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A UTHOR , WILLIAM A TITLE: ON THE INFLUENCE OF UCRETIUS ON HORACE PLACE: ttirxtlLtT DA TE : 1905 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT Master Negative # PIPU O GHAPH IC MtCRQFQRM TARGET Original Material as Filmed - Existing Bibliographic Record NYCG-PT Restrictions on Use: FILM SIZE: MS: SNR: FIC:0 FS1:0 COL: EL:u ATC: CON:b ILC: AD:06-06-91 U0:06-06-91 MEI:1 11:0 GEN: BSE: BK3/PR0D Books FUL/BIB NYCG91-B56426 Acquisitions FIN ID FLFGADF6526-B - Record 1 of 1 - Record added today f ID:NYCG91-B56426 RTYP:a ST:p FRN: CC:9665 BLT:am OCF: CSC: MOO: CP:iiyu L:enq INT: GPC: BIO: PC:r PD:1991/190S REP: CPI:0 MMD: OR: POL: DM: RR: 010 0540997 040 NNC:t:cNNC 100 10 Merrill, Williain Augustus, ^dl860-1930. 245 10 On the influence of Lucretius on Horacerh[inicrof orm I ,rcby William A. M e r r i 1 1 , 260 Berkeley, rbUniversity Press, rCl905. p. [Ili:i-129.t:c27 cm. University of California publications. Classical philology, vol. 1, no 4 Includes bibliographical references. 600 00 Horace 600 20 Lucretius Carus, Titus. RLIN 06-06-91 300 490 504 LOG QD On NT: IA.^3^ IB IIB IMAGE PLACEMENT DATE FILMED:_ail/fj INITIALS HLMEDBY: RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. INC WOODBRIDGE, CT REDUCTION RATIOtjJ .Arr, ^7^i c Association for information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 301/587-8202 Centimeter 12 3 4 IIJllllil|llillll|l|ll|llll|ll,ll|ll,lllll^^ TTT 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Inches 1 1.0 I.I 1.25 13.6 16-3 14.0 1.4 TTT 2.5 2.2 2.0 12 13 14 15 mm |li|ii|li|ii|IHii)i|ii|Hiilnii|i^ii| 1.8 1.6 I MfiNUFfiCTURED TO RUM STRNDfiRDS BY RPPLIED IMAGE. INC. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY Vol 1, No. 4, pp. 111-129 October 27, 1905 ON THE INFLUENCE OF LUCRETIUS ON HORACE BY WILLIAM A. MERRILL BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS PRICE $0.26 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBUCATIONS CLASSICAL fmiiOLOOY.—Eclward B. Clapp, WUHam A. Merrill, Herbert C. 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Elements of Asteroid 1900 GA, hy A. O. Leuschner and Adelaide M. Hobe. No. 3. Preliminary Elements of Comet 1900 III, by R. H. Curtiss and . G. G. Dall. CoiitYilmtiimfl front the Lick ObMrTatoiy.— Nos. I-V. Liek Ohsorvatory Bulletins.— Volume I (pp. 193) completed. Volume 11 (in progress). ■i'~^*nn"''-'''^"niiiirnf'iir' UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 1 1 1-129 October 27, 1905 ON THE INFLUENCE OF LUCRETIUS ON HORACE BY William A. Merrill. The purpose of this inquiry is the examination of Horace for evidence of Lucretian influence. In a general way it has been a commonplace of literary criticism that the one was indebted to the other, and the scholiasts and editors have cited many parallel passages. The editors of Lucretius have also pointed out in Horace similiarity in thought and expression, and the subject has been treated in special monographs by Goebel, Reisacker and Weingiirtner. Reisacker's program (Breslau, 1873) I have seen and have found in it little to my purpose. The other two (Goebel: Horaz und Lukrez, Zeitschr. f. d. oesterr. Gymn. 8 (1857), 421-427; Weingiirtner:^ De Horatio Lucretii imitatore, Halle, 1874) I have not been able to procure, but from criticisms of them I fancy there is little in them for this special inquiry. Sat. I. Beginning with the Satires, Horace's earliest work, and examining them in their present order without 1 regard to the exact dates of their composition, I find in I 1 13 cetera de genere hoc, a Lucretian phrase occurring in 3, 481 and elsewhere. Then in 22 praeterea occurs as a word of transition that is frequent in Lucretius, and in 25 ut pueris olim dant crustula blandi | doctores, elementa velint ut discere prima, a reminiscence of Lucr. 1, 936 sed 'After this paper was written Weingartner 's dissertation was found in Diss. Phil. Hal. II, 1 sq. The canons adopted by him for determining influ- ence appear to me to be too lax. AIHIiMi- 112 University of California Publications. [Class. Phi., veluti pueris absinthia taetra medentes | cum dare conan- tur prius oras pocula circum 1 contingunt mellis dulei flavoque liquore. Plato, Laws 659 e. says that the sick are given wholesome food in pleasant meat and drink, but Quintilian' quotes and comments on Lucretius; Jerome mentions the honey, and Ausonius' the wormwood also; Seneca' the Elder mentions the wormwood only, and Pliny'* the Younger reduces the allusion to unpleasant foo.l urged on with carfssin- tones. Later, Sir Philip Sidney" turns the wormwood into rhubarb and Tasso' con- tinues the tradition. Here I think is a genuine case of literary influence from Lucretius down ; so far as the evi- dence shows.