order to keep Prance faithful to the Triple Alliance. The Treaty of London, known as the Quadruple Alliance, is signed by the French Government (July 18). Dubois returns to Paris (Aug. 17). A Lit-de-Justice is held, and the Parliamentary opposition to Law is checked and its pretensions are curtailed (Aug. 26). Suppression of the Councils and fall ol d'Huxelles (Sept. 21), and Dubois becomes Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (Sept. 24). No rising takes place in Brittany against the Regent, and the Cellamare conspiracy is dis- covered (Dec). The Duke and Duchess of Maine and others are imprisoned. Law's Bank is made into a Royal Bank (Dec.) 1719 France declares war upon Spain (Jan.) and a French army invades Spain in April and besieges Fuentarabia. The French Ambassador Bonnac averts war between Russia and Turkey. Death of Madame de Maintenon at Samt Cyr. % 214 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN WSTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. of Alberoni 1720 Charles VI secures Sicily in lieu cf ^. a- - which IS given to Victor Amadei^ ^''^^"^"' PrussLfpeb ) ^1"''^^"^'^ ^^*"^^" Sweden and (2; Prussia obtained the islands nf tTc a and Wollin and the town'o .?tet in '''°^ Trio w''^ P''>^' ^^^° "^'"ion thale s Treat between Sweden and I)enmark fTulv^ • wig ^'''^' ^^^ annexation of Schles- 1721. Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, fs born. Fall (Dec). The Russian fleet ravages the coasts of Sweden. .1720. The Swedish Diet allows Ulrica Eleanora to abdicate in favour of her husband, the 1 nnce of Hesse, who •rrederick I. . Spain begins nego- tiations with the Quad- ruple Alliance. 1791 ^ii'^^ °^ I^on Thilip. 1721 Treaty of Nystad (August 30) between ■t^ussia and Sweden : — (i) Sweden yields to Russia Livonia, Esthonia, Ingria, and part of Ka- relia. (2) Sweden retains most of Finland. Death of Clement Al; he IS succeeded by Innocent XIII. THE SWEDISH SUCCESSION. Charles XI renounces all claim to Th! a • "^^ of Saxony, ^ The prelimtSs Vdrtitr ra'r'"^^'^"^^- Cambrai, to decide cZit\ ^, Congress at are discuLed. ^'^^'" unsettled questions. The National Diet of Hn»« Pragmatic Sanction "^^'^ ^^rees to the '^^■' iss "4» King, 1719-1751 "" 1722. A marriage is ne^'o- tiated between Don Carlos and Mademoi- selle de Beaujolais. younger daughter of Orleans. Peter the Great takes l»aku, thus openiufr a way to the Black Sea. / A, D. 1 720-1 722 215 England. France. < 1720. The South Sea, Bubble causes much distress and brings about the fall of the Government (Dec). 1721. The Ministry of Walpole and Towns- hend begins (April). Treaty between Eng- land and Spain con- firming commercial arrangements (June). Walpole restores the public credit, is gradu- ally recognized as Prime Minister, and the Cabinet govern- ment makes rapid progress. 1720! The Parlement of Paris is exiled to Pontoise. Law becomes Controller-General and a Catholic. . ^ /-c 1.N The war with Spain terminates (t eb.). Noailles attempts to secure the adhesion ot the Jansenists to an exposition of the Bull Uni- f^enitus, but fails. , ., t Dubois now supports the Bull and the Jesuits. A terrible plague breaks out in Marseilles, destroying some 40,000 people. Law's Mississippi scheme comes to an end, ana he flies from France (Dec). 1721. Marriage alliances are arranged by a treaty between France and Spain (March) ; Louis XV to marry the Infanta, and MadUe. de Montpensier to marry the Prince of the Astunas. ^ A defensive alliance between France, Spam, and England (June) is arranged :— _ Points under dispute between Spain and the Emperor to be settled at a congress to be held at Cambrai. The separate and secret Articles between France and Spain resemble the i-amily Compact of 1733, and indicate a growing friendship between the two countries. Dubois is made a Cardinal. ^ , r> ^ Fall of Torcy, Superintendent of the Posts (Oct.). 1722. Atterbury's plot is discovered, and he is imprisoned (August). Death of the Duke of Marlborough (June). The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended (Oct.). 1722. The Infanta arrives at Paris (March), and Madlle. de Montpensier marries Don Luis. 2l6 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Charles VI founds the Ostend East India Com- pany. The King of Prussia unites the War and Finance departments into one general directory of War f inance, and Domains. ' 1723. A Charter is given to the Ostend East India Company. 1724. The Electors of Bavaria and the Palatinate make a compact for mutual support. The Congress of Cambrai meets. 1725. The Congress of Cambrai breaks up. Treaty of Vienna (April) between Austria and bpam— a revolution in European politics : (1) The reversion of the Italian Duchies ceded to Don Carlos. (2) The Emperor to aid Spain to recover Gibraltar. (3) The King of Spain recognized the Ostend Company, Treaty of Hanover (Sept.) is made by England, France, and Prussia to oppose the Treaty of Vienna. Secret treaty (Nov.) between Austria and Spain : — (i) Marriage alliances arranged between the two countries. (2) Spain guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction. (3) Elaborate preparations for the rearrange- ment of the map of Europe. 1726. Treaty between Austria and the Palatinate (August). Charles VI guarantees the succession of Juhch and Berg to the Sulzbach House. Treaty between Austria and Russia (August) • offensive as regards Turkey, defensive as reijards the rest of Europe : — (i) Mutual assistance, in case either Power were attacked, to the extent of 30,000 men. (2) Both to unite against the Turks. ril^. ^^^ ^^^^^y ^° ^^^^^ goo^ ^ot" thirty years. [This treaty marked the establishment of close relations between Russia and Austria, and for a long period German influence is paramount at St. Petersburg.] Treaty of VVusterhausen between Austria and Prussia (Oct. 17): — (1) Prussia guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction and will aid Austria in any war with 10,000 troops. (2) Charles gives loose assurances about Juhch, Berg, and Ravenstein. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1723. Death of the Grand Duke of Tuscany (Nov. I). Turkey attacks Per- sia. 1724. Philip V resigns the throne of Spain (Jan. 14); Treaty of Constanti- nople between Russia and Turkey for the partition of Persia (June 23). An agitation for the suppression of the Jesuits is checked by the death of Innocent XIII. ^ Election of Benedict XIII ; Al heron i re- ceived ten votes. Death of Don Luis (August) and the re- accession of Philip V. 1725. Death of Peter the Great of Russia (Feb.). His wife Catharine I succeeds. She is strongly in favour of a French alliance. Triumphal return of Ripperda to Spain (Dec). 1726. Fall of Ripperda (May), who is suc- ceeded by Patiiio, the Colbert of Spain. Russia guarantees the Pragmatic Sanc- tion. I England. 1723. Return of Boling- broke. Banishment of Atter- bury (May). Agitation in Ireland respecting vV ood s copper coinage. 1724. Swift's Drapier's Let- ters are issued against Wood's halfpence. Carteret becomes Lord-Lieutenant of Ire- land (April i), with- draws the patent grant- ed to Wood, and Ire- land is pacified. 1725. Pulteney joins the opposition to Walpole, which is now organized by him and Boling- broke. George I goes to Hanover (July). Townshend makes the Treaty of Han- over (Sept.). 1726. One English fleet under Hosier block- ades Porto Bello, and another holds the Bal- tic. The first number of The Craftsman ap- pears (Dec. 5). A.D. 1 723-1 726 217 France. End of the 1723. Louis XV attains his majority. Regency (Feb.). Dubois becomes First Minister, and Orleans President of the Council, which included the Duke of Bourbon, Dubois, and Fleury, Bishop of Frejus. Voltaire's Henriade is published. Death of Dubois (August 10). The Duke of Orleans becomes First Minister and the Comte de Morville Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Death of Orleans (Dec. 2). The Duke of Bourbon succeeds as First Minister. 1724. An edict forbidding meetings for the exercise of religious worship is levelled against the Pro- testant's (May 24), and further attempts are made to force the Jansenists to accept the Bull Uni- genitus (May and June). 1725. Marriage of Louis to Marie Leszczynski— a mistake : — (i) The Polish alliance no advantage. (2) An alliance with Russia would have been valuable. Treaty of Hanover (Sept.) between France, England, and Prussia: — (i) Integrity of the territories of the three Powers guaranteed. (2) Ostend Company to be abolished. (3) Recognition of the Prussian claims on Julich. [Sweden, Denmark, and Holland eventually join this alliance.] 1726. Fleury overthrows Bourbon and becomes the leading Minister. France holds the key of the European situation. Dangerous illness of Louis XV. Voltaire is banished and visits England. ir ai8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1 727-1 730 219 Germany. 1727. Charles VI does not support Spain against England, and agrees to the Preliminaries of Paris (May 31) with the maritime Powers : — (i) Charles to suspend the Ostend East India Company for seven years. (2) A Congress to rfieet to settle all questions. 1728. Charles VI announces formally to the Spanish Court that the marriages arranged in 1725 would not take place at present. Secret Treaty of Berlin (Dec. 23) between Charles VI and Frederick William : — (i) Frederick William guarantees the Prag- matic Sanction and promises his vote to Maria Theresa's husband as Emperor. (2) Charles transfers his rights upon Berg and Ravenslein to Frederick William, and promises to get the assent of the Elector Palatine. 1729. Holland adheres to the Treaty of Seville (Nov. 21). 1730. Frederick, the Prince-Royal of Prussia, is im- prisoned by his father, Frederick William I, and Katte, his friend, is executed. Charles VI, furious at the Treaty of Seville, collects an army at Milan. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1727. Death of the Duke of Parma, succeeded by Antonio Farnese. The Duke of Liria leaves Madrid (March) for St. Petersburg in order to bring about an alliance between Spain and Russia in the interests of the English Pretender. Death of Catharine I of Russia (May). She is succeeded by Peter II. Spain draws nearer to France and attempts to blockade Gibraltar (Oct.). 1728. Convention of the Pardo (March) ends the short war between Spain and England. Ripperda escapes from Spain. 1729. A double marriage between the Houses of Spain and Portugal takes place, Ferdinand of Spain marrying a Portuguese princess. Corsica throws off the yoke of the Genoese. Holland agrees to the Treaty of Seville (Nov. 21). 1730. Death of Peter II of Russia (Feb.) ; he is succeeded by Anne Ivanovna, who over- throws the oligarchy of nobles and restores absolutism. Ahmed III is de- posed (Sept. 17); he is succeeded by Mah- moud I. M \\ England. 1727. Allusion is made in the King's speech to Parliament to the secret articles of the Treaty of Vienna (Jan.). Hessian troops are taken into English War between Eng- land and Spain ; siege of Gibraltar opened (Feb.). Death of George I (July 10). George II is crowned in October. Sir Spencer Comp- ton is intended to be Walpole's successor, but Walpole regains his position. 1728. The new Parliament meets (Jan.). Preliminaries of peace are signed with Spain, and the siege of Gibraltar is raised (March). 1729. The Methodist So- ciety is founded at Oxford by John Wes- ley. The English mer- chants complain of the Spanish guarda-costas. 1730. Quarrel between Walpole and Towns- hend, who retires from public life. France. 1727. France refuses to join England in attacking Spain, but Fleury prevents any help being given to Spain. The Secret Treaty of 1714 with Bavaria is renewed, and France engages further to support the claims of the Elector to the Hapsburg inheri- tance. Chauvelin, a member of the anti-English party, becomes Keeper of the Seals (Oct.), and succeeds Morville as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 1728. The Congress of Soissons is opened (June 14), all the great Powers, including Russia, being represented. 1729. The Congress of Soissons is dissolved (July). Birth of the Dauphin (Sept.), and dynastic interests no longer stood in the way of a recon- ciliation with Spain. Treaty of Seville between France, England, and Spain (Nov. 9), who were joined by Holland a few days later : — (i) The succession of Don Carlos to the Italian Duchies is guaranteed, and Spanish troops are to occupy the Duchies. (2) Spain withdraws privileges granted to Ostend Company. The Austro-Spanish alliance thus came to an end, and the Franco-Spanish alliance takes its place. Fleury's policy was to enlarge the Anglo-French alliance by including in it Spain, and thus to keep the peace. 1730. The struggle between the Jesuits and Jansenists over the Bull Unigenitus becomes acute. Louis XV decides to place Stanislaus Lesz- czynski upon the Polish throne in the event of [ any vacancy taking place. 220 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1731. Imperial troops marched into Parma — upon the Duke s death— but the promise of the Maritime Towers to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction con- ciliates Charles VI. The Second Treaty of Vienna (July^ between Austria, Spain, and England averts a European war, and isolates France, thus for the moment checking the growth of Bourbonism : — (i) The Emperor gives up the Ostend Com- pany. (2) The Maritime Powers guarantee the Prag- matic Sanction. (3) The Emperor agrees to the occupation of the Italian Duchies by 6,000 Spanish soldiers. A treaty (Lowenwolde) is proposed (Dec.) between Austria, Russia, and Prussia to oppose Stanislaus in Poland and to settle the succession. It is not ratified, but marks a stage in the history of the partition of Poland. 1732. The Diet of Ratisbon accepts the Pragmatic Sanction, but Saxony, Bavaria, and the Count Palatine refuse to guarantee it (Jan.). Final settlement of the dispute between Prussia and Orange. . Charles VI makes Francis of Lorraine Royal Lieutenant of Hungary. The Protestants driven from Salzburg find a refuge in Prussia. The Polish Succession War, 1733-35(37). 1733. In the Polish Succession War, Charles VI calls upon Frederick William for his contingent of 10,000 men. The Pragmatic Sanction is guaranteed by Augustus 111 of Poland. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. Abdication of Victor Amadeus, King of Sar- dinia (Sept. 30) ; he is succeeded by Charles Emanuel. Christian VI be- comes King of Den- mark (Oct. 12). Death of Benedict XIII ; he is succeeded by Clement XII. 1731. Death of the Duke of Parma Jan. 10). The Grand Duke of Tuscany recognizes Don Carlos as his heir. Spanish troops oc- cupy the Duchies, and Don Carlos takes pos- session of Parma-— Elizabeth Farnese's great triumph. 1732. A Spanish expedi- tion to Africa proves a failure. Anne Ivanovna makes a treaty with Nadir Shah (Jan.). 1733. Death of Augustus of Poland and Saxony (Feb.). Relations between Spain and Sardinia are strained. The former wished to recover her supremacy in Italy, the latter to confine Spain to the Two Sicilies and the Tuscan ports. Stanislaus Leszcz- ynski elected King of Poland (Sept.). Augustus III elected King of Poland (Oct.). Siege of Danzig (October, 1733— J"»e, I7.H)- The Russians install Biron as Duke of Kurland. I A.D. 173I-I733 221 England. France. I 1731. Struggle between English and Spaniards in South America. The ' Rebecca * is boarded, and her skipper Jenkins lost his ear at the hands of Spanish gtiarda- cosias. England stipulates for a secret clause in the Treaty of Vienna : — That Maria Theresa should not marry a Bourbon. 1732. The English colony of Georgia is founded. 1733. The English Govern- ment hears of the Treaty of the Escurial through the King of Sardinia. W^alpole re- fuses to join in the Polish Succession War. Walpole's Excise scheme, which had aroused great opposi- tion, is withdrawn. 1731. The Parlement of Paris issues a decree that * the temporal power is independent of all other powers,' and ' that the ministers of the Church are accountable to the Parlement, under the juris- diction of the monarch, for the exercise of their jurisdiction ' (Sept.). Fleuiy has the decree annulled and exiles eleven advocates. The struggle continued after the arrest and exile of more magistrates. The Council order silence upon all the religious combatants. Crown Point on Lake Champlain is fortified by the French. 1732. The anti-English party in France becomes stronger. Villars and Chauvelin urge alliance with Spain and united action against England's commercial expansion. A truce is made between the Court and the Farlement of Paris (July), but the struggle is re- newed with the attempt of the Court to prevent the Parlement from discussing ecclesiastical matters. The Parlement declares a Bed of Justice which the King held to be illegal, and 1 39 magis- trates are exiled. Owing to the coming European war the sentence of exile was recalled (Dec), and the Parlement for the moment triumphed. 1733. On the death of Augustus of Poland (Feb.\ France determined to place Stanislaus on the throne. He is elected (^Sept. i). Treaty of Turin between France and Sardinia (Sept.). A family compact between France and Spain is secretly arranged, known as the Treaty of the Es- curial (Nov. 7) : — (i) An eternal alliance between France and Spain. (2) France is pledged to the recovery of Gib- raltar. (3) Spain is to abrogate the privileges given to English trade. (4) French and Spanish fleets and armies to act in concert. France declares war against Austria (Oct.), on account of the aid given to the Elector of Saxony. yieury negotiates with Turkey (i 7 33-35)- A new secret treaty is made with Bavaria, France engaging to defend the Elector in any danger to his States. i 222 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1734. A Prussian contingent aids Prince Eugene on the Rhine, and Frederick, the Prince- Royal of Prussia, sees some service. 1735. Seckendorf, one of Eugene's lieutenants, gains a small success over the French at Klaussen. 1736. Marriage of Maria Theresa to the Duke of Lorraine (Feb. 12). Death of Prince Eugene (April 21); Barten- stein, who was neither a soldier nor a statesman, became all-powerful in Vienna, 1737. The Turks recover Nissa from the Austrians, and Seckendorf is recalled. Kaunitz enters the service of the Emperor. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1734. The Turks are at war with Nadir Shah. Don Carlos con- quers Naples and South Italy. The revolt of Ser- vian and Hungarian peasants is put down with great severity. Charles Emanuel treats with the Em- peror. 1735. The Spaniards take Orbitello and the other Tuscan ports, and besiege Mantua, but receive no assistance from Charles Ema- nuel. A Russian force ap- pears on the Rhine and causes Fleury to hurry on his negotia- tions for peace. Turkey makes peace withNadir Shah (Oct.), who becomes King of Persia in Feb. 1736. 1736. Beginning of war of Turkey with Austria and Russia (May). Russian successes gained by Miinnich. Spain accedes to the preliminariesof Vienna (May 18). Death of Patifio (Nov. 3) : his pro- jects for the develop- ment of the Spanish navy come to an end. He is succeeded by Laquadra. 1737. Death of the Grand Duke of Tuscany (June). The Duke of Lor- raine receives Tuscany in exchange for Lor- raine. A.D. 1734-1737 223 England. 1734. The Princess-Royal marries the Prince of Orange (March). Walpole persists in his policy of neutrality. France. 1735. John Wesley goes out to Georgia, where he remains some years. Bolingbroke retires to France. In the elections for Parliament Walpole is supported by the na- tion. 1786. William Pitt be- comes prominent in Parliament (April). The Porteous riots break out in Edin- burgh (June). 1737. The city of Edin- burgh is fined for the murder of Porteous. Death of Queen Caroline (Nov. 20). 1734. Success of the Gallo-Sardinian army m Italy, where the Milanese was conquered. The French occupy Lorraine and the Electorate of Treves and take Philipsburg (June 17), but Berwick is killed at the siege. Death of Villars at Turin (June 12). Victory over the Austrians at Parma (June) and at Guastalla (Sept.). The Count de Plelo, with some French ships, fails to relieve Danzig, which capitulates to the Russians (July), and Stanislaus flees into Prussian territory. . 1. • c 1735. The French take no active part m the siege ot Mantua. ^ ,^. . , Preliminaries of the Peace of Vienna signed between France and the Emperor (Oct.) :— (i) Don Carlos to have the Two Sicilies and the Tuscan Presidencies. (2) Charles Emanuel, Novara and Tortona. (3) The Emperor to hold Parma and Pia- cenza. (4) France to guarantee the Pragmatic Sanc- tion. (5) Stanislaus to resign his claim to Poland, but to receive Lorraine as soon as the Grand Duke of Tuscany died, and these were to revert on his death to France. (6) The Duke of Lorraine to receive Tuscany and Bar on the death of the Grand Duke. 1736. French negotiations in Turkey assume a bold tone. 1737. Fall of Chauvelin (Feb. 20), who headed the war party in France. The Third Treaty of Vienna ratified, and the War of the Polish Succession is finally closed. [It marks the ascendency of the Bourbon House in Europe, the growth and tortuous policy of Sardinia, the tendency towards a partition of Poland, the growing coolness between Austria and Prussia, the importance of Russia.] Stanislaus succeeds to Lorraine and Bar, which he held till 1 766. Orry establishes the Coru4e throughout I* ranee. 224 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1738. The Turks take Orsova and gain other suc- cesses. Cuarles VI, owing to his defeats and his anxiet} about the Pragmatic Sanction, is ready to make peace with the Turks. The Definitive Treaty of Vienna is signed (Nov. 18). 1739. Secret treaty between Austria and France (Jan.) guaranteeing the claims of Sulzbach to the whole of the Jiilich-Berg successions. Secret treaty between Prussia and France (April) :— (i) Prussia to have Ravenstein and most of I3erg. (2) Sulzbach, the remainder. (3) France to use its influence to procure the assent of Charles Philip. (4) The King of Prussia to regard French and Prussian interests as identical in case of war. The Turks win the battle of Crocyka and threaten Belgrade. Treaty of Belgrade (Sept. 18) between Austria and Turkey : — (i) Auiitria cedes Orsova, Belgrade, and all territories gained by the Treaty of Pussarowitz. (2) Austria keeps the Bnnat of Temesvar, but is required to dismantle the chief for- tresses. 1740. Death of Frederick William I of Prussia (May; and accession of Frederick the Great. Death of Charles VI ^Oct. 20). Frederick makes a treaty with Russia, which is never ratified— Russia to protect East Prussi;i in case of any attack on Frederick; Prussia to support Biron in Kuiland. The Austrian Succession War, 1740-48. Frederick the Great enters Silesia (Dec. i^), and the war of the Austrian Succession begins. Maria Theresa places the government of Hun- gary in the hands of John Palffy. Munnich takes Ochakov. Biron is made Duke of Kurland. 1738. The Turks take Or- sova (May 27), and the Russians abandon Ochakov. The ' Hats ' in Swe- den overthrow Horn and the 'Caps,' and Gyllenborg becomes the head of the Govern- ment. A close alliance is made by Sweden with F^'rance (Oct.). 1739. Marriage of Don Philip and Marie Louise Elisabeth of France. Spain declares war uponEngland August). Russia signed the Treaty of Belgrade with Turkey (Sept. 2,^), ceding all her con- quests except Azov, which was to be dis- mantled. 1740. A treaty is made by Sweden with Turkey (July). The death of Anne of Russia (Oct. 28) decides Frederick the Great to invade Silesia. Anne, mother of Ivan VI, becomes Regent (Nov.). Biron is banished. Benedict XIV suc- ceeds Clement XII as Pope. A.D. 1738-174O 225 England. France. 1738. Debate in Parlia- ment on the Spanish attacks on English merchants. Wesley forms a society in Fetter Lane, London, and the Methodist revival begins. War with Spain, 1739-48. 1739. Popular passion in England against Spain is stimulated by reli- gious considerations and by the Parlia- mentary opposition. Walpole is forced into war with Spain (Oct. 23). The Opposition se- cedes from the House of Commons. Anson starts on his voyage round the world. 1738 French mediation offered to Austria in her war with the Turks, Fleury hoping to detach her Irom Russia. , ... ,.^; [Fleury's views with regard to Austria antici- pate those held in I7.=i6 by French statesmen.] Fleury makes an alliance with Sweden (Oct.). The Definitive Treaty of Vienna is signed (Nov. 18). 1739 Secret treaty between France and Austria (Tan.^ guaranteeing to House of Sulzbach provi- sional occupation of the disputed Duchies for two years after the death of the Elector Palatine. Secret treaty between France and /Russia CApril), France undertaking that on the death ut Charles Philip, the Elector Palatine, Prussia should have Ravenstein and the greater part ol Berg ; Sulzbach to have the remainder. France does not join Spain in her war against England, owing to the weakness of the French "" Viileneuve brings about the Treaty of Belgrade, which ends the war in the East-a brilliant diplo- matic success : — » ^ • a (i) Close connexion between Austria ana Russia checked. (2) Russia had to evacuate the Roumanian principalities. (3) Both Russia and Austria sought the French alliance. 1740. The death of Charles VI causes great excite- ment in France, and the war party under Belle- isle becomes piominent. Fleury pursues a waiting policy. 226 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1 741 -1 742 227 Germany. 1741. Battle of MoUvvitz (April 10). Frederick the Great gains Lower Silesia and Brieg, and estab- lishes the reputation of Prussian troops. Arrival of Belleisle at Frederick's camp (April 20). Frederick takes Brieg (May 4^ The Hungarian Diet is opened (May). On the failure of his negotiations with Maria Theresa, Frederick allies with France (June 5). Maria Theresa receives the Hungarian crown (June 25). Frederick takes Breslau (August 10). The Hungarian Diet decrees the * Insurrection ' (Sept. 11) and accepts the Grand Duke Francis as Co-regent (Sept. 21), when the Queen presents her infant son to the Assembly. Saxony joins France (Sept. 19). Treaty of Klein-Schnellendorf (Oct. 9) between Austria and Prussia ; broken by Prussia in No- vember. Frederick enters Neisse (Nov. i) and the same day signs a treaty with Saxony and Bavaria for the partition of Austria. Capture of Prague (Nov. 29) by the Allies. Uhlfeld becomes a Minister of State in Austria. The Prussians occupy Glatz (Dec.) and take Olmiitz (Dec. 27). 