THE DEVELOPMENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 American Board’s Work in 
 
 Asiatic Turkey 
 
 WITH 
 
 APPENDIX CONTAINING RECORD OF 
 IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PROMINENT 
 
 PERSONS 
 
 By REV. CHARLES C. TRACY, D.D. 
 
 President of Anatolia College 
 
 OLD WALL, CONSTANTINOPLE 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD 
 CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE, 14 BEACON STREET 
 
 BOSTON, MASS. 
 
30 Xon# JfoJC fherfrv TretKwich/ 34 ■ < v 38 
 
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 atemplilS 
 
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Missions of the American Board 
 
 in Asiatic Turkey 
 
 Christ, looking forth upon the multitudes, had compassion on them, 
 because he saw them as sheep without a shepherd. He thought much 
 about the sheep, and little about the mountains they wandered over. 
 
 Those who have “the enthusiasm of 
 humanity,” who love the tribes and 
 nations of their fellow beings, however 
 far astray, will not linger too long upon 
 the geography of their habitations, 
 upon their ethnology and history, but 
 will soon fly to the consideration of 
 their present need and their possibilities 
 in the future. Still—inasmuch as con¬ 
 ditions have something to do with 
 character—mountains, plains, rivers, 
 woods, especially heredity and associ¬ 
 ations, are worthy of consideration. 
 
 Geographically and climatically con¬ 
 sidered, Asiatic Turkey is not an unfa- 
 
 MOSqUE ON THE BOSPHORUS. 
 
 PLOWING WITH BUFFALOES. 
 
4 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 vored land. It is blessed with the influence of the sea on the north, south, 
 and west. It has three great and many lesser rivers. I he extensive 
 ranges of the Taurus and anti-Taurus Mountains in the southern and cen¬ 
 tral portions, together with those 
 that skirt the Black and western 
 seas, so cover in fact most of the 
 country that the traveler, unless on 
 the plains of Mesopotamia, will 
 hardly be out of sight of mountains 
 anywhere. The mountainous char¬ 
 acter of the country secures a 
 variegated and generally agreeable 
 climate. Contrasts are great, as 
 between the river bottoms of the 
 lower Tigris and Euphrates and 
 the snowy heights of the region of 
 Erzroom, whence those waters flow 
 down. One travels across ranges 
 of hills, then finds himself upon a 
 broad plain surrounded by hills— 
 “a sower went forth r io sow. , • 0 jq en recurring as he traverses 
 
 he country. From a sufficient distance the landscape would look like that 
 3f the moon, though with less of the crater characteristic. 
 
 The Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Halys drain and water vast regions. 
 In general, the rainfall is not as reliable nor as abundant as in the United 
 States. Little of the country enjoys much rain in the summer. Disastrous 
 drought is a much more frequent experience than in any of our states, unless 
 in those lying just east of the Rocky Mountains. Probably forests, even in 
 prehistoric times, were never as abun¬ 
 dant as in some other parts of the world. 
 
 It is very possible that even before the 
 days of the Hittite Empire much of the 
 country was as barren as it is now. It 
 is equally certain that vast regions now 
 bare were formerly well forested, espec¬ 
 ially at the head waters of all the streams. 
 
 It is well-nigh certain that many winter 
 torrents now showing dry beds the whole 
 summer were once perennial streams. 
 
 The productive power of the country 
 might be doubled, and much more, by 
 re-forestation. It is fitting to allude here 
 to one way in which superstition acts to 
 desolate a country. In time of drought 
 
 BUFFALOES IN WATER. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 the ignorant shepherd people in the mountains often set fire to the forests, 
 and why? So that the poor insects and reptiles in the fire may cry out to 
 heaven, and move Divine pity to give rain! Thus human sottishness 
 destroys the forests, dries up the streams, and sterilizes the land. 
 
 The most important products of the country are wheat, maize, barley, 
 rice, fruits—-such as grapes, figs, and prunes. Also hemp, cotton, tobacco, 
 opium, and licorice are largely produced and exported. Walnuts (English) 
 and filberts are exported in shiploads from the Black Sea coast. Flocks 
 and herds are numerous; wool and hides are shipped to Europe. Mohair 
 is an important export. 
 
 AREA AND POPULATION 
 
 The whole area of the empire and its nominal dependencies is given as 
 not far from a million and a quarter square miles, and the whole population 
 of the same as about thirty-three millions, between six and seven millions of 
 these, including Bulgarians, being Christians. The fields covered by the 
 Western Turkey, the Central Turkey, and the Eastern Turkey Missions 
 comprise the most important part of the dominions under the immediate 
 control of the Sultan. The portion of territory within the bounds of the 
 above three missions is, perhaps, about four hundred thousand square miles, 
 and the population of the same area near twelve millions (including Con¬ 
 stantinople) ; at least two thirds being Moslems. The Armenians in that 
 territory may number one and a half million, the Greeks about the same. 
 There are also Syrians, Nestorians, and other Christians. 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 The following, and a few other paragraphs in quotation marks, are from 
 previous sketches by President Bartlett and Dr. E. E. Bliss. 
 
 “This is an absolute monarchy, the supreme authority being in the 
 hands of the Sultan, who bears the title of padishah (king of kings), and 
 caliph also, or head of the Mohammedan religion. The oldest male mem¬ 
 ber of the royal family succeeds to the throne in case of a vacancy. The 
 Sultan has ministers in various departments, appointed by himself, whose 
 counsel he seeks, but often overrules. The head minister of religion is 
 called the Sheikh ul Islam , and is the supreme interpreter of the sacred 
 law. The highest minister in the civil service is called the Grand Vizier, 
 or Sadrazam (the occupier of the highest seat), corresponding to the 
 prime minister in other governments. After him come the Minister for 
 Foreign Affairs, the Minister for the Interior, for War, for the Navy, etc. 
 All unite to constitute the Grand Council of the empire, and are designated 
 by the Sultan as his viziers , or representatives. Religious and judicial 
 magnates of different ranks bear the general title of ulema (learned men), 
 
6 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 and have as their head the Sheikh ul Islam. For them the book of the law 
 is the Koran. Of late years the French code of laws and methods of pro¬ 
 cedure by commissions are coming into use in place of what is called the 
 sheriat , or ancient sacred law. The empire is divided into provinces called 
 vilayets , over which governors, called valis , are appointed by the Sultan, 
 and have provincial councils to assist in the administration. Provinces are 
 divided and subdivided, each district having its own local government sub¬ 
 ject to the one above it. In some parts of the empire Christians are ad¬ 
 mitted to positions on various councils, but controlling authority is always 
 retained in the hands of the Mohammedans. The various Christian com¬ 
 munities have each its own national organization to which the supreme gov¬ 
 ernment accords limited authority and privileges, subordinate to itself, and 
 constituting an intricate system, wheels within wheels, of civil and ecclesias¬ 
 tical administration.” 
 
 THE. PE.OPLE. 
 
 Within the pale of the Mohammedan faith are found various nationalities 
 and sects. The predominant race is that of the Ottoman Turks. 
 
 “ The Turks came originally from the high plateau of Central Asia, having 
 China for its eastern border. They have been known in history under 
 various names, as Mongolians, Scythians, and Tartars. Chinese annals, 
 dating back to before the Christian era, speak of a powerful people threat¬ 
 ening their empire from the west, calling them Thiukiu , or Turks. 
 Numerous tribes of Turanian stock, using dialects akin to the Turkish, and 
 some of them professing Buddhism, are still found widely scattered in that 
 region. In early times the tide of emigration and conquest, forced back 
 from China, poured toward the west as early as the fifth and sixth centuries 
 of the Christian era. Turkish tribes became known in Europe from their 
 connection with the Greek and Roman Empire at Constantinople. Ad¬ 
 vancing slowly with great herds of cattle through the vast region now 
 bearing the name Turkestan, some of these Turkish tribes encountering the 
 Saracens (Mohammedans coming from Arabia), they themselves, in the 
 tenth century, embraced the religion of Mohammed, and became from that 
 time its zealous propagators. 
 
 “One of these tribes, called Seljuk, from the first known chief of the tribe, 
 moving on by a southern route through Bagdad, established a kingdom 
 which at one time extended from the borders of China to the shores of the 
 Mediterranean. For 224 years (1075-1299 A. D.) it had for its capital, 
 Konia (the ancient Iconium), and waged frequent wars with the Crusaders 
 and the Greeks of Constantinople. When this Seljukian Turkish Empire 
 began to wane other Turkish tribes, advancing by a more northern route 
 from the prolific hive in Central Asia, by the Caspian and Aral Seas and 
 through Armenia, completely subverted the dominion of the Seljukians, 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 / 
 
 and established in its stead that of the Ottoman Turks, so called from 
 Othman, their chief. Under him and his successors this new Turkish 
 power extended into Europe, even to the walls of Vienna, and in its reflux 
 wave captuied Constantinople in the S^^th year of the Mohammedan 
 Hegira and the 1453d year of the Christian era. Since that time these 
 Ottoman J urks have ruled the land. They assume to themselves as 
 Mohammedans and conquerors all the higher offices of government, and, 
 designating the Christian part of the population as rayaJis (subjects), 
 compel them to pay special taxes, but exempt them from military duty. 
 These Ottoman Turks, through the change of climate and habits of life 
 resulting from removal from Central Asia to Asia Minor, and from the 
 introduction of so many Circassian women into their harems, now present 
 a physical type quite different from that still found among the Turkish 
 tribes in their original home.” 
 
 The Arabs are numerous in the south and east. They are Moham¬ 
 medans; so aie the Circassians and Georgians, who have come in from the 
 north in large numbers, and the Koords of different tribes, occupying 
 mainly the provinces bordering on Persia. The many sects bearing the 
 name Mohammedan are left undisturbed so long as they accept the one 
 generic creed, “ There is no god but God ; and Mohammed is the prophet 
 of God. The Christian sects of the world could learn something of 
 practical importance from this. 
 