-28 vertit arato and Lucr. 1, 211, vertentes vomere have no connection.- 50 quid referat intra 1 na- turae fines viventi may be compared with Epicurus Kvplac A6^a, 15 (Diog. Laert. X 144) 6 ri}, <^v de^ere and that of 106 vitionini qiiaeqiie and Lucr. 4, 1005 qiiaeqiie -- seminionim. In the fifth, line 73 vaga -flamma — L. 6, 152 flamma vagetiir is a mere chance agreement, but at the close of the satire, 101 namque deos didici securiim agere aeviim — L. 2, 646 omnis enim per se divom natura necessest I immortali aevo summa cum pace fruatur etc., and L. 5, 82 nam bene qui didicere deos securum agere aevom. is almost a quotation from L. The Lueretian passage occurs again in 6, 58, and Horace 102 nee si quid miri faciat natura, deos id \ tristes ex alto caeli demittere tecto cor- respond in thought to L. 6, 50 cetera quae fieri in terris caeloque tuentur | mortales: they attribute their ignorance to the gods who, of course, can not be angry, but will bring about a disturbed mental state in man. Horace here is jesting and is speaking lightly of Epicurean principles. In the sixth satire, line 3 olim qui magnis legionibus imperitarint — L. 3, 1028 magnis qui gentibus imperi- tarunt, L. is undoubtedly following Ennius. Horace is, I think, following L. here. 18 longe longeque remotos — 3, 69 longe longeque remosse is noteworthy. In the eighth, line 10 commune sepulcrum corresponds to L. 5, 259 commune sepulcrum. The thought variously ex- pressed is a trivial one. In 46 displosa sonat quantum vesica — L. 6, 129 vesicula - saepe ita dat magnum soni- tum is a chance agreement.— In the ninth satire, 24 quis membra movere I mollius — L. 4, 789 mollia membra movere is a reference to dancing merely.- 34 simul atque adoleverit aetas — L. 3, 449 adolevit viribus aetas : here is another national idiom.-In the tenth, 49 haerenti capiti cum multa laude coronam — L. 1, 929 meq capiti petere inde coronam is a commonplace. University of California Publications. [Class. Phh,. Bat n In the second book of the satires, line 17 of the first ■ 'satire has Scipiadam - L. 3, 1034 Scipiadas; this usage is conventional in the hexameter.- 25 ax^cessit fervor capiti nun,erus.,ue lucernis-L. 4, 450 bina lucemarum florentia lumina flan.mis is merely a physiolosrical allusion. -52 dente lupus, comu taurus petit — 5, 1034 comua -iUis iratus petit. Here is agreement in a word for "butt. "-77 inlidere dentem — 4, 1080 dentis inlidunt calls for no remark. 2 In the second satire 17 cum sale panis | latrantem stomachum bene leniet-2, 17 nil aliud sibi naturam latrare; the expressive metaphor was known to Homer and Ennius.-28, the hiatus num adest — 3, 1082 dum abest shows metrical license and testifies to a certain agreement of Horace's satirical hexameter with the didac- tic and undeveloped Lucretian.- 83 diem f estum rediens advexerit annus -1, 311 multis solis redeuntibus annis; the metaphor of the returning year is sufficiently trite.- 88 tarda senectus — 1, 414 tarda - senectus : this quality of age calls for little originality.- 104 cur improbe carae — 3 1026 f uit improbe rebus. The convenient dactylic word in fte fifth foot is found in Virgil and Persius also. and is without significance. The syntactical agreement in 105 emetiris acervo-2, 703 egigni corpore belongs to historical syntax. 3 In the third satire occur 49 palantes error certo de tramite pellit — 2, 10 errare atque viam palantis quaerere vitae and 6, 27 viam monstrant tramite parvo. The way of life from which the ignorant and the wicked stray, is a conception that arises from primitive theologizing and needs not to be referred to any particular writer. Yet the strange word palantes leads me to think that Horace had Lucretius in mind here.- 95 virtus, fama, decus, divina humanaque pulehris 1 divitiis parent -5, 1114 aurum - quod facile et validis et pulehris dempsit hono- rem This melancholy truth of the supremacy of riches comes home to every one as it did to Horace and Lucre- tius I do not know that H. is altogether indebted to ■j^^^i^j to: Vol. 1.] Merrill— On Influence of Lucretius on Horace. 117 L. for seeing what all must have seen. But the refer- ence to the beauty of riches is, I think, a reminiscence of Lucretius. The monosyllabic use of quoad in 91 may point also to L. who has it in 5, 1213 and elsewhere.- 141 splendida bilis — L. 6, 1187 spendidus humor is a com- mon medical allusion.