1742. Linz recovered for Maria Theresa (Jan. 24). Charles Albert of Bavaria elected Emperor (Jan. 24), and crowned (Feb. 12). CHARLES VII, 1742-45. Married Maria Amelia, daughter of Joseph I. 1742. Munich occupied by Croats (Feb.). Frederick's campaign in Moravia is a failure, and Olmiitz is lost (April). Frederick defeats the Austrians at Chotusitz (May). Treaty of Berlin (July). Prussia and Poland withdrew from the coalition against Maria Theresa. End of the First Silesian War. Maria Theresa cedes all Silesia, with the ex- ception of Teschen, Troppau, Jiigerndorf, and Glatz. Death of Zinzendorf. Uhlfeld becomes Chan- cellor of Austria. Frederick makes a defensive alliance with Eng- land (Nov.), it being understood that the advance of English troops was directed against the French. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1741. Fall of Milnnich (March) — a great blow to Fredeiick the Great. Sweden declares war against Russia (Aug.4). Spanish troops land in Tuscany (Dec). Revolution in Rus- sia. Accession of Elizabeth, and triumph of French influence. 1742. English ships com- mand the Mediter- ranean and compel the Neapolitan troops to withdraw from the Spanish army, and thus destroy the possi- bility of a Spanish kingdom of Lombardy. England. 1741. Negotiations with Austria in the direction of an agreement be- tween that Power and Prussia (Feb.-March). Secret treaty be- tween George II and Maria Theresa (June). The Pragmatic Sanc- tion is again guaran- teed, and aid is promised. English mediation between Austria and Prussia fails (August- Sept.). George II makes a treaty with France for the neutrality of Hanover (Sept. 7). The English attack on Carthagena and Cuba fails. The new Parliament meets. 1742. Resignation of Wal- pole (Feb.). Wilmington be- comes Prime Minister, and Carteret the lead- ing member of the Cai)inet. Carteret adopts vi- gorous measures in support of Maria France. 1741. Treaties are made by France with Bavaria (May 28) and Prussia (June 5). France is to send an army to support the Elector of Bavaria and to induce Sweden to attack Russia ; Fredeiick gives up his claim to Jiilich and Berg and agrees to vote for Charles Albert's election to the Im- perial dignity. . ^ ,- c The French troops, without any declaration ot war, cross the Rhine (August 15) to aid the Elector to secure the Imperial throne and bring about the dismemberment of Austria. France instigates Sweden to declare war upon Russia (August). t • /c . The Franco-Bavarian army takes Lmz (bept. 14% is joined by Saxony (Sept. 19), and together they take Prague (Nov. 26). Fleury proposes to Charles Emanuel a partition of the Austrian States in Italy between him and Don Philip. Theresa, bringing between Austria, He aims at about peace Prussia and and humili- ating France. 1742. The French Ambassador Chetardie leaves St. Petersburg (June), and French influence declines in Russia. The French troops evacuate Prague and return to France (Dec). i Q2 228 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D. 1 743-1 745 229 Germany. 1743. Maria Theresa is crowned at Prague (April). The whole of Bavaria, except Ingolstadt, was handed over to Austria till the end of the war by the Convenlion of Niederschonfeld (June 27). Maria Theresa signs the Treaty of Worms (Sept.) with England and Sardinia : — {i) Sheceded Vigevano.Piacenza,Anghiaraand part of the territories of Pavia to Sardinia. (2) She agreed that Finale should be redeemed from Genoa. (3) She agreed that the Austrian troops in Italy should be placed under the com- mand of Charles Emanuel. (4) England promised to find subsidies during the remainder of the war. The Secret Articles provided for the expulsion of the Bourbons from Italy. Frederick the Great fails to form an association of the Empire against Austrian aggression. Treaty between Austria and Saxony (Dec). 1744. Union of Frankfort (May) formed by Frederick the CJreat to prevent Bavaria from being absorbed by Austria — joined by the Emperor, the Elector Palatine, and llesse-Cassel : — (i) The constitution of the Empire to be restored. (2) Maria Theresa to give up Bavaria. (3) Maria Theresa to arrange a final peace. Frederick the Great acquires East Friesland on the death of its prince, Charles Edward (May). Beginning of the Second Silesian War (August), Frederick's object being to prevent Maria Theresa from obtaining an equivalent for Silesia in Ger- many. Fie takes Prague (Sept.). Friendly relations between Austria and Russia begin again. 1745. Death of Charles VII (Jan.), followed by the Treaty of Fiissen between Austria and Bavaria : — (i) Maria Theresa recognized the late Charles VII as Emperor, and (2) Restored to his son all Bavaria. (3) Maximilian Joseph promised to support the Pragmatic Sanction and the candi- dature of the Grand Duke F'rancis (Maria Theresa's husband) to the Im- perial throne. Austria makes the Treaty of W^arsaw with Saxony for the partition of Prussia (May). The Grand Duke Frauds is elected Emperor (Sept. 12). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1743. Treaty of Abo (Aug. 17) ends the war be- tween Russia and Sweden. Russia ac- quires Southern Fin- land to the river Kiiimen. The eldest son of Christian VI of Den- mark marries a daugh- ter of George 11 (Dec). The Orange parly in Holland — the war party — gains the upper hand, and the Stales- General agree to op- pose Fiance. 1744. Adolphus Frederick, heir-apparent to the Swedish throne, mar- ries Frederick the Great's daughter, Ul- rica Eleanor. Charles Peter, heir to the Russian throne, is betrothed to Catha- rine of Auhalt-Zerbst 1745. Spanish and French forces co-operate against the Austrians and Sardinians m Italy, and Charles Emanuel temporizes. I 1743. England joins in the F^uropean war — agree- ing to the Treaty of Worms. The Battle of Deltin- gen is won by George 1 1 (June 26). Death of Wilming- ton (July 26). Henry Pelhnm becomes Prime Minister. Carteret fails to carry the Agreement of Hanover. War with France, 1744-48. 1744. Fall of Carteret (Nov.). Reconstruc- tion of the Government and introduction ot Whigs of all sections, one Tory, and one Jacobite. Robert Clive arrives at Madras in the ser- vice of the East India Company. 1743. The death of Fleury (Jan. 29) is the signal for a more active policy. , r . r The Battle of Dettingen (June 26) ; defeat ot the French. . France declares war on Sardinia (Sept.) and, m answer to the Treaty of Worms, makes the Treaty of Fontainebleau ^the Second Family Compact) with Spain (Oct.) : — ^ «■ • (i) Union of F'rance and Spain for oUensive and defensive purj^oses. (2) Gibraltar and Port Mahon to be taken from England ; and all his acquisitions by Tre.ity of Utrecht from Charles Emanuel. (3) Don Philip was eventually to have Milan, Parma, and Piacenza. 1745. Charles Edward lands in Scotland. General Preston again holds Edinburgh Cas- tle against the rebels. Charles F2dward wins Prestonpans, advances to Derby, and retires. An linglish fleet ar- rives on the Coro- mandel coast. Cape Breton Island is captured (June). 1744. Francs declnres w^ar against England (March), against Austria (April), and makes a treaty with pjussia (June). Maurice de Saxe takes command of the army in the Netherlands, while another army acts defensively on the Upper Rhine. The Austrians invade Alsace. Serious illness of Louis XV at Metz (August). The French allow the Austrian army to retire from Alsace unmolested into liohemia. D'Argenson succeeds Amelot as Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nov.). In Canada exten<;ive preparations had been made for the struggle with England. 1745. Saxe defeats the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy (May io\ and the campaign of the French in the Netherlands is succes>iul. Negotiations are opened with a view to an alliance with Austria, but, as France refuses to entertain the idea of wresting Silesia from Frederick, this meets with no success (Sept.\ D'Argenson attempts to free Italy of the Ger- mans. Charles Emanuel, in consequence of the disas- ters to his cause, negotiates with France (Dec), but no definite treaty was made. 330 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. FRANCIS I, 1745-1765. Married Maria Theresa. 1745. The Austrian troops meet with signal disasters— (i) in Germany, where Frcdeiick wins the battles of Hohenfriedberg (June), Sohr (Sept.), Hcnners- dorf (Nov.), and Kesselsdorf (Dec.) ; and (2) in Italy, where the Spanish forces under Gages joined the French and took Turtona, Parma, Piacen/a, Pavia, won the battle of Basignano (Sept.), and took Alessandria, Asti, Casale, and Milan (Dec). The Treaty of Dresden with Prussia (Dec. ends the Second Silesian War and affects the struggle in Italy. Death of Stahremberg, Chancellor of the Austrian State. 1746. Great victory of the Austrians at the battle of Piacenza (June). Treaty of St. Petersburg between Rus'^ia and Austria (June) — a treaty of great importance. 1747. Prusso-Swedish Treaty signed at Stockholm (May 29). Pledges given of military aid by either party in case of attack upon the other. Convention of St. Petersburg between Holland. England, and Russia for the passage of Russian troops through Germany (Nov.). 1748. The Allies make a fresh treaty (Jan. 26) for an attack on France. A Russian corps enters Bohemia on its way to the Rhine. A Congress is appointed to meet at Aix-la- Chapelle in April. Death of Kinsky, Head of the Bohemian Chancery. End of the Austrian Succession War. 1749, Death of Count Frederick Harrach, Chancellor of Austria ; he is succeeded by Haugwitz. Kaunitz receives a seat in the Austrian Cabinet on his return from Aix-la-Chapelle. He advo- cates (March), in opposition to the Emperor and the older Ministers, an alliance between Austria and France, and draws up his famous Plan. The pivot of his policy was (i) personal animosity to Frederick, (2) desire to recover Silesia. Maria Theresa begins her military, judicial, and administrative reforms. The Union of the Austrian and Bohemian Chanceries is decreed (May 14). 1746. Charles Emanuel, hearing (Tan. 4) of the Treaty of Dresden, again joins the Aus- trians actively, and Milan is recovered (March), and almost the whole of Piedmont and Lombardy in April. Death of Philip V of Spain (July 9), who is succeeded by Ferdi- nand VI, the only sur- viving son of the first marriage. 1747. The Dutch keep firmly to the English alliance, and Maes- tricht holds out against Saxe. 1748. Turkey makes a treaty of neutrality with Russia. 1749. Ferdinand VI of Spain adopts a policy of peace, and severs himself from the Family Compact with France. Russian intrigues in Sweden neaily cause war with Prussia. A.D. 1746-I749 231 England. 1746. A Ministerial crisi (Feb.). Bath and Car teret fail to form a Mii.istry, and Henr> Pelham unites the Whig party. Victory of Culloden (April 16). Final de- feat of the Jacobites, and escape of Charles Edward to France (Sept.). France. 1746. D'Argenson agrees to an armistice with Charles Emanud (Feb. i.^, who m March ^^^^ ^^e Austrians to expel the isia in a war against Swe- den. 1748. Chesterfield resigns his office. The English attack, but fail to take, Pondi- cherry. 1749. Death of Lord Cob ham. The English secure Madras. 1747. D' Argenson is succeeded by Puysieulx as Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan.). , 1 j „4. Saxe defeats the Duke of Cumberland at Lauffeld (July), and takes Bergen-op-Zoom. Negotiations for peace opened at Aix-la- 1748^^FJrnce accedes to the treaty between Prussia and Sweden, and is successful in Holland. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (Oct.) is made, but is very unpopular in France, as she gamed no advantages : — , . , t, • ■ (1) The acquisition of Silesia by Prussia is confirmed. , (2) Don Philip received Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla. (3) Charles Emanuel received the Upper Novara and Vigevano. With these exceptions all conquests were re- sicrned and the status quo restored. The alliance between England and Austria was weakened, the hostility between Prussia and Austria became a leading factor in European politics, and, while Austria came out of the war stronger than when she had entered it, l* ranee was iSuch weaker in 1748 than in 1740. 1749. Machault imposes a tax of a twentieth upon all incomes, but is unable, through the clerical oppo- sition, to collect it. . TXT • *u^ Dupleix takes part in a Succession War m the Deccan. 232 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1750. Frederick the Great makes p.n energetic protest against Russian intrigue in Sweden. 1751. Diplomatic relations between Prussia and Russia cease. Kaunitz is appointed the Austrian ambassador at Versailles. The Empire recognizes the Prussian title to Silesia. THE LINE OF IIOT.STETN-GOTTORP IN SWEDEN. Charles Augustus Frederick IV, = Ilcdwiga Sophia, King d. of Charles XI of Sweden A'^olphus Frederick, King 1751-1771 I Gustavus III, King 1 771-1793 Gustavus Adolphus, King 1792-1809 1752. Treaty of Aranjui^z between Austria and Spain. They guarantee to each other their European pos- sessions. Sardinia, Naples, and Parma also join the alliance. 1753. Kaunitz leaves Paris and becomes Chancellor of State. Uhlfeld and Partenstein cease to be Ministers of State. Sir Charles Hanbury Williams becomes Eng- land's envoy at Vienna. P'rederick the Great obtains through Menzcl a copy of the secret articles of the Austro- Russian Treaty of 1746, War is only prevented by England's refusal to aid Russia. 1754. An attempt on the part of England to make the Archduke Joseph King of the Romans fails through the opposition of the Count Palatine, encouraged by Prussia and France. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1750. Death of John V of Portugal, who had reigned since 1 706 ; he is succeeded by Joseph (1750-1777). 1751. Death of the Stadt- holder W^illiam IV ; his widow, sister of George IT, governs for Willuim V. Pomhal reduces the power of the Inquisi- tion in Portugal. Death of Frederick, King of Sweden (April 5>. Adolphus Frederick of Holstein -Goltorp succeeds to theSwedish throne. Spain and Portugal by a treaty settle an old dispute about their possessions in South America. 1752. A supreme Court of Justice for Schleswig and Holstein is set up at Gliickstadt. 1753. I)y a concordat Fer- dinand VI asserts the right of the Crown to appoint to all impor- tant benet'ices, reduces the number of Papal presentations, regu- lates the introduction of Bulls, and generally vindicates the poli- tical interests of Spain against Rome. 1754. De Broglie secures a triumph in the failure of the Diet of Grodno. A.D. 1 750 -1 754 233 England. France. 1750. England joins the Austro-Russian alli- ance, guarantees those clauses in the Treaty of Dresden favourable to Austria, but does not accept the Secret Articles (Oct. 30). England makes a treaty with Spain. 1751. Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales (March 20). Clive takes Arcot (Sept.), and defends it, thusdtfeatingthe plans of Dupleix. Death of Boling- broke (Dec. 12). 1752. The Gregorian or 'New Style' is hence- forward used. Clive gains further successes over the French. 1753. Continued quarrels between England and France in Canada. 1750. Negotiations take place with Ensland respect, ing the boundary between Canada and Nova ^"^Dea'th of Marshal Saxe. Machault becomes Keeper of the Seals. tv/t- • ^ ,. «f 1751. Saint Contest succeeds Puisieux as Mmistei ot Foreign Affairs. , ,. The first volume of the Encyclopaedia appears. 1752. The Count de Broglie is sent as envoy to Poland to counteract Russian and Austrian mfluence and to further the election of Conti. . The Parlement of Paris resists the ecclesias- tical policy of the Archbishop of Paris and seizes his temporal possessions. . 1753 The Government order the Parlement to abstam from high-handed actions, and in consequence ot its resistance the ' Grand Chamber was exiled The Provincial Parkvients support the Parlement of Paris. , . , _ , . ^ ^, . -r France declares to the English Cabinet that it Prussia is attacked she will, in accordance with the treaty of 1 741, aid Frederick. Duquesne, Governor of Canada, seizes the valley of the Ohio and builds Fort Duquesne. 1754. Death of Henry Pel- ham. Newcastle becomes Prime Minister. Washington and the Virginian militia are defeated by the French. 1754. Birth of a prince, afterwards Louis XVI (August 28). . . A condition of things resembling civil war exists in Paris. This is partly allayed by Louis XV re- instating the /'^zr/^w*?;//. ,,. . , ( Rouiile succeeds Saint Contest as Minister of Foreign Affairs. ^ j u Dupleix is recalled. His successor, Godeheu, makes a treaty with the English, sacrificing Dupleix's conquests (Dec. 26). . ^ , ^. Des AUeurs, the French envoy m Constanti- nople, tries to make an agreement witb Turkey ; is succeeded by Vergennes, who continues his diplomacy and remains at Constantinople till Machault becomes Secretary of State for the Navy (July 30- 234 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1755. Guy Dickens succeeHs as English ambassador at Vienna Ilanbury Williams, who is sent to Russia. The Landgrave of Ilcsse makes a treaty with England for the supply of troops. Long negotiations take place between Aiistrin and England (Jan. -August), and, in the latei months, between Prussia and England. The Austrian Court (August) decides to leave the Netherlands to their fate, and the alliance between Austiia and England comes to an end. The Seven Years' "War, 1756-1763. 1756. Frederick the Great attacks Saxony (August 29) and begins his Seven Years' War. Battle of Lobositz (Oct. 11) between Prussia and Austria ; both sides claimed the victory. Capitulation of Pima (Oct.), the resistance of which had saved Austria. 1757. The Empire declares war against Frederick (Jan. 17). A new Treaty of Alliance made between Russia and Austria (Feb.\ both Powers agreeing not to make peace (1) till Silesia and Glatz were conquered, (2) till Frederick's power was con- siderably reduced. Frederick invades Pohemia and wins the battle of Prague (May), but is defeated at Kollin (June 18), and retreats into Lusntia. The Imperial army joins the French under Soubise (August). Russian troops under Apraksin invade Prussia, win Gross Jagersdorf (August), and retire. Frederick wins Rossbach (Nov. 5) and Leuthen (Dec. 5). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1755. An earthquake at Lisbon interferes with Pombal's reforms (Nov. 1). The Russian Coun- cil declares that Eliza- beth would aid any Power against Prussia (Oct. 20). 1756. Russia proposes to Austria the partition of Prussia (April). Holland and Den- mark decide upon neutrality during the Seven Years' War. 1757. Convention of St. Petersburg (Jan.), by which Russia accepted the defensive Treaty of Versailles. The Swedes invade Pomerania, but are driven back. The Jesuits are removed from the Portuguese Court (Sept.). A.D. 1755 -1757 235 England. 1755. Defeat of General Braddock in America by the French (July). England and Russia make^he Treaty of St. Petersburg (Sept.), but Austria refuses to renew her alliance with Eng- land (August). Flenry Fox becomes Leader of the House of Commons. Pitt, Legge, and Grenville are dis- missed (Nov.). 1756. Convention of West- minster (Jan.) between England and Prussia, each guaranteeing the other's territories. England demands a contingent of 6.000 1 men from Holland (Feb.). England declares war on France (May i=>). ^ In the Black Hole of Calcutta (June) many Englishmen perish. Henry Fox resigns (Oct.), and the New- castle Ministry comes to an end (Nov.). 1757. Fall of the Devon- shire-Pitt Ministry (April 5). The coalition of Pitt and Newcastle June 2) comes into power. Clive recovers Cal- cutta and wins Plassey (June 27). The Convention ot Kloster-Seven (Sept. 8) causes Cumberland to be recalled. George II refuses to ratify the Convention, and Ferdinand of France. 1755 De Broglie successful in Poland, and Augus- tus HI is gained to the French cause. Douglaf, a Scot, is sent to St. Petersburg a. a secret a4nt of Louis XV, and again m 1756. ' StahrerSberg renews the Austrian P-P-a bt;^ Bernis (Sept.), and the conferences of Babiole are ^'¥he Alcide and Lys are captured by Boscawen and war between France and England 1. now inevitable. 1756. De Broglie's policy is destroyed by the Treaty °'Re"Ao^s1"«ggle between the rarl.;nenn..A thfchurch is renewed, and t\.. Parlcnent of Pans k looked upon as the opponent of tyranny. Treaty of Versailles^ (three distinct treat.es) rMVvTbetween France and Austria-a revolution n European politics. Apparently a defensive "alli^nce.^ut 'by secret clauses each promised n^i^tnnce to the other in case of attack. A total re'w of the traditional French policy, resultmg in the loss of French influence m Europe. The French take Minorca (June 26). France and Russia draw together. Montcalm captures Oswego (August). The King coerces the Farlement and curtails its iurisdictfon in ecclesiastical cases (Dec), and he conflict between the Government and the Parlanent continues during the next tour years. 1757 A Second Treaty of Versailles is made between France and Austria (May) :— _ , (1) France to support Austria with men and money. (2) Prussia to be partitioned. ^ (a) The Netherlands to be given to Don Philip-certain districts being annexed to D'EstrTeTdefeats the army of the ^"^^ ^^ Cumberland at Hastenbeck (July 26). *idcnts, (2) to enter Poland it Austria attempted to do so, (3) to support Russia in case of a Turkish war. Sophia Wilhelmina, the daughter of Frederick the Great's brother Augustus William, marries William V the Stadtholder. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1768. Austria formally renounces all claim to Silesia (Oct.). Kaunitz considers the possibility of a partition of Poland in a memoir to Joseph II (Dec. 3). 1769. Austria occupies the county of Zips (Feb.). Interview between Joseph II and Frederick the Great at Neisse (August). Renewal of alliance between Russia and Prussia (Oct.) :— (i) The alliance is to continue till 1780. (2) Catharine guarantees to Frederick the suc- cession of Anspach and Bayreuth. (3) Prussia guarantees the constitution of Sweden, and engages to invade Pomerania if the constitution is modified. 1770. Interview between Joseph II and Frederick the Great at Neustadt (Sept.), where plans for arrest iii^ the victorious course of Russia are discussed. 1767. Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain, Parma, and the Two Sicilies. Russian agents stir up the Greeks. Monte- negrins, and Bosnians against Turkey. The Polish Diet, overawed, votes ac- cording to Russian direction (Nov.). Catharine II sum- mons an assembly to deal with national grievances. 1768. The Confederation of Bar is formed. Turkey declares war on Russia (Oct.). 1769. The Russians defeat the Turks and occupy Moldavia (Sept.) and Bucharest (Nov.). Spain, France, and Parma demand the abolition of the Jesuit Order. Death of Clement XIII and election of Clement XIV. A treaty is made between Russia and Denmark to prevent the overthrow of the Swedish Constitution of 1720 (Dec). 1770. A Sj)anish force seizes the Falkland Islands, and war be- tween England and Spain is only averted by the fall of Choiseul. Struensee begins to govern Denmark, and is supported by the Queen. England. France. 1767. Chatham's illness (March) causes the Grafton Ministry to become reactionary. Townshend passes an Act to tax certain American imports, and dies (Sept.\ Clive leaves India. 1768. A new Parliament meets (May), and Wilkes is returned for Middlesex. Wilkes (June 8) is sentenced to twenty- two months' imprison- ment for his Essay on Woman. A riot takes place, and Wilkes at- tacks Lord Weymouth in the Press. 1769. Wilkes is expelled from Parliament (Feb.). Junius attacks the ! Ministry (Jan.-Dec). Wilkes is three times elected, and the Com- mons on each occasion declare his inability to sit in the Parliament. Spain demands the abandonment of the Falkland Islands by Enijland. 1770. Resignation of Graf- ton (Jan. 28). Lord North becomes Prime Minister. The 'Boston mas- sacre ' takes place (March). Wilkes is released from prison (April), and is elected succes- sively alderman, Sheriff and Mayor of London. Death of Grenville (Nov.). 1767 The Jesuits are expelled from France. Foundation of the Society of the Economists, of which Turgot was a member. 1768. Choiseul expects that the Turkish war will lead to the withdrawal of Russian troops from Poland. Dumouriez is sent to Poland, but can efiect nothing. ^ , The French buy Corsica from Genoa, and seize Avijjnon as a warning to Clement XIII. Saint-Priest arrives in Constantinople to suc- ceed Vergennes (Nov.). 1769. Birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica. Vergennes leaves Constantinople (Jan.). 1770. Trial of the Duke of Aiguillon (April). The KincT annuls the sentence passed on him, and the relations of the Court with the Parlement become very strained. , . ■»«• ..:^ The marriage of the Dauphin to Mane Antoinette takes place (May), and thus the system of 1756,' unpopular as it was, is per- ^"^The^fall of Choiseul (Dec. 24) marks the deser- tion of Poland by France and the begmning ot an attack on the Parlement. D'Aigmllon succeeds as Minister of Foreign Affairs. R 24 a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1771. Prince Henry, the brother of Frederick the Great, is sent to St. Petersburg to persuade Catharine to accept the mediation of Prussia (Jan.). He proposes the partition of Poland. Austria makes a treaty with Turkey in order to force Russia to restore her conquests (July 6). A system of primary schools established in Austria, 1772. The First Partition of Poland (August 5) :— (i) Austria took Zips, almost all Red Russia, with Lemberg, part of Podolia and Vol- hynia, and the southern part of Little Poland. Zips was incorporated in Hun- gary ; the rest formed the kingdom of Galicia. (2) Prussia gained Polish Prussia, i. e. the Bishopric of Warmie, the Palatinates of Pomerelia, Culm, and Marienburg (except Danzig and Thorn), and the northern districts of Great Poland. (3) Russia annexed the country between the Dwina, the Dnieper, and the Drusch. 1773. Kaunitz, at the instigation of Russia, offers his mediation to the Turks. 1774. Frederick the Great takes advantage of the Russian embarrassments to seize 200 villages in the district of Cujavie. Denmark and Russia make a secret alliance (August 12). Occupation of Bukovina by the Austrians (Sept.), and rectification of their frontier in Poland. Eastern, Southern, «Sc Northern Europe. 1771. Accession of Gus- tavus HI to the Swedish throne. 1772. Slruensee is executed (April 18). A revolution in Swe- den is carried out by Gustavus HI (August 19), and the dismem- berment of Sweden by Russia, Prussia, and Denmark is prevented. Death of iiiron, for- merly Duke of Kur- land, 1773. Death of Charles Emanuel I of Sar- dinia, who is succeeded by Victor Amadeus HI. Clement XIV abo- lishes the Order of the Jesuits by the Bull Domimis ct Redemptor. Russian successes in Turkey are checked by a Turkish victory and by the revolt of the Cossacks of the Don under Pougachev. An ord inance is issued in Spain, that en- gaging in industrial occupation is not pre- judicial to rank or privileges. 1774. Accession of the Sultan Abdul Hamid (Jan.) ,who fails against the Russians. Peace of Kutchuk- Kainardji (July) ends the war between Russia and Turkey : — ( 1 ) The Tartars were brought under Russian influence. (2) Russia gained an embassy at Constanti- nople and privileges for the Christians. A,D. 1771-1774 243 England. 