 As in other parts of the empire, so in Asiatic Turkey tribes and tongues 
 are numerous. The question how far races have been intermingled is an 
 interesting one, but past all solution. Within the Mohammedan faith there 
 is free intermarriage, and doubtless through the power of motives and 
 forces long at work under the supremacy of Islam great numbers have, by 
 intermarriage and in other ways, been transferred from the Christian to the 
 Mohammedan ranks. 
 
 In the centuries following the Trojan War there was much colonization 
 by the Greeks along the shores of the Mediterranean and Euxine Seas. 
 Some of these colonies afterwards became very important, Trapezus (Trebi- 
 zond) attaining to the dignity of empire. It is a curious fact that among the 
 Greeks in the regions inland from Trebizond, and among those in 
 other places who colonized from those regions, the peasants use many 
 archaic forms of language belonging to the Greek of Homer’s day. 
 
 The Armenians originally occupied the region about Ararat and the lands 
 drained by the Araxes and the Upper Euphrates. Their dominion was, in 
 olden time, much extended, reaching beyond the Taurus Mountains to the 
 Mediterranean coast and far westward. “Armenia,” however, was of very 
 indefinite extent. There is now no province or region inhabited exclusively 
 by Armenians, nor any considerable portion of territory in which they can 
 claim a majority of the population. They are widely distributed in the 
 Turkish Empire and in other lands. 
 
s 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 LANGUAGES, CUSTOMS, RELIGIONS 
 
 The languages spoken in the country are many. The general official 
 language is the Turkish, itself composite, containing the elements of Tartar 
 tongues, as also of Arabic and Persian. It is the market language in general, 
 though not everywhere. Arabic prevails largely south of the Taurus 
 Mountains. Armenians commonly, though not everywhere, use their own 
 language at the hearthstone and for religious purposes, while their business 
 is transacted in Turkish. The same thing is true of the Greeks and those 
 of other nationalities. There are two or more fireside dialects among the 
 Koords, and a half dozen among the Circassians. 
 
 The customs, like their languages and religions, are deeply grounded in 
 the ideas of the people, and seem stereotyped. While they exhibit, in some 
 respects, a certain degree of elasticity and adaptability, in others there is an 
 amazing fixity. One is reminded of the yellow waters of the River Halys, 
 where it empties into the Black Sea : for miles and leagues it holds its own 
 color, in the midst of the clear dark waters of the Euxine ; the border is 
 often so distinct that the stern of the vessel may be in the yellow water while 
 the prow is in the blue. If Asiatic Turkey were transported into the middle 
 of Europe, and held there a thousand years with all the influence of the cen¬ 
 turies moving about and through it, it would at the end of that time, though 
 modified and externally harmonized with its environment, exhibit the sur¬ 
 vival of innumerable forms of speech and thought and custom. No doubt 
 certain preparations of food, certain social customs, would after a thousand 
 years be found in use as now. These things certainly have persisted during 
 the last three thousand years, through all the changes of empire and invasion 
 that have made the history of the country so variegated. This is not only a 
 matter of interest, but of great importance. Often in the midst of the com¬ 
 monest affairs of life there breaks upon the mind of the traveler or the 
 student from Western lands the true meaning of some passage of Scripture, 
 dark and unintelligible to the Occidental scholar even, but plain as day in 
 the light of some Oriental custom, form of speech or thought. Asiatic 
 Turkey is the land of the Bible, and will yet do great service in the elucida¬ 
 tion of Ploly Writ. The Oriental child often understands the Scripture 
 where the Occidental commentator cannot. The whole East is a museum 
 of antiquities. Pie who would understand law or psalm, proverb or proph¬ 
 ecy, without resorting to it for help, would be as unwise as the theoretic 
 geologist who, depending on his own knowledge, should refuse to study col¬ 
 lections of fossils. In books of exegesis and commentary one often sees 
 how the authors have projected Occidental notions into ancient Oriental 
 writings. 
 
 In one respect the Orient does not differ from the Occident, in the tend¬ 
 ency—one is tempted to say determination—to settle down and rest upon 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 9 
 
 forms in religion. Ritualism is a universal disease or weakness in human¬ 
 ity. It prevails equally East and West, and in any zone. It would hardly 
 be safe for any people to say that another tribe is more subject to this 
 weakness than itself. That utterance so luminous, and worthy of the 
 divine Christ, God is a spirit, and they that worship him must worship 
 him in spirit and in truth,” is still, to vast numbers called Christians, as 
 sunlight shining upon blind eyes. In any land it is the quickening spirit 
 which makes the word living and active. 
 
 THE. NE.CE.SSITY FOR AND BEGINNINGS OF 
 
 E.VANGE.LIZATION 
 
 It is not necessary here to criticise the different religions of the East, 
 nor to pronounce any decision as to which is better or which is worse. In 
 each of them is found something of the truth which Jesus so clearly re¬ 
 vealed. Among the adherents of each there are souls that look devoutly up 
 to God,but not through 
 open skies ; some look 
 up through the shades 
 of a tangled forest. 
 
 Few are they who do 
 not sorely need clearer 
 light. One difficulty 
 is everywhere preva¬ 
 lent,—the difficulty of 
 introducing and pre¬ 
 serving spiritual life. 
 
 It is still true that 
 many, perhaps during 
 past centuries myriads, 
 of different and an¬ 
 tagonistic faiths have 
 become martyrs to their 
 faith. This fact has 
 been used by each as a 
 triumphant argument, 
 justly so as concerns 
 the sincerity of the 
 martyrs. It amounts 
 to little as a proof of 
 the truth. Mohamme¬ 
 dans and Christians 
 can marshal equal 
 
 numbers of martyrs. dr. elias riggs. 
 
 J 
 
IO 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 It is as necessary to consider and discern the spirit of the martyr as the 
 spirit of the living witness. It is not death for a religion that proves it 
 true, but life in it; otherwise the devotee of Juggernaut must be crowned 
 with Stephen and with Christ. A holy life, the expression of a holy 
 love, is the only test; it may end in martyrdom. 
 
 In this view it becomes evident why the whole East needs to be evan¬ 
 gelized. The fact that people are nominally Christian makes no difference. 
 Facts, not names, have importance. The most Christian lands of our day 
 need the constant proclamation of the gospel message. Every church needs 
 
 to ring with it, every fireside needs 
 to be warmed with it, every soul 
 personally to come under the power 
 of it. Anyone with Christian feel¬ 
 ing and actual experience on the 
 ground knows how the churches 
 and souls and firesides of the East 
 need the evangel. All that has been 
 done in the East is little in com¬ 
 parison with what is done in the 
 West, and too much is not done 
 anywhere. 
 
 Experiments in evangelization 
 had to be made. They were made 
 in the early days of the mission by 
 men capable of learning better 
 methods, not by those doggedly 
 committed to certain prescribed 
 ways. The Apostle Paul, long 
 before, had found his way by feel¬ 
 ing his way, under the guiding 
 Spirit, to Galatia, to Bithynia, to 
 Troas, into Europe, where he struck the track of his great mission at 
 Philippi, and opened the Christian age to the West. 
 
 The American Board established a mission to the Greeks and Jews at 
 Smyrna in 1S20. That was a stepping stone at an open door. The Arme¬ 
 nian people were discovered ; they had been little known, though so old a 
 nation—“ a shrewd, industrious, persevering race,” who received Chris¬ 
 tianity in the fourth century through Gregory, their great illuminator, the 
 Scriptures being translated into their tongue in A. D. 477 - It 1S now an 
 ancient tongue, little understood by the uneducated. “ The Armenian 
 (Gregorian) Church is a body as strongly marked as the Roman Catholic or 
 Greek. ... Its head is the Catholicos. It holds to transubstantiation, in¬ 
 vokes the saints, enforces confession and penance, teaches baptismal regen¬ 
 eration, priestly absolution and the merit of good works, observes fourteen 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 I I 
 
 great feast days, one hundred and sixty-five fast days, and minor feasts more 
 numerous than the days in the year. It has nine grades of clergy, some of 
 whom are obliged to be once married.” While this religious system has 
 not been in vain,—has, in fact, had a strong and continuous modifying influ¬ 
 ence upon the spirits and minds of the people,—it can no more be considered 
 sufficient than moonlight or starlight is sufficient to take the place of day¬ 
 light. Not only did the Armenians, like the Greeks and all the other 
 nominal Christians, need the republication of the simple gospel, but there 
 was among them a thirst for it. Their reverence for the Word of God, their 
 strong religious nature, their sturdy and persevering character, their ac¬ 
 quaintance with many different peoples and knowledge of their languages, 
 grandly fit them to be an apostolic nation, if they can duly recognize that 
 mission. 
 
 The British and Foreign Bible Society had printed and circulated some 
 thousand copies of the Scriptures in ancient Armenian, which was under¬ 
 stood by the well educated. An Armeno-Turkish translation of the New 
 Testament, intelligible to all the people, was early issued, and had influ¬ 
 ence. A letter written by Dr. Jonas King to the Catholics, stating the 
 reasons why he could not become a papist, was translated by Bishop 
 Dionysius and sent to Constantinople, where it produced among the prom¬ 
 inent Armenians “extraordinary effect. A meeting was held, the Scripture 
 references examined, and a determination adopted to do something to purify 
 the church. One immediate effect was a training school for priests. At 
 the head of it was placed Peshtimaljian, a profound scholar, a theologian 
 and humble student of the Bible,—a sort of Oriental Melancthon, even in 
 his timidity. For, while steadily exerting an evangelical influence, and 
 silently guiding his pupils in the paths of inquiry, he was alarmed when he 
 saw them joining the evangelical movement; and though he at length gained 
 firmness enough to encourage them in their course, it was only in the year 
 of his death that he openly declared his position. All the first converts at 
 Constantinople were from among his alumni.” Two missionaries of the 
 Board, Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons, began work at Smyrna in 1820. 
 