- 153 ni cibus atque ! ingens acce- dit stomacho fultura ruenti — L. 4, 867 cibus ut suffulciat artus is another.- 191 reducere — 1, 228 reducat merely shows that re could still be long in this compound.- 193 cur Aiax - putrescit — 3, 871 aut putescat is due to common mortality.- 199 tu cum pro vitula statuis dulcem Aulide natam etc. has no verbal connection with 1, 84- 100. Horace could have learned the story of Iphigenia's sacrifice from other sources, yet from the way it is used by him I think there is a Lucretian reminiscence. Im- probe in 200 (L. 3, 1025) adds a little to cumulative evi- dence.- 269 fluitantia sorte laboret — 3, 1052 fluitans errore vagaris is an agreement in a common metaphor.- 283 surpite — 2, 314 surpere is an inelegant syncopation which survived from earlier Latin. In 4, 90 memori ~ pectore — L. 2, 582 memori mente there is an agreement in the use of a metrical substitute for memoria.- In 94 fontes ut adire remotos | atque haurire queam is a parody on L. 1, 928 integros accedere fontis I atque haurire. This sentiment of L. had many admirers. In 6, 1 modus agri non ita magnus — L. 2, 1172 agri multo modus is a chance agreement.- 59 perditur has caused more discussion than L. 2, 831 disperditur. Both are reflections of homely usage.- 61 nunc somno et inerti- bus horis | ducere sollicitae iucunda oblivia vitao — 3, 1066 in somnum gravis atque oblivia quaerit there is only a metrical agreement in the use of oblivia. 101 ponit ~ vestigia — 3, 4 pono ~ vestigia is a common locution. In 7, 28 Romae rus optas; absentem rusticus urbem — 3, 1063 currit agens mannos ad villam praecipitanter -properans urbem petit atque revisit may be paralleled from other moralizing. The discontent is human.- 49 ■■-■■''^PF'iiwiiiw-'tffiiip^ ■ ■?'ai'7'TJ! "" lib University of California Publications. [Class Phil. turgentis verbera caudae — 4, 1034 turgida semine multo is a physiological agreement.- In 81 the metrical imper- itas again occurs.- 90 foribusqiie repulsum | perfundit — 4, 1177 exclusus amator: the thought is trite.- In 105 enim in the third place, as in L. 1, 680, may be paralleled from Cicero also, g In 8, 51 inulas-amaras — 2, 430 inulae there is merely a mention of a bitter herb.- 75 tibi di -- commoda dent — 3, 2 commoda vitae: commoda was common in the popular philosophy (Reid on Cic. Acad. 2, 231). Sat- , My general conclusion from the Satires is {a) Horace m gener .^^^^ ^^^ Epicurean at that stage of his development; (b) he was familiar with Epicurean principles some of which he had gained from Lucretius^; (c) there is direct imita- tion of Lucretius in his work; (d) there is a metrical influence also from Lucretius; {e) there are so many places where Horace and Lucretius agree in small mat- ters that are also found in other authors, that the cumula- tive effect on the reader is Lucretian. Epodes. I now pass to the Epodes. 2 In the second epode line 7 superba civium 1 poten- tiorum limina — L. 2, 50; 3, 1027 rerumque potentes is a chance agreement.- 13 falce ramos amputans — 5, 936 decidere falcibu' ramos is an agricultural allusion.- 23 libet iacere modo sub antiqua ilice, 1 modo in tenaci gramine — L. 2, 29 prostrati in gramine molli is a pic- nic agreement, so to say.- 41 perusta solibus -- 5, 251 per- usta I solibus seems idiomatic, as also 46 distenta siccet 4 ubera — 1, 259 uberibus-distentis.- 4, 14 et Appiam mannis terit — 3, 1063 currit agens mannas: the word mannus is not found before L.; probably these ponies 6 were imported about his time.- 6, 6 amica vis pastoribus — 6, 1222 fida canum vis : I think that neither Horace nor Lucretius was indebted to Theocritus (5, 106) unless Theocritus first introduced dogs into Italy. The para- phrase with vis is very common in L. but not unknown ^ Usener, Epicurea, Index s. v. Eoratius, shows tiiat Horace had other sources than Lucretius for Epicurean doctrine. 11 13 14 16 Vol. 1.] Merrill — On Influence of Lucretius on Horace. 119 9 before and after him.- 9, 1 has repostum, an agreement with the old epic style that permitted this syncopation. - 20 citae — 4, 576 voce ciemus is an agreement in the use of a word in a meaning later uncommon.- 11, 2 amore percussum gravi — 1, 923 percussit thyrso~et incus- sit - amorem : this seems idiomatic, as Bentley shows in his note.- 13, 14 Scamandri flumina — 6, 1114 flumina Xili : flumina is a convenient dactyl for the fifth foot and the use of the plural had become a poetic license that H. thought permissible here as elsewhere in other metres.