1771. Final struggle be- tween Wilkes and the House of Commons over the publication of debates. Death of Bedford. France. 1772. A Select Committee is appointed to con- sider the position of the East India Com- pany. Warren Hastings is appointed Governor of Bengal. The Royal Marriage Act is passed to regu- late the marriages of members of the Royal Family. 1773. The Regulating Act is passed and marks the beginning of a new epoch m the history of the East India Com- pany. Warren Hastings becomes Governor- General, a Supreme Court is established, and a new Council is created. The Boston Tea Riots (Dec). 1774. A petition from Massachusetts asking for the removal of the Governor-General Hutchinson is refused by the House of Com- mons. Coercive Acts are passed against Massa- chusetts. Warren Hastings is made first Governor- General of India. A Congress meets at Philadelphia (Sept.). 1771 Gustavus of Sweden visits Paris. Overthrow of the Parlements. The Govern- ment of the Triumvirate, Maupeou, Terray, and d'Aiguillon, sets up the Parhment Maupeou V?rgennes is sent to Stockholm and aids Gus- ^^ The Duke de la Vrilliere becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs (May). ,- u u ^ K.^n 1772 Th? revolution in Sweden, which had been strongly supported by Choiseuil and Vergennes, is a ereat triumph for France. The English Government refuse to allow a French fleet to enter the Baltic. 1773. Avignon is restored to the Papacy, as the Jesuits had been suppressed (Dec). 1774. Terray abrogates the law of 1763 permitting the free circulation of corn. Death of Louis XV (May 10). LOUIS XVI, 1774-1793. Married Marie Antoinette, daughter of the Emperor Francis and Maria Theresa 1774. Maurepas becomes First Minister till 1 781 , Ver cennes Minister of Foreign Affairs from July, ?774 till Jan. 1787 ; Turgot, Controller- General ?Autust^ ; Mirom(inil, Keeper of the Seals ; Sar- hle Secretary of State for the Navy ; Du Muy, MTnis^er of War ; the Due de la Vrilliere, Minister of the King's Household. Tur^t re-establishes free trade m com ^^Loui^XVI's recall of the Parlements (August) marks the beginning of the misfortunes of his reign. R 1 244 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY \ Germany. 1775. The Austrians, who had occupied Bukovina in Sept., 1774, obtain its formal cession by a treaty with Turkey signed May 7, 1775. Hearing of Frederick the Great's illness, Joseph II marches troops to the Bohemian frontier. 1776. Joseph II establishes religious liberty in his dominions. The Society of the Illuminati is founded at Ingolstadt. 1777. Joseph II visits Paris (April-lMay). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. (3) She exacted pro- mises for the better government of the Principalities. (4) She obtained a declaration of her right of free com- mercial navigation in Turkish waters. (5) She secured a firm fcotinjT on the northern coasts of the Black Sea. 1775. Pius VI becomes Pope. D'Aranda is sent on a mission to France, but Campomancs con- tinues much of his work. 1770. Potemkin's power in- creases in Russia. Portugal breaks off all relations with America, following the example of Denmark the previous year. 1777. Grimaldi, the Span- ish Foreign Minister, devoted to France, resigns ; succeeded by Florida Blanca. THE HOUSE OF WITTELSBACH. (l) In Bavaria. Charles Albert, 1726-1745 (2) In the Palatinate. Fred. Christian, = Maria Maximilian Elector of Antonia. Joseph, 1745- Saxony. 1777, o.s. p. {a) Sulzbach, {b) Birkenfdd, Charles. Ferdinand Michael Theodore, j Elector i j 1742-1797, Charles Max. Joseph, succeeded Augustus, 1795-1825, to Bavaria 1775-1795, Elector of ^777' o. s. p. Bavaria o. s. p. ^1^% King 1805. A,D. ^llS-T^lll 245 England. Conciliatory mea- sures secure the loyalty of Canada (the Quebec Act). Death of Clive (Nov.). The War of American Independence, 1775-1783. France. 1775. A second Congress meets at Philadelphia (May), and Washing- ton is made com- mander-in-chief. The war between England and the American colonists begins. Prattles of Lexington (April) and Bunker's Hill (June). The spinning-mule is invented. 1776. The Americans arc driven from Canada (March). Howe evacuates Bos- ton (March), but takes New York in Septem- ber. The American De- claration of Indepen- dence is proclaimed (July 4). The Whigs cease for a time to attend Parliament. 1777. Howe defeats W^ash- ington and occupies Philadelphia. Burgoyne capitu- lates at Saratoga (Oct. 17). The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended (Dec). 1775. The Count of Saint-Germain begins his militai7 ""^ MTlesherbes becomes Minister of the Interior (July 19), and attempts to carry out useful ^^ The Count of Saint-Germain succeeds Du Muy as Minister of War (Oct. 21). 1776. Abolition of the Corvie (Jan. 6) and the Jurandes (Feb. 5)-tbe forced employment of labour for making and repairing the_ roads, and "the government of privileged corporations. The Edicts become law after a Lit de Justice had been held (March 12). Resignation of Malesherbes. Turgot is dismissed (May 12), after attempting to carry manv far-reaching reforms, and is suc- ceeded by Clugny, who dies (Oct.). He is suc- ceeded by Taboreaux de Reaux, but Necker is made Director of the Finances. The Corvee and Jurandes are restored (August), and free trade in corn is abolished ^•^Silas Deane arrives in Paris (July), and a million francs are sent to America. 1777. Joseph II arrives in Pans (April). The American Franklin arrives at Versailles. Lafayette and French volunteers secretly jom the Americans (April), and two million francs are sent to the colonists. 246 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Death of Maximilian Joseph, Elector of Ba- varia (Dec. 30) ; his dominions fall to Charles Theodore, the childless Elector Palatine. 1778. Charles Theodore makes a convention with Joseph II, giving him most of Bavaria (Jan.). The presumptive heir Charles Augustus protests, and Frederick the Great declares war upon Austria (July). Russia moves troops on to the frontier of Galicia. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1779. The Peace of Teschen (May), concluded under the mediation of France and Russia, ends the war of the Bavarian Succession : — (i) Austria secured the quarter of the Inn — the district between the Danube, the Inn, and the Salza. (2) The rights of Charles Augustus are con- firmed. 1780. Joseph TI meets Catharine at Mohilev (May), and then journeys in Russia. Death of Maria Theresa (Nov. 29). Maximilian, son of Maria Theresa, becomes Coadjutor to the Elector of Mainz. Death of Joseph I of Portugal (Feb. 24), dismissal of Pombal, and accession of Maria I and her husband, Pedro III. Treaty of San Ilde- fonso between Spain and Portugal, settling disputed questions with reference to South America. 1778. At the Pardo, Portu- gal concludes a per- petual alliance with Spain. 1779. Spain joins the Ameri- can colonists, and de- clares war against England (April). Pombal is im- prisoned in Portugal for life. 1780. Catharine II heads the armed neutrality against England. A.D. 1778-I780 247 England. France. 1778. Discovery of Nootka Sound (Jan. 15). The militia is em- bodied (March). Death of Chatham (May 11) after his last speech on April 7. English commerce suffers from the attacks of Paul Jones. General Howe is succeeded by Clinton (April). Lord Howe saves New York from cap- ture by D'Estaing. Sir George Savile carries his measure for the repeal of the penal laws against the Ro- man Catholics (May 28). St. Lucia is taken by Barrington, the English admiral. 1779. Irish volunteers are formed. A No-Popery move- ment takes place in Scotland. The Siege of Gib- raltar begins, and for a time England loses her supremacy in the Channel. 1780. Rodney defeats the Spanish fleet, and re- lieves Gibraltar (Jan.). The Yorkshire peti- tion for economical reforms is drawn up. Dunning carries his motion against the power of the Crown (April). The Gordon No- Popery riots break out (May). Hydei Ali conquers the Camaric (Sept.). 1778 France signs a treaty of alliance and commerce ^ with the Americans (Feb. 6), and begins a man- time strujrqle with England (March). D'Orvilliers fights a drawn battle with Keppel off Ushant (July), and D'Estaing with a French fleet sails to New York. Deaths of Voltaire and Rousseau. Dominica is captured (Sept.). 1779. France and Russia mediate the Peace of '^ D'E?iking takes St. Vincent and Grenada, but fails in an attack on Savannah. The French lose Senegal and Goree to England, and fail in an attack upon Jersey. 1780. The Comte de Rochambeau takes troops to aid the Americans (June). 248 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1781-1782 249 Germany. 1781. An alliance is made between Austria and Russia (June). Joseph II obtains the surrender of the ' Barrier Towns' from the Dutch, and renounces the Barrier Treaty. Joseph issues the Toleration Edict (Oct. 13), and restrains the power of the clergy and the influence of Rome in his dominions. He attempts to make a united empire, and initiates reforms in • every direction. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1781. The Spaniards tnke Pensacola (May 10). The Dutch suffer defeat all over the world. They recog- nize the independence of America after York- town. 1782. Joseph suppresses more than 600 monasteries. Ostend and Trieste are made free i)orts. The Dutch evacuate the Barrier fortresses (Jan.). The Pope visits Vienna, but fails to persuade Joseph II to withdraw his ecclesiastical measures. THE EMPERORS OF THE HOUSE OF HAPSBURG-LORRAINE. Francis I = Maria Theresa 1745-65 refuse peace Joseph II, Emp. 1765-90 Leopold II, Emp. 1790-92 Francis II, Emp. 1 792-1835 1782. The Dutch overtures of (April). Spain takes the Ba- hamas (July), but fails to regain Gibraltar — defended by General Elliott (Sept-Oct.). The Grand Duke Paul of Russia visits France. Ferdinand, Emp. 1835-48163. Francis Francis Joseph, succeeded 1848 England. France. • Major Andre is hanged by the Ameri- cans as a spy (Oct. 2). War is declared against Holland (Nov. 20). 1781. Rodney takes St. l Eustatia from the ! Dutch (Feb.). Eyre Coote defeats Hyder All at Porto Novo. Surrender of Corn- wallis at Yorktown (Oct. 19). Warren Hastings is censured. 1782. Resignation of Lord North (March 19). His successor, Lord Rock- ingham, opens peace negotiations with Ver- gennes. The Irish are given legislative indepen- dence. Economical reforms are carried excluding contractors from Par- liament, disfranchising revenue officers, and diminishing pensions. Pitt's motion for a committee to inquire into the state of par- liamentary reform is defeated ;May). Shelburne forms a Ministry on Rocking- ham's death (July i). Preliminaries of peace are signed with America (Nov. 30). The Treaty of Salbye ends the first Mahratta War with the English. Death of Hyder Ali (Dec.), who is suc- ceeded by Tippoo Sahib. 1781. The French land in Jersey but are overthrown (Tan)byPiersonandthemilitia(Jan.6). They takeTobago and recover St. Eustatia (>:O^0' Necker publishes his compte rendu (Jan.), and is dismissed (May). He is succeeded first by Joly de Fleury, and later by d Ormesson The Comte de Grasse and a trench fleet give valuable help to the Americans. Suffren with a powerful fleet co-operates with Hyder Ali against the English in India. Death of Maurepas, and development of the "= A^UgiSn is passed excluding rcturiers from even the rank of sub-lieutenant. 1782. Capture of Minorca by French and Spaniards ^^The* French fleet under de Grasse in the West Indies is destroyed by Rodney (April 12), who saves Jamaica, Barbadoes, and the West Indian Islands from falling into the hands of \^^^^^' French troops enter Geneva and end a period of internal dissension. Vergennes hopes to secure the co-operation of England in opposing the designs of Russia m the East. y 250 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1783. Joseph II visits the Pope at Rome. THE HOUSE OF HOHENZOTXERN AFTER FREDERICK THE GREAT. Frederick the Great, Augustus William, 1740-S6 Ob. 1758 o. s. p. j Frederick William II, 1786-97 I Frederick W^illiam III, 1797-1840 Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. Frederick W^illiam IV, 1 840-1 86 1 o. s. p. William, succeeded 1861, Emp. 1870 1783. Catharine II annexes the Crimea (April). The deaths of Panin and Alexis Orlov in- crease the influence of Potemkin. By the Treaty of Versailles, Spain kept ^Minorca and obtained Florida. The anti - Orange party in Holland at- tempts to curtail the Stadtholder's power. Gustavus III visits Rome. 1784. Joseph establishes a strict system of Protection (August). Conferences opened at Brussels (April) come to a close in October, when a European war seems inevitable. Joseph II demands the * entire and free naviga- tion of the Scheldt from Antwerp to the sea,' and revives old imperial claims in Maestricht. His claims are opposed by Prussia, Sweden, and Holland. The Dutch seize an Imperial vessel and resist Joseph's claims. 1784. Turkey yields to Catharine IPs demands and makes the Treaty of Constantinople (Jan. 6), by which the Porte acquiesces in the loss of the Crimea and Kuban. The Crown Prince Frederick becomes Re- gent of Denmark. A. D. 1783-1784 25T England. France. 1783. England makes peace with the United States, France, and Spain (Jan.). Resignation of Shel- burne (Jan. 24). Fox and North form a Coalition Ministry under Portland (April). The West India trade is restricted to British ships, British- built, and the Ameri- cans are thus excluded Pitt s reform resolu- tions are defeated. Dundas brings for- ward an India Bill. The definitive treaty with America is signed (Sept. I), the inde- pendence of the thir- teen colonies being recognized. Fox's India Bill is thrown out by the Lords (Dec. 17), and Pitt forms a Ministry (Dec. 19). 1784. From January 12 to Mar. 24, Pitt struggles against the Whigs. Parliament is dis- solved (March 4). The new elections (May) give Pitt a large majority, the Whigs are ruined, and the King is triumphant. Pitt passes his India Bill, giving the whole | political control of the East India Company to a Board of Control (August). Pitt's measures tor the relief of Irish trade are defeated in the Irish Parliament (August). 1783 The Treaty of Versailles concludes the war Af France and Spain with England (ire llinlries'were sign'ed in January, the definitive '''%^!.T^:^^^^ her possessions in the East Indies, St. Lucia, Tobago, Senegal, England'^^eTovered all her West Indian is- The ""Tariement of Besan^on opposes Fkury's taxes and demands the convocation of the States- ^ToW^£%ury is succeeded by d'Ormesson as^Co'ntroller-General (Oct.), and he by Calonne ^^Vergennes warns Joseph II that France disap- proves of his projects in the East. 1784. France makes a treaty with Sweden, ceding the isle of St. Bartholomew (July 17)- . . The harvest of this and the following year is excellent. 25a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A.D, 1785-I787 253 Germany. 1785. Joseph II tries to bring about the exchange of Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands Jan.), Frederick the Great forms the Fiirstenbund, and defeats this scheme (July). Joseph II and Catharine II conclude a Com- mercial Treaty. The Treaty of Fontainebleau (Nov. 8) is made between Joseph II and the Dutch : — (i) The Dutch recognized Joseph's sovereignty over part of the Scheldt. (2) Joseph abandoned his claims to Maas- tricht, received ten millions of guilders, and renounced his right to the free naviga- tion of the Scheldt outside his dominions. 1786. Death of Frederick the Great of Prussia (August 17), and accession of his nephew, Frederick William II, the brother of the Princess of Orange. Joseph II publishes a new code of laws for his subjects. A council of German bishops meets at Ems. 1787. Joseph constitutes the Netherlands a province of the Austrian monarchy (Jan.). Serious tumults in Louvain and Brussels illus- trate the growing discontent at Joseph's innova- tions. Van der Noot heads the opposition in Brabant. Joseph revokes the edict of January in the summer, but reimposes those relative to the Church. Joseph II accompanied Catharine II on her journey to Kherson and the Crimea. A Prussian army, in consequence of insults offered to the Princess of Orange, invades Hol- land (Sept.), and in October the Stadtholder was restored and Amsterdam surrendered. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1785. D'Aranda is recalled by the Spanish Govern- mcnt. The Philippine Com- pany is established in Spain. Sir James Harris, the English envoy at the Hague, oj^poses French influence. 1780. Sir James Harris continues his opposi- tion to French influ- ence in Holland. The Grand Vizier suppresses an insurrec- tion of the Mamelukes in Egypt. A council of Italian bishops meets at Pis- toja, and the Papal supremacy is restricted. 1787. Catharine II begins her famous journey to the Crimea (Jan.), and is joined by Joseph II. The Princess of Orange is arrested by the Dutch insurgents near Gouda (June 28), and matters are brought to a crisis in Holland. The American Con- stitution is comj^leted (Sept. 17). Turkey declares war against Russia (Aug. 10). England. France. Sir James Harris is transferred from St. Petersburg to the Hague. The Hovering Act is passed to check smuggling. 1785. Pitt's motion for re- form of Parliament is defeated (April 18). Warren Hastings returns to England (June). 1786. Warren Hastings is attacked in the House of Commons. Cornwallis becomes Governor- General of India (Feb. 24). Pitt abrogates the Methuen Treaty with Portugal, and makes a Commercial Treaty with France (Sept. 26). The Board of Trade is reconstituted under the presidency of Lord Hawkesbury. Eden joins the Go- vernment. Pitt adopts Wal- pole's excise scheme. 1787. Warren Hastings is impeached by Burke (May). The movement tor the abolition of the slave trade begins. Sir James Harris re- turns from the Hague and is consulted by the Cabinet, which ad- vances ;^20,ooo to the Stadtholder. England and Prussia interfere in the affair of the Netherlands, and the Stadtholder is restored (Sept.-Oct.). 1785 The Parlement of Paris begins a scries of ^The'r^ysSs affair of the Diamond Necklace brings down upon the Queen suspicion and ^'The'alliance between France -^^ the DvUch (Nov lo) is one of the results of the hostility between England and Holland during the Ameri- 1786''''A^^reaty of Commerce between France and '^ England Is^made (Sept.), which allows the import of English goods at moderate duties. 1787 Death of Vergennes (Feb. 13), who had for 'ma^^y years been a leading influence m French politkJ. He is succeeded by Mon morm Meeting of the Notables (Feb. 22;, who reject Calonne's propositions of reform. _ Calonne is banished to Lorraine (April 17), and t succeeded by the Archbishop o J- - e Lomenie de Brienne, who presents to the ^otables '-^t Sr ^"^dl^oWe^d (May 25), but the plnanc^t of Paris opposes Brienne and demands the States-General (July 6). It is banisnea CAuPUst\ and recalled (Sept.). ^ Moitmorin signs a declaration asserting that Frai "e h^ad nev c'r any intention of mterfermg m the affairs of Holland ,Oct 27). ^ The idea that France is thinking of uniting with Austria and Russia, and so Arming a counte - league to the Triple Alliance, is prevalent m Pans "Th';"K"g declares that the S;tates-General shall be suin'moned for July, 1792 (Nov. 20). 254 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany, 1788. Joseph II declared war against Turkey (Feb, 9), and Austrian and Russian forces crossed the frontier. Prussia makes a treaty with Holland (April 15). The Triple Alliance, which exercises a very great influence on European affairs during the next few years, is formed between England, Prussia, and Holland (April July . Its object was to maintain and consolidate the peace of Europe. The Russians, under Saltikov, Potemkin, and Suvorov, are successful against the Turks, Ochakov being taken (Dec. 17); but, though Loudon and Coburg gain some advantages, the campaign was on the whole unfavourable to the Austrians. Joseph II returns to Vienna in the autumn. 1789. The alliance between Austria and Russia made in 1 781 is now renewed for eight years. In Hungary Joseph II's reforms cause much commotion. Battle of Foksany (July 31). The united Austrian and Russian forces under Coburg and Suvorov defeat the Turks. The Turks are again overthrown on the Rymnik (Sept. 22) by Coburg and Suvorov. Loudon takes Belgrade after a long siege (Oct. 6), and Coburg takes Bucharest. Potemkin defeats the Turks at Tobac and takes Bender and Akerman. A revolution in Belgium against the Austrian rule breaks out in the autumn. Van der Noot issues a manifesto (Oct.) and triumphantly enters Brussels (Dec). The King of Prussia during 1789 intrigues against Austria, and negotiates with the Sultan, hoping to secure Danzig and Thorn. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1788. Sweden declares war against Russia (June). The Russian fleet defeats the Swedes (J"iy 17)- The Danes invade Sweden (Sept.) on be- half of Russia, but by the prompt interven- tion of the members of the Triple Alliance an armistice is concluded in October. Death of Charles III of Spain (Dec. 1 3). 1789. Charles IV becomes King of Spain (Jan.). A revolution in Sweden carried out by Gustavus III makes the monarchy absolute (Feb.). The Spaniards at- tack the English at Nootka Sound in the spring. Selim III succeeds Abdul Hnmid as Sul- tan (April). A. D. I 788- I 789 255 England. France, The question of the Prince of Wales' debts is discussed in Parlia- ment. 1788. Lirth of Lord Byron (Jan. 22). Death of Charles Edward Stuart (Jan. 31). The trial of War- ren flastings begins (Feb.). The first motion for the abolition of the slave trade is made (May 9). An alliance with Prussia (July) consoli- dates the Triple Al- linnce of England, Prussia, and Holland. George Ill's ill- ness becomes known (Nov.% A debate on the Re- gency question takes place (Dec. 10). The East India De- claratory Act is issued. 1789. The Regency Bill is introduced (Feb. 3). Recovery of George III from ' his illness (Feb. 19). Lord Carmarthen succeeds to the Duke- dom of Leeds. A motion for the re- peal of the Test and Corporation Acts is lost by twenty votes. Grenville succeeds Lord Sydney as Secre- tary of State (June 5). The Revolution Society meets in Lon- don and congratulates the French National Society on the fall of the Bastille (Nov.). 1788. Bricnne secures the registration of six edicts suppressing the Parlernent and establishing a Coiir rUniere (May). Attempts made in 17S7 and 1788 to mtroduce the Prussian drill into the French army cause grave discontent. The States- General are summoned to meet on May I, 1789 (August 8). . , , , ,,,,„ Brienne announces a national bankruptcy (August 16). Brienne is dismissed (August 25). Necker is recalled to office (August 27). The winter of 17S8-89 is one of the severest ever known. , /-kt \ j The Notables are summoned (Nov.), and con- sultations take place upon the questions of the double representation of the Tiers Etat, and ot the voting, whether par ordre or par tete. Necker publishes the R^uitat du Conseil, giving the Tiers Etat a double representation. The French Revolution. 1789. Necker issues the f^nal RegUment for the elec- tions (Jan. 24). -n.. ^ /A -1 ^Q\ The success of the Reveillon Riot (April 28) showed the political effect of a riot. Opening of the States-General (May 5)- The deputies of the Tiers £tat declare them- selves the National Assembly of France (June 17). The National Assembly meets in the lennis Court (June 20). . , ,- u fV,^ The Seance Roy ale (June 23) establishes the reputation of Mirabeau and leads to the Union of the Three Estates. . The Union of the Three Estates (June 27) takes place. , r u- ^^t The dismissal of Necker and three of his col- leagues (July II) is thought to imply that the Court meditated a <:(?/rest fleet, and the French navy becomes entirely disorganized (Oct.). It is decreed that all bishops and cures should take the oath to the Civil Constitution within a week (Nov. 27). French troops occupy Avignon (Nov.), but the question of its annexation is adjourned. Mirabeau presents to the Court his last great scheme (Dec. 23). THE FRENCH CONSTITUTION OF 1790-91. Administration. — The King and Ministers appointed by him, with no seats in the Legislative Chamber, to which they were answerable. The King's veto to have effect for six months only. France divided into So departments, subdivided into districts and parishes. All these, and large towns, to have councils and assemblies chosen by a system of election. Legislature. — One Chamber, elected by all paying direct taxation equivalent to three days' wages. Jurisdiction. — Local Courts in place of the Parlcments. Judges elected for six years. Courts of Appeal in Paris. 1791. Ivlirabeau is elected President of the Assembly (Jan. 30). The death of Mirabeau (April 2) destroys one of the last hopes of a peaceful solution of the diffi- culties in I* ranee. The riot of April 18, when the King was pre- vented from going to Saint Cloud, proved that the royal family were in reality prisoners. A negro insurrection breaks out in San Domingo in the summer. The flight to Varennes (June 20-21) fails, the King is brought back to Paris, and all chance of his regaining any authority is lost. The massacre of the Champ de Mars (July 17) by Lafayette for a time restored order in Paris, rallied the Constitutional party, and led to a revision of the Constitution, but it ultimately brought about the separation of the bourgeois and the populace of Paiis. S % 26o HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY % Germany. 1793. Treaty of Berlin between Prussia and Austria (Feb. 7). Death of Leopold (March i). He is succeeded by his son Francis. FRANCIS II, 1792-1835. [i8o6. Francis ceases to be Emperor as the Holy Roman Empire comes to an end. He takes the title of Emperor of Austria.] Married Maria Theresa, daughter of Ferdinand I of Naples, Prussia resolves to negotiate with Russia on the subject of the Second Partition of Poland (Mnrch 12), The war between Austria and France begins (April 20). Prussia joins Austria in July. In consequence of the death of Leopold, Prussia obtains the ascendency in the alliance with Austria. Francis II is crowned Emperor at Frankfort (July 14), and enters into opposition to France with vigour. Kaunitz retires from power. Brunswick's manifesto rouses the French to the greatest fury. The Prussians advance and take Longwy and Verdun, but are defeated at Valmy i.Sept. 20). Eastern, South er.n, Sc Northern Europe. 