 In 1829 the Prudential Committee of the American Board sent forth two 
 others, H. G. O. Dwight and Eli Smith, on a long tour of exploration among 
 the Armenians. In 1 S31 Mr. Goodell, known so long in the East as 
 “Father Goodell,” came to Constantinople, and the systematic evangeliza¬ 
 tion of the empire was begun. He was joined by H. G. O. Dwight, W. G. 
 Schauffler, Elias Riggs, Cyrus Hamlin, and others—the fathers in the mis¬ 
 sion to Turkey ; some of them geniuses, more of them profound scholars, 
 and most of them exceedingly wise and practical in character, so that they 
 got, among prominent Englishmen, the reputation for “a marvelous com¬ 
 bination of common sense and piety.” Consecrated men and women ! 
 Why are not the great wives of great men more recognized? It is gen¬ 
 erally because of them that their husbands are “ known in the gates." 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 I 2 
 
 The early missionaries saw the necessity of putting the Scriptures into the 
 hands of the people in intelligible language. Whatever modern or ancient 
 criticism may have to say, the Bible has been proved to be God’s book 
 for the people, greater than its friendly critics, safe from the unfriendly, 
 and the teacher of all. “ The breath of God,” as the Bible is called in 
 Armenian, has everywhere been par eminence the power in the great 
 evangelistic work that is now changing the whole appearance and condition 
 of things in the East. The influence that quickens the spirits in the East, 
 wakes up the minds, gives man an aim worthy of his manhood, stirs enthu¬ 
 siasm, begets enterprise, almost immediately begins to uplift womanhood, 
 purifies and restores the family and society, is the Word of God, the chosen 
 instrument of the Spirit of God. Especially has this been a chosen instru¬ 
 ment in the schools. The Bible in the schools is to-day rejuvenating the 
 Eastern mind and creating Christian civilization; though, in the meantime, 
 some of the lands of the West, which owe everything to the same Bible, are 
 in their wisdom banishing the “breath of God” from the schools, thus 
 taking one measure to deprive our civilization of its life. 
 
 Among the first to come out into the clear light of the gospel were young 
 Hohannes Der Sahagian and a companion named Senekerim. The attend¬ 
 ance at Mr. Goodell’s meetings increased; a movement followed and a 
 great excitement. Opposition schools were started in Scutari and in 
 Haskeuy. In the latter place, through an enlightened banker’s influence, 
 Der Sahagian himself, to everybody’s amazement, was made teacher of 
 hundreds of pupils. 
 
 PERSECUTION 
 
 There followed, as might be expected, a period of persecution. The 
 seat of the patriarch at Constantinople was occupied by a violent enemy. 
 Whatever could be done by intimidation, by anathema and boycotting, by 
 false accusations of crime, by deprivation of worldly goods, by the rending 
 of family and social ties, by the infliction of prison woe and subjection to 
 ignominy, by reviling and by stoning, the persecutors did not neglect to do, 
 the result being what it usually is in such cases—those so ill-treated were 
 established in their conviction of the truth of that for which they suffered. 
 Every blow had helped drive down the piles on which the temple was to be 
 built. “ The excommunication was a blunder ; it founded four Protestant 
 churches the first year. The Romish patriarch had, in 1836, tried his hand 
 at a public denunciation of the missionaries and their books. Four years 
 later the Armenian patriarch had issued a bull, followed in a fortnight by 
 one from the Greek patriarch, both of the same description, followed in 
 six weeks by another Armenian bull, with fearful anathemas. For six 
 months continuously was this anathema kept dinning every Sabbath in the 
 ears of the faithful till cursing grew stale. So much thundering sent many 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 *3 
 
 ✓ 
 
 flashes of light through the dark. The patriarch had better facilities for 
 advertising than the missionaries. He unquestionably sent them a multi¬ 
 tude of inquirers.” 
 
 # u When the patriarch had hurried Bedros out of the city for his Protes¬ 
 tant tendencies, this vartabed , or monk, had gone distributing books and 
 preaching throughout all the region of Aleppo and Aintab. When the 
 same persecutor had sent Vertannes a prisoner to the monastery at Marash, 
 and then banished him to Cesarea, Vertannes had first awakened the monks 
 and then preached the gospel all the way to Cesarea. 
 
 il The missionaries wisely availed themselves of the rising interest in tours 
 of preaching and conversing and distributing religious treatises. Messrs. 
 Powers, Johnson, Van Lennep, Everett, Benjamin (accompanied by earnest 
 native laborers), went forth preaching at Aintab, Aleppo, Brousa, Harpoot, 
 Sivas, Diarbekir, Arabkir, Marsovan, Cesarea and various other places in 
 the empire.” 
 
 Thus a great movement was inaugurated. The establishment of evan¬ 
 gelical schools immediately followed—an agency of untold power. Most 
 marked in the early days was the influence of the seminary at Bebek, on 
 the Bosphorus. The warm and earnest spirit of the early evangelical breth¬ 
 ren was very great, and permeated the whole interior. Due emphasis has 
 hardly been laid upon this. 
 
 In iS^o the Sultan gave forth the edict establishing the Protestant com¬ 
 munity on the same footing with other Christian bodies, and the force of 
 persecution was broken. No man is more gratefully remembered by the 
 evangelical people than Sir Stratford Canning (Lord Stratford de Redcliffe), 
 whose straightforward boldness made him the champion of religious liberty. 
 With the force of his own character and of the great nation at his back, he 
 became “The voice of England in the East,” as says Tennyson's line on 
 his monument in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 So much for the introduction of the new force through the life-giving 
 gospel. The whole story, with all its thrilling events and experiences, could 
 not be told in a volume of moderate size. All that can be done here is 
 to give a brief sketch of the subsequent developments under several heads, 
 to show the great main branches which the tree of life has thrown out in 
 its vigorous growth. 
 
 THE. DE.VEXOPME.NT 
 
 I. OF THE SELF-SUPPORTING AND SELL-PROPAGATING 
 
 EVANGELICAL CHURCH 
 
 Without this no land can be evangelized. The original three or four 
 churches grew and branched forth, and new churches sprang up in different 
 places. Early in the progress of the work the duty of assuming their own 
 support was inculcated, and, with time and progress, more and more of the 
 
H 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 responsibility and expense was laid upon young churches. There has been 
 no turning hack, though the pressure has been gentle. Much unevenness 
 has been seen in the progress of self-support, occasionally retrogression, but 
 in a general view results are very gratifying. 
 
 What was originally one great mission in the Turkish Empire has become 
 four missions (five including Syria, which is now under the Presbyterian 
 Board) : The Western Turkey Mission, including the larger part of the 
 peninsula of Asia Minor and Constantinople; the European Turkey 
 Mission, including the European principalities and provinces; the Central 
 Turkey Mission, south of the Taurus Mountains, and extending to the 
 borders of Syria ; the Eastern Turkey Mission, in the region of the Upper 
 Euphrates, and reaching to the Persian and Russian boundaries. Each of 
 
 A TURKISH ARABA. 
 
 (Such as the missionaries travel in zvherever there are roads.) 
 
 these missions has its centers of work, and each center or station its out- 
 stations. The present sketch includes only those under the American 
 Board in Asiatic Turkey. The original four churches have increased to 
 120, of which 43 are in the Western, 33 in the Central, and 44 in the Eastern 
 Mission. There is a multitude of out-stations, also, with evangelical com¬ 
 munities, schools, and regular preaching of the gospel, where, though there 
 are many church members, churches are not yet organized ; such organiza¬ 
 tion depending on the fulfillment of certain conditions. The total member¬ 
 ship in the churches is 13,409. The churches in the Central Mission are 
 fewer in number,—one fourth of the whole,—but they are larger in mem¬ 
 bership,—near one half of the whole. Also, as a result of the great 
 revival in the Central Mission, there have been as many additions of late 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 *5 
 
 as in the two others together. The number added to the churches on 
 profession of faith in 1902 was 871. The amount paid by the people for 
 the support and propagation of the gospel and for education was $93,000. 
 In Eastern Turkey the people have been prostrated for years with calamities 
 untold, and self-support must inevitably be hindered accordingly. In 
 Western Turkey great strides have been made; the people within that 
 mission expended for church, educational, and benevolent work during 
 the year 1903 about $66,000. This sum, where the average earnings of the 
 givers are from twelve to twenty cents a day, and unreliable at that, means 
 
 PASTORS IN CENTRAL TURKEY. 
 
 a large proportion of income. This $66,000 translated into American 
 terms,—that proportion of average income in our country would mean near 
 or quite half a million dollars. Aside from missionary salaries, for every 
 dollar now given by the American Board in prosecuting the religious and 
 educational work in that mission the native brethren are contributing two 
 dollars. In one station where years ago it was difficult to raise a hundred 
 dollars all told for this work, from native sources $9,000 (or, if all school 
 expenses are reckoned in, twelve thousand) is the present amount paid by 
 the same Christian community at this date (1903), and it is yet on the in¬ 
 crease. Of this, $2,000 and more is for home and foreign missions. 
 
i6 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 Many a poor Armenian in the Koordish mountains, many a tattered 
 villager on the Harpoot plains, used to the suffering of robbery and inured to 
 want, brings for the support and propagation of the gospel his poor pittance, 
 more munificent, measured by the sacrificing devotion of it, than the gifts of 
 princes that sound aloud as they fall into the treasury. In other parts of the 
 country there are those so humble that the dwelling of the family would 
 hardly be valued at $25, who yet bring $25 to help build the house of 
 worship, where they and their poor neighbors may hear the sound of the 
 gospel. There is a little church of forty-two members on the Black Sea 
 coast that has never, from the beginning, had a dollar of outside aid. 
 They have built their own house of worship, carry on a good, independent 
 school and vigorous evangelization in the vicinage, and have, moreover, 
 within a dozen or fifteen years sent contributions aggregating near two 
 thousand dollars into the treasury of the American Board. They are also 
 devising, from their little possessions, legacies to the same Board. A com¬ 
 munity of poor shepherds in the mountains who could not, by pooling 
 their total possessions, comfortably support one respectable village family 
 in the United States, are entirely self-supporting, have a house of worship, 
 sustain a good school, and have undertaken to evangelize twenty-six villages 
 in their vicinity. And these are not isolated cases of sporadic devotion— 
 they are very common things. A large proportion of the evangelical people 
 are accustomed to devote to benevolence at least a tenth of all income, all 
 earnings, and many do far more. 
 