- 14, 13 non pulchrior ignis | accendit obsessam Ilion — 1, 474 ignis -clara accendisset ~ certamen belli: ignis of love is common enough.- 16, 31 tigres subsidere cervis — 4, 1198 equae maribus subsidere possunt: this use of sub- sidere is very rare; it was probably a veterinary term.- 48 levis crepante lympha desilit pede — 5, 272 liquido pede detulit undas : this seems a bold reminiscence of L.- 54 aquosus Eurus arva radat imbribus — 5, 256 imbribus et ripas radentia flumina rodunt: the proximity of the . two passages in both H. and L. leads me to the conclusion that there is also Lucretian influence here.- In 17, 66 the reference to Tantalus is not significant. S^general. ^° general, for the Epodes I find in only one of them any real evidence of Lucretian influence, namely in the 16th, one of the earliest written and contemporary with the earliest satires. Carmina I. J now pass to the Odes. The first parallel is I, 1, 20 1 et praesidium et dulce decus meum — 2, 643 virtute velint patriam defendere terram and 3, 897 non poteris factis florentibus esse, tuisque | praesidium. Here there is noth- ing common except the thought which is sufficiently trite, as is 27 catulis fidelibus — 5, 864 canum fido cum pectore 2 corda.-2, 9 the prodigy piscium et summa genus haesit ulmo — 3, 785 pisces vivere in arvis have no connection. 3 -3, 22 Oceano dissociabili — 5, 203 mare quod late ter- rarum distinct oras: this notion of the estranging ocean seems Lucretian. The plural vada in 24 — 1, 200 is without significance.- In 30 nova febrium | terris incubuit 17 120 TJnivprsity of California Publications. [Class.Phil. Vol. 1.] Merrill— On Influence of Lucretius on Horace. 121 cohors — 6, 1143 incubit < morbus > tandem populo Pandionis omni, the verb and the metaphor are too com- 4 mon to admit of imitation.- In the fourth ode the men- tion of Favonius— 1, 11, is unimportant, and in 7 iam Cytherea choros dueit Venus imminente Luna -5, 737 it ver et Venus, etc., have nothing in common but Venus* 7 coming.- In the seventh ode, line 7 undique decerptam fronti praeponere olivam — 1, 928 novos decerpere flores have little in common; and 15 obscuro deterget nubila caelo — 4, 378 nigrasque sibi abluit umbras is no more significant.- 16 parturit imbres — 6, 259 gravidam tem- pestatem atque procellis have a common metaphor.- In 8 the 8th, line 10 gestat armis | bracchia — 3, 1049 gens cassa formidine mentem, the verbs are synonyms of habere, an idiomatic use.- 14, lacrimosa Troiae | funera 11 __5^ 326 funera Troiae is trivial. In the 11th, verse 2 nee Babylonios I temptaris numeros — 5, 727 ut Baby- lonica Chaldaeum doctrina belong to the common con- sciousness.- 5, oppositis debilitat pumicibus mare— 1, 326 vesco sale saxa peresa and 1, 305 fluctif rago — in litore can have no relation of influence. Line 7 fugerit invida i aetas — 3, 915 iam fuerit is an agreement in the use of a tense. 12 In the 12th occurs the Latin word for echo — Ime 3 recinit iocosa | nomen imago — 4, 571 imagine verbi.-In 13 the 13th, line 12, inpressit memorem dente labris notam — 4, 1109 inspirant pressantes dentibus ora may be paral- 16 leled from the erotic poets.- In 16, 8 geminant Corybantes aera — 2, 636 pulsarent aeribus aera is merely a refer- ence to the ceremonies in honor of the Magna Mater. In 22 22, 17 pigris - campis — 5, 746 pigrumque rigorem, and 2l' sub curru nimium propinqui 1 solis in terra domibus negata — 5, 204 fervidus ardor 1 assiduusque geli casus 24 mortalibus aufert are mere commonplaces.- In 24, 2 lugubres-cantus-4, 548 lugubri voce querelam have no significance. 26 In 26, 2 protervis - ventis — 6, 111 petulantibus auris have no connection ; and 6 f ontibus integris — 1, 927 ^ 28 integros ~ f ontis is not traced to any source earlier than L. Probably there is Lucretian influence here, and the thought occurs repeatedly in later writers.- In 28, 2 men- sorem cohibent — 2, 1031 quaeque in se cohibet: this use of cohibeo is found in Cicero as well as elsewhere in Lucre- tius and Horace. Line 5 aerias temptasse domos animoque rotundum I percurrisse polum morituro — 174 omne im- mensum peraoravit mente animoque: here is a distinct reminiscence.- 7 occidit et Pelopis genitor — 3, 1027 reges rerumque potentes | occiderunt is probably a reminiscence of L. as well of the stock consolations.- 16 via leti — 2, 918 leti-vias is noteworthy.- 18 avidum mare — 1, 1031 use of an epitheton otiosum.