1792. Russia and Turkey make the Treaty of Jassy (Jan. 9), and Catharine is able to turn her attention to Poland. Owing to the death of the Em] eror Leo- pold, Poland is de- prived of its only friend. Murder of Gustavus III (March 17^. Regency of the Duke of Sudermania. Swe- den adopts a neutral position. Catharine orders troops to enter Poland (April 30). The Polish confede- rates meet at Targo- wilz (May 14). A Russian army in- vades Poland, and the Poles are defeated at Zielence (June) and at Dubienka (July). The Constitution of 1 79 1 is abrogated, and Prussia determines to send an army into Po- land. Fall of Florida Blanca early in the year. He is succeeded by D'Aranda, who in November gives way to Godoy. Englvnd. 1702. Pitt repeals taxes, adds to the Sinking F'und, reduces the number of seamen, and declines to renew the subsidy for Hessian mercenaries (Fe!).\ Acquittal of Warren Hastings, after a trial extend uig from 17S8 (April 23). A Roval Proclama- tion is issued, warning the people against sedi- tious writings (MayV Thurlow is dis- missed from the Chan- cellorship for opposing Pitt and endeavouring to restore the old sys- tem of a divided Cabinet. Fox's Libel Act, placing the liberty of the Press under the protection of juries, is passed. Pitt delivers a speech in favour of the aboli- tion of the Slave Trade. The Bill passes the Commons, but is re- jected by the Lords. Recall of Lord Gowcr from Paris after August 10. Grenville (Nov. 7) and Pitt (Nov. 13) in letters make declara- tions in favour of neu- trality on the part of England. The militia is called out (Dec. i). Parliament meets (Dec. 13), an Alien Bill is introduced, and a powerful fleet is pre- pared. A. D. 1792 261 France. The King accepts the Constitution, and the Assembly decrees the annexation of Avignon and the Venaissin to France (Sept. 4). The Constituent Assembly is dissolved (Sept. 30) and the Legislative Assembly meets (Oct. ij. A Decree of the Assembly ordering the return of the Emigres (Nov. 9) is vetoed by Louis. The Assembly asks Louis to protest against the enlistment of troops by the Emigres (Nov. 29). Narbonne becomes the leading member of the Feuillant Ministry. 1792. Talleyrand is sent on a mission to England (Jan. 24). ■ The Assembly resolves to demand an explana- tion of the Emperor's attitude towards France (Jan. 25). The Emperor's reply to the Assembly (March i) results in the fall of Narbonne and the Feuillants, and the formation of a Girondin Ministry, which includes Roland (Interior), Claviere (F"'inances\ De Grave (War), Dumouriez (Foreign Affairs , Licoste (Marine). France at war with Austria and Prussia. France declares war against Austria (April 20), and eight days later her troops are defeated by the Austrians. The Assembly publishes a decree against all priests who have not accepted the Civil Constitu- tion (April 27), declares against the King's Guard (April 29), and orders the formation of a camp of 80,000 outside Paris (June 8). The King refuses to accept the decrees with reference to the priests and the camp, most of the Ministers resign, and Dumouritz becomes Minister of War, but resigns (June 15). An attempted revolution (Jime 20) ends in the invasion of the Tuileries. Declaration of war against Prussia (July 8). The insurrection of August 10 results in the deposition of Louis XVI, the fall of the Monarchy, and the establishment of the Convention (Sept. 20). The September massacres are the French answer to the invasion of France. The French victory at Valmy (Sept. 20) marks the beginning of a period of aggression and con- quest ; Savoy and the country and town of Nice are occupied (Sept.). 26a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. THE CHIEF AUSTRIAN MlNISTEl^LS, 1789-1815. Kaunitz to 1792. Philip Cobenzl to 1792. Thnj^mt, 1792-1801. Louis Cobenzl, 1 801-1806. Stadion, 1806-1809. Metternich, 1809-. THE CHIEF PRUSSIAN MINISTERS, 1789-1815. Hertzberg to 1791- Schulemburg, 1 791-1 792. Haugwitz, 1 792-1 803. Ilardenberg, 1803-1807. Stein, 1807-1816. Scharnhorst, 1807-1813. Hardenberg, State Chancellor, 1810-. 1793. Prussia and Russia make a treaty for the Second Partition of Poland (Jan. 23). The Empire declares war against France (March 22), The Second Partition of Poland (Sept.). Prussia secures Danzig and Thorn, and Posen, Kalisch, and Guesen ; Russia takes Eastern Poland. 1703. Sweden, Denmark, and Switzerland re- main neutral in the European war. Portugal and Tus- cany declare war against France. Proclamation of a Corsican republic (June). The Diet of Grodno is held (August). A.D. 1793 263 England. The Society of the Friends of the People for the promotion of parliamentary reform is formed. Preparations are made for war, in con- sequence of the French occupation of Belgium, the opening of the Scheldt, the Decrees of Nov. 19 and Dec. 15, and the threatened attack on Holland (Nov.-Dec). Beginning of the Great War with France, 1793-1815. 1793. A Convention is made with Russia to interdict the trade of France with the Baltic (March). The occupation of Corsica by the English (July), and expulsion of the French. A Catholic Relief Bill is passed in Ire- land. The Traitorous Cor- respondence Act is passed (March 15). A financial crisis is met by Pitt by the issue of Exchequer Bills. Muir is sentenced to fourteen years' trans- portation for spreading Tom Paine's works, and others suffer in a similar way for advo- cating republican prin- ciples. Pitt does not inter- fere in the Second Partition of Poland, as the price of Russian neutrality. France. Custine takes Spires, Worms, and Mainz (Oct.). The struggle between the Girondins and Jacobins begins (Oct.). Dumouriez raises the siege of Lille ; wins Jem- mappes (Nov. 6), occupies Belgium, declares the Scheldt open, and threatens Holland. The decrees of November 19, promising aid to all nations revolting against their Governments, and of December 15, compelling all territories occupied by the French to accept the new French institutions, alarm Europe. Chauvelin's note of Dec. 27 to Grenville accelerates a rupture with England. 1793. The execution of Louis XVI (Jan. 21) still fur- ther alarms Europe. A Committee of General Defence is formed (Jan.). France declares war upon England and Holland (Feb. I). The Revolutionary Tribunal is formed (March 9). France declares war against Spain (March). Dumouriez loses Neerwinden (March 21), deserts to the Austrians, and the Committee of Public Safety — consisting of nine members — is formed ; w^hile France is invaded by the Austrians and English. Overthrow of the Girondins (June 2), and beginning of the Reign of Terror. Civil war breaks out in France, and, in La Vendee, becomes serious. The Constitution of 1793 is drawn up (June), but did not come into force. The Great Committee of Public Safety is formed (July). Murder of Marat (July). In September the Austrians take Le Quesnoy, but in October are defeated by the French at Wattignies, while the English are defeated at Hondschoten (Sept.). The law of the Maximum begins to be put into force (Sept.). Toulon is abandoned by the Allies (Dec). 264 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1704. Prussia and Holland are subsidized by Great Britain (April). Death of Kaunitz. The King of Prussia opens negotiations with France (Dec). Austria abandons the Netherlands (July). 1795. The Peace of Basle is made by Prussia with France. France retains Cleves and Obergeldern, but cedes the districts conquered on the right bank of the Rhine. Frederick William of Prussia by this treaty defends the interests of the North German Princes, and France makes peace with Saxony, Mainz, the Bavarian Palatinate, and the two Hesses ; he refuses to recognize the extension of France to the Rhine ; he is enabled to watch affairs in Poland and to take part in the final Partition, Eastern, Southern, & Northern Kuropf 1704. Rising of the Poles under Kosciusko (March). After defeating Kos- ciusko and the Poles (Oct. and Nov.), the Russians enter War- saw (Nov. 9). 1795. Tuscany (Feb.) and Naples make peace with France. An agreement about the final Partition of Poland is come to between Russia and Austria (Jan. 4). By the Treaty of Basle, Spain cedes her share of San Domingo. Shortly afterwards Spain declares war on England. Poland is finally par- titioned (Oct. 24), and Stanislaus Poniatow- ski abdicates (Nov.). Prussia received War- saw and the land be- tween the Boug and the Niemen ; Austria, Cracow and the rest ot Galicia; and Russia, the land between Ga- licia and the lower Dwina. / A.D. 1 794-1 795 265 England. France. 1794. The Irish begin secret negotiations with the French. Guadaloupe, Marti- nique, Santa Lucia, and other islands are taken. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended for eight years. Howe's victory of June I strengthens the war feeling. Home Tooke, Har- dy, and Thelwall are j acquitted of the charge of treason. A great secession of Whigs, headed by the Duke of Portland, takes place, and the Conservative party is formed. The Ministry is reconstituted, Port- land becoming Home Secretary, Grenville Foreign Secretary, and Wyndham Secretary at War. Defeat of the Duke of York by the French. Fitzwilliam is made Viceroy of Ireland. Parliament is opened (Dec. 13), and a desire for peace is shown. 1795. Lord Camden be- comes Viceroy of Ire- land. The Prince of Wales marries Caroline of Brunswick (April 8). Discontent among the lower orders in- creases owing to de- pression of trade, taxa- tion, and bad harvests. The King is assaulted on his way to Parlia- ment. THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT DURING THE REIGN OF TERROR, June 1793-JuLY 1794. 1. 2. The Convention elected by popular suffrage. The Great Committee of Public Safety, con- sisting of nine members, with its agents — the Committee of General Security and the Deputies on Mission. 3. The Revolutionary Tribunal. 1794. Saint Andre restores discipline in the navy, and generally reorganizes that branch of the service. The French fleet is defeated by Howe (June i). Overthrow of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor. Jourdan wins Fleurus (June), occupies Belgium, and the Allies retire. Spain is invaded, the King of Sardinia is defeated, and the French, having defeated the Prussians and Austrians, reach the Rhine (Oct.). Hoche defeats a band of Emigres at Quiberon Bay (July). The French recapture Guadaloupe, and keep it till 1 810. Pichegru conquers Holland (Dec). 1795. Peace is made with Tuscany (Feb.). The outlawed Girondist leaders are allowed to sit in the Convention (March). The insurrection of 12th Germinal (April 1) fails, and the Jacobins suffer. The insurrection of ist Prairial (May 20) also fails, and the Government is firmly established. The French retake St. Lucia (June), but are expelled from Corsica (August). The Treaties of Basle mark an epoch in the European War and in the history of the Empire. One treaty was made with Prussia (ApriL, by which a line of demarcation was drawn across Germany, within which all States were to be safe from French invasion. Other treaties were made with Holland (April), Sweden (May), Spain (July), and with certain German States. The insurrection of 15th Vendemiaire (Oct. 5) is put down by Bonaparte. The Constitution of the Year HI is drawn up, and the Directory is established in power (Nov. 5). Risings in Brittany, instigated by the Royalists and aided by English ships, are put down (June- Oct.). 266 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, South krn, 6c Northern Europe. 1796. Prussia maT of Austerlitz (Dec; 7). By the Treaty of Pressburg (Dec. 26), the Haps- burgs are cut off from the Rhine, Switzerland, and Italy. The Emperor recognizes the inde- pendence of Bavaria, Baden, and Wurtemberg. 1805. The Spanish and French fleets fail in an attack on Dominica (Feb.). The Batavian Re- public receives a new Constitution (March). Sweden and Russia make an alliance against France (April; . Ir England. 1804. In a war with Hol- kar, begun April 16, the English are success- ful. Addington resigns (April), and Pitt forms a Ministry, France. 1804. A plot against Napoleon, headed by George Cadoudal, is discovered (Feb. 16), and Cadoudal is executed. Pichegru dies in prison. Execution of the Due d'Enghien (March 21) — a great political mistake. Bonaparte becomes Emperor of the French (May 18) by a decree of the Senate originating in a proposal of the Tribunate and ratified by the votes of the people on Nov. 6. NAPOLEON I, 1804-1815. THE MARRIAGES OF NAPOLEON. Eugene, Vicomte = Josephine (i) = Napoleon = (2) Marie Louise de Beauharnais I of Austria Eugene 1805. The Third Coalition is formed by Pitt (April) ; a Convention is made between Eng- land and Russia (Treaty of St. Peters- burg), and Austria (July 7) and Sweden join. Bhurtpore is taken, and Holkar totally de- feated (April 10). Cornwallis succeeds Wellesley in India (July). Calder defeats Ville- neuve off Cape Pinis- terre (July 22). England is saved from invasion, and after Trafalgar (Oct. 21) remains mistress of the seas. Cornwallis dies (Oct.), and Barlow carries on the Indian Government. I Napoleon II, King of Rome, Hortense Duke of Reichstadt, o.s.p. 1832. The Russian Ambassador leaves Paris i^August 28). Preparations are made at Boulogne for the invasion of England. Bonaparte is crowned as Emperor Napoleon by Pius VII at Paris (Dec. 2). 1805. Napoleon transforms the Cisalpine Republic into a monarchy, and is crowned King of Italy in Milan (May 26). Incorporation of the Ligurian Republic into France (June), and creation of Lucca into a prin- cipality for the husband of Napoleon's sister Elise. Naples Is forced to make a treaty with Napo- leon, and so is unable to join the Coalition (Juiyj. On the outbreak of war the Grand Army is moved from Boulogne and enters Geimany (Sept. 26). The great capitulation of Ulm by Mack (Oct. 20) opens the road to Vienna, and strikes an almost fatal blow at the Coalition. The French and Spanish fleets destroyed at Battle of Trafalgar (Oct. 21), and with them the offensive power of Napoleon's empire against England. Battle of Austerlitz (Dec. 2) ; Napoleon ut- terly defeats the Russians and Austrians. Treaty of Schonbrunn (Dec. 15) between Napoleon and Prussia, by which the latter cedes Cleves to France, Anspach to Bavaria, and re- ceives provisional possession of Hauover. 273 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1806 The Archduke Charles is made Genercalissimus of all the Austrian armies (Feb. lo), and carries out valuable military reforms. The Prussians seize Hanover, and England declares war upon Frederick William III (April i). Francis II abdicates, formally renounces the title of Emperor, and the German revolution receives its formal completion (August 6). Prussia declares war upon France (Oct. i), and is overthrown at Auerstadt and Jena (Oct. 14). The Elector of Saxony makes a treaty with Napoleon and receives the title of King (Dec. 11). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1806. Ferdinand IV having joined the Coalition, Naples is occupied by the French, and the Neapolitan Court is removed to Sicily (leb.). An English force defeats Reynier at the battle of Maida (July 4), but the increased strength of the French army prevents the English from doing more than defend Sicily. The Spaniards re- take Buenos Ayres (August). Denmark secures Holstein (Sept.). Napoleon is received with enthusiasm at Warsaw. 1807 Frederick William dismisses Stein (Jan. 4). Treaty of Bartenstein between Russia and Prussia— an offensive and defensive alliance against France (April). j • j By the Treaties of Tilsit, Prussia was deprived of most of the lands taken from Poland m 1772, ,7^3, and 1795. She also loses all her lands west of the Elbe. ^ r ,u« Hardenberg is given sole management ot the Prussian Foreign Department, and becomes a sort of Prime Minister. Stein is recalled and given control of civil affairs and finance, and a share in the general government (Oct.). Scharnhorst is made head of the military ad- ministration till 1810. V u ] The Emancipating Edict, which accomplished a great social and industrial revolution in Prussia, is issued (Oct. 9). r.i. di • 1 After Tilsit, Napoleon forms out of the Rhenish and Westphalian provinces of Prussia the Duchv of Berg and the kingdom of Westphalia. ^ Prussian Poland is included in Napoleons Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which is now set up with the King of Saxony at its head, and Ea>i Frisia is given to Holland. 1807. Turkey declares war upon Russia (Jan. 7). An English fleet un- der Duckworth forces the passage of the Dardanelles (Feb.). Mustapha IV de- poses Selim III (May 29)- War between Russia and Sweden breaks out (Oct 6). Russia declares war on England (Nov. 8). A. D. 1806-1807 279 England. 1806. Cape Colony is re- taken (Jan. 8). Death of Pitt (Jan. 23)- The Ministry of ' all the talents ' is formed, and Grenville becomes Prime Minister (Feb. 10). Fox receives pacific overtures from Talley- rand (March). Buenos Ayres is taken (June). Lord Melville is ac- quitted of a charge of malversation (June 12). Death of Fox (Sept. A new Coalition is formed by England, Prussia, Russia, and Saxony (Oct. 6). An expedition under Craufurd is sent to attack the Spaniards in Chili (Nov.). 1807. England issues the first series of Orders in Council, by way of reprisal (Jan.). The slave trade is abolished in the domi- nions of Great Britain (March 23). Fall of the Ministry of all the Talents, and the Duke of Port- land becomes Prime Minister (March 31), with Canning and Cas- tlereagh Secretaries of fctate. An English fleet bombards Copenhagen and seizes the Danish fleet (Sept. 2-8). F'rance. Treaty of Pressburg between France and Aus- tria (Dec. 26): (i) the Tyrol and part of Swabia are ceded to Bavaria ; (2) Venice, Istria, and Dal- matia are given to the kingdom of Italy ; (3) the title of King is conferred on the rulers of Bavaria and Wurtemberg. 1806. A supplementary treaty between Prussia and Napoleon, by which Prussia was compelled to accept definitely Hanover (Feb. 15)— an arrange- ment which implied hostility to England. Napoleon overran Naples (March), and estab- lished his brother Joseph there as king ; and in June placed his brother Louis in Holland as king. Both governed well and introduced beneficial reforms. Confederation of the Rhine formed (July 12), under protection of Napoleon. This consisted of Baden, Bavaria, W^irtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, and other smaller States, all of which placed themselves under the protectorate of France. Battle of Jena (Oct. 14). Total defeat of Prussia by Napoleon, and on Oct. 25 the French army entered Berlin. Napoleon issues the first Berlin Decree against British Commerce (Nov. 21). Napoleon enters Warsaw (Dec. 15). 1807. Napoleon allies with Turkey (Jan.). Battle of Eylau (Feb. 8). Danzig surrenders to Lefebvre (May 24). Battle of Friedland (June 14). The French win a decisive victory over the Russians and Prussians. By the Treaties of Tilsit (July 7 and 9) Alex- ander and Napoleon combine to dominate Europe. Alexander receives the district of Bialystok, cedes the Ionian Islands and the Cattaro dis- trict of Dalmatia, and agrees to accept the doctrine of the Continental Blockade. Napoleon promised not to restore Poland's independence, advised the Tsar to compensate himself in Sweden and Turkey, and promised to aid him in securing the Danubian Principalities. Napoleon suppresses the Tribunate (Sept.). Treaty of Fontainebleau (Oct. 27), by which it was agreed that France and Spain should conquer Portugal. Junot enters Lisbon, and then occupies almost the whole of Portugal (Nov.). The royal family fly to Brazil. The Milan Decrees are issued by Napoleon in answer to the English Orders in Council (Dec. 17^. 28o HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1808. Alexander invades Finland, and an English army is sent to Stockholm under Sir John Moore. The English intervention effected nothing, and in 1809 Gustavus IV was dethroned. The Tugendbund is constituted at Konigsberg April). An Austrian Landwehr is called mto existence (June 9). By a new treaty (Sept. 8) Napoleon msists that for ten years the Prussian army is not to exceed 42,000 men. Fall of Stein (Dec). 1809. The Austrians occupy Warsaw (April), and evacuate it in June. The Tyrolese under Hofer rise against the rule of Bavaria (April). Schill fails in an attempt to rouse North Germany and is killed (May 31). The armistice of Znaim (July 12). The Archduke Charles resigns his command (July 31). Metternich succeeds Stadion as Chancellor of Austria. 1808. The Russians invade Finland (Feb. 21). Charles IV of Spain abHcates in favour of his son, Ferdinand VII. Frederick VI suc- ceeds Christian VII as King of Denmark (March). Mahmoud II suc- ceeds Mustapha IV, who is dethroned (July 28). 1809. Revolution in Swe- den (March). War breaks out be- tween Russia and Tur- key (April) Russia declares war against Austria (May). Pius VII is impri- soned at vSavona (July) . Treaty of Fredericks- hamm between Russia and Sweden (Sept. 19), the latter promising to adhere to the Conti- nental System and to cede Finland, the Aland Islands, and part of West Bothnia to Russia. [Napoleon refuses to recognize this treaty.] The Turks are de- feated by the Russians at Braila and Silistiia (Sept. 26). The uncle of Gus- tavus IV succeeds as Charles XIII, and Bernadotte is elected Prince Royal (Nov.). A. D. 1 808- 1 809 281 England. The English army in South America (re- inforced by Craufurd's troops) under White- locke fails to recover Buenos Ayres. The second series of Orders in Council is issued (Nov.). 1808. An English expedi- tion lands in Portugal (August 1), and Wel- lesley wins Vimiera (August 21). Sir Hew Dalrymple makes the Convention of Cintra. France. 1809. Treaty of the Dar- danelles between Ene Cha™b„ of Deputies ^ March 4) tends to make the monarchy unpopular. ^ A French a.my enters Spain (April), and re stores Ferdinand VII (Oct.). French troops remain in Spain till 1827. ♦# 2q8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1824-1827 299 Germany. 1824 All the Courts of Europe receive a note from the Tsar (Jan. 12^, proposing joint intervention in the Greek question. The Russian proposals are not received with favour. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1825. Death of the Duke of Saxe-Gotha without issue Death of Maximilian of Bavaria (Oct. 13), who was succeeded by Lewis I, an enlightened Prince who starts the idea of a Customs Union by his treaty with Wurtemberg. , , , , r The Emperor Francis yielded to the demand ot the Hungarians that a Hungarian Diet should meet at Pressburg every three years. 1826 The States of the late Duke of Saxe-Gotha arc divided among the three other branches of his family (Nov. 15). ^ ^, Austria and Prussia oppose the proposed mediation of England and Russia in the Greek question. - TABLE TO ILLUSTRATE THE SUCCESSION TO PORTUGAL. John VI I Pedro Emperor of Brazil r i Maria Miguel Pedro IT, Emp. of Brazil. 1827 Death of Frederick Augustus of Saxony, after a reign of sixty-four years as Elector and King (May 5). He is succeeded by his brother. 1824. John VI of Portugal, who is opposed to his wife, his son Dom Mi- guel, and the Absolu- tists, is aided by an English fleet, and the Portuguese nation sup- ports him. The Egyptians take Crete (April), and the Turks take the island of Ipsara (July), but the Greeks almost annihilate the Turkish fleet at Mitylene (Oct. 7). 1825. Death of Ferdinand IV of Naples (Jan. 4). Ibrahim Pasha lands in Greece, subdues several towns, and begins the siege of Missolonghi (April). Death of Alexander I of Russia (Dec. i). Nicholas reverses the home and foreign policy of Russia. 1826. Death of John VI of Portugal (March 10). Isabella, in the ab- sence of her brother, Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, becomes Re- gent. John's daughter Maria, being opposed by her uncle Dom Miguel, succeeds by the aid of l^nglish troops. Ibrahim takes Mis- solonghi (April). Russia declares war against Persia (Sept.). [Bolivar is elected President of Peru] Convention of Aker- man between Russia and Turkey (Oct.). 1827. Capo dTsiria is elected President of England. 1824. Death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi (April 19). Burmese war. The English take Rangoon (May II). The Ashantees at- tack the English colonies in Africa. France. ^^^*Com?.'S-A°l Louis XVIII (Sept. .6), and the Comte d Artois, 'a true fy,i^ri and a submissive Digot, succeeds. CHARLES X, 1824-1830. Ar^X^'^^Twi? ^^''''^^ ^^"g^ter of Victor Amadeus III of Savoy. The censorship of the Press is removed (Sept ) but 167 officers of the Empire are dismiL'ed adopied.'''' reactionary measures are 1825 The old penalties for sacrilege were adopted, and an enormous compensation voted for the emigrants. ^ 1826 France accedes to a treaty between Great liritain and Russia for the pacification of Greece. 1825. England makes com- mercial treaties with Columbia and Mexico. Resolutions for the relief of the Catholics are carried (March i). Serious panic in the money market (Dec), following an outburst of speculation earlier in the year. 1826. Combermere captures Bhurtpore (Jan. i8\ Annexation of As- sam. Burdett's Catholic Relief Bill passes the Commons, but is thrown out in the Lords. England and Russia sign a Protocol (Apr. 4) for the settlement of the Greek question. Canning sends troops to Portugal (Dec). I opposed by the Peers, is withdrawn (April). ' 300 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1828. The Russians having failed to take Schumla and Silistria, Metternich is encouraged to again attempt to form a coalition against the Tsar. 1829. Prussia and many Northern States join the Zollverein or Customs Union already in force between Bavaria and Wiirtemberg, and Prussia gains great influence in Germany by her action in thus aiding the union of Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. the Greek National Assembly (April). Ibrahim takes the Acropolis of Athens Qune 5). Greece is freed by the battle of Navarino irom Turkish domina- tion (Oct. 20). Dom Miguel be- comes Regent in Por- tugal (Dec). 1828. Treaty between Rus- sia and Persia, the latter ceding part of Armenia (Feb. 22). Russia declares war upon Turkey (April 26), and crosses the Danube (June). Miguel seizes the crown of Portugal and annuls the Constitution (June). The Russians take Varna (Oct. 11). 1820. Ferdinand of Spain married Maria Chris- tina of Naples and abolished the Salic law in Spain. The Russians under Diebitsch defeat the Turks, take Silistria, and threaten Adrian- ople. Treaties of Adrian- ople (Sept.). The Sultan recognizes the independence of Greece ; Russia gained some islands and a strip of territory in Asia Minor, and Mol- davia and Wallachia become practically in- dependent. Russia also secures the free navigation of the Black Sea for connucrce. f i 1/ A. D. 1828-1829 ^.ci England. Canning becomes Prime Minister (Apr.). Treaty of London between England, Rus- sia, and France (July 6), which decides that Greece is to be tribu- tary to, but indepen- dent of, Turkey. Death of Canning (August 8). Goderich becomes Prime Minister. Battle of Navarino (Oct. io\ Total defeat j of the Egxptian and I Turkish fleets. 