 If sacrifice in poverty for Christ’s cause is a fruit of the Spirit now, as it 
 was in Macedonia in the days of the Apostle Paul, the constituency of the 
 American Board have no reason for discouragement as to the fruits of their 
 work in Asia. In Central Turkey similar encouragement appears. 
 
 Balancing together the elements of success in these three missions, we 
 find the average to represent nearly equal power active among the people. 
 In the Eastern Mission we find the spirit of endurance under heavy trial, in 
 the Western large development of the spirit of benevolence and progressive 
 Christian education, and in the Central earnest spiritual life and effective 
 effort in bringing forward preachers and teachers. If martyrdom for 
 Christ’s sake were put down as an element in the tabular views of missions 
 the dollar signs might fade into insignificance, and the last become first. 
 
 Not in money contributions alone do the evangelical Christians of Asia 
 Minor show the spirit of advancement; not a few manifest that spirit in 
 labors abundant. “There are struggling communities of these people, 
 burdened with poverty and the trials of life, yet sending forth from the 
 focus of fervent faith laborers, going two and two among the villages, 
 publishing the good tidings, laboring to make the ignorant and depraved 
 understand that ‘ God so loved the world.’ ” These simple-hearted people 
 believe the gospel, and preach it because they believe it. They need none 
 of the help of doubt. Life itself is too real, its burdens too heavy, its ways 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 l 7 
 
 too rough, its thorns too sharp, to allow of according value to any gospel or 
 philosophy which does not give them a Christ, here and now, a word of 
 promise and consolation to be relied on. Whatever of tiuth 01 half tiuth 
 various and conflicting evolutionary systems may contain, they aie not pi each- 
 able to weary, bleeding, and suffering humanity. These humble evangelists 
 have in their minds no shadow of a suspicion concerning the eternal truth of 
 the message they bear, and Christ is with them, according to his piomise. 
 So gospel love and gospel grace are communicated from village to village, 
 and the work grows of itself, because of its inherent power. 
 
 DR. AND MRS. WILSON A. FARNSWORTH. 
 
 Not always and everywhere has the new element been so simple and puie. 
 Sometimes the false intrudes, and mixes itself with the tine, wheieb\ the 
 truth is half despoiled of its power. “It was ever thus.” 
 
 II. THE. DE.VE.LOPME.NT OF THE. SPIRITUAL LIFE. 
 
 The above Nance at some of the Christian workers leads diiectly to the 
 consideration of the development of spiritual life. As the giowth of 
 formalism registers its decadence, so the appearance of that life bleaks up 
 formalism, and is generally accompanied with enthusiasm for all that is 
 good. Doubtless brilliant civilization and material progress may be sus¬ 
 tained and nourished for a time by other than gospel influence, and mateiial 
 progress is likely to be pronounced success. To the church in Laodicea, 
 rich and increased in goods, outshining all in respectability, the Lord said, 
 “I will spew thee out of my mouth ” ; while to that in Philadelphia he 
 
1 8 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 said, “Thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not 
 denied my name ; I have set before thee an open door, and no man can 
 shut it.” Far more important is the question of spiritual life than the con¬ 
 sideration of the number of church members, the amounts paid in support 
 of churches and schools, the advance in learning and civilization. 
 
 Have these Christians caught the spirit of Christ? It is no easy task to 
 estimate spirits, to compute devotion, to measure sainthood. No statistics 
 give account of patience and love, of quiet ministrations to the sick and 
 
 hungry and imprisoned. 
 Only those who have 
 been in intimate rela¬ 
 tions with the people in 
 question can form a 
 judgment at all correct 
 in regard to these things. 
 Inconsistencies are as 
 common and as disheart¬ 
 ening among Asiatic 
 Christians as elsewhere 
 in the church, and yet, 
 were the opinions of the 
 experienced gathered up, 
 the nearly unanimous 
 judgment would be that 
 the constellations of the 
 Western Asiatic church 
 are as bright with stars 
 of true sainthood as any 
 in the hrm am ent of 
 Christendom ; especially 
 is it to be conceded if 
 martyrdom adds brightness. And surely though men may die for a false 
 cause, it is glorious to die for a true one. The saints and heroes of the 
 East are not written up in the newspapers, nor kept before the public ; 
 their humble and self-denying labors are known to God. How many good 
 pastors and Bible women, sincere brethren, and unpretending sisters are 
 winning, or have won, a bright crown by patient continuance in well doing ! 
 Any missionary in any held knows of them. Not a few after the earnest 
 work of life have laid down life in martyrdom at last for the testimony of 
 jesus. Many, many true-hearted women, unknown to the great world, 
 have been, or soon will be, introduced into the company of the Marys who 
 ministered to the Master when he was on earth. He would be a bold critic 
 who would undertake to say that in the average Asiatic evangelical church 
 there is less of true devotion than in the average American church of the 
 
 REV. HAGOP ABOUHAIATIAN, MARTYR. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 l 9 
 
 same profession. While in business efficiency and organized action Asi¬ 
 atic churches may not compare well with Western, in willingness to bear 
 burden and trial, it will not be entirely for our comfort if we compare our¬ 
 selves with them. Judged by the effort to live the life of Christ in human 
 society, judged by the spirit of patience, the spirit of forgiveness, the spirit 
 of benevolence, the spirit of prayerfulness, the spirit of reverence and love, 
 the less confidence the churches and people of the West entertain of out¬ 
 ranking those of the East the greater will be their credit for humility. 
 
 There is no question more difficult than that of church discipline; none 
 that tests more severely the spirits of the faithful brethren, or makes them 
 feel more keenly the necessity of the spirit of Christ among them. To keep 
 the church pure, and, at the same time, to avoid rooting up the wheat with 
 the tares, requires a wisdom, a firmness, a gentleness hard for individual 
 Christians or churches to attain to. Most of those well acquainted with 
 conditions in the Turkish missions will probably agree that the effort to keep 
 the church pure through discipline of the disorderly is more honest and 
 earnest than among the churches of our own country. If discipline is to be 
 exercised there must be much trouble and affliction; if it is given over there 
 must result lapse and corruption. To the honor of most of the evangelical 
 brethren in Turkey, it must be said that they have shown Christian solici¬ 
 tude and patience in their efforts to keep corruption out of the church. 
 
 Organized church life is a branch of the spiritual life of the church. In 
 order to secure fellowship and harmonious action, several evangelical 
 unions have been formed, one in the neighborhood of Constantinople, called 
 the Bithynia Union ; another south of the Taurus Mountains, called the 
 Cilicia Union; one in the central portion of the peninsula of Asia Minor, 
 called the Central Union ; the fourth in Eastern Turkey, called the Harpoot 
 Union. In the meetings of these unions the interests of the work are dis¬ 
 cussed and fostered, forces are united, sympathies kindled, co-operation and 
 good understanding advanced. Also, the unions usually attend to the 
 examination and licensure of candidates for the ministry, to ordination of 
 pastors and to questions of fellowship and discipline where counsel is asked. 
 
 These unions have also taken up home missionary work in different parts 
 of the land, notably in Koordistan. 
 
 The unions are independent bodies ; missionaries are honoray members. 
 As in the churches, so here they have influence as counselors and friends, 
 but have no authority. As the churches are expected to be self-supporting 
 and self-propagating, they are also self-governing. It is confidently expected 
 that self-government and strength will in due time be such that when the 
 foreign influence and aid are wholly withdrawn, the work will go on un¬ 
 checked. Toward this consummation the spiritual forces in action are now 
 working. 
 
20 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 III. THE. DEVELOPMENT IN EDUCATION 
 
 During the prosecution of this work in the Turkish Empire wise atten¬ 
 tion has been given all along to the education of the young, both in the 
 common branches, with reference to good and intelligent social and family 
 Christian life; and in the more advanced, with reference to the Christian 
 leadership so vitally important in the development of the community. 
 That this principle, discerned by our own American forefathers, as a 
 corner stone in our national structure, is just as applicable to and important 
 
 PRESIDENT CYRUS HAMLIN. 
 
 in the building of Christian communities in mission lands as at home, has 
 dawned at last upon the minds of all who seriously prosecute this foreign 
 work. The position which Christian education has taken in missions is 
 impregnably strong. Not only does such education improve, inform, 
 enable young men and young women, but it finds out the able, gathers up 
 the natural leaders; it not only educates, but makes educators. It is a 
 means without which no Christian country, community, or enterprise has 
 ever held permanent leadership, or ever can. The day of light is advanc¬ 
 ing in the East with the rise of the Christian colleges. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 2 I 
 
 Very great and far-reaching was the influence of that school established 
 in early times by Cyrus Hamlin in the village of Bebek, on the Bosphorus. 
 This first venture, though so small a craft compared with what has followed, 
 made the wake for a whole fleet of mighty vessels coming after,—Robert 
 College at Constantinople, the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut, the 
 Central Turkey College at Aintab, Euphrates College at Harpoot, Anatolia 
 College at Marsovan, the American College for Girls at Scutari, the Insti¬ 
 tute at Samokov in Bulgaria, St. Paul’s Institute at Tarsus, the International 
 College at Smyrna, with leading schools for girls in the interior like those 
 at Marash, Marsovan, and elsewhere. Another most important class of 
 institutions took its rise from the same fountain,—the theological seminaries 
 at Marash, Marsovan, Harpoot, without which the others would hardly 
 have come into existence. They introduced the gospel widely, and educa¬ 
 tional progress followed. Here we have a dozen or more institutions 
 which are the leaders of thought and the makers of character in the empire. 
 As this sketch deals only with matters in the care of the American Board 
 in Asiatic Turkey, attention must here be confined to the schools there 
 located and within the sphere of the Board’s responsibility. 
 