-19 densentur funera — 3, 71 eaedem caede accumulantes and denseri 1, 656 etc.: a Lucretian word. There is much in this puzzling ode that sets it apart from the others ; its date is unknown but it must be one of his earliest poems, hence the agreement with L. is not strange. I have no doubt that there was Lucretian influence on the ode. In 31, 8 mordet - amnis — 5, 256 flumina rodunt is conventional.- 34 is interesting as a paMnode. Verse 2 insanientis dum sapientiae — 5, 10 nunc appellatur sa- pientia ; 5 Diespiter, | igni corusco nubila dividens | plerum- que, per punim tonantes | egit equos — 6, 247 nam caelo nulla sereno ~ mittuntur < fulmina >, and 6, 400 cur numquam caelo iacit undique puro, also 12 valet ima summis | mutare et insignem attenuat deus, | obscura promens, commonplace though it is, agrees with 5, 1127 fulmine summa vaporant | plerumque. It is natural that in withdrawing from Epicureanism there should be reminiscences from his old authorities for that insaniens sapientia. Cann. H. In the second book of the Odes, in the 17th line of 1 the first ode-minaci murmure cornuum — 1, 276 minaci murmure ventus is a mere agreement in onomatopoeia; and 30 inpia proelia — 5, 381 pio nequiquam-bello has no significance.- In the third ode which is Epicurean throughout, in the first line aequam - mentem corre- al 34 li 3 122 University of Calif omia Publications. [Class. Phil. sponds to aequo animo 5, 1119 ; and in 12 the invitation to the picnic is something like 2, 30 sq. In this ode it is remarkable how far Horace differs from Lucretius in 6 describinsr Epicurean ideals.- In the sixth, line 14 angulus ridet — 1, 8 rident aequora is a chance agreement in the use of a word; and 21 beatae postulant arces — 2, 8 7 sapientnm templa serena I should not press.- In 7, 18 fessum militia latus | depone — l, 257 fessae pecudes pin- 8 gui-- corpora deponunt is a commonplace; and 8, 10 taciturna noetis | signa — 4, 460 severa silentia noctis is 9 another.- In 9, 3 vexant -- procellae — 1, 275 venti vis - 10 vexat is idiomatic- In 10, 9 saepius ventis agitatur ingens I pinus et celsae graviores casu | fulgura montes — 5, 1127 quoniam ceu fulmine summa vaporant, 6, 421 altaque cur plerumque petit loca ; a commonplace which was prover- bial.- line 18 tacentem 1 suscitat musam — 2,413 musaea mele -- expergef acta figurant may go back to a common 11 source but have no mutual connection.- In 11, 13 cur non sub alta vel platano vel hac 1 pinu iacentes sic temere et rosa — 2, 30 sq. have only the picnic motif in common.- In 13 13, 13 quid quisque vitet, numquam homini satis | cautum est in horas — 3, 1085 posteraque in dubiost fortunam 15 quam vehat aetas is a commonplace.- In 15, 11 sive reges 1 sive inopes erimus coloni — 3, 1035 ossa dabit terrae pro- inde ac f amul infimus esset ; 15 per autumnos nocentem I corporibus metuemus Austrum — 5, 220 cur anni tem- pera morbos apportant ; 18 Cocytos errans et Danai genus — Sisyphus — 3, 992 Tityos-Sisyphus etc.; 21 linquenda tellus et domus et placens 1 uxor — 3, 894 non domus accipiet te laeta, neque uxor | optima,- these are all com- 16 monplaces.- In 16, 2 prensus Aegaeo — 6, 429 deprensa -navigia probably belong to the language of the sea.- Line 9 non enim gazae - 2, 37 nil nostro in corpore gazae. both with reference to dislodging mental terrors, is a remi- niscence of Epicurean doctrine.- 13 vivitur parvo bene— 5, 1118 divitiae grandes - sunt vivere parce ; 17 quid brevi fortes iaculamur aevo | multa - 3, 62 noctes atque dies niti praestante labore ; 19 patriae quis exul | se quoque Vol. 1.] Merrill. — On Influence of Lucretius on Horace. 123 I fugit — 3, 1068 hoc se quisque modo fugitat, quern scilicet, ut fit, | effugere baud potis est ; 22 cura nee tur- mas equitum relinquit — 2, 49 nee metuunt sonitus armorum nee fera tela. In this Epicurean ode the agree- ment with Lucretian doctrine is so striking that a direct influence is probable. The ode is also one of the earliest in time. 18 The beginning of 18-non ebur neque aureum | mea renidet in domo lacunar — 2, 27 nee domus argento fulget auroque renidet have no immediate connection; the 20 thought is a commonplace and renideo is frequent.- In 20, 21 absint inani funere naeniae — 3, 955 compesce querelas are mutually interpretative. Cann. III. In the first ode of Book III, line 10 hie generosior 1 ! descendat in Campum petitor — 2, 11 contendere nobili- tate is a mere reference to the advantage of noble birth: and 41 quodsi dolentem nee Phrygius lapis | nee purpura- rum—delenit usus — 2, 34 nee calidae citius decedunt corpore febres, | textilibus si in picturis ostroque rubenti 2 I iacteris is another commonplace, as is 2, 29 saepe Dies- piter I neclectus incesto addidit integrum — 2,1104 exani- 3 mat indignos inque merentis.