1828. Resignation of Gode- rich. Wellington be- comes Prime Minister (Jan.). Lord William Ben- tinck becomes Gover- nor-General of India. The Test and Cor- poration Acts are repealed. The Government is reconstructed on a Tory basis (May). OConnell,aRoman Catholic, is elected for Clare. Revival of the Catholic Association. 1829. The complete Inde- pendence of Greece decided upon by Eng- land, France, and Rus- sia (March). The Catholic Relief Bill is passed (Apiil). France. The National Guards are disbanded (Aprin for demanding the Charter of 1815 and the Liberty of the Press. Paris is thus alienated. Charles creates a number of new Peers. Death of Manuel (Aug.). Dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies The new elections are completely against the Govern- ment. 1828 Resignation of Villele and the formation of the Martignac Ministry (Jan. 5), v^hich attempts a policy of moderation, strengthening both the Monarchy and the Constitution. General Maison secures the withdrawal of 1 urkish troops from the Morea. ^^^^/i ^if °^"^^«" of the Chambers and dismissal of the Martignac Ministry (July). Polignac Ministry formed on Royalist and reac- tionary lines. <2 ^.l^Ti."^ '^"^^ received enthusiastically in the ^.outh of F ranee, and it was evident that a stru^frJe was at hand. **** :02 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1830. Numerous risings take place in Germany, especi- ally in Brunswick, Saxony, Hanover, and Hesse. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg is offered, and refuses, the crown of Greece (May). Charles of Brunswick is expelled by his subjects, and his brother assumes the government (Sept.). The King of Saxony gives his State a Constitu- tion (Sept.), and the Governments of Ilesse- Cassel, Jena, Mannheim, Weimar, and Hanau begin to reform themselves (Oct.). 1830. A revolution takes place in Belgium (August), and in Octo- ber the Independence of Belgium was pro- claimed. An agitation is set on foot in Denmark in favour of reforms. The Dutch troops are expelled from Brus- sels (August). Isabella of Spain is born, and recognized as heiress to the Spanish throne (Oct. ii). Risings take place in Switzerland among the small towns and villages against the large towns, and con- stitutional reforms are introduced. Ferdinand II be- comes King of Naples (Nov. 8),^ and intro- duces a more popular form of government, thus avertuig a revolu- tion. A National Congress is opened at Brussels (Nov. lo), and de- creed (i) the Indepen- dence of Belgium (Nov. 17), (2) that the Go- vernment should be a Monarchy. An insurrection breaks out in Poland (Nov. 29). Death of Pius VIII (Nov. 30). [Bolivar, after resign- ing all his offices (Jan.), dies (Dec).] A. D. 1830 303 England. 1830. A Conference of the Great Powers in Lon- don defined the extent of the Greek kingdom. Death of George IV (June 26), and acces- sion of William IV. Death of Huskisson (Sept.). Louis Philippe is recognized by the Eng- lish Government. The Duke of Wel- lington resigns (Nov. 16). Lord Grey forms a Whig Ministry, and declares for * peace, retrenchment, and re- form.' A Conference of the Ministers of the Great Powers is held in London to settle the Belgian question (Nov. 4), and the principle of Belgian Indepen- dence is accepted (Dec. 30). France. 1830. The Chambers met in March, when the Liberals, under Royez-Collard and Guizot, were in a large majority. Capture of Algiers by a powerful expedition. Dissolution of the Chambers (May), and the new elections take place between June 20 and July 3. The Liberals secure a complete victory. Charles issued (July 25) five Ordinances :— (1) The Liberty of the Press was suspended. (2) The Chamber of Deputies was dissolved. (3) By raising the property qualification the number of electors was diminished, the duration of the Chamber was to be five years, and the practice of renewing the Chamber by a fifth part every year was restored. (4) A new Chamber under these new conditions was summoned for September. (5) A number of reactionaries were made mem- bers of the Council of State. The Revolution of 'three days' takes place (July 27, 28, 29). Charles abdicated in favour of his grandson, the Due de Bordeaux (Aug. i), and escaped to England, The French Cliambers (Aug. 7) raised Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, to the throne. IiOUIS PHILIPPE, 18S0-1848. Married Maria Amelia, daughter of Ferdi- nand I of Naples. The new Ministry included Lafitte, Casimir- Perier,Bignon, Dupin, Dupont de I'Eure, Gerard, Guizot, Sebastiani, de Broglie. Louis Philippe promises not to accept the Belgian crown or to allow a Republic to be set up in Belgium. The Chamber of Deputies remodels the Charter of Louis XVIII, and assures to all Frenchmen equality before the law of all forms of religion, and trial by jury for political charges. The elec- toral system was extended to departmental and municipal bodies. 304 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTOR Germany. '^^'c;ss"f r rl'r^ Sovernn^ent is confirmed in Hesse - i^assel (Jan.) and Hanover (Feb ) -t^russia helps Russia to conquer Poland hv provisioning the Russian forces ^ ^^ motmel'ts Jn'Tod^"' ^r'^ ^^^ revolutionary inJ^^ ^^^ of Warsaw and the failure of the Poles inau^u.ate a penod of reaction in Germany. THE SPANISH SUCCESSION. I Francis Ferdinand VH = Maria Christina Carios, ^814.1833 of Naples +^^^5' ! I" - — I Francis = Isabella Louisi Tu r^,. ' , 1833-1868 t the* J^^" Charles (dep.) Duke of Montpensier Eastern, Southern, & Northern El-rope. 1831. The Polish Diet de- Clares Poland indepen- dent (Jan. 25). The stru<:rgie in Po- land continues till September 8, when Warsaw was taken by Russia and the Polish Revolution suppressed. A revolution breaks out in Modena(Feb.l; and, on the election of Gregory XVI as Pope, Roniagna throws off its allegiance to Rome, and Parma also de- clares itself free. [Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, abdicates in favour of his son (April 6).] On the death of Charles Felix, Charles Albert becomes King of Sardinia (April), Cavour is disgraced at Court, and leaves Italy. 1 he Belgians choose Leopold of Saxe-Co- burg as their Kine Qune). ^ i A. D. 1831 3t>5 England. France. PEDIGREE OF LOUIS PHILIPPE. Louis XIII Louis XIV, d. 1 71 5 Louis the Dauphin, d. 1711 The Duke of Burgnndy,.d. 1712 I Louis XV, d. 1774 I Lou!5 the Dauphin, d. 17(^5 Louis XVI, Louis XVIII Charles X d. 1793 Philip, Duke of Orleans Philip, the Regent (17 15-17 2 2) I Louis, d. 1752 Louis Philippe, d. 1785 Louis Philippe (Egalite), guillotined 1793 Louis Philippe, King of the French (1830-1848) I ill! I ' Louis XVII, Ferdinand Due de Prince de Due Due de Mane d. 1795 I Nemours Joinville d'Aumale Montpensier Louise Louis Philippe, Comte de Paris Robert, Due de Charlies 1831. The Reform Bill is brought forward (March i). Parliament is dis- solved (April 22). William IV is crowned (Sept. 9). In the new Parlia- ment, which meets in June, the Reform Bill is carried in the Com- mons, but thrown out in the Lords (Sept. 2 2). The Conference in London settles the territorial and financial conditions of the sepa- ration of Holland and Belgium (Oct.). In December a third Reform Bill passes the Commons (second reading). 1831. Louis Philippe refuses the crown of Belgium for the Due de Nemours (Feb.). A Republican attack is made upon the church of Saint Roch, and the palace of the Archbishop is sacked (Feb. 14 and 15). Louis Philippe takes advantage of the Polish Revolution to obtain his recognition from the Tsar. The electoral qualification is lowered from 300 to 200 francs of direct taxes (March), the heredi- tary peerage is abolished (Sept.), and the Na- tional Guard is reorganized and the Bourbons are forbidden to enter France. Retirement of Lafitte ; Casimir-Perier reconsti- tutes the Ministry (March). Interior and Presi- dent of the Council, Casimir-Perier; Finance, the Abbe Louis ; Justice, Barthc ; Public Instruc- tion and Religion, Montalivet ; War, Soult; Marine, Rigny; Trade and Public Works, Ar- gout. Dissolution of the Chambers (May). In the new elections the Ministers obtain a majority. X large 3o6 l^^XDBOOK OF EUROPEAN, ruSTOny Germany. (August S). '""" ^-^ ^^^^te^l King of Greece from Ancorf "' "" ^"^"^^^ '^ -Pel the French 7he Hungarian Diet (iS-^2~->r.\ • n Szechenyi, shows a liberal spid?.^' influenced by Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. The Dutch attack and defeat the Belgians (August), but Leopold IS supported by the Enghsh and French. Assassination o'" .P?,?.'^^^"'-! (Oct. 9).' VVilliam I of Hol- land refuses to reco^- nize the conditions lafd down by the London Conference. [Venezuela, Co- l^^hia, and N^^ Grenada, united since 10 19, become separate otates (Nov. j t) 1 1832. The Sultan declares war against Mehemet Ail, Viceroy of Egypt (April 15). **^^ Russia accepts the conclusions of the London Conference with regard to Jjel. gnim, but Holland remains obdurate (May). ^edro, ex-Emperor ot Brazil, lands in Por- tugal to support his daughter Maria against Miguel, and a war en- sues. Dom Miguel is de- ^ated (Sept.), and the Queen of Spain (the ■t^ing being iH) be- comes Regent (Oct. Two Leagues are tormed in Switzerland —the Samer Bund, composed of the Ko- man Catholic and Conservative cantons, and the Siehener Con- J^^^-ar/, composed of the democratic can- tons. A. D. 1832 307 England. France. Treaty between Eng- land and France arranging for the sepa- ration of Belgium and Holland (Nov. 15), and all the Powers ex- cept Russia recognized the kingdom of Bel- gium. 1832. The Reform Bill passes the Commons in March and the Lords in June. The Lish Reform Bill is passed (August 7). Parliament is dis- solved (Dec). An English fleet blockades the coast of Holland. France and Austria urge the Pope to carry out reforms in his States. The mouth of the Tagus is forced by French ships to avenge an insult (July). An insurrection in Lyons over the question of wages broke out in November. Successes in Algeria help to raise the prestige of the French arms. The Hereditary Peerage Decree is repealed (Dec. 28). A French army acts with an English fleet in opposing the Dutch attack on Belgium. 1832. The Government ratify the Treaty of London providing for the separation of Holland and Belgium (Jan.). Ancona is occupied by French troops (Feb.) in spite of Papal and Austrian protests, Casimir- Perier asserting the right of France to be in Central Italy. A Royalist conspiracy is discovered in Paris and put down (Feb.). During the spring and summer cholera ravaged Paris and several of the Departments. Death of Casimir-Perier (May). A Republican outbreak in Paris, on the occa- sion of the funeral of General Lamarque, temporarily strengthens the Monarchy (June), but the country remains honeycombed with revo- lutionary societies. Death of the Duke of Reichstadt (Napoleon I's only son) (July). Marriage of Leopold of Belgium to Marie Louise, eldest daughter of Louis Philippe (Aug.). Reorganization of the Ministry. Soult became President of the Council and Minister of War; Guizot, Education; Thiers, Home Affairs; De Broglie, Foreign Affairs (Oct. 11). Arrest of the Duchesse de Berry in La Vendee (Nov.). The invasion of Belgium by the French to compel the King of Holland to accede to the Treaty of November 15, 1831, results in the capture of Antwerp. X 2 3o8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A Germany. ^^^ m-,I''sM^°"''"''"- '"■ "^"^'""^ Union of the Ger- man States IS instituted (March 22) Me^ternich, L"ain\t?hTpret a'n^'dlhrSs^ief c asKFrlnt ^'1;:^^^ i^a^^^S^nVd" '"? mirr-f-cc K„«- L J '-'i,'"!", iiaa lea to no direct 1834 A„.(r,a and Prussia male a troafy with R„,.i, for the surrender of Polish refugees Vn, 9) " ,), ^'"\T'-.ansyIvanian Diet, which met his vear meT '""' °PP°''"°" •» the Austrian Govern.' Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1833. Otho assumes the Government of Greece (Feb.). Turkey, by the Treaty of Kutaya (April), recognizes the independence of Me- hemet Ali, who re- ceives the Govern- ments of Syria and Adana. Prehminaries of peace are signed be- tween Holland and I3e]giiim (June 5). By the Treaty of Un- Jciar Skelessi with the 1'sar, the Sultan agrees to close theDardanelles to all but Russian ships (July 8). ^ Death of Ferdinand VII of Spain (Sept. 27). His daughter Isa- bella is proclaimed Queen, her mother Christina acting as Regent. Don Carlos, Ferdinand's brother, raises a strong oppo- sition. The Queen, to conciliate the Libe- rals, issues a Constitu- tion, the Estatuto Real. Miguel is defeated," Lisbon taken, and Donna Maria crowned Queen of TortuPal (Sept.). ^ Don Carlos is pro- claimed King of Spain (Oct. 4). 1834. By the Treaty of Evornmente (May 29), Miguel agrees to leave Portugal and renounce his claim to the throne. Don Cailos takes refuge in England (June). A,D, 1833-1834 309 England. 1833. The Tractarian mo\ement begins. Attempts to repeal the Corn Laws and the Union fail. Slavery is abolished throughout the British Empire (to take effect from August i, 1834). The slave-owners re- ceive compensation, £20,000,000 (August 28). The East India Company's Charter is renewed with modifi- cations, and the Bank Charter Act is also renewed. 1834. England, France, Spain, and Portugal make a quadruple alliance (April 21) — Palmerston's answer to the League of Miin- chengi'atz. This League supports Chris- tina, Regent of Spain, as well as Queen Maria of Portugal. France. 1833. Louis Philippe supports and advises Christina, Regent of Spain. The Tribune, a Republican journal, is heavily fined. A law on education, brought forward by Guizot, is the principal work of the session. By it every commune was compelled to keep up a school. This system of elementary education was Guizot's greatest work in office. France and England protest against the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi. [N.B. — The beginning of English hostility to Russia dates from this period.] 1834. The Quadruple Alliance assures to Christina oi Spain the support of France and England. Peace is made with Abd-el-kader (Feb.). A second insurrection breaks out in Lyons (April), and is only put down after much blood- shed. A Republican rising in Paris is also suppressed. In April certain changes are made in the Ministry owing to the retirement of De Broglie. The death of Lafayette (May 20) deprives the Republicans of a leader. aro HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany, Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. In Switzerland the Liberal party is victo- rious and the Sarner Bund is dissolved. Don Carlos appears in Spain (July), and the Carlist war begins. Death of Dom Pedro of Portugal (Sept. 24). Maria II of Portu- gal, who attained her majority in September, marries Augustus, Duke of Leuchtenbere (Dec. I). ^ ^ 1835 Death of Francis I of Austria, the first Emp ot Austria (March 2). ^ eror FERDINAND I, 1835-1848 (res.) (Emperor of Austria). Married Maria, d. of Victor Emanuel I of Sardinia. 1835. Baden joins the Zollverein ^_ Ferdinand I reposes fresh confidence in Mcttcr- 1836. Death of the King of Saxony (June 6) who i. succeeded by his nephew FrcdeHck Augustus (co regent since 1S30). b"i>uii. (,co m A Princess of Oldenburg, niece of the T'^ar marries Otho, King of Greece (Nov. 22) 1835. In Spain, where the Carlist War continues, the cause of the Regent gains ground, though her party split into two sections— the Modera- dos and the Progres- istas. After the death of the Duke of Leuchten- berg(March 28. Maria of Portugal marries Ferdinand Augustus of Saxe-Coburg. 1836. The Progressist Party in Spain compel Chris- tina to re-establish the Constitution of 181 2. Dom Pedro, before returning to Brazil, gives Portugal a Con- stitution and closes the monasteries. A.D. 1835-1836 3" England. Several members of the Government resign (May), including Lord Althorp (June), on the Irish Church question. On Lord Grey's resig- nation Lord Melbourne forms a Ministry (July The Poor Law Amendment Act is passed (August 14). Lord Melbourne is dismissed (Nov. 15). The Duke of Welling- ton carries on the Government. Sir R. Peel returns from abroad and forms an Administration (Dec. 30. . ,. Parliament is dis- solved. 1835. In the new Parlia- ment which meets (Feb.) the Conserva- tives, though they had gained largely, are still in a minority. Resignation of Peel (April 8). Melbourne becomes Prime Minis- ter for the second time (April 20). The Municipal Re- form Bill is passed (Sept. 9). France. 1836. Lord Auckland pro- ceeds to India as Go- vernor - General, and remains there till 1842. A British squadron aids the Spanish Royal forces against the Car- lists. The Dissolution of the Chambers (May 25) is followed by the election of a large majority in favour of the Government. The Chambers meet July 31, and are pro- rogued till Dec. 29, during which interval Minis- terial changes take place, Soult retiring and the King appointing a new Ministry (which only survived three days) under the Duke of Bassano. Eventually the old Ministry resume office, Mortier being President of the Council and Duperrd Minister of Marine. 1835. Hostilities in Algiers again break out, and Marshal Clausel takes Maskara, the capital. On March 11, owing to the retirement of Mortier, followed by a series of Ministerial crises, De Broglie is persuaded to become President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Payment is made to America of the debt due owing to the damage done to American com- merce in 1806 and 1807 (April). The insurrectionists of April, 1834, are tried, and several punished. An attack on the King by Fieschi and his infernal machine (July 28) results in the passing of repressive measures. The Laws of September are passed (i)to expe- dite judicial processes in trials for political crimes, (2) to check the liberty of the Press, (3) to increase the penalties against high treason. 1S36. The Ministry is reorganized (Feb. 22). Thiers becomes President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Sauzet, Minister of Justice; Moutalivet, Interior; Passy, Trade and Public Works ; Relet (de la Lozere), Education ; Maison, War ; Duperre, Marine ; Argout, Finance. In consequence of another attack upon the King's life, Thiers, backed up by Metternich, forces the Swiss to expel all political refugees. 3'a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. The Queen Regent proclaims the Consti- tution of i S 1 2 (August The Carlists are de- feated at Inigo( August i)andLodoso (August 31). THE SPANISH CONSTI- TUTION OF i3i2. • The Cortes to consist of one Chamber, with power of legislation, and of reconi- mending to the King the members of the Council of State. • The royal authority strictly limited. The Council to make all appointments, and the king was forbidden to marry or leave Spain with- out the leave of the Cortes. THIS CONSTITUTION IS REVISED, 1837. I. Freedom of the Press. 2 Cortes to consist of two Chambers. 3. Succession to the Crown by primo- geniture limited by the right of the Cortes to interfere \ ,5?'^'^^'°" ^o 'ie with the King and Cortes. [Generally, the King's powers to be similar to those of an English sove- reign.] Espartero is placed in command of the Royal troops (Sept.), and with the aid of British ships raises the siege of Bilbao (Dec. 28). ^ Disturbances in Por- tugal. The Queen (Sept.) confirms the Constitution of 1822, and the Miguelites are suppressed. Spain recognizes the 'ndependence of Mexico (Dec. 28). ( I England. The Irish Municipal Bill and the Irish Tilhe Bills are, owing to the opposition o' the House of Lords abandoned by the Go- vernment (June and August). British soldiers de- feat the Carlisls at Hernani (May 5) and at St. Sebastian (Oct.) South Australia is colonized and Adelaide founded by settlers The reduction of the Newspaper Stamp Duty comes into effect (Sept. 15). The House of Com- mons begins to publish its own division lists. A. D. 1836 313 France. Thiers, wishing to support the constitutional party in Spain, proposed to keep an armed force in readiness. The King would not agree, and Thiers resigned (Sept. 6). A new Ministry is formed (Sept.) : Mole, President of the Council and Foreign Affairs ; Guizot, Education; Rosamel, Marine; Persil, Justice; Gasparin, Interior; Duchatel, Finance. An attempt of Louis Napoleon to seize Stras- lurg fails (Oct. 29), and he is sent to America. A Republican outbreak at Vendome takes place. The death of Charles X at Goritz (Nov. 4) is followed by the release of his imprisoned Minis- ters. Clause! fails in an attack ou Constantiiie in Algiers (Nov. 23). Death of Armaud Carrel. 3^4 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1837-1838 315 Germany. 1837. On the death of William IV of England Qune 20) his brother Ernest Augustus becomes Kin^r of Hanover, withdraws the Constitution granted in 1033, and abolishes all free institutions. Several of the smaller German States protest agamst the suppression of the Constitution of Hanover. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1837. Charles Albert of Sardinia promulgates a new code for Sar- dinia and Piedmont, Don Carlos and his partisans are defeated and driven across the Ebro. [The Chinese Em- peror allows a British Minister to reside at Canton (March).] An attempt to re- store Dom Tedro's Charter of 1S26 in Portugal fails (August) and the Duke of Ter- ceira, Saldanha, and others return to Eng- land. Dutch settlers found Natal. 1838. A Treaty of Commerce is made between Austria and England (July 3). A decree of the King of Prussia with regard to marriages between Roman Catholics and Pro- les ants IS resisted by the Archbishops of Colo-ne and loosen. *^ FeJram^"'^"^"^ evacuate the Papal States except 1838. Mehemet All claims the hereditary gover- norship of Egypt and Syria. Turkey makes a Commercial Treaty with England and France (Aug. 16). England. X837. A rebellion under Papincau breaks out in Canada. The Commons re- ject Grote's motion for the ballot (March 7). The Irish Municipal Bill is again defeated in the House of Lords (May 5). Death of William IV (June 20). Accession of Queen Victoria. Parliament is dis- solved (July 17). English forces con- tinue to oppose the Carlists in Spain. The new Parliament meets (Nov.), the Liberals having a ma- jority of 38. The Canadian rebels are defeated at St. Eustace (Dec. 19), and the Caroline, an American steamer, is set on (ire by the Cana- dian Royalists (Dec. 29). 1838. Lord Durham is appointed Governor- General of Canada (Jan. 1). France. 1837. The Ministry incurs great unpopularity by (i) introducing a law separating civil and mili- tary offences and punishing any previous know- ledge of a plot ; and by (2) proposing to settle a fixed revenue on three of the King's children, the Dukes of Orleans and Nemours and the Queen of the Belgians. Guizot resigned. A new Ministiy is formed (April 13): Mole. President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Martin (du Nord), Trade and Agriculture; Rosamel, Marine ; Barthe, Justice ; Montalivet, Interior ; Lacave-Laplagne, Finance ; Salvandy, Education. Marriage of the Duke of Orleans with Princess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin .May). A general amnesty for political offences is declared (May), and is received with great satisfaction. The fixed revenue for the Duke of Orleans and the Queen of the Belgians is carried ; the other proposals are dropped. The Dissolution of the Chambers (Oct.) is followed by elections favourable to the Govern- ment. Successes in Algeria include the capture of Constantine (Oct.), and a peace is made with Abd-el-kader. [PARTIES IN THE FRENCH CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES. 1. The Right — the Legitimists. 2. The Left — the Republicans, led by Dupont de I'Eure and Arago. 3. The Extreme Left, headed by Gamier - Pages (Radicals). 4. The Dynastic Left, led by Odilon Barrot, who desired a democracy under a king. 5. The Left Centre, under Thiers, wished for a spirited foreign policy. 6. The Right Centre contained Guizot and his fol- lowers and the supporters of the Government. The section outnumbered all the other parties taken together.] 1838. Death of Talleyrand (May 20). France declares war on Mexico (July 12). The French Government puts pressure upon Switzerland to expel Louis Napoleon, who retires to England. 3i6 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1839 Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Euri^pe. England. 1839. The King of Prussia deposes the Archbishop of Posen. I 1839. William I of Hol- land agrees to a de- finitive treaty (April) with Belgium, accept- ing the terms of the London Conference of Nov., 1831. Defeat of the rebels at Toronto (Jan. 5). The Americans are forbidden by a Presi- dential message to aid the Canadian rebels (Jan; 5)- Villiers' motion to consider the Corn Laws is negatived by 300 to 95 (March 5). The first Irish Poor Law is passed (July 30- The People's Char- ter is drawn up. Slavery is abolished in the East Indies (August). Lord Durham re- signs and leaves Canada in consequence of the opposition of the English Ministry (Oct.). A war with the Af- ghans is resolved upon, post Mahommed hav- ing received a Russian Mission at Cabul (Oct. I). [SUMMARY OF EVENTS IN THE AFGHAN WAR, _ 1839-1842. 1839. Expedition to depose Dost Mahommed. Shah Sujah is restored. 1840. Dost Mahommed with- draws to India. 1841. Revolt against the Eng- lish in Cabul and murder of Burnes. 1842. Disastrous retreat of the English (Jan.). Re- covery of Cabul and evacuation of Afghanis- tan (Oct.).] The Canadian re- bellion is put down (Nov.). 1839. English forces oc- cupy Candahar (April 20). 317 France. Birth of the Comte de Paris (August), son of the Duke of Orleans. Evacuation of Ancona by the French forces (Oct.). A French fleet captures the fort of San Juan a Uiloa and takes Vera Cruz (Nov.). 1839. A coalition of the opponents of the Government overthrows the Ministry, and the Chambers are dissolved (Jan.). The elections, slightly un- favourable to the Government, are followed by a Socialist rising headed by a secret society, Les Saisons. Strong measures are called for. 3i8 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. The Tsar recognizes the impossibility of acting upon the Treaty of Unkiar' Skelessi without a European war. He therefore agrees to the principle of concerted European action. Outbreak of war between Turkey and Egypt (June), and de- feat of the Turks at the battle of Nezib (June 24). Death of Sultan Mahmoud and acces- sion of Abdul Medjid (June 30). The Basque Pro- vinces, being assured the restoration of their ancient customs, re- cognize Isabella, and Don Carlos renounces his claims in favour of his son Carlos and takes refuge in France (Sept.;. Death of the King of Denmark (Dec. 3), who is succeeded by his nephew Christian VIII. A. D. TS39 319 England. Palmerston jiroposes to maintain the power of Turkey, and is sup- ported by Austria, Prussia, and eventually by Russia. TJie English ill Can- ton are forced to give up all the opium in their possession and to leave China (May\ The Jamaica Bill, to suspend the Constitu- tion of Jamaica for five years," is carried by 294 to 289 (May >j). The Ministeis resign (May S). Pee! de- clines to accept office as tlie Queen refused to dismiss the Ladies of the Bedchamber. Lord Melbourne is reinstated m office (May 10). Rowland ' PliU's postage scheme is passed: a fourpenny rate to be reduced to one penny (July 6). War witli China be- gins (July 7\ The English enter Cabul (July 23), and Shnh Sujnh is restored. | Hong Kong is taken (Aug. 23). A Chartist rising takes place at Newport (Nov.). ^ Aden is occupied by the English. France. Peace between France and Mexico is concluded at Vera Cruz (March 9). A new Ministry is formed (May 12), withSoult as President of the Council and Minister of 1; ore.gn Affairs ; Teste, Justice ; Schneider, War : Duperre, Marme ; Duchatel, Interior ; Cunin- Gridaine, J rade ; Dufaure, Public Works : Passy, tmance; Vdlemain, Education. The French Government wish to support Mehcmet Ali and to increase his power. War in Algiers begins again. THE FRENCH WAR AGAINST ALGIERS. I S 19-27. Disputes between the French Government and the Bey of Algiers. 