 Great and wide as is the influence of the institutions to which attention is 
 here directed, their total equipment in land, buildings, libiaiies, appaiatus, 
 endowments, is hardly more than three quarteis of a million dollais. 
 While each in its own field holds the place of a Yale, or an Oberlin, or a 
 Williams, or a Mt. Holyoke, or a Beloit, the cost of all in money is hardly 
 equal to that of one of the humblest of the above named,—not one tenth of 
 what it is in corresponding American institutions, with fundamentally 
 equal curricula,-—so great is the contrast in the scale of expense between 
 the two countries as concerns grounds, buildings, appui tenances, salaiies, 
 and other expense. 
 
 CENTRAL TURKEY COLLEGE 
 
 From Central Turkey College, established in 1874, at Aintab, has come 
 forth a remarkable number of leaders, of sound moral and religious 
 character. In this respect it is eminent among the colleges. 
 
 There is a corps of eleven teachers. Though the numbei of students is 
 not large, the institution produces solid and influential men. It may be 
 compared to a tree without very great spread of branches or fine show of 
 leaves, but excellent fruit and much of it. Theie is connected with it an 
 important medical branch, from which have come foith moie than foity 
 physicians now prospering in important places, and the college has pio- 
 duced about as many ministers of the gospel. A much greater numbei of 
 teachers has issued from its halls, and they have made a deep impression 
 upon the land. The college is the controlling influence in that legion. 
 
 In order to hold that influence permanently and enter still larger fields, 
 the instruments of enlarged influence must be provided. In this lespect the 
 
22 
 
 MISSIONS IN 
 
 ASIATIC 
 
 TURKEY 
 
 CENTRAL TURKEY COLLEGE, AINTAI 
 
MISSION PREMISES AT IIARPOOT, WITH NEW BUILDINGS OF EUPHRATES COLLEGE. 
 
2 4 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 college has felt need and feels it more and more. As this has proved itself 
 an institution of first-class importance in the country, it deserves hearty sym¬ 
 pathy and full provision for its wants. The salaries of professors have 
 been kept at a low figure ; much of the good work done has been accom¬ 
 plished under pressure of financial difficulty. The evangelical people of 
 the region have a share in the management of Central Turkey College, and 
 will have a larger share as time passes. They, as well as the mission, are 
 to be congratulated on the fact that they are ready and able to take up this 
 responsibility. 
 
 EUPHRATES COLLEGE 
 
 Euphrates College, established in 1876, at Harpoot, holds a position both 
 trying and important, as that place has been a much agitated center during 
 past years. The method in the institution is different from that of the other 
 colleges. Both sexes, and the preparatory departments in each, are in¬ 
 cluded under the college management. The graduates are numerous, and 
 
 REV. CROSBY H. WHEELER. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 2 5 
 
 the influence great and pervading. The institution has been subjected to 
 severe trial from frequent loss of teachers and the destruction of its 
 property. Nearly all the buildings were burned at the time of the outbreaks 
 in 1S95. They have been rebuilt, and only a temporary check resulted 
 from the events apparently so disastrous. Bearing up bravely against 
 adversity, it forges ahead and grows in importance. 
 
 Each of the colleges in Turkey seems to have a mission of its own, and 
 different from that of the others. Euphrates College has to do mainly with 
 one nationality, but its place is so high and its power so great within that 
 community that it stands on its own merits and shines by its own light. 
 It evidently has a large place in the affections of the people, for they love it 
 more as years pass, even those in foreign lands who have felt its influence 
 turning to look with favor upon it, and volunteering substantial aid to it. 
 Its indefatigable and singularly practical, though sometimes apparently 
 roughshod founder, Dr. Crosby H. Wheeler, has not only unwittingly built 
 a lasting monument to his own memory, but beholds, if his spirit is cogni¬ 
 zant of earthly things, the people who shared his castigations and his un¬ 
 feigned love, ready to build other monuments to perpetuate his name ; while 
 his successors are worthily following up his labors, and bringing ever larger 
 numbers under the influence of the college. The financial management is 
 sound, debt is avoided, the spirit of progress is present, and grand success 
 seems assured. 
 
 ANATOLIA COLLEGE 
 
 Anatolia College, established at Marsovan, in 18S6, is younger by some 
 years than the two already mentioned. It has graduated seventeen classes, 
 averaging eight members each. One sixth of these graduates have become 
 ministers of the gospel, another sixth have become physicians. One third 
 of the graduates (and a great number of those who did not take a complete 
 course) have become teachers; near another third have become business 
 men. The fact that most of the students are during their course, if not 
 before entrance, won to the love of Christ, would seem unquestionable 
 evidence that the college, as a Christian enterprise, has attained its end. 
 
 Though very small at first, it grew and prospered, and now practically 
 dominates intellectually and morally a region of eighty thousand square miles. 
 
 The faculty is composed of experienced educators, who aie Chiistian 
 men, and have enjoyed the advantages of special training for their depart¬ 
 ments. Five languages are in use in the institution, though English is the 
 general language. Students of all nationalities are admitted without dis¬ 
 tinction. The yearly charges are such as to bring the privileges within the 
 reach of the middle class, and the payments by the students cover two thirds 
 
 of the running expense of the college. 
 
 The Scriptures are reverently studied every day by each class separately. 
 Reason, revelation, religion, being found in harmony, furnish a noble foun¬ 
 dation for the development of mind and the advance of science. With this 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 2 7 
 
 college, as with the others, the opportunities as the years go on, are larger 
 than the facilities for using them, and deserve the friendly and watchful 
 care of those who expect to see the best permanent results from the work 
 
 of the American Board in Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 The self-help industrial department is a right arm of the college in the 
 prosecution of its mission. In the shops, by cabinet making, book¬ 
 binding, etc., poor students are enabled to help themselves through college 
 by laboring one quarter of each day. This labor not only furnishes sup¬ 
 port but tends to manly independence, favors health and activity of mind, 
 makes practical men of the students; and the system has connected with it 
 two incidental advantages of great consequence—each student acquires 
 complete or considerable knowledge of a trade, and the products of labor 
 are sold, so that most of the money spent in students’ wages is recovered 
 and used again in the same way. 
 
 The Anatolia College Hospital is a most important adjunct to the insti¬ 
 tution. Not only are the students cared for in case of need, as well as all 
 others on the premises, but thousands from the surrounding country resort 
 there for treatment. Thus intellectual development, moiai influence, 
 physical training and beneficent healing co-work in Anatolia College, 
 and its sphere and opportunity of influence are almost unbounded. 
 
 THE AMERICAN COLLEGE FOR GIRLS AT CONSTANTINOPLE. 
 
 THE AMERICAN COLLEGE FOR GIRLS 
 
 The American College for Girls, at Scutari, on the Asiatic side of the 
 Bosphorus, holds a strategic position of great importance in the enterprise 
 of female education. It furnishes the advantages of an advanced course of 
 study, and draws its pupils from various nationalities and from wealthy and 
 
28 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 influential classes. There is ardor and industry in the faculty, and the 
 atmosphere is favorable to stimulation of the intellect and to refinement of 
 character. Its graduates hold leading positions in society, and many are 
 instructors of others. 
 
 Its influence has extended itself not only over the capital and large cities 
 on the seaboard, but into the European provinces and principalities, and 
 into Asiatic towns, attracting from far those who are able to meet the 
 expense, which is, of necessity, much greater than in the interior. It has 
 better furnishings and offers a more advanced course of study to pupils of 
 various nationalities than has up to the present time been possible in any 
 other institution for girls in the empire. 
 
 The location is a remarkably fine one, overlooking the Bosphorus and 
 the Marmora, with the mountains of Bithynia in the rear. The grounds 
 are large, and the buildings are fine—all exceedingly well adapted to the 
 aim of the institution. It is having no small influence over even non- 
 Christian peoples. The college hopes for better financial foundations, and 
 expects an ever-increasing sphere of influence. 
 
 st. paul’s institute 
 
 The young institution at Tarsus, the city of St. Paul, whose name it 
 bears, dates from 1SS9, and is one of vigorous growth and great hope. It 
 has not yet had the opportunity of years to exhibit its fruits, but at the rate 
 of progress manifest of late it will not fail to take its place among the great 
 agencies of power in the development of that better future which awaits 
 the races of Turkey under the religion of light and love. It has made a 
 grand beginning, and improves its opportunities. Its original equipment 
 was good, though not sufficient for its large future. Students of different 
 nationalities and languages find facilities for liberal education in that 
 institution ; its field is ample, and its prospects are bright. 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE AT SMYRNA 
 
 The new International Institution, which became a college in 1902, so 
 virile at the outset, would seem, like the church at Philadelphia, to have 
 before it an open door which no man can shut. Like Anatolia College, 
 like the American College for Girls at Scutari, and like St. Paul’s Institute 
 at Tarsus, it is available for various nationalities. 
 
 The need of this college at this center was foreseen twenty years ago, and 
 initial steps taken for its development. Its organization, lately completed, 
 does not make one college too many. It has a field, and a great one, which 
 the others cannot occupy. In fact, the system of institutions thus far 
 founded is no more than fairly adequate for the work demanded—so far is 
 it short of anything like crowding. 
 
 If all these institutions hold themselves loyal to the great idea of their 
 foundation,—the elevation of the whole of manhood, body, soul, and spirit, 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 29 
 
 through the power that is in Christ,—they have before them the glad hope 
 of being his instruments in eventually making of the nations of the East 
 what the best nations have become under the same influence, and better. 
 It is hoped that not one of them will fail in that high allegiance, lose that 
 bright crown, or sink to the level of the secular and the earthly. 
 