- In 3, 49 aurum inrepertum et sic melius situm — 5, 1113 aurumque repertum has no significance.- In 11, 19 spiritus taeter — 3, 581 taetro odore, there is doubt about the genuineness of the Hora- tian passage. In 17, 12 aquae nisi fallit augur | annosa cornix and 27, 10 imbrium divina avis inminentum — 5, 1084 cornicum ut saecla vetusta | corvorumque greges ubi aquam dicuntur are merely proverbial.- In 28, 4 munitae -sapientiae reminds one of 2, 7 munita' ~ sapientum templa and is probably a reminiscence of that famous prooemium, here jestingly alluded to. In the first three books of the Odes Horace is in the maturity of his powers as a lyric poet, and has attained to independence of thought and expression, while at the same time he is free from the tradition of the dactylic hexameter ; hence it is no surprise to find so little that can be said confidently to betray Lucretian influence. Add 11 17 27 28 Carm. I-III in general. 124 University of California Publications. [Class. Phil. also that he was following Greek models at this time, and it is not to be wondered at that the only odes where one may state with confidence Lucretian influence are for Book I, the 26th, 28th and 34th; for Book II the 16th; and for Book III the 28th. These are all exceptional for one reason or another, and both Epicurean and Lucretian influence at that stage of his development were at their lowest point. Epistles I. Next in time, roughly speaking, comes the first book of the Epistles, and the first one was probably composed last of all. In the 42d line is vides, quae maxima credis \ esse mala, exiguum censum turpemque repulsam, ] quanto devites animi capitisque labore — 3, 65 turpis enim ferme con- temptus et acris egestas-quasi iam leti portas cunctarier ante ; these Roman evils are dwelt upon by Lucretius with such force that undoubtedly Horace has him in mind.- In 52 vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum — 5, 1113 aurumque repertum, quod facile et validis et pulchris dempsit honorem there is again agreement ; and in 65 isne tibi melius suadet, qui rem facias, rem — 5, 1113 posterius res inventast is also reminiscent.- In 82 idem eadem pos- sunt horam durare probantes, with what follows, does not difi'er in thought from 3, 1058 quid sibi quisque velit nescire et quaerere semper | commutare locum, etc. This introductory epistle was composed when Lucretian influ- ence over Horace had revived, and when also his philo- sophical opinion was returning to its early position ; at a time when, in spite of his protestation of liberty in verse 13, he says nunc in Aristippi furtim praecepta relabor.- In 2 the second epistle, line 31 ad strepitum citharae — 4, 582 quorum (faunorum) -strepitu is noticeable, as L. seems to be the first to use strepitus of a musical sound ; and Horace has it also in C. 4, 3, 18 and Ep. 1, 14, 26.-40 sapere aude ; ] incipe ^ 3, 1071 iam rebus quisque relic- tis I naturam primum studeat cognoscere rerum are the same injunctions practically ; and 47 non aeris acervus et auri|aegroto domini deduxit corpore febres — 2, 34 nee Vol. 1.] Merrill. — On Influence of Lucretius on Horace. 125 calidae citius decedunt corpore febres is similar.- 54 sin- cerum nisi vas quodcumque infundis acescit — 6, 17 intel- legit ibi vitium vas efficere ipsum | omniaque illius vitio corrumpier intus. This simile is ultimately Platonic, but had become trite.- 56 certum voto pete finem — 6, 25 finem statuit cuppedinis would seem to show reminiscence.- In 3 3, 19 grex avium — 5, 1085 corvorum greges is not signifi- 4 cant.- In 4, 16 cum ridere voles, Epicuri de grege porcum is noteworthy as a jesting sign of the poet's return to his earlier philosophy and to Lucretius. 6 In 6, 1 nil admirari — 5, 83 si tamen interea mirantur is pure Epicurean.- In 3 hunc solem et stellas, etc., corre- spond in thought to 5, 1204 nam cum suspicimus magni caelestia mundi, etc.- 4, formidine nulla — 5, 1218 formi- dine divom ; 11 improvisa species exterret utrumque — 2, 1040 novitate exterritus ipsa.- 24 quidquid sub terra est in apricum proferet aetas — 3, 847 si materiem nostram collegerit aetas agree in the use of aetas, as also 5, 1454 sic unumquicquid paulatim protrahit aetas | in medium.- 27 ire tamen restat, Numa quo devenit et Ancus — 3, 1025 lumina sis oculis etiam bonu' Ancus reliquit is proverbial from Ennius. The same thought occurs in C. 4, 7, 14, one of the later odes. 7 In 7, 8 opella- 1, 1114 opella, the form is quoted only once from Lucretius and Horace; and 24 dignum prae- stabo me etiam pro laude merentis — 5, 1 quis potis est dignum - carmen [ condere pro rerum maiestate ; 76 man- nis arvum caelumque Sabinum — 3, 1063 currit agens mannos ad villam praecipitanter ; 84 vineta crepat mera — 2, 1170 et crepat are agreements in vocabulary. 