1830. A French expedition takes the town of Algiers. i<^.^i-.^4- Continuance of hostilities. 1S34. Peace is made with Abd-el-kader 1835. Outbreak of hostilities. Clauzel takes Maskara. IN3'>. Clauzel fails to take Constantine. 1 637. Peace is made with Abd-el-kader. Constantine IS taken. 1839. Outbreak of hostilities. 1842. Abd-el-kader is aided by Morocco. 1S43. The Due d'Aumale defeats Abd-el-kader. 1 844. Abd-el-kader is driven from Morocco. [847. Abd-el-kader surrenders and is brought to Prance. THE WARS OF FRANCE, 1815-1871. War against Turkey, 1827-29. War in Algiers, 1830-47. War against Mexico, 1838-39. War against Morocco, 1844. War against Russia, 1854 5(5. War against China, 1858. W'ar against Austria, 1859. War in Mexico, 1861-67'. War against Prussia, 1870-71. 320 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. X8.0. Death of Frederick ^^f^J^^^^^ 9'Z Vs^t 'S^ ^ MolZtror. prison, ^^^l ha .been ^^^^^^^l his political writings ^e at once d ^l^^'trXt rdetrt^er iSf Prussia A.^trlr-r England (Nx^ ,^^], ^° ^^^^^ Mehemet All to withdraw from b>ria. Eastern, Southern, & Northern EuRorE. 1840 Hostilitiesbreakout between England and Naples over Ferdi- nand IFs sulphur mo- nopoly,which he even- tually gives up (May> [The Emperor ot Brazil is declared of age and takes the go- vernment (July).] . The Progressists in Spain, supported by England and led by General Espartero, Prime Minister (Sept. 15), get the upper hand. . Christina resigns her authority as Regent (Oct. 12). The young Queen Isabella and the Government are left in Espartero's hands, and Christina retires to France. ^ tt i William I of Hol- land resigns the crown to his son William 11 (Oct.). X841. Prussia joins with Great Bnt^ in I>hic^ a Protestant Bishop of Jerusalem under their pio s^^^^ j,^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ tection (Nov.). ( Jan.), is recognized in (Jan.), is recognized in his government ot Egypt (Feb). The Sultan of Tur- key is put under the protection of Europe. Espartero is ap- pointed Regent of Spain (July 8). A. D. 1840-184I 321 England. 1840. The Queen marries Prince Albert of Saxe- Coburg (Feb. 10). Continuance of Chi- nese war. The English blockade Canton (June) and take Chu- san (July). Palmerston makes a convention with Rus- sia, Austria, and Prus- sia for armed interfer- ence in the Eastern Question— the Treaty of London (July 15). The Irish Municipal Act, modified, is passed (Aug. 10). The Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada are united, and Canada secures a po- pular Constitution. Palmerston sends a powerful fleet, which, aided by Austrian and Turkish ships, forced Mehemet to relinquish his Syrian conquests (Nov.). Dost Mohammed submits and surrenders (Nov. 5). Birth of the Princess Royal (Nov. 21). A truce is made with the Chinese (Nov.). 1841. A treaty made by the Chinese Commis- sioner, ceding Hong Kong, is disavowed by the Emperor, and hos- tilities are renewed (Feb. 22). The Eng- lish gain successes throughout the year. Palmerston's East- em diplomacy ends triumphantly by the treaty of July, which France. 1840. Guizot is nppointed Ambassador in London (Feb.). The Chambers refuse to grant a fixed revenue for the Duke of Nemours (F^eb.), and the Ministry resign. A new Ministry is formed (March i), with Thiers President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs ; Remusat, Interior ; Cousin, Education; Relet (of the Lozere), Finance; Cubieres, War; Vivien, Justice; Roussin, Ma- rine; Jaubert, Public Works ; Gouin, Agriculture and Trade. The treaty of July 15 between England, Russia, Austria, and Prussia rouses great indig- nation in France, as the latter is left isolated and without allies. Preparations for war are begun, in which Louis Philippe acquiesced. Louis Napoleon lands in France in August, and asserts his claim to the throne. lie is caj tuied in October and condemned to perpetual imprison- ment in the Castle of Ham. Another attempt on Louis Philippe's life is made i^Oct,). Louis refuses to be dragged into war with England by Thiers. Thie'is retires (Oct.), and a new Ministry is formed (Oct. 29). Soult, President of the Council and War; Guizot (the real head of the Cabinet^ Foreign Affairs ; Martin (du Nord), Justice; Duperr^, Marine; Duchatel, Interior; Humann, Finance; Cunin Gridaine, Trade; Teste, Public Works; Ville- main, Education. The public burial of Napoleon I takes place at the Hotel des Invalides (Dec. 15). 1841. The Paris forts are definitely continued in spite of the efforts of the Opposition. Ledru-Rollin is elected member of the Assembly by Le Mans. France joined the other Great Powers in the treaty of July 15. A treaty is signed by the Great Powers allowing each nation the mutual rights of search (Nov.). The object of this decision was to suppress the slave trade. H 32a HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1842. The King of Prussia visits London (Jan.). The King of Prussia summons to Berlin a meeting of deputies of the provincial states com- posing his kingdom (June). Louise, d. of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, marries the heir to the Danish throne (after- wards Christian IX). Insurrections against the Spanish Govern- ment are put down (Oct.). Reschid Pacha at- tempts lo carry out reforms in Turkey. [SUMMARY OF THE WAR BETWEEN E(;YPT AND TURKEY. 1838. Mehemet Ali refuses to pay tribute to Turkey, and tries to become inde- pendent. 1839. Mahmoud II decides to coerce Mehemet. Ibra- him Pacha (son of Mehe- met) occupies Syria. Defeat of the Turks at Nezib (June 24), followed bythe death of Mahmoud and defection of the fleet (July 13). 1840. Palmerston's Convention ot July 15, offering Me- hemet Ali Egypt, and defeat of Mehemet in Syria (Nov.). 1841. Triumph of Palmerston — settlement of the Egyp- tian difficulty.] 1842. Dom Pedro's Char- ter is restored in Por- tugal. Espartero suppresses a revolt at Barcelona (Dec). A. D. 1842 323 England. English Afghanistan, rising closed the Dardanelles to the ships of war of any of the five Powers. Lord Ellenborough is appointed Gover- nor-General of India. Sir Robert Peel's Ministry enters office (Sept. 8), Lord Aber- deen being Foreign Secretary invasion of followed by a rising in Cabul and the murder of Burnes and other offi- cers (Nov. 2). A dispute between England and America over the affair of the brig Creole (Nov.- Dcc). Piith of the Prince of Wales (Nov. 9). 1842. The Chartist riots cause great anxiety. The retreat from Cabul (Jan.) is accom- panied by a massacre of the English in the Khyber Pass, and is followed by an Afghan war, which continues till the end of the year. The Poers in Natal revolt (May), but are forced to submit! June). Lord Ashburton's treaty is concluded with United States (Aug. 9). The Treaty of Nan- kin ends the war with China ^Aug. 29) : — (1) Five ports are thrown open to English merchants. (2) Hong Kong is ceded to England. (3) China pays 21 millions of dollars. France. 1842. Death of Huraann, Minister of Finance (ApriP ; he is succeeded by Lacave-Laplagne. The French occupy the * lies Marqueses' (May). The Chambers are dissolved (June), and the new elections prove favourable to the Ministry. The death of the Duke of Orleans (July 13) is a great blow to the reigning dynasty, the heir to the throne, the Count of Paris, being only four years old. In spite of opposition, a law is passed assigning the Regency — in case of a minority— to the un- popular Due de Nemours (Aug. 30). General Bugeaud carries oa the war in Algiers vigorously. A treaty is made with Queen Pomare of Tahiti by which she places herself under French pro- tection (Sept. 9). A great system of railways is projected in France. Y 2 324 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1843. The Grand Duke of Mecklenbnrg-Strelitz mar- ries Augusta Caroline of Cambridge (June 28). The railway between Antwerp and Cologne is opened. In the Hungarian Diet, which met this year, the national movement makes a great advance, and wide measures of reform are advocated. 1844. An attempt is made on the life of Frederick William IV, King of Piussia (July . The Holstein Estates pass a resolution declaring that the Duchies of Holstein and Schleswig ' were an independent body, governed by the rule of male descent, and indivisible' (Nov,). 1843. Espartero, who had become very unpopu- lar, dissolves the Cor- tes in January- June. Narvaez defeats Es- partero (July), who leaves Spain. A revolution breaks out in Greece, and the King promises his sub- jects a Constitution (Sept. 3). Isabella of Spain is declared of age (Nov). The Moderates, sup- ported by Louis Philippe, become all- powerful. The Roman Catho- lic cantons in Switzer- land form the Sonder- bund {ox mutual defence i^Sept.). 1844. Death of Lei nadotte. Oscar I becomes King of Sweden (March), Ketum of the Queen- mother Christina to Spain (May). Narvaez pursues a reactionary policy, and favours the projected French marriages. [The Emperor of Morocco invades Al- geria (June).] A. D. 1 843- 1 844 325 England. The Income-tax is imposed (Aug.). Great discontent, accompanied by dis- turbances, in the manu- facturing districts. The Anti-Corn Law League becomes for- midable, and Peel car- ries his sliding scale, a revision of the Cus- toms' tariff, and the repeal of certain duties. Successful operations are undertaken against the Afghans; General Nott recovers Ghuznee (Sept. 6), and General Pollock Cabul (Sept. 16), which is dis- mantled (Oct. 12). 1843. The Scinde war is carried on successfully. The Rebecca Riots illustrate the social discontent. The Repeal move- ment becomes serious (Aug.-Oct.). The Free Church of Scotland is established. O'Connell is ar- rested (Oct. 14). 1844. Sir H. Hardinge succeeds Lord Ellen- borough as Governor- General of India. The reorganization of the Bank Charter successfully carried out (July). Nalal is proclaimed a Crown colony. Trial of O'Connell. France. 1843. The King's third daughter, Clementina, marries Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg (ApriP, and m May the Due de Joinville marries at Brazil a sister of the Emperor of Brazil. The French troops, under the Due d'Aumale, defeat the Algerians decisively (May), The Queen of England visits Louis Philippe at the Chateau d'Eu (Sept.). Though the French admiral had, in conse- quence of Queen Pomare's assertion of indepen- dence, seized Tahiti, Guizot decides to hold the treaty of Sept, 9, 1842. 1844, Dr, Pritchard, the English consul at Tahiti, is arrested by the French admiral and sent to England (March), Death of Lafitte (May). A war with Morocco is attended with success, and a treaty is signed at Tangiers (Sept.). Louis Philippe visits Queen Victoria in Eng- land (Sept.). 3^6 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY I Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1845. The agitation among the educated classes in Prussia for Parliamentary government increases in intensity. 1845. A reactionary Con- stitution is imposed upon Spain (May). Don Carlos abdi- cates in favour of his son (June). [The United States and Mexico go to war over Texas.} 1846. In consequence of a Polish insurrection in Galicia (Feb.), Austria incorporates the republic of Cracow, which is occupied by Austrian and Russian troops (March). As this is in defiance of the Treaty of 1 8 15, England, France, Sweden, and Turkey protest. The King of Denmark incorporates Holstein a.nd Schleswig with his kingdom, but the two States insist on their rights as portions of Ger- many. 1846. Dismissal of Narvaez (April) , and Isturitz be- came Prime Minister. Complications begin about the Danish boundary. A revolution breaks out in Portugal (May i6\ Pius IX becomes Pope (June 16) on the death of Gregory XVI. TABLE TO ILLUSTRATE THE SPANISH MARRIAGES. Francisco di Pablo Ferdinand VI =. Christina of Naples Carlos, d. 1855 _ _ I I I Don Francisco = Isabella, 1 833-68 (res.) Louise = Due de Carlos ^ Assii Montpensier [The United States annex New Mexico (Aug. 22).] The Portuguese in- surgents, the Miguel- ites, are defeated by the Royal troops, sup- ported b}» an English fleet (Oct. and Dec). A.D. 1845-1846 327 England. 1845. Gladstone leaves the Ministry. Peel passes the Maynooth Act. England purchases the Danish colonies in the East Indies (Feb.). Newman joins the Church of Rome(Oct.). Resignation of Peel (Dec. 10); failure of Russell to form a Ministry, and return of Peel to office (Dec), with Gladstone as Co- lonial Secretary, A Sikh war breaks out (Nov. 17), and the battles of M oodkee and Ferozeshah are won (Dec. 18 and 22). 1846. The battle of Aliwal won by Sir Harry Smith (Jan. 28), and that of Sobraon by Sir Hugh Gough (Feb. 10), are followed by the Treaty of Lahore ^.March 9^ The Repeal of the Corn Laws (Feb. 10) receives the Royal As- sent (June 26). Fall of the Peel Ministry (June 29). England and the United States settle the Oregon boundary question (June 12). Lord John Russell becomes Prime Minis- ter July 13). Second failure of the potato crop, and great distress in Ireland. The English Govern- ment protest against the marriage of the Due de Montpensier (Sept. 21), and a cool- ness springs up between England and France. France. 1845. Thiers attacks the Government on the subject of Tahiti, Morocco, and the right of search. Guizot offers to resign, but the King refuses to accept his resignation (Feb.). Thiers in May demands the execution of the laws against the Jesuits. The Government in- duces the Pope to order the Jesuits to close their establishments. A united English and French expedition is made against Madagascar (June). 1846. Escape of Louis Napoleon from Ham (May 25). The Chambers are dissolved Quly), and the new elections give a large majority to the Govern- ment. The Due de Montpensier (son of Louis Philippe) marries Maria Louisa, younger sister of Isabella of Spain, on Oct. 10, the same day that Isabella married Francisco d'Assiz, Duke of Cadiz. This was contrary to the promise of Louis Philippe and Guizot, and the alienation of England helped to bring about the movement of 1848. Great distress in France owing to bad harvests. 328 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1847. A United Diet, summoned by Frederick William IV, meets at Berlin (April i), and representative government begins in Prussia. Poland is made into a Russian province (May). The Prussian King quarrels with his Diet, which is dissolved (June 26), leaving the Monarchy discredited. Death of the Archduke Charles of Austria, aged 75. The Austrian Government, supported by Szechenv i, make proposals for reform in Plungary. Deak and Kossuth advocate wider changes. After the elections the Hungarian Diet meets. The tiue date of the beginning of the European Revolution is 1847. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Eurote. 1848. The overthrow of the Orleanist Monarchy was the signal for revolutionary movements to break out all over Germany, and in Hungary and Bohemia. The flight of Metternich to England, following the rising in Vienna of March 13, encouraged the Revolutionists, and Ferdinand I granted all the demands of the mob, while at Pesth the Diet, where Kossuth was supreme, established Hungary as an independent State, only connected with Austria through the Emperor. 1847. The Portuguese in- surgents are defeated by the Royal troops (Feb. 22). The civil war in Por- tugal ends (June). [Gold is discovered in California (Sept.), and leads to a great rush to the west coast of America.] Espartero is recalled to Spain and restored to favour (Sept.). Christina and Nar- vaez return to Madrid. The Swiss Federal Government defeat the troops of the Sonder- bund before Lucerne (Nov. 24), and the Sonderbund is dis- solved, and the Jesuits are expelled. Riots break out in Parma on the death of Maria Louise (Dec). Charles Albert adopts liberal reforms in Piedmont. Ferrara is occupied by Austrian troops. First appearance of the Risorgi7nento^ an Italian Liberal news- paper (Dec. 17), the chief editor being Ca- vour. 1848. Sicily, after receiving a Constitution from the King, establ ishes a Pro- visional Government (Jan. 12), and deposes the King (April 13). Death of Christian VIH of Denmark (Jan. 20) and accession of Frederick VII, who gives a liberal Consti- tution to his subjects. A. D. 1847-1848 329 England. 1847. Measures for the re- lief of Ireland arc passed. The Chinese arc compelled to make re paration for their hos- tile acts against British residents in Canton (April\ Death of Daniel O'Connell ^May 15) at Genoa. Great Britain, France, and Spain agree to check the civil war in Portugal (May 2i\ Lord Dalhousie suc- ceeds Lord Hardinge as Governor-General of India (Aug. 4). The new Parliament assembles Nov. 18, and Lord Rothschild (the first Jew elected) is elected for the City of London. 1848. Louis Philippe and his queen arrive in England (March 3). A Chartist demon- stration in London has little effect (April 10). The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended in Ireland (July), where the French Revolution had caused great ex- citement. France. 1847. Continuance of distress led to disorders of which the affair of Buzancais (July) is an example. The first Reform banquet is held in Paris on July 4, and Odilon Barrot takes the lead of this movement for the reform of the representation. The Government is attacked by Thiers on the subject of the Spanish marriages and the affair of Cracow, The Duke of Montebello and General Trezel become Ministers of Marine and War; Dumon succeeds Lacave-Laplagne as Minister of Finance, Jayr succeeds Dumon as Minister of Public Works ; while Soult retires, leaving Guizot Presi- dent of the Council (Sept. 15). Judicial scandals weaken the Ministry, which is attacked by Emile de Girardin in the Presse. The Government, fearful of a revolution, sup- port the reactionary policy of Austria in Switzer- land. Hostilities cease in Algiers, of which colony the Due d'Aumale, who had captured Abd-ef- kader (Dec. 25), is appointed governor. 1848. A proposed Reform banquet in Paris is sup- pressed (Feb. 21). Revolutionary outbreak in Paris (Feb. 21) leads to the resignation of Guizot, and Mole is ap- pointed his successor. Owing to the increasing gravity of the situation Thiers and Odilon Barrot form a new Govern- ment (Feb. 24). Abdication of Louis Philippe (Feb. 24), who makes the crown over to his grandson. 330 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D, 1848 331 Germany. The Czechs at Prague rise, and the Vienna Cabinet grants autonomy to Bohemia. In Berlin the King's concessions are not at first understood and on March 18 a conflict between the mob and the troops takes place. The King of Bavaria abdicates* in favour of Maximilian Joseph II (March 21). War is declared against Austria by Sardinia (March 23). •' Meeting of the Ante-Parliamcnt at Frankfort (March 31) to arrange for national representation in \.\itruction of the Chinese fleet by Elliot and Seymour (May 25 and 27 and June i). Massacre of Cawn- pore (June 26). Recapture of Cawn- pore by Havel ock (July 17), and again by Sir Colin Campbell (Nov. 28). Recapture of Delhi (Sept. 20) and relief of Lucknow (Sept. 26 and Nov. 17). A treaty guaranteeing the integrity and inde- pendence of Turkey is signed between France, England, and Austria (April 15). The Allies evacuate the Crimea (July). The French Ambassador is withdrawn from Naples (Oct.). The Franco-Spanish frontier is defined by treaty (Dec. 2). 1857. Conferences are opened at Paris to arrange the dispute between Prussia and Switzerland on the subject of Neufchatel (March 15). France and Russia sign a Commercial Treaty (June 14). Napoleon III and the Empress visit England (August 6-10). Napoleon III meets the Tsar at Stuttgart (Sept. 25). 344 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1858 345 Germany. 1858 Prince Frederick William, eldest son of the ^russian Crown Prince, marries the Princess Koyal of England (Jan. 25). ^Villiam Prince of Prussia, is declared Regent dunng his brother's lifetime (Oct 7) The Manteuffel Ministry resigns, and is suc- ceeded by the Liberal Ministry of the Prince of liohenzolIem-Sigmaringen (Nov. 5) The Allied Powers fix the boundaries of Mon tenegro (Nov. 8). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1858. Fresh changes take place in the Spanish Government (Jan. 14^ The Emancipation of the Serfs in Russia is begun by Alexander II (Jan. 15). War between Tur- key and Montenegro breaks out (Feb.), and the Turks are defeated at Kostainizza (July 21). The Neapolitan Go- vernment pay ;^3,ooo to England as conripen- sation for the ill-treat- inent of the two Eng- lish engineers of the Cagliari (June 8). O'Donnell is again placed at the head of Spanish affairs (July i ), A treaty is made between Japan and England (August 26). The War of Italian Liberation begins, 1859. 1859. Otho of Greece and his Court sympathize with the Austrians. \ England. Commercial panic. Suspension of the Bank Charter Act of 1847 (Nov. 12). Battle of Cawnpore (Dec. 6). Canton is taken by the French and Eng- lish (Dec. 29). 1858. Lord Paimerston's * Conspiracy - to - mur- der* Bill is defeated, and he resigns (.Feb. 22), being succeeded by Lord Derby as Prime Minister ^March Lucknow is cap- tured by Colin Camp- bell and Outram (March 21). The English and French defeat the Chi- nese, and a treaty at Tien-Tsin is signed (June 26). The Jewish Disa- bilities 13ill is at last passed (July 23). On the massacre of Christians at Jeddah by the Turks, Captain Pullen, of the Cyclops, bombards the town and compels the Sultan to give reparation (July 25 and 26). The Indian Mutiny is finally suppressed. The Government of India is transferred to the Crown (Sept. i), and a Secretaryship of State for India is con- stituted. The Queen is pro- claimed Sovereign of India, and Lord Can- ning receives the title of Viceroy. France. 1858. Orsini attempts the life of Napoleon (Jan. 16"*, and relations between France and England be- come strained owing (i) to the residence in England of political refugees and (2) to the threats of certain French colonels against the English Government. Napoleon meets Cavour at Plombieres and arranges for the expulsion of the Austrians from Italy, the erection of an Italian kingdom, and the cession of Savoy and Nice to France (July). A Convention is signed at Paris respecting the Danubian Principalities (August). Queen Victoria visits Napoleon at Cherbourg (August). The French receive promises of support from Spain in an expedition against Cochin-China (Dec). 346 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Austria and Sardinia, and Austria complains of ner abandonment by Prussia. Foundation of the National Association Quly^ with the object of restorincr the German Con- stitution of 1848, followed by the fouSion of an opposing association called the I^efonn- \vr'^f(?"r'''";^u^^^*^'' ''^'^ ^°"Sht during the P f ? '^Ir ^^beration : Montebello (May 20) Palestro (May 30 and 31), Magenta (June 4), Mahgnano (June 7), Solferino (June 24). ^^ Pntssf.'3/'f "^ ^^ opposition to Napoleon in Pnissia and all Germany leads to the interview Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1859. Cavour, on behalf of Sardinia, refuses Aus- tria's demand to dis- arm (April 26). The Austrians cross the Ticino (April 26), and the War of Italian Liberation begins. The success of the Allies causes Leopold of Tuscany and the rulers of Parma, Mo- dena, and Bologna to fly (April 27). Victor Emanuel II takes command of the Sardinian and Tuscan forces (April 29 and 30)- Death of Ferdinand II (Bomba), King of the Two Sicilies (May 22) ; he is succeeded by Francis II, who clings to the Austrian alliance. The Treaty of Villa- franca (July 11) ends the Italian war. Cavour resigns (July 13), being succeeded by Rattazzi. Leopold of Tuscany resigns in favour of his son Ferdinand IV (July 21). The Turks begin to persecute the Chris- tians in Crete (July). Victor Emanuel II enters Milan (August 8). Tuscany, Parma, Modcna, and the Le- gations form an al- liance (August 20). A Russian expe- dition against the Cir- cassians is successful (July and Sept.). A. D. 1859 347 England. 1859. The Ministry are de- feated on the second reading of theirReform Bill (March), and Par- liament is dissolved (April). England declares its neutrality with respect to the Italian war (May 12). The Liberals are in a majority in the new Parliament, and Minis- ters resign (June). Lord Palmerston forms a Ministry, with Lord John Russell as Foreign Secretary (June). Fenianism takes its rise from the forma- tion of the Phoenix Club. France. 1859. Napoleon publicly declares that his relations with Austria are not cordial (Jan. 1). Marriage of the Emperor's cousin, Prince Napo- leon, and Clotilda, daughter of the King of Sardinia (Jan. 30). Kossuth offers the Hungarian crown to Prince Napoleon. Napoleon's speech on opening the French Chambers (Feb. 7) is peaceful in tone. On the outbreak of war between Austria and Sardinia, France decides to aid Sardinia, and declares war against Austria (May 3). The battle of Magenta is won by McMahon (June 4), Victor Emanuel and Napoleon enter Milan (June 8), the French and Sardinians win the battle of Solferino (June 24). Napoleon arranges preliminaries of peace with Austria at Villafranca (July 11), hoping to form an Italian Confederation under the Pope. By this treaty (i) Lombardy was to be ceded to Sardinia; (2) Their former rulers were to be restored to Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and the Roman Lega- tions ; (3) Italy was to be organized as a federa- tion under the Pope ; (4) Austria was to retain Venetia and the Quadrilateral. A Conference at Zurich confirms the Treaty of Villafranca (Nov. 10). 