 O 7 
 
 THE BITHYNIA HIGH SCHOOL AND THE ORPHANAGE. 
 
 The list of the colleges does not by any means represent the entire en¬ 
 terprise of Christian education in Asiatic Turkey. These have accompanied 
 and grown out of the enterprise. They are both its friends and its coad¬ 
 jutors. The other high schools for both sexes are of vast importance. 
 They exist at different centers, and are in the van of progress. The work 
 done at Smyrna, at Adabazar, at Brousa, at Cesarea, at Sivas, at Marash, 
 at Hadjin, at Van, at Erzroom, at Bitlis, at Mardin, has stamped itself on 
 society and on coming centuries. The school for girls at Marash is already 
 called a college in anticipation of what it is fast becoming; and the one at 
 Marsovan, closely allied in its aims with Anatolia College there established, 
 destined, doubtless, to rise ere long into full participation in collegiate 
 character, has had, during its existence of near forty years, an influence that 
 has changed the whole aspect of society within the sphere of its operation, 
 has postponed the marriage of young girls four or five years, and given 
 them the opportunity for physical, mental, and spiritual development, and 
 already brought forth a new generation on a conspicuously highei plane of 
 
3° 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 * 
 
 life. The very same results have been seen elsewhere so far as the instru¬ 
 mentality has been perseveringly used. 
 
 The purpose of the higher schools is to generalize the same influence 
 through the common schools, uplifting the whole people. For the prose¬ 
 cution of education among them, all the college and high school graduates 
 available are necessary. Though the common school work is a self-denying 
 one for the teachers, and the pecuniary rewards of labor are very small, 
 
 the field is great and the fruits are grand. 
 
 It should be borne in 
 mind that these schools 
 are not rivals in compe¬ 
 tition with others already 
 established in the land. 
 They have entered upon 
 new work, done by none 
 other except as others 
 follow their example. 
 Young as these colleges 
 are, and obliged to begin 
 with preparatory studies, 
 consuming years, they 
 have already sent forth 
 hundreds of graduates; in two or three years more the number may reach 
 a thousand. Far, far more numerous are those who, though not graduates, 
 have had the benefits of these schools for years and have imbibed something 
 of their spirit. They number many thousands, and have carried this in¬ 
 fluence abroad through all the land. The schools of a country determine 
 the character of the country. The time is past, if in the past there ever 
 was a time, when unintelligent Christianity can hold its own. Missionaries 
 in all lands are more and more becoming teachers. This is as it should 
 be, and a gratifying sign of progress. In this way only will they be able 
 to commit the treasure of the gospel to ‘‘ faithful men who, also, shall 
 be able to teach others.” 
 
 LADY TEACHERS IN COUNCIL. 
 
 IV. THL PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT 
 
 If a living Christianity requires intelligence and development of mind 
 through education, no less does it require the nourishment of pure and stim¬ 
 ulating literature, especially that literature which brings minds into com¬ 
 munion with the best Christian thought of the world, and opens up to 
 awakening nations the marvels of God’s word and his work. 
 
 The polyglot character of the country has doubled and redoubled the 
 difficulties of putting the necessary literature into the hands of the people. 
 Great patience and sacrifice have largely overcome these difficulties. The 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 3 1 
 
 Scriptures have been carefully translated into the principal languages of the 
 country, and very extensively circulated. The weekly religious newspapei, 
 The Avedaper (Tidings Bringer), is printed in three languages, and circu¬ 
 lates in all parts of the empire. This little periodical is a great educatoi, a 
 strong intellectual and moral force. Many useful and important books have 
 been prepared and printed. Doubtless the greatest work has been the transla¬ 
 tion, printing, and dissemination of the Scriptures. This has been accom¬ 
 plished in the main by American missionaries, co-working with the British 
 and American Bible Societies. School books, commentaries, Sunday- 
 school lesson books, dictionaries, religious books of a popular character, 
 hymn books—whatever is most necessary for the healthy nourishment of 
 awakened minds in the families, the schools, the communities, is published, 
 but with sad insufficiency, as will be shown below. 
 
 The Bible House at Constantinople is the work of one of our mission¬ 
 aries, Dr. I. G. Bliss, and it is the place of labor for a company of. men 
 assembled there through the year, a council quite as important in the history 
 of religion in the East as any of those held in early centuries about the 
 
 shores of the Marmora. 
 
 Christian people in Western lands at present do not at all adequately 
 appreciate the necessity of a pure literature to guide and inspire the youth 
 of Turkey, newly roused in intellectual life, and destined either to be 
 
3 3 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 guided and developed by such help or to be misguided and corrupted by 
 the worst of French literature, translated because it will sell, and coming 
 in like a stream of sewage rank with poison. It is deplorable when children 
 born into the spiritual life through the missionary agency are left to grow up 
 on such food as they can get from France. While the need of pure literature 
 has doubled and redoubled within twenty years, the appropriations for pro¬ 
 ducing it in the empire are only a third what they were twenty years ago. 
 Much is done, but not enough under such limitations. True, nine million 
 pages of print go out in a year, but the variety of the literature is very 
 small and insufficient, and grows more insufficient as the field widens. 
 Shall we deny to the children of our own prayers the river of the water of 
 life, with its trees of sweet fruit and leaves for the healing of the nations, 
 and send them to the slimy waste waters of the worst continental literature 
 to quench their thirst for drink? 
 
 It would be insincere in a sketch to array the successes of our work with¬ 
 out acknowledging the failures. One main object in exhibiting the work 
 should be to show these failures and correct them. While strictest laws 
 should be laid down and adhered to in keeping down the cost of publica¬ 
 tion, there should be great increase in its amount; otherwise we give up the 
 fortress after we have taken it. 
 
 SELF-HELP STUDENTS. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 33 
 
 V. THE. SELF-HELP ENTERPRISE. 
 
 The word industrial or the term manual training is sure to mislead. 
 Its mere mention as a department of missionary work rouses an old notion 
 in many minds—that the missionary is secularizing himself, leaving the 
 gospel to teach trades. The true idea is as simple as it is sound. It is 
 helping people to help themselves, especially the young, in course of educa¬ 
 tion. Instead of being educated by charitable aid and becoming a depend¬ 
 ent (who is always a weak complainer), the youth is offered the opportunity 
 to work his way through a course of education. Many benefits result:— 
 
 1. He preserves and develops independence. 
 
 2. He acquires facility and practical character. 
 
 3. The exercise favors health and brightens the mind. 
 
 4. He learns economy by earning his expense, instead of using others’ 
 money. 
 
 5. His mind is trained to exactness; any missionary knows the impor¬ 
 tance of that. 
 
 6. Incidentally a trade is learned. Paul, yes Christ himself, had a trade. 
 
 7. This tends decidedly to progress in civilization. 
 
 8. The idea of the dignity of labor is acquired. 
 
 9. The products of labor are sold, the cost recovered, in part or wholly, 
 and the same money used again and again and again, instead of being used 
 once, in direct aid. 
 
 a;" 
 
 
 FORM OF SELF-HELP. 
 
34 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 The self-help system by which students earn their school expenses, instead 
 of having them paid from charitable funds, is more and more a success. It 
 has been notably so in the orphanage at Van ; it has been much in use at 
 Nicomedia; it has been successful on a small scale at Sivas. At Marsovan, 
 as at Van and Harpoot, it was notably important as a relief measure after 
 the massacres. Self-help is the right arm of Anatolia College, where it is 
 well up toward the point of complete self-support. Climbing with persever¬ 
 ance during years, it sees but one more rung of the ladder to reach the 
 platform of self-supporting independence, with opportunity to carry on 
 hereafter, in continuance, the education of eighty to a hundred young men, 
 the income of the department equaling the expense. The benefits, physical, 
 mental, and moral, of this common-sense method are incalculable. The 
 leading institutions see more and more clearly that they should each have 
 such a department carefully developed from humble beginnings, not sud¬ 
 denly launched forth with eclat under the blind guidance of inexperience. 
 This is one of the foremost of the fine opportunities for the man minded to 
 put a moderate fortune into the wise development of such industrial plants 
 in connection with the colleges and higher schools of Asiatic Turkey, and 
 become thereby one of the nation makers. 
 
 Another form of self-help has long been in vogue in boarding schools for 
 girls. It is the original Mt. Holyoke plan. The pupils perform in the main 
 the work which in such schools is ordinarily left in the hands of hired help. 
 On this plan self-help reduces expense and produces practical character. 
 
 VI. THE, MEDICAL WORK 
 
 Early in the history of these missions the importance of medical work 
 was partly, though not fully, understood. The great influence of physi¬ 
 cians like Dr. Azariah Smith, Dr. West, Dr. Pratt, was observed. Regular 
 medical departments, with hospitals, are of later growth. In view of the 
 healing mercy and saving power exerted through them, it now seems strange 
 that their development should have been so belated. When, however, it is 
 remembered that in missions almost everything in the way of means and 
 measures is experimental, it is not so strange that among the forces born 
 into life and action the “noblest offspring” should be “the last.” 
 
 The hospital at Aintab has had a considerable period in which to exercise 
 its beneficent influence, and has not failed in its ministry to the bodies 
 and souls of thousands and ten thousands. It is a noble veteran in this 
 work. 
 
 Out of much tribulation, the result of hard work, the hospital at Cesarea, 
 under the care of Dr. W. S. Dodd, has come forth as an institution of 
 power. The unfailing kindness experienced there by hundreds and thou¬ 
 sands of poor sufferers cannot act otherwise than like a spring thaw upon 
 the ice and snow of prejudice and indifference. The influence of such an 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 35 
 
 HOSPITAL AT AINTAB, AND PATIENTS WAITING. 
 
 institution once realized, it can no more be spared from a mission than the 
 hearthstone can be spared from the household. 
 