8 In this epistle is latent Lucretian influence.- In 8, 12 Romae Tibur amem ventosus, Tibure Roman is another 10 form of the oft repeated thought of 3, 1060 sq.- In 10, 7 musco circumlita saxa nemusque — 5, 951 saxa, super viridi stillantia musco would not be significant except for 11 the rarity of the word musco.- In 11, 10 Neptunum pro- cul e terra spectare furentem — 2, 1 suave mari magno turbantibus aequora ventis, | e terra magnum alterius 126 University of California Publications. [Class. Phil. spectare laborem ; the thought may have been familiar to Sophocles and IVIenander, but Horace probably got it from Lucretius since 21 sq. is Epicurean, particularly 27 caelum, non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt — 3, 1068 hoc se quisque modo fugitat, quern scilicet, ut fit, i effugere baud potis est, etc., and 29 quod petis, hie est, I est Ulubris, animus si te non deficit aequus — 3, 939, 962, etc., aequo animo. 12 12, 2 non est ut copia maior -- possit — 5, 979 non erat ut- posset is an agreement in a Grecism which L. has 13 more than once.- 13 dum peregre est animus sine corpore velox of Democritus — 172 vivida vis animi -- omne innien- sum peragravit moenia mundi of Epicurus.- 15 sublimia cures — 1, 127 superis de rebus habenda.-16 quae mare compescant causae, a matter discussed by L. in 6, 608. 14 14, 8 istuc mens animiistiue fert et amat -- rumpere claus- tra — 2, 264 prorumpere -- quam mens avet ipsa.- 12 stul- tus uterque locum inmeritiim causatur inique is the oft repeated thought of 3, 1059 ; and 13 animus, qui se noo effugit umquam, of 3, 1068 ; and 14 tacita prece rura pete- bas, I nunc urbem-optas, of 3, 1067.- 22 incutiunt - desid- erium — 1, 19 incutiens-amorem ; and 26 strepitum, are Lucretian.- 35 cena brevis iuvat et prope rivum somnus in herba — 2, 30 propter aquae rivum, etc., which has been compared before. This epistle was unquestionably written 18 under Epicurean and Lucretian influence.- 18, 9 virtus est medium vitiorum et utrimque reductum — 5,839 interu- trasque nee utram, utrimque remotum seem to have a metrical likeness.- 71 emissum-verbum — 5, 1044 sonitus emittere linguae seems idiomatic- 108 quod superest aevi — 3, 904 aevi | quod superest, 5, 206 quod superest arvi : here there may be Lucretian influence as the geni tive with quod superest is not common, and the phrase comes later in Ovid and Silius. 19 In 19, 21 libera per vacuum posui vestigia prin- ceps, Inon aliena meo pressa pede — 3, 4 pono vestigia (c/. Sat. 2, 6, 101)— 1, 926 peragro loca nullius ante, trita solo. This seems to be an imitation, and 44 poetica Epist. II. 1 \ Vol. 1.] Merrill. — On Influence of Lucretius on Horace. 127 mella — 1, 947 musaeo melle is also probably reminiscent, even if the source is ultimately Greek, as the adjectives imply. m* general. ^" seven of the twenty epistles of Book I there is, then, Lucretian influence, and throughout V i book the poet's attitude to Epicureanism is friendly. Carm. Saec. In the Carmen Saeculare there is nothing noteworthy. In the second book of the Epistles, 1, 8 agros adsig- nant — 5, 1110 agros divisere is without significance.- 11 notaque fatali portenta labore subegit — 5, 37 sunt por- tenta perempta have Hercules in common merely ; and 13 urit enim fulgore suo — 4, 304 (329) splendor -- acer adurit is not remarkable.- 102 hoc paces habuere bonae ventique secundi — 5, 1230 ventorum pavidus paces ani- masque secundas is a chance agreement of words. 2 In Ep. 2, 32 clarus ob id — 1, 639 clarus ob obscuram : in spite of Lachmann 's dictum that Horace got this from Lucretius I prefer to wait until the Thesaurus reaches ob before admitting the indebtedness.- In 58 mirantur amantque — 1, 641 admirantur amantque seems unim- portant.- 125 Cyclopa movetur — 3, 569 moventur- motus; 135 rupem et puteum vitare patentem — 4, 509 praecipitesque locos vitare ; 138 redit ad sese — 4, 1023 ad se redeunt, — all fail to show any filiation.- 151 proficiente nihil curarier — 2, 39 gazae | proficiunt is an agreement in vocabulary merely.- 159 mancipat usus, 175 perpetuus nuUi datur usus — 3, 971 vitaque mancipio nulli datur omnibus usu are commonplaces.- 207 caret mortis formi- dine et ira — 3, 1045 indignabere obire: here Horace un- questionably has Epicurean doctrine in mind, yet I doubt if the Lucretian passage influenced him.