348 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1860. Important changes in the military organization of Prussia are foreshadowed by a declaration of the Crown Prince (Jan. 12). The privileges of the Austrian Reichsrath are extended (March 5). Austria protests against the annexation of Tus- cany and Emilia to Sardinia (March 25), and Prussia protests against the French annexation of Savoy (March 27). The Prussian Chambers declare in favour of supporting Schleswig-Holstein in the mainte- nance of its political rights (May 4). The Emperor of Austria meets the Tsar and the Prince-Regent of Prussia at Warsaw (Oct 20-25). Modena, Parma, and Tuscany declare in fa- vour of annexation to Sardinia (August and Sept.", and Bologna requests Sardinia to annex the Legations (Sept. 24), The Sardinian envoy leaves Rome (Oct. 9). Spain declares war against Morocco (Oct. 22). The new kingdom of Italy is divided into seventeen Provinces (Oct. 31), and Parma, Modena, and the Ro- magna are formed into the Province of Emilia (Dec. 24). 1860. Cavour again forms a Ministry (Jan. 16). Tuscany and Emilia are formally annexed to Sardinia (Mar. 18-22). A Revolution breaks out in Sicily (April 4). Spain and Morocco makepeace (April 26). Garibaldi lands at Marsala (May 4 , and Francis II grants a Constitutional Govern- ment. Garibaldi, having reduced Sicily (June), occupies Naples (Sept. 7), Francis II having retired (Sept. 6). The Sardinian forces rout the Papal army at Castelfidardo (Sept. 20) and enter Naples (Nov. 2). Garibaldi acknowledges the King of Sardinia and retires to Caprera (Nov.). A. D. i860 349 England. «b 1860. The Maories rise in New Zealand (April). Great Britain, France, Russia, Aus- tria, and Prussia sign a Convention to restore order in Syria, where terrible massacres of the Christians by the Druses had taken place (May- July). The English and French unite against China and the Summer Palace is burnt (Oct. i8j. The Chinese war ends in the ratification of the Treaty of Tien- Tsin (Oct. 24). The pacification of Syriaiseffected(Nov.). I France. 1860. A Commercial Treaty between France and England is signed (Jan. 23). By a treaty with Sardinia, France secures Savoy and Nice (May 24). The French troops evacuate Lombardy (June 8). Napoleon and the Empress visit Savoy, Corsica, and Algiers (Sept.). A French expedition is sent to Syria (Sept.). Greater liberty of speech is granted to the French Chambers (Nov. and Dec). 350 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. 1861 William I becomes King of Prussia on the death of Frederick William IV (Jan. i). The Emperor of Austria refuses to restore the ancient Hungarian Constitution, and dissolves the Hungarian Chambers (Aug. 23). The Emperor Francis Joseph issues a new Constitution. An Upper House of Imperial nominees, and a Lower House of deputies from the Provincial Diets, are established. Owing to opposition from Venetia, Hungary, and Bohemia, the plan failed (Oct. 31}. Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1861. A Polish rising (Feb.) is put down. Francis II surren- ders Gaeta (Feb. 14) after a gallant defence for several months, during which his queen performs acts of bravery, and he takes refuge in Rome. Meeting of the First Italian Parliament at Turin (Feb.), when Victor Emanuel is pro- claimed king. An Italian kingdom had now been formed, with the addition of the Two Sicilies, Um- bria, and the Marches, under Victor Emanuel (March). The Emancipation of the Russian serfs is completed (March 3). St. Domingo is an- nexed to Spain (March 18). Riots in Poland are suppressed (April), [Abraham Lincoln is elected President of the United States (March), and the ex- istence of slavery in the Southern States leads to the Civil War between the North and South (April).] Death of Cavour (June 6). Accession of the Sul- tan Abdul Aziz (June 25). Roumania is formed by the union of Mol- davia and Wallachia, and ruled by Prince Alexander (Dec. 23). A.D. 1861 351 England. 1861. The MaoriWar ends (March 19). England recognizes the new kingdom of Italy (March 30). England and France establish embassies at Pekin (March). Turkey makes a Treaty of Commerce with England (April). Death of Prince Al- bert (Dec. 14). France. 1861. Turkey makes a Treaty of Commerce with France (April). France declares her neutrality in the Civil War in America (June 11). _ France, England, and Spain send a joint expe- dition to Mexico to obtain redress from Juarez, the President of the Mexican Republic (Oct. 31), which had decided to suspend payments to foreigners for two years. Napoleon and the King of Prussia meet at Compiegne (Oct.). THE CHIEF WARS OF ENGLAND BETWEEN 1837 AND 1871. The First Afghan War, 1838-1842. The First China War, 1839-1841. The Scinde War, 1843. The First Sikh War, 1845-1846. The First Kaffir War, 1846. The Second Sikh War, 1849. The Second China War, 1849. The Second Afghan War, 1849. The First Burmese War, 1850. The Second Kaffir War, 1851-185 2. The Second Burmese War, 1 852-1853, The Russian War, 1854-1856. The Third China War, 1 856-1860. The Indian Mutiny, 1857. The First Maori War, 1 860-1861. Chinese Wars, 1860-1862. The Second Maori War, 1863-1865. The P'irst Ashantee War, 1864. War in Bhootan, 1864. The Abyssinian War, 1 867-1 868. The Third Maori War, 1&6S-1869. 353 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1862 - 1864 353 Germany. 1862. Treaty made between the Zollverein and France, from which Austria was excluded. The Prussian Chambers, having opposed the military expenditure, are dissolved (March). The Chamber of Peers passes the Military Budget (Oct.). Prussia recognizes the kingdom of Italy (July 10). Bismarck becomes the leading Prussian Minis- ter (Sept.). Austria protests against the Greek Revolution and in favour of Otho (Dec. 14). 1863. Prussia makes a defensive treaty with Russia (Feb. 8j for the purpose of suppressing the Polish rising. Prussia and Austria adopt a menacing tone towards the King of Denmaik (July). Austria invites the German princes to meet at Frankfort and reorganize the Bund. But the scheme fails through Prussian opposition. The Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia meet at Gastein (August). The Diet at Frankfort declares for the sepa- ration of Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark (Oct.). The Btind sends an army into the * Duchies ' (Dec), and Prince Frederick of Augustenburg is proclaimed Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (Dec. 27). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. England. 1864. The combined Pmssian and Austrian armies invade llolstein and Schleswig (Jan. and Feb.) and defeat the Danes, Prussia taking the lead. Preliminaries of peace are signed between Den- mark and Germany (August i). 1862. The Danes issue a circular on the Schles- wig-Holstein Duchies (May 8). . Insurrection of Gari- baldi, who is defeated and captured at Aspro- monte by the Sardinian forces (August). [The Civil War in America continues.] Rebellion in Greece, and King Otho is forced to retire (Oct. 24). 1863. Ismail succeeds Said as Viceroy of Egypt (Jan.). A National Assem- bly is opened in Greece (Feb. 24). A Polish insurrec- tion again breaks out (Jan.), but is put down with great cruelty after the Poles had appealed to Europe (March). The King of Den- mark annexes Schles- wig, but grants inde- pendent rights to Hol- stein (March). Christian IX be- comes King of Den- mark (Nov.\ and receives an ultimatum from the Diet of Frankfort, demanding his retirement from the * Duchies.' The Holstein Diet declare in favour of Prince Frederick of Au- gustenburg (Dec. 22). 1864. George of Denmark becomes King of Greece. Victor Amadeus makes a Convention with Napoleon for the 1862. Lord Elgin becomes Viceroy of India. The Alabama leaves the Mersey (July). The marriage of the Prince of Wales with the Princess Alexan- dra of Denmark is announced (Nov. 4). 1863. Death of Lord Elgin, v\ho is succeeded as Viceroy by Sir John Lawrence. The Prince of Wales marries Princess Alex- andra of Denmark (March 10). England and France are joined by Austria in protesting against Russian cruelties in Poland (April 7). The Tsar refuses to concede the points demanded (April and June). The Maoii war breaks out (May). England, France, and Russia make a Treaty in London ap- proving of the election of Prince George of Denmark to the throne of Greece (July 13). England agrees to cede the Ionian Islands to Greece (Nov.). 1864. England declines to give Denmark armed assistance (Feb.). The Ionian Islands are finally ceded to Greece (June i). again France. 1862. France acquires Mentone and Roquebrune (Feb.). The English and Spanish Governments having declined to co-operate further in Mexico, the P'rench alone continue hostile operations, and declare war against Juarez (April 16). The French, after some victories, annex, by the Treaty of Saigon, six provinces in Cochin China (June). 1863. The French Government protests against the proposed Prussian intervention in Poland, and requests Russia to tranquillize Poland (Feb ). A Treaty of Commerce is made between France and Italy (June). French troops conquer Mexico ''June), and the sovereignty is offered to Maximilian, Archduke of Austria (July). A united French, English, and American fleet attacks Japan (July). Napoleon invites the rulers of Europe to a general Congress (Nov. 4). Thiers and his supporters form an opposition in the sessions of the new Chambers (Nov.). 1864. Napoleon hopes to plant a great Latin Empire in Mexico. The French operations in Mexico are unsuccessful (Feb.). The Archduke Maximilian accepts the sove- reignty of Mexico (April 10). A a • \ 354 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Germany. Christian IX concludes the Treaty of Vienna (Oct. 30), accepting the arrangement agreed upon by Austria and Prussia. The Duchies are given up by Denmark, and a rectification of frontiers is agreed upon. The army of the Bund evacuates Holstein (Dec). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 18G5. The Prussian Chamber of Deputies rejects Bismarck's financial proposals and is prorogued (June 17). Convention of Gastein (August 14) between Prussia and Austria, Prussia undertaking to ad- minister Schlebwig, and Austria Holstein, while Lauenburg was to be sold to Prussia and Kiel occupied by that Power. This Convention merely averted for the moment an outbreak of war between Austria and Prussia. The King of Prussia takes possession of Lauen- burg (Sept.). The Union of Hungary and Transylvania is affirmed by the Transylvanian Diet (Dec). The "War between Austria and Priissia, 1866. 1866. Bismarck makes an offensive and defensive treaty with Victor Emanuel (April 8). Charles Antony of KLohtnzoUern is elected Prince of Ri*umania ;May 11). Holstein is annexed to Schleswig under Prus- sian rule (June 8). Diplomatic relations between Austria and Prussia are broken off (June 12). Saxony, Hanover, HesseCassel, and Nassau reject an ultimatum sent to them by Prussia (June 15). War breaks out between Prussia and Saxony (June 15). Austria declares her intention to support Saxony (June 16). The Prussians occupy Hesse-Cassel and Saxony, and defeat the Hanoverians at Langensalza (June gradual withdrawal of the French garrison from Rome. The lands of Polish nobles are given to the peasants by order of the Tsar (March), and the Polish resistance gradually ceases. The Alabama is sunk by the Kearsage (June 19). Narvaez becomes Prime Minister in Spain, and Christina returns (Sept.). 1865. [Surrender of Gene- ral Lee (April 9). Assassination of Pre- sident Lincoln (April 14)-] Florence becomes the new capital of the Italiankingdom.May). O'Donnell forms a Ministry in Spain (June). [Slavery IS abolished in the United States (Dec).] Leopold n succeeds Leopold I as King of Belgium (Dec 9). 1866. Insurrection of Ge- neral Prim in Spain (Jan.). Crete rebels against Turkey (March). Isabella of Spain ap- points Narvaez Prime Minister, the leading Liberals leave Spain, and a Royalist Reign of Terror takes place. Prince Alexander of Roumania is deposed and succeeded by Prince Charles of Ho- henzoUern - Sigmarin- gcn. A.D. 1865-1866 355 England. A combined Eng- lish, French,and Dutch fleet attacks Japan (Sept.). Madagascar 1865. Beginning of the cattle plngue (June). A treaty is made with (June). Close of the second Maori war (Sept. 2). Death of Lord Pal- merston (Oct. 18). Earl Russell becomes Prime Minister. 1866. Mr. Gladstone be- comes leader of the House of Commons in the new Parliament (Feb.). The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended in Ireland (Feb. 17). The Bank Charter Act is suspended owing to a panic in the city (May). Lord Derby forms his third Administra- tion (June 26). France. France makes a treaty with Italy, agreeing to evacuate Rome (Sept. 15). Napoleon III and the Tsar meet at Nice (Oct.). 1865. Juarez calls upon the Mexicans to resist foreign invasion (Jan. i). Napoleon HI visits Algeria (May- June). Meeting between Bismarck and Napoleon at Biarritz. The former secured the acquiescence of France in the union of Prussia and Italy against Austria (Sept.). The Government of the United States demand the recall of the French troops in Mexico (Oct.). French troops are withdrawn from Rome, and begin to be withdrawn from Mexico (Dec). 1866. Napoleon informs the Italian Ambassador at Paris that Austria is willing, on certain condi- tions, to cede Venetia to Italy (May 5). France, England, and Russia propose a Con- gress to settle the Schleswig-Holstein affair (May 28). Napoleon's mediation is accepted by Austria, and to some extent by Prussia (July 5). France fails to secure any compensation. A a 2 356 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A,D. 1867 357 Germany. 27), the Austrians at Koniggratz or Sadowa (July 3), the Bavarians at Kissingen (July it), and the German Federals at Aschaffenburg (July 14). Peace is signed between Prussia and Wurtem- berg (August 13), and between Prussia and Bavaria (August 22). The Peace of Prague (August 23) ends the war. (i) Austria withdrew from the Bund. (2) The kingdom of Saxony was preserved. (3) Austria renounced all claims to Schleswig and Holstein, and Prussia promised to give Northern Schleswig to Denmark. (4) Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort were to remain in the hands of Prussia. (5) Venetia was to go to Italy. Prussia annexes (Sept. 7) Hanover, Hesse- Cassel, Nassau, H esse- Hom burg, part of Hesse- Darmstadt, and Hohenzollern. Peace between Prussia and Saxony is signed (Oct. 2I\ The southern German States make secret trea- ties of alliance with Prussia, which are published in 1867 as a warning to France. 1867. A meeting at Berlin of an Assembly chosen by universal suffrage (Feb.-April) (opened Feb. 24) forms a North German Confederation, the execu- tive government of which was given to the Prus- sian King, while a Federal Council and a Popular Assembly were set up, the former to be presided over by the Prussian Chancellor. Special treaties were made by Prussia with Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and Baden. Military ser- vice was organized on the Prussian system, and made compulsory on all citizens over seventeen years of age. The Emperor of Austria is crowned King of Hungary at Ofen (June 8). By the Covenant of 1867 (Law of December 21) the Austrian Empire is reconstituted as two in- separable and constitutional monarchies. Austria gives Hungary important separate State rights, such as a l3iet and a Ministry of its own, makes a similar grant to the Provinces west of the Leitha, and carries out other changes in the government of her territories. The Hapsburg dominion is perpetuated under the denomination of Austria-Hungary. Eastern, Southern, 6c Northern Europe. England. Italy declares war against Austria (June 20). The Italians are de- feated by the Austrians at Custozza (June 24). An Italian fleet is wellnigh destroyed by the Austrian ships near Lissa (July 20). By the Treaty of Vienna (Oct. 3) Italy gains Venetia and the Quadrilateral. 1867. Rattazzi forms a new Italian Ministry(Apr.). The Servians take Belgrade (April). The Italian plan, supported by Gari- baldi, of ending the independent rule of the Papacy and of securing Rome fails through French inter- vention (Oct.). Isabella of Spain dissolves the Cortes (Dec). France. 1867. The Fenian agita- tion continues. Lords Cranborne and Carnarvon and General Peel resign their seats in the Cabi- net on Disraeli bring- ing in a Reform Bill (March 2). A Conference held in London declares Luxemburg neutral- ized under the guaran- tee of the European Powers (May 11). The Sultan arrives in London (July). The Reform Bill passes the House of Commons (July 15). The First Lambeth Conference is held. The Reform Bill passes the House of Lords (August 6). The Dominion of Canada includes New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 1867, Napoleon announces liberal reforms (Jan.). The withdrawal of French troops from Mexico is completed (March). The death, of Maximilian, who was executed in Mexico (June 19), is a blow to French prestige. The city of Mexico is taken by the Juarists (June 20). Napoleon fails to obtain Luxemburg owing to the intervention of Prussia, and visits the Emperor of Austria at Salzburg (August). In consequence of Garibaldi's threatened attack on the Pope, French troops are sent and defeat Garibaldi at Mentana (Nov. 3), thus breaking the link between Italy and France. 358 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1868-1869 359 Germany. 1868. An Assembly meets at Berlin representing the Customs Union of all Germany (April). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1869. By the Treaty of Munich, Prussia secures the control of the South German fortresses (July). 1868. Continuance of the rebellion in Crete, which began in 1866. Death of Narvaez (April 23), whose successor, Gonzalez Bravo, continues his policy. Russia occupies Samarcand vMay). The Prince of Ser- via is assassinated (June). Prim and Serrano carry out a revolution (Sept.), and Isabella escapes to France (Sept. 30). A new Constitution is drawn up. 1869. Marshal Serrano is placed at the head of affairs in Spain (Feb.). Greece agrees not to interfere in Crete (Feb.). The Vatican Council to discuss the infalli- bility of the Pope is opened. [General Grant be- comes President of the United States (March).] The Pope's Infalli- bility is declared by the Council (July i8\ A new Constitution is established in Spain (June), followed by disorders (Oct.). The Suez Canal is opened (Nov.). The Duke of Genoa refuses the crown of Spain (Dec). The Cuban revolt continues. England. 1868. Lord Derby resigns, and Disraeli becomes Prime Minister (Feb.). An expedition is sent against Abyssinia (Jan.), and Magdalais taken (April). In the new elections the Liberals are in a majority (Nov.). Fall of Disraeli's Ministry. Mr. Glad- stone becomes Prime Minister (Dec). France. 1868. Republican manifestoes are (Nov.). made in Paris 1869. The Irish Church is disestablished (July). Lord Mayo becomes Viceroy of India. 1869. A Conference is held in Paris on the Cretan question (Jan.). In Paris and several other towns the elections are adverse to Imperialism. A Hew Ministry (Jan. 2) is formed containing Ollivier, the Due de Gramont .May), and Marshal Leboeuf, and a revised Constitution is sanctioned by a pUbiscite (May). 36o HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY A. D. 1870-1871 361 Germany. The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871. 1870. Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen accepts the crown of Spain (July 3). He withdraws his acceptance (July 12). The King of Prussia refuses to give any guarantee against a renewal of Leopold's candidature (July 13). In the war against France, Prussia is supported by all the German States, including Saxony and Bavaria. Bismarck confers with Jules Favre at Ferri^res. The King of Bavaria proposes to offer to the King of Prussia the title of Emperor of Germanv (Dec. 2). ^ The Imperial crown is offered to the King of Prussia (Dec. 19). Eastern, Southern, & Northern Europe. 1870. Isabella of Spain abdicates in favour of her son Alfonso XII (June). General Prim offers the crown of Spain to Prince Leopold of Ho- henzoUern - Sigraarin- gen (July 4). The recall of the French troops from Rome is followed by the annexation of the Papal States to the kingdom of Italy (Oct.). Russia declares that she will no longer be bound by the Treaty of 1856 (Oct.). Amadeus of Aosta, the second son of Vic- tor Emanuel, becomes King of Spain (Nov. 16). Death of Marslial Prim (Dec. 30). 1871. The Kmg of Prussia is proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles (Jan. 18), and Bismarck is appointed Imperial Chancellor. 1871. Rome becomes the capital of the Italian kingdom. England. 1870. Canada is invaded by the Fenians (May). Lord Granville be- comes Foreign Secre- tary on the death of Lord Clarendon (July). The Red River ex- pedition takes place. The neutrality of Belgium is secured by a treaty with France and Prussia. 1871. England agrees to the abrogation of the clause in the Treaty of l^aris of 1856 which secured the neutrality of the Black Sea (Jan.), By the Treaty of Washington with the United Slates the Ala- bama claims are sub- mitted to arbitration (May). In Parliament re- ligious tests at Oxford and Cambridge are abolished. France. The Franco-Prussian "War, 1870-1871. 1870. Republican manifestoes take place in Paris (Jan.). A campaign is undertaken in Senegal (March). In consequence of Napoleon's protest (July 6), the Prince of HohenzoUern-Sigmaringen with- draws his candidature to the Spanish throne (July 12). France declares war against Prussia (July 19), and the first action takes place at Saarbriick (August 2). McMahon is defeated by the Crown Prince of Prussia at Weissenburg (August 4) and at Worth (August 6), and retreats to Chalons. Frossard is overthrown at Spicheren (Aug. 6) by Steinmetz and Prince Frederick Charles. The Prussians also win Gravelotte (August 18), and Bazaine is blockaded in Metz. Trochu is made Governor of Paris (August 20). McMahon is defeated at Sedan (Sept. i), and the Emperor and army capitulate (Sept. 2). Flight of the Empress to England, and pro- clamation of a Republic (Sept. 4) under Jules Favre and Gambetta. Paris is besieged (Sept. 20). Strassburg surrenders (Sept. 28) and Bazaine capitulates (Oct. 23). Orleans is taken by the Germans (Oct. 11), Saint Quentin (Oct. 20 , Dijon (Oct. 30), Amiens (Nov. 28). Rising in Paris against the Government of National Defence (Oct. 31). Battle of Bourget (Oct. 30), of Coulmiers (Nov. 9), of Beaune-la-Rolande(Nov. 28), of Champigny (Nov. 28), of Patay (Dec. 2), of Nuits (Dec. 18;, of Bourget (Dec. 21). 1871. Battle of Bapaume (Jan. 3). Paris capitulates (Jan. 30). A National Assembly meets at Bordeaux (Feb. 2), and Thiers is elected head of the Executive Government. Fiance makes peace (Feb. 26), and the Final Treaty of Frankfort is signed (May 10). (i) France ceded Alsace, except Belfort, and most of Lorraine, including Metz and Thionville. (2) France to pay five milliards of francs within three years. The outbreak of the Commune (March 18) is followed by the siege and capture of Paris by the Versailles troops (March 18 -May 2i\ 'Ihiers is elected President of the French Republic (August 31). J » PART II I. SUMMARIES II. GENEALOGIES III. LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS I. SUMMARIES I. I THE CAUSES OF THE WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE, 1337 (THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR). 1. Philip VI's determination to win Guienne and Gascony. 2. The assistance lent by Philip VI to the Scots in their war with England, which broke out in 1333. 3. The arrest of the English merchants by the Count of Flanders at the instigation of Philip VI. 4. The influence of Robert of Artois. l{a) * The breach of the peace came from Philip, who . . . had conceived the notion of using the Scots as a thorn in the side of England, and of winning Gascony by battles fought on British ground.' {b) 'Philip availed himself of the pretext that Edward was promoting the cause of Robert of Artois, declared his determina- tion to help the Scots (Aug. 24, 1336), and proceeded to invade Gascony. Philip thus made the war inevitable; Edward, by assuming the title of King of France (Oct. 7, I337)» ^^^ade the quarrel irreconcilable.'— Stubbs, Const. Hist, of Bug., vol. 11, pp. 377> 378.] II. THE CAUSES OF THE RENEWAL OF THE WAR BETWEEN ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN THE REIGN OF HENRY V. 1. Henry V's own fixed resolution to conquer France. 2. The higher clergy in England advocated war, it is said, in order to 'divert attention from Church questions, and check Lollardism.' 3. National resentment at the attacks of privateers from Normandy during the reign of Henry IV. 4. Henry IV is said to have advised a renewal of the French war in order to distract the attention of the English barons from home affairs. [Henry's claim to the French crown was most unreasonable, and his attack on France most unjustifiable.] 366 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY III. THE WARS BETWEEN FRANCIS I AND CHARLES V, 1521-1544. Hrst IVar, 1521-1526. Causes: — (i) The claims of Francis I upon Spanish Navarre and Naples. (2) The claims of Charles V upon Milan and Burgundy. Second War, 15 27-1 529. Cause : — The determination of Francis I to escape from the conditions of the Treaty of Madrid. Ihird War, 1535-1538. Cause : — Francis I's desire to reconquer Milan. Fourth War, 1542-15 44. Cause : — Francis I's determination to restore French preponderance in Italy. IV. THE FRENCH CIVIL WARS, 1562-1598. First War. 1562-1563. Peace of Amboise. Second War, 1567-1568. Peace of Loni^jumeau. Third War, 1 569-1570. Peace of St. Germain. Fourth War, 1572-1573. Peace of La Rochelle. Fifth W^ar, 1574-1576. Peace of Monsieur. Sixth War, 1577. Peace of Bergerac. Seventh War, 1579-15S0. Peace of Fleix. Eighth War, 'The War of the Three Henries,' 1 584-1 589. Death of Henry lU, and accession of Henry IV. [Civil suilc is not appeased till 159S. The Peace of Vervins.] V. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. I. 1618 -1633. The Religious Period of the War. (i) 161S-23. Bohemian and ralaii)iate Period. (2) 1623-33. Danish and Swedish Vtx'xodi. H. 1633-1648. Political and French Period of the War, ending with the Peace of Westphalia. [1648-1660. (i) Continuance of the War between France and Spain, ending with the Peace of the Pyrenees. (2) Northern War. (3) The Fronde.] VI. THE DEVOLUTION WAR, 1667-1668. Causes : — I. Louis XlV's determination to extend the French frontier to the Scheldt. SUMMARIES 367 2. The claim of his wife, Maria Theresa, to the greater part of Flanders by the Jus DevohUionis — a local custom which referred only to private property, and was only in force in a few provinces. 3. England and Holland were a: war, Spain was helpless. [In this war there were two campaigns, the first in the Low Countries in 1667, the second in Franche-Comte in 1668.] VII. THE CAUSES OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION WAR OF 1 702-1 713. In November, 1700, Louis XIV accepted the will of Charles II of Spain, and the Spanish crown for his grandson. In December, Philip V was recognized by England, Holland, Savoy, Bavaria, and other States. War was probably inevitable, but the magnitude of the shock occasioned by Louis XIV's action prevented Europe acting at once. It was not till 1702 that war broke out. Causes : — 1. Louis' reservation of the rights of Philip to the French throne. 