 The same agency has shown its potency in the Eastern Turkey Mission 
 at Mardin. The Anatolia College Hospital at Marsovan has taken its place 
 alongside the others in a specially favorable center. Though so young in 
 years, it has reputation and influence in a region of country covering from 
 thirty to fifty thousand square miles. 
 
 A very favorable fact in the department of medical work is that it is so 
 largely self-supporting. So long as the cause of missions is pool in money, 
 
 HOSPITAL AT TALAS, CESAREA, FROM THE WEST. 
 
3 6 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 as it always is, effort will naturally be made to accomplish the most possible 
 with the least outlay. In this view the medical work, like the self-help, 
 makes a strong appeal. 
 
 There are excellent physicians in several stations in Asiatic Turkey who 
 have not the advantage of the hospital at hand for the more efficient prose¬ 
 cution of their work. It may not be possible to develop a hospital in every 
 station. It would be an untold blessing if it could be done. 
 
 VII. THE, MASSACRES AND ORPHAN WORK 
 
 The horrible events of 1894—96 are known to the world. In this sketch 
 to go into any discussion of the causes of these outbreaks is out of the ques¬ 
 tion. There was secret organization of some sort preparatory to it in the 
 various places throughout a large part of Asia Minor. The manner in 
 which affairs were conducted, and the fact that friendly Turks in many in¬ 
 stances warned the Christians in advance of what was to occur, prove this 
 
 THE OLD ARMENIAN CHURCH OF OORFA (WHERE THE MASSACRE OCCURRED). 
 
 beyond a doubt. Who was responsible for those plans we cannot know. 
 It should be said in all fairness that in many instances the governors did not 
 know the arrangements for, or, knowing, made most earnest effort to pre¬ 
 vent the massacres, and did in numerous cases prevent outbreaks. Also, 
 the better class of the Moslem people deprecated and denounced them, some¬ 
 times the imams , or Mohammedan clergy, speaking against these doings in 
 unmeasured terms. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 ry h* 
 
 3 / 
 
 The opening scenes of these terrible tragedies were in the region of 
 Sasoun near the eastern border of the empire. It is impossible to ascertain 
 the numbers sacrificed in that initial slaughter; they must have been several 
 thousands, men, women, and children. There followed massacres at Trebi- 
 zond, at Erzroom ; then came the horrid scenes on the Harpoot plain, and 
 in the regions of Arabkir, Malatia, Egin, Sivas ; and the yet more whole¬ 
 sale and revolting butchery at Oorfa, and in many other places to the south. 
 On the plains on every side rose the smoke of the burning villages, and the 
 blood of the helpless was mingled with the ashes of their habitations. In 
 other places, taking refuge in their sanctuaries, their gashed and gory bodies 
 defiled the place of prayer. The city of Harpoot was attacked, and together 
 with others the American missionaries suffered the loss of most of their 
 property ; but their lives and the lives of their students were saved amid 
 the smoke of the burning buildings of Euphrates College ; this through the 
 influence of a kindly disposed Circassian officer. The numbers of the 
 slaughtered will never be known on earth. The number of those who heroic¬ 
 ally gave up their lives, consenting to be butchered like sheep rather than 
 deny their Lord and Master Jesus Christ, is accurately recorded on high, 
 where they now wear the martyr’s crown. Some in the hour of temptation 
 yielded to fear, and consented to profess another faith, thinking it a mere 
 matter of form from which they could withdraw when the excitements were 
 past. They lived to wish they had died by the bullet, the ax, or the knife. 
 
 Though the number of the slain is not known, it could hardly be less 
 than fifty thousand ; nor is it likely that it reached—as has been said by 
 some—a hundred thousand ; it is more likely somewhere between the two. 
 
 Can any good come out of such horrors? IIow lamentable the condition 
 of eighty thousand orphans, and one or two score thousand helpless women ! 
 Yet mercv has not forsaken the earth. By the American missionaries and 
 their faithful and efficient Swiss and German and English coadjutors, four 
 thousand helpless orphans have been gathered up and kindly cared for. 
 They are receiving a good common school education ; and each one is taught 
 some trade. Moreover, some of the brightest and most spiritually and in¬ 
 tellectually promising are finding the door open through the operation of 
 the incomparably superior system of self-help to higher education, and the 
 opportunity to become teachers and spiritual leaders among their people. 
 It is not improbable that several hundred widely useful persons may go forth 
 from the doors of these humble orphanages into the field of grand service 
 in the kingdom of Christ. At the same time each one will, on going out 
 into the world, find himself or herself equipped for usefulness and success 
 in the common affairs of life. 
 
 Though relief and orphanage work have been by some looked upon as 
 aside from the ordinary duties of missionaries, possibly as burdens and hin¬ 
 drances, they are undoubtedly good Samaritan work, and the missionary 
 who would neglect such human woe, passing by on the other side that he 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 38 
 
 might give himself to doctrine and not to deeds, would be classed with 
 Pharisee and Levite, enjoying neither the blessing of God nor the love 
 of men. 
 
 VIII. GENERAL INFLUENCE 
 
 Statistics are apt to be misleading. A table of the statistics of Chris¬ 
 tianity the day before Christ rose from the dead, or even thirty days after 
 that event, would look meager. Yet within another moon the Hero of all 
 the ages was manifest in the arena of the world ; and ever since, the eyes 
 of kindreds and peoples and tribes to the limits of civilization, and far 
 beyond, have been turned upon the all-conquering Christ. Before Pente¬ 
 cost there was a preparation, and with it came a power. In the missions 
 in the Turkish Empire there has been preparation on a large scale, and 
 the power accompanying has taken hold of the souls of men. As with a 
 lamp, the sphere of enlightenment is immensely greater than the size of the 
 
 flame. The gospel proclaimed 
 through pulpit, press, school, per¬ 
 sonal effort and influence, has 
 brought into the whole wide realm 
 thoughts, questions, feelings, views, 
 —life,—ever reinforced and increas¬ 
 ing, and the outcome is not doubtful. 
 The plowing and sowing of seventy 
 years is in itself a prophecy; the 
 grain is growing, the harvest ap¬ 
 proaches. The crop is not esti¬ 
 mated by the number of the wheat 
 heads already turned golden. The 
 gospel, through its multiform ministrations of light, warmth, goodness, 
 and grace, especially its transforming power, is destined to bring about 
 one consummation,—Christ shall reign. While the moral forces, marshaled 
 and holding the field, are great, and their action mighty, their untabu¬ 
 lated effects and evident trend are far more significant. The whole country 
 occupied at strategic points by these institutions of Christian learning for 
 both sexes ; these self-supporting and self-propagating Christian churches, 
 planted like trees of life on mountain and plain and by the sea ; these leaves 
 of healing that noiselessly enter palace and hut; these multitudinous per¬ 
 sons growing up in Christian schools, and imbued with the spirit of divine 
 love, going forth with kindly tone and sympathetic heart among their fellow 
 beings in sorrow—these, and all the aggregation of influences not to be 
 estimated or tabulated, working together toward one end, render the accom¬ 
 plishment of that end certain, for they verify the faithfulness of the 
 promise, u Lo, I am with you alway.” 
 
 A FAITHFUL WORKER IN T1IE INTERIOR. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 39 
 
 In any summation of results one part comes within the sphere of figures; 
 the other, far the larger, does not. Some items are here given as gathered 
 from the reports of 1903. Figures tell of 120 evangelical churches estab¬ 
 lished, many of them self-supporting, and all on the way to that condition, 
 with a membership of 13,000, and evangelical adherents clustering about 
 them to the number of 50,000; they can show 424 schools, 7 of them 
 colleges, 3 of them theological seminaries, nearly 20 of them schools of 
 a high grade, the various schools having in attendance more than 20,000 
 pupils ; can show in these missions of Asia Minor contributions by the 
 native friends, for church and educational purposes, of $93,000; can 
 show hospitals and dispensaries established, wherein over 30,000 suffering 
 people are treated in a year; can show 4,000 orphans sheltered and 
 instructed and prepared for comfortable and useful life. Were it possible 
 to separate and set aside by themselves all the civilizing forces, all the 
 facilities for betterment in society, that have entered the country through 
 this missionary agency, it would in all probability surprise the commercial 
 world. The sum total of American textile manufactures, American 
 sewing machines, plows, and other farming implements, cabinet organs, 
 bells, books, cabinet-maker’s tools, drugs and medicines, and numberless 
 other commodities, would foot up to an astonishing figure. And this is 
 but the beginning. Already there are movements of great future signifi¬ 
 cance on foot, resulting from the same influence, and likely to develop 
 into greater expansion of American commerce in that country. Much of 
 this is capable of being tabulated. 
 
 The other part, the all-pervasive influence of this work, the change in 
 ideas and ideals, the enlightenment of the people of all grades and classes, 
 the change in the condition of women, the betterment of the family, the 
 fading out of superstitious notions, the widespread longing for reform in 
 matters religious and secular, and for advance in civilization—all these are 
 results of the greatest moment, which cannot be shown in figures, for they 
 are greater than figures. The greatest thing of all in this estimate of the 
 influence of this work is its hold upon the future. It is like the dawn, 
 whose 44 rosy fingers ” lay hold on the whole coming day. Aoonday is as 
 certain as the dayspring. And yet the consummation must be realized 
 through patient continuance in the prosecution of the work. 
 