- 213 vivere si recte nescis, decede peritis — 3, 938 cur non - ut conviva recedis, 962 f magnis concede : necessest is also Epicurean. m general. ^^ ^^^ second book of the Epistles there is strong Epicurean influence and some agreement in expression with Lucretius, yet I do not find any real evidence of Lucretian tradition. H ylllLillllll ! I ll I l l I iil li l Illllll—— 128 University of Calif omia Publications. [Class. Phil. 5 7 Carmina IV. In the fourth book of Odes the 3rd ode has three 3 cases of verbal agreement: 4 clarabit pugilem — 3, 36 elaranda: 18 strepitum — 4, 582 strepitu; and 22 praetere- 4 untiiim— 1, 318 praeterque meantum.-In 4, lines 13, 24, 63 _1, 14; 5, 409; 1, 8 seem to be mere verbal agree- ments.- 5, 29 condit quisque diem — 3, 1090 condere saecla is idiomatic.- In 7, 9 frigora mitescunt Zephyris. ver proterit aestas,| interitura, simul 1 pomifer autiimnus f rages effuderit, et nox | bruma recurrit iners — 5, 737 it ver et Venus, et Veneris praenuntius ante | pennatus graditur, Zephyri vestigia propter, etc., have a similarity in thought, but not much of expression ; as is also the case with 14 nos, ubi decidimus 1 quo pius Aeneas, quo TuUus dives, et Ancus,| pulvis et umbra sumus — 3, 1025 lumina sis oculis etiam bonus Ancu' reliquit. Probably this ode would have been written in much the same form if there had never been a Lucretius. In 9, 5 si priores Maeonius tenet 1 sedes Homerus — 3, 1037 Homerus | sceptra potitus, and 25 vixere fortes ante Agamemnona-carent quia vate sacro — 5, 326 cur supera bellum Thebanum et funera Troiae | non--cecinere poetae? This ode is one of the latest and ripest and, although the thought has much in common with Epicureanism and with Lucretius, yet it seems to me that Horace is inde- pendent in his treatment. In 11 6 ridet argento domus — 3, 21 aether- ridet ; 11 flammae trepidant rotantes-6, 202 rotantque - flammam are both without significance, as is also 13, 20 sur- puerat — 2, 314 surpere, and 14, 6 inlustrant oras — 3, 2 inlustrans commoda vitae.-28 minitatur agris — 5, 386 amnes-minantur | omnia diluviare are both commonplaces; see Bentley ad. loc. for the latter. Carmina IV, j^ the fourth book of the Odes I find no evidence of Lucretian influence. Horace had attained his majority, and even if all the odes of this book are not his latest pro- ductions, yet taken as a whole, the odes of the last book show little indebtedness to any definite predecessor: the lOth (0 crudelis adhuc) is of course an exception and is 14 in general. Vol. 1.] Merrill. — On Influence of Lucretius on Horace. 129 probably an early study, and I would not except the Mel- pomene ode, the 3rd. Ars Foetica. Finally there remains the Ars Poetica. 49 indiciis monstrare recentibus abdita rerum — 1, 138 multa novis verbis-cum sit agendum is a reminiscence.- 61 prima cadunt — 4, 376 primaque dispereunt has no signifi- cance.- 70 cecidere cadentque — 3, 969 can not be pressed.- Ill interprete lingua — 6, 1149 interpres- lingua is a coincidence, and may be paralleled in thought from Cicero.- 173 laudator temporis acti | se puero — 2, 1167 laudat fortunas saepe parentis is a commonplace.- 359 dormitat Homerus — 3, 1037 Homerus-sopitu ' quie- test have no connection.- 393 rabidos leones — 4, 712 rabidi leones is an agreement in a standing epithet. Finally 467 idem facit occidenti — 3, 1038 eadem aliis- quiete is a syntactical agreement. ^'^ffMieral*' There seems, then, to be but one conscious reminiscence in the Ars Poetica. Conclusions ^^^ ^"^^ results of this examination may be sum- marized as follows: in early life when Horace wrote his Satires, Lucretian influence was strong upon him ; during his more mature years, as shown by his Odes, direct Lu- cretian influence is for the most part absent. In the first book of the Epistles the influence of Lucretius again re- vives, but afterwards in the second book of the Epistles, the fourth book of the Odes, and in the Ars Poetica, it is practically non-existent. The parts of Lucretius' poem that were most familiar to Horace were the several prooemia, the hymn to Death, 3, 830 sq., and the social epic in 5, 782 sq., that is, the more poetical parts of the work. Keferences to the purely di- dactic parts are infrequent. , s 1 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES Thla book Is due on the date in*n«af-^ u « expiration of a definite periodl^te^ttflf /r '"' " ""* provided by the librarv ™i.7„ k * °' '•""owing. M the Librarian to eS^™'" " "^ "^'»' arrangement with •ii C28 (747) MlOO lir JAN 3 1 -411 -^