2. Louis gave no guarantee that under the new Spanish monarchy English and Dutch commerce would not suffer. 3. Louis' seizure of the line of Spanish fortresses — the Dutch Barrier — including Luxemburg, Namur, Mons, and the seaports of Nieuport and Ostend. 4. Louis' recognition of the Pretender, James III. On Sept. 7, 1701, William HI laid the foundation of the Grand Alliance in a Triple League between the Emperor, England, and Holland. By its terms (i) France and Spain were never to be united under the same head. (2) The commercial privileges enjoyed by England and Holland during the reign of Charles II of Spain were to be continued. (3) France was to be prevented from seizing the Spanish Indies, and from engac;ing in commerce there. (4) The Sjjanish Netherlands were to be conquered in order to erect a barrier between France and the United Provinces. (5) Milan, Naples, and Sicily were to be conquered for the Emperor as a security for his possessions, and for the security of the commerce of the English and Dutch. N.B. — (1) There is no suggestion of resistance to the accession of Philip V to the Spanish throne. (2) Both English and Dutch feared the acquisition by France of the monopoly of trade with Spanish America, and her supremacy in the Mediterranean. (3) England, Holland, and Austria feared the extension of France on the side of the Spanish Netherlands. (4) By the Peace of Utrecht the aims of the Allies in 1701 were attained. 363 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY VIII. SUMMARY OF THE CONTESTS BETWEEN THE PARLEMENT OF PARIS AND THE CROWN IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. I. Financial opposition, 1 715-1723. 1718, Opposition to Law. 1720. Exile of the /'ar/^w ^ I— I o t-i 1-1 « d C/2 C c O •— > li - G ° C3 ,£: o o 1^ - ^§ 2 ^'^^ H^vS S > t— . ^^'T* f— ^ 1 t» oo • ^- v>_ O iE "^ w o ^ O Ih— ■*-> fcjO II 1 r ffi c H < — S C3 « e« O H CO HI c < II X! (-1 > ■4-> H < 2 = § c « (Z4 O l-t i • 1— < o • •-< K ON ►H u " -^ HH CO — c *>• CO ^"^ ^ - CO ^ ^ U •J — rt^ n HH _ ^ :i? < g„ H rT" »o — A 5 . b^i2 ^ a-a wj vo II •o fo ►H c »o t-" o — rt M 1 MjVO »i:-o _ GENEALOGIES 371 i-i X CO i-i t) O 1.4 C CO H Q CO Q H i3 - U c II c: u o y .2 c3 SiCl^ 2-3 41 P ^ Ph X V o IT/ — H - C 13 e £3 rt &i m OJ a o O . O rt G O 13 C o a> C I/} > C '"' o 1» W "O C fc/3 u2 1^ O :3 O I-I - ci II in ij 1*- -^ O - flj P a. o i> o 00 'd Vi > C o U 10 00 o > d ci Ph P3 P'« 00 P . O > X 3 o ?* 04 fH '^'^ t^ •2 3 ^ t-^ -p ^„- of Sav Feb. 1 V4_ •c c3 p-d B b 2 ni. LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS. I. THE ROMAN EMPERORS AND BYZANTINE EMPERORS. The Roman Emperors. 395-408 40S-450 450-457 457-474 474-491 491-518 518-527 527-565 565-57S Arcadius Theodosius II Marcianus . Leol . . Zeno . . Anastasius I . Justinns I Justinianus I Justiims II , . . Tiberius II, Constan tinus Mauricius Phocas Heraclius Heraclius Constanti- nils and Heracleonas Constans II . . , Constantine IV Justinian II . . Leontius ... * * Tiberius III, 'Apsi- marus .... Justinian II (restored) Pnilippicus .... Anastasius II, Arte- mius .... Theodosius III Leo III, the Isauricin .* Constantine V, Copro- nymus . Leo IV 740-775 Constantine VI • [ [ ^^^ [Charles the*G;eat ^^^■^°' is crowned Em- perorofthe West 800] The Byzantine Emperors. 578-582 582-602 602-610 610-641 641-642 642-66S 668-685 685-695 695-697 697-705 705-711 713-715 715-717 717-740 740-775 Nicephorus I . , ^ Stauracius . Michael I, Rhangabe .' f eo V, the Armcian Michael II, the Amo- rian .... Theophilus . , ' Michael III . . * * Basil I, the xMkcedo- nian . . . Leo VI, the Wise . Constantine VII, Por- ph\roi,renitus LCo-regent Empe- rors — Alexander Romanus I, Le- capenus Komanus JI . . l^asil II, Bulgarokto- nos [Co-regent Em'pe- rors — Nicephorus II, Phocas . John I, Zimisces Constantine VII I Romanus III, ArgvVus Michael IV, the Paph- lagonian . . Michael V . . * * ConstantineIX,Mo'no.' niachus Theodora Michael VI. Stratioti- cus . . 802-811 811 81 1-8 1 3 813-S20 820-829 829-842 842-867 867-8S6 886-912 912-958 912-913 919-945] 958-963 963-1025 963-969 969-976] 1025-28 1028-34 1034-42 1042 1042-55 '055-57 1056-57 LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS 373 io57-.'>9 io.c;9 67 1067-78 Isaac I, Comnenus . Constantine X, Ducas Michael VII, Ducas . [Co-regent Empe- ror — RomanusIV, Dio- genes . . • Nicephorus III, Bota- niates Alexius I, Comnenus . John II, Comnenus . Manuel I, Comnenus . Alexius II, Comnenus Andronicus I, Comne- nus Isaac II, Angelus . . Alexius III, Angelus . Isaac II (restored) with Alexius IV . . . Alexius V, Ducas . . The Latin Emperors. Baldwin I .... 1204-5 Henry ' 205-16 1067-71] 1078-81 1081-1118 1118-43 1143-80 1180-83 1183-85 1185-95 II 95-1203 1 203-4 1204 Peter 1217-19 Robert 1219-28 Baldwin 11 .... 1228-61 The Nicaean Emperors. Theodore I , Lascaris . 1 204-2 2 John III, Ducas . . 1222-54 Theodore II, Ducas . 1254-59 John IV, Ducas . . 1259-60 Tiie Empire Eestored. Michael VllI, Palaeo- logus 1260-82 Andronicus II, Palaeo- logus 1282-1328 Andronicus III, Pa- laeologus ... John V, Palaeologus [Co-regent — John VI, Canta- cuzenus . • Manuel II . . . John VII . . . Constantine XI 1328-41 1341-91 1347-54] 1391-1425 1425-48 1448-53 II THE EMPERORS OF THE WEST AND AUSTRIAN EMPERORS. The Prankish Emperors, 800-918. Charles the Great . . 768-814 Lewis the Pious . . 814-840 The later Carolings . 843-911 Conrad I 911-918 The Saxon Emperors, 919-1024. Henry I 919-936 Otto I 936-973 OttoH 973-983 Otto HI 983-1002 Henry n io°3-24 The Franconian Emperors, 1024-1125. Conrad H .... 1024-39 Henry III . . • • 1039-56 Henry IV .... 1056-1106 Henry V 1106-25 [Lothar II of Saxony . 1 1 25-37 J The Hohenstaufen Em^perors, 11S7-1254. Conrad m .... 1137-52 Frederick Barbarossa . 1153-90 Henry VI .... 1 1 90-97 (Philip II 97-1 208 ) Otto IV (son of ) Henry the Lion ( of Saxony) . . 1197-' 21 5 Frederick 11 . • . 1215-50 [Conrad, the last Ho- henstaufen King in Germany .... 1250-54] The Interregnum, 1256-73. Rudolf of Hapsburg . 1273-91 Adolf of Nassau . . 1292-98 374 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN mSTORy I Albert Of Austria . . i2o8-r:ioS Henry VII of Luxem- ^ ^°^ burg jLevvisIVoVlWia lf^~\^ ^ Frederick the Fair. \l\\Ztl The Luxemburg Emperors 1347-1437. Charles IV . Wenzel . * * * .'l'^'^''^^ [Rupert of the balati: '^'^^'^oo nate Sigismund ; ' • • \400-10J 1410-37 The Hapsburg Emperors. Albert II . ^ _ • ■ 1438-39 1440-93 Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I . Maximilian II Rudolf II ^493-1519 1520-56 ^^56-64 1564-76 '57*5-i6i2 Matthias. Ferdinand II Ferdinand III ] * Leopold I . ' * Joseph I . .* ■ ' Charles VI . " ' [Charles VII of Ba varia . Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II . ' * [In 1806 he resi'-ns the imperial crown and becomes Fran- cis I, Emperor of Austrian Emperors. Francis I « ^ Ferdinand I * ' ' ^^'-^5 Francis Joseph : *. '. '^^5-43 1612-19 1619-3; ^1637-57 1658-1705 1 705-1 1 1711-40 '742-45] 1745-65 1765-90 1790-9 a 1793-1804 in. FRANCE. (1) The Meroving Kings. Beginning with Chlo- dovech . g and ending with 'iheu: ^^'~5ri derichlV. 720-737 (2) The Caroling CharlemagneorCharles the Great, King of Neustria King of all the r ranks . King of Franks ind -Lombards . Emperor . LoiiisI, KingofAquil tame and Emperor Charles the Bald, King ofNeiistria and Bur- gundy . Louis 11^ king 'of i* ranee Louis III, \i' Q-f Northern France . Kings. 768 771 800-814 814-840 840-877 Chnrles the Simple, King of Northern ■Trance . « Louis IV ' ' • ^92-929 Lothair • • • • 936-954 Louis V * ' * • ' 95^-9^6 9S6-9S7 (3) The Capetian Line, 987-1328. Hugh Capet . ^o, ^ Kobert I ' * 9S7-996 Henry I ' * * ' • 996-1031 Philip I * ' ■ • • 1031-60 Louis VI* • • • • IC60-1108 Louis VII * • • • 1108-37 Si'iT^^^{/,^"^--) •■ -^^^-" Louis IX ' * ' • ^223-26 Philip HI 1226-70 Philip IV • • • • 1^70-85 Louis X * • • • '2S5-1314 Philip V 1314-16 Charles IV * * * ' 1316-23 • • • . 1322-2S LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS 375 (4) The Valois Line, 1328-1589. Philip VI . John II Charles V . Charles VI . Charles VII . Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII . Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III 1328-50 1350-64 1364-80 1380-1422 1422-61 1461-83 1483-98 149^-^5^5 151.^-47 1547-59 1559-60 1560-74 1574-89 The Consulate, Nov. 1799-May 1804. (7) The First Empire, 1804-1815. Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. (8) The Restoration, 1814-1848. (5) The Bourbon Line, 1589-1792. Louis XVIII Charles X . Louis Philippe 1814-24 1824-30 1830-48 Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI 1589-1610 1610-43 1643-1715 1715-74 1774-92 (6) The Republic, Sept. 21, 1792-lsrov. 9, 1799. The Convention . . 1792-95 The Directory . . . 1795-99 (9) The Republic of 1848. (10) The Second Empire, 1852-1870. Napoleon III, Emperor of the French. (11) The Republic of 1870. XV. SPAIN. Gothic Kings . . . 4"-7ii Kings of Asturias and Leon 718-1027 Kings of Navarre . . 873-1512 Kings of Leon and Castile .... 1035-1504 Kings of Aragon . .1035-1479 Union of Castile and Aragon .... / Ferdinand and Isa- \ bella .... J Ferdinand, King of ( all Spain . . . Charles I .... Philip II .... Philip III .... M79 1479-1504 1504-16 1516-56 1556-98 1598-1621 Philip IV . . Charles II . • Philip V . . . [Luis I, six months Ferdinand VI . Charles III . . Charles IV . . Ferdinand VII . Joseph Bonaparte Ferdinand VII . Isabella II . • Amadeo I . . Republic . . . Allonso XII Maria-de-las-Mercede Alfonso XIII . . 1621-65 1665-1700 1700-46 1724] 1746-59 1 759-88 1 788-1 808 1808 1808-13 1813-33 1833-68 1870-73 1873-74 1874-85 1885-86 1886 376 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY V. PORTUGAL. Alfonso I Sancho I . Alfonso II Sancho II Alfonso III Denis . . Alfonso IV Peter . . Ferdinand I John I . Edward . Alfonso V John II . Emmanuel John III . Sebastian Henry- Antony . 1139-85 . 1185-1212 1212-23 1223-48 124S-79 I279-1325 1325-57 1367-85 ^385-1433 M 33-38 1438-81 1481-95 M95-1521 ^521-57 1557-78 1578-80 1580 [Dep. by Philip II, and Portu- I gal remams united with Spain till 1640.1 John IV ... Alfonso VI . Peter II . . * * John V . . Joseph Emmanuel . Maria I } . . , Peter III j Jointly . Maria alone. . . John (Regent, 1791. 1816) .... Peter IV (Dom Pedro] Maria II ... Dom Miguel . '. Maria II (rest.) . Peter V .... LwisI Dom Carlos . . 1640-56 1656-83 1683-1706 1706-50 1750-77 1777-86 1786-1816 1816-26 1826 (abd.) 1826-28 1828-33 1833-53 1853-61 1861-89 1889 VI. DENMARK. Sigurd . . , , Hardicanute. . . Eric Eric . ...**' Gorm the Old . \ Harold Blue-Tooth Sweyn * Canute If, King* of England .... Hardicanute or Canute Magnus Sweyn .... * Interregnum. . * ' Harold .... * Canute IV . . * * oiaf ....;; Eric I .... i * I Interregnum. . Nicholas I . . .* * fri'^ii .... : Encin ..... Sweyn .... Canute VJ [Civil War] 794-803 803-850 850-854 854-883 883-941 941-991 991-1014 1014-35 1035-42 1042-47 1047-73 1073-76 1076-80 1080-86 1086-95 095-1103 "03-5 1105-35 1135-37 1137-47 1147-57 Waldemar . Canute VI . Waldemar II Eric IV . Abel Christopher I . * * Eric V Efi^vi . : : : ; Christopher II . , . Interregnum . . \ Waldemar III . Interregnum . . oiaf .....; Margaret, Queen* of Sweden and Norway Union of Calmar (Union of Denmark, Sweden, and Nor- way) .... Margaret and Eric Vlf i [Eric XIII of Sweden Eric VII (alone) . . Interregnum Christopher III 1157-82 1182-1202 1202-41 1241-50 1250-52 1252-59 1259-S6 12S6-1320 1320-34 1334-40 1340-75 1375-76 1376-87 1387-97 1397 .397-1412 1412-38 1438-40 1440-48 I LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS Christian I .... 1448-81 John 1481-1513 Christian II . • • • 1513-23 [Denmark and Sweden are separated.] Denmark and Norway. Frederick I . Chri>tian III Frederick II Christian IV Frederick III Christian V . 1523-33 1533-59 1559-88 1 588-1648 1648-70 1670-99 Frederick IV . . Christian VI ... Frederick V . . . . Christian VII .. • Frederick VI (Regent, 1 784-1808) . . • [Norway annexed to Sweden . . - • Denmark. Christian VIII . . • Frederick VII . • . Christian IX . . • 377 1699-1730 1730-46 1746-66 1766-84 1808-39 1814I 1839-48 1848-63 1863 VII. NORWAY. Oiaf . . . Halfdan I Eystein I Halfdan II Gudrod . Oiaf Geirstadr Halfdan HI . Harold Harfnger p:ric I, Bloody Axe Hako the Good . . Harold II . . . • Hako Jarl .... Oiaf I [Norway is divided > 630-940 940-963 963-977 977-995 995-1000 between Sweden and Denmark.] Oiaf II 1012-30 [Canute of England in 1028 in- vaded and conquered Sweden.] Magnus I Harold Hardrada Oiaf HI . Magnus II Magnus HI Sigurd I . Eystein II Oiaf IV . Magnus IV 1035-47 1047-66 1066-1263 Harold IV . . .\ Sigurd II (followed by civil wrars) • Inge I .... Eystein III . • • Hako III ... Magnus V . . - Swerro .... Hako .... Guthrum ... Inge II . . . Hako IV . . . Magnus VI (the Legis- lator) Eric II HakoV Magnus VII .... Hako VI Oiaf Veil of Denmark) Norway united with Sweden and Den- mark under Margaret Denmark and Norway separated from Swe- den Norway and Sweden I united 1066-1263 VIII. SW^EDEN. Oiaf 1001-26 Edmund Colbrenner . 1026-51 Edmund Slemme . . i°.^i~§5 Stenkill 1056-66 Halstan 1066-90 Ingol 1090-1112 Philip . . . Ingo II . . Swerker I Eric IX . Charles VII Canute 1263-80 1280-99 1299-1319 1319-43 1343-80 1380-87 1389 1523 1814 1112-18 1118-29 1129-55 I 155-61 1161-67 1167-99 378 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS 379 Swerker II . ErJcX . . John I . . Eric XI . . Birger Jarl (Regent) Waldemar I Magnus I Lirger II , Magnus II , Eric XII . . 1199-1210 1210-16 1216-22 1222-50 1250-75 1275-90 1290-1319 1319-50 1350-59 Magnus (restored) 1359-63 (dep.) Albert of Mecklenburg 1363-89 Margaret 1389 Eric XIII (rules alone) 1412-40 (dep.) Christopher III , . 1440-48 Charles VIII . . . 1448-71 Sten Sture, Protector , 1471-83 John II 1483-1502 ijwante Sture, Pro- tector 1503-12 Sten Sture, Protector . 1512-20 Christian II . . . Gustavus I, Vasa . Eric XIV . . . John III ... . Sigismund III . . Charles IX . . . Gustavus Adolphus Christina . . . . 1 Charles X . . . Charles XI . . , Charles XII . . . \ Ulrica Eleanora \ Frederick I . . Adolphus Frederick Gustavus III . . Gustavus IV . . Charles XIII . . Charles (John) XIV Oscar I . . . , Charles XV . , . Oscar II ... . 1520-23 1523-60 1560-69 1569-92 1592-1604 1604-11 1611-32 632-54 (res.) 1 654-60 1660-97 1697-1718 1718-20 1720-51 1751-71 1771-92 1792-1809 1809-18 1818-44 1844-59 1859-72 1872 IX. THE POPES. Gregory I, the Great, Sept. 590- Mar. 604. Sabinianus, Sept. 604- Feb, 606 ? Boniface III, Feb.-Nov. 607 ? Boniface IV, Aug. 608-May 615? Deusdedit, Nov. 615-Uec. 618 ? Boniface V, Dec. 619-Oct. 625 ? Honorius I, Oct. 625-Oct. 638. Sevei inus, May-Aug. 640, John IV, Dec. 640- Oct. 642. Theodore I, Nov. 642-May 649. Martin I, July 649-June 653 (dep.). Eugenius I, Sept. 654-June 657. Vitalianus, July 657-Jan. 672. Adeodatus, April 672-June 676. Domnus I, Nov. 676-April 678. Agathon, June 678- Jan. 68 1 ? Leo II. Aug. 6S2-July 6S3 ? Benedict II, June 684-May 685. John V, July 685-Aug. 6^6 ? Conon, Oct. 686-Sept. 687. Sergius I, Dec. 68 7- Sept. 701. John VI, Oct. 701-Jan. 705. John VII, Mar. 705-Oct. 707. Sisinnius, Jan.-Feb. 708. Constantine, Mar. 70S- April 715. Gregory II, May 715-Feb. 731. Gregory III, Mar. 731-Nov. 741. Zacharias, Nov. 741-Mar. 752. Stephen, Mar. 752, died before consecration. Stephen II, Mar. 752-April 757. Paul I, May 757-June 767. Constantine, usurper, June 767- Aug. 768. Stephen III, Aug. 768-Feb. 772. Hadrian I, Feb. 772-Dec. 795. Leo HI, Dec. 795-June 816. Stephen IV, June 816-Jan. 817. Pascal I, Jan. 817-May 824. Eugenius II, June 824-Aug. 827. .Valentine, Aug.-Dec. 827 ? Gregory IV, Dec. 827-Jan. 844? Sergius II, Jan. 844-Jan. 847. Leo IV, April 847-July 855. Benedict HI, Sept. 855-ApriI 858. Nicholas I, April 858-Nov. 867. Hadrian II, Dec. 867-Nov. 87 2 ? John VIII, Dec. 872-Dec. 882. Marinus, Dec. 882-May 884. i « Hadrianlll (Agapetus), May 884- Sept. 885. Stephen V, Sept. 885-Aug. 891. Formosus, Sept. 891 -April 896. Boniface VI, 896 (died in fifteen days). Stephen VI, 896-897 ? Romanus, Aug.-Nov. 897 1 Theodore II, 898 ? John IX, July 898-Nov. 900. Benedict IV, Dec. 900-Oct. 903. Leo V, Oct.-Nov. 903 (dep.). Christopher, Nov. 903-June 904 (dep.). Sergius III, June 904-Aug. 911. Anastasius III, Aug. 9 ii-Oct. 913. Lando, Oct. 913-April 914. John X, April 914-May 928. Leo VI, June 928-Feb. 929. Stephen VII, Feb. 929-Mar. 931. John XI, Mar. 931-Jan. 936. Leo VII, Ian. 936-July 939- Stephen VIII, July 939-^^'ov. 942. Martin HI, Nov. 942-Jan. 946. Agapetus II, Mar. 946-end of 955- John XII (Octavianus), Jan. 956- Nov. 963 (dep.). Leo VIII, Nov. 963-Mar. 965. Benedict V, 964-965. John XIII, Oct. 965-Sept. 972. Benedict VI, 972-974- Boniface VII, 974. Domnus II, 974^ tic, Benedict VII, Mar. 975-1^^7 9^3 ? John XIV, Nov. 983-Aug. 984. Boniface VII again— ob. Mar. 985. John XV, never lawfully conse- crated, ob. 985. John XVI, July 985-996. Gregory V, May 996-Feb. 999. [John XVII, antipope, May 997-Feb. 998.] Silvester II (Gerbert, Abp. of Ra- venna), April 999-May 1003. John XVII, June-Oct. 1003. John XVHI, Dec. 1003-May 1009 (res.). Sergius IV, 1009-May 1012 ? Benedict VIII, July 1012-July 1024. J. ^ John XIX (brother of Benedict VIII), Aug. 1024-May 1033. Benedict IX (nephew of John XIX), 1033-July 1048 (res.); deposed 1044, and restored on death of Silvester HI ; sold the papacy to Gregory VI; restored on death of Clement H. [Antipopes : — Silvester HI, 1044. Gregory VI, May 1044-Dec. IC46 (dep.). Clement H, Dec. 1046-Oct. 1047.] Damasus II, July-Aug. 1048. Leo IX, Dec. 1048-April 1054. Victor H, Mar. 1055-July 1057. Stephen IX, Aug. 1057-Mar. 1058. [Benedict X, antipope, Mar. 1058-Jan. 1059 (dep.).] Nicholas II, Dec. 1058-July 1061. Alexander II, Sept. 1061-April Gregory VII (Hildebrand), April 1073-May 1085. [Clement HI, antipope, June 1080-Sept. 1090.] Victor HI, May ioS6-Sept. 1087. Urban II, Mar. 1088-July 1099. Pascal II, Aug. 1099 -Jan. 1118. Gelasius II, Jan. Iii8-Jan. 11 19. Calixtus II, Feb. 1119-Dec. 11 24. Honorius II, Dec. 1 1 24-^ eb. 1 1 30. Innocent II, Feb. 1130-Sept. 1143. [Anacletus II, antipope, teb. 1130-Jan. 1138.] Celestine II, Sept. 1 143-Mar. 1 144. Lucius II, Mar. 1144-Feb. 1145. Eugenius HI, Feb. II 45- July ii53- Anastasius IV, July Ii53-Dec. 1 154. Hadrian IV .Nicholas Break- speare), Dec. 1154-Sept. ii59- Alexander HI, Sept. 1159-Aug. 1181. [Antipopes: — Victor IV, Sept. 11 59- April 1164. Pascal HI, April ,1164-Sept. Calixtus HI, Sept. 1168-Aug. 1178 (res.).] Lucius HI, Sept. 1181-Nov. 1185. UrbanlH, Nov. 1185-Oct. 1187. Gregory VIII, Oct.-Dec 1187. I 38o HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS 381 Clement III, Dec. 1187-Mar. 1191. Celestine III, Mar. 1191-Jan. 1198. Innocent III, Jan. 1198-July 12 16. Honorius III, July 1216-Mar. 1227. Gregory IX, Mar. 1227-Aug. 1241. Celestine IV, 1241, died before consecration. Innocent IV, June 1243-Dec. 1254. Alexander IV, Dec. 1254-May 1261. Urban IV, Aug. 1 261 -Oct. 1264. Clement IV, Feb. 1 265-Nov. 1 268. [Vacancy till election of Gregory X, Sept. 1 271.] Gregory X, Sept. 1271-Jan. 1276. Innocent V, Feb.-June 1276. Hadrian V, July 1276, died be- fore consecration. John XXI, Sept. 1276-May 1277. Nicholas III, Nov. 1277-Aug. 12S0. Martin IV, Feb. I28r-Mar. 1285. Honorius IV, April 1285-April 12S7. Nicholas IV, Feb. 1288-April 1292. Celestine V, July-Dec. 1 294 (res.). Boniface VIII, Dec. 1294-Oct. 1303. Benedict XI, Oct. 1303-July 1304. Clement V, June i305-\ April 1 3 14. JohnXXIIjAug. 1316- Dec. 1334. Benedict XII, Dec. In 1334-April 1342. Avignon. Clement VI, May I the 1342-Dec. 1352. (Babylon- Innocent VI, Dec. 1352-Sept. 1362. Urban V, Sept, 1362- Dec. 1370. Gregory XI, Jan. 1 371-/ Mar. 1378. ish Captivity. T/ie Great Schism, Rome. Urban VI (Bartholo- mew Pregnane, Abp.ofBariX April i37S-Oct. 1381^. Boniface IX, Nov. 1389-Oct. 1404. Innocent VII, Oct. 1404-N0V. 1406. Gregory XII, Nov. 1406-July 1415 (res.). In 141 5 the Council of XXIII, persuaded and elected In 1409 the Council of Pisa deposed both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII, and elected Alexander V, June 1 409- May 1 410. John XX III, May 1410-May I415, dep. ; ob. 1419. Constance deposed John Gregory XII to resign, Martin V, Nov. 1417- Feb. 1431. Eugenius IV, Mar. 1431-Feb. 1447. Avignon. Clement VII (Robert, Bp. of Cambray), Sept. 1378-Sept. 1394- Benedict XIII (Peter de Luna), Sept. 1394-1424- Clement VIII, 1424- 1429 (res.). Felix V (Amadeus VIII, D. of Savoy), elected Nov. 1439 by Council of Basle, res. April 1449. f I I Nicholas V (Thomas de Sarzana), Mar. 1447-Mar. 1455- . Calixtus III (Alfonso Borgia), April M.^^S-A^g- H58. Pius II (-^neas Silvius Piccolo- mini), Aug. 1 45 8- Aug. 1464. Paul II, Aug. 1464-Ju^y H7I- ^ Sixtus IV (Francis della Rovere), Aug. 1471-Aug. 1484. Innocent VIII, Aug. 1484-July 1492. Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), Aug. 1492-Aug. 1503. Pius III, Sept. -Oct. 1503. Julius II (Julian della Rovere), Nov. 1503-Feb. T513. Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici), Mar. 1513-Dec. 1521. Hadrian VI, Jan. 1522-Sept. 1523 Clement VII (Giulio de' Medici), Nov. 1523-Sept. 1534. Paul III (Alexander Farnese), Oct. 1534-N0V. 1549- „ Julius III, Feb. 1550-Mar. 1555. Marcellus II, April 1555. Paul IV, May i555-Apnl I5.'i9- Pius IV (John Angelo de Medici), Dec. 1559-Dec. 1=65. Pius V {'Michael Ghislieri), Jan. 1566-May 1572. ^ ., Gregory XIII, May 1572-Apnl Sixtus' V, April 1585- Aug. 1590. Urban VII, Sept. 1590. Gregory XIV, Dec. 1590-Oct. 1591. Innocent IX, Oct.-Dec. 1591. Clement VIII, Jan. 1592-Mar. 1605- Leo XI (Alexander Octavian de Medici), April 1605. Paul V (Camillo Borghese), May 1605-Jan. 1 62 1. Gregory XV, Feb. 1621-July 1623. Urban VIII, Aug. 1623- July 1644. Innocent X, Sept. 1644- Jan. 1655. Alexander VII, April 1655-May 1667. Clement IX, June 1667-Dec. 1669. Clement X, April 1670- July 1676. Innocent XI, Sept. 1676-Aug. 16S9. Alexander VIII, Oct. 1689-Feb. 1691. Innocent XII, July 1 691 -Sept. 1700. Clement XI, Nov. 1700-Mar. T *'2 I Innocent XIII, May 1721-Mar. Benedict XIII, May 1724-Feb. 1730- Clement XII, July 1730-Feb. 1740- Benedict XIV, Aug. 1740-May Clement XIII, July 1758-Feb.. 1769. Clement XIV (Ganganelli), May i76()-Sept. 1774- Pius VI, Feb. 1 7 7. S- Aug. i799- Pius VII, Mar. 1800-Aug. 1823. Leo XII, Sept. 1823-Feb. 1829. Pius VIII, Mar. 1829-Nov. 1830. Gregory XVI, Feb. 1831-June 1^46. ,, . Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai- Ferretli), June 1846-78. Leo XIII, 1878. X. THE OTTOMAN SULTANS. Othman 1307-25 Orchan 1325-59 AmurathI .... 1359-89 Bajazetl ..... 1389-M02 Interregnum and Civil War 1402 13 Mohammed I . . . 14^3-21 Amurath II 1421-51 Mohammed II . Bajazet II . • Selim I . . . Solyman I . . Selim II . . . Amurath III Mohammed III Achmet I . • 1451-81 1481-1512 1512-20 1520-66 1566-74 1574-95 159.^-^603 1603-17 WKk 3S2 HANDBOOK OF EUROPEAN HISTORY Mustapha I . , Othman II . Amurath IV Ibrahim . . Mohammed IV Solyman II . . Achmet II . , Mustapha II Achmet III. . Mahmoud I. . 169 I 1617-18 1618-22 1623-^0 640-49 (dep.) 649-87 fdep.) 16S7-91 1691-95 5-1703 (dep.) 703-30 (dep.) • 1730-54 Othman III . Mustnpha III Abdul Ham id Sclim III Mustapha IV Mahmoud II Abdul Medjid Abdul Aziz . Amurath V . Abdul Hamid I • 1754-57 • 1757-74 . 1774-89 . 1789-1807 (dep.) . . 1807-8 (dep.) . . . 1808-39 . . . 1839-61 1861-76 (dep.) 1876 (dep.) 1876 II XL THE KINGS OF PRUSSIA. Frederick I . . . , Frederick William I . Frederick II, the Great Frederick William II Frederick William III 1701-13 1713-40 1740-86 1786 97 1797-1840 Frederick William IV William I . . . , (Emperor, 1870.) Frederick III . . , William II . . . . 1840-61 1S61-88 1888 1888 XII. KINGS OF SARDINIA AND ITALY. Victor Amadeus I 1720-30 (res.) Charles Emanuel I . 1 730-73 Victor Amadeus II . 1773-96 Charles Emanuel II . 1 796-1 802 (res.) Victor Emanuel I . . 18026 [Sardinia was merged in the kingdom of Italy under Na- poleon I . , . 1805-13] Victor Emanuel is re- stored . . . 1 81 4-2 1 (res.) Charles Felix . . . 1821-31 Charles Albert . . . 1831-49 Victor Emanuel II . 1849-78 (King of Italy, 1861.) Humbert .... 1878 Xin. THE DUKES AND KINGS OF POLAND. [The early history of the The Piast dynasty, 842-1370. Mieczyslaus I . . Boleslaus the Great Mieczyslaus II . . [Period of anarchy Casimir I ... Boleslaus II . , , Wladislaus I . . Boleslaus HI . , Wladislaus II . . Boleslaus IV . . Mieczyslaus III i Casimir II . . . Lesko V (the White ^ 962-992 • 992-1025 ^ 025-34 . 1034-41 1 1041-58 . 1058-81 . 1081-1102 1102-38 1 1 38-46 • 1146-73 173-77 vdep.) • 1177-94 . I194-1201 1201-2 1202-27 1227-79 1279-89 1289-95] 1 295-6 Polish rulers is very obscure.] Mieczyslaus III (rest.) Lesko V ,rest.) . . . Boleslaus V . . . . I>esko VI (the Black) . [Period of anarchy Premislaus II . . . Wladislaus III, Loketek 1 296-1300 (dep.) Wenceslaus I . . . 1300-5 Wladislaus HI (rest.) 1305-33 Casimir III, the Great 1333-70 End of the Piast dynasty, Lewis 1370-82 [Interregnum . . . 13S2-5] Hedwiga . . . 1385-15 I LISTS OF SOVEREIGNS 383 The Jagellon dynasty, 1386-1572. Hedwiga and Wladislaus V . Wladislaus V, alone Wladi>laus VI . . Casimir IV . . . John Albert . . • Alexander . . . Sigismund I . . . Sigismund II . . End of the Jagellon Henry of Valois . . Stephen Bathori . . 1.^86-99 I399-H33 1434-44 1445-92 1492-1501 1501-6 1506-48 1548-72 dynasty. 1573-75 1575-^6 1587-1632 1632-48 1648-69 1669-73 1674-96 Sif^ismund III . . Wladislaus VII . . John Casimir V . .^ Michael Wiesnowies9ki John Sobieski . . • Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony 1697-1704 (dep.) Stanislaus I, Leszczynski 1 704-9 Frederick Augustus I (rest.) 1709-33 Frederick Augustus II 1734-^3 Stanislaus II, Augus- tus, Comte de Po- niatowski . . 17^4-95 (res.) XIV. THE TSARS OF RUSSIA. I. Dukes of Kief . . . 850-1157 IL Grand Dukes of Wla- dimir I157-1328 IIL Grand Dukes of Mos- cow 1328-1462 IV. Consolidation of the Russian Empire under the Tsars. Ivan HI, the Great .1462-1505 Vassili Ivanovitch . . I505-33 Ivan IV, the Terrible . 1533-84 Feodor Ivanovilch . 1584-98 Boris Godunov . . . 1598-1605 [The time of the troubles, 1605-1 3] V. Tsars and Emperors of the House of Romanov. Michael Romanov . 1613-45 Alexis ^^-^rl Feodor Alexievitch . 1676-82 Ivan V and Peter the Great 1682-89 Peter the Great (alone) 1689-1725 Catharine I . . • • 172,^-2 7 Peter II Anna Ivanovna . Ivan VI . . . Elizabeth . • Peter 111 . . Jan. Catharine II . • Paul .... Alexander I . . Nicholas . • . Alexander II 1727-30 1730-40 1740-1 (dep.) 1741-61 5-Julyi9, 1762 . 1762-96 . 1796-1801 1801-25 . 1825-55 . 1855-81 THE END I OXFORD: HORACE HART PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY 1 1 • 1 i ^Y '--^-i .- jJHHt. ifOLUMBIA UNIVERSfTY : 0032143656 9^0 [i^7 \ ■ ' .>. .." 1 . 1 I .. ' .. I •• v > r-r« •mr. MAY 1 4 1940