 RELATION OF MISSIONARIES TO THE WORK 
 
 The relation of the Board and its missionaries to all this work is of a 
 temporary, not a permanent, character. The churches are expected to be 
 not only self-supporting and self-propagating, but self-ruled. Missionaries 
 have no authority in the churches, and no influence except advisory. 1 his 
 is often great, as the missionary is regarded somewhat as a father and safe 
 
4° 
 
 MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 counselor, but he lays no hand of control on a church or community, how¬ 
 ever intimate the relations may have been. The missionaries are honorary 
 members of the evangelical unions, but have no vote in the meetings. They 
 have direct control only in institutions belonging to the Board whose agents 
 they are. Colleges, seminaries, publishing and business departments, are 
 under their management. Yet their spiritual and advisory influence is such 
 that it is a question whether it is not greater than that of constituted bishops. 
 It may be doubted whether the power for good of one who is regarded as 
 a friend and father, without authority, is not greater than it would be if he 
 held, under an ecclesiastical system, the right to rule. Though the magni¬ 
 tude of the work is ever on the increase, and in some parts at a rapid rate, 
 the number of missionaries does not increase, which means that more and 
 more it is passing into native hands. 
 
 4 V hen at last it shall be seen that the native church and the Christian 
 institutions are so far developed that foreign laborers and foreign funds are 
 no longer necessary it will be a glad day, and they that have sown and they 
 that reap will rejoice together. 
 
 BEGINNING OF MISSIONS 
 
 the missions to Asia Minor may be considered as having their beginning with the 
 arrival of Messrs. Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons at Smyrna, January 15, 1820. 
 
 Exploration of Asiatic Turkey and a part of Persia, with special reference to the 
 Armenians and the Nestorians, in 1S31-32 by Rev. H. G. O. Dwight and Rev. Eli Smith. 
 
 I he Assyrian Mission is first mentioned as a separate mission in 18^2. 
 
 the Eastern Turkey Mission recognized as a separate mission in i860, constituted 
 out of the Assyrian Mission, and that part of the North Armenian Mission lving east 
 of longitude 38 east from Greenwich. 
 
 The Central Turkey Mission, formerly known as the South Armenian Mission, had 
 its beginnings in Dr. Azariah Smith’s work at Aintab. Regarded as separate mis¬ 
 sion in 1S47. 
 
 The European Turkey Mission—separated 1871—held its first annual meeting June 
 30th of that year. 
 
 DATES OF EVENTS AND MATTERS OF IMPORTANCE 
 
 Scriptures published :— 
 
 In Hebrew-Spanish, by Dr. \V. G. Schauffier, in 1842. 
 
 In Graeco-Turkish at Smyrna, 1836. 
 
 In Armenian, by Dr. Elias Riggs, 18:52. 
 
 In Bulgarian, by Dr. Elias Riggs, 1871. 
 
 Bible House at Constantinople built through efforts of Rev. I. G. Bliss, D.D., in 
 1871-72. 
 
 first school for girls started by Rev. William Goodell in 1S32. 
 
 Charter establishing Protestant Community November, 18^0 (though community 
 had been recognized November, 1847). 
 
 Haiti Sherif conferring religious liberty on all without distinction, obtained 
 through the influence of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe in 1S56. 
 
 First Evangelical Newspaper (uncertain). 
 
 First Pictorial Child’s Paper, 1870, Constantinople. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 4 1 
 
 PRINCIPAL STATIONS—WHEN OCCUPIED 
 
 Aintab, by Dr. Azariah Smith, 1847. 
 
 Brousa, by Benjamin Schneider, July 15, 1834. 
 
 Bitlis, by Rev. George C. Knapp, June, 1858. 
 
 Cesarea, Cappadocia, by Rev. W. A. Farnsworth, June, 1854. 
 
 Constantinople, by William Goodell, June 9, 1831. lie soon had associates, II. G. 
 O. Dwight, Cyrus Hamlin, W. G. Schauffler, Elias Riggs and others. 
 
 Diarbekir, by G. W. Dunmore, 1851. Walker and Marsh joined later. 
 
 Erzroom became a station June, 1838, occupied by Thomas P. Johnston. 
 
 Harpoot, occupied by G. W. Dunmore, 1857. Later manned by Messrs. Wheeler, 
 Allen and Barnum. 
 
 Hadjin, Mrs. Josephine Coding settled there in 1885. 
 
 Mardin, occupied by W. F. Williams, 1858. 
 
 Marsovan, occupied by Joseph W. Sutphen and E. E. Bliss, 1852. 
 
 Nicomedia (Bardezag), by Justin W. Parsons, 1856. 
 
 Marash, by Albert G. Beebee and George A. Perkins, 1854. 
 
 Sivas, occupied by Benjamin Parsons and Edwin Goodell, 1851. 
 
 Smyrna, occupied by Levi Parsons and Pliny Fisk, January 9, 1S20. 
 
 Van, occupied by Dr. George C. Raynolds, Henry S. Barnum and Joseph E. Scott, 
 1872. 
 
 Trebizond, occupied by Thomas P. Johnston, November 15, 1S34. 
 
 Bithynia Evangelical Union, founded 1865. 
 
 Harpoot Evangelical Union, founded 1865. 
 
 Cilicia Evangelical Union, founded (record not found). 
 
 Central Evangelical Union, founded 1869. 
 
 DEPUTATIONS TO THE TURKISH MISSIONS 
 
 1855, Dr. Rufus Anderson and Dr. A. C. Thompson. 
 
 1883, Drs. N. G. Clark, E. K. Alden, Mr. Elbridge Torrey, together with President 
 Chapin of Beloit College and Prof. C. M. Mead of Andover Seminary. They attended 
 Conference at Constantinople. 
 
 In 1S88 Dr. Judson Smith visited Constantinople and Marsovan. 
 
 OTHER IMPORTANT EVENTS 
 
 Robert College, at Constantinople, established 1859. 
 
 Central Turkey College, at Aintab, established 1874. 
 
 Euphrates College, at Harpoot, established 1876. 
 
 Anatolia College, at Marsovan, established 1S86. 
 
 American College for Girls, at Scutari, near Constantinople, at first “ Home 
 School,” became a college in 1890. 
 
 Marash Girls’ College, 1886. 
 
 St. Paul’s Institute, 1889. 
 
 International College, at Smyrna, established as a college 1902. 
 
 F'amine in Asia Minor, involving large operations in relief work occurred in 
 1874-76. 
 
 Massacre of Armenians, 1894-96, in a great number of places. 
 
MISSIONS IN ASIATIC TURKEY 
 
 4 3 
 
 Books that may be consulted by those desiring information in regard to 
 Turkey and the missions therein established : 
 
 Hamilton’s Asia Minor. 
 
 Ramsay’s Impressions of Turkey. 
 
 Professor Von Millingen’s Constantinople. 
 
 Dr. Harrison G. O. Dwight’s Christianity Revived in the East. 
 
 * Dr. H. O. Dwight’s Constantinople. 
 
 Dr. Cyrus Hamlin’s Among the Turks. 
 
 Dr. Cyrus Hamlin’s My Life and Times. 
 
 Dr. H. O. Dwight’s Turkish Life in War Times. 
 
 Anderson’s Missions of the American Board Oiiental Chinches. 
 
 Wheeler’s Ten Years on the Euphrates. 
 
 Goodell’s Forty Years in the Turkish Empire. 
 
 Miss West’s Romance of Missions. 
 
 The files of the Missionary Herald. 
 
 Cyclopedia of Missions. E. M. Bliss, D.D. 
 
 Sayce’s Works and others on Archaeology. 
 
 Murray’s Handbook for Asia Minor. 
 
 Modern Missions in the East. E. A. Lawrence, D.D. 
 
 * Son of Dr. H. G. O. Dwight. 
 
 woman’s WARD, ANATOLIA COLLEGE HOSPITAL. DR. CARRINGTON AND 
 
 TRAINING CLASS. 
 
RECORDS or MISSIONARIES 
 
 The following is a brief record of those missionaries who (with 
 two or three exceptions) have labored twenty years, or have died 
 in the service. The list contains only the names of those con¬ 
 nected with the Western, Central, and Eastern Turkey Missions. 
 
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 CJ 
 
 ^ ^3 ^~ 
 
 "bD G ^ 
 G O r- 
 
 cJy "S ° 
 
 y G X 
 
 S'-Spp • 
 
 7 *r. 
 4 Q . 
 
 be g 
 
 ° 53 0 a a rt 
 
 >i|h m 4 7 
 
 . £a 4.5.2 
 
 g £ £ '£ "3 S 
 
 .a 
 
 pi P a 0 ^ 
 op ,• 'r'T ',; 
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 a v-i — )_ 
 
 >a*n>- 
 
 • g « g g ^ 
 
 7 „ „ „ „ „ 
 
 7 7 7 7 7 
 
 5 S S S 5 
 
 -i S P .P .P 
 
 uPPPPP 
 
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 a ^ ** ** < a 
 
Condensed Tabular View for 1903 
 
 Missions. ./ 
 
 7 . 
 
 Out-stations. 
 
 Missionaries. 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 C 
 
 V 
 
 rJ 
 
 £ 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 u 
 
 0 
 
 Communicants. 
 
 X 
 
 ZJ 
 
 V 
 
 "O 
 
 X 
 
 ZJ 
 
 M—1 r K 
 
 C 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 £ 
 
 X 
 
 ZJ c 
 !> 
 
 £ 4 
 
 c 0 
 
 c 
 
 Western Turkey 7 
 
 103 
 
 75 
 
 37 6 
 
 43 
 
 4 , 4 2 7 
 
 16,202 
 
 149 
 
 7-370 
 
 66,652 
 
 "> "> 01A 
 
 ?ja u 
 
 Central 2 
 
 47 
 
 28 
 
 256 
 
 33 
 
 6 >45 3 
 
 20,263 
 
 152 
 
 7.062 
 
 I 7. 6 59 
 
 8,879 
 
 Eastern “ 5 
 
 107 
 
 42 
 
 276 
 
 44 
 
 2,529 
 
 12,653 
 
 I2 3 
 
 6,845 
 
 8,626 
 
 io,oSi 
 
 Totals 14 
 
 257 
 
 x 45 
 
 908 
 
 120 
 
 13.409 
 
 49,118 
 
 424 
 
 21,277 
 
 92,937 
 
 51,296 
 

 
 

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